be_v determine_v by_o a_o man_n be_v own_o judgement_n therefore_o also_o be_v the_o honour_n and_o duty_n due_a to_o father_n last_o where_o there_o be_v no_o public_a judgement_n therefore_o there_o be_v no_o need_n of_o give_v testimony_n either_o true_a or_o false_a since_o therefore_o the_o obligation_n to_o observe_v those_o law_n be_v prior_n to_o the_o promulgation_n of_o they_o as_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o very_a constitution_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n by_o virtue_n of_o this_o law_n of_o nature_n which_o prohibit_v the_o violation_n of_o compact_n the_o law_n of_o nature_n command_v all_o civil_a law_n to_o be_v observe_v for_o where_o we_o be_v under_o a_o obligation_n to_o obedience_n before_o we_o know_v what_o will_v be_v command_v we_o be_v there_o universal_o and_o in_o all_o thing_n oblige_v to_o obey_v from_o whence_o it_o follow_v that_o no_o civil_a law_n which_o be_v not_o make_v in_o reproach_n to_o god_n in_o respect_n of_o who_o all_o commonwealth_n be_v 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husband_n but_o another_o man_n be_v real_o his_o father_n yet_o be_v not_o such_o a_o child_n oblige_v to_o believe_v she_o or_o to_o pay_v any_o duty_n or_o respect_n to_o that_o person_n though_o he_o be_v real_o his_o father_n but_o will_v it_o therefore_o follow_v that_o the_o king_n and_o parliament_n may_v make_v a_o law_n that_o no_o child_n whatsoever_o shall_v honour_n and_o obey_v his_o parent_n but_o to_o come_v to_o the_o author_n last_o instance_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_a boy_n i_o will_v not_o deny_v but_o it_o may_v be_v lawful_a for_o the_o spartan_n as_o the_o egyptian_n likewise_o do_v to_o make_v a_o law_n that_o private_a theft_n commit_v without_o discovery_n or_o violence_n to_o man_n person_n shall_v not_o only_o alter_v the_o property_n in_o the_o thing_n steal_v but_o also_o pass_v
case_n propose_v unless_o first_o all_o those_o effect_n which_o may_v proceed_v from_o it_o in_o all_o its_o various_a circumstance_n be_v due_o consider_v and_o compare_v together_o so_o that_o the_o contemplation_n both_o of_o the_o cause_n on_o which_o man_n safety_n and_o happiness_n depend_v as_o also_o of_o the_o effect_n which_o may_v be_v produce_v by_o their_o joint_n or_o concur_v force_n and_o endeavour_n must_v necessary_o lead_v our_o mind_n first_o to_o the_o consideration_n of_o all_o other_o man_n and_o next_o of_o ourselves_o as_o a_o very_a small_a part_n of_o mankind_n and_o in_o the_o next_o place_n that_o we_o proceed_v to_o contemplate_v this_o system_fw-la of_o thing_n call_v the_o visible_a world_n but_o more_o especial_o god_n as_o its_o creator_n and_o governor_n according_a to_o the_o method_n lay_v down_o in_o the_o introduction_n to_o this_o discourse_n the_o idea_n of_o which_o be_v due_o consider_v and_o digest_v in_o our_o mind_n we_o may_v draw_v 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easy_a observation_n gather_v from_o common_a experience_n or_o else_o into_o certain_a conclusion_n establish_v upon_o the_o know_a principle_n of_o mathematics_n and_o physics_n by_o which_o i_o do_v not_o only_o mean_v all_o those_o natural_a law_n of_o matter_n and_o motion_n in_o body_n but_o also_o the_o operation_n of_o our_o own_o soul_n as_o far_o as_o we_o be_v able_a to_o know_v or_o inquire_v into_o they_o from_o all_o which_o by_o the_o order_n of_o natural_a cause_n we_o may_v be_v lead_v to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o god_n their_o creator_n and_o ordainer_n and_o so_o may_v acknowledge_v he_o as_o the_o only_a cause_n of_o all_o these_o excellent_a effect_n since_o this_o nature_n of_o thing_n do_v as_o well_o suggest_v to_o our_o mind_n the_o idea_n of_o a_o creator_n as_o of_o the_o thing_n create_v and_o so_o supply_v we_o with_o sufficient_a matter_n from_o which_o we_o may_v deduce_v all_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n as_o so_o many_o true_a practical_a proposition_n though_o it_o be_v only_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o first_o cause_n or_o creator_n that_o can_v stamp_v any_o authority_n or_o obligation_n upon_o they_o now_o although_o there_o may_v be_v many_o thing_n collect_v from_o our_o knowledge_n of_o several_a being_n in_o the_o world_n that_o may_v serve_v for_o our_o moral_a instruction_n and_o the_o cultivate_a of_o our_o manner_n yet_o i_o shall_v for_o brevity_n sake_n only_o select_v some_o of_o the_o most_o material_a of_o they_o and_o such_o as_o may_v serve_v to_o explain_v our_o short_a account_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n which_o notwithstanding_o several_a author_n have_v so_o much_o enlarge_v upon_o it_o i_o think_v may_v very_o well_o be_v reduce_v to_o this_o single_a proposition_n viz._n the_o most_o universal_a love_n or_o most_o diffusive_a benevolence_n of_o all_o rational_a being_n towards_o each_o other_o constitute_v the_o happy_a state_n they_o can_v be_v capable_a of_o so_o that_o their_o endeavour_n of_o the_o common_a good_a by_o this_o benevolence_n be_v the_o sum_n of_o all_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o in_o which_o they_o be_v all_o contain_v note_v that_o by_o this_o love_n or_o benevolence_n i_o do_v not_o mean_v only_o a_o fruitless_a desire_n or_o wellwishing_a but_o a_o active_a affection_n exert_v itself_o in_o all_o the_o act_n of_o piety_n towards_o god_n duty_n towards_o parent_n kindness_n and_o gratitude_n towards_o our_o country_n friends_z and_o relation_n and_o of_o charity_n and_o humanity_n towards_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o mankind_n as_o often_o as_o any_o opportunity_n offer_v itself_o §_o 6._o in_o the_o make_n out_o of_o which_o description_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n it_o be_v here_o needless_a to_o inquire_v into_o the_o nature_n of_o our_o soul_n and_o the_o manner_n of_o our_o knowledge_n and_o understanding_n since_o the_o former_a have_v be_v so_o learned_o perform_v by_o the_o reverend_n dr._n ward_n late_a bishop_n of_o salisbury_n and_o the_o latter_a so_o exact_o do_v already_o in_o english_a by_o the_o above_o mention_v author_n of_o the_o essay_n of_o humane_a understanding_n i_o shall_v only_o brief_o suppose_v upon_o his_o principle_n that_o our_o soul_n do_v 1._o from_o the_o very_a birth_n by_o degree_n receive_v idea_n draw_v from_o outward_a object_n by_o our_o sense_n 2._o that_o it_o be_v their_o faculty_n from_o divers_a single_a notion_n or_o idea_n put_v together_o to_o come_v to_o make_v complex_fw-la one_o that_o be_v to_o make_v divers_a proposition_n or_o conclusion_n not_o only_o concern_v their_o own_o inward_a act_n but_o also_o about_o all_o those_o outward_a object_n with_o which_o they_o be_v daily_o conversant_a and_o which_o may_v tend_v to_o the_o find_v out_o the_o ready_a mean_n of_o attain_v to_o and_o preserve_v themselves_o in_o the_o happy_a state_n and_o condition_n they_o be_v able_a to_o acquire_v these_o thing_n be_v suppose_v it_o be_v needless_a to_o trouble_v you_o with_o any_o far_a description_n of_o this_o love_n or_o benevolence_n since_o every_o person_n can_v but_o be_v sufficient_o sensible_a of_o its_o nature_n degree_n and_o various_a operation_n that_o will_v but_o make_v any_o selfreflection_n upon_o his_o own_o inward_a affection_n §_o 7._o but_o as_o for_o the_o due_a connexion_n of_o the_o term_n of_o this_o proposition_n in_o which_o its_o truth_n do_v chief_o consist_v it_o seem_v to_o i_o plain_a enough_o it_o be_v no_o more_o than_o to_o affirm_v that_o our_o endeavour_n of_o procure_v all_o the_o good_a thing_n in_o our_o power_n and_o which_o be_v most_o conduce_v to_o our_o own_o preservation_n and_o happiness_n and_o of_o all_o other_o rational_a being_n be_v the_o best_a or_o chief_a thing_n that_o all_o person_n can_v do_v to_o render_v both_o themselves_o and_o all_o other_o as_o happy_a as_o their_o nature_n will_v permit_v or_o can_v require_v and_o that_o there_o be_v no_o sure_a or_o more_o powerful_a mean_n to_o be_v discover_v by_o we_o whereby_o we_o may_v obtain_v a_o full_a enjoyment_n of_o all_o the_o good_a thing_n of_o this_o life_n and_o the_o hope_n of_o that_o to_o come_v than_o by_o endeavour_v our_o own_o felicity_n in_o conjunction_n with_o that_o of_o other_o so_o that_o from_o what_o i_o have_v already_o advance_v the_o reader_n may_v collect_v these_o two_o proposition_n 1._o that_o the_o foundation_n of_o all_o our_o natural_a happiness_n consist_v in_o a_o habitual_a determination_n of_o the_o will_n to_o the_o utmost_a of_o its_o ability_n and_o perfection_n whereby_o we_o may_v be_v always_o ready_a and_o prepare_v to_o endeavour_v this_o common_a good_a of_o rational_n 2._o that_o the_o true_a happiness_n of_o each_o individual_a person_n can_v be_v separate_v from_o that_o of_o other_o rational_n since_o the_o whole_a do_v not_o differ_v from_o all_o its_o part_n take_v together_o so_o that_o this_o proposition_n concern_v this_o general_a or_o diffusive_a benevolence_n be_v thus_o to_o be_v understand_v viz._n not_o to_o mean_v or_o only_o intend_v what_o any_o single_a or_o a_o few_o person_n may_v perform_v towards_o the_o procure_n of_o their_o own_o private_a happiness_n or_o that_o of_o their_o own_o party_n or_o faction_n distinct_a from_o that_o of_o the_o rest_n of_o mankind_n but_o what_o all_o particular_a person_n may_v joint_o contribute_v to_o render_v themselves_o and_o other_o happy_a that_o be_v what_o each_o of_o they_o may_v rational_o perform_v towards_o the_o obtain_n this_o common_a felicity_n for_o it_o ought_v first_o to_o be_v know_v in_o general_a what_o all_o man_n be_v able_a to_o do_v or_o not_o to_o do_v towards_o any_o common_a end_n such_o as_o be_v the_o common_a happiness_n of_o rational_n and_o than_o what_o it_o be_v possible_a for_o any_o particular_a person_n in_o this_o or_o that_o case_n to_o perform_v for_o example_n towards_o his_o own_o private_a happiness_n as_o separate_v from_o
of_o a_o ordinary_a humane_a body_n do_v seldom_o exceed_v above_o a_o four_o part_n of_o that_o of_o a_o horse_n or_o bull_n yet_o for_o the_o motion_n and_o government_n of_o so_o much_o a_o small_a body_n nature_n have_v allow_v he_o near_o double_a the_o quantity_n of_o brain_n viz._n about_o the_o weight_n of_o four_o or_o five_o pound_n so_o that_o there_o be_v eight_o time_n as_o much_o brain_n appoint_v for_o the_o government_n of_o the_o like_a bulk_n in_o a_o man_n as_o in_o a_o ox_n or_o horse_n and_o though_o the_o carcase_n of_o the_o large_a sheep_n and_o hog_n do_v often_o weigh_v near_a as_o much_o as_o a_o humane_a body_n yet_o their_o brain_n be_v not_o above_o a_o eight_o part_n of_o the_o weight_n in_o proportion_n to_o we_o which_o seem_v to_o be_v thus_o ordain_v by_o nature_n that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a largeness_n of_o the_o vessel_n the_o animal_n spirit_n shall_v be_v prepare_v in_o great_a plenty_n and_o also_o have_v more_o room_n to_o work_v and_o so_o shall_v become_v more_o lively_a and_o vigorous_a in_o man_n than_o in_o other_o creature_n since_o all_o the_o nerve_n do_v either_o spring_n from_o the_o brain_n or_o else_o from_o the_o spinal_a marrow_n which_o be_v continuous_a and_o of_o the_o same_o substance_n with_o it_o whence_o it_o may_v follow_v that_o this_o large_a quantity_n and_o consequent_o great_a strength_n of_o brain_n in_o a_o man_n above_o other_o creature_n be_v intend_v to_o serve_v he_o to_o direct_v and_o govern_v that_o great_a variety_n of_o motion_n and_o action_n depend_v thereupon_o with_o a_o more_o exact_a care_n and_o deliberation_n §_o 17._o a_o second_o observation_n to_o prove_v that_o man_n be_v a_o creature_n ordain_v by_o god_n for_o a_o full_a and_o more_o constant_a association_n with_o those_o of_o his_o own_o kind_a which_o also_o tend_v to_o the_o promote_a of_o the_o common_a good_a of_o his_o species_n than_o other_o creature_n may_v be_v take_v from_o the_o natural_a 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the_o more_o care_n and_o pain_n they_o have_v bestow_v on_o their_o education_n and_o so_o likewise_o man_n be_v the_o only_a creature_n we_o know_v of_o that_o make_v any_o return_n for_o this_o care_n by_o act_n of_o duty_n and_o gratitude_n towards_o his_o parent_n for_o as_o for_o the_o gratitude_n of_o stork_n to_o their_o sire_n or_o dam_n when_o old_a i_o look_v upon_o it_o as_o a_o old_a fable_n §_o 18._o last_o i_o shall_v consider_v the_o wonderful_a frame_n and_o structure_n of_o the_o hand_n in_o man_n which_o though_o i_o grant_v it_o not_o peculiar_a to_o he_o alone_o all_o creature_n of_o the_o ape_n or_o monkey_n kind_a have_v their_o fore-paw_n very_o like_o it_o and_o in_o many_o action_n use_v they_o to_o the_o same_o end_n both_o in_o feed_v themselves_o and_o carry_v their_o young_a one_o yet_o since_o we_o see_v our_o hand_n be_v not_o give_v we_o instead_o of_o foot_n to_o go_v upon_o as_o in_o they_o we_o may_v just_o conclude_v that_o they_o be_v frame_v for_o 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daily_o afford_v each_o other_o so_o that_o if_o we_o consider_v the_o ordinary_a use_n of_o these_o member_n especial_o in_o labour_a man_n and_o mechanic_n we_o shall_v find_v that_o they_o do_v not_o only_o serve_v for_o their_o own_o sustenance_n and_o preservation_n but_o also_o for_o the_o benefit_n and_o maintenance_n of_o many_o other_o of_o their_o own_o kind_n who_o can_v well_o subsist_v without_o the_o manual_a labour_n of_o other_o and_o though_o i_o grant_v this_o noble_a instrument_n the_o hand_n be_v often_o abuse_v by_o wicked_a and_o violent_a man_n to_o make_v unjust_a war_n and_o commit_v murder_n and_o robbery_n and_o by_o lesser_a thief_n to_o pick_v pocket_n pilfer_n etc._n etc._n and_o that_o without_o this_o they_o can_v never_o commit_v such_o villainy_n yet_o do_v it_o not_o follow_v that_o their_o hand_n be_v bestow_v upon_o they_o by_o god_n for_o that_o end_n since_o if_o he_o intend_v the_o common_a good_a and_o happiness_n of_o mankind_n as_o his_o great_a end_n he_o never_o can_v intend_v that_o these_o instrument_n shall_v be_v make_v use_n of_o to_o a_o quite_o contrary_a design_n viz._n their_o ruin_n and_o destruction_n so_o that_o whoever_o will_v but_o strict_o consider_v all_o this_o can_v but_o confess_v that_o we_o be_v make_v and_o ordain_v to_o depend_v upon_o each_o other_o assistance_n and_o that_o man_n be_v create_v for_o a_o high_a purpose_n than_o his_o own_o single_a self-preservation_n §_o 19_o which_o may_v be_v far_o make_v out_o from_o the_o natural_a constitution_n of_o humane_a nature_n as_o that_o no_o man_n be_v bear_v self-sufficient_a or_o able_a to_o procure_v all_o thing_n necessary_a for_o his_o bare_a subsistence_n much_o less_o for_o a_o quiet_a or_o pleasant_a life_n but_o needs_o the_o assistance_n of_o other_o to_o breed_v he_o up_o whilst_o a_o infant_n or_o to_o tend_v he_o when_o he_o be_v sick_a old_a or_o unable_a to_o help_v himself_o or_o if_o it_o be_v sometime_o possible_a for_o a_o time_n yet_o it_o must_v be_v with_o great_a hardship_n and_o scantiness_n that_o any_o man_n be_v own_o single_a labour_n unassisted_a with_o the_o help_n of_o other_o can_v provide_v himself_o all_o the_o necessary_n of_o life_n whence_o first_o arise_v another_o necessity_n of_o marriage_n in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n which_o be_v the_o contract_n of_o a_o man_n and_o a_o woman_n to_o live_v together_o for_o the_o propagation_n of_o their_o species_n and_o breed_v up_o of_o their_o offspring_n and_o also_o for_o mutual_a help_n and_o a_o joint_a provision_n of_o the_o necessary_n of_o life_n for_o themselves_o and_o they_o and_o second_o a_o necessity_n of_o a_o man_n live_v in_o concord_n or_o society_n with_o all_o other_o man_n especial_o those_o of_o his_o own_o nation_n or_o commonwealth_n so_o that_o it_o be_v evident_a the_o chief_a happiness_n and_o wellbeing_a of_o mankind_n depend_v upon_o their_o mutual_a administration_n of_o these_o thing_n as_o often_o as_o need_v shall_v require_v that_o be_v upon_o act_n of_o the_o high_a love_n and_o benevolence_n in_o order_n to_o the_o common_a good_n to_o all_o which_o may_v be_v add_v another_o observation_n of_o the_o great_a difference_n in_o the_o frame_n of_o man_n body_n from_o those_o of_o brute_n in_o the_o upright_a posture_n of_o their_o progressive_a motion_n man_n alone_o go_v upon_o two_o leg_n whereas_o most_o other_o terrestrial_a animal_n go_v upon_o all_o four_o whereby_o man_n have_v the_o constant_a use_n of_o their_o hand_n both_o to_o help_v and_o assist_v themselves_o and_o other_o to_o a_o much_o great_a degree_n and_o in_o a_o much_o more_o powerful_a manner_n than_o what_o brute_n be_v able_a to_o perform_v but_o whereas_o some_o atheist_n have_v allege_v that_o this_o posture_n proceed_v rather_o from_o custom_n and_o
within_o that_o law_n but_o in_o humane_a law_n because_o they_o may_v enjoin_v something_o amiss_o there_o a_o right_n be_v often_o leave_v to_o we_o to_o choose_v rather_o to_o bear_v the_o penalty_n than_o to_o obey_v they_o because_o we_o be_v oblige_v rather_o to_o obey_v god_n than_o man_n in_o case_n they_o command_v any_o action_n contrary_a to_o the_o divine_a law_n whether_o natural_a or_o reveal_v §_o 8._o for_o the_o further_a clear_v of_o this_o i_o shall_v premise_v somewhat_o to_o explain_v this_o word_n obligation_n which_o the_o civilian_n thus_o define_v obligatio_fw-la est_fw-la vinculum_fw-la juris_fw-la quo_fw-la quis_fw-la astringitur_fw-la debitum_fw-la persolvere_fw-la that_o be_v a_o obligation_n be_v that_o bond_n of_o law_n whereby_o every_o one_o be_v oblige_v to_o pay_v his_o debt_n or_o due_a which_o definition_n do_v well_o include_v all_o sort_n of_o obligation_n if_o by_o the_o word_n ius_n or_o law_n we_o understand_v that_o law_n who_o obligation_n we_o propose_v to_o define_v so_o that_o by_o vinculum_fw-la juris_fw-la in_o this_o definition_n we_o understand_v that_o bond_n or_o tie_v of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n by_o which_o every_o one_o be_v oblige_v to_o pay_v this_o natural_a debt_n i._n e._n to_o perform_v that_o duty_n which_o he_o owe_v to_o god_n his_o creator_n by_o reason_n of_o his_o own_o rational_a nature_n or_o else_o to_o undergo_v those_o punishment_n which_o be_v ordain_v for_o his_o disobedience_n or_o neglect_v so_o that_o there_o be_v a_o twofold_a tie_n or_o obligation_n in_o all_o law_n the_o one_o active_a in_o the_o debt_n or_o duty_n the_o other_o passive_a in_o a_o patient_a submission_n to_o the_o punishment_n in_o case_n of_o any_o wilful_a neglect_n or_o omission_n thereof_o of_o both_o which_o we_o shall_v speak_v in_o their_o order_n §_o 9_o but_o you_o be_v first_o to_o take_v notice_n that_o none_o can_v oblige_v we_o to_o do_v or_o forbear_v any_o action_n but_o such_o who_o have_v a_o right_a to_o command_v we_o so_o that_o this_o obligation_n proceed_v from_o that_o just_a right_n of_o dominion_n which_o a_o superior_a power_n have_v over_o we_o and_o our_o action_n and_o as_o far_o as_o we_o be_v subject_a to_o other_o we_o be_v so_o far_o under_o a_o obligation_n to_o their_o lawful_a command_n which_o oblige_v we_o to_o a_o discharge_n of_o that_o debt_n or_o duty_n we_o owe_v they_o that_o be_v when_o we_o be_v oblige_v to_o do_v or_o forbear_v any_o action_n from_o the_o will_n or_o command_v of_o a_o supreme_a power_n or_o legislator_n to_o who_o when_o sufficient_o make_v know_v to_o we_o we_o be_v bind_v to_o yield_v obedience_n to_o the_o utmost_a of_o our_o power_n and_o herein_o consist_v the_o obligation_n or_o duty_n viz._n in_o the_o conformity_n of_o our_o action_n to_o a_o rule_n such_o as_o be_v declare_v by_o the_o will_n of_o the_o legislator_n so_o that_o all_o our_o obligation_n to_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v at_o last_o resolve_v into_o that_o absolute_a dominion_n which_o god_n as_o he_o be_v the_o great_a creator_n and_o preserver_n of_o mankind_n have_v over_o we_o for_o i_o can_v understand_v a_o right_n especial_o of_o dominion_n to_o be_v invest_v or_o seat_v in_o any_o supreme_a power_n but_o by_o virtue_n of_o something_o which_o may_v be_v call_v at_o least_o analogical_o a_o law_n 2._o that_o every_o dictate_v of_o the_o divine_a wisdom_n concern_v matter_n fit_a to_o be_v establish_v by_o a_o law_n be_v such_o a_o law_n and_o so_o cicero_n the_o best_a master_n of_o language_n speak_v towards_o the_o end_n of_o his_o first_o book_n de_fw-fr legibus_fw-la 3._o that_o the_o eternal_a wisdom_n of_o god_n contain_v eminent_o or_o analogical_o in_o it_o all_o that_o we_o can_v know_v to_o be_v natural_a law_n 4._o but_o to_o know_v that_o it_o be_v natural_a law_n or_o the_o dictate_v of_o true_a reason_n concern_v the_o fit_a mean_n to_o the_o best_a end_n or_o great_a good_a it_o be_v necessary_a to_o this_o purpose_n that_o the_o supreme_a government_n of_o all_o thing_n and_o especial_o of_o rational_a creature_n shall_v be_v in_o he_o who_o be_v most_o able_a and_o willing_a to_o pursue_v and_o attain_v that_o great_a end_n that_o be_v it_o must_v be_v settle_v in_o god._n 5._o so_o that_o by_o this_o dictate_v of_o eternal_a wisdom_n or_o of_o perform_v all_o thing_n for_o the_o best_a end_n the_o sovereignty_n become_v his_o right_n and_o our_o knowledge_n that_o this_o dictate_v of_o eternal_a wisdom_n be_v in_o he_o assure_v we_o that_o this_o right_n be_v immutable_o fix_v and_o vest_v in_o he_o 6._o although_o in_o the_o method_n of_o investigate_a the_o law_n of_o nature_n as_o they_o subsist_v in_o our_o mind_n the_o first_o law_n respect_v the_o end_n and_o this_o concern_v the_o mean_n come_v in_o the_o second_o place_n yet_o in_o our_o thought_n concern_v god_n we_o know_v that_o infinite_a wisdom_n comprehend_v all_o these_o dictate_v together_o and_o therefore_o that_o the_o dictate_v or_o law_n settle_v universal_a dominion_n in_o god_n be_v coeternal_a with_o he_o and_o so_o be_v as_o early_o in_o his_o nature_n as_o the_o first_o natural_a law_n the_o obligation_n of_o which_o we_o be_v establish_v in_o this_o chapter_n and_o here_o arise_v the_o difference_n between_o a_o moral_a obligation_n which_o be_v that_o we_o now_o treat_v of_o and_o a_o civil_a one_o or_o that_o by_o which_o we_o be_v oblige_v to_o law_n in_o civil_a government_n the_o former_a be_v in_o respect_n to_o god_n immediate_a will_n as_o the_o supreme_a legislator_n whereas_o all_o the_o duty_n we_o owe_v to_o our_o civil_a magistrate_n parent_n and_o master_n etc._n etc._n be_v only_o in_o subordination_n to_o ggd_n will_n so_o declare_v unto_o we_o and_o who_o have_v ordain_v this_o obedience_n for_o his_o own_o worship_n and_o glory_n and_o in_o order_n to_o the_o common_a good_a of_o all_o humane_a society_n and_o commonwealth_n that_o be_v of_o mankind_n in_o general_n §_o 10._o yet_o i_o think_v notwithstanding_o all_o we_o have_v say_v of_o the_o force_n and_o nature_n of_o this_o obligation_n it_o may_v well_o enough_o consist_v with_o the_o natural_a freedom_n of_o man_n will_n since_o all_o these_o consideration_n do_v still_o but_o excite_v not_o necessitate_v he_o to_o act_v one_o way_n or_o other_o for_o it_o be_v still_o leave_v in_o his_o power_n either_o to_o choose_v that_o which_o be_v absolute_o the_o best_a in_o obey_v this_o will_n of_o god_n or_o else_o to_o prefer_v a_o less_o present_a good_a before_o it_o in_o the_o satisfaction_n of_o his_o appetite_n or_o passion_n and_o herein_o likewise_o consist_v the_o difference_n between_o a_o animal_n good_a or_o evil_a and_o a_o moral_a one_o the_o former_a be_v those_o natural_a mean_n conduce_v to_o each_o man_n preservation_n or_o destruction_n consider_v as_o a_o mere_a animal_n without_o any_o respect_n to_o god_n as_o their_o author_n or_o the_o common_a good_a of_o rational_n as_o their_o rule_n the_o latter_a that_o be_v of_o all_o humane_a moral_a action_n or_o habit_n consider_v as_o agreeable_a or_o disagreeable_a unto_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n ordain_v by_o god_n as_o a_o legislator_n and_o make_v know_v to_o man_n in_o order_n to_o the_o common_a good_a of_o rational_a being_n so_o that_o they_o be_v thus_o moral_o good_a or_o evil_a only_o in_o respect_n of_o their_o conformity_n or_o disagreement_n with_o the_o will_n of_o god_n and_o as_o their_o observance_n or_o neglect_v bring_v either_o good_a or_o evil_a that_o be_v happiness_n or_o misery_n upon_o we_o in_o this_o life_n or_o in_o that_o to_o come_v from_o whence_o you_o may_v observe_v the_o necessity_n of_o put_v god_n in_o all_o our_o description_n or_o definition_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n as_o the_o author_n thereof_o for_o be_v it_o not_o for_o his_o existence_n in_o who_o divine_a intellect_n the_o idea_n of_o moral_a good_a and_o evil_a be_v eternal_o establish_v and_o into_o who_o will_n so_o ordain_v they_o they_o be_v ultimate_o to_o be_v resolve_v mr._n h.'s_n or_o rather_o epicurus_n assertion_n will_v certain_o be_v true_a that_o there_o be_v nothing_o moral_o good_a or_o evil_a in_o its_o own_o nature_n and_o it_o may_v here_o be_v also_o observe_v that_o the_o great_a omission_n of_o divers_a writer_n on_o this_o subject_a in_o not_o place_v god_n as_o the_o cause_n or_o author_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n in_o their_o definition_n have_v be_v perhaps_o the_o main_a if_o not_o only_a reason_n of_o that_o false_a assertion_n that_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v not_o proper_o so_o till_o they_o be_v establish_v by_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o supreme_a civil_a power_n so_o on_o the_o other_o side_n if_o it_o be_v make_v evident_a that_o god_n will_n or_o command_v all_o man_n shall_v
for_o any_o man_n to_o hurt_v or_o kill_v any_o other_o person_n who_o have_v educate_v or_o maintain_v he_o or_o otherwise_o high_o oblige_v he_o since_o the_o same_o law_n of_o gratitude_n that_o make_v it_o injurious_a to_o hurt_v or_o murder_v his_o father_n in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n do_v also_o command_v the_o like_a duty_n towards_o any_o other_o benefactor_n §_o 4._o but_o his_o argument_n in_o his_o leviathan_n be_v much_o more_o false_a and_o precarious_a when_o he_o argue_v that_o where_o there_o be_v no_o common_a power_n there_o be_v no_o law_n and_o where_o there_o be_v no_o law_n there_o be_v no_o injustice_n all_o which_o he_o bring_v to_o prove_v the_o necessity_n of_o his_o natural_a state_n of_o war._n for_o first_o though_o i_o grant_v where_o there_o be_v no_o common_a power_n that_o be_v no_o legislator_n there_o be_v no_o law_n yet_o that_o be_v not_o true_a of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n since_o if_o they_o proceed_v from_o god_n as_o a_o legislator_n as_o i_o hope_v we_o have_v prove_v in_o the_o precedent_a discourse_n they_o be_v true_o law_n before_o any_o civil_a power_n be_v institute_v to_o make_v law_n or_o to_o see_v they_o observe_v and_o consequent_o that_o it_o be_v the_o high_a injury_n and_o injustice_n to_o take_v away_o any_o thing_n from_o other_o be_v innocent_a and_o do_v we_o no_o hurt_n that_o be_v necessary_a for_o their_o life_n or_o preservation_n which_o they_o be_v already_o possess_v of_o and_o though_o it_o be_v true_a that_o justice_n and_o injustice_n be_v no_o natural_a faculty_n of_o the_o mind_n yet_o right_a reason_n be_v from_o whence_o all_o justice_n be_v deduce_v and_o which_o a_o man_n be_v always_o bind_v to_o exercise_v as_o soon_o as_o he_o become_v capable_a of_o be_v a_o member_n of_o humane_a society_n i_o do_v not_o mean_v a_o civil_a one_o and_o if_o there_o be_v a_o natural_a equity_n as_o this_o author_n acknowledge_v de_fw-fr cive_z cap._n 14._o §_o 14._o there_o be_v likewise_o a_o natural_a justice_n and_o injustice_n too_o but_o i_o shall_v say_v more_o of_o this_o in_o the_o next_o principle_n principle_n vi._n that_o in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n there_o be_v nothing_o good_a or_o evil._n §_o 1._o i_o shall_v here_o give_v you_o mr._n h_n opinion_n and_o his_o reason_n for_o it_o in_o his_o own_o word_n as_o they_o be_v in_o his_o leviathan_n cap._n 6._o whatsoever_o be_v the_o object_n of_o any_o man_n appetite_n or_o desire_v that_o be_v it_o which_o he_o for_o his_o part_n call_v good_a and_o the_o object_n of_o his_o hate_n and_o aversion_n evil_a and_o of_o his_o contempt_n vile_a and_o inconsiderable_a for_o these_o word_n of_o good_a evil_a and_o contemptible_a be_v ever_o use_v with_o relation_n to_o the_o person_n that_o use_v they_o there_o be_v nothing_o simple_o and_o absolute_o so_o nor_o any_o common_a rule_n of_o good_a and_o evil_a to_o be_v take_v from_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o object_n themselves_o but_o from_o the_o person_n of_o the_o man_n where_o there_o be_v no_o commonwealth_n or_o in_o a_o commonwealth_n from_o the_o person_n that_o represent_v it_o or_o from_o a_o arbitrator_n or_o judge_n who_o man_n by_o disagree_v shall_v by_o consent_n set_v up_o and_o make_v his_o sentence_n the_o rule_n thereof_o he_o speak_v to_o the_o same_o effect_n in_o all_o his_o other_o work_n as_o in_o de_fw-fr cive_z cap._n 4._o §_o 17._o in_o his_o de_fw-fr homine_fw-la cap._n 11._o which_o it_o be_v tedious_a here_o to_o repeat_v and_o therefore_o i_o refer_v you_o to_o the_o place_n i_o have_v here_o cite_v §_o 2._o but_o this_o he_o endeavour_v physical_o to_o explain_v in_o his_o little_a treatise_n of_o humane_a nature_n cap._n 7._o §_o 1._o compare_v with_o chap._n 3._o where_o he_o suppose_v that_o the_o motion_n in_o which_o consist_v the_o conception_n of_o thing_n without_o any_o intervention_n of_o the_o judgement_n pass_v from_o the_o brain_n to_o the_o heart_n and_o as_o it_o there_o hinder_v or_o help_v its_o vital_a motion_n it_o be_v say_v to_o please_v or_o displease_v but_o that_o which_o so_o please_v any_o one_o he_o call_v good_a and_o that_o which_o displease_v he_o evil_a and_o hence_o from_o the_o diversity_n of_o constitution_n or_o temperament_n there_o be_v divers_a opinion_n of_o good_a that_o be_v natural_o and_o necessary_o so_o and_o in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n unblamable_o from_o his_o opinion_n that_o judge_v it_o §_o 3._o there_o be_v nothing_o that_o mr._n h._n have_v write_v more_o loose_o and_o unlike_o a_o philosopher_n than_o these_o unstable_a opinion_n both_o of_o natural_a and_o moral_a good_a and_o evil._n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v a_o matter_n of_o great_a moment_n to_o have_v a_o fix_a and_o constant_a notion_n of_o good_a because_o as_o long_o as_o this_o be_v fluctuate_a and_o uncertain_a all_o knowledge_n of_o our_o true_a felicity_n which_o be_v the_o great_a good_a of_o every_o man_n as_o also_o of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o of_o all_o particular_a virtue_n which_o be_v nothing_o but_o the_o mean_n and_o cause_n of_o obtain_v this_o good_a will_v be_v likewise_o various_a wander_a and_o uncertain_a §_o 4._o therefore_o although_o it_o must_v be_v confess_v that_o because_o of_o some_o peculiarity_n in_o the_o divers_a temperament_n of_o man_n it_o sometime_o happen_v that_o one_o sort_n of_o diet_n or_o medicine_n may_v be_v hurtful_a to_o one_o which_o may_v not_o prove_v so_o to_o another_o yea_o which_o experience_n have_v approve_v not_o only_o to_o be_v innocent_a but_o wholesome_a for_o other_o something_o like_o which_o may_v be_v observe_v in_o the_o genius_n and_o manner_n of_o nation_n quite_o different_a from_o other_o in_o some_o particular_a custom_n and_o constitution_n yet_o this_o do_v not_o any_o more_o take_v away_o the_o common_a consent_n of_o mankind_n concern_v the_o nature_n of_o good_a and_o its_o constituent_a part_n and_o degree_n than_o the_o small_a difference_n of_o man_n face_n take_v away_o the_o agreement_n between_o they_o in_o their_o common_a nature_n as_o man_n or_o that_o general_a likeness_n that_o be_v between_o they_o in_o the_o conformation_n and_o use_n of_o their_o principal_a part_n for_o sure_o there_o be_v no_o nation_n so_o barbauros_fw-la which_o will_v not_o own_o that_o there_o be_v great_a hope_n and_o satisfaction_n in_o love_v and_o obey_v god_n than_o in_o blaspheme_v and_o disobey_v of_o he_o there_o be_v scarce_o any_o nation_n that_o be_v not_o sensible_a that_o filial_a duty_n towards_o parent_n gratitude_n to_o their_o benefactor_n love_n and_o kindness_n to_o their_o friend_n and_o neighbour_n fidelity_n in_o their_o promise_n and_o agreement_n be_v good_a and_o necessary_a for_o their_o own_o welfare_n and_o preservation_n and_o consequent_o of_o mankind_n no_o difference_n of_o temper_n make_v any_o man_n in_o his_o sense_n not_o perceive_v it_o to_o be_v good_a for_o all_o man_n that_o the_o life_n liberty_n estate_n and_o member_n of_o all_o innocent_a person_n shall_v be_v preserve_v and_o therefore_o that_o the_o kill_n or_o rob_v of_o they_o shall_v be_v everywhere_o prohibit_v under_o the_o most_o severe_a penalty_n or_o last_o what_o peculiar_a humour_n in_o man_n can_v make_v they_o not_o think_v it_o good_a and_o beneficial_a for_o particular_a family_n and_o nation_n that_o the_o conjugal_a fidelity_n of_o the_o marriagebed_n the_o chastity_n shall_v be_v preserve_v inviolated_a the_o same_o may_v be_v say_v concern_v the_o right_a of_o use_v and_o enjoy_v all_o those_o outward_a thing_n that_o be_v necessary_a for_o life_n or_o conduce_v to_o our_o health_n fame_n honour_n the_o education_n of_o our_o child_n and_o the_o preservation_n of_o friendship_n since_o in_o their_o judgement_n concern_v the_o goodness_n of_o these_o thing_n about_o which_o the_o whole_a business_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o of_o most_o civil_a law_n be_v take_v up_o all_o rational_a man_n do_v as_o equal_o agree_v in_o their_o opinion_n as_o concern_v the_o whiteness_n of_o snow_n or_o the_o brightness_n of_o the_o sun_n though_o i_o do_v not_o lay_v the_o main_a stress_n of_o their_o obligation_n to_o these_o action_n on_o this_o general_a agreement_n since_o i_o have_v lay_v down_o contrary_a principle_n in_o the_o forego_n discourse_n §_o 5._o but_o i_o shall_v now_o proceed_v to_o give_v you_o a_o more_o true_a and_o settle_a notion_n of_o good_a and_o evil_a both_o natural_a and_o moral_a i_o therefore_o define_v good_a in_o general_a to_o be_v that_o which_o preserve_v increase_v or_o perfect_v the_o faculty_n and_o power_n of_o one_o or_o more_o thing_n for_o by_o these_o effect_n that_o peculiar_a agreeableness_n of_o one_o thing_n with_o another_o declare_v itself_o to_o we_o and_o which_o be_v requisite_a to_o make_v any_o thing_n to_o be_v true_o call_v good_a for_o
there_o have_v be_v some_o sign_n or_o token_n of_o hostility_n express_v §_o 7._o yet_o he_o grant_v there_o be_v never_o such_o a_o condition_n of_o war_n as_o this_o that_o he_o describe_v general_o all_o over_o the_o world_n but_o that_o there_o be_v many_o place_n where_o man_n live_v so_o now_o and_o instance_n in_o many_o savage_a people_n of_o america_n where_o except_o the_o government_n of_o small_a family_n the_o concord_n whereof_o depend_v on_o natural_a lust_n they_o have_v no_o government_n at_o all_o and_o live_v at_o this_o day_n in_o that_o brutish_a manner_n he_o have_v before_o describe_v but_o be_v it_o so_o as_o he_o affirm_v that_o brutish_a way_n of_o live_v which_o be_v in_o too_o many_o particular_n practise_v by_o these_o savage_a people_n both_o in_o africa_n and_o america_n where_o they_o have_v almost_o lose_v all_o knowledge_n of_o a_o god_n or_o of_o a_o moral_a good_a and_o evil_a ought_v the_o practice_n of_o such_o barbarous_a people_n to_o be_v of_o sufficient_a authority_n to_o prove_v that_o they_o live_v according_a to_o the_o true_a state_n of_o human_a nature_n or_o that_o they_o have_v a_o right_a to_o live_v and_o act_v thus_o in_o all_o thing_n they_o thus_o unreasonable_o practice_n but_o have_v this_o author_n read_v any_o true_a or_o exact_a relation_n of_o those_o place_n in_o america_n he_o mention_n he_o may_v have_v find_v that_o in_o many_o of_o those_o nation_n island_n even_o where_o there_o be_v no_o civil_a power_n to_o keep_v they_o in_o awe_n and_o though_o they_o have_v no_o other_o government_n in_o time_n of_o peace_n but_o that_o of_o the_o father_n or_o head_n of_o family_n yet_o do_v not_o their_o concord_n whole_o depend_v upon_o natural_a lust_n for_o beside_o the_o government_n of_o husband_n over_o their_o wife_n and_o those_o conjugal_a duty_n and_o service_n which_o their_o wife_n yield_v they_o in_o these_o place_n parent_n be_v more_o fond_a of_o their_o child_n and_o child_n again_o be_v more_o dutiful_a and_o kind_a to_o their_o parent_n and_o take_v more_o care_n of_o they_o when_o they_o be_v sick_a or_o old_a than_o they_o common_o do_v with_o we_o and_o though_o there_o be_v no_o common_a power_n to_o keep_v they_o in_o awe_n yet_o have_v no_o riches_n but_o the_o mere_a necessary_a utensil_n of_o live_v nor_o any_o honour_n except_o military_a to_o contend_v for_o and_o which_o be_v not_o obtain_v without_o great_a hardship_n and_o suffering_n and_o have_v also_o few_o word_n of_o contempt_n or_o disgrace_n among_o they_o whole_a town_n nay_o nation_n have_v live_v together_o for_o many_o age_n in_o sufficient_a amity_n and_o concord_n without_o ever_o fall_v together_o by_o the_o ear_n and_o if_o there_o be_v any_o murder_n and_o adultery_n commit_v among_o they_o every_o particular_a person_n injure_v or_o else_o the_o relation_n of_o the_o party_n slay_v be_v their_o own_o judge_n and_o executioner_n the_o mutual_a fear_n of_o which_o join_v with_o the_o natural_a peaceable_a temper_n of_o the_o people_n cause_v few_o of_o those_o crime_n to_o be_v commit_v among_o they_o than_o with_o we_o where_o there_o be_v law_n and_o public_a officer_n appoint_v to_o punish_v all_o such_o injury_n and_o for_o the_o truth_n of_o this_o i_o refer_v you_o to_o two_o author_n of_o undoubted_a credit_n viz._n lerius_fw-la in_o his_o history_n of_o his_o navigation_n to_o brazil_n chap._n 18._o and_o the_o french_a author_n of_o the_o natural_a history_n of_o the_o caribbè_a island_n part._n 2d_o chap._n 11._o and_o §_o 19_o beside_o other_o author_n on_o this_o subject_a who_o you_o may_v consult_v in_o purchas_n pilgrim_n in_o his_o volume_n of_o america_n and_o though_o these_o people_n have_v often_o war_n with_o their_o neighbour_n yet_o be_v it_o not_o with_o all_o but_o only_o some_o particular_a nation_n with_o who_o they_o have_v constant_a war_n and_o eat_v they_o when_o they_o can_v take_v they_o prisoner_n yet_o do_v they_o at_o the_o same_o time_n maintain_v peace_n with_o all_o other_o so_o remote_a be_v it_o from_o truth_n that_o any_o nation_n in_o the_o world_n can_v live_v and_o subsist_v by_o maintain_v a_o constant_a war_n against_o all_o other_o nor_o do_v i_o ever_o hear_v of_o any_o more_o than_o one_o people_n or_o nation_n in_o the_o west-indies_n near_o carolina_n call_v the_o westoes_fw-it that_o make_v this_o fatal_a experiment_n by_o make_v war_n upon_o all_o their_o neighbour_n one_o after_o another_o till_o they_o be_v in_o a_o short_a time_n reduce_v from_o 7000_o fight_a man_n to_o 700_o and_o be_v afterward_o quite_o extirpate_v by_o those_o nation_n they_o have_v injure_v which_o relation_n i_o receive_v from_o a_o gentleman_n of_o quality_n who_o have_v a_o considerable_a interest_n in_o those_o part_n so_o impossible_a a_o thing_n it_o be_v for_o mankind_n to_o subsist_v or_o be_v preserve_v a_o year_n together_o in_o mr._n h_n imaginary_a state_n of_o war._n §._o 8_o nor_o be_v his_o other_o instance_n from_o the_o action_n of_o king_n and_o person_n of_o a_o sovereign_a authority_n any_o better_a who_o he_o make_v like_o gladiator_n have_v their_o weapon_n point_v and_o their_o eye_n fix_v on_o each_o other_o that_o be_v their_o fort_n garrison_n and_o gun_n upon_o the_o frontieres_n of_o their_o kingdom_n and_o continual_a spy_n upon_o their_o neighbour_n which_o be_v a_o posture_n of_o war._n where_o i_o may_v first_o observe_v that_o he_o do_v not_o direct_o affirm_v that_o all_o prince_n be_v in_o a_o state_n but_o only_o in_o a_o posture_n of_o war_n which_o i_o grant_v be_v both_o lawful_a and_o necessary_a since_o no_o prince_n or_o commonwealth_n can_v be_v secure_a that_o his_o neighbour_n will_v constant_o observe_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o not_o invade_v his_o territory_n without_o any_o just_a cause_n give_v yet_o i_o think_v no_o prince_n or_o other_o supreme_a power_n who_o he_o make_v the_o only_a judge_n of_o good_a and_o evil_a will_v be_v so_o wicked_a or_o unreasonable_a to_o affirm_v that_o they_o have_v a_o natural_a right_n to_o invade_v the_o territory_n life_n and_o estate_n of_o all_o neighbour_a prince_n and_o their_o subject_n much_o less_o when_o they_o have_v make_v league_n or_o compact_n of_o peace_n with_o each_o other_o that_o they_o be_v not_o oblige_v to_o observe_v they_o only_o for_o prevention_n that_o they_o may_v not_o do_v the_o like_a to_o they_o and_o break_v their_o compact_n first_o for_o that_o he_o himself_o confess_v to_o be_v absolute_o contrary_a to_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o of_o right_a reason_n but_o that_o upon_o mr._n h_n principle_n such_o compact_n be_v make_v in_o the_o mere_a state_n of_o nature_n and_o without_o any_o common_a power_n to_o see_v they_o observe_v do_v not_o at_o all_o oblige_v i_o shall_v show_v you_o more_o particular_o by_o and_o by_o §_o 9_o i_o come_v now_o to_o his_o last_o passion_n viz._n glory_n for_o which_o he_o will_v have_v all_o man_n to_o be_v natural_o in_o a_o state_n of_o war._n but_o admit_v that_o divers_a man_n look_v that_o their_o companion_n shall_v value_v they_o at_o the_o same_o rate_n as_o they_o do_v themselves_o and_o upon_o the_o least_o sign_n of_o contempt_n or_o undervalue_v natural_o endeavour_v as_o far_o as_o they_o dare_v to_o extort_v a_o great_a value_n from_o their_o contemner_n which_o among_o they_o that_o have_v no_o common_a power_n to_o keep_v they_o quiet_a may_v be_v enough_o to_o make_v they_o destroy_v each_o other_o yet_o do_v not_o this_o hold_v true_a in_o every_o man_n for_o even_o among_o those_o that_o labour_n under_o this_o passion_n of_o vainglory_n there_o be_v many_o in_o who_o fear_v of_o other_o be_v a_o much_o more_o predominate_a passion_n and_o such_o will_v rather_o take_v a_o affront_n than_o venture_v to_o beat_v or_o kill_v another_o to_o revenge_v it_o since_o the_o hazard_n be_v certain_a but_o the_o victory_n suppose_v the_o person_n every_o way_n his_o equal_a uncertain_a and_o if_o this_o vainglory_n may_v be_v so_o far_o master_v by_o another_o strong_a passion_n why_o may_v it_o not_o also_o be_v overpower_v by_o reason_n for_o a_o rational_a man_n will_v consider_v that_o he_o can_v force_v man_n to_o have_v a_o better_a esteem_n of_o his_o word_n or_o action_n by_o fight_v every_o one_o that_o shall_v declare_v their_o dislike_n of_o they_o or_o else_o know_v that_o he_o be_v not_o at_o all_o the_o worse_o for_o the_o foolish_a censure_n of_o unreasonable_a man_n or_o that_o he_o be_v oblige_v to_o take_v for_o a_o affront_n whatsoever_o every_o scurrilous_a impertinent_a fellow_n shall_v intend_v so_o and_o he_o himself_o do_v here_o likewise_o suppose_v that_o there_o be_v other_o as_o strong_a passion_n that_o incline_v man_n to_o peace_n as_o fear_v of_o death_n desire_v of_o such_o thing_n