Selected quad for the lemma: duty_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
duty_n	authority_n	king_n	law_n	1,296	5	4.5981	4	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A33630	The compleate copy-holder wherein is contained a learned discourse of the antiquity and nature of manors and copy-holds, vvith all things thereto incident, as surrenders, presentments, admittances, forfeitures, customes, &c. necessary both for the lord and tenant : together, with the forme of keeping a copy-hold court, and court baron / by Sir Edward Coke, Knight.; Complete copy-holder	Coke, Edward, Sir, 1552-1634.	1641 (1641)	Wing C4912; ESTC R1843	72,284	184

that_o by_o the_o general_a custom_n of_o every_o manor_n be_v employ_v as_o necessary_a instrument_n in_o customary_a admittance_n and_o will_v cursary_o examine_v the_o extent_n of_o their_o authority_n and_o the_o quality_n of_o their_o office_n the_o person_n i_o aim_v at_o be_v these_o 1._o the_o lord_n 2._o the_o steward_n 3._o the_o vnder-steward_n sec_n xliv_o the_o lord_n authority_n consist_v chief_o in_o these_o four_o thing_n 1._o in_o punish_v offence_n and_o misdemeanour_n commit_v within_o his_o precinct_n as_o not_o performance_n of_o custom_n breach_n of_o by-lawe_n not_o discharge_v of_o duty_n and_o such_o like_a 2._o in_o decide_v controversy_n arise_v about_o the_o title_n of_o copyhold-land_n lie_v within_o his_o bound_n and_o when_o he_o sit_v as_o judge_v in_o court_n to_o end_v debate_n of_o this_o nature_n he_o be_v not_o tie_v to_o the_o strict_a form_n of_o the_o common_a law_n for_o he_o be_v a_o chancellor_n in_o his_o court_n and_o may_v redress_v matter_n in_o conscience_n upon_o bill_n exhibit_v where_o the_o common_a law_n will_v afford_v no_o remedy_n in_o the_o same_o kind_n as_o to_o insist_v in_o one_o familiar_a example_n if_o i_o surrender_v a_o copyhold_n to_o the_o use_n of_o a_o stranger_n upon_o confidence_n that_o such_o debt_n be_v by_o i_o discharge_v he_o shall_v surrender_v back_o this_o copyhold_n i_o upon_o discharge_n of_o the_o debt_n demand_v a_o surrender_n and_o he_o refuse_v at_o the_o common_a law_n i_o be_v leave_v remediless_a this_o be_v a_o bare_a confidence_n and_o no_o condition_n but_o upon_o bill_n exhibit_v in_o the_o lord_n court_n i_o shall_v be_v relieve_v for_o the_o lord_n upon_o proof_n of_o the_o matter_n may_v seize_v the_o copyhold_n and_o readmit_v i_o according_a to_o the_o effect_n of_o the_o confidence_n 3_o in_o admit_v copyhold_n and_o in_o this_o customary_a power_n of_o admittance_n the_o lord_n do_v somewhat_o outstrip_v the_o steward_n for_o the_o lord_n may_v make_v either_o admittance_n upon_o voluntary_a grant_n 27._o co._n 4_o foe_n 27._o admittance_n upon_o surrrender_n admittance_n upon_o descent_n in_o any_o place_n where_o he_o please_v out_o of_o the_o manor_n but_o so_o can_v the_o steward_n and_o in_o give_v licence_n to_o copyholder_n to_o alien_n by_o deed_n and_o in_o this_o point_n of_o licence_n the_o lord_n authority_n do_v exceed_v the_o steward_n authority_n for_o though_o some_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o it_o be_v both_o usual_a and_o warrantable_a for_o the_o steward_n of_o a_o manor_n in_o absence_n of_o his_o lord_n to_o licence_n a_o copyholder_n in_o full_a court_n to_o alien_n by_o deed_n for_o as_o many_o year_n as_o he_o shall_v think_v good_a because_o he_o be_v judge_n in_o the_o court_n and_o beside_o the_o entry_n of_o it_o in_o the_o court_n roll_n be_v in_o this_o manner_n ad_fw-la hanc_fw-la curiam_fw-la p.s._n petit_fw-la licentiam_fw-la domini_fw-la dimittendi_fw-la etc._n etc._n cui_fw-la dominus_fw-la licentiam_fw-la that_fw-mi etc._n etc._n and_o therefore_o this_o licence_n be_v grant_v in_o the_o lord_n name_n in_o full_a court_n the_o lord_n shall_v never_o enter_v for_o a_o forfeiture_n but_o shall_v ever_o be_v estop_v to_o say_v the_o contrary_a but_o that_o he_o do_v give_v licence_n yet_o under_o reformation_n be_v it_o speak_v i_o must_v mistrust_v the_o truth_n of_o this_o opinion_n for_o this_o power_n of_o licens_v copyhold_n to_o alien_n by_o deed_n be_v not_o customary_a for_o than_o it_o be_v as_o proper_a to_o the_o steward_n as_o to_o the_o lord_n but_o it_o be_v a_o power_n of_o interest_n annex_v to_o the_o person_n of_o the_o lord_n in_o respect_n of_o his_o estate_n in_o the_o manor_n and_o not_o in_o any_o other_o collateral_a respect_n and_o therefore_o if_o the_o steward_n have_v a_o bare_a authority_n to_o execute_v what_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o manor_n do_v warrant_v sans_fw-fr doubt_n he_o can_v virtute_fw-la officii_fw-la grant_v any_o unwarrantable_a licence_n to_o alien_n by_o deed_n no_o more_o than_o to_o commit_v waste_n for_o the_o one_o act_n as_o well_o as_o the_o other_o tend_v to_o the_o breach_n of_o custom_n and_o both_o of_o they_o without_o a_o sufficient_a allowance_n amount_v to_o the_o forfeiture_n of_o a_o copyhold_n but_o by_o express_a word_n in_o the_o steward_n patent_n or_o by_o special_a authority_n give_v he_o by_o the_o lord_n or_o by_o some_o particular_a custom_n warrant_v the_o same_o the_o steward_n may_v in_o court_n lawful_o licence_n copyholder_n to_o alien_n as_o well_o as_o the_o lord_n may_v and_o thus_o much_o of_o the_o lord_n sec_n xlv_o steward_n be_v derive_v from_o those_o two_o word_n stead_n and_o ward_n and_o so_o any_o that_o do_v supplier_fw-fr another_o place_n or_o that_o be_v in_o any_o employment_n deputy_n to_o another_o may_v according_a to_o the_o true_a sense_n of_o the_o word_n be_v term_v a_o steward_n as_o the_o high_a steward_n of_o england_n because_o the_o king_n appoint_v he_o in_o divers_a matter_n to_o exercise_v his_o place_n and_o so_o the_o under_o sheriff_n may_v be_v term_v by_o the_o name_n of_o the_o sheriff_n steward_n be_v his_o deputy_n and_o how_o proper_o the_o lord_n steward_n be_v so_o name_v any_o man_n may_v judge_v by_o this_o that_o the_o whole_a authority_n of_o the_o steward_n be_v derive_v from_o the_o lord_n as_o from_o the_o head_n and_o not_o only_o so_o but_o withal_o he_o represent_v the_o lord_n person_n in_o many_o employment_n for_o in_o the_o lord_n absence_n he_o sit_v as_o judge_v in_o court_n to_o punish_v offence_n determine_v controversy_n redress_n injury_n and_o the_o like_a and_o further_o some_o thing_n he_o perform_v in_o the_o lord_n name_n and_o not_o in_o his_o own_o name_n for_o if_o the_o steward_n admit_v any_o copyholder_n or_o by_o special_a authority_n or_o particular_a custom_n licence_v a_o copyholder_n to_o alien_n this_o admittance_n and_o licence_n shall_v be_v make_v in_o the_o lord_n name_n and_o the_o entry_n in_o the_o court_n roll_n shall_v be_v quod_fw-la dominus_fw-la per_fw-la senescallun_n admisit_fw-la &_o licentiau●t_n and_o not_o that_o the_o steward_n do_v admit_v or_o licence_n therefore_o fithence_o the_o steward_n have_v this_o measure_n of_o authority_n and_o confidence_n commit_v unto_o he_o the_o lord_n shall_v do_v very_o well_o to_o be_v very_o careful_a in_o make_v choice_n of_o his_o steward_n for_o if_o he_o be_v defective_a in_o any_o one_o of_o these_o three_o quality_n knowledge_n trust_v or_o diligence_n the_o lord_n may_v be_v much_o prejudice_v and_o damnify_v therefore_o fleta_n wise_o give_v the_o lord_n this_o counsel_n 6._o fleta_n l._n 2._o c._n 6._o provideat_fw-la sibi_fw-la dominus_fw-la de_fw-la senescallo_fw-la circumspecto_fw-la &_o fideli_fw-la &_o pacifico_fw-la &_o modesto_fw-la qui_fw-la in_o legibus_fw-la consuetudinibusque_fw-la provinciae_fw-la domini_fw-la svi_fw-la in_o omnibus_fw-la tueri_fw-la affectet_fw-la cuique_fw-la ballivos_fw-la domini_fw-la in_o sui●_n erroribus_fw-la &_o ambiguis_fw-la sciat_fw-la instruere_fw-la &_o docere_fw-la quique_fw-la egenis_fw-la parcere_fw-la &_o nec_fw-la prece_fw-la vel_fw-la pretio_fw-la velit_fw-la à_fw-la tramite_fw-la justitiae_fw-la deviare_fw-la &_o pervense_fw-la judicare_fw-la these_o steward_n for_o the_o most_o part_n have_v patent_n for_o their_o office_n yet_o they_o may_v be_v retain_v by_o paroll_n &_o this_o reteiner_n by_o paroll_n be_v as_o effectual_a in_o all_o point_n before_o discharge_v as_o the_o most_o effectual_a institution_n by_o patent_n for_o a_o steward_n thus_o retain_v may_v take_v surrender_v out_o of_o court_n or_o make_v voluntary_a admittance_n or_o any_o other_o act_n incident_a to_o the_o office_n of_o a_o steward_n b._n co._n 4._o foe_n 30._o b._n as_o well_o as_o a_o steward_n institute_v by_o patent_n but_o in_o the_o king_n manor_n a_o steward_n can_v be_v retain_v by_o paroll_n by_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o auditor_n or_o receiver_n but_o to_o make_v the_o steward_n authority_n currant_n a._n co._n 4._o foe_n 30._o a._n especial_o to_o make_v voluntary_a admittance_n it_o be_v necessary_a he_o have_v a_o patent_n and_o then_o by_o virtue_n of_o his_o patent_n without_o any_o special_a authority_n or_o particular_a custom_n he_o may_v justify_v the_o make_n of_o any_o voluntary_a admittance_n upon_o escheate_n or_o forfeiture_n or_o the_o do_n of_o any_o act_n belong_v to_o his_o office_n but_o though_o he_o may_v exit_fw-la officio_fw-la do_v those_o thing_n without_o special_a warrant_n yet_o duty_n bind_v he_o before_o he_o make_v any_o voluntary_a admittance_n to_o inform_v the_o lord_n treasurer_n of_o england_n the_o chancellor_n and_o baron_n of_o the_o exchequer_n or_o any_o of_o they_o for_o his_o better_a direction_n and_o the_o king_n better_a benefit_n the_o law_n be_v not_o very_o curious_a in_o examine_v the_o imperfection_n of_o the_o steward_n person_n nor_o the_o unlawfulnesse_n of_o his_o authority_n for_o be_v he_o a_o

be_v deprive_v of_o that_o dignity_n which_o be_v inherent_a to_o their_o name_n yet_o their_o court_n retain_v still_o the_o name_n of_o court_n baron_n because_o they_o be_v original_o erect_v for_o such_o personage_n as_o be_v baron_n neither_o have_v time_n be_v so_o injurious_a as_o to_o eradicate_v the_o whole_a memory_n of_o their_o ancient_a dignity_n in_o their_o name_n there_o be_v stamp_v leave_v of_o their_o nobility_n for_o they_o be_v still_o entitle_v by_o the_o name_n of_o lord_n these_o court_n differ_v from_o court_n leet_n in_o diverse_a respect_n in_o this_o that_o court_n baron_n by_o the_o law_n may_v be_v keep_v once_o every_o three_o week_n or_o as_o some_o think_v as_o often_o as_o it_o shall_v please_v the_o lord_n though_o for_o the_o better_a ease_n both_o of_o lord_n and_o tenant_n they_o be_v keep_v but_o very_o seldom_o but_o a_o court_n leete_n by_o the_o statute_n of_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la be_v to_o be_v keep_v but_o twice_o every_o year_n one_o time_n within_o the_o month_n after_o easter_n 15._o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la c._n 35._o 31._o e._n 3._o ca._n 15._o and_o another_o time_n within_o a_o month_n after_o michal_n 2._o in_o this_o that_o court_n baron_n may_v be_v keep_v in_o any_o place_n within_o the_o manor_n contrary_a to_o the_o opinion_n of_o brian_n but_o a_o court_n leete_n by_o the_o statute_n of_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la be_v to_o be_v keep_v in_o certo_fw-la loco_fw-la ac_fw-la determinato_fw-la within_o the_o precinct_n 3._o in_o this_o that_o original_o court_n baron_n belong_v unto_o inferior_a lord_n of_o manor_n but_o court_n leet_n original_o belong_v unto_o the_o king_n 4._o in_o this_o that_o court_n baron_n be_v incident_a unto_o e●●●y_a manor_n so_o that_o every_o lord_n of_o a_o manor_n may_v keep_v a_o court_n baron_fw-fr but_o few_o have_v leet_n for_o inferior_a lord_n of_o manor_n can_v keep_v court_n leete_v without_o special_a prescription_n or_o some_o special_a patent_n from_o the_o king_n 5._o in_o this_o that_o in_o court_n baron_n the_o suitor_n be_v judge_n but_o in_o court_n leet_n the_o steward_n be_v judge_n 6._o in_o this_o that_o in_o court_n baron_n the_o jewrie_n consist_v oftentimes_o of_o less_o than_o twelve_o in_o court_n leet_n never_o the_o reason_n of_o that_o be_v because_o none_o be_v impanel_v upon_o the_o jewrie_n but_o freeholder_n in_o court_n baron_n of_o the_o same_o manor_n but_o in_o court_n leet_n stranger_n be_v oftentimes_o impanel_v 7._o in_o this_o that_o court_n baron_n can_v subsist_v without_o two_o suitor_n adminimum_fw-la but_o court_n leet_n can_v well_o subsist_v without_o any_o suitor_n 8._o in_o this_o that_o court_n baron_n inquire_v of_o no_o offence_n commit_v against_o the_o king_n but_o court_n leete_v inquire_v of_o all_o offence_n under_o high_a treason_n commit_v against_o the_o crown_n and_o dignity_n of_o the_o king_n in_o many_o other_o respect_v they_o differ_v as_o that_o a_o write_v of_o error_n lie_v upon_o a_o judgement_n give_v in_o a_o court_n leete_n but_o not_o in_o a_o court_n baron_fw-fr so_o in_o a_o court_n leete_n a_o capias_fw-la lie_v but_o in_o a_o court_n baron_n in_o stead_n of_o a_o capias_fw-la be_v use_v a_o attachment_n by_o good_n so_o in_o a_o court_n baron_fw-fr a_o action_n of_o debt_n lie_v for_o the_o lord_n himself_o because_o the_o suitor_n be_v judge_n but_o in_o a_o court_n leete_n the_o lord_n can_v maintain_v any_o action_n for_o himself_o because_o the_o steward_n be_v judge_n but_o omit_v these_o with_o many_o more_o i_o come_v to_o the_o etymology_n of_o a_o manor_n some_o derive_v the_o word_n manor_n a_o manendo_fw-la and_o then_o it_o take_v his_o name_n either_o from_o the_o manor-house_n which_o the_o lord_n make_v his_o dwell_a place_n or_o else_o a_o manendo_fw-la quia_fw-la dominus_fw-la ac_fw-la tenentes_fw-la in_o manerii_fw-la svi_fw-la circuit_n cohabitant_fw-la ac_fw-la manent_fw-la some_o think_v it_o be_v term_v manor_n from_o manure_v the_o ground_n and_o then_o it_o take_v its_o name_n either_o from_o the_o lord_n demesne_n which_o the_o tenant_n be_v bind_v to_o manure_v or_o else_o from_o the_o land_n remain_v in_o the_o tenant_n hand_n which_o be_v likewise_o till_v and_o manure_v other_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o it_o be_v derive_v of_o the_o french_a word_n mesner_n which_o signify_v to_o govern_v or_o guide_v because_o the_o lord_n of_o a_o manor_n have_v the_o guide_n and_o direct_v of_o all_o his_o tenant_n within_o the_o limit_n of_o his_o jurisdiction_n and_o this_o i_o hold_v the_o most_o probable_a etymology_n and_o most_o agree_v with_o the_o nature_n of_o a_o manor_n for_o a_o manor_n in_o these_o day_n signify_v the_o jurisdiction_n and_o royalty_n incorporate_v rather_o than_o the_o land_n or_o scite_fw-la thus_o much_o touch_v the_o etymology_n a_o word_n touch_v the_o division_n of_o a_o manor_n a_o manor_n be_v twofold_a re_fw-mi &_o nomine_fw-la 2._o nomine_fw-la tantum_fw-la re_fw-mi &_o nomine_fw-la as_o where_o the_o two_o material_a cause_n of_o a_o manor_n the_o efficient_a cause_n &_o causa_fw-la sine_fw-la qua_fw-la non_fw-la do_v meet_v and_o join_v together_o nomine_fw-la tantum_fw-la as_o where_o any_o of_o these_o cause_n be_v want_v as_o to_o insist_v in_o the_o two_o material_a cause_n if_o the_o lord_n will_v transfer_v over_o to_o some_o stranger_n the_o service_n of_o all_o his_o tenant_n and_o reserve_v unto_o himself_o the_o demesne_n or_o if_o he_o will_v pass_v away_o the_o demesne_n and_o reserve_v the_o service_n in_o both_o cause_v the_o lord_n peradventure_o have_v a_o manor_n nomine_fw-la but_o not_o otherwise_o because_o in_o the_o one_o cause_n he_o want_v demesne_n in_o the_o other_o service_n so_o if_o a_o manor_n descend_v to_o co-parteners_a and_o they_o make_v partition_n and_o the_o entire_a demesne_n be_v allot_v to_o the_o one_o and_o the_o entire_a service_n to_o the_o other_o the_o manor_n be_v now_o in_o suspense_n for_o neither_o of_o they_o have_v any_o manor_n but_o in_o name_n only_o but_o if_o part_n of_o the_o demesne_n and_o part_n of_o the_o service_n be_v allot_v to_o each_o one_o then_o have_v they_o each_o of_o they_o a_o manor_n not_o nomine_fw-la tantum_fw-la but_o re_fw-mi &_o nomine_fw-la to_o insist_v in_o the_o efficient_a cause_n if_o the_o king_n at_o this_o day_n will_v grant_v a_o great_a quantity_n of_o land_n to_o any_o subject_a enjoin_v he_o certain_a duty_n and_o service_n and_o withal_o will_v that_o this_o shall_v bear_v the_o name_n of_o a_o manor_n howsoever_o this_o may_v chance_v to_o gain_v the_o name_n of_o a_o manor_n yet_o it_o will_v not_o be_v a_o manor_n in_o the_o estimation_n of_o the_o law_n to_o insist_v in_o this_o cause_n sine_fw-la qua_fw-la non_fw-la if_o the_o king_n grant_v away_o a_o manor_n to_o i._n s._n except_v the_o court_n and_o perquisites_n the_o grantee_n have_v a_o manor_n in_o name_n only_o so_o if_o all_o the_o freeholder_n die_v but_o one_o if_o the_o lord_n purchase_v all_o the_o freeholders_n land_n or_o pass_v away_o the_o service_n of_o the_o freeholder_n or_o release_v unto_o his_o freeholder_n all_o their_o service_n notwithstanding_o the_o demesne_n and_o the_o service_n of_o the_o copiholder_n yet_o the_o lord_n have_v but_o a_o manor_n in_o name_n because_o the_o freeholder_n be_v want_v which_o be_v the_o maintainer_n and_o upholder_n of_o the_o court_n baron_fw-fr and_o consequent_o necessary_a help_n to_o the_o perfection_n of_o a_o manor_n so_o if_o the_o lord_n grant_v away_o the_o inheritance_n of_o all_o his_o copyholder_n or_o demise_v all_o his_o land_n grant_v by_o copy_n to_o another_o for_o 2000_o year_n the_o grantee_n in_o the_o one_o case_n and_o the_o lessee_n in_o the_o other_o have_v a_o kind_n of_o seigniority_n in_o gross_a and_o may_v keep_v a_o customary_a court_n where_o the_o steward_n shall_v be_v judge_n and_o shall_v take_v surrender_n and_o make_v admittance_n and_o this_o in_o the_o eye_n of_o the_o world_n be_v a_o manor_n though_o in_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o law_n it_o come_v far_o short_a of_o one_o thus_o much_o touch_v the_o division_n of_o a_o manor_n i_o may_v here_o handle_v many_o collateral_a jurisdiction_n appropriate_v to_o lord_n of_o manor_n as_o that_o our_o erect_v dove-house_n of_o prove_v the_o will_n of_o their_o tenant_n decease_v within_o their_o precinct_n in_o many_o place_n of_o enclose_v common_a leave_v sufficient_a beside_o for_o the_o other_o commoner_n with_o many_o of_o the_o like_a sed_fw-la haec_fw-la lubens_fw-la libensque_fw-la omitio_fw-la and_o thus_o close_v up_o this_o part_n of_o my_o treatise_n touch_v manor_n i_o come_v to_o the_o other_o part_n touch_v copyhold_n sec_n xxxii_o ineede_v not_o stand_v to_o discourse_v at_o large_a th'antiquitie_n of_o the_o copyholder_n for_o if_o you_o cast_v your_o eye_n back_o to_o that_o be_v past_a

infant_n or_o non_fw-la comp_n mentis_fw-la a_o idiot_n or_o lunatic_n a_o outlaw_n or_o a_o excommunicate_a yet_o what_o thing_n soever_o he_o perform_v as_o incident_a to_o his_o place_n can_v never_o be_v avoid_v for_o any_o such_o disabilitie_n because_o he_o perform_v they_o as_o a_o judge_n or_o at_o least_o as_o custom_n instrument_n and_o for_o his_o authority_n though_o it_o prove_v but_o counterfeit_n if_o it_o come_v to_o exact_a trial_n yet_o if_o in_o appearance_n or_o outward_a show_n it_o seem_v currant_n that_o be_v sufficient_a as_o if_o i_o grant_v the_o stewardship_n of_o my_o manor_n of_o dale_n by_o patent_n and_o in_o the_o patentee_n absence_n a_o stranger_n by_o my_o appointment_n keep_v court_n this_o be_v authentical_a if_o a_o grant_v of_o a_o stewardship_n be_v make_v to_o one_o and_o for_o some_o fault_n or_o defect_n in_o the_o grant_n it_o be_v avoidable_o yet_o court_v keep_v by_o he_o before_o the_o avoidance_n shall_v stand_v in_o force_n and_o whatsoever_o he_o do_v as_o steward_n be_v ever_o unavoidable_a as_o if_o a_o corporation_n retain_v a_o steward_n by_o paroll_n and_o he_o keep_v a_o court_n punish_v offence_n decide_v controversy_n take_v surrender_n make_v admittance_n either_o upon_o surrender_n or_o descent_n these_o act_n be_v judicial_a shall_v ever_o stand_v for_o currant_n though_o his_o authority_n be_v ground_v upon_o a_o wrong_a foundation_n for_o a_o corporation_n can_v institute_v any_o such_o officer_n without_o writing_n and_o so_o if_o the_o king_n auditor_n or_o receiver_n retain_v a_o steward_n by_o paroll_n he_o may_v lawful_o execute_v any_o judicial_a act_n but_o thing_n which_o he_o perform_v as_o custom_n instrument_n not_o as_o judge_n such_o as_o be_v voluntary_a admittance_n neither_o in_o the_o retainer_n by_o the_o corporation_n or_o in_o this_o retainer_n by_o the_o king_n officer_n shall_v any_o whit_n bind_v but_o if_o a_o stanger_n without_o the_o appointment_n of_o the_o lord_n or_o consent_v of_o the_o right_a steward_n or_o without_o any_o colour_n of_o authority_n will_v of_o his_o own_o head_n come_v into_o a_o manor_n and_o keep_v a_o court_n it_o seem_v that_o the_o performance_n of_o any_o judicial_a duty_n or_o the_o execute_n of_o any_o act_n whatsoever_o will_v not_o be_v warrant_v especial_o if_o the_o court_n be_v keep_v without_o warning_n give_v to_o the_o bailiff_n by_o precept_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n the_o office_n of_o a_o steward_n may_v be_v forfeit_v three_o manner_n of_o way_n 1._o by_o abuser_n 2._o by_o non_fw-fr user_fw-fr 3._o by_o refuser_n by_o abuser_n as_o if_o the_o steward_n burn_v the_o court_n roll_n or_o if_o he_o take_v a_o bribe_n to_o wink_v at_o any_o offence_n or_o use_v partiality_n in_o any_o cause_n depend_v before_o he_o these_o and_o the_o like_a abuse_n will_v make_v he_o subject_a to_o a_o forfeiture_n by_o non_fw-la user_n as_o if_o the_o steward_n by_o his_o patent_n be_v tie_v to_o keep_v court_n at_o certain_a time_n of_o the_o year_n without_o request_n to_o be_v make_v by_o the_o lord_n if_o he_o fail_v and_o by_o his_o failer_z the_o lord_n receive_v any_o prejudice_n this_o be_v a_o forfeiture_n but_o if_o the_o lord_n be_v not_o damnify_v than_o this_o non_fw-fr user_fw-fr be_v no_o forfeiture_n as_o if_o a_o parker_n attend_v not_o for_o the_o space_n of_o three_o or_o four_o day_n and_o no_o prejudice_n or_o damage_n happen_v in_o the_o interim_n this_o be_v no_o forfeiture_n and_o in_o office_n which_o concern_v the_o administration_n of_o justice_n or_o the_o commonwealth_n the_o law_n be_v more_o strict_a then_o in_o these_o office_n which_o concern_v private_a man_n for_o where_o a_o officer_n ex_fw-la officio_fw-la or_o of_o necessity_n ought_v to_o attend_v for_o the_o administration_n of_o justice_n or_o for_o the_o good_a of_o the_o commonwealth_n there_o non_fw-fr user_fw-fr or_o non_fw-fr attender_n in_o court_n be_v a_o forfeiture_n though_o this_o be_v prejudicial_a to_o no_o man_n as_o the_o office_n of_o the_o chamberlain_n in_o the_o exchequer_n a_o protonotary_n clarke_n of_o the_o warrant_n exigentur_fw-la filizar_n or_o the_o like_a in_o the_o common_a plea_n because_o the_o attendance_n of_o these_o and_o the_o like_a officer_n be_v of_o necessity_n for_o the_o administration_n of_o justice_n so_o the_o attendance_n of_o the_o clerk_n of_o the_o market_n be_v of_o necessity_n for_o the_o good_a of_o the_o commonwealth_n and_o so_o be_v hold_v of_o the_o sheriff_n turn_n etc._n etc._n by_o refuser_n the_o office_n of_o a_o steward_n may_v be_v thus_o forfeit_v if_o the_o steward_n be_v tie_v by_o his_o patent_n to_o keep_v court_n upon_o a_o demand_n or_o request_n to_o be_v make_v by_o the_o lord_n if_o the_o lord_n demand_v or_o reque_v he_o to_o keep_v a_o court_n and_o he_o fail_v this_o be_v a_o forfeiture_n though_o the_o lord_n be_v thereby_o nothing_o damnify_v and_o thus_o much_o of_o the_o steward_n sec_n xlvi_o the_o under_o steward_n be_v the_o steward_n deputy_n and_o sometime_o appoint_v by_o writing_n sometime_o by_o paroll_n and_o the_o extent_n of_o his_o authority_n be_v as_o great_a as_o the_o steward_n be_v own_o authority_n and_o his_o office_n consist_v in_o performance_n of_o the_o self_n same_o duty_n that_o the_o high_a steward_n himself_o be_v to_o perform_v only_o in_o this_o point_n the_o power_n of_o the_o steward_n go_v beyond_o the_o power_n of_o the_o understeward_n that_o the_o steward_n can_v make_v a_o admittance_n out_o of_o court_n and_o it_o shall_v stand_v good_a if_o entry_n be_v make_v in_o the_o court_n roll_n that_o he_o that_o be_v admit_v have_v pay_v his_o fine_a and_o have_v do_v fealty_n but_o the_o understeward_n though_o he_o may_v take_v a_o surrender_n out_o of_o the_o court_n yet_o he_o can_v make_v any_o admittance_n out_o of_o court_n without_o especial_a authority_n or_o particular_a custom_n some_o have_v think_v that_o a_o understeward_n may_v be_v make_v without_o special_a word_n in_o the_o steward_n patent_n authorise_v he_o to_o make_v a_o deputy_n but_o sure_o since_o it_o be_v a_o office_n of_o knowledge_n trust_n and_o discretion_n it_o can_v unless_o it_o be_v in_o case_n of_o necessity_n as_o if_o a_o office_n of_o stewardship_n descend_v unto_o a_o infant_n he_o may_v make_v a_o deputy_n because_o the_o law_n presume_v he_o be_v himself_o uncapable_a to_o execute_v it_o so_o if_o it_o be_v grant_v to_o a_o earl_n in_o respect_n of_o th'exility_n of_o the_o office_n in_o a_o base_a court_n and_o of_o the_o dignity_n of_o the_o person_n who_o be_v praepositus_fw-la comitatus_fw-la and_o have_v in_o ancient_a time_n the_o charge_n and_o custody_n of_o the_o whole_a shire_n who_o attendance_n the_o law_n intend_v to_o be_v most_o necessary_a upon_o the_o king_n and_o the_o commonwealth_n therefore_o it_o be_v employ_v in_o law_n for_o the_o conveniency_n that_o he_o may_v make_v a_o deputy_n for_o who_o he_o ought_v to_o answer_v this_o be_v one_o observation_n touch_v understeward_n in_o admittance_n make_v by_o understeward_n aswell_o as_o in_o admittance_n make_v by_o the_o steward_n themselves_o it_o be_v good_a order_n to_o express_v in_o the_o copy_n and_o in_o the_o court_n roll_n the_o name_n of_o the_o understeward_n or_o of_o the_o steward_n because_o in_o plead_v any_o admittance_n a_o man_n must_v say_v that_o he_o be_v admit_v by_o such_o a_o one_o understeward_n or_o steward_n name_v his_o name_n and_o this_o shall_v suffice_v touch_v the_o manner_n and_o mean_n of_o grant_v copyhold_n suffer_v i_o now_o in_o the_o four_o place_n to_o point_n at_o the_o several_a estate_n of_o copiholder_n together_o with_o their_o several_a quality_n incident_a to_o their_o several_a estate_n sec_n xlvii_o all_o estate_n whatsoever_o may_v be_v reduce_v to_o one_o of_o these_o three_o head_n 1._o inheritance_n 2._o francktenant_n 3._o chattel_n all_o inheritance_n be_v of_o two_o sort_n either_o fee_n simples_n or_o fee_n tail_n of_o fee_n simples_n some_o be_v determinable_a some_o be_v undeterminable_a determinable_a as_o where_o land_n be_v give_v to_o a_o man_n and_o his_o heir_n for_o so_o long_a time_n as_o paul_n steeple_n shall_v stand_v undeterminable_a as_o where_o land_n be_v give_v to_o a_o man_n and_o his_o heir_n without_o further_a limitation_n of_o fee_n tail_n some_o be_v general_a some_o be_v special_a general_n as_o where_o land_n be_v give_v to_o a_o man_n and_o the_o heir_n of_o his_o body_n or_o heir_n male_n or_o female_n of_o his_o body_n special_a as_o where_o land_n be_v give_v to_o a_o man_n and_o the_o heir_n male_n or_o female_n which_o he_o shall_v beget_v of_o such_o a_o woman_n all_o francketenant_n be_v of_o two_o sort_n either_o create_v by_o the_o act_n of_o the_o party_n or_o by_o the_o act_n of_o the_o law_n of_o francketenant_n create_v

tempestive_a &_o intempestive_a pro_fw-la voluntate_fw-la domini_fw-la possent_fw-la resumi_fw-la &_o revocari_fw-la as_o bracton_n and_o fleta_n both_o speak_v the_o lord_n upon_o the_o least_o occasion_n sometime_o without_o any_o colour_n of_o reason_n only_o upon_o discontentment_n and_o malice_n sometime_o again_o upon_o some_o sudden_a fantastic_a humour_n only_o to_o make_v evident_a to_o the_o world_n the_o height_n of_o their_o power_n and_o authority_n will_v expel_v out_o of_o house_n and_o home_n their_o poor_a copy-holders_n leave_v they_o helpless_a and_o remediless_a by_o any_o course_n of_o law_n and_o drive_v they_o to_o sue_v by_o way_n of_o petition_n sec_n ix_o but_o now_o copy-holders_n stand_n upon_o a_o sure_a ground_n now_o they_o weigh_v not_o their_o lord_n displeasure_n they_o shake_v not_o at_o every_o sudden_a blast_n of_o wind_n they_o eat_v drink_n and_o sleep_v secure_o only_o have_v a_o special_a care_n of_o the_o mainechance_v viz._n to_o perform_v careful_o what_o duty_n and_o service_n soever_o their_o tenure_n do_v exact_a and_o custom_n do_v require_v then_o let_v lord_n frown_v the_o copyholder_n care_v not_o know_v himself_o safe_a and_o not_o within_o any_o danger_n for_o if_o the_o lord_n anger_v grow_v to_o expulsion_n the_o law_n have_v provide_v several_a weapon_n of_o remedy_n for_o it_o be_v at_o his_o election_n either_o to_o sue_v a_o subpoena_fw-la or_o a_o action_n of_o trespass_n against_o the_o lord_n time_n have_v deal_v very_o favourable_o with_o copy-holders_n in_o divers_a respect_n sec_n x._o but_o i_o perceive_v myself_o rash_o running_n into_o a_o inextricable_a labyrinth_n i_o will_v therefore_o sail_v no_o long_o in_o these_o unknown_a coast_n but_o will_v hasten_v homeward_o i_o will_v content_v my_o self_n with_o this_o i_o know_v among_o the_o saxon_n th'essential_a part_n of_o a_o manor_n be_v know_v but_o whether_o there_o then_o be_v the_o same_o form_n of_o manor_n which_o be_v at_o this_o day_n that_o i_o dare_v not_o examine_v for_o fear_v of_o be_v account_v more_o curious_a than_o judicious_a and_o therefore_o leave_v the_o saxon_n i_o draw_v somewhat_o near_o home_n and_o come_v to_o the_o norman_n from_o who_o we_o have_v the_o very_a form_n of_o manor_n which_o be_v observe_v among_o we_o at_o this_o present_a hour_n sec_n xi_o i_o confess_v indeed_o that_o sithence_o the_o original_a creation_n of_o manor_n time_n have_v bring_v in_o some_o innovation_n and_o alteration_n as_o in_o give_v a_o large_a freedom_n unto_o copy-holders_n both_o in_o the_o nature_n of_o their_o service_n and_o in_o the_o manner_n of_o their_o tenure_n yet_o i_o may_v bold_o say_v that_o the_o selfsame_o form_n of_o manor_n remain_v unaltered_a in_o substance_n though_o something_o alter_v in_o circumstance_n demesne_n term_v in_o latin_a demanium_fw-la domanium_fw-la or_o dominicum_fw-la be_v take_v in_o a_o double_a sense_n proprie_fw-la and_o improprie_fw-la proprie_fw-la for_o that_o land_n which_o be_v in_o the_o king_n own_o hand_n 2._o chopimus_fw-la de_fw-la demonio_fw-la froute_fw-mi lib._n 2._o and_o the_o chopimus_fw-la say_v that_o domanium_fw-la est_fw-la illud_fw-la quod_fw-la consecratum_fw-la unitum_fw-la &_o incorporatum_fw-la est_fw-la regiae_fw-la coronae_fw-la take_v domanium_fw-la in_o this_o sense_n and_o then_o you_o exclude_v all_o common_a person_n from_o be_v seize_v in_o dominico_n for_o admit_v the_o king_n pass_v over_o the_o demesne_n land_n as_o soon_o as_o they_o come_v into_o a_o common_a person_n hand_n desinunt_fw-la esse_fw-la terrae_fw-la dominicales_fw-la for_o though_o the_o king_n pattentee_n have_v the_o land_n grant_v to_o he_o and_o to_o his_o heir_n yet_o come_v from_o the_o king_n must_v necessary_o be_v hold_v of_o the_o king_n it_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o demesne_n land_n to_o be_v hold_v of_o any_o therefore_o though_o those_o land_n which_o common_o be_v term_v ancient_a demesne_n viz._n such_o land_n as_o be_v quondam_a in_o the_o hand_n of_o edw._n the_o confessor_n may_v proper_o be_v term_v general_o ancient_a demesne_n because_o they_o be_v in_o ancient_a time_n in_o the_o king_n own_o possession_n yet_o to_o term_v they_o at_o this_o day_n the_o lord_n demesne_n or_o the_o tenant_n demesne_n be_v sever_v from_o the_o crown_n be_v improper_a ca._n qua_fw-la super_fw-la sec_n xii_o then_o by_o this_o it_o appear_v that_o those_o land_n be_v term_v impropriè_fw-la demesne_fw-la which_o be_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o a_o inferior_a lord_n or_o tenant_n nor_o can_v such_o a_o one_o in_o propriety_n of_o speech_n be_v say_v to_o stand_v seize_v of_o any_o land_n whatsoever_o in_o dominico_n svo_fw-la but_o if_o you_o observe_v narrow_o the_o manner_n of_o plead_n the_o word_n be_v use_v in_o a_o proper_a sense_n for_o you_o shall_v never_o find_v that_o a_o inferior_a lord_n or_o tenant_n will_v plead_v that_o he_o be_v simple_o seize_v in_o dominico_n but_o still_o with_o this_o addition_n in_o dominico_n svo_fw-la ut_fw-la de_fw-la feodo_fw-la and_o that_o very_o apt_o for_o this_o word_n fee_n impli_v thus_o much_o that_o his_o estate_n be_v not_o absolute_a but_o depend_v upon_o some_o superior_a lord_n therefore_o i_o conclude_v with_o the_o feudist_n that_o a_o common_a person_n may_v apt_o be_v say_v to_o stand_v seize_v in_o feodo_n or_o in_o dominico_n svo_fw-la ut_fw-la de_fw-la seod_fw-la but_o improper_o in_o dominico_n simple_o the_o king_n è_fw-la conuerso_fw-la may_v proper_o be_v say_v to_o stand_v seize_v dominico_n simple_o but_o in_o feodo_n improper_o or_o in_o dominico_n svo_fw-la ut_fw-la de_fw-la feodo_fw-la bracton_n divide_v these_o demesne_n land_n into_o two_o branch_n under_o the_o first_o be_v comprehend_v those_o land_n which_o the_o lord_n enjoy_v in_o his_o own_o possession_n under_o the_o second_o those_o land_n which_o be_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o inferior_a copy-holders_n his_o word_n be_v these_o dominicum_fw-la dicitur_fw-la quod_fw-la quis_fw-la habet_fw-la ad_fw-la mensam_fw-la svam_fw-la &_o idcirco_fw-la anglice_fw-la vocat_fw-la bordland_n 5._o bract._n lib._n 4._o tract_n 3._o cap._n 9_o numb_a 5._o dicitur_fw-la etiam_fw-la dominicum_fw-la villinagium_fw-la quod_fw-la traditur_fw-la villanis_fw-la quod_fw-la quis_fw-la tempestive_n &_o intempestive_a resumere_fw-la possit_fw-la pro_fw-la voluntate_fw-la sva_fw-la &_o revocare_fw-la sec_n xiii_o fleta_n agree_v with_o bracton_n in_o this_o division_n 5._o fleta_n lib._n 5._o cap._n 5._o and_o unto_o these_o two_o he_o add_v more_o sort_n of_o demesne_n land_n his_o word_n be_v these_o dominicum_fw-la est_fw-la multiplex_fw-la est_fw-la autem_fw-la dominicum_fw-la proprie_fw-la terra_fw-la ad_fw-la mensam_fw-la assignata_fw-la &_o villinagium_fw-la quod_fw-la traditur_fw-la villanis_fw-la ad_fw-la excolendum_fw-la quae_fw-la tempestive_a &_o intempestive_a pro_fw-la voluntate_fw-la domimi_fw-la &_o poterit_fw-la revocari_fw-la sicut_fw-la est_fw-la de_fw-la terra_fw-la commissa_fw-la tenend_n quamdiu_fw-la commissori_fw-la placuerit_fw-la poterit_fw-la &_o dici_fw-la dominicum_fw-la de_fw-la quo_fw-la quis_fw-la habet_fw-la liberum_fw-la tenementum_fw-la alius_fw-la usum_fw-la fruct_v &_o etiam_fw-la ubi_fw-la quis_fw-la habet_fw-la liberum_fw-la tenementum_fw-la aliter_fw-la curam_fw-la de_fw-la custode_fw-la dicipoterit_fw-la &_o curatore_fw-la quorun_v unus_fw-la dicitur_fw-la ab_fw-la homine_fw-la alius_fw-la in_o jure_fw-la dominicum_fw-la etiam_fw-la dicitur_fw-la ad_fw-la differentiam_fw-la ejus_fw-la quod_fw-la tenetur_fw-la in_o servitio_fw-la dominicum_fw-la denique_fw-la est_fw-la omne_fw-la illud_fw-la tenementum_fw-la de_fw-la quo_fw-la antecessor_n obiit_fw-la sesitus_fw-la nec_fw-la refert_fw-la cum_fw-la usu_fw-la fructu_fw-la vel_fw-la sine_fw-la &_o de_fw-fr quo_fw-la si_fw-la ejectus_fw-la esset_fw-la recuperare_fw-la possit_fw-la per_fw-la assisam_fw-la nove_fw-la deseisme_n licet_fw-la alius_fw-la haberet_fw-la usum_fw-la fructum_fw-la sicut_fw-la dici_fw-la poterit_fw-la de_fw-la illis_fw-la qui_fw-la tenent_fw-la in_o villenagio_fw-it qui_fw-la utuntur_fw-la &_o fruuntur_fw-la non_fw-la nemine_fw-la proprio_fw-la sed_fw-la nomine_fw-la domini_fw-la svi_fw-la sec_n fourteen_o this_o opinion_n of_o bract._n and_o fleta_n bo_o h_o consent_v in_o one_o that_o copyhold_n land_n be_v parcel_n of_o the_o lord_n demesne_n want_v not_o modern_a authority_n to_o second_v it_o for_o 15._o eliz._n in_o the_o excheq_n i_o find_v it_o adjudge_v in_o the_o case_n of_o a_o common_a person_n howsoever_o it_o be_v otherwise_o in_o the_o king_n case_n that_o if_o the_o lord_n of_o a_o manor_n grant_v a_o way_n omnes_fw-la terras_fw-la svas_fw-la dominicales_fw-la the_o copy_n hold_v parcel_n of_o the_o manor_n pass_v by_o these_o general_a word_n neither_o do_v this_o want_n reason_n to_o confirm_v it_o for_o in_o the_o time_n of_o henry_n the_o 3._o and_o e._n 2._o when_o bract._n and_o fleta_n live_v copy-holders_n be_v account_v mere_a tenant_n at_o will_n and_o therefore_o after_o a_o sort_n their_o land_n repute_v to_o continue_v still_o in_o the_o lord_n hand_n and_o now_o though_o custom_n have_v afford_v they_o a_o sure_a foundation_n to_o build_v upon_o yet_o the_o francke_n tenement_n at_o the_o common_a law_n rest_v in_o the_o lord_n it_o can_v

you_o shall_v easy_o perceive_v that_o copyholder_n though_o very_o mean_o descend_v yet_o they_o come_v of_o a_o ancient_a house_n and_o therefore_o if_o in_o this_o point_n you_o desire_v satisfaction_n call_v to_o mind_n what_o i_o have_v already_o speak_v and_o if_o i_o mistake_v not_o it_o will_v sufficient_o answer_v your_o desire_n give_v i_o leave_v to_o go_v a_o step_n further_o and_o to_o examine_v the_o several_a name_n which_o copyholder_n have_v have_v from_o time_n to_o time_n allot_v unto_o they_o together_o with_o their_o proper_a etymology_n immediate_o upon_o the_o conquest_n they_o be_v know_v by_o the_o name_n of_o villain_n or_o tenant_n in_o villanage_n so_o term_v by_o the_o norman_n either_o in_o respect_n of_o imbecility_n and_o incertainty_n of_o their_o estate_n which_o be_v ground_v upon_o a_o very_a weak_a foundation_n whole_o depend_v upon_o the_o will_n of_o the_o lord_n and_o oustable_a at_o his_o pleasure_n or_o in_o respect_n of_o their_o service_n which_o savour_v of_o nothing_o but_o slavery_n whether_o they_o be_v certa_fw-la ac_fw-la determinata_fw-la or_o incerta_fw-la ac_fw-la indeterminata_fw-la ubi_fw-la sciri_fw-la non_fw-la poterit_fw-la vespere_fw-la quale_fw-la servitium_fw-la facere_fw-la deberent_fw-la in_o crastino_n as_o bracton_n speak_v contrary_a to_o the_o opinion_n of_o some_o who_o hold_v that_o the_o service_n of_o copiholder_n be_v never_o subject_a to_o such_o incertainty_n or_o last_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o person_n who_o for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v villain_n howsoever_o some_o free_a man_n do_v sometime_o hold_v land_n by_o the_o same_o tenure_n the_o least_o of_o these_o three_o reason_n be_v sufficient_a to_o make_v they_o deserve_v that_o name_n but_o join_v they_o together_o and_o then_o he_o that_o judge_v most_o favourable_o of_o they_o will_v think_v this_o the_o true_a title_n that_o can_v be_v bestow_v upon_o they_o yet_o some_o there_o be_v who_o in_o behalf_n of_o these_o tenant_n stick_v not_o to_o maintain_v howsoever_o in_o respect_n of_o their_o estate_n they_o may_v not_o unfit_o be_v term_v tenant_n in_o villanage_n be_v in_o such_o strange_a subjection_n to_o their_o lord_n that_o neither_o in_o respect_n of_o their_o service_n nor_o their_o person_n they_o can_v merit_v that_o name_n especial_o if_o we_o take_v the_o word_n in_o that_o reproachful_a sense_n that_o it_o be_v usual_o take_v in_o at_o this_o hour_n but_o if_o we_o account_v those_o villain_n service_n which_o any_o way_n touch_v husbandry_n as_o plough_v sow_v reap_v and_o such_o like_a and_o these_o man_n villain_n who_o exercise_n themselves_o in_o any_o point_n of_o husbandry_n than_o they_o agrue_v that_o their_o tenure_n can_v in_o no_o wise_a have_v a_o apt_a term_n than_o this_o for_o they_o confess_v that_o these_o copyholder_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n rustici_fw-la &_o pagani_n and_o their_o service_n whol●y_o ad_fw-la rusticitatem_fw-la tendentia_fw-la howsoever_o i_o dare_v not_o whole_o disallow_v of_o this_o opinion_n though_o i_o can_v altogether_o approve_v of_o it_o for_o i_o admit_v and_o in_o a_o manner_n consent_n that_o among_o the_o norman_n these_o service_n which_o we_o call_v rural_a service_n be_v call_v villain_n service_n and_o those_o man_n who_o we_o term_v husbandman_n be_v term_v villain_n and_o do_v hold_v that_o the_o copyhold_n service_n in_o those_o day_n be_v more_o slavish_a than_o rural_a and_o they_o themselves_o rather_o bondman_n than_o husbandman_n otherwise_o we_o shall_v make_v their_o tenure_n differ_v in_o nothing_o from_o ancient_a soccage_n tenure_n which_o i_o assure_v myself_o be_v otherwise_o for_o though_o soccagres_n be_v rustiques_n and_o in_o that_o sense_n villain_n yet_o their_o tenure_n be_v never_o note_v by_o the_o name_n of_o a_o tenure_n in_o villeinage_n till_o in_o many_o place_n their_o corporal_a service_n begin_v to_o be_v turn_v into_o money_n then_o for_o distinction_n sake_n the_o one_o begin_v to_o be_v call_v liberum_fw-la soccagium_fw-la the_o other_o villanium_n soccagium_fw-la but_o long_o before_o these_o coppiholder_n be_v term_v villeyne_n and_o therefore_o without_o all_o doubt_n their_o tenure_n be_v in_o baseness_n and_o slavery_n a_o degree_n above_o the_o ancient_a soccage_n tenure_n till_o at_o length_n the_o lord_n of_o manor_n be_v frame_v to_o more_o civility_n begin_v then_o to_o think_v it_o a_o most_o uncharitable_a part_n to_o keep_v their_o poor_a tenant_n in_o that_o bondage_n therefore_o out_o of_o the_o remorse_n of_o their_o own_o conscience_n and_o the_o compassion_n of_o their_o tenant_n misery_n by_o little_a and_o little_a they_o enfranchise_v they_o and_o release_v they_o of_o their_o heavy_a burden_n reserve_v service_n of_o another_o nature_n in_o lieu_n of_o they_o thus_o have_v shake_v off_o the_o fetter_n of_o their_o bondage_n they_o be_v present_o free_v of_o their_o opprobrious_a name_n and_o have_v other_o new_a gentle_a style_n and_o title_n confer_v upon_o they_o they_o be_v every_o where_o then_o call_v tenant_n by_o copy_n of_o court_n roll_n or_o tenant_n at_o will_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o manor_n which_o style_v import_n unto_o we_o three_o thing_n 1._o nomen_fw-la 2._o originem_fw-la 3._o titulum_fw-la his_o name_n be_v tenant_n by_o copy_n of_o court_n ro●e_n for_o he_o be_v not_o call_v tenant_n by_o court-role_n but_o by_o copy_n of_o court-roll_n and_o this_o be_v the_o sole_a tenant_n in_o law_n who_o hold_v by_o copy_n of_o any_o record_n charter_n deed_n or_o any_o other_o thing_n 2._o his_o commencement_n be_v at_o the_o will_n of_o the_o lord_n for_o these_o tenant_n in_o their_o birth_n as_o well_o as_o the_o customary_a tenant_n upon_o the_o border_n of_o scotland_n who_o have_v the_o name_n of_o tenant_n be_v mere_a tenant_n at_o will_n and_o though_o they_o keep_v the_o custom_n inviolated_a yet_o the_o lord_n may_v sans_o control_n eject_v they_o neither_o be_v their_o estate_n hereditary_a in_o the_o beginning_n as_o appeareth_z by_o britton_n 66._o britton_n ca._n 66._o for_o if_o they_o die_v their_o estate_n be_v present_o determine_v as_o in_o case_n of_o a_o tenant_n at_o will_n at_o common_a law_n and_o in_o some_o point_n to_o this_o present_a hour_n the_o law_n regard_v they_o no_o more_o than_o a_o mere_a tenant_n at_o will_n for_o the_o freehold_a at_o the_o common_a law_n rest_v not_o in_o they_o but_o in_o their_o lord_n unless_o it_o be_v in_o copyhold_n of_o frank_n tenure_n which_o be_v most_o usual_a in_o ancient_a demesne_n though_o sometime_o out_o of_o ancient_a demesne_n we_o shall_v meet_v with_o the_o like_a sort_n of_o copyhold_n as_o in_o northamtonshire_n there_o be_v tenant_n which_o hold_v by_o copy_n of_o court-roll_n and_o have_v no_o other_o evidence_n and_o yet_o hold_v not_o at_o the_o will_n of_o the_o lord_n these_o kind_n of_o copyholder_n have_v the_o frank_n tenure_n in_o they_o and_o it_o be_v not_o in_o their_o lord_n as_o in_o case_n of_o copyhold_n in_o base_a tenure_n beside_o copyholder_n shall_v not_o attourne_v upon_o the_o grant_n away_o of_o the_o manor_n no_o more_o than_o tenant_n at_o will_n at_o the_o common_a law_n and_o their_o estate_n can_v be_v no_o enfranchisement_n to_o a_o villain_n no_o more_o than_o a_o mere_a estate_n at_o will_n and_o further_o their_o land_n be_v parcel_n of_o the_o lord_n demesne_n as_o well_o as_o land_n grant_v away_o at_o will_n according_a to_o the_o course_n of_o the_o common_a law_n and_o for_o his_o title_n and_o assurance_n that_o be_v according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o manor_n for_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o manor_n have_v so_o establish_v and_o so_o fix_v they_o in_o their_o land_n that_o if_o they_o do_v their_o service_n and_o duty_n and_o perform_v the_o custom_n of_o the_o manor_n they_o be_v as_o well_o inheritable_a according_a to_o the_o custom_n as_o he_o that_o have_v a_o frank_a tenement_n at_o the_o common_a law_n and_o sithence_o custom_n be_v the_o life_n and_o soul_n of_o copyhold_n estate_n and_o whatsoever_o shall_v or_o can_v be_v speak_v touch_v copy-holds_a arise_v from_o this_o head_n and_o from_o this_o fountain_n give_v i_o leave_v in_o the_o second_o place_n to_o speak_v something_o concern_v they_o sec_n xxxiii_o cvstome_n be_v define_v to_o be_v a_o law_n or_o right_o not_o write_v which_o be_v establish_v by_o long_a use_n and_o the_o consent_n of_o our_o ancestor_n have_v be_v and_o be_v daily_o practise_v custom_n prescription_n and_o usage_n howsoever_o there_o be_v correspondency_n among_o they_o and_o dependency_n one_o on_o the_o other_o differ_v custom_n prescription_n and_o usage_n how_o they_o differ_v and_o in_o common_a speech_n one_o of_o they_o be_v take_v for_o another_o yet_o they_o be_v three_o distinct_a thing_n custom_n and_o prescription_n differ_v in_o this_o 1._o custom_n can_v have_v any_o commencement_n since_o the_o memory_n of_o man_n

come_v first_o the_o lord_n must_v admit_v and_o i_o shall_v never_o avoid_v it_o the_o same_o law_n be_v if_o i_o surrender_v to_o the_o use_n of_o he_o that_o i._o s._n shall_v nominate_v or_o that_o i_o myself_o shall_v nominate_v to_o the_o lord_n at_o the_o next_o meeting_n the_o reason_n of_o the_o law_n be_v this_o a_o surrender_n be_v a_o thing_n executory_a which_o be_v execute_v by_o the_o subsequent_a admittance_n and_o nothing_o at_o all_o be_v invest_v in_o the_o grantee_n before_o the_o lord_n have_v admit_v he_o according_a to_o the_o surrender_n and_o therefore_o if_o at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o admittance_n the_o grantee_n be_v in_o rerum_fw-la natura_fw-la and_o able_a to_o take_v that_o will_v serve_v beside_o in_o customary_a grant_n the_o intent_n of_o the_o grantor_n be_v more_o respect_v than_o it_o shall_v be_v by_o the_o strict_a rule_n of_o the_o law_n which_o appear_v by_o this_o that_o if_o a_o surrender_n be_v make_v of_o a_o copiehold_n to_o the_o use_n of_o a_o last_o will_n and_o the_o surrender_n devise_v it_o unto_o two_o the_o one_o be_v admit_v according_a to_o the_o purport_n of_o the_o will_n this_o shall_v inure_v to_o both_o but_o though_o the_o surrender_n be_v a_o thing_n executory_a and_o the_o intent_n of_o the_o grantor_n so_o much_o favour_v yet_o if_o a_o copyholder_n will_v surrender_v to_o the_o use_n of_o the_o right_a heir_n of_o i._o s._n he_o be_v alive_a this_o be_v void_a because_o it_o can_v take_v effect_n according_a to_o the_o intent_n of_o the_o grantor_n for_o he_o will_v have_v the_o grant_n to_o be_v execute_v present_o which_o can_v be_v in_o regard_n that_o i._o s._n can_v have_v no_o heir_n till_o after_o his_o death_n so_o much_o of_o the_o grantee_n and_o i_o come_v now_o to_o the_o grant_v itself_o sec_n xxxv_o a_o copyhold_n interest_n can_v be_v transfer_v by_o any_o other_o assurance_n then_o by_o copy_n of_o court_n roll_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n if_o i_o will_v exchange_v a_o copyhold_n with_o another_o i_o can_v do_v it_o by_o a_o ordinary_a exchange_n at_o the_o common_a law_n but_o we_o must_v surrender_v to_o each_o other_o use_v and_o the_o lord_n admit_v we_o according_o if_o i_o will_v devise_v a_o copyhold_n i_o can_v do_v it_o by_o will_n at_o the_o common_a law_n but_o i_o must_v surrender_v to_o the_o use_n of_o my_o last_o will_n and_o testament_n and_o in_o my_o will_n i_o must_v declare_v my_o intent_n if_o i_o be_o oust_v by_o a_o copyholder_n a_o release_n make_v to_o he_o be_v void_a because_o it_o will_v be_v a_o prejudice_n to_o the_o lord_n and_o beside_o there_o be_v no_o customary_a right_n upon_o which_o the_o release_n may_v inure_v but_o a_o release_n inure_v by_o the_o way_n of_o extinguish_v where_o no_o prejudice_n accru_v to_o the_o lord_n will_v serve_v to_o drown_v a_o copyhold_n right_a and_o therefore_o if_o i_o surrender_v out_o of_o court_n upon_o condition_n 25._o co._n 4_o foe_n 25._o to_o the_o use_n of_o i._o s._n and_o the_o presentment_n be_v make_v absolute_a in_o court_n and_o the_o admittance_n frame_v according_o this_o admittance_n and_o presentment_n differ_v from_o the_o effect_n of_o the_o surrender_n be_v both_o void_a yet_o because_o upon_o the_o admittance_n the_o lord_n be_v satisfy_v of_o his_o fine_a and_o so_o nothing_o at_o all_o prejudice_v and_o beside_o here_o be_v a_o customary_a right_n upon_o which_o the_o release_n may_v be_v ground_v i_o may_v by_o a_o release_n at_o the_o common_a law_n sufficient_o confirm_v this_o void_a estate_n and_o so_o upon_o the_o same_o reason_n if_o i_o be_o oust_v of_o a_o copyhold_n and_o the_o lord_n admit_v he_o according_a to_o the_o custom_n a_o release_n make_v by_o i_o at_o the_o common_a law_n will_v extinguish_v my_o right_n but_o if_o i_o make_v a_o lease_n for_o year_n of_o a_o copyhold_n i_o can_v by_o my_o release_n pass_v my_o reversion_n because_o this_o release_n injure_v by_o way_n of_o enlargement_n to_o transfer_v a_o interest_n and_o not_o by_o way_n of_o extinguishment_n to_o drown_v a_o right_n but_o my_o way_n be_v to_o surrender_v my_o reversion_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o lord_n and_o he_o to_o grant_v it_o over_o to_o the_o lessee_n sec_n xxxvii_o if_o copyhold_n land_n come_v into_o that_o plight_n that_o it_o can_v pass_v by_o copy_n it_o be_v become_v not_o alienable_a and_o therefore_o if_o the_o lord_n of_o a_o manor_n will_v grant_v to_o i_o a_o copyhold_n in_o fee_n and_o after_o will_v grant_v the_o inheritance_n of_o this_o copyhold_n to_o a_o stranger_n in_o regard_n that_o now_o my_o copyhold_n be_v become_v no_o parcel_n of_o the_o manor_n and_o so_o i_o can_v surrender_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o lord_n and_o the_o grantee_n of_o the_o inheritance_n though_o i_o be_o to_o he_o a_o tenant_n and_o be_o tie_v to_o do_v unto_o he_o all_o manner_n of_o service_n which_o be_v due_a without_o keep_v of_o court_n as_o to_o pay_v rend_v to_o discharge_v herriot_n and_o all_o other_o duty_n of_o the_o same_o nature_n yet_o because_o the_o grantee_n can_v keep_v a_o court_n and_o so_o be_v incapable_a of_o take_v a_o surrender_n or_o make_v a_o admittance_n therefore_o i_o can_v by_o any_o mean_v alien_a for_o no_o conveyance_n at_o the_o common_a law_n will_v serve_v because_o it_o remain_v still_o copyhold_n notwithstanding_o and_o what_o custom_n soever_o be_v incident_a to_o the_o land_n before_o severance_n do_v remain_v still_o undestroy_v as_o if_o the_o land_n be_v burrow_n english_a or_o gavelkind_n before_o it_o so_o continue_v 24._o co._n 4._o foe_n 24._o and_o a_o decree_n in_o chancery_n will_v not_o serve_v no_o more_o than_o a_o ordinary_a assurance_n at_o the_o common_a law_n for_o that_o bind_v my_o person_n only_o not_o my_o interest_n since_o therefore_o copyhold_n estate_n can_v be_v convey_v away_o otherwise_o than_o by_o copy_n of_o court_n roll_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n let_v we_o examine_v the_o nature_n of_o these_o customary_a grant_n wherein_o three_o branch_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v 1._o the_o surrender_n 2._o presentment_n 3._o admittance_n in_o some_o grant_v a_o surrender_n be_v sufficient_a without_o presentment_n or_o admittance_n in_o some_o a_o admittance_n without_o a_o surrender_n or_o presentment_n in_o some_o a_o surrender_n and_o admittance_n and_o both_o necessary_a and_o in_o some_o a_o surrender_n presentment_n and_o admittance_n be_v all_o requisite_a sec_n xxxviii_o if_o a_o copiholder_n will_v surrender_v to_o the_o use_n of_o the_o lord_n the_o interest_n of_o the_o copyhold_n be_v sufficient_o vest_v in_o the_o lord_n immediate_o upon_o the_o surrender_n without_o any_o admittance_n of_o the_o lord_n because_o the_o lord_n can_v admit_v himself_o if_o the_o lord_n will_v make_v a_o voluntary_a grant_n of_o a_o copiehold_n no_o surrender_n be_v requisite_a for_o by_o the_o admittance_n of_o the_o lord_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n the_o copieholder_n be_v sufficient_o settle_v in_o his_o land_n without_o any_o other_o ceremony_n if_o a_o copyholder_n will_v surrender_v in_o court_n to_o the_o use_n of_o a_o stranger_n beside_o the_o surrender_n the_o admittance_n be_v requisite_a and_o if_o the_o surrender_v he_o make_v out_o of_o court_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o lord_n himself_o which_o the_o general_a custom_n will_v warrant_v or_o into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o bailiff_n or_o of_o two_o tenant_n of_o the_o manor_n which_o by_o special_a custom_n only_o be_v warrantable_a beside_o a_o surrender_n two_o other_o ceremony_n be_v requisite_a the_o one_o a_o true_a presentment_n of_o the_o surrender_n in_o court_n by_o the_o same_o person_n into_o who_o hand_n the_o surrender_n be_v make_v the_o other_o be_v a_o admittance_n of_o the_o lord_n according_a to_o the_o effect_n and_o tenor_n both_o of_o the_o surrender_n and_o presentment_n but_o now_o more_o particular_o of_o every_o one_o of_o they_o apart_o and_o first_o of_o a_o surrender_n sec_n thirty-nine_o this_o word_n surrender_v be_v vocabulum_fw-la artis_fw-la and_o therefore_o where_o a_o surrender_n be_v needful_a if_o this_o one_o word_n be_v want_v all_o other_o word_n use_v in_o ordinary_a conveyance_n be_v uneffectual_a and_o insufficient_a to_o convey_v any_o copyhold_n estate_n for_o if_o a_o copyholder_n come_v into_o court_n and_o offer_v to_o pass_v his_o copyhold_n by_o word_n of_o grant_n of_o gift_n of_o bargain_n or_o sale_n or_o such_o like_a i_o doubt_v he_o will_v fail_v of_o his_o purpose_n for_o as_o he_o be_v tie_v to_o a_o singular_a form_n of_o assurance_n so_o be_v he_o restrain_v to_o peculiar_a word_n in_o his_o assurance_n surrender_n be_v make_v in_o several_a sort_n according_a to_o the_o several_a custom_n of_o manor_n in_o some_o manor_n where_o a_o copyholder_n surrender_v his_o copyhold_n