uppermost they are as severe as any The former is natural for all men that when they are mastered or like to be conquered they cry out for Quarter and plead moderation as we find the Church of England shewed as much of it as any when there was occasion and ground for it What condescensions and fair promises did they allow K. Charles II. to make yea and to take the Coronation Oath of Scotland to maintain Presbyterian Government there and also to give Solemn Protestations at Breda to Dissenters of England confirmed by a Declaration for Liberty to all tender Consciences but soon after the Restoration all was violated and soon forgot The next time they were under any fears was at the Discovery of the Grand Popish Plot and fresh pretences for moderation were then Published but continued not long ending in a Sham plot and a new Persecution And the next trouble the Church of England was in was when the Seven Bishops were in the Tower only for refusing to engage upon their Honours to answer at the K Bench to what should be objected against them and then in their Petition to the late K they professed a great deal of tenderness to Dissenters and about the time of the Prince of O. his landing all their Discourse was of Vnion and Comprehension and afterwards confirmed it by an Address and their Majesties promised to endeavour an Agreement between the Church of England and Protestant Dissenters and in adhering to his Royal Promise and design first secured to Dissenters an established Liberty and soon after issued forth a Commission founded on the Preface to the Common Prayer which the Convocation after they were secured and safe from their late fears and troubles took no further notice of but in opposition to all their lately professed tenderness refused to part with one indifferent Ceremony in obedience to their Majesties Authority or for Vnion with Dissenters That the God of all Grace would bless the World with a better Spirit is the Prayer of Sirs Your devoted Servant in all Civility FRANCIS MACKEMIE Barbades December 28. 1697. POSTSCRIPT AMong the misrepresentadons of the principles and practices of the Presbyterians in this Island I cannot for bear taking special notice of one because it strikes so very deep into the Vitals of Religion 'T is that the Doctrine of Election and Reprobation as taught by the rigid Presbyterians of the Kiâ—k of Scotland is contrary to the Word of God and a great discouragement to Piety Tho' I owe not my birth but a part of my Education only to that Kingdom yet having read many of their Books heard several of their Ministers for several years on all Doctrines of the Christian Religion and having alwayes with me their Confession of Faith their Catechisms with many found and excellent Treatises I do profess my self fully of their Sentiments in this and all other Doctrines of Faith and in Gods strength shall never swerve nor prevaricate And in their behalf do profess and declare they hold no Predestination but what is maintained in all the Calvinist Reformed Churches abroad and by all the Presbyterians in England and Ireland and further the same which is held and maintained by the Estabeished Church of England If I prove this I hope you will own they have been palpably misrepresented And that I may effectually and undenyably do it I shall first lay down the Doctrine of the Church of Scotland both from their Catechisms and Confession of Faith In their Shorter Catechism learned taught by many in the Church of England they teach That the Decrees of God are the eternal Counsel of his will whereby for his own Glory he hath foreordained whatsoever comes to pass In their larger Catechism they are some-what fuller and teach that the Decrees of God are the wise free and holy acts of the Counsel of his Will whereby from all Eternity he hath for his own Glory unchangeably foreordained whatsoever comes to pass in time especially concerning Angels and Men And in the following Q they further teach That God by an eternal and immutable Decree out of his meer Love for the Praise of his Glorious Grace to be manifested in due time hath Elected some Angels to Glory and in Christ hath chosen some men unto Eternal Life and the means thereof and according to his Sovereign power and the unsearcheable Counsel of his Will whereby he extendeth or with holdeth favour as he pleaseth hath passed by and fore-ordained the rest to dishonour and wrath to be for their Sin inflicted to the praise of his Justice And what is for our purpose in their Confession of Faith is this 3d. Parag. By the Decrees of God for the manifestation of his Glory some Men and Angels are Predestinated unto everlasting Life and others sore-ordained to everlasting Death 4. Those Angels and Men thus predestinated fore ordained to everlasting Life are particularly and unchangeably designed and their number so certain and definite that it cannot be either encreased or diminished 5. Those of mankind that are predestinated unto Life God before the Foundation of the World was laid according to his eternal and immutable purpose and the secret Counsel and good pleasure of his Will hath chosen in Christ unto everlasting Glory out of his meer free grace and love without any fore-sight of Faith or good Works or perseverance in either of them or any other thing in the Creature as Causes or Conditions moving him thereunto and all to the praise of his glorious Grace 6 As God hath appointed the Elect unto Glory so hath he by the Eternal and most free purpose of his Will fore-ordained all the means thereunto wherefore they who are Elected being fallen in Adam are redeemed by Christ are effectually called unto Faith in Christ by his Spirit working in due season are Justifyed Adopted and Sanctifyed and kept by his power through Faith unto Salvation neither are any other redeemed by Christ Effectually Justifyed Adopted Sanctifyed Saved but the Elect only 7. The rest of mankind God was pleased according to the unsearchable Counsel of his own Will whereby he extendeth or with holdeth mercy as he pleaseth for the glory of his Sovereign power over his Creatures to pass by and ordain them to Dishonour and Wrath for their Sin to the praise of his glorious Justice 8. The Doctrine of this high Mystery of Predestination is to be handled with special prudence and care that men attending the will of God revealed in his Word and yielding obedience thereunto may from the certainty of their Effectual Vocation be assured of their Eternal Election So shall this Doctrine afford matter of Praise Reverence and Admiration and of humility diligence and abundance of consolation to all that sincerely obey the Gospel Let any man make it appear that this is not the unanimous Doctrine of the Church of Scotland and that they teach any other Doctrine disagreeing hereunto Et erit mihi magnus Apollo I must
TRUTHS In a true LIGHT OR A Pastoral LETTER to the Reformed Protestants IN BARBADOS Vindicating the Non-Conformists from the Misrepresentations commonly made of them in that Island and in other places AND Demonstrating That they are indeed the truest and soundest part of the Church of ENGLAND From Francis Mackemie Minister of the Gospel 2 Pet. 3.17 Beloved Seeing ye know these things before beware Lest ye fall from your own stedfastness EDINBVRGH Printed by the Successors of Andrew Anderson 1699. Truths in a true Light An Epistle To the Reformed PROTESTANTS of Barbados Gentlemen IT has been too notorious what Diabolical Designs and base Plots the Emissaries of Rome have contrived promoted and attempted to over throw that Glorious work and cause of Reformation or to lead or cajole us back into our antichristian Slavery Idolatry and Supersttion and for Effectuating thereof they have not been wanting neither have stuck at any thing to widen our breaches augment our Differences hinder our mutual Condescentions and our endeavoured Accommodations raising implacable heats and keeping us asunder by Distinguishing Characters and Discriminating Names setting up contrary Interests and often raising violent Storms of bitter Persecutions instigating the Ascendent Party still to trample upon the Non-Con's and by all means to render them black and odious and all this and much more to ruin Protestants and weaken the Protestant Interest And it deserves to be bewailed that in all their Jesuitical Intrigues and evil designs they soon found too many Protestant Tools unadvisedly to concur with such sworn Enemies of the Reformation too much whereof appeared in the late Reigns I wish there may not be found among us still too many Incendiaries to raise Dissentions and stir up unchristian Heats among Reformed Protestants that we may become a prey still to the Common Enemy But blessed be God for our seasonable and happy Revolution that has in a great measure broke the deep projects of that Jesuitical Party and by an Established Liberty to all Dissenting Protestants has bound the Hands of former Persecutors I wish the Persecuting Spirit and Inclination were gone too and that many unawares were not promoting and encouraging again the old Malice and grand Designs of the common Enemy by their Tongues in railing reproaching and decrying a great part of the purest Reformation under the Discriminating names of Presbyterian Puritan Fanatick Calvinist and what not And how many are simply led away by a hot violent party and suffer themselves to be imposed upon who know not the matters of our lesser Differences and say little against Intolerable Popery and the most dangerous Haereticks but all their Industrious Venom is spewed out and levelled against their Protestant Brethren of the same Reformation and of the same Kingdom and yet seem to be in Charity with the same particular Profession in other parts of the World All who study Histories of the Protestant Reformation may be assured that the Reformed Church of England consisted all along of two sorts of men first many Sober Moderate Sound and Tender men who never were for Persecution of Protestants and would willingly have parted with many unscriptural Ceremonies for the Churches Peace and gaining Dissenters and the Seed or Root of these have been from the Original of the Reformation and abounded in the Reigns of Q. Eliz. and K J I. of England and were Anti-arminian and faithful to the first Doctrine and Protestant Articles of the Church of England and continued the prevailing party until the Reign of Ch. the I. There was also another hot and Violent party who were ready to brand the Sober and Serious of their own Church as Puritans Precisians and Fanaticks betrayed their own Articles embraced Arminianism and grew more zealouâ— for Rites and Ceremonies than for the Essentials and Substantials of Religion crying up Vniformity and Conformity more than true Christianity acting Supra-Canon and instead of coming farther from Rome by a further Reformation which our first Reformers designed and the moderate party desired they both in Doctrine Practice and Ceremonies made several advances towards Rome as Dr. Du Moulin sometimes History-Professor of Oxford relates in his Short History thereof which advances gave Popes and Papists no small hopes of Englands return to Rome as a Jesuit affirms shewing the changes in the Church of England and its affinity to Rome for he saith The Doctrine is altered in many things The Pope is no longer Anti christ Images are tollerated Praedestination on fore seen works Vniversal Grace Inherent Righteousness are all granted Free-Will is Preached up they have given to the 39. Articles a Catholick sence they acknowledge the Authority of the Church in deciding Controversies about matters of Faith and interpretation of Scripture they make frequent use of the more venerable Names of Priests and Altars and to be a Calvinist in England is to be a Traitor and a Heretick or worse to which may be added bowing to the East and Altar and setting up unlighted Candles in Churches which Dr Warmestry one of their own spoke against and said That they were a fit Emblem of our Ignorant and unprofitable Clergy which filled up the Candlesticks of the Churches but gave no Light And this party was Rampant in Lauds time who had a party of Monstrous tools as Montague Heilin Pocâ—…nton Dow Couzins Shelford Beel Stafford Watts and Fedder of no small figures with many more who under their own hands Publish'd Arminian and down-right Popish Doctrines and Tyrannical and enslaving Maxims of State and were so countenanced and protected by the King and some of the Court that they carried all before them and it was no small Crime for any to speak against their Romish Innovations and Intollerable Vsurpations both in Church and State as in the Cruel unchristian and Illegal punishments inflicted on some of their own Communion until their Designs were seasonably opposed checked by such of their Church who were sincere and uncorrupted when backt by Lords and Commons Assâ—mbled in Parliament in the year 1640 complaining in bold speeches of those that went after the Romish Way and though Laud had justly meted to him what he measured out to others which gave a considerable blow to his party and by that Revolution of Affairs greatly frustrated the hopes of Rome who were filled with great Expectations of Changes by their Agents and Deputies in England and though many suffer of almost Twenty years abducation from the Pulpits during the Civil Wars yet it is to be feared the Seed and Spawn of this faction has been growing since in the Church and so prevailing a party as were able to obstruct that Union accommodation and Comprehension designed between the Church of England and Dissenters first by a Commission from our most Gracious KING and late Gracious QUEEN and next by a Convocation who had but very small regard to their Majesties Supremacy in Ecclesiasticks and who so vigorously opposed what they had so lately addressed their Majesties
confess I have oft heard how some upon all occasions have bitterly run at the Doctrine of Predestination as if none maintained such a Doctrine but we And a Minister of your Island called it A damnable Doctrine and I now justly wonder to receive such a Character of Predestination from some that it is contrary to the word of God and a great discouragement to Piety Therefore I am now to produce the received and approved Doctrine of the Church of England concerning Predestination since the Reformation to this Day and shall begin with the 39 Articles agreed upon in a Convocation held at London 1552 in the Reign of Edw 6 and requently renewed ratifyed in the following Reigns and continued the established Doctrine of the Church to this day which Dissenters with some allowed exceptions subscribe as their own Doctrine as a legal qualification for our Liberty I wish you would read and consider again the 17th Article Viz. Predestination to life is the everlasting purpose of God whereby before the foundations of the World were laid he hath constantly decreed by his Counsel secret to us to deliver from curse damnation those whom he hath chosen in Christ Jesus out of mankind and to bring them by Christ to everlasting Salvation as vessels made to honour wherefore they that be endued with so Excellent a benefit of God be called according to Gods purpose by his Spirit working in due season they through Grace obey the calling they be Justifyed freely they be made Sons of God by Adoption they be made like the Image of his only begotten Son Jesus Christ they walk religiously in good works and at length by Gods mercy they attain to everlasting felicity As the Godly consideration of Predestination and our Election in Christ is full of sweet pleasant and unspeakable comfort to Godly persons and such as feel in themselves the workings of the Spirit of Christ mortifying the works of the flesh and their earthly members and drawing up their mind to high heavenly things as well because it doth establish and confirm their Faith of eternal Salvation to be enjoyed through Christ as because it doth frequently kindle their Love towards God so for curious and carnal persons lacking the Spirit of Christ to have continually before their eyes the sentence of Gods Predestination is a most dangerous downfall whereby the Devil doth thrust them either to desperation or into wretchlessness of most unclean living no less perilous than desperation Furthermore we must receive Gods promises in such wise as they be generally set forth to us in the holy Scriptures and and in our doings that will of God is to be followed which we have expressly declared to us in the word of God And as to the sense of this Article take it from the Learned of the Church of England Dr. Whitaker in his Cygne a Cantio pag. 16 17. Dr. Bridges stiles this The chiefest Article of the Church in Doctrine Mr Thomas Rogers in his Analysis bound up formerly with the Articles Dr. Thysins in his Commentary on Lambeth Articles sully explain this Article raise these conclusions from it 1. That there is a Predestination of certain men to eternal Life a preterition predestination or Reprobation of certain men unto Death 2. That this Predestination is no manifest no open Decree into the grounds causes of which every mean capacity may dive but a hidden purpose counsel or decree of God which is kept secret from us 3. That this Predestination to life is from Eternity 4. That it is altogether immutable and unchangeable as God himself This is the established Doctrine which all the Clergy of the Church of England subscribe or assent unto at Ordination The next demonstration and discovery of the Doctrine of the Church in this point is from the Lambeth Articles agreed upon at Lambeth House by John Arch-bishop of Canterbury Richard Bishop of London Richard Bishop of Bangor D◠Tindall Dean of Elie Dr. Whitaker professor of Divinity at Cambridge with several learned Divines of the Church with the approbation of Matthew Arch-Bishop of York composed at first in Latin and sent to the University of Cambridge to prevent and crush some Arminian Controversies that were beginning to be raised there yet I shall give you in English Four of Nine that relate to Predestination never yet impeached or rejected by the Church as inconsistent with the 39 Articles but inserted in the Ireland Articles and allowed of in the conference at Hampton Court 1. God from eternity hath Predestinated certain men unto Life certain men he hath Predestinated or reprobated unto Death 2. The moving and efficient cause of Predestination unto Life is not the fore sight of Faith or Perseverance or good works or of any thing in the persons Predestinated but only in the good will and pleasure of God 3. There is a Predestinate number of Predestinate which can neither be augmented nor diminished 4. Those who are not Predestinated unto Salvation are necessarily damned for their Sins This is more plain and particular than any thing I have heard taught by Presbyterians and yet it is the Doctrine of the Church of England The next Testimony from that Church for Predestination is the Articles of Ireland agreed upon by the Arch-Bishops Bishops and the Clergy of that Kingdom in a Convocation held at Düblin 1615. seeing they were English Divines and a part of the English Church under one King they were received approved and licensed by the Government as agreeable to the 39. Articles and also those of Lambeth therefore I shall record out of them what concerns Predestination or the Decrees of God Art 11 God from all eternity did by his unchangeable Counsel ordain whatsoever in time should come to pass yet so as thereby no violence is offered to the wills of the reasonable Creatures and neither the Liberty nor Contingency of Second causes is taken away but established rather 12. By the same eternal Counsel God hath Predestinated some unto Life and Reprobated some unto Death of both which there is a certain number known only to God which can neither he encreased nor diminished 13. Predestination unto Life is the everlasting purpose of God whereby before the foundations of the World were laid he hath constantly decreed in his Secret Counsel to deliver from curse and damnation those whom he hath chosen in Christ out of mankind and to bring them by Christ to everlasting Salvation as vessels made unto honour 14. The cause moving God to Predestinate is not the fore-seeing of Faith or Perseverance or Good Works or of any thing in the persons Predestinated but only the good pleasure of God himself for all things being ordained for the manifestation of his Glory and his Glory being to appear both in the works of his Mercy Justice it seemed good unto his heavenly wisdom to choose out a certain number toward whom he would extend his undeserved Mercy leaving the
rest to be Spectacles of his Justice 15 Such as are Predestinated unto Life be called according to Gods purpose his Spirit working in due season and through Grace they obey the calling they be Justifyed freely they be made Sons of God by Adoption they be made like the Image of his only begotten Son Jesus Christ they walk religiously in good Work and at length b◠Gods Mercy they attain to everlasting felicity but such as are not Predestinated to Salvation shall finally be condemned for their Sins 16. The Godly consideration of Predestination and our Election in Christ is full of sweet pleasant unspeakable comfort to Godly persons such as feel in themselves the working of the Spirit of Christ mortifying the works of the flesh their earthly members and drawing up their minds to high and heavenly things as well because it doth greatly confirm establish their faith of eternal Salvation to be enjoyed thro' Christ as because it doth servently kindle their Love towards God and on the contrary side for curious carnal persons lacking the Spirit of Christ to have continually before their Eyes the Sentence of Gods Predestination is very dangerous This is the Doctrine of the Church of Ireland so exactly agreeable to the 39 Articles those of Lambeth that I need say no more of them Another discovery of the Doctrine of Predestination is from the Suffrages of the five Representatives of the Church of England at the Synod of Dort Dr. Carleton Bishop of Chichester Dr. Samuel Ward publick Divinity professor at Cambridge Dr. Davenant Bishop of Satisbury Dr. Balcanquel Dean of Richester and Dr. Thomas Goad who were called and assembled to nip Arminianism in the bud and they being Commissionated sent by the Supream Authority in the Nation their Suffrages as recorded in the publick Acts of that Synod and by Dr. Ward in his Suffragium Britannorum are to be found were then received approved at the Doctrine of the Church of England And should it not appear a wonder and be a surprise to the hearers tho' the Preachers cannot be Ignorant of it that the Common Prayer Book the ordinary universal Book of their Devotion should give its Suffrage and bear its testimony for Predestination or Election which upon a more strict observation all shall find In the Collect for All Saints Day it begins Almighty God who hast knit together thine Elect in one communion and fellowship in the mystical Body of Christ Jesus our Lord. If God has an Elected people there must some be left out and passed by otherwise there can be no Election or Choice In the Catechism generally taught unto Children in Answer to Q. 6. It is replyed in the third place In God the Holy Ghost who Sanctifyed me and all the Elect people of God which plainly instructs us that God chooseth to Sanctification and holiness as well as to Salvation and that all Elect ones shall be Sanctifyed consequently Saved In the burial of the Dead in the first prayer after the Lords Prayer Beseeching thee that it may please thee of thy gracious Goodness shortly to accomplish the number of thine Elect. Here is not only an Elect but a definite and certain Number determined with God which are not yet accomprished and the number of such as are left out and passed by is also certain and determined In 〈◊〉 Godly prayer at all times which is added to some old Bibles there is this passage In that it hath pleased thee freely and of thine own accord to Elect and choose us to Salvation before the beginning of the World This is plain language and in the Books of Devotion and even those who little thought Common Prayer favoured Predestination which they oft called a Damnable Doctrine and is so particular for a Doctrine some of your Neighbours have asserted contrary to the word of God and a great discouragement to Piety So that I wonder how the Oxford Oath of Assent Consent shall relish for the future wherein men Swear That nothing is contained in the Book of Cannons Ordination of Bishops and Common Prayer contrary to the word of God seeing Predestination is found in one of them We call in also to witness for us the Homilies of the Church which appear to be principally the established Doctrine thereof for the most part composed by the Arch-bishop Cranmer who sealed among many more this and other truths with his Blood It were too tedious to transcribe all here but I shall give a passage or two to engage Readers to be more attentive and observant for the suture Therefore in the 2d part about p. 160. God of his mercy special favour towards them whom he hath appointed to everlasting Salvation hath so offered his Grace especially and they have so received it fruitfully that altho' by reason of their sinful living out wardly they seemed before to have been the Children of wrath perdition yet now the Spirit of God mightily working in them unto the obedience of Gods will that they are the undoubted Children of God appointed unto everlasting Life for the Good fruit is not the cause the tree is good but the tree must first be good before it can bring forth good fruit This much more may be found in both parts for confirmation of this Doctrine of Predestination I refer you also to a Church of England Catechism enjoyned by K Edw. 6. to all Schoolmasters for instruction of Children throughout the Kingdom wherein it is asserted That the faithful were sorechosen Predestinated and appointed to everlasting life before the world was made that the cause of our Justification Salvation is the goodness love of God whereby he chose us before he made the world I cannot omit certain Questions Answers concerning Predestination published by Robert Parker continued to be bound in with your Bibles until the year 1615. I shall give you a hint thereof in two or three Questions relating to Predestination Q Are not all ordained to eternal Life A. Some are Vessels of Wrath ordained to Destruction as others are Vessels of Mercy prepared for Glory Q How standeth it with Gods Justice that some are appointed to Damnation A. Very well because all men have in themselves Sin which deserveth no less therefore the mercy of God is wonderful in that he Vouched to save some of that sinful race and to bring them to the knowledge of the Truth Q. But how shall I know I am ordained to eternal life A. By the motions of Spiritual Life which belongeth only to the Children of God I might enlarge with variety of Testimonies in favour of this Doctrine from the Learned and Godly in all the past Reigns from the Reformation down ward and shall conclude with that honourable and venerable Suffrage of Primate Vsher in his Sum and substance of Christian Religion which for the Satisfaction of all I shall deliver in his own words Q What are
the parts of Predestination A Election Reprobation Q. What is Election A. T is the everlasting Predestination or fore appointment of certain Angels and men unto everlasting life and blessedness for the praise of Gods glorious Grace and Goodness Q What is Reprobation A. It is the eternal fore-appointment of certain Angels men unto everlasting Dishonour and Destruction God of his own free will determining to pass them by refuse cast them off and for sin condemn and punish them with eternal Death And to these you may add most Church of England Books common among us as also that common Book almost in every Family The Practice of Piety So it is to be hoped you will not adventure to say the Church of Scotland holds any other Predestination than what is the Doctrine of the Church of England or that it is contrary to the word of God and a great discouragement to Piety I am very unwilling to engage in a further controversy about this Doctrine so fully handled and sufficiently vindicated already lest I should engage some of your Island in a most unnatural War against their own Mother Church and should it not be a Paradox to Barbados to hear of a Presbyterian taking up the Cudgels in defence of a fundamental established Doctrine against a Son a Member and a Minister of the English Church And seeing one hath been pleased to run upon Quaeries on this occasion I am obliged to entertain you with a few concerning the controverted Doctrine in behalf both of Dissenters and the Church of England The Quaeries are these 1. Whether God be not an absolute Sovereign power being having infinitely a greater more illimited and boundless Authority over the highest and best of his creatures without being controuled by or accountable to them I say more than the Potter has over the clay he frames at his pleasure for honourable dishonourable uses services 2. Whether God from an infinite and eternal knowledge knows infallibly the certain determined number of them that shall be Saved and shall be Damned which number shall never be encreased neither can be diminished 3. Whether it is God of his own will free grace and goodness that makes the difference between Believers and Vnbelievers 4. Whether the immutable and unchangeable Decrees of God in the execution of them rob the creature of its liberty in acting or doing 5. Whether a Sinner without the special and entire Grace of God can repent believe regenerate and save himself 6. Whether God can be accounted unjust for damning a part while he might justly have damned the whore World for their Sir 7 Whether God designed the Salvation of any without holiness faith and repentance or the damnation of any without fore-running Sin final unbelief and impenitence 8 Whether God absolutely and unchangeably determined with himself the period and end of our dayes in this life 9. Whether God the Father determined from all eternity to send his own Son our Saviour into the World all his particular Sufferings in the World 10 Whether we should decry or disown those great transcending Mysteries of God's Counsel because we cannot reach nor comprehend them with our shallow and narrow Capacities or carnal apprehensions If any intend to give any resolution to these ten Quaeries I hope I need not caution them against such things as inâ—ringe and may tend to impeach the absolute Sovereignty and Prerogative of Heaven or condemn their own Church And I assure my self they will not revive again those groundless silly and inconsequential Allegations vulgarly heaped up against this Doctrine which have been long since unswered confuted and overthrown FINIS