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writer_n of_o hydrostaticks_n that_o a_o sphere_n who_o centre_n of_o gravity_n be_v the_o same_o with_o its_o centre_n of_o magnitude_n if_o put_v in_o a_o fluid_fw-la of_o the_o same_o specific_a gravity_n with_o itself_o will_v retain_v any_o give_a position_n and_o therefore_o there_o can_v be_v no_o reason_n draw_v from_o the_o earth_n gravity_n or_o equilibration_n why_o the_o position_n of_o its_o axis_fw-la shall_v be_v perpendicular_a to_o the_o plane_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a rather_o than_o any_o other_o of_o its_o diameter_n chap._n v._o of_o river_n the_o theorist_n have_v represent_v to_o we_o the_o first_o earth_n as_o a_o smooth_a regular_a and_o uniform_a body_n without_o mountain_n and_o without_o a_o sea_n in_o the_o 5_o chap._n of_o his_o second_o book_n he_o start_v a_o great_a difficulty_n how_o it_o be_v water_v from_o what_o cause_n and_o in_o what_o manner_n how_o can_v fountain_n rise_v or_o river_n flow_v in_o a_o earth_n of_o that_o form_n and_o nature_n he_o 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the_o vapour_n nor_o any_o unequal_a season_n nor_o unequal_a action_n of_o the_o sun_n but_o as_o for_o water_n meteor_n dew_n and_o rain_n there_o can_v not_o but_o be_v plenty_n of_o these_o in_o some_o part_n or_o other_o of_o that_o earth_n for_o the_o action_n of_o the_o sun_n in_o raise_v vapour_n be_v very_o strong_a and_o very_o constant_a and_o the_o earth_n be_v at_o first_o moist_a and_o soft_a and_o according_a as_o it_o grow_v more_o dry_a the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n will_v pierce_v more_o deep_a into_o it_o and_o reach_v at_o length_n the_o great_a abyss_n which_o lie_v underneath_o and_o be_v a_o unexhausted_a storehouse_n of_o new_a vapour_n now_o the_o same_o heat_n which_o extract_v these_o vapour_n so_o copious_o will_v also_o hinder_v they_o from_o condense_v into_o rain_n in_o the_o warm_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o there_o be_v no_o mountain_n or_o contrary_a wind_n or_o any_o such_o cause_n to_o stop_v or_o compress_v they_o they_o will_v take_v their_o course_n where_o they_o be_v least_o resist_v which_o be_v towards_o the_o pole_n and_o the_o cold_a region_n of_o the_o earth_n for_o east_n and_o west_n they_o will_v meet_v with_o as_o warm_v a_o air_n and_o vapour_n as_o much_o agitate_a as_o themselves_o which_o therefore_o will_v not_o yield_v to_o their_o progress_n that_o way_n but_o north_n and_o south_n they_o will_v find_v a_o more_o easy_a passage_n so_o that_o the_o concourse_n of_o vapour_n which_o be_v raise_v chiefty_a about_o the_o equinoctial_a and_o middle_a part_n of_o it_o will_v be_v towards_o the_o extreme_a part_n or_o the_o pole_n when_o these_o vapour_n thus_o drive_v by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v arrive_v in_o the_o cool_a region_n near_o the_o pole_n they_o will_v be_v condense_v into_o rain_n for_o want_v there_o the_o cause_n of_o their_o agitation_n namely_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n their_o motion_n will_v soon_o begin_v to_o languish_v and_o they_o will_v fall_v close_o to_o one_o another_o in_o the_o form_n of_o water_n thus_o he_o think_v he_o have_v find_v a_o sufficient_a source_n for_o water_n in_o the_o first_o earth_n which_o will_v never_o fail_v neither_o diminish_v nor_o overflow_v but_o though_o he_o esteem_v this_o a_o inexhaustible_a store-house_n and_o a_o easy_a way_n to_o furnish_v water_n yet_o if_o it_o be_v narrow_o examine_v he_o will_v find_v it_o not_o in_o the_o least_o sufficient_a for_o such_o a_o effect_n for_o first_o according_a to_o his_o own_o hypothesis_n there_o can_v be_v no_o river_n for_o a_o long_a time_n after_o the_o formation_n of_o the_o earth_n till_o the_o sun_n have_v crack_v the_o outward_a crust_n thereof_o and_o its_o heat_n have_v reach_v the_o great_a abyss_n which_o the_o theorist_n must_v needs_o own_o will_v require_v a_o very_a considerable_a space_n of_o time_n one_o will_v think_v it_o will_v be_v several_a hundred_o of_o year_n before_o the_o sun_n heat_n can_v perform_v such_o a_o effect_n during_o all_o 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a_o quantity_n as_o will_v be_v sufficient_a to_o furnish_v the_o earth_n with_o water_n and_o now_o the_o theorist_n will_v tell_v we_o what_o can_v be_v more_o sufficient_a than_o the_o whole_a orb_n of_o water_n sure_o this_o will_v do_v or_o else_o nothing_o can_v this_o he_o will_v say_v be_v a_o inexhaustible_a treasure_n that_o the_o river_n can_v never_o drain_v and_o therefore_o there_o be_v no_o fear_n of_o want_n of_o water_n from_o thence_o yes_o there_o be_v reason_n to_o fear_v it_o very_o much_o for_o suppose_v that_o there_o be_v enough_o in_o the_o abyss_n yet_o perhaps_o the_o action_n of_o the_o sun_n will_v not_o raise_v so_o much_o as_o will_v be_v sufficient_a to_o water_v the_o earth_n so_o there_o may_v be_v enough_o of_o gold_n in_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n but_o if_o we_o can_v come_v at_o it_o we_o shall_v never_o be_v the_o rich_a for_o it_o that_o i_o may_v examine_v this_o i_o will_v suppose_v that_o the_o mouth_n of_o these_o crack_n which_o the_o sun_n be_v say_v to_o have_v make_v by_o its_o heat_n to_o be_v a_o 1_o 10000_o part_n of_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n this_o will_v exceed_v 2600_o square_a mile_n which_o i_o think_v be_v as_o much_o as_o the_o theorist_n can_v reasonable_o allow_v they_o for_o if_o it_o be_v but_o one_o continue_a crack_n round_o the_o equator_fw-la of_o a_o mile_n breadth_n it_o will_v not_o exceed_v 25000._o mile_n 2_o dly_z i_o will_v suppose_v with_o the_o theorist_n that_o one_o half_a of_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o present_a earth_n be_v land_n and_o the_o other_o be_v sea_n and_o by_o consequence_n the_o mouth_n of_o those_o pit_n or_o crack_n must_v be_v one_o five_o thousand_o part_n of_o the_o whole_a of_o the_o now_o ocean_n now_o it_o be_v evident_a
that_o vapour_n draw_v by_o a_o determinate_a heat_n from_o any_o quantity_n of_o water_n in_o a_o determinate_a time_n be_v always_o proportionable_a to_o the_o surface_n of_o that_o water_n for_o from_o a_o double_a surface_n there_o will_v be_v exhale_v a_o double_a quantity_n of_o vapour_n from_o a_o triple_a surface_n a_o triple_a quantity_n of_o vapour_n and_o so_o on_o therefore_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v 5000_o time_n big_a than_o the_o mouth_n of_o these_o crack_n there_o will_v be_v exhale_v from_o it_o 5000_o time_n more_o water_n than_o what_o in_o that_o case_n can_v be_v draw_v from_o the_o abyss_n and_o therefore_o if_o the_o whole_a crust_n of_o the_o antediluvian_n earth_n be_v but_o of_o the_o same_o bigness_n with_o our_o now_o dry_a land_n it_o will_v have_v but_o one_o five_o thousand_o part_n of_o the_o water_n to_o furnish_v it_o that_o our_o present_a earth_n have_v but_o because_o according_a to_o the_o theorist_n the_o surface_n of_o the_o dry_a land_n be_v then_o twice_o as_o big_a as_o it_o be_v now_o there_o be_v at_o that_o time_n no_o ocean_n which_o take_v up_o one_o half_a of_o the_o surface_n therefore_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o any_o particular_a country_n in_o that_o case_n will_v have_v ten_o thousand_o time_n less_o water_n than_o it_o now_o have_v there_o be_v five_o thousand_o time_n few_o vapour_n to_o water_v a_o double_a surface_n of_o land_n that_o be_v in_o a_o country_n as_o big_a as_o the_o island_n of_o britain_n there_o will_v not_o be_v so_o much_o as_o one_o river_n nor_o so_o much_o rain_n in_o a_o year_n as_o do_v now_o fall_v in_o one_o day_n we_o see_v therefore_o how_o well_o the_o theorist_n have_v water_v his_o antediluvian_n earth_n from_o the_o inexhaustible_a treasure_n of_o the_o abyss_n as_o he_o call_v it_o for_o however_o immense_a that_o great_a store-house_n be_v yet_o still_o there_o will_v be_v a_o great_a scarcity_n of_o water_n on_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n from_o hence_o 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large_a enough_o to_o supply_v vapour_n for_o all_o the_o land_n which_o it_o will_v not_o do_v if_o it_o be_v less_o than_o it_o now_o be_v but_o i_o will_v suppose_v with_o the_o theorist_n that_o there_o be_v a_o quantity_n of_o vapour_n exhale_v by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n from_o the_o abyss_n sufficient_a to_o furnish_v plentiful_o the_o whole_a earth_n yet_o still_o there_o be_v a_o great_a doubt_n how_o river_n can_v be_v form_v for_o what_o way_n can_v the_o vapour_n take_v their_o course_n to_o be_v condense_v and_o form_n spring_n if_o there_o be_v no_o wind_n to_o carry_v they_o certain_o they_o will_v stagnate_n near_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o crack_n and_o leave_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o earth_n never_o a_o whit_n the_o better_a for_o they_o and_o every_o one_o that_o want_v water_n must_v go_v as_o far_o as_o the_o equator_fw-la to_o fetch_v it_o no_o say_v the_o theorist_n there_o be_v no_o need_n for_o that_o the_o vapour_n be_v very_o much_o agitate_a and_o rarify_v by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o be_v once_o in_o the_o open_a air_n their_o course_n will_v be_v that_o way_n where_o they_o find_v the_o least_o resistance_n to_o their_o motion_n and_o that_o will_v certain_o be_v towards_o the_o pole_n and_o cold_a region_n of_o the_o earth_n for_o east_n and_o west_n they_o will_v meet_v with_o as_o warm_v a_o air_n and_o vapour_n as_o much_o agitate_a as_o themselves_o which_o therefore_o will_v not_o yield_v to_o their_o progress_n that_o way_n but_o towards_o north_n and_o south_n they_o will_v find_v a_o more_o easy_a passage_n the_o cold_a of_o these_o part_n attract_v they_o as_o we_o call_v it_o that_o be_v make_v way_n to_o their_o motion_n and_o dilatation_n without_o much_o resistance_n as_o mountain_n and_o cold_a place_n usual_o draw_v vapour_n from_o the_o warm_a here_o be_v a_o new_a use_n or_o employment_n the_o theorist_n have_v find_v for_o the_o mountain_n and_o cold_a to_o be_v gentlemen-usher_n for_o the_o vapour_n and_o make_v way_n for_o their_o motion_n he_o have_v tell_v we_o before_o that_o the_o cold_a and_o hill_n attract_v vapour_n but_o because_o that_o word_n be_v not_o philosophical_a be_v explode_v and_o ridicule_v by_o those_o who_o call_v themselves_o new_a philosopher_n he_o explain_v himself_o and_o tell_v we_o by_o attraction_n he_o mean_v the_o make_n way_n for_o their_o motion_n and_o dilatation_n but_o how_o a_o mountain_n can_v make_v way_n to_o the_o dilatation_n and_o motion_n of_o vapour_n be_v far_o beyond_o my_o pitch_n of_o understanding_n to_o i_o it_o seem_v reasonable_a that_o they_o shall_v resist_v both_o and_o hinder_v the_o vapour_n either_o from_o move_v forward_o or_o dilate_v themselves_o sure_o i_o be_o cold_a be_v so_o far_o from_o be_v any_o way_n conducive_a to_o the_o dilatation_n of_o vapour_n that_o it_o do_v always_o condense_a they_o as_o be_v plain_a by_o cold_a stone_n wall_n which_o always_o condense_a the_o vapour_n that_o fall_v upon_o they_o but_o the_o vapour_n say_v the_o theorist_n be_v very_o much_o agitate_a by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n which_o give_v they_o their_o motion_n and_o therefore_o they_o will_v take_v their_o course_n towards_o the_o pole_n where_o they_o find_v the_o least_o resistance_n what_o other_o motion_n the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n can_v give_v they_o but_o upward_o i_o can_v imagine_v for_o by_o it_o they_o be_v raise_v and_o make_v specifical_o light_a than_o the_o air_n in_o which_o they_o swim_v and_o therefore_o by_o a_o know_a principle_n in_o hydrostaticks_n they_o must_v rise_v till_o they_o come_v to_o air_n of_o the_o same_o gravity_n with_o themselves_o but_o then_o what_o shall_v drive_v they_o to_o the_o pole_n their_o great_a agitation_n say_v he_o and_o the_o little_a resistance_n they_o find_v that_o way_n the_o air_n in_o the_o east_n and_o west_n be_v more_o agitate_a than_o that_o towards_o north_n and_o south_n and_o therefore_o will_n more_o resist_v their_o motion_n this_o be_v a_o very_a dark_a answer_n for_o i_o can_v conceive_v why_o the_o air_n upon_o the_o north_n or_o south_n side_n of_o a_o atom_n of_o vapour_n shall_v be_v more_o agitate_a than_o that_o upon_o the_o east_n and_o west_n side_n for_o sure_a i_o be_o there_o be_v the_o same_o degree_n of_o heat_n on_o all_o side_n of_o it_o and_o therefore_o upon_o that_o account_n it_o shall_v find_v a_o equal_a resistance_n every_o way_n nay_o the_o theorist_n or_o such_o a_o other_o philosopher_n may_v with_o as_o good_a reason_n have_v prove_v that_o their_o course_n will_v have_v be_v only_a east_n and_o west_n for_o there_o the_o air_n be_v very_o much_o rarify_v and_o make_v thin_a by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n the_o air_n towards_o north_n and_o south_n not_o be_v so_o much_o rarify_v be_v thick_a and_o therefore_o will_v resist_v more_o as_o water_v which_o be_v a_o thick_a medium_n do_v more_o resist_v the_o motion_n of_o body_n in_o it_o than_o air_n this_o seem_v to_o i_o to_o be_v a_o much_o better_o ground_v opinion_n than_o the_o theorist_n though_o both_o of_o they_o be_v absolute_o false_a and_o may_v be_v disprove_v by_o the_o very_a same_o reason_n for_o how_o can_v any_o man_n fancy_v that_o vapour_n only_o drive_v by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n will_v travel_v some_o thousand_o of_o mile_n through_o a_o fluid_a body_n of_o air_n as_o dense_a as_o themselves_o this_o seem_v to_o be_v against_o the_o common_a notion_n of_o every_o man_n and_o therefore_o i_o think_v needs_o no_o particular_a calculation_n i_o can_v but_o believe_v that_o the_o theorist_n do_v see_v these_o absurdity_n since_o they_o be_v so_o very_o palpable_a but_o find_v no_o way_n to_o extricate_v himself_o from_o these_o difficulty_n he_o
be_v will_v not_o be_v perpetual_a nor_o last_v many_o thousand_o of_o year_n if_o one_o consider_v the_o effect_n the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n will_v have_v upon_o it_o and_o the_o water_n under_o it_o dry_v and_o parch_v the_o one_o and_o rarify_n the_o other_o into_o vapour_n for_o according_a to_o he_o the_o course_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v such_o at_o that_o time_n that_o there_o be_v no_o diversity_n or_o alteration_n of_o season_n in_o the_o year_n as_o there_o be_v now_o by_o reason_n of_o which_o alteration_n of_o season_n our_o earth_n be_v keep_v in_o a_o equality_n of_o temper_n the_o contrary_a season_n balance_v one_o another_o so_o that_o what_o moisture_n the_o heat_n of_o the_o summer_n suck_v out_o of_o the_o earth_n be_v repair_v again_o in_o rains_n the_o next_o winter_n and_o what_o chap_n be_v make_v in_o it_o be_v fill_v up_o and_o the_o earth_n be_v reduce_v to_o its_o former_a constitution_n but_o if_o we_o shall_v imagine_v a_o continual_a summer_n the_o earth_n will_v proceed_v in_o dryness_n still_o more_o and_o more_o and_o the_o crack_n will_v be_v wide_a and_o pierce_v deep_o into_o the_o substance_n of_o it_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n therefore_o according_a to_o the_o theorist_n act_v continual_o upon_o the_o earth_n will_v have_v reduce_v it_o in_o the_o space_n of_o some_o hundred_o of_o year_n to_o a_o considerable_a degree_n of_o dryness_n in_o certain_a part_n and_o will_v also_o have_v much_o rarify_v and_o exhale_v the_o water_n under_o it_o so_o that_o consider_v the_o structure_n of_o that_o globe_n the_o exterior_a crust_n and_o the_o water_n under_o it_o he_o think_v it_o may_v be_v fit_o compare_v to_o a_o aeolipile_n or_o a_o hollow_a sphere_n with_o water_n in_o it_o which_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o fire_n rarefy_v and_o turn_v into_o vapour_n or_o wind_n the_o sun_n here_o be_v the_o fire_n and_o the_o exterior_a earth_n the_o shell_n of_o the_o aeolipile_n and_o the_o abyss_n the_o water_n within_o it_o as_o soon_o then_o as_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n have_v reach_v the_o water_n in_o the_o abyss_n it_o begin_v to_o rarify_v they_o and_o raise_v they_o into_o vapour_n by_o which_o rarifaction_n they_o require_v more_o room_n than_o they_o do_v before_o and_o find_v themselves_o pen_v in_o by_o the_o exterior_a earth_n they_o press_v with_o violence_n against_o that_o arch_n to_o make_v it_o yield_v and_o give_v way_n to_o their_o dilatation_n and_o by_o this_o mean_v the_o earth_n be_v break_v and_o the_o frame_n of_o it_o tear_v in_o piece_n as_o by_o a_o earthquake_n and_o those_o great_a portion_n or_o fragment_n into_o which_o it_o be_v divide_v fall_v down_o into_o the_o abyss_n some_o in_o one_o posture_n and_o some_o in_o another_o and_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o a_o general_a deluge_n i_o shall_v now_o examine_v these_o cause_n which_o the_o theorist_n have_v give_v for_o the_o dissolution_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o in_o this_o chapter_n i_o will_v first_o inquire_v whither_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n can_v reach_v so_o far_o as_o the_o great_a abyss_n to_o rarify_v the_o water_n thereof_o first_o then_o i_o have_v prove_v in_o the_o three_o chapter_n of_o this_o examination_n that_o there_o be_v hill_n and_o mountain_n in_o the_o primitive_a earth_n as_o there_o be_v now_o in_o we_o i_o have_v also_o show_v that_o the_o axis_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v then_o incline_v the_o same_o way_n to_o the_o plane_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a as_o it_o be_v at_o present_a from_o thence_o it_o plain_o follow_v that_o there_o be_v then_o the_o same_o variety_n of_o season_n and_o alternation_n of_o heat_n and_o cold_a in_o the_o primitive_a earth_n that_o there_o be_v now_o in_o our_o earth_n and_o by_o consequence_n all_o the_o argument_n draw_v from_o the_o great_a heat_n and_o strong_a action_n of_o the_o sun_n upon_o the_o antediluvian_n earth_n must_v fall_v to_o the_o ground_n there_o be_v then_o no_o great_a heat_n of_o the_o sun_n on_o the_o earth_n than_o there_o be_v at_o present_a but_o 2_o dly_a there_o be_v place_n in_o the_o earth_n as_o the_o island_n of_o barbadoes_n and_o some_o other_o island_n near_o the_o aequator_fw-la where_o there_o be_v little_a or_o no_o variety_n of_o season_n or_o alteration_n of_o the_o sun_n heat_n but_o it_o continue_v to_o shine_v very_o strong_o upon_o they_o throughout_o the_o whole_a year_n and_o yet_o in_o none_o of_o they_o be_v there_o any_o of_o these_o great_a chap_n and_o crack_n which_o the_o theorist_n say_v be_v make_v in_o the_o primitive_a earth_n by_o the_o strong_a action_n of_o the_o sun_n though_o it_o have_v shine_v above_o thrice_o as_o long_o upon_o these_o island_n as_o it_o do_v upon_o the_o antediluvian_n world_n 3_o dly_a it_o be_v certain_a that_o if_o we_o judge_v according_a to_o experience_n that_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n do_v not_o reach_v far_o into_o the_o earth_n and_o that_o its_o beam_n can_v go_v but_o a_o very_a little_a way_n into_o the_o crust_n for_o in_o vault_n and_o cave_n there_o be_v no_o sensible_a alteration_n of_o heat_n in_o summer_n and_o winter_n even_o though_o they_o have_v a_o communication_n with_o the_o open_a air_n and_o in_o the_o deep_a pit_n of_o the_o royal_a observatorie_n at_o paris_n it_o have_v be_v find_v by_o experience_n that_o a_o thermometer_n place_v there_o in_o the_o cold_a day_n of_o winter_n do_v not_o sensible_o vary_v from_o what_o it_o be_v in_o the_o great_a heat_n in_o summer_n and_o they_o who_o work_n in_o mine_n can_v tell_v how_o little_a difference_n they_o observe_v of_o heat_n in_o the_o summer_n more_o than_o in_o the_o winter_n in_o place_n underground_o but_o if_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n can_v penetrate_v for_o any_o considerable_a depth_n the_o crust_n of_o the_o earth_n it_o be_v plain_a that_o when_o its_o heat_n be_v strong_a and_o most_o intense_a upon_o the_o surface_n it_o will_v also_o be_v most_o intense_a within_o the_o crust_n but_o the_o forementioned_a experiment_n do_v prove_v that_o within_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n there_o be_v no_o sensible_a difference_n between_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n when_o its_o action_n be_v strong_a from_o what_o it_o be_v when_o its_o action_n be_v weak_a since_o then_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n do_v not_o penetrate_v the_o earth_n so_o as_o to_o be_v sensible_a even_o for_o the_o small_a space_n that_o we_o be_v able_a to_o dig_v through_o how_o can_v we_o imagine_v it_o possible_a that_o it_o shall_v ever_o reach_v the_o abyss_n through_o the_o whole_a exterior_a crust_n of_o the_o earth_n so_o as_o to_o be_v able_a to_o heat_v the_o water_n and_o raise_v it_o into_o vapour_n but_o that_o i_o may_v bring_v this_o point_n to_o a_o calculation_n as_o near_o as_o i_o can_v i_o will_v suppose_v that_o the_o heat_n cause_v by_o the_o direct_a influence_n of_o the_o sun_n upon_o any_o surface_n be_v always_o all_o other_o thing_n be_v the_o same_o as_o the_o quantity_n of_o ray_n of_o heat_n which_o fall_v upon_o that_o surface_n which_o i_o believe_v the_o theorist_n will_v allow_v i_o will_v also_o suppose_v that_o few_o ray_n of_o heat_n pass_v through_o the_o solid_a orb_n than_o if_o it_o have_v be_v compose_v of_o several_a concentrical_a surface_n place_v at_o some_o distance_n from_o one_o another_o every_o one_o of_o which_o transmit_v only_o the_o one_o half_a of_o the_o ray_n of_o heat_n which_o fall_v upon_o it_o this_o i_o think_v may_v be_v also_o easy_o allow_v for_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n do_v not_o transmit_v the_o half_a nay_o not_o the_o hundred_o part_n of_o the_o sun_n beam_n which_o fall_v upon_o it_o these_o thing_n be_v suppose_v it_o be_v plain_a that_o but_o one_o half_a of_o the_o ray_n which_o fall_v upon_o the_o first_o surface_n will_v fall_v upon_o the_o second_o but_o one_o four_o of_o they_o upon_o the_o three_o one_o eight_o part_n of_o they_o upon_o the_o four_o and_o one_o sixteen_o part_n upon_o the_o five_o etc._n etc._n so_o that_o they_o will_v still_o decrease_v in_o a_o geometrical_a proportion_n of_o 2_o to_o 1_o and_o if_o there_o be_v but_o one_o hundred_o of_o these_o surface_n the_o number_n of_o ray_n which_o fall_v upon_o the_o first_o will_v be_v to_o the_o number_n of_o ray_n which_o pass_v through_o to_o the_o last_o as_o 2_o 99_o to_o 1_o or_o as_o the_o ninty_a nine_o power_n of_o 2_o be_v to_o 1._o how_o great_a a_o disproportion_n than_o will_v there_o be_v between_o the_o number_n of_o those_o ray_n which_o fall_v upon_o the_o first_o surface_n and_o those_o which_o fall_v upon_o the_o last_o for_o the_o ninty_a nine_o power_n of_o 2_o be_v a_o number_n which_o if_o write_v at_o length_n will_v
consist_v of_o a_o hundred_o figure_n but_o if_o we_o shall_v imagine_v all_o the_o space_n between_o the_o surface_v fill_v up_o with_o solid_a and_o not_o diaphanous_a matter_n as_o it_o real_o be_v so_o in_o the_o crust_n of_o the_o earth_n the_o heat_n upon_o the_o surface_n must_v be_v much_o less_o than_o what_o it_o will_v be_v by_o the_o former_a proportion_n from_o thence_o we_o may_v conclude_v that_o if_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n upon_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o antediluvian_n earth_n be_v not_o much_o great_a than_o it_o be_v now_o it_o can_v never_o reach_v so_o far_o into_o the_o crust_n as_o to_o be_v able_a to_o raise_v vapour_n from_o the_o abyss_n or_o if_o it_o be_v so_o great_a as_o to_o be_v able_a to_o raise_v vapour_n from_o thence_o that_o be_v if_o it_o be_v then_o as_o great_a upon_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o abyss_n as_o it_o be_v general_o upon_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o present_a earth_n it_o must_v have_v be_v almost_o infinite_o great_a upon_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o antediluvian_n world_n certain_o there_o can_v be_v no_o necessity_n for_o a_o deluge_n in_o that_o case_n except_o it_o be_v to_o cool_v the_o earth_n again_o after_o such_o a_o excessive_a heat_n which_o must_v have_v destroy_v all_o the_o animal_n plant_n and_o tree_n which_o be_v upon_o the_o earth_n and_o have_v turn_v they_o into_o glass_n but_o perhaps_o it_o may_v be_v urge_v that_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n do_v generate_v and_o prepare_v metal_n which_o lie_v hide_v in_o its_o bowel_n to_o which_o i_o answer_v that_o i_o have_v already_o bring_v a_o sufficient_a demonstration_n that_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n do_v pass_v but_o a_o very_a little_a way_n within_o the_o earth_n and_o therefore_o the_o opinion_n that_o metal_n be_v generate_v by_o the_o sun_n influence_n must_v be_v false_a for_o they_o general_o lie_v far_o hide_v within_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o therefore_o without_o the_o reach_n of_o the_o sun_n influence_n but_o notwithstanding_o all_o this_o shall_v i_o grant_v to_o the_o theorist_n that_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n have_v reach_v the_o abyss_n and_o have_v raise_v the_o vapour_n so_o that_o the_o crust_n of_o the_o earth_n fall_v down_o and_o be_v break_v in_o piece_n yet_o i_o can_v see_v how_o from_o thence_o there_o can_v follow_v any_o universal_a deluge_n or_o indeed_o any_o deluge_n at_o all_o though_o the_o theorist_n do_v endeavour_v to_o explain_v it_o thus_o when_o the_o earth_n say_v he_o be_v break_v and_o fall_v into_o the_o abyss_n a_o good_a part_n of_o it_o be_v cover_v with_o water_n by_o the_o mere_a depth_n of_o the_o abyss_n it_o fall_v into_o and_o those_o part_n of_o it_o that_o be_v high_a than_o the_o abyss_n be_v deep_a and_o consequent_o will_v stand_v above_o it_o in_o a_o calm_a water_n be_v notwithstanding_o reach_v and_o overtop_v by_o the_o water_n during_o the_o agitation_n and_o violent_a commotion_n of_o the_o abyss_n for_o it_o be_v not_o imaginable_a say_v he_o what_o the_o commotion_n of_o the_o abyss_n will_v be_v upon_o this_o dissolution_n of_o the_o earth_n nor_o to_o what_o height_n its_o wave_n will_v be_v throw_v when_o these_o prodigious_a fragment_n be_v tumble_v down_o into_o it_o if_o you_o will_v suppose_v a_o stone_n of_o ten_o thousand_o weight_n take_v up_o into_o the_o air_n a_o mile_n or_o two_o and_o then_o let_v fall_v into_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o ocean_n it_o be_v credible_a that_o the_o dash_a of_o the_o water_n upon_o that_o impression_n will_v rise_v as_o high_a as_o a_o mountain_n but_o if_o you_o will_v suppose_v a_o mighty_a rock_n or_o a_o heap_n of_o rock_n to_o fall_v from_o that_o height_n or_o a_o great_a island_n or_o continent_n these_o will_v expel_v the_o water_n out_o of_o their_o place_n with_o such_o a_o force_n and_o violence_n as_o will_v fling_v they_o above_o the_o high_a cloud_n this_o be_v in_o short_a the_o method_n the_o theorist_n have_v find_v out_o for_o make_v a_o universal_a deluge_n but_o if_o i_o can_v prove_v from_o his_o own_o principle_n that_o long_o before_o the_o deluge_n happen_v all_o the_o water_n in_o the_o abyss_n be_v draw_v up_o by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n to_o supply_v the_o river_n that_o be_v necessary_a to_o water_v the_o earth_n i_o will_v fain_o know_v what_o will_v become_v of_o his_o deluge_n or_o how_o he_o can_v make_v in_o that_o case_n the_o fall_n of_o the_o crust_n to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o a_o universal_a flood_n for_o by_o all_o the_o conception_n that_o i_o can_v have_v of_o it_o the_o water_n which_o be_v upon_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n by_o the_o fall_n will_v rush_v into_o the_o abyss_n and_o it_o will_v be_v so_o far_o from_o make_v any_o flood_n that_o it_o will_v leave_v the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o make_v dry_a land_n appear_v where_o former_o there_o be_v none_o to_o prove_v this_o i_o must_v first_o inquire_v what_o proportion_n the_o quantity_n of_o water_n which_o the_o sea_n receive_v from_o the_o river_n of_o the_o earth_n in_o any_o time_n bear_v to_o the_o quantity_n of_o water_n in_o the_o ocean_n and_o by_o consequence_n i_o will_v calculate_v the_o time_n the_o river_n will_v take_v to_o fill_v the_o ocean_n if_o it_o be_v empty_a and_o they_o run_v as_o they_o do_v now_o or_o which_o be_v the_o same_o thing_n i_o will_v find_v what_o time_n the_o sea_n will_v take_v to_o empty_v itself_o into_o the_o river_n suppose_v that_o it_o be_v not_o recruit_v again_o by_o the_o continual_a course_n of_o fresh_a water_n which_o run_v into_o it_o that_o be_v if_o the_o abyss_n do_v former_o supply_v all_o the_o river_n with_o water_n before_o the_o flood_n and_o none_o of_o they_o run_v into_o it_o again_o as_o the_o theorist_n suppose_v they_o do_v not_o i_o be_o to_o find_v what_o time_n it_o will_v take_v to_o empty_v itself_o on_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o if_o i_o can_v prove_v that_o it_o will_v quite_o empty_v itself_o on_o the_o surface_n long_o before_o the_o deluge_n happen_v i_o think_v from_o thence_o it_o will_v necessary_o follow_v that_o there_o will_v be_v no_o deluge_n at_o all_o by_o the_o fall_n of_o the_o crust_n to_o begin_v therefore_o i_o will_v suppose_v as_o the_o theorist_n have_v do_v in_o his_o second_o chap._n book_n first_o that_o one_o half_a of_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o terraqueous_a globe_n be_v sea_n and_o the_o other_o land_n and_o that_o if_o we_o take_v the_o sea_n one_o place_n with_o another_o it_o be_v a_o quarter_n of_o a_o mile_n deep_a now_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o whole_a earth_n be_v 170981012_o italian_a mile_n the_o surface_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v 85490506_o square_a mile_n which_o be_v multiply_v by_o ¼_n the_o the_o sea_n be_v ¼_n the_o of_o a_o mile_n deep_a the_o product_n be_v 21372626½_n cubical_a mile_n which_o be_v the_o quantity_n of_o water_n contain_v in_o the_o whole_a ocean_n now_o to_o calculate_v the_o water_n the_o ocean_n receive_v from_o the_o river_n we_o must_v consider_v some_o great_a river_n who_o breadth_n depth_n and_o swiftness_n be_v best_a know_v such_o be_v the_o po_n which_o pass_v through_o lombardy_n and_o water_n a_o large_a country_n of_o 380_o mile_n in_o length_n ricciolus_n in_o his_o geographia_fw-la reformata_fw-la tell_v we_o that_o its_o breadth_n before_o its_o division_n into_o a_o great_a many_o channel_n by_o which_o it_o fall_v into_o the_o sea_n be_v a_o hundred_o bononian_n perch_v or_o a_o thousand_o foot_n and_o its_o depth_n be_v one_o perch_n or_o ten_o foot_n and_o therefore_o its_o perpendicular_a section_n from_o one_o side_n to_o the_o other_o be_v a_o hundred_o square_a perche_n or_o 40000_o square_a foot_n its_o swiftness_n also_o be_v so_o great_a that_o the_o course_n of_o the_o water_n be_v about_o four_o italian_a mile_n in_o a_o hour_n or_o which_o be_v the_o same_o thing_n 2000_o italian_a perch_n for_o there_o be_v 500_o perch_n in_o a_o mile_n the_o po_n therefore_o carry_v 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occasion_n which_o do_v not_o so_o necessary_o require_v they_o why_o ought_v we_o then_o to_o deny_v this_o universal_a destruction_n of_o the_o earth_n to_o be_v miraculous_a miracle_n be_v the_o great_a &_o wonderful_a work_n of_o god_n by_o which_o he_o show_v his_o dominion_n and_o power_n and_o that_o his_o kingdom_n reach_v over_o all_o even_o nature_n herself_o and_o that_o he_o do_v not_o confine_v himself_o to_o the_o ordinary_a method_n of_o act_v but_o can_v alter_v they_o according_a to_o his_o pleasure_n be_v not_o they_o give_v we_o to_o convince_v we_o of_o the_o sacred_a truth_n contain_v in_o holy_a scripture_n be_v it_o not_o by_o the_o demonstrative_a force_n of_o miracle_n that_o moses_n and_o the_o apostle_n prove_v their_o divine_a mission_n beyond_o all_o that_o other_o framer_n of_o religion_n can_v pretend_v to_o and_o though_o our_o holy_a faith_n
stand_v so_o well_o confirm_v by_o real_a miracle_n that_o we_o be_v neither_o to_o make_v nor_o admit_v of_o any_o false_a one_o yet_o certain_o we_o be_v not_o to_o detract_v from_o the_o value_n of_o the_o true_a one_o by_o pretend_v to_o deduce_v they_o from_o natural_a and_o mechanical_a cause_n when_o they_o be_v no_o way_n explicable_a by_o they_o it_o be_v therefore_o both_o the_o easy_a and_o safe_a way_n to_o refer_v the_o wonderful_a destruction_n of_o the_o old_a world_n to_o the_o omnipotent_a hand_n of_o god_n who_o can_v do_v whatsoever_o he_o please_v chap._n ii_o of_o the_o chaos_n that_o the_o earth_n be_v form_v from_o a_o chaos_n must_v be_v unquestionable_o own_a by_o all_o who_o acknowledge_v the_o truth_n of_o the_o holy_a scripture_n for_o they_o tell_v we_o that_o in_o the_o begin_n the_o earth_n be_v without_o form_n and_o void_a and_o darkness_n be_v upon_o the_o face_n of_o the_o deep_a which_o be_v a_o most_o excellent_a description_n of_o that_o chaos_n 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the_o general_a action_n of_o nature_n separate_v one_o from_o another_o as_o in_o cream_n and_o thin_a milk_n oil_n and_o water_n and_o such_o like_a so_o we_o can_v doubt_v but_o that_o the_o same_o effect_n will_v follow_v here_o and_o the_o more_o oily_a and_o light_a part_n of_o this_o mass_n will_v get_v above_o the_o other_o and_o swim_v upon_o it_o thus_o will_v the_o whole_a mass_n of_o liquid_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o lesser_a mass_n now_o if_o we_o look_v over_o again_o these_o two_o great_a mass_n of_o air_n and_o water_n we_o can_v but_o imagine_v that_o they_o be_v both_o at_o first_o very_o muddy_a and_o impure_a for_o the_o air_n be_v yet_o thick_a gross_a and_o dark_a there_o be_v abundance_n of_o terrestrial_a particle_n swim_v in_o it_o still_o after_o the_o gross_a be_v sink_v down_o and_o the_o lesser_a and_o light_a which_o remain_v in_o the_o air_n do_v sink_v too_o but_o more_o slow_o so_o that_o in_o their_o descent_n they_o do_v meet_v with_o the_o oily_a 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to_o have_v deceive_v the_o theorist_n in_o this_o point_n be_v that_o he_o have_v observe_v that_o small_a dust_n though_o specifical_o heavy_a than_o oil_n yet_o be_v throw_v upon_o it_o it_o do_v not_o sink_v and_o therefore_o he_o conclude_v that_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o it_o if_o cast_v upon_o the_o surface_n of_o oil_n after_o the_o same_o manner_n will_v not_o descend_v but_o form_n a_o solid_a concrete_a substance_n upon_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o oil_n but_o this_o consequence_n will_v soon_o appear_v to_o be_v false_a if_o we_o consider_v the_o true_a reason_n why_o some_o body_n though_o specifical_o heavy_a than_o the_o fluid_a in_o which_o they_o be_v put_v do_v not_o sink_v but_o swim_v upon_o the_o surface_n which_o be_v this_o that_o there_o be_v scarce_o any_o liquid_a in_o nature_n which_o be_v absolute_o fluid_a and_o who_o part_n do_v not_o resist_v separation_n one_o from_o another_o and_o therefore_o will_v somewhat_o hinder_v or_o retard_v the_o descent_n of_o 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same_o swiftness_n with_o the_o po_n will_v pour_v into_o the_o sea_n one_o cubical_a mile_n of_o water_n in_o a_o day_n i_o must_v in_o the_o next_o place_n determine_v what_o proportion_n all_o the_o river_n in_o the_o earth_n bear_v to_o the_o po_n which_o to_o determine_v exact_o will_v be_v a_o task_n not_o easy_o to_o be_v perform_v but_o i_o think_v we_o may_v determine_v it_o near_o enough_o for_o our_o present_a purpose_n by_o suppose_v that_o the_o quantity_n of_o water_n receive_v into_o the_o sea_n by_o the_o great_a river_n in_o any_o country_n be_v very_o near_o proportional_a to_o the_o extent_n and_o surface_n of_o that_o country_n and_o consequent_o the_o country_n which_o be_v water_v by_o the_o po_n and_o the_o river_n which_o run_v into_o it_o bear_v the_o same_o proportion_n to_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o whole_a dry_a land_n that_o the_o po_n do_v to_o all_o the_o river_n in_o the_o earth_n but_o i_o have_v observe_v from_o the_o exact_a map_n i_o can_v see_v 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water_n or_o river_n in_o they_o but_o they_o be_v but_o small_a will_v not_o much_o alter_v our_o account_n and_o for_o a_o equivalent_a we_o can_v easy_o prove_v that_o though_o there_o be_v some_o country_n not_o so_o well_o store_v with_o river_n as_o lombardy_n yet_o there_o be_v several_a other_o which_o be_v much_o better_o furnish_v with_o they_o particular_o the_o south_n part_n of_o america_n where_o there_o be_v river_n which_o according_a to_o credible_a relation_n be_v above_o fourscore_o mile_n in_o breadth_n and_o therefore_o by_o allow_v a_o proportional_a depth_n they_o will_v be_v several_a hundred_o of_o time_n big_a than_o the_o po._n now_o i_o have_v already_o calculate_v that_o twenty_o six_o po_n will_n pour_v into_o the_o sea_n one_o cubical_a mile_n of_o water_n in_o a_o day_n and_o consequent_o in_o 365_o day_n or_o in_o the_o space_n of_o a_o year_n they_o will_v pour_v into_o the_o sea_n 365_o cubical_a mile_n of_o water_n hence_o it_o follow_v that_o if_o 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hypothesis_n be_v that_o the_o ancient_a chaos_n the_o origin_n of_o our_o earth_n be_v the_o atmosphere_n of_o a_o comet_n but_o this_o supposition_n though_o he_o endeavour_v to_o prove_v it_o by_o several_a argument_n do_v not_o seem_v probable_a for_o the_o reason_n follow_v first_o the_o scripture_n represent_v the_o primitive_a ancient_a chaos_n as_o a_o very_a dark_a and_o obscure_a body_n for_o they_o say_v that_o it_o be_v without_o form_n and_o void_a and_o that_o darkness_n be_v upon_o the_o face_n of_o the_o deep_a this_o will_v further_o appear_v by_o the_o next_o verse_n where_o god_n be_v say_v to_o have_v make_v light_n upon_o the_o first_o day_n of_o the_o creation_n which_o be_v a_o clear_a proof_n that_o there_o be_v none_o before_o that_o time_n but_o that_o the_o whole_a chaos_n be_v original_o a_o dark_a and_o confuse_a heap_n of_o body_n now_o it_o be_v certain_a by_o the_o testimony_n of_o all_o those_o who_o have_v make_v any_o observation_n about_o comet_n 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with_o a_o collection_n of_o earthly_a watery_a and_o airy_a particle_n intercept_n and_o reflect_v all_o the_o ray_n of_o light_n which_o fall_v upon_o it_o but_o this_o i_o think_v do_v not_o well_o agree_v with_o the_o tenor_n of_o scripture_n which_o represent_v the_o chaos_n in_o its_o very_a original_a state_n as_o involve_v with_o darkness_n and_o obscurity_n it_o be_v also_o repugnant_a to_o all_o the_o ancient_a tradition_n we_o have_v about_o it_o which_o represent_v it_o as_o a_o dark_a and_o confuse_a heap_n of_o body_n from_o the_o very_a beginning_n of_o its_o existence_n till_o the_o time_n of_o the_o creation_n or_o formation_n of_o the_o earth_n it_o be_v plain_a also_o that_o the_o abyss_n or_o deep_o mention_v in_o scripture_n can_v not_o be_v that_o dense_a and_o heavy_a fluid_a mr._n whiston_n speak_v of_o on_o which_o he_o say_v the_o upper_a crust_n of_o our_o earth_n be_v found_v it_o be_v certain_a that_o the_o scripture_n be_v to_o be_v understand_v of_o a_o 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atmosphere_n can_v settle_v itself_o into_o a_o regular_a and_o uniform_a body_n and_o therefore_o since_o all_o these_o diaphanous_a and_o solid_a body_n which_o compose_v the_o outward_a crust_n fall_v so_o slow_o and_o by_o degree_n on_o the_o abyss_n and_o since_o at_o the_o time_n they_o be_v all_o there_o they_o be_v not_o able_a to_o darken_v the_o atmosphere_n i_o think_v that_o by_o their_o slow_a and_o gradual_a descent_n they_o will_v not_o fall_v so_o thick_a upon_o one_o another_o but_o that_o the_o comet_n atmosphere_n will_v still_o be_v penetrate_v and_o illuminate_v by_o the_o light_n of_o the_o sun_n but_o if_o i_o shall_v grant_v to_o mr._n whiston_n that_o there_o be_v such_o dark_a and_o thick_a cloud_n in_o the_o atmosphere_n of_o the_o comet_n as_o be_v sufficient_a to_o intercept_v all_o the_o light_n that_o shall_v be_v derive_v to_o it_o from_o the_o sun_n yet_o if_o we_o consider_v that_o the_o central_a solid_a of_o a_o comet_n be_v a_o body_n which_o by_o reason_n of_o its_o near_a approach_n to_o the_o sun_n be_v scorch_v and_o burn_v by_o very_a intense_a heat_n and_o that_o all_o solid_a and_o hard_a body_n when_o they_o be_v heat_v to_o any_o considerable_a degree_n be_v clear_a and_o luminous_a we_o must_v acknowledge_v that_o the_o proper_a and_o native_a light_n of_o comet_n if_o i_o may_v so_o call_v it_o be_v very_o considerable_a and_o therefore_o upon_o this_o single_a account_n of_o a_o comet_n proper_a light_n it_o can_v be_v such_o a_o dark_a and_o obscure_a body_n as_o that_o chaos_n be_v from_o which_o the_o world_n have_v its_o origination_n since_o then_o the_o atmosphere_n of_o comet_n be_v clear_a and_o pellucid_a luminous_a body_n through_o which_o we_o can_v distinct_o view_v their_o central_a solid_n and_o since_o the_o chaos_n out_o of_o which_o the_o world_n be_v make_v from_o its_o very_a original_a be_v a_o dark_a and_o confuse_a heap_n of_o body_n without_o the_o least_o glimmering_n of_o light_n which_o be_v not_o create_v till_o the_o first_o day_n of_o the_o hexaëmeron_n it_o be_v plain_a that_o this_o chaos_n can_v never_o be_v the_o atmosphere_n of_o a_o comet_n and_o therefore_o mr._n whiston_n first_o hypothesis_n be_v but_o ill_o ground_v it_o be_v also_o to_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o great_a part_n of_o these_o solid_n which_o compose_v our_o upper_a stratum_n consist_v of_o stone_n sand_n and_o gravel_n and_o that_o they_o when_o they_o be_v once_o heat_v to_o any_o considerable_a degree_n be_v necessary_o melt_v and_o turn_v into_o glass_n now_o if_o they_o have_v ever_o exi_v in_o the_o atmosphere_n of_o a_o comet_n when_o it_o be_v near_o the_o sun_n they_o must_v have_v sustain_v a_o degree_n of_o heat_n some_o hundred_o of_o time_n great_a than_o the_o heat_n of_o red_a hot_a iron_n and_o consequent_o they_o must_v have_v be_v melt_v and_o during_o the_o time_n of_o their_o immense_a heat_n they_o will_v have_v compose_v a_o fluid_a which_o afterward_o when_o the_o comet_n be_v cool_v will_v appear_v in_o the_o form_n of_o glass_n by_o which_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o those_o body_n never_o be_v in_o the_o atmosphere_n of_o a_o comet_n for_o otherwise_o they_o can_v never_o have_v appear_v to_o we_o in_o the_o form_n they_o be_v in_o at_o present_a mr._n whiston_n assert_n that_o there_o be_v very_o many_o and_o very_o considerable_a phaenomena_n of_o nature_n which_o require_v a_o central_a force_n or_o internal_a heat_n diffuse_v warm_a steam_n every_o way_n from_o the_o centre_n to_o the_o circumference_n and_o especial_o he_o seem_v to_o be_v please_v with_o dr._n woodward_n method_n of_o raise_v vapour_n through_o the_o earth_n to_o furnish_v the_o river_n with_o water_n by_o the_o help_n of_o a_o central_a fire_n which_o he_o think_v be_v easy_o account_v for_o by_o suppose_v the_o interior_a solid_a of_o the_o earth_n to_o have_v be_v the_o nucleus_n of_o a_o comet_n that_o once_o in_o its_o approach_n to_o the_o sun_n have_v acquire_v a_o immense_a heat_n which_o it_o do_v still_o in_o a_o great_a measure_n preserve_v but_o this_o opinion_n though_o it_o have_v be_v maintain_v by_o a_o great_a many_o learned_a man_n seem_v to_o be_v very_o improbable_a for_o if_o i_o shall_v suppose_v that_o there_o be_v such_o a_o central_a fire_n yet_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v imagine_v that_o it_o can_v ever_o diffuse_v itself_o and_o penetrate_v the_o exterior_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n we_o know_v by_o experience_n that_o if_o a_o stone_n wall_n of_o four_o or_o five_o foot_n thickness_n be_v heat_v red_a hot_a upon_o one_o side_n that_o the_o other_o continue_v as_o cold_a as_o before_o without_o be_v sensible_o affect_v with_o the_o heat_n which_o be_v intense_a on_o the_o opposite_a side_n since_o than_o we_o see_v that_o a_o intense_a heat_n be_v not_o able_a to_o penetrate_v through_o a_o stone_n wall_n how_o can_v we_o suppose_v that_o it_o shall_v diffuse_v itself_o through_o a_o dense_n and_o heavy_a fluid_a a_o hard_a and_o diaphanous_a crust_n of_o some_o hundred_o of_o mile_n thickness_n i_o know_v none_o of_o the_o phaenomena_n of_o nature_n that_o do_v necessary_o require_v a_o central_a fire_n for_o as_o to_o burn_a mountain_n and_o volcano_n if_o mr._n whiston_n will_v be_v please_v to_o consult_v borelli_n de_fw-fr incendiis_fw-la montis_fw-la aetnae_n he_o will_v easy_o be_v convince_v that_o its_o fire_n do_v not_o proceed_v from_o the_o centre_n but_o that_o it_o be_v kindle_v very_o near_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o mountain_n and_o as_o for_o river_n i_o believe_v it_o be_v evident_a that_o they_o be_v furnish_v by_o a_o superior_a circulation_n of_o vapour_n draw_v from_o the_o sea_n by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n which_o by_o calculation_n be_v abundant_o sufficient_a for_o such_o a_o supply_n for_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o
reason_n that_o i_o can_v be_v induce_v to_o believe_v mr._n whistons_n hypothesis_n that_o the_o earth_n have_v no_o diurnal_a rotation_n before_o the_o fall_n to_o be_v probable_a it_o seem_v to_o be_v far_o more_o agreeable_a to_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o philosophy_n that_o the_o earth_n receive_v both_o its_o annual_a and_o diurnal_a motion_n at_o the_o same_o time_n viz._n when_o it_o be_v first_o create_v these_o be_v the_o chief_a and_o principle_n remark_n that_o i_o have_v make_v on_o the_o original_a state_n and_o formation_n of_o the_o earth_n i_o will_v now_o brief_o consider_v his_o theory_n of_o the_o deluge_n which_o be_v in_o short_a thus_o he_o suppose_v that_o a_o comet_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o deluge_n come_v very_o near_o and_o pass_v by_o the_o earth_n that_o the_o comet_n when_o it_o come_v below_o the_o moon_n will_v raise_v a_o vast_a and_o strong_a tide_n both_o in_o the_o sea_n that_o be_v then_o on_o the_o surface_n and_o in_o the_o abyss_n which_o be_v under_o the_o upper_a crust_n of_o the_o earth_n after_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o the_o moon_n do_v at_o present_a in_o the_o ocean_n that_o this_o tide_n will_v begin_v to_o rise_v and_o increase_v all_o the_o time_n of_o the_o approach_n of_o the_o comet_n &_o will_v be_v at_o its_o great_a height_n when_o the_o comet_n be_v at_o its_o least_o distance_n from_o the_o earth_n by_o this_o tide_n and_o the_o attraction_n of_o the_o comet_n he_o suppose_v that_o the_o abyss_n will_v put_v on_o a_o elliptic_a or_o rather_o a_o exact_o oval_a figure_n who_o surface_n be_v much_o large_a than_o the_o former_a spherical_a one_o the_o exterior_a crust_n of_o earth_n which_o lie_v upon_o it_o must_v conform_v itself_o to_o the_o same_o figure_n which_o it_o can_v not_o do_v as_o long_o as_o it_o remain_v solid_a and_o conjoin_v and_o therefore_o it_o must_v of_o necessity_n by_o the_o violent_a force_n of_o the_o tide_n be_v stretch_v and_o break_v and_o have_v innumerable_a fissure_v make_v quite_o through_o it_o after_o this_o he_o suppose_v that_o the_o comet_n in_o its_o descent_n towards_o the_o sun_n pass_v close_o by_o the_o body_n of_o the_o earth_n involve_v it_o in_o its_o atmosphere_n and_o tail_n for_o a_o considerable_a time_n and_o leave_v prodigious_a quantity_n of_o condense_a and_o expanded_a vapour_n on_o its_o surface_n a_o great_a part_n of_o which_o be_v very_o much_o rarify_v after_o their_o primary_n fall_v will_v be_v immediate_o draw_v up_o into_o the_o air_n again_o and_o afterward_o descend_v in_o violent_a and_o outrageous_a rain_n upon_o the_o earth_n and_o will_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o forty_o day_n rain_n mention_v in_o scripture_n the_o other_o great_a rain_n which_o together_o with_o the_o former_a last_v a_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o day_n be_v occasion_v as_o he_o think_v by_o the_o earth_n be_v involve_v a_o second_o time_n in_o the_o comet_n tail_n from_o which_o and_o from_o its_o atmosphere_n he_o derive_v one_o half_a of_o the_o water_n which_o serve_v for_o the_o deluge_n the_o other_o half_o he_o suppose_v be_v deduce_v from_o the_o subterraneous_a abyss_n the_o fluid_a whereof_o he_o say_v be_v force_v upon_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n by_o the_o vast_a and_o prodigious_a pressure_n of_o the_o incumbent_a water_n that_o be_v derive_v from_o the_o comet_n atmosphere_n and_o tail_n which_o he_o suppose_v will_v press_v downward_o with_o a_o mighty_a force_n and_o endeavour_v to_o sink_v the_o outward_a crust_n of_o the_o earth_n into_o the_o abyss_n by_o which_o vast_a quantity_n of_o the_o subterraneous_a fluid_n will_v be_v force_v and_o raise_v upon_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n through_o the_o crack_n and_o fissure_v that_o be_v make_v in_o the_o crust_n by_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o tide_n in_o the_o abyss_n by_o these_o method_n mr._n whiston_n suppose_v that_o there_o be_v water_n enough_o bring_v on_o the_o surface_n to_o cover_v the_o face_n of_o the_o whole_a earth_n for_o the_o perpendicular_a height_n of_o three_o mile_n that_o be_v above_o the_o top_n of_o the_o high_a mountain_n but_o he_o further_o suppose_v that_o neither_o that_o water_n which_o be_v derive_v from_o the_o comet_n nor_o that_o which_o be_v force_v up_o from_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v pure_a elementary_a water_n but_o rather_o a_o thick_a and_o muddy_a fluid_n which_o he_o say_v be_v heavy_a than_o water_n sink_v to_o the_o bottom_n and_o cover_v the_o earth_n for_o the_o depth_n of_o 166_o foot_n after_o have_v thus_o form_v the_o deluge_n his_o next_o great_a work_n be_v to_o remove_v these_o water_n which_o be_v bring_v on_o the_o earth_n and_o this_o he_o suppose_v to_o be_v perform_v by_o a_o wind_n which_o dry_v up_o some_o and_o force_v the_o rest_n through_o the_o crack_n and_o fissure_v of_o the_o earth_n into_o the_o abyss_n in_o which_o a_o great_a part_n of_o they_o have_v be_v before_o and_o from_o whence_o they_o be_v derive_v these_o be_v the_o supposition_n by_o which_o mr._n whiston_n pretend_v to_o account_v for_o all_o the_o phaenomena_n of_o the_o deluge_n but_o though_o i_o can_v easy_o allow_v the_o first_o hypothesis_n to_o be_v true_a viz._n that_o a_o comet_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o deluge_n come_v very_o near_o and_o pass_v by_o the_o earth_n since_o its_o approach_n at_o that_o time_n be_v not_o only_o make_v possible_a but_o also_o very_o probable_a by_o he_o yet_o i_o can_v admit_v of_o the_o particular_a explication_n he_o have_v give_v of_o several_a of_o the_o phaenomena_n of_o the_o deluge_n a_o great_a many_o of_o they_o as_o he_o have_v explain_v they_o seem_v to_o be_v no_o way_n agreeable_a to_o the_o law_n of_o mechanic_n and_o philosophy_n for_o first_o though_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o a_o comet_n when_o it_o pass_v by_o the_o earth_n will_v raise_v a_o very_a strong_a and_o prodigious_a tide_n in_o the_o sea_n that_o be_v then_o on_o the_o surface_n yet_o i_o can_v perceive_v that_o such_o a_o effect_n will_v be_v produce_v in_o the_o abyss_n which_o he_o suppose_v to_o be_v a_o dense_n and_o heavy_a fluid_n encompass_v on_o all_o side_n with_o a_o thick_a and_o solid_a crust_n of_o earth_n lie_v close_o upon_o it_o for_o tide_n be_v only_o a_o violent_a swell_a and_o motion_n of_o the_o water_n produce_v by_o the_o attraction_n of_o some_o great_a body_n that_o come_v near_o they_o if_o we_o shall_v suppose_v that_o the_o water_n be_v every_o where_o shut_v up_o within_o a_o solid_a orb_n lie_v on_o they_o so_o that_o there_o be_v no_o room_n or_o space_n leave_v for_o they_o to_o move_v in_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o in_o such_o a_o case_n there_o can_v be_v no_o tide_n or_o agitation_n of_o the_o water_n but_o they_o will_v remain_v in_o the_o state_n they_o be_v in_o before_o nor_o can_v they_o press_v strong_a on_o that_o orb_n which_o enclose_v they_o than_o sand_n gravel_n or_o any_o other_o firm_a and_o hard_a body_n will_v do_v that_o can_v fill_v their_o place_n all_o body_n whether_o firm_a or_o fluid_a be_v equal_o attract_v when_o the_o attract_v body_n be_v at_o the_o same_o distance_n from_o they_o this_o be_v then_o the_o true_a case_n of_o the_o abyss_n which_o mr._n whiston_n suppose_v to_o be_v enclose_v by_o the_o thick_a solid_a and_o upper_a crust_n of_o the_o earth_n which_o press_v so_o close_o upon_o it_o as_o to_o leave_v no_o void_a space_n at_o least_o not_o such_o a_o one_o as_o will_v make_v room_n enough_o for_o any_o considerable_a commotion_n of_o the_o water_n and_o because_o fluid_n be_v not_o more_o attract_v than_o solid_n be_v it_o be_v plain_a that_o by_o the_o tide_n of_o the_o abyss_n and_o the_o attraction_n of_o the_o comet_n there_o can_v never_o be_v produce_v any_o great_a effect_n on_o the_o crust_n which_o encompass_v the_o subterraneous_a fluid_n than_o if_o the_o whole_a earth_n have_v consist_v of_o firm_a and_o solid_a matter_n without_o any_o abyss_n it_o be_v certain_a therefore_o that_o since_o there_o be_v no_o tide_n in_o the_o abyss_n there_o can_v be_v no_o crack_n and_o fissure_v make_v in_o the_o earth_n by_o it_o to_o explain_v the_o great_a rain_n which_o fall_v on_o the_o earth_n during_o the_o time_n of_o the_o deluge_n mr._n whiston_n assume_v a_o proposition_n which_o i_o believe_v he_o can_v hardly_o prove_v viz._n that_o after_o the_o earth_n be_v involve_v in_o the_o comet_n be_v atmosphere_n and_o tail_n and_o have_v acquire_v a_o prodigious_a quantity_n of_o condense_a and_o expanded_a vapour_n that_o fall_v on_o its_o surface_n a_o great_a part_n of_o they_o be_v much_o rarify_v will_v be_v draw_v up_o again_o into_o the_o air_n and_o afterward_o descend_v in_o violent_a and_o outrageous_a rain_n now_o if_o we_o consider_v
the_o incredible_a velocity_n with_o which_o these_o vapour_n descend_v which_o mr._n whiston_n calculate_v to_o be_v so_o great_a that_o they_o descend_v eight_o hundred_o and_o sixty_o eight_o mile_n in_o a_o minute_n and_o the_o great_a resistance_n they_o meet_v with_o in_o their_o descent_n through_o the_o air_n and_o the_o force_n by_o which_o they_o fall_v on_o the_o ground_n we_o must_v necessary_o acknowledge_v that_o they_o must_v have_v be_v condense_v and_o turn_v into_o water_n by_o such_o a_o resistance_n and_o fall_n for_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o when_o vapour_n fall_v they_o must_v meet_v with_o a_o great_a check_n and_o resistance_n from_o the_o air_n by_o which_o their_o part_n will_v be_v press_v close_o together_o and_o as_o their_o velocity_n increase_v so_o will_v the_o resistance_n and_o their_o density_n till_o at_o last_o their_o part_n come_v to_o be_v as_o close_o unite_v as_o it_o be_v possible_a and_o then_o they_o will_v fall_v in_o the_o form_n of_o water_n thus_o it_o be_v without_o doubt_n when_o it_o rain_v for_o we_o must_v not_o imagine_v that_o rain_n drop_v have_v the_o same_o form_n and_o density_n in_o the_o cloud_n with_o which_o they_o arrive_v at_o the_o ground_n for_o water_n be_v of_o a_o great_a intensive_a gravity_n than_o air_n it_o be_v impossible_a that_o it_o shall_v be_v sustain_v in_o it_o but_o when_o it_o be_v expanded_a into_o vapour_n now_o it_o be_v plain_a by_o observation_n on_o the_o barescope_n that_o whenever_o the_o vapour_n begin_v to_o descend_v the_o air_n be_v light_a than_o it_o be_v before_o it_o therefore_o not_o be_v able_a to_o sustain_v they_o they_o must_v fall_v to_o the_o ground_n but_o in_o their_o way_n they_o meet_v with_o a_o great_a resistance_n and_o check_v from_o the_o air_n and_o so_o must_v necessary_o be_v condense_v and_o fall_v in_o drop_n of_o water_n on_o the_o ground_n and_o since_o the_o resistance_n of_o the_o medium_n be_v always_o as_o the_o square_n of_o the_o velocity_n with_o which_o the_o body_n move_v through_o it_o and_o because_o the_o velocity_n of_o vapour_n which_o fall_v from_o the_o comet_n to_o the_o earth_n must_v have_v be_v according_a to_o mr._n whiston_n some_o thousand_o of_o time_n great_a than_o the_o velocity_n with_o which_o common_a vapour_n or_o rain_n descend_v it_o must_v needs_o follow_v that_o the_o resistance_n the_o vapour_n which_o be_v derive_v from_o the_o comet_n meet_v with_o be_v some_o million_o of_o time_n great_a than_o the_o resistance_n of_o common_a vapour_n when_o it_o descend_v but_o the_o resistance_n of_o common_a vapour_n when_o it_o descend_v be_v great_a enough_o to_o condense_a it_o into_o water_n it_o be_v evident_a therefore_o that_o all_o such_o vapour_n as_o descend_v from_o the_o comet_n must_v have_v be_v of_o necessity_n condense_v into_o water_n long_o before_o they_o ever_o touch_v the_o earth_n see_v then_o they_o descend_v on_o the_o earth_n in_o the_o form_n of_o water_n and_o see_v there_o be_v no_o sufficient_a cause_n that_o can_v immediate_o raise_v and_o mount_v they_o up_o again_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n not_o be_v great_a enough_o for_o such_o a_o effect_n it_o be_v plain_a that_o they_o can_v never_o rise_v up_o again_o to_o produce_v the_o forty_o day_n rain_v mention_v in_o scripture_n mr._n whiston_n have_v as_o he_o imagine_v explain_v the_o great_a rain_n which_o fall_v on_o the_o earth_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o deluge_n do_v in_o the_o next_o place_n proceed_v to_o show_v how_o the_o water_n of_o the_o abyss_n be_v force_v up_o to_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o become_v a_o great_a cause_n of_o the_o universal_a flood_n this_o he_o suppose_v to_o be_v perform_v by_o the_o vast_a quantity_n of_o water_n that_o have_v descend_v from_o the_o comet_n which_o he_o say_v be_v of_o a_o prodigious_a weight_n will_v press_v the_o crust_n of_o the_o earth_n downward_o with_o a_o mighty_a force_n and_o endeavour_v to_o sink_v it_o deep_o into_o the_o abyss_n by_o this_o pressure_n the_o water_n of_o the_o abyss_n will_v be_v force_v upward_o through_o the_o crack_n and_o fissure_v new_o make_v by_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o tide_n on_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n he_o endeavour_v to_o illustrate_v this_o method_n of_o operation_n by_o the_o example_n of_o a_o stone_n or_o marble_n cylinder_n exact_o fit_v to_o a_o hollow_a cylindrical_a vessel_n that_o it_o may_v just_o ascend_v or_o descend_v free_o within_o it_o he_o suppose_v the_o stone_n cylinder_n to_o have_v hole_n bore_v in_o it_o quite_o through_o parallel_n to_o its_o axis_n and_o let_v down_o in_o the_o hollow_a cylinder_n which_o be_v half_a full_a of_o water_n till_o it_o touch_v the_o water_n then_o if_o each_o of_o the_o hole_n be_v fill_v with_o oil_n or_o some_o other_o fluid_a light_a than_o water_n he_o say_v that_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o cylinder_n press_v on_o the_o water_n will_v squeeze_v the_o oil_n on_o its_o surface_n through_o the_o hole_n and_o throw_v it_o out_o with_o some_o violence_n and_o this_o will_v be_v a_o just_a representation_n of_o the_o deluge_n there_o be_v but_o one_o possible_a case_n wherein_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o water_n can_v sink_v the_o crust_n deep_o into_o the_o abyss_n and_o that_o be_v if_o the_o water_n which_o lay_v on_o the_o surface_n can_v not_o descend_v through_o the_o crack_n and_o fissure_v of_o the_o earth_n and_o though_o i_o can_v see_v nothing_o that_o can_v hinder_v they_o from_o descend_v yet_o if_o i_o shall_v suppose_v that_o they_o do_v not_o i_o can_v evident_o prove_v by_o calculation_n that_o such_o a_o pressure_n can_v never_o raise_v the_o abyss_n above_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o crust_n to_o demonstrate_v this_o i_o assume_v the_o height_n of_o the_o water_n which_o be_v derive_v from_o the_o comet_n to_o have_v be_v a_o ten_o part_n of_o the_o thickness_n of_o the_o whole_a crust_n though_o doubtless_o this_o be_v much_o great_a than_o in_o reality_n it_o can_v be_v allow_v to_o have_v be_v and_o because_o according_a to_o mr._n whiston_n the_o column_n of_o which_o the_o crust_n be_v compose_v be_v about_o four_o time_n heavy_a than_o common_a water_n it_o follow_v that_o a_o column_n of_o the_o same_o specific_a gravity_n with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o crust_n who_o base_a be_v equal_a to_o the_o base_a of_o the_o incumbent_a column_n of_o water_n and_o one_o four_o part_n of_o its_o height_n will_v weigh_v as_o much_o or_o press_v the_o crust_n as_o much_o downward_o as_o the_o whole_a column_n of_o water_n can_v do_v but_o the_o height_n of_o the_o water_n be_v a_o ten_o part_n of_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o whole_a crust_n the_o height_n of_o the_o additional_a column_n that_o weigh_v as_o much_o as_o the_o water_n must_v be_v a_o forty_o part_n of_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o crust_n from_o hence_o it_o follow_v that_o the_o height_n or_o thickness_n of_o the_o crust_n before_o the_o additional_a column_n be_v lay_v on_o be_v to_o its_o thickness_n after_o the_o additional_a column_n be_v lay_v on_o as_o 40_o be_v to_o 41._o the_o whole_a problem_n than_o be_v plain_o reduce_v to_o this_o have_v two_o cylinder_n or_o column_n of_o the_o same_o intensive_a gravity_n but_o of_o different_a height_n that_o swim_v in_o any_o fluid_fw-la to_o find_v what_o proportion_n the_o part_n or_o height_n immerge_v bear_v to_o one_o another_o by_o a_o know_a proposition_n in_o hydrostaticks_n the_o part_n immerge_v of_o each_o cylinder_n bear_v the_o same_o proportion_n to_o the_o whole_a cylinder_n that_o the_o intensive_a gravity_n of_o the_o cylinder_n bear_n to_o the_o intensive_a gravity_n of_o the_o fluid_a from_o thence_o it_o be_v evident_a that_o the_o part_n immerge_v have_v the_o same_o proportion_n that_o their_o respective_a whole_a cylinder_n have_v to_o one_o another_o which_o in_o the_o present_a case_n be_v as_o forty_o to_o forty_o one_o by_o this_o it_o be_v clear_a that_o the_o additional_a weight_n of_o the_o incumbent_a water_n will_v not_o sink_v the_o crust_n above_o one_o forty_o part_n deep_o into_o the_o abyss_n than_o it_o be_v before_o and_o therefore_o it_o can_v never_o rise_v by_o such_o a_o pressure_n so_o high_a as_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n but_o if_o we_o shall_v suppose_v that_o the_o pressure_n on_o the_o crust_n shall_v be_v so_o great_a as_o to_o press_v the_o abyss_n upward_o and_o the_o water_n in_o it_o to_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n it_o be_v certain_a that_o in_o such_o a_o case_n when_o the_o water_n in_o the_o abyss_n have_v ascend_v to_o the_o surface_n there_o must_v be_v a_o communication_n between_o the_o abyss_n and_o it_o by_o this_o communication_n the_o water_n on_o the_o surface_n must_v necessary_o descend_v and_o lie_v immediate_o on_o
the_o abyss_n and_o so_o the_o case_n will_v be_v reduce_v to_o the_o former_a one_o where_o the_o water_n be_v suppose_v to_o press_v immediate_o on_o the_o fluid_a in_o the_o abyss_n by_o which_o pressure_n the_o crust_n will_v be_v so_o far_o from_o sink_v deep_o that_o it_o will_v be_v raise_v to_o a_o great_a height_n as_o i_o have_v show_v before_o from_o all_o this_o it_o be_v demonstrative_o evident_a that_o by_o no_o sort_n of_o pressure_n of_o the_o incumbent_n fluid_a the_o abyss_n can_v be_v force_v upward_o to_o spread_v itself_o on_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n another_o argument_n which_o may_v be_v urge_v against_o derive_v water_n from_o mr._n whiston_n abyss_n be_v this_o he_o suppose_v the_o abyss_n to_o consist_v of_o a_o very_a dense_a fluid_a who_o intensive_a gravity_n be_v great_a than_o the_o gravity_n of_o the_o crust_n which_o subside_v into_o it_o but_o this_o crust_n be_v three_o or_o four_o time_n heavy_a than_o water_n it_o must_v be_v immediate_o contiguous_a to_o the_o abyss_n so_o that_o there_o can_v be_v no_o room_n for_o any_o considerable_a quantity_n of_o water_n to_o lie_v between_o they_o and_o therefore_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o whatever_o water_n be_v raise_v from_o the_o abyss_n must_v be_v only_o on_o the_o crack_n and_o fissure_v of_o the_o earth_n but_o mr._n whiston_n suppose_v that_o the_o half_a of_o that_o water_n at_o lest_o which_o be_v necessary_a for_o the_o deluge_n be_v derive_v from_o the_o abyss_n that_o be_v as_o i_o shall_v hereafter_o prove_v there_o must_v have_v be_v eleven_o time_n more_o water_n derive_v from_o the_o abyss_n than_o there_o be_v in_o the_o whole_a ocean_n which_o be_v a_o prodigious_a great_a quantity_n than_o the_o crack_n and_o fissure_v can_v be_v suppose_v able_a to_o contain_v perhaps_o mr._n whiston_n will_v grant_v that_o the_o great_a part_n of_o what_o be_v draw_v from_o the_o abyss_n be_v not_o pure_a water_n but_o that_o dense_a and_o heavy_a fluid_a on_o which_o the_o crust_n subside_v but_o if_o it_o be_v so_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o such_o a_o fluid_a be_v heavy_a than_o water_n must_v have_v take_v its_o place_n next_o to_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o have_v fill_v up_o all_o the_o pit_n hole_n and_o valley_n that_o be_v on_o the_o earth_n nay_o it_o will_v have_v drive_v the_o sea_n out_o of_o its_o channel_n and_o will_v have_v complete_o fill_v its_o place_n where_o it_o will_v have_v remain_v to_o this_o day_n it_o be_v most_o evident_a that_o if_o such_o a_o thing_n have_v happen_v there_o will_v have_v be_v vast_a quantity_n of_o that_o dense_a and_o heavy_a fluid_a still_o abide_v on_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o in_o pit_n and_o hole_n there_o be_v nothing_o to_o drive_v it_o from_o thence_o into_o the_o fissure_v again_o but_o yet_o it_o be_v evident_a from_o observation_n that_o there_o be_v not_o any_o such_o thing_n in_o nature_n to_o be_v see_v and_o that_o there_o be_v no_o where_o to_o be_v find_v any_o quantity_n of_o such_o a_o dense_n and_o heavy_a fluid_a which_o mr._n whiston_n suppose_v cover_v the_o earth_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o deluge_n there_o be_v only_o a_o little_a quicksilver_n which_o be_v find_v in_o some_o mine_n in_o the_o very_a bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n but_o the_o quantity_n of_o it_o be_v so_o small_a and_o inconsiderable_a that_o we_o can_v possible_o suppose_v it_o to_o be_v the_o remain_v of_o the_o fluid_a in_o the_o abyss_n for_o if_o ever_o there_o have_v be_v any_o such_o fluid_a on_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n there_o must_v have_v certain_o remain_v great_a quantity_n of_o it_o to_o this_o day_n since_o as_o i_o have_v observe_v before_o the_o very_a sea_n must_v have_v be_v full_a of_o it_o i_o free_o acknowledge_v mr._n whiston_n hypothesis_n about_o shell_n bone_n tooth_n and_o other_o exuviae_fw-la of_o land_n and_o sea_n animal_n find_v and_o dig_v out_o of_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n to_o be_v very_o ingenious_a and_o more_o philosophical_a than_o any_o other_o hypothesis_n that_o i_o have_v yet_o see_v so_o that_o to_o i_o it_o seem_v indeed_o probable_a that_o the_o water_n which_o make_v the_o deluge_n from_o whence_o soever_o it_o be_v derive_v have_v in_o it_o much_o mud_n and_o earthy_a matter_n which_o after_o the_o water_n be_v go_v off_o settle_v on_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o old_a earth_n and_o become_v a_o new_a crust_n in_o which_o these_o shell_n tooth_n and_o bone_n subside_v this_o hypothesis_n i_o think_v do_v very_o natural_o explain_v all_o the_o phaenomena_n dr._n woodward_n mention_n in_o his_o theory_n and_o on_o that_o account_n it_o may_v be_v easy_o admit_v as_o a_o true_a one_o i_o come_v now_o to_o consider_v mr._n whiston_n way_n by_o which_o he_o suppose_v all_o the_o water_n that_o be_v necessary_a for_o the_o deluge_n be_v draw_v off_o the_o earth_n he_o imagine_v this_o to_o be_v perform_v partly_o by_o a_o wind_n which_o dry_v up_o some_o and_o partly_o by_o the_o descent_n of_o the_o water_n through_o the_o crack_n and_o fissure_v of_o the_o earth_n to_o which_o the_o wind_n by_o hurry_v the_o water_n up_o and_o down_o will_v be_v very_o sufficient_a before_o i_o examine_v these_o cause_n it_o be_v fit_a that_o i_o shall_v make_v a_o estimate_n of_o the_o quantity_n of_o water_n that_o will_v be_v necessary_a to_o cover_v the_o whole_a earth_n above_o the_o top_n of_o the_o high_a mountain_n dr._n burnet_n in_o his_o theory_n of_o the_o earth_n reckon_v it_o to_o be_v about_o eight_o ocean_n of_o water_n suppose_v the_o surface_n of_o the_o sea_n to_o be_v equal_a to_o the_o land_n and_o to_o be_v every_o where_o a_o quarter_n of_o a_o mile_n deep_a take_v one_o place_n with_o another_o but_o on_o the_o same_o supposition_n i_o believe_v i_o can_v more_o exact_o determine_v it_o to_o be_v near_o three_o time_n as_o much_o i_o must_v here_o assume_v that_o the_o height_n of_o the_o high_a mountain_n above_o the_o level_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v above_o three_o mile_n perpendicular_a height_n i_o know_v varenius_n in_o his_o geographia_fw-la generalis_fw-la calculate_v the_o height_n of_o the_o pico_n in_o the_o island_n of_o tenerife_n to_o be_v one_o german_a mile_n or_o above_o four_o english_a mile_n in_o height_n and_o though_o i_o be_o incline_v to_o believe_v that_o its_o height_n be_v yet_o great_a than_o varenius_n make_v it_o for_o he_o seem_v to_o allow_v too_o much_o both_o for_o refraction_n and_o error_n in_o the_o observation_n yet_o because_o three_o miles_n be_v the_o height_n mr._n whiston_n seem_v to_o allow_v the_o water_n at_o the_o deluge_n i_o will_v suppose_v the_o hill_n no_o high_o and_o from_o thence_o i_o will_v calculate_v what_o water_n will_v be_v necessary_a to_o make_v a_o universal_a deluge_n it_o be_v evident_a upon_o such_o a_o supposition_n that_o the_o water_n must_v be_v raise_v beyond_o three_o mile_n perpendicular_a height_n that_o they_o may_v be_v as_o high_a as_o the_o top_n of_o the_o hill_n now_o it_o be_v easy_a to_o calculate_v how_o much_o water_n will_v be_v necessary_a to_o raise_v the_o surface_n of_o the_o sea_n to_o such_o a_o height_n the_o ocean_n be_v by_o hypothesis_n a_o quarter_n of_o a_o mile_n deep_a there_o be_v twelve_o such_o quarter_n in_o three_o miles_n and_o consequent_o there_o must_v not_o be_v less_o than_o twelve_o ocean_n of_o water_n lie_v on_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o sea_n that_o it_o may_v be_v of_o the_o same_o height_n with_o the_o water_n which_o cover_v the_o land_n let_v i_o in_o the_o next_o place_n suppose_v the_o whole_a surface_n of_o the_o land_n thick_o beset_v with_o mountain_n every_o one_o of_o which_o be_v three_o mile_n perpendicular_o high_a now_o because_o three_o miles_n have_v but_o a_o very_a small_a proportion_n to_o the_o semidiameter_n of_o the_o earth_n it_o be_v evident_a that_o the_o orb_n or_o rather_o part_v of_o a_o orb_n consist_v of_o water_n and_o mountain_n will_v be_v also_o equal_a to_o a_o cylinder_n who_o height_n be_v three_o mile_n and_o its_o base_a a_o circle_n equal_a to_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o land_n but_o because_o the_o hill_n be_v suppose_v to_o be_v of_o a_o conical_a figure_n and_o cones_fw-la by_o the_o 10_o the_o of_o the_o 12_o the_o of_o euclid_n be_v the_o three_o part_n of_o a_o cylinder_n on_o the_o same_o base_a and_o of_o the_o same_o height_n it_o be_v evident_a that_o the_o hill_n will_v make_v but_o one_o three_o part_n of_o the_o former_a cylinder_n that_o be_v all_o the_o mountain_n if_o they_o be_v level_v will_v raise_v the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n a_o mile_n high_o than_o it_o be_v from_o thence_o it_o follow_v that_o the_o water_n which_o lie_v on_o the_o
surface_n of_o the_o land_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o deluge_n be_v equal_a to_o a_o cylinder_n who_o base_a be_v equal_a to_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o land_n and_o its_o height_n two_o mile_n and_o because_o in_o two_o mile_n there_o be_v eight_o quarter_n of_o one_o mile_n it_o be_v plain_a that_o the_o water_n which_o be_v necessary_a to_o cover_v the_o land_n must_v be_v equal_a to_o eight_o ocean_n of_o water_n which_o together_o with_o the_o other_o twelve_o make_v twenty_o ocean_n of_o water_n but_o because_o the_o whole_a land_n be_v not_o so_o thick_o cover_v with_o hill_n as_o i_o have_v suppose_v it_o be_v indeed_o not_o possible_a that_o it_o shall_v be_v and_o because_o there_o be_v but_o few_o hill_n so_o high_a as_o i_o have_v suppose_v they_o all_o to_o be_v we_o must_v at_o least_o allow_v two_o ocean_n more_o on_o these_o two_o account_n so_o that_o the_o whole_a amount_n to_o two_o and_o twenty_o ocean_n of_o water_n which_o together_o with_o the_o water_n that_o do_v now_o compose_v the_o present_a ocean_n make_v three_o and_o twenty_o ocean_n of_o water_n which_o be_v the_o least_o that_o can_v be_v necessary_a for_o a_o universal_a deluge_n if_o the_o height_n of_o the_o great_a hill_n be_v four_o mile_n above_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o ocean_n as_o most_o probable_o it_o be_v by_o varenius_n calculation_n the_o water_n that_o must_v be_v require_v to_o drown_v the_o whole_a earth_n must_v be_v no_o less_o than_o twenty_o eight_o ocean_n of_o water_n but_o i_o will_v here_o suppose_v there_o be_v no_o more_o water_n than_o what_o be_v require_v by_o the_o former_a supposition_n though_o it_o be_v easy_a for_o mr._n whiston_n to_o suppose_v all_o this_o or_o even_o a_o much_o great_a quantity_n of_o water_n to_o be_v derive_v from_o the_o atmosphere_n of_o a_o comet_n yet_o i_o believe_v he_o will_v not_o find_v it_o so_o easy_a a_o task_n to_o remove_v it_o again_o from_o the_o earth_n he_o himself_o acknowledge_v that_o the_o air_n can_v receive_v and_o sustain_v but_o very_o inconsiderable_a quantity_n of_o it_o in_o comparison_n of_o the_o entire_a mass_n of_o water_n which_o then_o lie_v on_o the_o earth_n it_o be_v not_o possible_a that_o this_o water_n can_v descend_v through_o the_o crack_n and_o fissure_v of_o the_o earth_n which_o of_o necessity_n must_v have_v be_v all_o full_a at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o deluge_n for_o water_n can_v lie_v on_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n till_o all_o the_o crack_n holes_n and_o fissure_v in_o it_o be_v first_o fill_v this_o be_v so_o evident_o certain_a both_o to_o sense_n and_o experience_n that_o i_o think_v it_o beyond_o all_o contadiction_n true_a it_o be_v as_o impossible_a to_o make_v water_n lie_v on_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n before_o all_o its_o crack_n pit_n and_o holes_n be_v fill_v as_o it_o be_v to_o make_v a_o vessel_n retain_v water_n who_o bottom_n be_v bore_v through_o with_o hole_n but_o though_o i_o shall_v suppose_v that_o the_o crack_n and_o fissure_v remain_v empty_a during_o the_o deluge_n which_o be_v indeed_o a_o impossible_a supposition_n yet_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o these_o fissure_n can_v receive_v but_o little_o more_o water_n than_o what_o be_v at_o first_o derive_v from_o they_o for_o the_o crust_n of_o the_o earth_n according_a to_o mr._n whiston_n lie_v immediate_o on_o the_o dense_n and_o heavy_a abyss_n and_o water_n be_v light_a than_o it_o it_o be_v absolute_o impossible_a that_o ever_o water_n shall_v settle_v itself_o between_o the_o crust_n and_o the_o abyss_n it_o be_v therefore_o clear_a that_o no_o more_o water_n can_v descend_v through_o the_o crack_n and_o fissure_v of_o the_o earth_n than_o what_o they_o be_v able_a to_o contain_v or_o what_o have_v first_o ascend_v through_o they_o to_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n which_o mr._n whiston_n suppose_v to_o be_v half_o the_o water_n necessary_a for_o make_v the_o deluge_n and_o must_v be_v according_a to_o the_o former_a calculation_n at_o least_o eleven_o ocean_n of_o water_n though_o indeed_o i_o can_v easy_o understand_v how_o it_o be_v possible_a for_o they_o to_o contain_v and_o receive_v so_o much_o what_o then_o can_v we_o imagine_v will_v become_v of_o the_o rest_n for_o after_o that_o the_o channel_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v complete_o fill_v there_o will_v remain_v eleven_o ocean_n more_o to_o be_v dispose_v of_o which_o there_o be_v no_o imaginable_a place_n in_o the_o earth_n able_a to_o receive_v and_o therefore_o it_o be_v clear_a even_o to_o a_o demonstration_n that_o all_o this_o water_n can_v never_o be_v remove_v by_o natural_a mean_n these_o be_v the_o chief_a and_o most_o substantial_a point_n i_o have_v consider_v in_o mr._n whiston_n new_a theory_n i_o may_v have_v make_v several_a objection_n against_o other_o part_n of_o it_o and_o particular_o i_o may_v have_v take_v notice_n of_o some_o mistake_v he_o have_v make_v in_o geometry_n but_o because_o the_o truth_n of_o his_o theory_n do_v not_o depend_v upon_o they_o i_o have_v pass_v they_o over_o if_o mr._n whiston_n will_v be_v please_v to_o make_v any_o answer_n to_o the_o objection_n i_o have_v here_o make_v i_o will_v desire_v of_o he_o that_o whatsoever_o difficulty_n he_o design_n to_o remove_v he_o will_v do_v it_o by_o clear_a and_o distinct_a reason_n from_o mechanical_a principle_n if_o he_o find_v himself_o press_v with_o any_o objection_n which_o he_o can_v answer_v i_o doubt_v not_o but_o that_o he_o will_v have_v the_o ingenuity_n to_o own_v it_o i_o know_v there_o be_v some_o philosopher_n that_o never_o miss_v to_o tell_v their_o reader_n they_o reason_v clear_o and_o distinct_o when_o no_o body_n else_o can_v discover_v the_o consequence_n but_o themselves_o and_o when_o they_o be_v sore_o press_v with_o any_o difficulty_n they_o make_v a_o long_a discourse_n about_o some_o thing_n the_o reader_n know_v not_o what_o and_o endeavour_v to_o get_v off_o in_o a_o mist_n of_o word_n but_o i_o expect_v no_o such_o deal_n from_o one_o of_o mr._n whiston_n candour_n and_o sincerity_n finis_fw-la finis_fw-la dr._n burthogge_n burthogge_n see_v the_o preface_n and_o page_n 125._o first_o part_n and_o page_n 147._o part_n second_o oxford_z edition_n edition_n warren_n geology_n page_n 116._o 116._o philosophical_a transaction_n number_v 192._o 192._o see_v the_o figure_n of_o the_o 105_o the_o page_n page_n archaeologiae_fw-la philosoph_n p._n 320_o 321._o