Selected quad for the lemma: duty_n

Word A Word B Word C Word D Occurrence Frequency Band MI MI Band Prominent
duty_n bind_v law_n moral_a 1,736 5 9.5201 5 true
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ID Title Author Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication) STC Words Pages
A43998 Leviathan, or, The matter, forme, and power of a common wealth, ecclesiasticall and civil by Thomas Hobbes ...; Leviathan Hobbes, Thomas, 1588-1679. 1651 (1651) Wing H2246; ESTC R17253 438,804 412

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they_o for_o it_o be_v a_o thing_n that_o depend_v not_o on_o nature_n but_o on_o the_o scope_n of_o the_o writer_n and_o be_v subservient_fw-fr to_o every_o man_n proper_a method_n in_o the_o institution_n of_o justinian_n we_o find_v seven_o sort_n of_o civil_a law_n 1._o the_o edict_n constitution_n and_o epistle_n of_o the_o prince_n that_o be_v of_o the_o emperor_n because_o the_o whole_a power_n of_o the_o people_n be_v in_o he_o like_o these_o be_v the_o proclamation_n of_o the_o king_n of_o england_n 2._o the_o decree_n of_o the_o whole_a people_n of_o rome_n comprehend_v the_o senate_n when_o they_o be_v put_v to_o the_o question_n by_o the_o senate_n these_o be_v law_n at_o first_o by_o the_o virtue_n of_o the_o sovereign_a power_n reside_v in_o the_o people_n and_o such_o of_o they_o as_o by_o the_o emperor_n be_v not_o abrogate_a remain_v law_n by_o the_o authority_n imperiall_n for_o all_o law_n that_o bind_v be_v understand_v to_o be_v law_n by_o his_o authority_n that_o 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that_o word_n be_v understand_v affliction_n for_o sin_n yet_o the_o right_n of_o afflict_v be_v not_o always_o derive_v from_o man_n sin_n but_o from_o god_n power_n this_o question_n why_o evil_a man_n often_o prosper_v and_o good_a man_n suffer_v affliction_n adversity_n have_v be_v much_o dispute_v by_o the_o ancient_n and_o be_v the_o same_o with_o this_o of_o we_o by_o what_o right_a god_n dispense_v the_o prosperity_n and_o adversity_n of_o this_o life_n and_o be_v of_o that_o difficulty_n as_o it_o have_v shake_v the_o faith_n not_o only_o of_o the_o vulgar_a but_o of_o philosopher_n and_o which_o be_v more_o of_o the_o saint_n concern_v the_o divine_a providence_n how_o good_a 3._o say_v david_n be_v the_o god_n of_o israel_n to_o those_o that_o be_v upright_a in_o heart_n and_o yet_o my_o foot_n be_v almost_o go_v my_o tread_n have_v well-nigh_o slip_v for_o i_o be_v grieve_v at_o the_o wicked_a when_o i_o see_v the_o ungodly_a in_o such_o prosperity_n and_o job_n how_o 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of_o liberty_n the_o end_n of_o worship_n among_o man_n be_v power_n for_o where_o a_o man_n worship_n see_v another_o worship_v he_o suppose_v he_o powerful_a and_o be_v the_o ready_a to_o obey_v he_o which_o make_v his_o power_n great_a but_o god_n have_v no_o end_n the_o worship_n we_o do_v he_o proceed_v from_o our_o duty_n and_o be_v direct_v according_a to_o our_o capacity_n by_o those_o rule_n of_o honour_n that_o reason_n dictate_v to_o be_v do_v by_o the_o weak_a to_o the_o more_o potent_a man_n in_o hope_n of_o benefit_n for_o fear_v of_o damage_n or_o in_o thankfulness_n for_o good_a already_o receive_v from_o they_o that_o we_o may_v know_v what_o worship_n of_o god_n be_v teach_v we_o by_o the_o light_n honour_n of_o nature_n i_o will_v begin_v with_o his_o attribute_n where_o first_o it_o be_v manifest_a we_o
alteri_fw-la ne_fw-la feceris_fw-la to_o lay_v down_o a_o man_n right_a to_o any_o thing_n be_v to_o divest_v himself_o of_o right_n the_o liberty_n of_o hinder_v another_o of_o the_o benefit_n of_o his_o own_o right_n to_o the_o same_o for_o he_o that_o renounce_v or_o pass_v away_o his_o right_n give_v not_o to_o any_o other_o man_n a_o right_n which_o he_o have_v not_o before_o because_o there_o be_v nothing_o to_o which_o every_o man_n have_v not_o right_o by_o nature_n but_o only_o stand_v out_o of_o his_o way_n that_o he_o may_v enjoy_v his_o own_o original_a right_n without_o hindrance_n from_o he_o not_o without_o hindrance_n from_o another_o so_o that_o the_o efect_n which_o redound_v to_o one_o man_n by_o another_o man_n defect_n of_o right_n be_v but_o so_o much_o diminution_n of_o impediment_n to_o the_o use_n of_o his_o own_o right_a original_n right_n be_v lay_v aside_o either_o by_o simple_o renounce_v it_o or_o by_o transfer_v be_v it_o to_o another_o by_o simple_o renounce_v when_o he_o care_v not_o to_o who_o the_o benefit_n thereof_o redound_v by_o transfer_v what_o when_o he_o intend_v the_o benefit_n thereof_o to_o some_o certain_a person_n or_o person_n and_o when_o a_o man_n have_v in_o either_o manner_n abandon_v or_o grant_v away_o his_o right_n then_o be_v he_o say_v to_o be_v oblige_v or_o bind_v not_o to_o obligation_n hinder_v those_o to_o who_o such_o right_n be_v grant_v or_o abandon_v from_o the_o benefit_n of_o it_o and_o that_o he_o ought_v and_o it_o be_v his_o duty_n not_o to_o make_v duty_n void_a that_o voluntary_a act_n of_o his_o own_o and_o that_o such_o hindrance_n be_v injustice_n and_o injury_n as_o be_v sine_fw-la jure_fw-la the_o right_o be_v before_o injustice_n renounce_v or_o transfer_v so_o that_o injury_n or_o injustice_n in_o the_o controversy_n of_o the_o world_n be_v somewhat_o like_a to_o that_o which_o in_o the_o disputation_n of_o scholar_n be_v call_v absurdity_n for_o as_o it_o be_v there_o call_v a_o absurdity_n to_o contradict_v what_o one_o maintain_v in_o the_o beginning_n so_o in_o the_o world_n it_o be_v call_v injustice_n and_o injury_n voluntary_o to_o undo_v that_o which_o from_o the_o beginning_n he_o have_v voluntary_o do_v the_o way_n by_o which_o a_o man_n either_o simple_o renounce_v or_o transfer_v his_o right_n be_v a_o declaration_n or_o signification_n by_o some_o voluntary_a and_o sufficient_a sign_n or_o sign_n that_o he_o do_v so_o renounce_v or_o transfer_v or_o have_v so_o renounce_v or_o transfer_v the_o same_o to_o he_o that_o accept_v it_o and_o these_o sign_n be_v either_o word_n only_o or_o action_n only_o or_o as_o it_o happen_v most_o often_o both_o word_n and_o action_n and_o the_o same_o be_v the_o bond_n by_o which_o man_n be_v bind_v and_o oblige_v bond_n that_o have_v their_o strength_n not_o from_o their_o own_o nature_n for_o nothing_o be_v more_o easy_o break_v then_o a_o man_n word_n but_o from_o fear_n of_o some_o evil_a consequence_n upon_o the_o rupture_n whensoever_o a_o man_n transfer_v his_o right_n or_o renounce_v it_o it_o alienable_a be_v either_o in_o consideration_n of_o some_o right_n reciprocal_o transfer_v to_o himself_o or_o for_o some_o other_o good_a he_o hope_v for_o thereby_o for_o it_o be_v a_o voluntary_a act_n and_o of_o the_o voluntary_a act_n of_o every_o man_n the_o object_n be_v some_o good_a to_o himself_o and_o therefore_o there_o be_v some_o right_n which_o no_o man_n can_v be_v understand_v by_o any_o word_n or_o other_o sign_n to_o have_v abandon_v or_o transfer_v as_o first_o a_o man_n can_v lay_v down_o the_o right_n of_o resist_v they_o that_o assault_n he_o by_o force_n to_o take_v away_o his_o life_n because_o he_o can_v be_v understand_v to_o aim_v thereby_o at_o any_o good_a to_o himself_o the_o same_o may_v be_v say_v of_o wound_n and_o chain_n and_o imprisonment_n both_o because_o there_o be_v no_o benefit_n consequent_a to_o such_o patience_n as_o there_o be_v to_o the_o patience_n of_o suffer_v another_o to_o be_v wound_v or_o imprison_v as_o also_o because_o a_o man_n can_v tell_v when_o he_o see_v man_n proceed_v against_o he_o by_o violence_n whether_o they_o intend_v his_o death_n or_o not_o and_o last_o the_o motive_n and_o end_n for_o which_o this_o renounce_n and_o transfer_v of_o right_n be_v introduce_v be_v nothing_o else_o but_o the_o security_n of_o a_o man_n person_n in_o his_o life_n and_o in_o the_o mean_n of_o so_o preserve_v life_n as_o not_o to_o be_v weary_a of_o it_o and_o therefore_o if_o a_o man_n by_o word_n or_o other_o sign_n seem_v to_o despoil_v himself_o of_o the_o end_n for_o which_o those_o sign_n be_v intend_v he_o be_v not_o to_o be_v understand_v as_o if_o he_o mean_v it_o or_o that_o it_o be_v his_o will_n but_o that_o he_o be_v ignorant_a of_o how_o such_o word_n and_o action_n be_v to_o be_v interpret_v the_o mutual_a transfer_v of_o right_a be_v that_o which_o man_n call_v contract_n what_o there_o be_v difference_n between_o transfer_v of_o right_a to_o the_o thing_n and_o transfer_v or_o tradition_n that_o be_v delivery_n of_o the_o thing_n itself_o for_o the_o thing_n may_v be_v deliver_v together_o with_o the_o translation_n of_o the_o right_n as_o in_o buy_v and_o sell_v with_o ready_a money_n or_o exchange_n of_o good_n or_o land_n and_o it_o may_v be_v deliver_v some_o time_n after_o again_o one_o of_o the_o contractor_n may_v deliver_v the_o thing_n contract_v for_o on_o his_o part_n and_o leave_v the_o other_o to_o perform_v his_o part_n at_o some_o determinate_a time_n after_o and_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n be_v trust_v and_o then_o the_o contract_n on_o his_o part_n be_v call_v pact_n or_o covenant_n or_o both_o part_n what_o may_v contract_v now_o to_o perform_v hereafter_o in_o which_o case_n he_o that_o be_v to_o perform_v in_o time_n to_o come_v be_v trust_v his_o performance_n be_v call_v keep_v of_o promise_n or_o faith_n and_o the_o fail_v of_o performance_n if_o it_o be_v voluntary_a violation_n of_o faith_n when_o the_o transfer_v of_o right_a be_v not_o mutual_a but_o one_o of_o the_o party_n transfer_v in_o hope_n to_o gain_v thereby_o friendship_n or_o service_n from_o another_o or_o from_o his_o friend_n or_o in_o hope_n to_o gain_v the_o reputation_n of_o charity_n or_o magnanimity_n or_o to_o deliver_v his_o mind_n from_o the_o pain_n of_o compassion_n or_o in_o hope_n of_o reward_n in_o heaven_n this_o be_v not_o contract_n but_o gift_n free-gift_n grace._n which_o word_n signify_v one_o and_o the_o free-gift_n same_o thing_n sign_n of_o contract_n be_v either_o express_a or_o by_o inference_n express_v express_v be_v word_n speak_v with_o understanding_n of_o what_o they_o signify_v and_o such_o word_n be_v either_o of_o the_o time_n present_v or_o past_a as_o i_o give_v i_o grant_v i_o have_v give_v i_o have_v grant_v i_o will_v that_o this_o be_v you_o or_o of_o the_o future_a as_o i_o will_v give_v i_o will_v grant_v which_o word_n of_o the_o future_a be_v call_v promise_v inference_n sign_n by_o inference_n be_v sometime_o the_o consequence_n of_o word_n sometime_o the_o consequence_n of_o silence_n sometime_o the_o consequence_n of_o action_n sometime_o the_o consequence_n of_o forbear_v a_o action_n and_o general_o a_o sign_n by_o inference_n of_o any_o contract_n be_v whatsoever_o sufficient_o argue_v the_o will_n of_o the_o contractor_n word_n alone_o if_o they_o be_v of_o the_o time_n to_o come_v and_o contain_v a_o bare_a past._n promise_n be_v a_o insufficient_a sign_n of_o a_o free-gift_n and_o therefore_o not_o obligatory_a for_o if_o they_o be_v of_o the_o time_n to_o come_v as_o to_o morrow_n i_o will_v give_v they_o be_v a_o sign_n i_o have_v not_o give_v yet_o and_o consequent_o that_o my_o right_n be_v not_o transfer_v but_o remain_v till_o i_o transfer_v it_o by_o some_o other_o act._n but_o if_o the_o word_n be_v of_o the_o time_n present_v or_o past_a as_o i_o have_v give_v or_o do_v give_v to_o be_v deliver_v to_o morrow_n then_o be_v my_o to_o morrow_n right_o give_v away_o to_o day_n and_o that_o by_o the_o virtue_n of_o the_o word_n though_o there_o be_v no_o other_o argument_n of_o my_o will_n and_o there_o be_v a_o great_a difference_n in_o the_o signification_n of_o these_o word_n volo_fw-la hoc_fw-la tuum_fw-la esse_fw-la cras_fw-la and_o cras_fw-la dabo_fw-la that_o be_v between_z i_o will_v that_o this_o be_v thou_o to_o morrow_n and_o i_o will_v give_v it_o thou_o to_o morrow_n for_o the_o word_n i_o will_v in_o the_o former_a manner_n of_o speech_n signify_v a_o act_n of_o the_o will_v present_v but_o in_o the_o late_a it_o signify_v a_o promise_n of_o a_o act_n of_o the_o will_v to_o come_v and_o therefore_o the_o former_a word_n be_v of_o the_o present_a transfer_v
to_o god_n but_o one_o worship_n which_o than_o it_o do_v when_o it_o command_v it_o to_o be_v exhibit_v by_o private_a man_n public_o and_o this_o be_v public_a worship_n the_o property_n whereof_o be_v to_o be_v uniform_a for_o those_o action_n that_o be_v do_v different_o by_o different_a man_n can_v be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o public_a worship_n and_o therefore_o where_o many_o sort_n of_o worship_n be_v allow_v proceed_v from_o the_o different_a religion_n of_o private_a man_n it_o can_v be_v say_v there_o be_v any_o public_a worship_n nor_o that_o the_o commonwealth_n be_v of_o any_o religion_n at_o all_o and_o because_o word_n and_o consequent_o the_o attribute_n of_o god_n civil_a have_v their_o signification_n by_o agreement_n and_o constitution_n of_o man_n those_o attribute_n be_v to_o be_v hold_v significative_a of_o honour_n that_o man_n intend_v shall_v so_o be_v and_o whatsoever_o may_v be_v do_v by_o the_o will_n of_o particular_a man_n where_o there_o be_v no_o law_n but_o reason_n may_v be_v do_v by_o the_o will_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n by_o law_n civil_a and_o because_o a_o commonwealth_n have_v no_o will_n nor_o make_v no_o law_n but_o those_o that_o be_v make_v by_o the_o will_n of_o he_o or_o they_o that_o have_v the_o sovereign_a power_n it_o follow_v that_o those_o attribute_n which_o the_o sovereign_n ordain_v in_o the_o worship_n of_o god_n for_o sign_n of_o honour_n aught_o to_o be_v take_v and_o use_v for_o such_o by_o private_a man_n in_o their_o public_a worship_n but_o because_o not_o all_o action_n be_v sign_n by_o constitution_n but_o some_o be_v action_n natural_o sign_n of_o honour_n other_o of_o contumely_n these_o late_a which_o be_v those_o that_o man_n be_v ashamed_a to_o do_v in_o the_o sight_n of_o they_o they_o reverence_v can_v be_v make_v by_o humane_a power_n a_o part_n of_o divine_a worship_n nor_o the_o former_a such_o as_o be_v decent_a modest_a humble_a behaviour_n ever_o be_v separate_v from_o it_o but_o whereas_o there_o be_v a_o infinite_a number_n of_o action_n and_o gesture_n of_o a_o indifferent_a nature_n such_o of_o they_o as_o the_o commonwealth_n shall_v ordain_v to_o be_v public_o and_o universal_o in_o use_n as_o sign_n of_o honour_n and_o part_n of_o god_n worship_n be_v to_o be_v take_v and_o use_v for_o such_o by_o the_o subject_n and_o that_o which_o be_v say_v in_o the_o scripture_n it_o be_v better_a to_o obey_v god_n than_o man_n have_v place_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o god_n by_o pact_n and_o not_o by_o nature_n have_v thus_o brief_o speak_v of_o the_o natural_a kingdom_n of_o god_n and_o punishment_n his_o natural_a law_n i_o will_v add_v only_o to_o this_o chapter_n a_o short_a declaration_n of_o his_o natural_a punishment_n there_o be_v no_o action_n of_o man_n in_o this_o life_n that_o be_v not_o the_o beginning_n of_o so_o long_a a_o chain_n of_o consequence_n as_o no_o humane_a providence_n be_v high_a enough_o to_o give_v a_o man_n a_o prospect_n to_o the_o end_n and_o in_o this_o chain_n there_o be_v link_v together_o both_o please_v and_o unplease_a event_n in_o such_o manner_n as_o he_o that_o will_v do_v any_o thing_n for_o his_o pleasure_n must_v engage_v himself_o to_o suffer_v all_o the_o pain_n annex_v to_o it_o and_o these_o pain_n be_v the_o natural_a punishment_n of_o those_o action_n which_o be_v the_o beginning_n of_o more_o harm_n than_o good_n and_o hereby_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o intemperance_n be_v natural_o punish_v with_o disease_n rashness_n with_o mischance_n injustice_n with_o the_o violence_n of_o enemy_n pride_n with_o ruin_n cowardice_n with_o oppression_n negligent_a government_n of_o prince_n with_o rebellion_n and_o rebellion_n with_o slaughter_n for_o see_v punishment_n be_v consequent_a to_o the_o breach_n of_o law_n natural_a punishment_n must_v be_v natural_o consequent_a to_o the_o breach_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o therefore_o follow_v they_o as_o their_o natural_a not_o arbitrary_a effect_n and_o thus_o far_o concern_v the_o constitution_n nature_n and_o right_o of_o part._n sovereign_n and_o concern_v the_o duty_n of_o subject_n derive_v from_o the_o principle_n of_o natural_a reason_n and_o now_o consider_v how_o different_a this_o doctrine_n be_v from_o the_o practice_n of_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o world_n especial_o of_o these_o western_a part_n that_o have_v receive_v their_o moral_a learning_n from_o rome_n and_o athens_n and_o how_o much_o depth_n of_o moral_a philosophy_n be_v require_v in_o they_o that_o have_v the_o administration_n of_o the_o sovereign_a power_n i_o be_o at_o the_o point_n of_o believe_v this_o my_o labour_n as_o useless_a as_o the_o commonwealth_n of_o plato_n for_o he_o also_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o it_o be_v impossible_a for_o the_o disorder_n of_o state_n and_o change_v of_o government_n by_o civil_a war_n ever_o to_o be_v take_v away_o till_o sovereign_n be_v philosopher_n but_o when_o i_o consider_v again_o that_o the_o science_n of_o natural_a justice_n be_v the_o only_a science_n necessary_a for_o sovereign_n and_o their_o principal_a minister_n and_o that_o they_o need_v not_o be_v charge_v with_o the_o science_n mathematical_a as_o by_o plato_n they_o be_v further_o than_o by_o good_a law_n to_o encourage_v man_n to_o the_o study_n of_o they_o and_o that_o neither_o plato_n nor_o any_o other_o philosopher_n hitherto_o have_v put_v into_o order_n and_o sufficient_o or_o probable_o prove_v all_o the_o theorem_n of_o moral_a doctrine_n that_o man_n may_v learn_v thereby_o both_o how_o to_o govern_v and_o how_o to_o obey_v i_o recover_v some_o hope_n that_o one_o time_n or_o other_o this_o writing_n of_o i_o may_v fall_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o a_o sovereign_n who_o will_v consider_v it_o himself_o for_o it_o be_v short_a and_o i_o think_v clear_a without_o the_o help_n of_o any_o interest_v or_o envious_a interpreter_n and_o by_o the_o exercise_n of_o entire_a sovereignty_n in_o protect_v the_o public_a teach_n of_o it_o convert_v this_o truth_n of_o speculation_n into_o the_o utility_n of_o practice_n of_o a_o christian_a commonwealth_n chap._n xxxii_o of_o the_o principle_n of_o christian_a politic_n i_o have_v derive_v the_o right_n of_o sovereign_a politic_n power_n and_o the_o duty_n of_o subject_n hitherto_o from_o the_o principle_n of_o nature_n only_o such_o as_o experience_n have_v find_v true_a or_o consent_v concern_v the_o use_n of_o word_n have_v make_v so_o that_o be_v to_o say_v from_o the_o nature_n of_o man_n know_v to_o we_o by_o experience_n and_o from_o definition_n of_o such_o word_n as_o be_v essential_a to_o all_o political_a reason_n universal_o agree_v on_o but_o in_o that_o i_o be_o next_o to_o handle_v which_o be_v the_o nature_n and_o right_n of_o a_o christian_a commonwealth_n whereof_o there_o depend_v much_o upon_o supernatural_a revelation_n of_o the_o will_n of_o god_n the_o ground_n of_o my_o discourse_n must_v be_v not_o only_o the_o natural_a word_n of_o god_n but_o also_o the_o prophetical_a nevertheless_o we_o be_v not_o to_o renounce_v our_o sense_n and_o experience_n renounce_v nor_o that_o which_o be_v the_o undoubted_a word_n of_o god_n our_o natural_a reason_n for_o they_o be_v the_o talent_n which_o he_o have_v put_v into_o our_o hand_n to_o negotiate_v till_o the_o come_n again_o of_o our_o bless_a saviour_n and_o therefore_o not_o to_o be_v fold_v up_o in_o the_o napkin_n of_o a_o implicit_a aith_n but_o employ_v in_o the_o purchase_n of_o justice_n peace_n and_o true_a religion_n for_o though_o there_o be_v many_o thing_n in_o god_n word_n above_o reason_n that_o it_o be_v to_o say_v which_o can_v by_o natural_a reason_n be_v either_o demonstrate_v or_o confute_v yet_o there_o be_v nothing_o contrary_a to_o it_o but_o when_o it_o seem_v so_o the_o fault_n be_v either_o in_o our_o unskilful_a interpretation_n or_o erroneous_a ratiocination_n therefore_o when_o any_o thing_n therein_o write_v be_v too_o hard_a for_o our_o examination_n we_o be_v bid_v to_o captivate_v our_o understanding_n to_o the_o word_n and_o not_o to_o labour_v in_o sift_v out_o a_o philosophical_a truth_n by_o logic_n of_o such_o mystery_n as_o be_v not_o comprehensible_a nor_o fall_v under_o any_o rule_n of_o natural_a science_n for_o it_o be_v with_o the_o mystery_n of_o our_o religion_n as_o with_o wholesome_a pill_n for_o the_o sick_a which_o swallow_v whole_a have_v the_o virtue_n to_o cure_v but_o chew_v be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n cast_v up_o again_o without_o effect_n but_o by_o the_o captivity_n of_o our_o understanding_n be_v not_o mean_v a_o submission_n understanding_n of_o the_o intellectual_a faculty_n to_o the_o opinion_n of_o any_o other_o man_n but_o of_o the_o will_n to_o obedience_n where_o obedience_n be_v due_a for_o sense_n memory_n understanding_n reason_n and_o opinion_n be_v not_o in_o our_o power_n to_o change_v but_o always_o