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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
earth_n	according_a	divide_v	zone_n	57	3	13.1051	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A51275	Geography rectified, or, A description of the world in all its kingdoms, provinces, countries, islands, cities, towns, seas, rivers, bayes, capes, ports : their ancient and present names, inhabitants, situations, histories, customs, governments, &c. : as also their commodities, coins, weights, and measures, compared with those at London : illustrated with seventy six maps : the whole work performed according to the more accurate observations and discoveries of modern authors / by Robert Morden.	Morden, Robert, d. 1703.	1688 (1688)	Wing M2620; ESTC R39765	437,692	610

particular Maps it dependeth upon the Degrees of a great Circle and the proportion of Miles in each Country to such a Degree which I have discoursed of in the Introduction Page 5. to which I refer you only take Notice That therefore I have made no Scales to the Maps for the Distance of any two places taken with your Compasses and applied either to the East or West-side of your Map which is the Scale of Latitude gives you the Number of Degrees that those two places are distant one from the other which multiplied by 73 gives you the Number of Geometrical or Italian Miles by 69 for English Statute Miles by 25 for French common Leives by 17½ for the Spanish Miles by 15 for the common German Dutch Denmark and Great Poland Miles by 10 for Hungarian Miles by 12 for Suedish Miles by 80 for the Muscovian Verstes or Vorest by 480 for the Grecian Stadia or 450 according to Mr. Greaves by 20 for the Persian Arabian and Egyptian Parasanga now called Farsach by 24 for the Mogul or Indian Cos according to Sanson by 250 for the Chinian Stades by 400 for the Ikins of Japan as for the Turks they have no distinction of their Ways by Miles nor Days by Hours Robert Morden AN Introduction TO GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY is a Science which Teacheth the Description and Dimension of all the Earth as it doth together with the Water compose that round Body which from its form is called the Orb or Globe of the Earth Describing the Scituations and Measuring the Distances of all its parts The Earth is placed in respect of the other Orbs or Stars of the Universe according to Ptolomy and Tycho in the Centre but according to Copernicus between the Orbs of Mars and Venus The Globe of the Earth is variously Described by Geographers into Lines and Parts which are either Real or Imaginary Real are such as agree to the Terrestrial Globe by Nature Imaginary are such as agree to it by vertue of our understanding The Real parts of the Terrestrial Globe are Earth and Water The Imaginary parts are certain Lines which are not materially but for the better understanding of this Science are supposed to be on the Earth These Lines are either Strait or Circular The Axis is a strait line passing through the midst or Center of the Earth which is the Diameter of the whole World the extream points or ends whereof are called the Poles upon which the Universe is supposed to move the one Point is called the Artick or North-Pole the other the Antartick or South-Pole The Circular Lines are divided into the greater and the lesser The greater Circles are such as divide the Globe into two equal parts and are three in Number Meridian Horizon Equator And these are either fixed as the Equator or movable with the mutation of places as the Meridian and Horizon The Meridian is a Circle drawn through the Poles of the Earth and the Vertical or Zenith point of our place crossing the Equator at right Angles cutting the Earth into two equal parts the one East the other West And is so called because when the Sun cometh to the Meridian of any place it is Noon or Mid-day infinite in Number because all places from East to West have several Meridians Among these one is of special Note and Use which Geographers call the first or Chief Meridian This first Meridian is that from which the Longitudes of places are reckoned and is variously placed by Geographers The Horizon is a Circle comprehending all that space of the Earth which is visible and distinguishing it from the rest which lyeth under and is invisible This Horizon is either Sensible or Rational The Sensible Horizon is that apparent Circle which divides the visible part of Heaven from the invisible extending it self into a strait line from the Superficies of the Earth every way round about that place you stand upon dividing the Heavens into two unequal parts which is designed out by the sight and is sometimes greater or lesser according to the condition of the place The Rational Horizon is a great Circle dividing that part of the Heavens which is above us from that part which is under us exactly into two equal parts passing through the Center of the Earth whose Poles are the Zenith and Nadir By this Circle our Days and Nights are Measured and the divers Risings and Settings of the Sun Moon and Stars appear The Equator or Line under the Equinoctial is a great Circle encompassing the very middle of the Earth between the two Poles dividing it into two equal parts from North to South and it is divided as all great Circles are into 360 equal parts or degrees It is called Equator either because it is equally distant from the Poles of the World or rather because when the Sun comes to this Line which is twice in the Year viz. in its entrance into Aries which is about the 10th or 11th of March and again in Libra about the 12th or 13th of September he makes equality of Days and Nights throughout the World and from it are the Latitudes of places numbred either North or South The Lesser Circles or Lines are Named with particular Names as Tropicks and Polar Circles The Tropicks are parallel Circles to the Equator distant from it 23 Degrees and a half That on the North-side of the Equator is called the Tropick of Cancer where the Sun hath the greatest North declination and maketh our longest Day and shortest Night which is about the 11th or 12th of June The other on the South-side is called the Tropick of Capricorn in which point the Sun hath its greatest South declination making our shortest Day and longest Night which is about the 11th or 12th of December The Polar Circles are parallels compassing the Poles of the World at 23 Degrees and an half distance that about the North-pole is called the Artick Circle the other the Antartick Circle because opposite to it These Tropick and Polar Circles divide the Earth into five parts called by the Greeks Zones of these five Zones three were accounted by the Ancients to be so intemperate as to be uninhabitable one of them by reason of the Suns beams continually darting upon the same and this they called the Torrid Zone terminated by the Tropicks on each side The other two the one comprehended within the Artick Circle and the other compassed by the Antartick by reason of the extream Cold they thought uninhabitable as being so remote from the Suns Beams But only the remaining two were accounted Temperate and therefore Habitable the one lying between the Artick Circle and the Tropick of Cancer and the other between the Antartick and the Tropick of Capricorn Thus much of the General Geography The Special is that which setteth forth the Description of the Terrestrial Globe so far forth as 't is divided into distinct parts or places and is either 1. The Description of some great

integrating part of the Earth 2. Or of some one Region and so it is properly called Chorography 3. Or of some particular place in a Region or Country which is Topography According to the greater integrating parts thereof the Ancients divided the whole Earth into three great parts viz. Europe Asia and Africa to which is now added a fourth viz. America these are again divided into Provinces Countries Kingdoms c. And each of these are again subdivided into Earldoms Baronies Lordships c. These three kind or parts make up the perfect Subject of Geography Again every part and place of the Earth is considered in its self or according to its Adjuncts and so it is either Continent or Island A Continent is a great quantity of Land in which many great Kingdoms and Countries are conjoyned together and not separated one from another by any Sea as Europe Asia c. An Island is a part of the Earth compassed and environed round about with Water as Great Britain and Ireland These again are observable parts both of Continents and Islands viz. Peninsula Isthmus Promontorium Peninsula quasi pene Insula is a part of Land which being almost environed and encompassed round with Water is yet joyned to the firm Land by some little Isthmus as Africa is joyned to Asia or Morea to Greece An Isthmus is a narrow neck of Land betwixt two Seas joyning the Peninsula to the Continent as that of Darien in America or Corinth in Greece A Promontory is a high Hill or Mountain lying out as an elbow of Land into the Sea the utmost end of which is called a Cape as the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Verde The Adjuncts of a place are either such as respect the Earth it self or the Heavens Those that agree to a place in respect of the Earth are three in number viz. the Magnitude or Extent of a Country the Bounds or Limits the Quality The Magnitude comprehends the length and breadth of a place The Bounds of a Country is a Line terminating it round about distinguishing it from the bordering Lands or Waters The Quality of a place is the Natural Temper and Disposition thereof A Place in regard of the Heavens is either East West North or South Those places are properly East which lie in the Eastern Hemisphere terminated by the first Meridian or where the Sun riseth Those are West which lye Westerly of the said Meridian or towards the setting of the Sun. Those places are properly North which lie betwixt the Equator and Artick-Pole Those South which are betwixt the Equator and the Antartick Pole. The Ancients did also distinguish the Inhabitants of the Earth from the diversity of shadows of Bodies into three sorts viz. Periscii Heteroscii and Amphiscii the Inhabitants of the Frigid Zone if any such are were termed Periscii because the shadow of Bodies have there a Circular motion in 24 hours the Sun neither rising nor setting but in a greater portion of time The Inhabitants of the Temperate Zones they called Heteroscii because the Meridian shadows bend towards either Pole towards the North among those that dwell within the Tropick of Cancer and the Artick Circle towards the South amongst those that dwell within the Tropick of Capricorn and the Antartick Circle The Inhabitants of the Torrid Zone they called Amphiscii because the Noon or Mid-day shadow according to the time of Year doth sometimes fall towards the North sometimes towards the South when the Sun is in the Northern Signs it falleth towards the South and towards the North when in the Southern Signs And because of the different site of opposite Habitations the Ancients have divided the Inhabitants of the Earth into Periaeci Antaeci and Antipodes The Periaeci are such as live under the same parallel being equally distant from the Equator but in opposite points of the same parallel The Antaeci are such as have the same Meridian and parallel equally distant from the Equator but the one North and the other South The Antipodes are such as Inhabit two places of the Earth which are Diametrically opposite one to the other The Ancients did also divide the Earth into Climates and Parallels A Climate is a space of Earth comprehended betwixt any two places whose longest day differ in quantity half an hour A Parallel is a space of Earth wherein the days increase in length a quarter of an hour so that every Climate contains two Parallels These Climates and Parallels are not of equal quantity for the first is longer than the second and the second likewise greater than the third c. At the Latitude where the longest days are increased half an hour longer than at the Equator viz. longer than 12 hours The first Climate begins which is at the Latitude of 8 degrees 34 minutes and in the Latitude of 16 degrees 43 minutes where the days are increased an hour longer than at the Equator The second Climate begins and so onwards But because the Ancients and also Ptolomy supposed that part of the Earth which lies under the Equator to be inhabitable therefore they placed the first Climate at the Latitude of 12 degrees 43 minutes where the longest day is 12 hours ¾ long and the second Climate to begin at the Latitude of 20 degrees 34 minutes where the longest day is 13 hours and ¼ long c. 'T is needless indeed to take any more notice of them than thus much only that they that describe the Situation of places by Climes and Parallels had as good say nothing The Terraqueous Globe is but an Imaginary point compared to the vast expansion of the Universe though of it self of great Magnitude for Geographers divide it into 360 parts or degrees and each degree into 60 minutes which are so many Italian Miles so that the Circumference thereof is 21600 miles and the Diameter or Axis is 6875 miles and its Superficies in square miles is Reckoned to amount to 148510584 of the same measure 'T is a common Opinion that 5 of our English feet make a Geometrical pace 1000 of these paces make an Italian mile and 60 of these miles in any great Circle upon the Spherical surface of the Earth or Sea make a degree so that a degree of the Heavens contains upon the surface of the Earth according to this account 60 Italian miles 20 French or Dutch Leagues 15 German miles 17 ½ Spanish Leagues But according to several Experiments made the quantity of a degree is thus variously found to be By Albazard the Arabian 73 by Fernilius 68 by Withrordus 70 by Gassendus 73 by Picard 73 Italian miles and by Norwood 69 ½ English miles which is much as the same of 73 Italian miles and is the nearest measure yet found by these Experiments to answer to a degree of the Heavens so that the circumference of the Earth then is 26280 miles the Diameter 8365 and 184 parts Or supposing 1000 paces or 5000 English Feet to a mile then 73

such miles are exactly equal to a Degree I shall here note that no Country doth in all parts of its Territories make use of the same extent in measuring The Germans have their great little and ordinary miles the Leagues of France and Spain are of different lengths and so are the miles in our own Country The Earth as was said before is encompassed about with the Water which washing and surrounding the dry Land cuts out and shapes so many winding Bays Creeks and meandring Inlets and seems no where so much confined and penned as in the Straits of Magellan from whence again expatiating it spreads its self into two immense and almost boundless Oceans which give Terminaries to the four Regions of the Earth and extending it self round them all is but one continued Ocean The Water is either Ocean Seas Straits Creeks Lakes or Rivers The Ocean is a general Collection or Rendezvouz of all Waters The Sea is a part of the Ocean and is either exterior lying open to the shore as the British or Arabian Seas or interior lying within the Land to which you must pass through some Strait as the Mediterranean or Baltick Seas A Strait is a narrow part or Arm of the Ocean lying betwixt two Shores and opening a way into the Sea as the Straits of Gibralter the Hellespont c. A Creek is a small narrow part of the Sea that goeth up but a little way into the Land otherwise called a Bay a Station or Road for Ships A Lake is that which continually retains and keeps Water in it as the Lakes Nicurgua in America and Zaire in Africa A River is a small Branch of the Sea flowing into the Land courting the Banks whilst they their Arms display to embrace her silver waves Of the Names of the Ocean According to the four Quarters it had four Names From the East it was called the Eastern or Oriental Ocean from the West the Western or Occidental Ocean from the North the Northern or Septentrional and from the South the Southern or Meridional Ocean But besides these more general Names it hath other particular Appellations according to the Countries it boundeth upon and the Nature of the Sea As it lies extended towards the East it is called the Chinean Sea from the adjacent Country of China Towards the South 't is called Oceanus Indicus or the Indian Sea because upon it lies the Indians Where it touches the Coast of Persia it is called Mare Persicum So also Mare Arabicum from Arabia So towards the West is the Ethiopian Sea. Then the Atlantick Ocean from Atlas a Mountain or Promontory in Africa but more Westward near to America it is called by the Spaniards Mar del Nort and on the other side of America it is called Mar del Zur or Mare Pacificum Where it toucheth upon Spain it is called Oceanus Hispanicus by the English the Bay of Biscay The Sea between England and France is called the Channel between England and Ireland the Irish Sea Between England and Holland it is called by some the German or rather the British Ocean Beyond Scotland it is called Mare Caledonium higher towards the North it is called the Hyperborean or Frozen Sea more Eastward upon the Coast of Tartary the Tartarian Sea or Scythian Ocean c. The Names of the Inland Seas are 1. The Baltick Sea by the Dutch called the Oast Zee by the Inhabitants Die Belth lying between Denmark and Sweden the chief Entrance whereof is called the Sound 2. Pontus Euxinus or the Black Sea to which joyns Me●tis Palus now Mar de Zabacke The third is the Caspian or Hircanian Sea. The fourth is the Arabian Gulf Mare Erythaeum Mare Rubeum or the Red Sea. The fifth is the Persian Gulf or the Gulf de Elcatif The sixth is Mare Mediterraneum by the English the Straits by the Spaniards Mar de Levant the beginning or entrance of it is called the Straits of Gibralter rather Gibal-Tarif Now that all Places Cities Towns Seas Rivers Lakes c. may be readily found out upon the Globe or Map all Geographers do or should place them according to their Longitude and Latitude the use of which in the absolute sense is to make out the position of any Place in respect of the whole Globe or to shew the Scituation and distance of one place from and in respect of any other Longitude is the distance of a place from the first Meridian reckoned in the degrees of the Equator beginning by some at the Canaries by others at the Azores by reason of which Confusion I have made the Longitudes in this English Geography to begin from London and are reckoned Eastward and Westward according as they are situated from London on the top of the Map. And have also added the Longitude from the Tenerif round about the Globe of the Earth at the bottom of the Map as usually in the Dutch Maps that so you may by inspection only see the Truth or Error if you compare them with the Tables or Maps formerly Extant The Latitude of a place is the distance of the Equator from that place reckoned in the degrees of the great Meridian and is either North or South according as it lies between the North and South-Poles of the Equator EVROPE is divided into these Kingdoms or Estates   Cities Modern Cities Old. Northwards The Isles of Great Britain or England Scotland Wales and Ireland c. London Londinium Edinburgh Alata Castra Welshpool Trillinum Dublin Eblana Scandinavia contains the Kingdoms of Denmark Norway Sweden Copenhagen Haphnia Berghen Bergae Stockholm Holmia The several Kingdoms of Russia or Moscovia L'Arcangel Archangelopolis Moskow Moscha The Estates of the Kingdom of Poland Cracow and Cracovia Dantzick Gedanum In the Middle The Northern Estates of Turkie in Europe Tartaria Europa Walachia Moldavia Transilvania Hungaria Caffa Theodosia Tarvis Targoviscum Jassy Jassium Weissemburg Alba Julia Buda Sicambia The Empire of Germany Vienna Ala Flaviana The Estates or Republicks of Switzerland 7Vnited Provinces 10 Spanish Provinc Zurick Tigurium Amsterdam Amsterodamum Antwerpen Andoverpum Kingdom or 12 Gover. of France Paris Lutetia Southwards Kingdoms Principal of Spain Madrid Madritum The Kingdom of Portugal Lisbon Olysippo Estates of the Duke of Savoy c. Chambery Cameriacum Kingdoms and Estates in Italy Rome Roma The Kingdom and Isle of Sicily Messina Messana The Southern Estates of Turkie in Europe Sclavonia Croatia Dalmatia Ragusa Bosnia Servia Bulgaria Romania Zagrab Sisopa Vihitz Vihitza Zara Jadera Ragusa Epidaurus Bosna Serai Jayeza Belgrade Alba Graeca Sophia Sardica Constantinople Byzantium The Estates of Greece Athini Athaenae The Islands of Negropont Candia Sardinia c. Negropont Eubaea Candia Matium Cagliari Calaris Of Europe EVROPE by Robt. Morden EVROPE one of the four great Parts of the World is also the most considerable in Respect of the Beauty of her Kingdoms and Commonwealths the Politeness of her Inhabitants the Excellent Government of her Cities as also in Regard