to perswad us that they had Chimneys in their Chambers Suetonins tells us that the Chamber of Vitellius was burnt the Chimney having took fire Nec ante in Praetorium rediit quam flagrante triclinio ex conceptu camini Horace writes to his Friend to get a good fire in his chimney Dissolve frigus ligna super foco Large reponens Od. 9. l. 1. Tully writing to his Friend Atticus tells him Camino Luculento tibi utendum censco And Vitruvius speaking of the cornishes that are made in Chambers give warning to make them plain and without Carver's work in places where they make fire However in those ages if they had any chimneys like ours they were very rare Blondus and Salmuth say that chimneys were not in use among the Ancients but Pancirollus and many others affirm the contrary Wherefore without deciding absolutely the question 't is most certain they had Kilns to warm their Chambers and other apartments of their Houses called Fornaces vaporaria and Stoves called Hypocausta Philander says that the Kilns were under ground built along the Wall with small Pipes to each story to warm the Rooms They had also Stoves that were removed from one Room to another for Tully writes that he had removed his Stove because the Pipe thro which the fire came out was under his Chamber Hypocausta in alterum apodyterii angulum promovi propterea quod ita erant posita ut eorum vaporarium ex quo ignis erumpit esset subjectum cubiculo The Romans did not only make use of Wood to warm their rooms but also of the Beams of the Sun which they gathered in some Kilns as we do with our Burning-glasses This Kiln was called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in Latin Solarium or solare vaporarium and it was not allowed to plant Trees that might be a hindrance to the gathering of the Beams of the Sun as Ulpian says It doth not appear neither by the writings or buildings that remain of the Ancients that they had Privies in their Houses And what they call latrinas were publick places where the persons who had no Slaves went to empty and wash their Pans and these persons were called latrinae from lavando according to the Aetymology of M. Varro for Plautus speaks of the Servant-maid quae latrinam lavat who washes the Pan. And in this place of Plautus latrina can't be understood of the publick Houses of Office which were cleansed by Pipes under the ground which carried the Waters of the Tiber to these places and 't is likely that Plautus made use of the word latrina to insinuate that sella familiaris erat velut latrina particularis The Publick Necessary Houses for the day were for the conveniency of the People in several places of the Town and were called Sterqulinia covered and full of Spunges as we learn of Seneca in his Epistles As for the night they had running Waters thro all the Streets of Rome and there they threw all their ordure but rich men used Pans which the Servants emptied into the Sinks that carried all their Waters into the great Sink of the Town and from thence into the Tiber DONARIA Gifts and Presents offered to the Gods and hung up in their Temples DONATIVUM A Gift and Largess in Money which the Emperors bestowed upon Soldiers to get their affection and votes in time of need DRACHMA A Dram a kind of weight composed of two Scruples and each Scruple of two oboli and so a Dram was six oboli As for the proportion that the Dram of the Greeks did bear with the Ounce of the Romans Q. Rommus in his Poem of Weights and Measures makes the Dram the eighth part of an Ounce which is not much different from the Crown of the Arabians which weighs something more than the Dram. The Dram and the Roman Denarius were of the like value so that the Dram may be worth about Sevenpence Halfpenny of English Money DRACONARIUS The Dragonbearer the standard of the Roman Infantry the head whereof was drawn in Silver and the rest of the Body was of Taffety hung up at the top of a Pike fluttering in the Air like a Dragon and out of it hung down great Bands with tufts of Silk at the end DRACO A Dragon so called from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to see plain to be clear-sighted and for his watchfulness this Animal is dedicated to Minerva 'T is said that he loves Gold wherefore a Dragon watched the Golden Fleece at Colchos and the Golden Apples of the Garden of the Hesperides and 't is reported that the Dragon of Pallas dwelt near Athens because the Athenians did wear their Hair tuckt up with Tresses of Gold DRUIDAE The Priest of the Ancient Gauls Thus Caesar speaks of them l. 4. of the Wars of the Gauls The Druides of the first Order are Overseers of the worship of the Gods and Religion and have the direction of both Publick and Private Affairs and teaching of Youth If there is any Murther or Crime committed or Suit at Law about an Inheritance or some other Dispute they decide it ordaining Punishments and Rewards and when a Man won't stand to their Judgment they suspend him from communicating in their Mysteries And those who are so excommunicated are accounted wicked and impious and every Body shuns their Conversation if they are at law with other Men they can have no Justice and are admitted neither to Employments nor Dignities and die without Honour and Reputation All the Druides have an High Priest who has an absolute Power After his Death the most worthy among them succeeds him and if there are many Pretenders to his Office the Election is decided by Votes and sometimes by force of Arms. They met every Year in the Country of Chartres which is in the middle of Gaul in a place consecrated and appointed for that purpose where those who are at Law or at Variance met from all places and stand to their Decisions 'T is thought that their Institution came from Brittain and those who will have perfect knowledge of their Mysteries travell'd into that Country They never follow the War and are free from all Taxes and Slavery wherefore many get into their order and every one puts in for a place among them for his Son or Kinsman They must learn by heart a great number of Verses for it is forbid to write them either to exercise their Memory or lest they should profane the Mysteries in publishing them wherefore they remain sometimes twenty Years in the College In other things they make use of writing in Greek Characters One of the chiefest points of their Theology is the Immortality of the Soul as a profitable Belief that inclines Men to Vertue by contempt of Death They hold Metempsychosis and have many Dogma's of Theology and Philosophy which they teach their youth Diodorous Siculus joins the Druides to Poets in the Authority of pronouncing like Soverâ—ign Judges about Controversies
to the People that all the Commonwealth was but one great Body of which the Senate is the Head and Stomach which seems alone to devour all that the Labour and Industry of the other Parts can get but in Reality 't is only to distribute it to the rest of the Body to nourish and strengthen it and if the Members do not daily supply them with the usual Nourishment they themselves would soon be found to be without Vigour Heat or Life This excellent Comparison was so aptly apply'd and so zealously explained by Agrippa that the People were reconciled to the Senate who consented to the Election of a Tribune chosen out of the People to protect them against the Authority of the great Ones This Magistrate had a right to oppose the Consultations of the Senate by saying this Word Veto i. e. I oppose it and forbid you to proceed further AGRIPPA named Marcus a Man of a mean Original a Favourite of Augustus Admiral of the Empire a great Captain and a Companion of that Prince in his Victories He assisted him much in obtaining that Victory which he had in the Sea-fight against Sextus Pompeius of which Virgil speaks Augustus bestow'd the Consulship upon him twice together and as a Surplus of his Favour he made him his Son-in-Law by marrying his Daughter Julia to him who had been first married to Marcellus his Nephew who died without Children This Agrippa had two Daughters and three Sons viz. Calus Lucius and Agrippa who was a Posthumous Child i. e. born after his Father's Death Augustus adopted Caius and Lucius before they were seventeen years of Age he had them proclaimed Princes of the Youth and earnestly desired that they might be chosen Consuls The first married Livia the Sister of Germanicus These two Princes were soon taken from him by the Wickedness of another Livia their Mother-in-Law or by their own Misfortunes one in a Voyage to Spain whither he went to command the Armies and the other in his Return from Armenia from whence he came ill of a Wound As for Agrippa the posthumous Child Augustus complain'd of him and caused him to be banish'd by a Decree of the Senate into the Isle Planasia He was indeed a stupid and brutish Prince and withal a simple Man Tiberius who succeeded Augustus made his Access to the Empire remarkable by the Death of Agrippa who being surpriz'd was slain by a Centurion whom he sent on purpose without making any Defence Tacit. Annal lib. 1. AGRIPPA Herod the Son of Aristobulus whom Herod the Elder put to Death He was King of the Jews and had the Favour of the Emperour Caligula who at his coming to the Crown released him from Prison where Tiberius had shut him up for wishing Caligula had his place This Emperour besides his Liberty gave him a Chain of Gold of the same weight with that which he had worn out of Love to him while he was in Prison and gave him the Tetrarchy of his Uncle Philip who died without Children and allow'd him to take upon him the Title of The King of the Jews He made himself infamous at his Arrival at Jerusalem by the Death of St. James the Great and the Imprisonment of St. Peter But his Cruelty was not long unpunish'd for as he was in Caesarea Palaestine busied in the Celebration of the Publick Plays for the Health of the Emperour he was struck on a sudden as he was making a Speech to the People with a surprising terrible Pain of which soon after he died AGRIPPINA the Grand-daughter of Augustus and Daughter of Marcus Agrippa was the Wife of Germanicus the Son of Drusus the Brother of Tiberius Some believe that her Husband was poisoned by Cn. Piso tho this Crime was but weakly proved at the Condemnation of Piso She carried her Husband's Ashes to Rome and laid them in the Tomb of the Caesors Tacitus says she was a Woman of an haughty and untameable Spirit but she aton'd for her Passions by her Chastity and the Love she bare to her Husband AGRIPPINA named Julia who married at her second Marriage the Emperour Claudius who was her Uncle but she soon after poison'd him with what she put into Mushrooms which afterwards at Rome were called The Food of the Gods Britannicus who was Claudius's Son by his first Marriage ought to have succeeded him in the Empire but Agrippina advanc'd her Son Nero to it contrary to his Right that she herself might reign under the Name of her Son She had him by Domitius Aeneobarbus her first Husband and Claudius adopted him into his Family which opened a way for his Accession to the Sovereign Dignity But this ambitious Princess was well rewarded for it for Nero caused her to be slain by Anicetus and for compleating her Infamy order'd that the Day of her Nativity should be reckon'd among the unfortunate Days AJAX the Locrian the Son of Oileus so named from the City and Country of Locris near Mount Parnassus He signaliz'd himself at the Siege of Troy by many notable Exploits After the taking of the City he pluck'd Cassandra the Daughter of King Priam from the Altar of Minerva to which she was fled as an Asylum Some say he ravish'd her and that Minerva being provok'd reveng'd the Fact by slaying him with a Thunderbolt which sir'd his Ship and so drowned him in the Sea But Philostratus says the contrary that Ajax offer'd no Force to Cassandra but that Agamemnon took her away from him having seen her in his Tent and to avoid the Mischief he might design against him fled by Sea in the night and suffer'd Shipwrack by a Tempest that overtook him The Greeks much lamented him and made an extraordinary Funeral for him for they fill'd a Ship with Wood as if they would make a Funeral-Pile for him slew several black Beasts in honour of him and having also set up black Sails in the Ship they set it on fire about break of day and left it to run into the Main Sea all in a flame till it was consum'd to Ashes AJAX TELAMONIUS the Son of Telamon King of Salamis and the fair Eriboea according to Pindar He was one of the most valiant Greeks that was at the Siege of Troy After the Death of Achilles he pretended that his Armour belonged to him as the next of kin but Thetis exposing them to the Publick that every one that pretended a Right to them might claim them V lysses disputed it with him and gained them Ajax was thereupon so much enraged that he fell upon a Flock of Sheep with his Sword drawn and brandished and slew them supposing them to be Grecians and then he thrust himself through with his own Sword and died AIUS LOCUTIUS a Speaking Voice to which the Romans erected an Altar according to Cicero and Aulus Gellius or a small Temple according to P. Victor in the New-street The occasion of it as Cicero and Livy relate was thus One named M. Ceditius a Plebeian
Greeks which gave occasion to Festus to say Lucem facere Saturno sacrificantes i. e. capita detegere to uncover the Head when they sacrifice to him And we are inform'd by Apuleius in his Saturnalia that it was accounted a strange Custom to sacrifice to this God with a bare Head Hinc est quod ex instituto peregrino huic deo sacrum aperto capite faciunt For 't is certain that the Romans did never sacrifice to their Gods but with their Head cover'd and their Face veil'd for fear lest in this principal Action of Religion they should either be diverted by the sight of an Enemy or distracted by some Objects or interrupted by some sinister Omen This we learn from Virgil Lib. 3. Aeneid V. 403. For when your Ships are come into the Harbour says the Sibyl to him and you have erected Altars by the River side to sacrifice to the Gods cover your Head and your Face with a purple Veil for fear lest in the time of sacrificing you should be interrupted by the the presence of some Enemy Remember always to adore the Gods after this manner and command your Posterity to observe the same way Quin ubi transmissae steterint trans aequora classes Et positis aris jam vota in littore solves Purpureo velare comas adopertus amictu Ne qua inter sanctos ignes in honore Deorum Hostilis facies occurrat omnia turbet Hunc socii morem sacrorum hunc ipse teneto Hac vestri maneant in religione nepotes Aurelius Victor also tells us the same in his Abridgment of the Roman History where speaking of Aeneas he relates That this Trojan Prince sacrificing by the Sea-side perceiv'd the Navy of the Grecians approaching wherein was Ulysses and fearing lest the sight of his Enemy should disturb him in this Action he cover'd his Face and so ended his Sacrifice without one minutes interruption In the Second place The Romans turn'd to the Right Hand round about the Statues of their Gods and their Altars Plautus in his Curculio makes Phoedromus say Quo me vertam nescio I know not to which side to turn me Palimirus answer'd him playing upon the word Si deos salutas dextro versum censeo If you mean to adore the Gods I advise you to turn to the Right alluding to the Custom of the Romans of turning to the Right when they worship their Gods Pliny confirms the same thing When we adore the Gods says he we carry our Hand to our Mouth and we turn round about the Altar In adorando dextram ad osculum referimus totumque corpus circumagimus In the following Times they prostrated themselves before their Gods which is the most humble manner of adoring them Titus Livius speaking of the Carthaginian Ambassadors tells us That when they arriv'd at the Roman Camp and came into the General 's Tent they prostrated themselves at his Feet in the posture of those who adore the Gods More adorantium procubuerunt from whence come these Latin Phrases Advolvi aris Procumbere ad aras To prostrate themselves at the feet of the Altars The proud and haughty Emperors exacted the like Adorations from those who came to make their Reverence to them but the wise and modest Emperors rejected this kind of Adoration as did the Emperor Alexander by the relation of Lampridius as well as Maximianus who said God forbid that any one should adore me by prostrating himself before me Dii prohibeant ut quisquam ingenuorum pedibus meis osculum figat ADORATI IMBRES Sen. Distributions The Largesses which the Emperor gave to the People of Rome which descended like a Shower of Gold for which they returned Thanks by Adoration and very submissive bowing before them ADRIANUS surnam'd Elius Adrian whom Trajan adopted and who was the Son of Elius Adrian his Cousin-German At his accession to the Empire being willing to gain the good Will of the Senate took a solemn Oath That he would not punish any of that Body but by a Sentence of their own He remieted all the Arrears of Taxes and Revenues which were due from private Persons either to himself or the publick Treasury of the Empire He burnt publickly the Bonds of some private Men to the value of Two Millions of Gold He persecuted the Christians outragiously until Quadratus and Aristides two Christian Philosophers allay'd the Fierceness of his Rage by their Apologies written in Favour of the Christians which prevail'd so far with him that he wrote to the Governours forbidding them to punish the Christians for their Religion The Jews in his time shook off the Yoak of the Romans under the Conduct of a notable Impostor call'd Barchochebas i. e. the Son of a Star who call'd himself the Star of Jacob foretold in the Scriptures who was to deliver their Nation The Cause of this Revolt was the Temple of Jupiter which Adrian had caus'd to be built overagainst the Ruins of the Temple of Jerusalem Adrian having notice of it sent some Troops to Rufus the Governour of Syria where with he defeated the Rebels in many Battels Those who remain'd after the Defeat were sold as Slaves at a very mean rate and were never suffer'd to return again to Jerusalem whose Name Adrian chang'd and call'd it Aelia Capitolina He caus'd also says Eusebius to be plac'd in bas relief upon the Gate of Bethlehem the Figure of a Swine which was an Animal that was most abhorr'd by that Nation either to signifie the Impurity of this People or to denote that they were now subject to the Yoak of the Romans who had a Swine for one of their military Signs or lastly to shew the Contempt he had for their Religion The Emperor being not yet satisfied with this mark of Slavery built also a Temple in Honour of Venus on Mount Calvary and another to Jupiter in the place from whence our Saviour ascended and a Third to Adonis in Bethlehem where the Son of God was born which continu'd there until the time of the Emperor Constantine Adrian was seiz'd with a Bloody-Flux whereof he dyed with intolerable Pain after he had reign'd Twenty Years and Eleven Months He was a Prince endow'd with excellent Qualities both of Mind and Body he affected much the Reputation of being learned and Writing well The Books of his Life which he publish'd under the Name of Phlegon his freed Man do plainly prove this Photius says that he had seen Declamations of his making whose style was easie and agreeable A little before he gave up the Ghost he compos'd some Verses wherein he address'd himself to his Soul and speaks of its Departure He wrote also a long Letter against the Physicians whom he accuses of having hasten'd his Death By the knowledg he had of Astrology he has left us a Journal of all things which were to happen unto him being besides mightily addicted to the Superstitions of Magick The Senate were upon the point of abrogating all that he
me so much and torment your selves for me who am happier than you Is it because the Darkness wherein I am frights you or because you think I am smothered with the Weight of my Tomb But a Dead Man has nothing to fear since now he is past all Apprehensions of Death and my burnt or putrified Eyes have no need to see the Light Besides were I miserable what good could all your Complaints do or the smitings of your Breasts to the Tunes of Instruments and this crowned Tomb these Tears and Lamentation of Women Do you think this Wine which you pour out runs down to Hell or is good to drink in another World as for the Beasts which you but in Sacrifice one part of them rises in Smoke and the rest is consumed into Ashes whic are very indifferent Food This sort of mourning for the Dead was much alike at Rome and Greece But their Burials differ according to the Diversity of Nations for the one burn or bury them and the other embalm them I have been present at the Feasts in Aegypt where they set them at the end of their Table and sometimes a Man or Woman is forced to deliver up the Body of his Father or Mother to conform to that Custom As for Monuments Columns Pyramids and Inscriptions nothing is more useless there are some that celebrate Plays in Memory of the Dead and make Funeral Orations at their Burials as if they would give them a Certificate or Testimonial of their Life and Manners After all this some treat the Company where the Friends comfort you and desire you to eat How long say they will you lament the dead You can't recall them to Life again by all your Tears Will you kill your selves with Despai◠for your Friends and leave your Children Orphans You ought at least to eat because by this means you may mourn the longer Thus far Lucian When the Body is laid upon the Pile of Wood to be burnt some Person opens his Eyes as it were to make him look up to Heaven and having called him several Times with a loud Voice his next Relation sets Fire to the Pile of Wood with a Torch turning his Back upon it to shew that he does that Service for the Dead with Regret Pliny is of Opinion that burning of the Bodies of the Dead was not ancient at Rome We do not says he find that any of the Cornelian Family were burnt till Sylla but Pliny seems to contradict himself when he writes that King Numa forbad to pour Wine upon the Fires which were kindled for the burning of the Dead and Plutarch assures us that Numa did strictly forbid that his Body should be burnt after his Death but he ordered Two Tombs of Stone to be built in one of which his Body should be laid and in the other those holy Books which be had written about Religion and the Worship of the Gods which is Proof that burning of Bodies was very ancient and that it was at least used in his Time The Laws of the XII Tables which were made Three Hundred Years after the building of Rome which forbad the Burial or burning of Bodies within the City does not at all favour the first Opinion of Pliny for nothing else can be concluded but that there were Two ways of disposing of dead Bodies in use burying or burning and both were forbidden within the City to avoid Infection and secure it from the danger of Fires which might happen by that means Cicero teaches us that the Custom of burying Bodies was introduced at Athens by Cecrops and that they buried them with their Faces to the West whereas at Megara they turned their Faces to the East The Custom of burying Bodies lasted a very long time throughout all Greece and that of burning them came from the Gymnosophists of India who had used it long before The Aegyptians embalm the Bodies of the Dead to preserve them from Corruption The Aethopians had diverse ways sometimes they cast them into the Currents of Brooks and Rivers sometimes they burnt them or put them in Earthern Vessels according to the Testimony of Herodotus and Strabo The Indians eat them that by this curious Secret they might give them a second Life by converting them into their own Substance Those People whom Herodotus calls the Macrobies or Long-lived dry the Bodies then paint their Faces with white and so restore them to their Natural Colour and Complexion Then they wrapt them up in a Pillar of Glass in which having kept the Body a whole Year they set it up in some place near the City where all might see it Diodorus Siculas relates that there were certain People who after they had burnt the Bodies put their Ashes and Bones into Statues of Gold Silver and Earth covering them over with Glass The Garamantes bury their dead on the Shore in the Sand that they may be washed by the Sea When the Body of the dead is consumed by the Fire and all present have taken their last farewell Vale aternum nos eo ordine quo Natura vlouerit sequemur the nearest Relations gather up the Ashes and Bones which they sprinkle with holy Water and then put them into Urns of different Matter to set them in their Tombs pouring out Tears upon them which being catched in small Vessels called Lacrymatoriae they are likewise reposited with the Urn in the Tomb. It is very uncertain how they could gather the Ashes and keep them mingling with those of the Wood and other things which were burnt with the Bodies Pliny mentions a sort of Linnen which grows in the Indies called by the Greeks Asbestos 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 not to be burnt of which is made a Cloath that will not burn although it be cast into the Fire In this the Body being wrapped up the Ashes of it may easily be kept together without mixing with those of the Wood but this is not probable since the same Pliny tells us that this Cloth was very rare and was preserved for the Kings of the Country only Perhaps they made use of another Cloath made of the Stone Amiantus which Pliny says they had the Art of spinning at that Time and Plutarch assures us that in his Age there was a Quarry of that Stone in the Isle of Negropont and the like is found in the Isle of Cyprus Tines and elsewhere They might have also some other Invention as to set the Body upon the Fire in a Coffin of Brass or Iron from whence it was easy to gather the Ashes and Bones that were not consumed CADMUS the Son of Agenor King of Phoenicia who was sent by his Father to find out Europa which Jupiter had taken away but not hearing of her after several long and dangerous Voyages he went to consult the Oracle of Delphi who ordered him to build a City in the Place whither an Ox should lead him And preparing in the first place to sacrifice to the Gods he sent
Etymology from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. the Hair as if it were an appointed place for shaving Mercurialis without troubling himself with the Etymology affirms that it was a place where they laid up the Wrestlers Cloaths or such as went into the Baths and gives no other reason for the same but only that such a room was requisite in the Palaestra but Baldus tells us that this word Coriceum is derived from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies a Ball and his interpretation of this word seems the most reasonable wherefore we may say that Coryceum is a place where men play at long Tennis vulgarly called Welsh Tennis or at Baloon which was a necessary thing in a wrestling place CORINTHUS Corinth the chief City of Achaia placed in the middle of the Isthmus of Peloponnessus between the Ionian and the Aegean Seas It was built first by Sisiphus the Son of Aeolus and named Corcyra according to Strabo and after having been destroyed it was rebuilt by Corinthus Pelops his Son and called after his Name Corinthus The Corinthians abused the Roman Ambassadors whereupon Mummius was sent thither who put the Inhabitants to the sword and razed the Town to the ground CORINTHIUM Viz. AES Corinthian Brass Pliny mentions three sorts of Corinthian Brass viz. the white red and the mixt coloured this diversity arises from the proportion of the three sorts of Metals whereof 't is compounded which are Gold Silver and Copper which according to Pliny and Florus were mix'd together when the City of Corinth was burnt for many Statues and Vessels of these three Metals were melted down and so incorporated CORINTHIUS Viz. ORDO The Corinthian Order one of the three orders of Architecture consisting in its Pillars and Chapiter which is adorn'd with Carvers work of two ranks of fine leaves sixteen in number being cut therein and from whence come out so many small branches or stalks covered again with the same number of Cartridges This order was invented by Callimachus Stone-cutter who by chance found a Basket set upon a plant of Acanthus covered with a tile that had very much bent its leaves This new Figure pleased him and he imitated it in the Pillars he wrought afterwards at Corinth settling and regulating upon this Model all the proportions and measures of the Corinthian Order Villappendus says that this History of Callimachus is a Fable that the Greeks did not invent the Corinthian Chapiter but took the Model thereof from the Temple of Solomon where the top of the Pillars were adorn'd as he says with leaves of Palm-trees unto which the leaves of an Olive-tree are more like than those of an Acanthus which he tells us never were us'd by the Ancients in the Corinthian Chapiters However the contrary is observed in many tops of Pillars that are yet to be seen in Greece and even in the Pillars called Tutelles at Bourdeaux the tops whereof are of the Corinthian Order with the leaves of Acanthus CORIOLANUS After the taking of the Town of Corioli the Consul C. Martius took the Sirname of Coriolanus Dionysius Hallicarnasseus tells us that Coriolanus being upon the Guard the Enemies made a sally out of the Town and attacked him in his post but he beat them back so vigorously that he entered the Town along with them and set it on fire which brought such terror upon the Inhabitants and the Garrison that they quitted the place Plutarch relates this in a different manner and says that the Consul having engaged the Volsci some miles from Corioli he perform'd wonderful deeds of Valour and having routed them he went at the head of a body of Reserve and charged the Rear of the Enemies who flying into Corioli for shelter he got in promiscuously with them and made himself Master of the Town This great Captain proud of the Nobility of his Family and his Rank does treat the Roman people with too much Authority and exasperated them to that degree that they banish'd him out of Rome Coriolanus highly resenting this Affront retired among the Volsci and came at the head of them to incamp on the Cluvian Trenches two leaguesoff Rome after he had taken many Towns from the Romans The Romans afraid of their lives attempted to move him by Prayers The Pontiffs and the most considerable of the Senate were sent to him but could not prevail with him and he yeilded only to the solicitations of his Mother and his wife Volumnia He brought again the Volsci into their own Country but they put him to death for having been so favourable to his Country CORNELIA Viz. FAMILIA The Cornelian Family Many great men and worthy Ladies in the Roman Commonwealth came from that Illustrious Family CORNELIA Pompey's Wife for whom he had more tenderness and regard than for the whole Empire All his fear was upon her account and he took more care to save her from the publick danger than to prevent the ruine of the Universe Seponere tutum Conjugii decrevit onus Lesboque remotam Te procul a saevi strepitu Cornelia belli Lucanus After the loss of the battle of Pharsalia Pompey encouraged her to constancy telling her that if she had lov'd only the person of her Husband she had lost nothing and if she had loved his Fortune she might be glad to have now nothing else to love but his Person Tu nulla tulisti Bello damna meo Vivit post praelia magnus Sed forma perit quod defles illud amasti Luc. Cornelia imbark'd with Pompey and departed from the Island of Lesbos where she was left during the war The Inhabitants of the Island were generally sorry at her departure because she had lived all the while she was there during her Husbands profperity with the same modesty as she should have done in time of his adversity Stantis adhuc fati vixit quasi conjuge victo After the death of Pompey she took no other pleasure but in mourning and seemed to love her grief as much as she had loved Pompey Saevumque arctè complexa dolorem Parfruitus lacrymis amat pro conjuge luctum CORNELIUS COSSUS A military Tribune who kill'd Volumnius King of the Veientes in a pitch'd battle and consecrated his Spoils called Opimae to Jupiter sirnamed Pheretrius CORNELIUS MERULA He was Consul and Priest to Jupiter He sided with Sylla and got his Veins opened for fear of falling into the hands of Marius who had seized upon Rome with his party CORNELIUS GALLUS An intimate Friend to Augustas and Virgil whose Encomium you may read in the 4th Book of his Georgicks under the name of Aristeus He kill'd himself because he had been suspected of Treachery CORNELIUS SEVERUS An Heroick Poet and a Declaimer Quintilian and seneca speak commendably of him CORNELIUS TACITUS A Famous Historian and a wise Politician who wrote the History of the Roman Emperors in sixteen Books of Annals beginning from the death of Augustus The six seven
and vigorous Health HIPPOCRATIA Holy-days kept in honour of Neptune Dionysius Halicarnasscus reports that the Romans erected a Temple to Neptune the Horseman and instituted him a Festival called by the Arcadians Hippocratia and by the Romans Consualia During that day Horses and Mules were kept from working and led along the Streets of Rom magnificently harnessed and adorn'd with Garlands of Flowers HIPPOCRENE Otherwise Aganippe a Fountain near Mount Helicon dedicated to the Muses which sprung out of a Rock struck with the hoof of Pegasus HIPPODAMIA She being marriageble her Father Oenomaus King of Elis who saw her so fair fell in love with her like the other Princes of Greece and that he might keep her for himself he made a very wicked proposal For his Chariot being the lightest and his Horses the swiftest of all the Country under pretence of seeking for a Husband worthy of his Daughter he propos'd her for a prize to him who should overcome him at the Race but upon condition that all those whom he should vanquish should suffer death And he would have his Daughter ride in the Chariot with her Lovers that her Beauty might surprize them and divert their thoughts from making haste And by this cunning device he overcame and killed thirteen of these Princes At last the Gods provoked with the vile action of this infatuated Father granted immortal Horses to Pelops who run the fourteenth Race was victorious and possessed the beautiful Lady Some others say that Oenomaus being acquainted that Pelops who courted his Daughter should be one time or another the cause of his death refused to marry her to him but upon condition that he should overcome him at a Race Pelops accepted the Challenge having first bribed the Coachman of Oenomaus that his Chariot might break in the middle of the Race Whereupon Oenomaus being overcome kill'd himself leaving his Daughter Hippodamia and his Kingdom to Pelops who gave his name to the whole Country of Peloponnessus There was also one Briseis the Daughter of Briseis who was called Hippodamia whom Agamemnon stole away from Achilles That name was also given to the Wife of Perithous whom the Centaurs attempted to steal away the day of her Wedding but Hercules secured her and killed them HIPPODROMUS An Hippodrome a place for Races or exercising Horses HIPPOLYTE Queen of the Amazons and Theseus's Wife of whom he begot Hippolytus thus called after his Mother's name Theseus afterwards married Phaedra Minos's Daughter who fell in love with Hippolytus her Son-in-law but having refused to consent to her amorous desires the accused him to Theseus of having attempted her Chastity Theseus gave credit to her scandalous report and banish'd Hippolytus out of his presence and desired Neptune to revenge his Crime Whereupon Hippolytus to avoid his Fathers wrath fled away riding in a Chariot but meeting a Sea-Monster on the shore his Horses were so frighted by it that they threw him down to the ground and drew him among the Rocks where he miserably perished Phaedra sensibly mov'd with his loss and pressed by the remoise of her Conscience discover'd the whole truth to her Husband and kill'd herself out of despair but afterwards Aesculaptus touch'd with compassion restor'd Hippolytus to life and called him Virbins as being a Man a second time Diodorus Siculus reports what is commonly said of Hippolytus as one part of the true History of Theseus Pausanias adds the tradition of some Inhabitants of Italy and especially of Aricia who say that Hippolytus was restored to life again or recovered his health by the care of Aesculaplus and not enduring to think of a reconciliation with his Father came into Italy where he founded a little Government at Aricia and there dedicated a Temple to Diana Pausanias tells us also that the custom in his time was that the Priest appointed for the service of that Temple was always a Man who in a Duel or single Combat had kill'd the Priest to whom he succeeded but that none but fugitive Slaves undertook the Combat The same Author assures a little after that Diomedes was the first Man who dedicated a Grove a Temple and a Statue to Hippolytus and sacrificed to him and that the Inhabitants of Troezen affirmed that Hippolytus was not drawn with Horses but the Gods had honour'd him with a place among the Stars and turned him into a Constellation called by the name of a Carter Ovid calls him Viâ—bius after his Apotheosis Euripides has written a Tragedy of Hippolytus wherein he relates his History Theseus an Athenian Prince who begot Hippolytus of one the Amazons and after her death married Phaedra Daughter to Minos King of Crete absented himself from Athens Venus resolv'd the ruine of Hippolytus because he was very chast and incited Phaedra to love him Whereupon Phaedra discover'd her love to her Nurse who was also her Confidant The Nurse made many attempts upon Hippolytus to perswade him to yield to Phaedra's love yet he continued inflexible Wherefore out of shame and despair Phaedra hang'd herself having first tied some Letters to her Cloaths wherein she charg'd Hippolytus with the Crime she was herself only guilty of Theseus too credulous banish'd Hippolytus and besought Neptune to destroy him in performance of one of the three promises this God had pass'd his word to grant him Neptune heard his request and was the ruin of Hippolytus But Diana appear'd to Theseus and discover'd to him the innocence of Hippolytus ordaining withal that he should be honoured like a God HIPPOMANES A famous poyson of the Ancients which is one of the Compositions in amorous Philters Authors don't agree about what it is Pliny says that 't is a black Flesh-Kernel in the Forehead of a Colt newly foaled which the Mare eats up as soon as she has foal'd Servius and Columella report that 't is the venembus issue of a Mare when she is fit to be covered HIPPONA A Divinity honour'd by Grooms in Stables where her figure is kept This Goddess was call'd upon on account of Horses HIPPOTAMUS A River-Horse living principally in the Rivers Nile Indus and other great Rivers mentioned by Pliny This Creature has a Cloven-foot like an Ox the Back the Mane and the Tail of a Horse and neighs like him His Teeth are like the Teeth of a Wild-Boar but not quite so sharp the skin of his back when 't is dry resists all kind of Arms. Scaurus in the time of his Office of Edile brought the first alive to Rome HISTRIO A Stage-player or Buffoon This word is only us'd to signifie the merry Actors in the old Comedies of Plautus and Terence and they are so called says Festus from Istria because the first Farcers came from that Country Plutarch tells us that the Romans having sent for many Dancers out of Tuscany there was one amongst them who excell'd above others call'd Hister who left his name to all those of his profession And we may also add that those whom the Romans call'd
fork like a Gallows This Fork or Pike or Halberd lay on the top and was supported by two others set upright JULIA There were many Roman Matrons called by that name JULIA The Daughter of Augustus who for her wantonness was banished by her Father first into the Island of Pandatauria then into the Town of Reget about the Streights of Sicily She was first married to M. Agrippa of whom she had Agrippina Nero's Mother then she married Tiberius whom she despised as being unworthy of that honour and this was the chief cause of her long exile in the Isle of Rhodes But when Tiberius was raised to the Empire he so barbarously revenged that affront that she died of hunger and misery after she had been banished and had lost all her hopes after the death of her son Agrippa She was debauched by Sampronius Gracchus during her marriage with Agrippa and this constant adulterer still kept company with her after Tyberius had married her and maliciously provoked her against him And it was a common report that he was author of the Letter she wrote to her Father so full of reproaches and injuries against her Husband JULIA called Medullina and Camilla designed to be the second wife of the Empefor Claudius Caesar but she died on her wedding-day JULIA wife to the Emperour Severus and the mother of Geta and Caracalla She is called in an inscription brought from Barbary Juliae Dominae Aug. Matri Castrorum Matri August Spartianus Eutropius and Aurelius Victor assure us that Julia was but Caracalla's mother in law and that he married her after the death of his father Lucius Septimius Severus but yet this is not mentioned by the Writers of that time on the contrary Dio tells us that Julia was the mother of Caracalla and speaking of the temper of this Emperor he says that he had the malicious mind both of his mother and the Syrians and consequently Julia was his mother and when the two brothers Caracalla and Geta fell out she used them both alike and spoke to them in these words related be Herodian You have my dear children divided betwixt you the Land and the Sea but how will you share your Mother If she had been but their step-mother the argument she brought to reconcile them would bear no weight Philostratus who was very great at the Court of Severus calls also Caracalla the son of Julia. JULIA the daughter of the Emperor Titus whom Domitian her Unkle stole away from her Husband to marry her but he caused her to miscarry whereupon she died JULIANUS sirnamed the Apostate because he forsook the Christian Religion after he had made profession thereof The Emperor Constantius his Cousin elected him Caesar and having adopted him gave him his Sister Helena for his wife He was learned chast valiant laborious sober watchful liberal and a great lover of learned men With these qualifications he got the affection of the Legions who proclaimed him Emperor in the City of Paris Constantius was much troubled at the hearing this news and leaving off his design against the Persians to oppose Julian he came to Tharsus where he had some fits of a fever and from thence to Mopvestus in Cilicia where it increased so much that he died Ammianus Marcellinus writ that he named Julian for his successor but St Gregory of Nazianzen says on the contrary that in this last period of his life he repented to have elected Julian to the Empire As soon as Julian saw himself absolute master by the death of Constantius he ordered that the Temple of the false Gods should be opened and their service set up again and took upon him the office of High Priest re-establishing all the Heathen ceremonies and restored those Priests to all their former Priviledges He repaired the ruins of Idolatry ordering that the Temples which were pulled down during the Reign of Constantine and Constantius should be built again and new ones added to them He ordered also that the Images of the Gods should be set up amongst his own to deceive the Soldiers when the Donative was made for it was a custom to offer Frankincence to the Images of the Emperors at the time of that ceremony At first few of the Christian Soldiers took notice of it yet those who perceived that they honoured the false Gods tho they designed only to honour the Emperors were so much concerned at it that they refused the largess of the Prince throwing at his feet in a scornful manner the money they had received from his liberality Sozomen reports that by his own orders Jupiter was represented near him as if he was come from Heaven on purpose to give him the badges of the Empire and Mars and Mercury's images were looking upon him insinuating by that posture that he was eloquent and valiant And this Author observes that he intended by these means to bring his Subjects under pretence of the honor due to him to the adoration of the false Gods who were represented with him Wherefore St. Gregory of Nazianzen says in his invective against Julian that the ignorant people being deceived were brought to adore the Pagan Images Besides to flatter his own vanity he commanded that he should be adored under the Image of Serapis in imitation of Domitian who ordered that he should be represented by the figure of Pallas and Nero who commanded a marble figure of his head to be set upon the body of a Coloss Julian is represented on a medal with a beard contrary to the custom of his age upon which account the Inhabitants of Antioch reproached him with ridiculous affectation whereby he intended it may be to imitate Marcus Aurelius who did wear a Philosophers beard For Eutropius assures us that he affected to be his imitator and was ambitious of the title of a Philosopher At last having engaged the Persians his army was routed and himself mortally wounded and brought into his Camp and the following night having held a long discourse with Maximus and Priscus concerning the immortality of the soul he died at one and thirty years of age having reigned but one year and seven months 'T is reported that when he found himself wounded he took some of his blood in his hand and flung it against Heaven pronouncing these words Thou hast overcome Galilean for thus he called our Saviour in derision The Works he has left us shew both his Wit and Learning The Panegyricks he had writ both in Prose and Verse collected by Eunapius are lost and there remains little of him but the Invectives the Fathers have writ against him JULIUS Julius Caesar of whom I have spoken under the name of Caesar He was both Dictator and High Priest and ordered the Roman Calendar to be reformed wherefore it was called the Julian Calender or the Calender of the Julian Correction Marc. Antony during his Consulat ordered that the Month Quintilis wherein Julius Caesar was born should be called by his name for the future
the Horizon the Ancient Gauls and Germans divided Time not by the Day but by Nights as you may see in Caesar and Tacitus NUMA called Pompilius the Son of Pomponius Pompilius He was born at Cures the Capital City of the Sabines the Fame of his Vertue made the Romans chuse him for their King after Romulus his Death He revived all the Ancient Ceremonies of Religion and instituted new Ones and writ down a whole Form of Religious Worship in Eight Books which he caused to be laid with him in his Tomb after his Death But one Terentius says Varro having an Estate haid by the Janiculum as his Servant was ploughing near unto Numa's Tomb he turn'd up the Books wherein the said Prince had set down the Reasons of his instituting such Mysteries Terentius carried them presently to the Praetor who when he had read the Beginning of them thought it was a Matter of that Importance as deserved to be communicated to the Senate The Principal Senators having read some things therein would not meddle with the Regulations of Numa but thought it conducive to the Interest of Religion to have the said Books burnt Numa had had Recourse to the Art of Hydromancy in order to see the Images of the Gods in the Water and to learn of them the Religious Mysteries he ought to establish Varro says that this kind of Divination was found out by the Persians and that King Numa and after him Pythagoras the Philosopher made use thereof To which he adds that they also invoked Mens Souls upon this Occasion by sprinkling of Blood and this is that which the Greeks called Necromancy and because Numa made use of Water to perform his Hydromancy they said he married the Nymph Egeria as the said Varro explains it It was therefore by this way of Hydromancy that this inquisite King learnt those Mysteries which he set down in the Pontiff's Books and the Causes of the same Mysteries the Knowledge whereof he reserved to himself alone He boasted he had very often Conversation with the Moses to whom he added a Tenth which he named Tacita and made the Romans worship her He somewhat rectified the Calender and added Two Months to the Year which at first consisted but of 10 Months and so made them 12 adding every Two Year one Month consisting of 22 Days which he called Mercedinum and which he immediately placed after the Month of February he lived about 80 Years and of them reigned 40. This Numa Pompilius second King of Rome was indeed both a King and a Philosopher who gave himself up so much to the Doctrine which Pythagoras afterwards publish'd to the World that many through a gross Ignorance of the Time took him to be a Disciple of Pythagoras Dionysius of Hallicarnassus has refuted this Error by shewing that Numa was more ancient than Pythagoras by Four Generations as having reigned in the 6th Olympiad whereas Pythagoras was not famous in Italy before the 50th The same Historian says that Numa pretended his Laws and Maxims were communicated to him by the Nymph Egeria which others believed to be a Muse at last the said Historian says Numa pretended to have that Conversation with a Coelestial Mistress that so they might believe his Laws were the Emations of the Eternal Wisdom it self NUMERUS a Number is a Discrete Quantity being a Collection of several separate Bodies Euclid defines it to be a Multitude composed of many Unites The perfect Number establish'd by the Ancients is Ten because of the Number of the Ten Fingers of a Man's Hand Plato believed this Number to be perfect inasmuch as the Unites which the Greeks called Monades compleated the Number of Ten. The Mathematicians who would contradict Plato herein said that Six was the most perfect Number because that all its Aliquot Parts are equal to the Number Six And farther to make the Perfection of the Number Six to appear they have observed that the Length of a Man's Foot is the 6th Part of his Height There is an even and an odd Number the Even is that which may be divided into Two equal Parts whereas the odd Number cannot be divided equally without a Fraction which is more of an Unity than the even Number The Golden Number is a Period of 19 Years invented by Metho the Athenian at the End of which happen the Lunations and the same Epact tho' this Period be not altogether true Its thought to have been thus called either because of the Benefit there is in the Use of it or because it was formerly written in Gold Characters See Arithmetica NUPTIAE Marriages from the Verb nubere which signifies to vail because the Bride had a Vail on of the Colour of Fire wherewith she covered her self They carried a lighted Torch and sung Hymen or Hymenaeus which was a fabulous Deity of the Pagans whom they believed to preside over Marriages The Poets called him fair Hymenaeus See Matrimonium NYMPHA a Nymph a false Deity believed by the Heathens to preside over Waters Rivers and Fountains some have extended the Signification hereof and have taken them for the Goddesses of Mountains Forests and Trees The Ancients took the Nymphs to be Bacchus his Nurses whether it were because the Wine wanted Water to bring its Grapes to Maturity or because 't is requisite Water should be mixed with Wine that it may not disorder the Head They have been sometimes represented each of them with a Vessel into which they poured Water and holding the Leaf of an Herb in their Hands which grows in Water and Wells or else another while with that of a Water-Plant called Nymphaea that took its Name from the Nymphs and again with Shells instead of Vessels and naked down to the Navel the Nymph were sometimes honoured with the Title of August as other Deities were which appears by this Inscription NYMPHIS AUGUSTIS MATURNUS V. S. L. M. That is Votum solvit libens meritò Maternus has freely and fully discharg'd her Vow to the August Nymphs This Epithet has been given them by way of Honour because 't was believed they watched for the Preservation of the Imperial Family NYMPHAEA the Baths which were consecrated to the Nymphs and therefore so called from them Silence was more particularly required there whence we read in an Inscription of Gruter NYMPHIS LOCI BIBE LAVA TACE to the Nymphs of the Place drink bathe your selves and be silent O. O Is the Fourteenth Letter in the Alphabet and the Fourth Vowel The O by its long and short Pronounciations represents fully the Omega and Omicron of the Greeks the Pronunciation whereof was very different says Caninius after Terentianus for the Omega was pronounced in the Hollow of the Mouth with a great and full Sound including two oo and the Omicron upon the Edge of the Lips with a clearer and smaller Sound These two Pronounciations they have in the French Tongue the Long O they distinguish by the Addition of an S as coste hoste motte
into the Body of the Ox Apis and into all the rest which were successively substituted in his Stead and this Ox was looked upon as the Image and Soul of Osiris according to the Testimony of Diodorus Siculus and as there were Two sacred Oxen in Egypt the one named Apis in the City of Memphis and the other called Mnevis in Heliopolis the same Diodorus says they were both consecrated to Osiris Tanros sacros tam Apim quam Mnevim Osiridi sacros dicatos esse pro Diis coli apud universos promiscuè Aegyptios sancitum est Diodorus afterwards sets forth at large how the Worship and Mysteries of Osiris were carried from Egypt to Creece under the Name of Bacchus the Son of Semele the Daughter of Cadmus originally descended from Thebes in Egypt for the Daughter of Gadmus having had a Bastard Child that was very like unto Osiris Cadmus to save the Honour of his Daughter deified her Son after his Death making him to pass for another Osiris the Son of Jupiter Orpheus a little after went to Egypt and in Acknowledgment of the Kindness he had received from Cadmus his Family he publish'd these same Mysteries in Greece but so as to attribute to Semele's Son all that had been said of the truc Osiris several Ages before and so the Osiris of Egypt and Bacchus of Creece the Mysteries of the Egyptian Osiris and those of the Greclan Bacchus were one and the same Herodotus attributes the bringing of this Name History and Mysteries of Osiris or the Egyptian Bachus into Greece to Melampus who was antienter than Orpheus The Egyptian Tradition according to Diodorus Siculus was that Osiris Isis and Typhon were the Sons of Saturn and Rhea or rather of Jupiter and Juno that Osiris is the same with Bacchus and Isis the same as Ceres that Osiris and Isis reigned with extraordinary Mildness and conferred great Benefits on their Subjects that they hindred Men to eat one another any more that Isis inveated the Sowing and Use of Corn and made several excellent Laws that Osiris was brought up at Nysa in Arabia Felix and going for one of Jupiter's Sons they called him 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that he applied himself to Agriculture and first taught how to plant Vines That Hermes or Mercury was his Secretary in sacred Things that he was minded to travel all over the World to teach Mankind the use of Corn and Wine and in his Absence recommended Mercury to the Service of Isis to Hercules the Government of Egypt to Busiris that of Phoenicia and Lybia to Anteus that he was accompanied by Apollo his Brother Anubis Macedo Pan and Triptolemus that having passed over Africa Asia and Europe he built the City of Nysa in the Indies defeated Lycurgus in Thrace and at last returned home he was killed by his Brother Typhon that Isis and Orus his Sons reveng'd his Death and having slain Typhon they paid Divine Honours to Osiris whose Members Isis very carefully gathered together which Typhon had divided between the Murderers Plutarch observes that the Egyptians took Osiris for a good Genius and Typhon for an evil Genius and the Principle of all Evil. Plutarch wrote a particular Treatise concerning Isis and Osiris where in an Account is given of the Birth and great Exploits of Osiris of his Conquests Benefits to Mankind the secret Contrivances of Typhon against him his Death and the Care taken by Ises for his Deification At last he pretends that Osiris and Isis from good Genii as they were became Gods as a just Reward of their Vertue and that Osiris is Pluo and Isis Proferpina Synesius Bishop of Cyrene who wrote a Treatise concerning Providence confines himself almost wholly therein to the Explaining of the Fable or History of Osiris He begins with this Reflection That if the same be a Fable its full of Wit since the Egyptians were the Authors thereof and if it be more than a Fable it deserves our Pains to make a further Inspection into it he afterwards gives the same Account as other Writers have done of Osiris and Typhon and says that their Father was a King Priest and a God because the Egyptians pretended they had been govern'd by the Gods before the Kingdom fell into the Hands of Men Afterwards he gives a Description of the Reign of Osiris which was a Reign of Justice Piety Clemency and Liberality it self Typhon dethroned and banish'd him and assuming the Government reigned in all manner of Vices and with all imaginable Cruelty But the Patience of the People being worn out they recalled Osiris Typhon was punished by the Gods and Osiris recovered the Crown M. Spon in his Searches after Antiquity gives an Account of an Idol of Osiris I remember says he that being formerly at Leyden I saw among the Curiosities of their Anatomy-School two small Idols The first is an Osiris that was a famous Deity among the Egyptians having a Miter on his Head at the lower part whereof there was an Ox's Horn on each side for he was thus worshipped in the Form of an Ox because he had taught Mankind the Art of Tillage in his Left Hand he held a Staff bent at the End and in his Right a Triangular Instrument This last was very like unto a Whip with three Cords Plutarch says that Osiris commanded over the Dead and might not this Whip be the Ensign of his Authority as the Furies are represented with a Whip and Torches OSSA a Mountain upon the Frontiers of Thessaly that is covered all over with Wood and Snow Seneca says that this Mountain was joined to Olympus but that it was separated by the Labour of Hercules It was a Place of Retreat for Gyants and Centaurs OSTRACISMUS Ostracism it was a kind of Banishment in Use among the Greeks of such Persons whose over great Power the People suspected as fearing least the same should degenerate into Tyranny This Banishment was not accounted disgrateful because 't was not a Punishment inâ—â—icted for any Crime It lasted Ten Years and in the mean time the exiled Person enjoy'd his Estate It was thus called because the People gave their Suffrages by writing the Name of him whom they were minded to banish upon Shells Aristides was exiled in this manner because he was too Just as Plutarch says in his Life OTHO named M. Silviâ—s was the 8th Emperor and succeeded Galba whom he put to Death The Medals which we have of his make him somewhat like unto Nero which caused the People to cry Othoni Netoni But yet he was not so fat tho otherwise he had the Mien and Delicacy of a Woman He was shaved every Day and wore a Peruke because he had but very little Hair His Peruke may be distinctly observed on his Silver and Gold Medals and 't was he that brought the Use of Wigs into Italy The Brass Medals of this Prince which are all of them Egyptian or Syrian do not represent him with a Peruke perhaps because
concerning the Dignity of the Charge and the Duties of the Person entrusted with it then he presented him with a Sword and Belt and sometimes put a naked Sword into his Hand saying as Trajan did to Licinius Sura Receive this Sword and imploy it for my Service if I govern well but if otherwise make use of it against me This Dion Cassius informs us in Trajan's Life This Officer was degraded by divesting him of the Sword and Belt as Galba did by Tigillinus and Sabinus who were Praefecti praetorio as we read in Philostratus These Officers commanded the Guards and all the Armies and administred Justice the Emperors leaving to them the Management of all Affairs They may be compared with the ancient Mayors of the Palace in France who were the second Persons in the Kingdom and to whose sole Management the Kings of the first Line left all Things they thinking it enough to shew themselves once a Year to the People But Constantine the Great did a little moderate the Power of the Praefectus praetorio for to punish him that had declared himself in Favour of the Tyrant Maxentius and demolished the Cittadel at Rome which Sejanus had caused to be built and having divided the Empire into Four Governments he constituted Four General Governours or Praefecti praetorio over them each bearing the Name of their particular Government These Governments were those of Gaul Sclavonia called Illiricum Italy and the East so that there was a Praefectus praetorio Galliarum or a Praetorian Prefect of the Gauls one of Italy another of East Sclavonia called Illiricum Orientale who had his Residence at Thessalonica and the Fourth of the East that resided in Syria These Two last had all the East under their Government which was divided into 60 Provinces and the first Two all the West divided into 58. They had Lieutenants under them whom they commanded in an absolute manner and they were called Vicarii When Constantine had established these Four Governours he deprived them of the Command of the Army which originally did belong to them and required every one of them to administer Justice within his Government with supream Power There are other Authors who attribute this Change to the Emperors Valentinian Gratian and Theodosius but Zozimus does it to Constantine They had a Tribunal where they administred Justice and they passed Sentence by Word of Mouth and not in Writing as other subordinate Magistrates did Non pronuntiabant ex tabellâ sed verbo They had the Priviledge of the Sword which they wore by their Sides that is to pass a final Sentence of Death without further Appeal In the Place where they administred Justice there stood a Table covered over with Scarlet Tapistry and Gold Fringe round it upon which there was a Book shut on the Cover whereof was the Emperor's Picture and on each Side Two gilded Candlesticks with lighted Wax-Candles 't was in this manner he administred Justice that so a greater Solemnity might be added to the Majesty of the Roman Empire This Book was that which the Emperors gave to these Governours when he sent them into their Governments and therein was contained the Duties of their Office Lazius tells us that the Marks of the Praetorian Praefect's Dignity were the Priviledge of the Sword the Rods the Curule-Chair the Scepter or Ivory-Staff the Pretext-Robe the Laticlavium and the Trabea also the Insula or Mitre to wear on their Heads and a Company of Archers for a Guard When these Praefects went from Rome to their Governments they left their Children with the Emperors as a Security of their Fidelity PRAEFECTUS URBIS The Prefect or Governour of the City he was formerly one of the chief Magistrates of Rome who governed it in the Absence of the Consuls and Emperors His Business was to look after the Provision Civil Government Buildings and Navigation His Power extended to a 1000 Stones Throw without Rome according to Dion He was the proper Judge in the Causes of Slaves Patrons and Freed-men He convened the Senate judged the Senators and defended their Rights and Prerogatives as Cassiodorus will have it He was obliged on the first Day of the Year to go and make the Emperor a Present in the Name of all the People of some Gold Cups with Five Pieces of Money as Symmachus says Vobis solemnes pateras cum quinis solidis ut Numinibus integritatis offerimus PRAEFERICULUM a Vase used at the Sacrifices of old that had a prominent Mouth like unto some Vessels now used PRAEFICAE MULIERES They were a sort of mourning Women who at Funeral Solemnities praised the Deceased made a Lamentation beat their Breasts and ditorted their Faces to incite others to mourn See Funus and Exequiae PRAENOMEN it was that which was put before the general Name and signified as much as our proper Name which serves to distinguish Brothers one from another as Peter John James This Praenomen was not brought in use till long after the Name and therefore it was a Custom among the Romans to give to their Children the Name of the Family on the the 9th Day after their Birth if they were Boys and on the 8th to Girls according to Festus and Plutarch and these Days they called Dies Lustrici because it was a Ceremony whereby they acknowledged them for their lawful Children Whereas the Praenomen was not given till they took upon them the Virile Robe that is about the Age of 17 as appears by the Epitome of the 10th Book attributed to Valerius Maximus This also is manifest by Cicero's Epistles where his Children are always called Ciceronis pueri till that Age after which they were called Marcus filius Quintus filius And whereas Cicero in his last Epistle of L. 6. calls his Nephew Quintum Ciceronem puerum it s very likely that he misapplies the Word puer either to distinguish him from his Father who was also called Quintus or perhaps because it was but a very short time since he had taken the Virile Robe upon him There was usually Care taken in conferring this Praenomen to give that of the Father to the Eldest Son and that of the Grand-father and Ancestors to the Second and so on PRAEPOSITUS sacri cubiculi this Name may be given with us to the Lord Chamberlain who marched at the Performance of any Ceremonies after the Master of the Horse-Guards as you have it in the last Law of the Code and in the Law Penul eodem where his Charge is inserted which was to keep himself in the Emperor's Chamber and to take care of his Bed and Cloathing See Panciroli Notitia Imperii Bollanger L. 3. C. 13. PRAETEXTA a Robe so called which was a long and white Vest edged with a Purple Border the Sons of Persons of Quality wore it at Rome till the Age of Fifteen and their Daughters till they were married The Magistrates Augurs Priests and Senators were it on solemn Days as Authors inform us
according to the Poets was the Sun of Nox and Erebus Ovid L. 11. Metamorph. describes him thus Near unto the Cimmerians says he there was a great Cave dug in a Mountain where stupified Sleep dwelt the Sun-beams never enlightened that Place the same being covered with a very thick Mist The Birds never sing there at Break of Day neither do the Dogs disturb the Silence of the Nights by their Barkings A profound Silence reigns continually there at the Cave's Mouth there grows a great many Poppies and Mandrakes Plants that create Stupidity whose Juice the Night extracts in order to throw it into the Eyes of Men. In the Midst of the Cave there is a Bed of Ebony all of one Colour where the God Sleep lies down soft and takes his Rest there are a great many Dreams who skip up and down round about him Seneca the Tragedian gives an admirable Description of Sleep whom he represents in the same manner as Ovid does to be a favourable God that gives Rest to the Mind and puts an End to our Labours The Greeks as Pausanias says sacrificed on the same Altar to Sleep and to the Muses pretending that Sleep was the best Soul of the Muses Sleep is a good old Man King of a certain Palace whose Masters were Taraxion and Plutocles the sovereign Lord of the Fountain Careotis great Master of the Temple of Imposture and Truth and Possessor Time out of Mind of a Sanctuary or Oracle taken away by Antipho he is Death's younger Brother who is an old Carcase as ancient as all Ages says Coluthus M. Iollius pretends that Sleep is a young Man and this he grounds upon the Inscription wherein Sleep is represented much like unto a Youth This Sleep appeared indeed young but according to M. Cuper it was Somnus aeternalis because of the Torch that was thrown down which was a true Representation of a Life extinct or by reason of this Torch being thrown down it was necessary for keeping of the Children harmless to light one for them in Hell His datum solis minùs ut timerent Igne praelato relevare noctem M. Tollius insists upon it and instances in Euclids Two Sleeps one of which was easie to be perswaded and driven away from the Soul and the same belonged to young People and the other was perfectly gray with Age and appertained to old Men. But the Moral is very good Euclid would hereby shew that young People were easily brought of from their idle Fancies but that 't is hard to bring old Men from their Opinions Euclid did not pretend they were Two Deities SOMNIUM a Dream Ovid puts an infinite Number of Dreams under the Empire of Sleep but he takes notice of Three who were much more potent than the rest viz. Morpheus Icelus or Phobetor and Phantasos The first imitated Men the second Animals and the third Mountains Rivers and other inanimate Things All these Names were taken from the Greek and they very well signifie what they intimate to us Hereby we may know that the Grecians were those who formed both the Names of and made Distinctions between Dreams as well as the God of Sleep Lucian tells us Dreams were painted with Wings because they flew away in an Instant Homer mentions Two Gates thro' which Dreams come to us the one made of Ivory from whence proceeded doubtful and troublesome Dreams the other of Horn through which clear and certain Dreams passed Virgil in these Verses borrowed the Thought from Homer Sunt gemina Somni portae quarum altera fertur Cornea quâ veris facilis datur exitus umbris Altera candenti perfecta nitens elephante Sed falsa ad coelum mittunt insomnia Manes Lucian describes the Island of Dreams unto us in this manner We had not sailed long before we saw the Isle of Dreams but obscurely as Dreams are wont to be for she seemed to remove farther off as we drew nearer to her at last having reached the Island we entred into the Haven of Sleep and there went ashoar The Island was encompassed with a Forest of Poppies and Mandrakes full of Owls and Bats for there were no other Birds upon it It had a River whose Waters did not run but in the Night and Two Fountains of standing Water the Wall of the City was very high and of a changeable Colour like the Rainbow It had Four Gates though Homer makes it to have but Two the first looked towards the Plain of Negligence the one being made of Iron and the other of Earth through which frightful and melancholy Dreams passed the other Two look towards the Harbour the one being made of Horn and the other of Ivory which is that through which we enter Sleep is the King of the Island and his Palace stands on the Left-hand as you go in On his Right-hand is the Temple of Night which the Goddess worshipped there and afterwards that of the Cock Sleep has Two Lieutenants under him viz. Taraxion and Plutocles who were begotten of Fancy and Nothing In the Midst of the Place stands the Fountain of Sence which has Two Temples by the Sides of it the one of Falshood and the other of Truth There is the Oracle and Sanctuary of that God to whom Antipho the Interpreter of Dreams is Prophet and has obtained this Favour of Sleep All the Inhabitants of the Island differ from one another some are handsome and tall others little and ugly these appear to be rich and clad in Gold and Purple like Kings in a Play and the others poor beggerly and all in Rags We met with several of our Acquaintance who carried us to their Houses and treated us nobly Prophetick Dreams were formerly as frequent as they are now rare and so they made a Part of and were an Ornament to History both sacred and prophane God threatened King Abimelech in a Dream and made him release Sarah Abraham's Wife It was in a Dream that Jacob saw the mysterious Ladder The Angel appeared to Jacob in Mesopotamia and told him in a Dream that he was the God who appeared to him in Bethel Joseph's Dreams are well known his Brothers Sheafs of Corn which worshipped his and the Sun Moon and Eleven Stars which they adored have in a manner no need of Interpretation The Dreams of Pharoah's Two Eunuchs and the Interpretation given them by Joseph and Pharaoh's Two Dreams after that which were so happily interpreted by the said Joseph were the Steps by which he was advanced to the Height of Honour and Power Gideon was also instructed what he should do by a Soldier 's Dream Saul answered Samuel who was conjured up by the Witch of Endor that he made his Application to her because God would neither answer him by the Mouths of the Prophets nor by Dreams for they were the Two usual Ways they had to learn the Will of God under the Old Testament The Devil imitated these Prophetick Dreams and made it a Piece of the wicked