altogether ignorant of their whole businesse and concerns but if he shall say that they do operate and that they are directed to this end he doth affirm the same thing which a little before he denied and praiseth that which even now he condemned in that he said that the Celestial bodies situate so far remote as that they appear very small cannot have any influence at all upon the Earth But good Sir in the Starry Sphere pre-established at its present distance and which you did acknowledg to be in your judgment well proportioned to have an influence upon these Terrene bodies many stars appear very small and an hundred times as many more are wholly invisible unto us which is an appearing yet lesse than very small therefore it is necessary that contradicting your self you do now deny their operation upon the Earth or else that still contradicting your self you grant that their appearing very small doth not in the least lessen their influence or else that and this shall be a more sincere and modest concession you acknowledg and freely confesse that our passing judgment upon their magnitudes and distances is a vanity not to say presumption or rashnesse SIMP Truth is I my self did also in reading this passage perceive the manifest contradiction in saying that the Stars if one may so speak of Copernicus appearing so very small could not operate on the Earth and not perceiving that he had granted an influence upon the Earth to those of Ptolomy and his sectators which appear not only very small but are for the most part very invisible SALV But I proceed to another consideration What is the reason doth he say why the stars appear so little Is it haply because they seem so to us Doth not he know that this commeth from the Instrument that we imploy in beholding them to wit from our eye And that this is true by changing Instrument we shall see them bigger and bigger as much as we will And who knows but that to the Earth which beholdeth them without eyes they may not shew very great and such as in reality they are But it 's time that omitting these trifles we come to things of more moment and therefore I having already demonstrated these two things First how far off the Firmament ought to be placed to make that the grand Orb causeth no greater difference than that which the Terrestrial Orb occasioneth in the remotenesse of the Sun And next how likewise to make that a star of the Firmament appear to us of the same bignesse as now we see it it is not necessary to suppose it bigger than the Sun I would know whether Tycho or any of his adherents hath ever attempted to find out by any means whether any appearance be to be discovered in the starry Sphere upon which one may the more resolutely deny or admit the annual motion of the Earth SAGR. I would answer for them that there is not no nor is there any need there should seeing that it is Copernicus himself that saith that no such diversity is there and they arguing ad hominem admit him the same and upon this assumption they demonstrate the improbability that followeth thereupon namely that it would be necessary to make the Sphere so immense that a fixed star to appear unto us as great as it now seems ought of necessity to be of so immense a magnitude as that it would exceed the bignesse of the whole grand Orb a thing which notwithstanding as they say is altogether incredible SALV I am of the same judgment and verily believe that they argue contra hominem studying more to defend another man than desiring to come to the knowledge of the truth And I do not only believe that none of them ever applied themselves to make any such observation but I am also uncertain whether any of them do know what alteration the Earths annual motion ought to produce in the fixed stars in case the starry Sphere were not so far distant as that in them the said diversity by reason of its minuity dis-appeareth for their surceasing that inquisition and referring themselves to the meer assertion of Copernicus may very well serve to convict a man but not to acquit him of the fact For its possible that such a diversity may be and yet not have been sought for or that either by reason of its minuity or for want of exact Instruments it was not discovered by Copernicus for though it were so this would not be the first thing that he either for want of Instruments or for some other defect hath not known and yet he proceeding upon other solid and rational conjectures affirmeth that which the things by him not discovered do seem to contradict for as hath been said already without the Telescope neither could Mars be discerned to increase 60. times nor Venus 40. more in that than in this position yea their differences appear much lesse than really they are and yet neverthelesse it is certainly discovered at length that those mutations are the same to an hair that the Copernican Systeme required Now it would be very well if with the greatest accuratenesse possible one should enquire whether such a mutation as ought to be discoverable in the fixed stars supposing the annual motion of the Earth would be observed really and in effect a thing which I verily believe hath never as yet been done by any done said I no nor haply as I said before by many well understood how it ought to be done Nor speak I this at randome for I have heretofore seen a certain Manuscript of one of these Anti-Copernicans which said that there would necessarily follow in case that opinion were true a continual rising and falling of the Pole from six moneths to six moneths according as the Earth in such a time by such a space as is the diameter of the grand Orb retireth one while towards the North and another while towards the South and yet it seemed to him reasonable yea necessary that we following the Earth when we were towards the North should have the Pole more elevated than when we are towards the South In this very error did one fall that was otherwise a very skilful Mathematician a follower of Copernic as Tycho relateth in his Progymnasma pag. 684. which said that he had observed the Polar altitude to vary and to differ in Summer from what it is in Winter and because Tycho denieth the merit of the cause but findeth no fault with the method of it that is denieth that there is any mutation to be seen in the altitude of the Pole but doth not blame the inquisition for not being adapted to the finding of what is sought he thereby sheweth that he also esteeemed the Polar altitude varied or not varied every six moneths to be a good testimony to disprove or inferre the annual motion of the Earth SIMP In truth Salviatus my opinion also tells me
because the angle F is acute by reason that its base AB is lesse than the diameter DC of the semicircle DFC it shall be placed in the greater portion of the circumscribed circle cut by the base AB And because the said AB is divided in the midst and at right angles by FG the centre of the circumscribed circle shall be in the line FG which let be the point I and because that of such lines as are drawn from the point G which is not the centre unto the circumference of the circumscribed circle the biggest is that which passeth by the centre GF shall be bigger than any other that is drawn from the point G to the circumference of the said circle and therefore that circumference will cut the line GH which is equal to the line GF and cutting GH it will also cut AH Let it cut it in L and conjoyn the line LB These two angles therefore AFB and ALB shall be equal as being in the same portion of the circle circumscribed But ALB external is bigger than the internal H therefore the angle F is bigger than the angle H. And by the same method we might demonstrate the angle H to be bigger than the angle E because that of the circle described about the triangle AHB the centre is in the perpendicular GF to which the line GH is nearer than the line GE and therefore the circumference of it cutteth GE and also AE whereupon the proposition is manifest We will conclude from hence that the difference of appearance which with the proper term of art we might call the Parallax of the fixed stars is greater or lesse according as the Stars observed are more or lesse adjacent to the Pole of the Ecliptick so that in conclusion of those Stars that are in the Ecliptick it self the said diversity is reduced to nothing In the next place as to the Earths accession by that motion to or recession from the Stars it appeareth to and recedeth from those that are in the Ecliptick the quantity of the whole diameter of the grand Orb as we did see even now but that accession or recession to or from the stars about the Pole of the Ecliptick is almost nothing and in going to and from others this difference groweth greater according as they are neerer to the Ecliptick We may in the third place know that the said difference of Aspect groweth greater or lesser according as the Star observed shall be neerer to us or farther from us For if we draw another Meridian lesse distant from the Earth as for example this DFI in Fig. 7. a Star placed in F and seen by the same ray AFE the Earth being in A would in case it should be observed from the Earth in B appear according to the ray BF and would make the angle of difference namely BFA bigger than the former AEB being the exteriour angle of the triangle BFE SAGR. With great delight and also benefit have I heard your discourse and that I may be certain whether I have rightly understood the same I shall give you the summe of the Conclusions in a few words As I take it you have explained to us the different appearances that by means of the Earths annual motion may be by us observed in the fixed stars to be of two kinds The one is that of their apparent magnitudes varied according as we transported by the Earth approach or recede from the same The other which likewise dependeth on the same accession and recession their appearing unto us in the same Meridian one while more elevated and another while lesse Moreover you tell us and I understand it very well that the one and other of these mutations are not made alike in all the stars but in some greater and in others lesser and in others not at all The accession and recession whereby the same star ought to appear one while bigger and another while lesser is insensible and almost nothing in the stars neer unto the pole of the Ecliptick but is greatest in the stars placed in the Ecliptick it self and indifferent in the intermediate the contrary happens in the other difference that is the elevation or depression of the stars placed in the Ecliptick is nothing at all greatest in those neerest to the Pole of the said Ecliptick and indifferent in the intermediate Besides both these differences are more sensible in the Stars neerest to us in the more remote lesse sensible and in those that are very far distant wholly disappear This is as to what concerns my self it remaineth now as I conceive that something be said for the satisfaction of Simplicius who as I believe will not easily be made to over-passe those differences as insensible that are derived from a motion of the Earth so vast and from a mutation that transports the Earth into places twice as far distant from us as the Sun SIMP Truth is to speak freely I am very loth to confesse that the distance of the fixed Stars ought to be such that in them the fore-mentioned differences should be wholly imperceptible SALV Do not throw your self into absolute despair Simplicius for there may perhaps yet some qualification be found for your difficulties And first that the apparent magnitude of the stars is not seen to make any sensible alteration ought not to be judged by you a thing improbable in regard you see the guesses of men in this particular to be so grossely erroneous especially in looking upon splendid objects and you your self beholding v. g. a lighted Torch at the distance of 200 paces if it approach nearer to you 3. or 4. yards do you think that it will shew any whit encreased in magnitude I for my part should not perceive it certainly although it should approach 20. or 30. yards nearer nay it hath sometimes happened that in seeing such a light at that distance I know not how to resolve whether it came towards me or retreated from me when as it did in reality approach nearer to me But what need I speak of this If the self same accession and recession I speak of a distance twice as great as that from the Sun to us in the star of Saturn is almost totally imperceptible and in Jupiter not very observable what shall we think of the fixed stars which I believe you will not scruple to place twice as far off as Saturn In Mars which for that it is nearer to us SIMP Pray Sir put your self to no farther trouble in this particular for I already conceive that what hath been spoken touching the unaltered apparent magnitude of the fixed stars may very well come to passe but what shall we say of the other difficulty that proceeds from not perceiving any variation in the mutation of aspect SALV We will say that which peradventure may satisfie you also in this particular And to make short would you not be satisfied if there should be discovered in the stars
peculiar to the perfect Sphere onely but belongeth to all Curved Figures 185 In a Moveable Sphere it seemeth more reasonable that its Centre be stable than any of its parts 300 SPHERE of Activity The Sphere of Activity greater in Celestial Bodies than in Elimentary 59 STARRY SPHERE Wearinesse more to be feared in the Starry Sphere than in the Terrestrial Globe 245 By the proportion of Jupiter and of Mars the Starry Sphere is found to be yet more remote 331 Vanity of those mens discourse who argue the Starry Sphere to be too vast in the Copernican Hypothesis 335 The whole Starry Sphere beheld from a great distance might appear as small as one single Star 335 SPHERICAL The Spherical Figure is easier to be made than any other 186 Spherical Figures of sundry Magnitudes may be made with one sole Instrument 187 SPIRIT The Spirit had no intent to teach us whether the Earth moveth or standeth still as nothing concerning our Salvation 436 SOLAR SPOTS Spots generate and dissolve in the face of the Sun 38 Sundry Opinions touching the Solar Spots 39 An Argument that necessarily proveth the Solar Spots to generate and dissolve 40 A conclusive Demonstration to prove that the Spots are contiguous to the Body of the Sun 41 The Motion of the Spots towards the Circumcumference of the Sun appears slow 41 The Figure of the Spots towards the Circumference of the Suns Discus appear narrow and why 41 The Solar Spots are not Spherical but flat like thin plates 41 The History of the proceedings of the Academian for a long time about the Observation of the Solar Spots 312 A conceit that suddenly came into the mind of our Academian concerning the great consequence that followeth upon the Motion of the Solar Spots 314 Extravagant Mutations to be observed in the Motions of the Solar Spots foreseen by the Academick in case the Earth had the Annual Motion 314 The first Accident to be observed in the Motion of the Solar Spots and consequently all the rest explained 315 The events being observed were answerable to the Predictions touching these Spots 318 Though the Annual Motion assigned to the Earth answereth to the Phaenomena of the Solar Spots yet doth it not follow by conversion that from the Phaenomena of the Spots one may inferre the Annual Motion to belong to the Earth 319 The Pure Peripatetick Philosophers will laugh at the Spots and their Phaenomena as the Illusions of the Christals in the Telescope 319 The Solar Spots of Galileo 494 STAR and Stars The Stars infinitely surpasse the rest of Heaven in Density 30 It is no lesse impossible for a Star to corrupt than the whole Terrestrial Globe 37 New Stars discovered in Heaven 38 The small Body of a Star fringed about with Rays appeareth very much bigger than plain naked and in its native Clarity 61 An easie Experiment that sheweth the encrease in the Stars by means of the Adventitious Rays 305 A Star of the Sixth Magnitude supposed by Tycho and Scheiner an hundred and six Millions of times bigger than needs 326 A common errour of all Astronomers touching the Magnitude of the Stars 326 Venus rendereth the Errour of Astronomers in determining the Magnitudes of Stars inexcuseable 326 A way to measure the the apparent Diameter of a Star 327 By depriving Heaven of some Star one might come to know what influence it hath upon us 334 Enquiry is made what Mutations and in what Stars is to be made by means of the Annual Motion of the Earth 342 The Stars neerer to us make greater diversities than the more remote 349 FIXED STARS Great disparity amongst the Motions of the Particular Fixed Stars if their Sphere be moveable 102 The Motions of the Fixed Stars would accelerate and retard in several times if the Starry were moveable 102 The Probable Situation of the Fixed Stars 299 Supposing the Annual Motion of the Earth it followeth that one Fixed Star is bigger than the whole Grand Orbe 324 The apparent diversity of Motion in the Planets is insensible in the Fixed Stars 325 Supposing that a Fixed Star of the First Magnitude is no bigger than the Sun the diversity which is so great in the Planets is almost insensible in the Fixed Stars 325 The Diameter of a Fixed Star of the First Magnitude and one of the Sixth 325 The distance of a Fixed Star of the First Magnitude the Star being supposed to be equal to the Sun 326 In the Fixed Stars the diversity of Aspect caused by the Grand Orb is little more than that caused by the Earth in the Sun 326 The Computation of the Magnitude of the Fixed Stars in respect of the Grand Orbe 326 The Apparent Diameter of a Fixed Star of the First Magnitude not more than five Seconds 328 By another Supposition taken from Astronomers the distance of the Fixed Stars is calculated to be 10800 Semidiameters of the Great Orbe 331 The place assigned to a Fixed Star is much lesse than that of Planet 335 The Mutations of the Fixed Stars ought to be in some greater in others lesser and in others nothing at all 343 The grand Difficulty in Copernicus his Doctrine is that which concerns the Phaenomena of the Sun and Fixed Stars 343 The Fixed Stars in the Ecliptick never Elevate nor Descend on account of the Annual Motion but yet approach and recede 345 The Fixed Stars without the Ecliptick elevate more or lesse according to their distance from the Ecliptick 347 The Epilogue to the Phaenomena of the Fixed Stars caused by the Annual Motion of the Earth 349 A place accommodated for the Observation of the Fixed Stars as to what concerns the Annual Motion of the Earth 352 NEW STAR The greatest and least Elevation of the New Star differ not from each other more than the Polar Altitudes the said Star being in the Firmament 255 STEEL Steel Burnished beheld from one place appears very bright and from another very obscure 64 STONE The Stone falling from the Mast of a Ship lights in the same place whether the Ship move or stands still 126 STRENGTH The Strength diminisheth not were it not employed 244 SUN The Sun more probably in the Centre of the Universe than the Earth 21 Observations from whence it is collected that the Sun and not the Earth is in the Centre of the Celestial Revolutions 295 The Sun and Moon encrease little by Irradiation 305 The Sun it self testifieth the Annual Motion to belong to the Earth 312 If the Earth be immoveable in the Centre of the Zodiack there must be ascribed to the Sun four several Motions as is declared at length 320 The distance of the Sun conteineth twelve hundred and eight Semidiameters of the Earth 325 The Diameter of the Sun half a Degree 325 The Apparent Diameter of the Sun how much it is bigger than that of a Fixed Star 325 An Example of Gods care of Mankind taken from the Sun 333 An exquisite Observation of the approach and departure of
Litigious Lawyers that are extertained in an ill cause keep close to sâ—me exâ—ression fallen from the adverse party at unawares * Or progressions The apparent diversity of motion in the Planets is insensible in the fixed Stars Supposing that a fixed Star of the sixth magnitude is no bigger than the Sun the diversitie which is so great in the Planets in the fixed Stars is almost insensible The distance of the Sun containeth 1208 Semid of the Earth * The Diameter of the Sun half a degree The Diameter of a fixed Star of the first magnitude and of one of the sixth The apparent Diameter of the Sun how much it is bigger than that of a fixed star The distance of a fixed star of the sixth magnitude how much it is the star being supposed to be equal to the Sun In the fixed stars the diversitie of aspect caused by the grand Orb is little more then that caused by the Earth in the Sun A star of the sixth magnitude supposed by Tycho and the Authour of the Book of Conclusions an hundred and six milions of times bigger than needs The computation of the magnitude of the fixed Stars in respect to the grand Orb. A common errour of all the Astronomers touching the magnitude of the stars Venus renders the errour of Astronomers in determining the magnitudes of stars inexcusable A way to measure the apparent diameter of a star * Rendred in Latine Corum that is to say North-west * i. e. Is subtended by The diameter of a fixed star of the first magnitude not more than five sec. min. The circle of the pupil of the eye enlargeth and contracteth * Panicum a small grain like to Mill I take it to be the same with that called Bird Seed * Strisce How to find the distance of the rays concourse from the pupil All Astronomers agree that the greater magnitudes of the Orbes is the cause of the tardity of the conversions By another supposition taken from Astronomers the distance of the fixed Stars is calculated to be 10800 semidiameters of the grand Orb. By the proportion of Jupiter and of Mars the starry Sphere is found to be yet more remoâ—e Immeâ—se magnitudes and numbers are incomprehensible by our understanding God Nature do imploy themselves in caring for men as if they minded nothing else An example of Gods care of mankind taken from the Sun It is great rashnesse to censure that to be superfluous in hâ—ll verse which we do not perceive to be made for us By depriving Heaven of some star one might come to know what influence it hath upon us Many things may be in Heaven that are invisible to us Great small immense c. are relative terms Vanity of those mens discourse who judg the starry sphere too vast in the Copernican Hypothesis * Spelloncola which is here put for the lâ—ast of Fishes The space assigned to a fixed star is much lesse than that of a Planet A star is called in respect of the space that environs it The whole starry sphere behold from a great distance might appear as small as one single star Instances of the Authour of the Conclusions by way of interogation * Or Gulph Answers to the interrogatories of the said Authour The Authour of the Conclusions confound and contradicts himself in his interrogations Interrogatories put to the Authour of the Conclusions by which the weaknesse of his is made appear That remote objects appeare so small is the defect of the eye as is demonstrated Tycho nor his followers ever attempted to see whether there are any appearances in the Firmament for or against the annual mâ—tion Astronomers perhaps have not known what appearances ought to follow upon the annual motion of the Earth Copernicus understood not some things for want of Instruments Tycho and others argue against the annual motion from the invariable elevation of the Pole * Christophorus Rothmannus Motion 〈◊〉 it is common is as if it never were An example fitted to prove that the altitude of the Pole ought not to vary by means of the Earths annual motion * Corsia the bank or bench on which slaves sit in a Gally Upon the annual motion of the Earth alteration may ensue in some fixed star not in the Pole The equivoke of those who believe that in the annual motion great mutations are to be made about the elevation of a fixed star is confuted The right line and circumference of an infinite circle are the same thing Enquiry is made what mutations in what stars are to be discovered by means of the annual motion of the Earth Astronomers having omitted to instance what alterations those are that may be derived from the annual motion of the Earth do thereby testifie that they never rightly understood the same The mutations of the fixed stars ought to be in some greater in others lesser and in others nothing at all * Bandola that end of a skeen wherewith housewives fasten their hankes of yarn thread or silk The grand difficulty in Copernicus his Doctrine is that which concerns the Phaenomena of the Sun and fixed stars * Pettine it is the stay in a Weavets Loom that permitteth no knot or snarle to passe it called by them the Combe of the Loom Aristotles argument against the Ancients who held that the Earth was a Planet The annual motion made by the centre of the Earth under the Ecliptick and the diurnal motion made by the Earth about its own centre The axis of the Earth continueth alwayes parallel to it self and describeth a Cylindraical superficies inclining to the grand Orb. The Orb of the Earth never inclineth but is immutably the same The fixed stars placed in the Ecliptick never elevate nor descend on account of the annual motion but yet approach and recede Objections against the Earths annual motion taken from the fixed stars placed in the Ecliptick * Or will prove of good alloy The station direction and retrogradation of the Planets is known in relation to the fixed stars An Indice is the fixed stars like to that which is 〈◊〉 in the Planeâ—s is an argument of the Earths annual motion The fixed stars without the Ecliptick elevate and descend more or lesse according to their distance from the said Ecliptick * i. e. of the Ecliptick The Earth approacheth or recedeth from the fixed stars of the Ecliptick the quantity of the Diameter of the Grand Orb. The stars nearer to us make greater differences than the more remote The Epilogue of the Phaenomena of the fixed stars caused by the annual motion of the Earth In objects far remote and luminous a small approach or recession is imperceptible If in the fixed stars one should discover any annual mutation the motion of the Earth would be undeniable It is proved what small credit is to be given to Astronomical Instruments in minute observations * Braccia Italian * Or Miâ— Ptolomy did not trust to an Instrument made by Archimedes Instruments
to put any falshood upon you as it might have happened if the objection by me disguised and by you over-lookt had been the same in effect as it seemed to be in appearance that is really valid and conclusive but it is not so nay I rather suspect that to try me you make as if you did not see its nullity But I will herein be too hard for you and force from your tongue that which you would so artificially conceal and therefore tell me what that thing should be whereby you come to know the station and retrogradation of the Planets which is derived from the annual motion aud which is so great that at least some foot-steps of such an effect ought to appear in the stars of the Ecliptick SAGR. This demand of yours containeth two questions to which it is necessary that I make reply the first relates to the imputation which you lay upon me of a Dissembler the other concerneth that which may appear in the stars c. As to the first I will say with your permission that it is not true that I have dissembled my knowing the nullity of that objection and to assure you of the same I now tell you that I very well understand the nullity thereof SALV But yet I do not understand how it can be that you spake not friendly when you said you did not know that same fallacy which you now confesse that you know very well SAGR. The very confession of knowing it may assure you that I did not dissemble when I said that I did not understand it for if I had had a mind and would dissemble who could hinder me from continuing in the same simulation and denying still that I understand the fallacy I say therefore that I understood not the same at that time but that I do now at this present apprehend it for that you have prompted my intellect first by telling me resolutely that it is null and then by beginning to question me so at large what thing that might be whereby I might come to know the station and retrogradation of the Planets and because this is known by comparing them with the fixed stars in relation to which they are seen to vary their motions one while towards the West and another towards the East and sometimes to abide immoveable and because there is not any thing above the Starry Sphere immensely more remote from us and visible unto us wherewith we may compare our fixed stars therefore we cannot discover in the fixed stars any foot-steps of what appeareth to us in the Planets This I believe is the substance of that which you would force from me SALV It is so with the addition moreover of your admirable ingenuity and if with half a word I did open your eyes you by the like have remembred me that it is not altogether impossible but that sometime or other something observable may be found amongst the fixed stars by which it may be gathered wherein the annual conversion resides so as that they also no lesse than the Planets and Sun it self may appear in judgment to bear witnesse of that motion in favour of the Earth for I do not think that the staâ—s are spread in a spherical superficies equally remote from a common centre but hold that their distances from us are so various that some of them may be twice and thrice as remote as others so that if with the Telescope one should observe a very small star neer to one of the bigger and which therefore was very exceeding high it might happen that some sensible mutation might fall out between them correspondent to that of the superiour Planets And so much shall serve to have spoken at this time touching the stars placed in the Ecliptick Let us now come to the fixed stars placed out of the Ecliptick and let us suppose a great circle erect upon i. e. at right angles to the Plane of the same and let it for example be a circle that in the Starry Sphere answers to the Solstitial Colure and let us mark it CEH in Fig. 8. which shall happen to be withal a Meridian and in it we will take a star without the Ecliptick which let be E. Now this star will indeed vary its elevation upon the Earths motion for from the Earth in A it shall be seen according to the ray AE with the elevation of the angle EAC but from the Earth placed in B it shall be seen according to the ray BE with the elevation of the angle EBC bigger than the other EAC that being extern and this intern and opposite in the triangle EAB the distance therefore of the star E from the Ecliptick shall appear changed and likewise its altitude in the Meridian shall become greater in the position B than in the place A according as the angle EBC exceeds the angle EAC which excesse is the quantity of the angle AEB For in the triangle EAB the side AB being continued to C the exteriour angle EBC as being equal to the two interiour and opposite E and A exceedeth the said angle A by the quantity of the angle E. And if we should take another star in the same Meridian more remote from the Ecliptick as for instance the star H the diversity in it shall be greater by being observed from the two stations A and B according as the angle AHB is greater than the other E which angle shall encrease continually according as the observed star shall be farther and farther from the Ecliptick till that at last the greatest mutation will appear in that star that should be placed in the very Pole of the Ecliptick As for a full understanding thereof we thus demonstrate Suppose the diameter of the Grand Orb to be AB whose centre in the same Figure is G and let it be supposed to be continued out as far as the Starry Sphere in the points D and C and from the centre G let there be erected the Axis of the Ecliptick GF prolonged till it arrive at the said Sphere in which a Meridian DFC is supposed to be described that shall be perpendicular to the Plane of the Ecliptick and in the arch FC any points H and E are imagined to be taken as places of fixed stars Let the lines FA FB AH HG HB AE GE BE be conjoyned And let the angle of difference or if you will the Parallax of the star placed in the Pole F be AFB and let that of the star placed in H be the angle AHB and let that of the star in E be the angle AEB I say that the angle of difference of the Polar star F is the greatest and that of the rest those that are nearer to the greatest are bigger than the more remote that is to say that the angle F is bigger than the angle H and this bigger than the angle E. Now about the triangle FAB let us suppose a circle to be described And
Fiorentini Weariness more to be feared in the starry Sphere than in the terrestriall Globe Some in arguing first fix in their minds the conclusion beleeved by them and then adapt their reasons to that The motion of the water in ebbing and flowing not interrupted by rest * Pertiche venetiani * Pertiche venetiani * 〈◊〉 †He taketh 〈◊〉 Firmament 〈◊〉 the Sâ—arry Sphere and not as we vulgâ—â—ly receive the word The method observed by Clar. in confuting the Astronomers and by Salviatus in confuting him The greatest and least elevations of the new star differ not from each other more than the polar altitudes the said star being in the Firmnment * 〈◊〉 Astronomical Instruments are very subject to errour * Here the Latine version is erroneous making it a fortieth part of c. * Traguardi In hath not been hitherto proved by any whether the World be finite or infinite The Demonstrations of Aristotle to pâ—ove that the Vniverse is finite are all nullified by denying it to be moveable Aristotle makes that point to be the centre of the Universe about which all the Celestial Spheres do revolve A question is put in case that if Aristotle were forced to receive one of two propositions that make against his doctrine which he would admit It s more rational that the Orb containing and the parts contained do move all about one centre than uâ—on divers If the centre of the World be the 〈…〉 that about which the planets move the Sun and not the Earth is placed in it Observations from whence it is collected that the Sun and not the Earth is in the centre of the Celestial revolutions The mutation of figure in Venus argueth its motion to be about the Sun The Moon cannot seperate from the Earth The annual motion of the Earth mixing with the motions of the other Planets produce extravagant appearances The Systeme of the Universe designed from the appearances Venus very great towards the respective conjunction and very small towards the maintine Venus necessarily proved to move about the Sun The revolution of Mercury concluded to be about the Sun within the Orb of Venus Mars necessarily includeth within its Orb the Earth and also the Sun Mars at its opposition to the Sun shews to be sixty times bigger than towards the conjunction Jupiter and Saturn do likewise encompasse the Earth and the Sun The approximation and recession of the three superiour Planets importeth double the Suns distance The difference of the apparent magnitude lesse in Saturn than in Jupiter andâ— Jupiter than in Mars and why The Moons Orb invironeth the Earth but not the Sun The probable situation of the fixed stars Which ought to be accounted the sphere of the Vniverse Rest the annual motion and the diurnal ought to be distributed betwixt the Sun Earth and Firmament In a moveable sphere it seemeth more reasonable that its centre be stable than any other of its parts Granting to the Earth the annual it must of necessity also have the diurnal motion assigned to it Discourses more than childish serve to keep fools in the opinion of the Earths stability A declaration of the improbability of Copernicus his opinion Reasons and discourse in Aristarcus and Copernicus prevailed over manifest sence Mars makes an hot assaults upon the Coperâ—â—can Systeme The Phaenomena of Venus appear contrary to the Systeme of Copernicus Another difficulty raised by Venus against Copernicus Venus according to Copernicus either lucid in it self or else of a transparent substance Copernicus speaketh nothing of the small variation of bigness in Venus and in Mars The moon much disturbeth the order of the other Planets Answers to the three first objections against the Copernican Systeme The reason whence it happens that Venus and Mars do not appear to vary magnitude so much as is requisite The operations of the Telescope accounted fallacies by the Peripateticks Shining objects seem environed with adventitious rayes The reason why luminous bodies appear enlarged much the more by how much they are lesser Superficial figures encreasing proportion double to their lines Objects the more vigorous they are in light the more they do seem to increase An easie experiment that sheweth the increase in the stars by means of the adventitious rays Jupiter augments lesse than the Dog-star The Sun and Moon increase little It is seen by manifest experience that the more splendid bodies do much more irradiate than the lesse lucid The Telescope is the best means to take away the irradiations of the Stars Another second reason of the small apparent increase of Venus Copernicus perswaded by reasons contrary to sensible experiments Mercury admitteth not of clear observations The difficulties removed that arise from the Earths moving about the Sun not solitarily but in consort with the Moon The Medicean Stars areas it were four Moons about Jupiter The Principal scope of Astronomers is to give a reason of appearances Copernicus restored Astronomy upon the suppositions of Ptolomy What moved Copernicus to establish his Systeme Inconveniencies that are in the Systeme of Ptolomy The annual motion of the Earth most apt to render a reason of the exorbitances of the five Planets The Sun it self testifieth the annual motion to belong to the Earth The Lyncaean Academick the first discoverer of the Solar spots and all the other celestial novelties The history of the proceedings of the Academian for a long time about the observation of the Solar spots * Duumviro * This Authors true name is Christopher Scheinerus a Jesuit and his Book here meant is intituled Apelles post tabulam * La mia villa delle Sâ—lue A conceipt that came suddenly into the minde of the Academian Lyncaeus concerning the great consequence that followed upon the motion of the Solar spots Extravagant mutations to be observed in the motions of the spots foreseen by the Academick in case the Earth had the annual motion The first Accident to be observed in the motion of the Solar spots and consequently all the rest explained The events being observed were answerable to the predictions Though the annual motion assigned to the Earth answerth to the Phaenomena of the solar spots yet doth it not follow by conversion that from the Phaenomena of the spots one may infâ—r the annual motion to belong to the Earth The Pure Peripatetick Philosophers will laugh at the spots and their Phaenomena as illusions of the Chrystals in the Telescope If the Earth be immoveable in the centre of the Zodiack there must be ascribed to the Sun four several motions as is declared at length * I should have told you that the true name of this concealed Authour is Christopher Scheinerus and its title Disquisitiones Mathematica * i. e. the Ecliptick Instances of a certain Book Ironically propounded against Copernicus Supposing the annual motion to belong to the Earth it followeth that one fixed Star is bigger than the whole grand Orb. Tycho his Argument grounded upon a false Hypothesis