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doctrine_n believe_v church_n infallible_a 2,870 5 9.5232 5 false
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ID Title Author Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication) STC Words Pages
A61802 A discourse concerning the necessity of reformation with respect to the errors and corruptions of the Church of Rome : the first part. Stratford, Nicholas, 1633-1707. 1685 (1685) Wing S5930; ESTC R10160 55,727 60

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iu._n who_o be_v depose_v by_o it_o if_o therefore_o a_o general_n council_n confirm_v by_o the_o pope_n can_v err_v it_o be_v infallible_o certain_a and_o according_a to_o the_o principle_n of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n a_o article_n of_o faith_n that_o the_o reformation_n of_o the_o church_n be_v necessary_a shall_v we_o now_o pass_v from_o the_o clergy_n to_o the_o laity_n from_o bishop_n cardinals_z pope_n and_o council_n to_o secular_a state_n king_n and_o emperor_n we_o shall_v find_v that_o they_o be_v also_o high_o sensible_a of_o the_o corruption_n and_o abuse_n usurpation_n and_o oppression_n of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n and_o many_o of_o they_o zealous_a and_o active_a in_o their_o endeavour_n to_o reform_v they_o what_o great_a complaint_n be_v make_v by_o many_o of_o our_o king_n of_o england_n against_o the_o encroachment_n of_o rome_n how_o often_o do_v they_o petition_v the_o pope_n for_o a_o redress_n but_o find_v no_o relief_n from_o thence_o edward_n the_o 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principales_fw-la c._n 3._o and_o though_o some_o romanist_n be_v now_o ashamed_a to_o own_v it_o yet_o no_o less_o a_o man_n than_o lessius_fw-la tell_v we_o that_o if_o king_n may_v not_o be_v depose_v by_o the_o pope_n then_o of_o necessity_n must_v the_o general_n council_n of_o lateran_n have_v err_v but_o what_o can_v be_v more_o manifest_a than_o that_o this_o doctrine_n be_v contradictory_n to_o the_o holy_a scripture_n which_o tell_v we_o in_o express_a term_n that_o the_o king_n be_v supreme_a 13._o supreme_a 1_o epist_n pet._n 2._o 13._o and_o command_v every_o soul_n to_o be_v subject_a to_o the_o high_a civil_a power_n 1._o power_n rom._n 13._o 1._o nothing_o can_v be_v more_o repugnant_a to_o the_o doctrine_n of_o the_o primitive_a father_n who_o teach_v that_o the_o emperor_n be_v the_o supreme_a power_n on_o earth_n that_o he_o be_v subject_a to_o god_n only_o and_o that_o all_o other_o person_n be_v put_v in_o subjection_n under_o he_o 2._o he_o tertull._n apolog_fw-la c._n 30._o &_o ad_fw-la scapu●●m_fw-la c._n 2._o that_o neither_o prophet_n
nor_o evangelist_n no_o nor_o apostle_n and_o therefore_o not_o s._n peter_n himself_n be_v exempt_a from_o subjection_n to_o he_o 1._o he_o s._n chrysost_o ad_fw-la rom._n c._n 13._o v._n 1._o and_o such_o as_o their_o doctrine_n be_v such_o be_v their_o practice_n though_o their_o emperor_n be_v idolater_n and_o implacable_a enemy_n to_o the_o name_n of_o christ_n yet_o they_o think_v it_o not_o in_o the_o pope_n power_n to_o set_v they_o loose_v from_o subjection_n to_o they_o nor_o do_v any_o pope_n in_o those_o day_n pretend_v to_o such_o a_o power_n and_o therefore_o they_o choose_v rather_o to_o die_v when_o they_o have_v the_o great_a provocation_n to_o resist_v and_o when_o the_o number_n of_o the_o christian_n be_v so_o great_a that_o they_o be_v able_a with_o ease_n to_o have_v vanquish_v their_o enemy_n demetrianum_n enemy_n cyprian_a ad_fw-la demetrianum_n it_o be_v a_o doctrine_n that_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o confession_n and_o practice_n of_o the_o ancient_a bishop_n of_o rome_n who_o take_v the_o emperor_n for_o their_o lord_n and_o master_n and_o yield_v themselves_o his_o most_o humble_a and_o obedient_a servant_n and_o subject_n so_o do_v pope_n gregory_n the_o great_a 62._o great_a greg._n m._n ep._n 2._o 62._o and_o before_o pope_n gelasius_n i._o 8._o i._o gelasii_fw-la ep._n 8._o and_o after_o he_o pope_n agatho_n 6._o agatho_n epist_n ad_fw-la constantinum_n imp._n actione_n 4._o syn._n 6._o vide_fw-la etiam_fw-la richerium_fw-la hist_o council_n general_n l._n 1._o c._n 10_o s._n ●_o 6._o in_o short_a it_o be_v a_o doctrine_n that_o involve_v the_o high_a impiety_n against_o god_n the_o great_a injustice_n towards_o man_n that_o subvert_v the_o foundation_n of_o government_n and_o be_v inconsistent_a with_o humane_a society_n no_o man_n can_v recount_v the_o usurpation_n and_o rapine_n the_o perjury_n and_o murder_n the_o treason_n and_o rebellion_n the_o confusion_n and_o desolation_n it_o have_v cause_v in_o the_o world_n 4._o the_o next_o instance_n shall_v be_v that_o which_o be_v likewise_o decree_v by_o the_o four_o lateran_n council_n 1._o council_n cap._n 1._o viz._n the_o monstrous_a doctrine_n of_o transubstantiation_n for_o the_o belief_n of_o which_o there_o be_v no_o better_a ground_n in_o scripture_n than_o that_o the_o church_n be_v transubstantiate_v or_o that_o the_o rock_n in_o the_o wilderness_n be_v substantial_o change_v into_o christ_n because_o the_o church_n be_v call_v christ_n body_n 23._o body_n ephes_n 1._o 23._o and_o it_o be_v say_v that_o the_o rock_n which_o follow_v the_o israelite_n be_v christ_n 4._o christ_n 1_o corinth_n 10._o 4._o but_o because_o it_o be_v confess_v by_o many_o of_o their_o own_o learned_a writer_n we_o may_v therefore_o take_v it_o for_o grant_v that_o this_o doctrine_n can_v be_v prove_v by_o scripture_n yea_o that_o it_o be_v contrary_a to_o it_o be_v manifest_a because_o we_o find_v in_o scripture_n that_o the_o sacramental_a element_n after_o the_o word_n of_o consecration_n be_v pass_v be_v call_v the_o bread_n and_o the_o cup_n as_o they_o be_v before_o 28._o before_o 1_o corinth_n 11._o 26_o 27_o 28._o and_o if_o we_o may_v believe_v our_o saviour_n the_o wine_n after_o it_o be_v consecrate_v and_o make_v the_o blood_n of_o the_o new_a testament_n be_v no_o other_o for_o substance_n than_o the_o fruit_n of_o the_o vine_n for_o after_o he_o have_v say_v this_o be_v my_o blood_n of_o the_o new_a testament_n he_o add_v but_o i_o say_v unto_o you_o that_o i_o will_v not_o henceforth_o drink_v of_o the_o fruit_n of_o the_o vine_n etc._n etc._n 29._o etc._n matth._n 26._o 29._o that_o the_o father_n for_o seven_o hundred_o year_n after_o christ_n believe_v the_o element_n after_o consecration_n to_o remain_v the_o same_o for_o substance_n be_v beyond_o all_o contradiction_n prove_v by_o many_o protestant_a writer_n particular_o in_o two_o short_a discourse_n late_o write_v upon_o this_o subject_a transubstantiation_n subject_a letter_n to_o lady_n t._n discourse_n against_o transubstantiation_n and_o that_o the_o pope_n themselves_o be_v of_o the_o same_o belief_n in_o the_o five_o century_n be_v evident_a for_o sure_o say_v pope_n gelasius_n the_o sacrament_n we_o receive_v of_o the_o body_n and_o blood_n of_o christ_n be_v a_o divine_a thing_n for_o which_o we_o be_v also_o by_o they_o make_v partaker_n of_o a_o divine_a nature_n and_o yet_o the_o substance_n or_o nature_n of_o bread_n and_o wine_n do_v not_o cease_v to_o be_v 4._o be_v certain_o sacramenta_fw-la quae_fw-la sumimus_fw-la corporis_fw-la &_o sanguinis_fw-la christi_fw-la divina_fw-la res_fw-la est_fw-la propter_fw-la quod_fw-la &_o per_fw-la tadem_fw-la divinae_fw-la efficimur_fw-la consortes_fw-la naturae_fw-la &_o tamen_fw-la esse_fw-la non_fw-la definit_a substantia_fw-la vel_fw-la natura_fw-la panis_fw-la &_o vini_fw-la de_fw-fr duab_n nat_n in_o christo_n biblioth_n patr._n tom._n 4._o yea_o so_o far_o be_v transubstantiation_n from_o be_v the_o doctrine_n of_o the_o primitive_a church_n that_o we_o can_v meet_v with_o nothing_o like_o it_o till_o near_o the_o end_n of_o the_o eight_o century_n and_o tho_o as_o soon_o as_o it_o be_v start_v it_o be_v vigorous_o oppose_v by_o the_o most_o learned_a man_n of_o that_o time_n yet_o by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o deplorable_a ignorance_n and_o superstition_n of_o that_o and_o the_o two_o next_o succeed_v age_n it_o be_v by_o slow_a degree_n nurse_v up_o and_o bring_v to_o its_o full_a growth_n till_o at_o length_n it_o come_v to_o be_v establish_v for_o a_o article_n of_o faith_n in_o the_o lateran_n council_n under_o pope_n innocent_n iii_o in_o the_o year_n 1215._o nor_o be_v it_o only_o destitute_a of_o the_o authority_n of_o scripture_n and_o the_o ancient_a church_n but_o plain_o destructive_a of_o our_o whole_a religion_n by_o subvert_v the_o main_a foundation_n upon_o which_o it_o stand_v for_o if_o that_o be_v indeed_o the_o flesh_n of_o a_o man_n which_o we_o see_v and_o feel_v and_o taste_v to_o be_v bread_n what_o assurance_n can_v we_o have_v that_o there_o ever_o be_v any_o such_o man_n in_o the_o world_n as_o jesus_n of_o nazareth_n or_o that_o he_o ever_o wrought_v one_o miracle_n in_o it_o the_o cerrainty_n of_o which_o depend_v upon_o the_o certainty_n of_o our_o sense_n and_o therefore_o s._n john_n appeal_v to_o they_o as_o the_o great_a unquestionable_a proof_n of_o the_o truth_n of_o our_o religion_n 3._o religion_n 1_o epist_n john_n 1._o 1_o 2_o 3._o we_o have_v therefore_o the_o same_o assurance_n that_o transubstantiation_n be_v false_a as_o that_o the_o gospel_n of_o christ_n be_v true_a nor_o be_v it_o more_o opposite_a to_o sense_n than_o reason_n the_o belief_n of_o it_o imply_v ten_o thousand_o contradiction_n to_o which_o we_o may_v add_v the_o horrible_a impiety_n it_o involve_v that_o the_o glorify_a body_n of_o our_o saviour_n shall_v be_v contract_v to_o the_o crumb_n of_o a_o wafer_n that_o he_o shall_v be_v perfect_o deprive_v of_o sense_n and_o reason_n that_o he_o shall_v not_o be_v able_a to_o defend_v himself_o against_o the_o assault_n of_o the_o most_o contemptible_a vermin_n that_o he_o shall_v be_v swallow_v down_o whole_a and_o if_o the_o stomach_n of_o the_o communicant_a chance_n to_o be_v foul_a or_o overcharge_v with_o wine_n that_o he_o shall_v be_v vomit_v up_o again_o good_a god_n what_o man_n who_o be_v not_o quite_o forsake_v of_o religion_n reason_n and_o sense_n who_o be_v not_o himself_o transubstantiate_v into_o something_o below_o either_o man_n or_o beast_n can_v believe_v these_o thing_n 5._o that_o the_o marriage_n of_o priest_n be_v unlawful_a this_o doctrine_n the_o church_n of_o rome_n borrow_a from_o the_o ancient_a heretic_n especial_o from_o the_o manichee_n who_o allow_v marriage_n to_o their_o hearer_n as_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n do_v to_o layman_n but_o forbid_v it_o to_o their_o elect_n 18._o elect_n hic_fw-la non_fw-la dubito_fw-la ve_z esse_fw-la clamaturos_fw-la invidiamque_fw-la facturos_fw-la castitatem_fw-la perfectam_fw-la vos_fw-la uchementer_fw-la commendare_fw-la atqui_fw-la laudare_fw-la non_fw-la tamen_fw-la nuptias_fw-la prohibere_fw-la quandoquidem_fw-la auditores_fw-la vestri_fw-la quorum_fw-la apud_fw-la vos_fw-la secundus_fw-la est_fw-la gradus_fw-la ducere_fw-la atque_fw-la habere_fw-la non_fw-la prohibentur_fw-la vxores_fw-la aug._n de_fw-fr moribus_fw-la manichaeorum_fw-la l._n 2._o c._n 18._o as_o that_o church_n do_v to_o her_o priest_n the_o first_o pope_n we_o read_v of_o that_o condemn_v the_o marriage_n of_o priest_n be_v siricius_n almost_o four_o hundred_o year_n after_o christ_n though_o he_o seem_v by_o his_o epistle_n if_o they_o be_v indeed_o he_o rather_o to_o dissuade_v priest_n from_o it_o than_o peremptory_o to_o forbid_v it_o binium_fw-la it_o epist_n 1_o &_o 4._o apud_fw-la binium_fw-la pope_n calixtus_n ii_o absolute_o forbid_v priest_n marriage_n and_o in_o case_n they_o be_v marry_v command_v they_o to_o be_v separate_v 8._o separate_v presby●eris_fw-la diaconis_fw-la subdiaconis_fw-la &_o monachis_fw-la concubinas_fw-la
it_o be_v one_o kind_n of_o quality_n other_o that_o it_o be_v another_o some_o place_v it_o in_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o soul_n some_o in_o the_o understanding_n some_o in_o will_n etc._n etc._n 239._o etc._n p._n 239._o and_o in_o case_n the_o intention_n of_o the_o priest_n be_v necessary_a then_o as_o the_o bishop_n of_o minori_fw-la unanswerable_o argue_v in_o that_o council_n if_o a_o priest_n have_v charge_n of_o four_o or_o five_o thousand_o soul_n be_v a_o infidel_n but_o a_o formal_a hypocrite_n and_o in_o absolve_v the_o penitent_a baptise_v of_o child_n and_o consecrate_v the_o eucharist_n have_v no_o intention_n to_o do_v what_o the_o church_n do_v it_o must_v be_v say_v that_o the_o child_n be_v damn_v the_o penitent_n not_o absolve_v and_o that_o all_o remain_v without_o the_o fruit_n of_o the_o communion_n 241._o communion_n history_n of_o the_o council_n of_o trent_n l._n 2._o p._n 241._o and_o what_o a_o horrible_a abuse_n be_v it_o to_o make_v such_o thing_n as_o these_o article_n of_o faith_n and_o impose_v they_o upon_o all_o man_n to_o be_v believe_v under_o peril_n of_o damnation_n 7._o the_o doctrine_n of_o merit_n that_o the_o good_a work_n of_o justify_v person_n be_v true_o meritorious_a deserve_v not_o only_o the_o increase_n of_o grace_n but_o eternal_a life_n yea_o a_o increase_n of_o glory_n 32._o glory_n council_n trident._n sess_n 6._o can_v 32._o whereas_o the_o scripture_n tell_v we_o that_o our_o goodness_n extend_v not_o to_o god_n 2._o god_n psal_n 16._o 2._o that_o not_o only_o all_o that_o we_o do_v but_o all_o that_o we_o can_v suffer_v be_v not_o worthy_a to_o be_v compare_v with_o the_o glory_n that_o shall_v be_v reveal_v 18._o reveal_v rom._n 8._o 18._o that_o when_o we_o have_v do_v all_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v command_v we_o we_o be_v still_o unprofitable_a servant_n and_o have_v do_v no_o more_o than_o what_o be_v our_o duty_n 10_o duty_n luk._n 17._o 10_o that_o we_o can_v give_v nothing_o to_o god_n but_o what_o we_o have_v first_o receive_v from_o he_o that_o we_o be_v oblige_v to_o he_o for_o the_o good_a we_o do_v as_o well_o as_o for_o that_o we_o receive_v since_o all_o our_o good_a work_n be_v entire_o owe_v to_o his_o grace_n be_v the_o free_a gift_n of_o his_o holy_a spirit_n who_o work_v in_o we_o both_o to_o will_v and_o to_o do_v 13._o do_v phil._n 2._o 13._o yea_o even_a reason_n itself_o teach_v we_o that_o whatsoever_o we_o be_v and_o whatsoever_o we_o have_v it_o be_v all_o receive_v from_o he_o that_o we_o can_v give_v nothing_o to_o he_o that_o it_o shall_v be_v recompense_v to_o we_o again_o that_o the_o best_a service_n we_o can_v perform_v be_v no_o matter_n of_o favour_n but_o a_o debt_n we_o owe_v he_o and_o in_o case_n they_o be_v whole_o our_o own_o yet_o if_o put_v in_o the_o balance_n with_o that_o exceed_a and_o eternal_a weight_n of_o glory_n will_v be_v infinite_o too_o light_a though_o therefore_o we_o ready_o grant_v that_o our_o good_a work_n be_v not_o only_a condition_n but_o necessary_a qualification_n by_o which_o we_o be_v make_v meet_a to_o be_v partaker_n of_o the_o inheritance_n of_o the_o saint_n in_o light_n and_o without_o which_o we_o be_v not_o so_o much_o as_o capable_a of_o enjoy_v it_o though_o we_o do_v not_o condemn_v the_o word_n merit_n in_o that_o large_a sense_n in_o which_o it_o be_v use_v by_o the_o ancient_a doctor_n of_o the_o church_n as_o it_o signify_v a_o work_n that_o be_v praiseworthy_a and_o to_o which_o god_n have_v promise_v a_o reward_n as_o it_o denote_v a_o mean_n appoint_v by_o god_n in_o order_n to_o the_o bring_v we_o to_o heaven_n yet_o we_o can_v in_o no_o wise_a grant_n that_o any_o work_n of_o we_o be_v true_o and_o in_o a_o proper_a sense_n meritorious_a but_o whatsoever_o right_a be_v thereby_o acquire_v to_o eternal_a life_n it_o be_v found_v in_o the_o gracious_a promise_n of_o god_n who_o have_v declare_v that_o he_o will_v reward_v our_o poor_a and_o imperfect_a service_n with_o glory_n honour_n and_o immortality_n 8._o though_o every_o sin_n be_v in_o its_o own_o nature_n deadly_a yet_o the_o distinction_n of_o sin_n into_o mortal_a and_o venial_a be_v in_o a_o sense_n admit_v by_o protestant_n viz._n if_o by_o mortal_a be_v mean_v such_o a_o grievous_a sin_n as_o actual_o exclude_v a_o man_n from_o the_o favour_n of_o god_n and_o put_v he_o into_o a_o state_n of_o damnation_n as_o all_o those_o do_v mention_v 1_o cor._n 6._o 9_o 10._o and_o every_o other_o wilful_a sin_n by_o veniul_a such_o a_o light_a sin_n for_o which_o god_n in_o the_o gospel_n covenant_n make_v allowance_n and_o which_o he_o will_v not_o impute_v to_o condemnation_n to_o those_o who_o sincere_o endeavour_v to_o do_v whatsoever_o he_o command_v as_o sin_n of_o ignorance_n and_o mere_a infirmity_n but_o this_o distinction_n as_o it_o be_v common_o explain_v and_o apply_v by_o the_o romish_a doctor_n be_v plain_o destructive_a of_o a_o holy_a life_n and_o one_o of_o the_o great_a encouragement_n to_o vice_n for_o a_o venial_a sin_n in_o their_o divinity_n be_v a_o sin_n that_o in_o its_o own_o nature_n be_v so_o light_a and_o small_a that_o it_o can_v deprive_v a_o man_n of_o the_o favour_n of_o god_n or_o render_v he_o obnoxious_a to_o eternal_a death_n 210._o death_n p●●catum_fw-la aliquod_fw-la dicitur_fw-la veniale_a ex_fw-la natura_fw-la sva_fw-la &_o propria_fw-la ratione_fw-la &_o est_fw-la illud_fw-la quod_fw-la ex_fw-la se_fw-la &_o sva_fw-la natura_fw-la est_fw-la tam_fw-la leave_n &_o tam_fw-la minutum_fw-la ut_fw-la non_fw-la valeat_fw-la aliquem_fw-la privare_fw-la ●ratia_fw-la divina_fw-la aut_fw-la facere_fw-la illum_fw-la dei_fw-la inimicum_fw-la aut_fw-la redde●e_fw-la illum_fw-la dignum_fw-la mo●te_fw-la ●terna_fw-la alphons_n de_fw-fr castro_n advers._fw-la haeres_fw-la l._n 12._o fol._n 210._o and_o if_o you_o ask_v they_o what_o sin_v in_o particular_a these_o venial_a sin_n be_v scarce_o any_o sin_n can_v be_v name_v but_o some_o or_o other_o of_o their_o most_o approve_a casuist_n will_v tell_v you_o it_o be_v no_o more_o than_o venial_a even_o lie_v and_o slander_v false_a witness_n and_o perjury_n theft_n and_o covetousness_n gluttony_n and_o drunkenness_n be_v place_v in_o the_o catalogue_n of_o these_o little_a harmless_a sin_n now_o let_v these_o venial_a sin_n be_v never_o so_o numerous_a the_o great_a evil_n which_o according_a to_o their_o doctrine_n they_o can_v expose_v a_o man_n to_o be_v no_o more_o than_o the_o temporary_a pain_n of_o purgatory_n and_o these_o they_o tell_v we_o may_v be_v buy_v off_o at_o so_o cheap_a a_o rate_n that_o there_o be_v no_o man_n in_o such_o unhappy_a circumstance_n but_o he_o may_v purchase_v his_o release_n from_o they_o and_o what_o then_o remain_v to_o give_v check_n to_o a_o man_n sinful_a appetite_n 9_o but_o for_o their_o looseness_n in_o venial_n some_o may_v think_v they_o have_v make_v amends_o by_o the_o severity_n of_o their_o doctrine_n concern_v mortal_a sin_n for_o no_o man_n as_o their_o church_n teach_v can_v obtain_v the_o pardon_n of_o these_o without_o confession_n to_o a_o priest_n and_o perform_v the_o penance_n he_o impose_v for_o they_o and_o this_o confession_n must_v be_v complete_a not_o only_o of_o the_o kind_n but_o of_o the_o particular_a sin_n together_o with_o the_o circumstance_n which_o change_v the_o kind_n that_o a_o penance_n may_v be_v enjoin_v proportionable_a to_o they_o 7._o they_o condil_n trident._n sess_n 14._o c._n ●_o de_fw-fr p●nitent_n can._n 4._o &_o 7._o but_o beside_o that_o we_o find_v no_o such_o sort_n of_o confession_n require_v by_o christ_n or_o his_o apostle_n no_o nor_o use_v in_o the_o church_n for_o more_o than_o four_o hundred_o year_n but_o on_o the_o contrary_a that_o our_o bless_a saviour_n propose_v pardon_n of_o sin_n how_o mortal_a soever_o upon_o condition_n of_o sincere_a repentance_n and_o new_a obedience_n beside_o that_o the_o thing_n itself_o be_v unpracticable_a for_o how_o shall_v a_o ignorant_a mechanic_n know_v what_o those_o circumstance_n be_v that_o change_n the_o kind_n when_o perhaps_o his_o confessor_n be_v not_o able_a to_o tell_v he_o how_o shall_v he_o know_v which_o sin_n be_v mortal_a and_o which_o be_v venial_a when_o their_o most_o learned_a casuist_n be_v at_o no_o agreement_n among_o themselves_o about_o they_o but_o that_o which_o one_o say_v be_v mortal_a another_o say_v be_v no_o more_o than_o venial_a and_o their_o seraphical_a doctor_n affirm_v that_o many_o sin_n be_v believe_v to_o be_v venial_a that_o be_v mortal_a and_o it_o be_v a_o most_o difficult_a thing_n to_o discern_v the_o one_o from_o the_o other_o 1._o other_o multa_fw-la enim_fw-la frequenter_a ereduntur_fw-la esse_fw-la venialia_fw-la quae_fw-la mortalia_fw-la sunt_fw-la &_o diffici●limum_fw-la est_fw-la in_o talibus_fw-la discernere_fw-la bonavent_n l._n 2._o do_v 24._o par_fw-fr 2._o dub._n