or daūger visited one another making great cheere as if out of the springing fountaine of Numaes wisedom many pretie brookes streames of good honest life had rōne ouer all ITALIE had watered it that the mildnes of his wisdom had frō hand to hand bene disparsed through the whole world Insomuch as the ouer excessiue speaches the Poets accustomably doe vse were not sufficiēt enough to expresse the peaceable raigne of that time There spiders vveaue their cobvvebbes daye and night in harnesses vvhich vvont to serue for vvarre there cancred rust doth fret the steele full bright of trenchant blades vvell vvhet in many a Iarre There mighty speares for lacke of vse are eaten vvith rotten vvormes and in that countrie there the braying trompe dothe neuer seeme to threaten their quiet eares vvith blasts of bloudy feare There in that lande no drovvsie sleepe is broken vvith hotte alarmes vvhich terrours doe betoken For during all king Numaes raigne it was neuer heard that euer there were any warres ciuil dissention or innouation of gouernment attempted against him nor yet any secret comitie or malice borne him neither any cōspiracie once thought on to reigne in his place And whether it was for feare of displeasing the godds which visibly seemed to take him into their protectiō or for the reuerent regarde they had vnto his vertue or for his prosperous good successe all the time he raigned I cannot tell howbeit he sought to keepe men still pure honest from all wickednes layed most open before the eyes of the whole world a very exāple of that which Plato long time after did affirme saye concerning true gouernmēt which was That the only meane of true quietnes remedy from all euill which euer troubleth men was when by some diuine ordinaunce from aboue there meteth in one person the right maiestie of a King the minde of a wise philosopher to make vertue gouernesse ruler ouervice For in deede happie is such a wise man more happy are they which maye heare the graue counsaill good lessons of such a mouthe And there me thincks needeth no force no cōpulsion no threates nor extremitie to bridle the people For men seeing the true image of vertue in their visible prince in the example of his life doe willingly growe to be wise of them selues doe fall into loue liking and friendshippe together and doe vse all temperaunce iust dealing and good order one toward another leading their life without offence and with the commendation of other which is the chiefe pointe of felicitie and the most happie good that can light vnto men And he by nature is best worthy to be a King who through his wisdome and vertue can graffe in mens manners such a good disposition and this Numa aboue all other seemed best to knowe and vnderstand Furthermore touching his wiues and children there are great contrarieties amōg the historiographers For some of them saye he neuer maried other wife then Tatia and that he neuer had any children but one only daughter and she was called Pompilia Other write to the contrarie that he had foure sonnes Pompo Pinus Calpus and Mamercus of euery one of the which by succession from the father to the sonne haue descended the noblest races and most auncient houses of the ROMAINES As the house of the Pomponians of Pompo the house of the Pinarians of Pinus the house of the Calphurnians of Calpus the house of the Mamerciās of Mamercus All which families by reason of their first progenitor haue kept the surname of Reges Kings There are three other writers which doe reproue the two first saying that they dyd write to gratifie the families making them falsely to descend of the noble race of king Numa Moreouer it is sayed he had his daughter Pompilia not by Tatia but by his other wife called Lucretia whom he maried after he was made king Howbeit they all agree that his daughter Pompilia was maried vnto one Martius the sonne of the same Martius which persuaded him to accept the kingdome of ROME For he went with him to ROME to remaine there where they dyd him the honour to receyue him into the number of the Senatours After the death of Numa Martius the father stoode against Tullus Hostilius for the succession of the Realme and being ouercome he killed him selfe for sorowe But his sonne Martius who maried Pompilia continued still at ROME where he begotte Ancus Martius who was king of ROME after Tullus Hostilius and was but fiue yere olde when Numa dyed Whose death was not so daine For he dyed consuming by litle and litle aswell through age as also through a lingring disease that waited on him to his ende as Piso hath written and Numa at his death was litle more then foure score yere old But the pompe and honour done vnto him at his funeralles made his life yet more happie and glorious For all the people his neighbours friendes kinsemen and allies of the ROMAINES came thither bringing crownes with them and other publicke contributions to honour his obsequies The noble men selues of the cittie which were called Patricians caried on their shoulders the very bedd on which the course laye to be conueyed to his graue The Priestes attended also on his bodie and so dyd all the rest of the people women and children in like case which followed him to his tumbe all bewaling and lamenting his death with teares sighes and mournings Not as a King dead for very age but as they had mourned for the death of their dearest kinseman and nearest friende that had dyed before he was olde They burnt not his bodie bicause as some saye he commaunded the contrarie by his will and testament but they made two coffines of stone which they buried at the foote of the hill called Ianiculum In the one they layed his bodie in the other the holy bookes which he had written him selfe much like vnto those which they that made the lawes among the GRECIANS dyd write in tables But bicause in his life time he had taught the priestes the substaunce of the whole conteined in the same he willed the holy tables which he had written should be buried with his bodie For he thought it not reasonable that so holy matters should be kept by dead letters and writings but by mens manners exercises And he followed herein they saye the Pythagorians who would not put their worckes in writing but dyd printe the knowledge of them in their memories whom they knew to be worthy men and that without any writing at all And if they had taught any manner of persone the hidden rules and secretes of Geometrie which had not bene worthy of them then they sayed the goddes by manifest tokens would threaten to reuenge such sacriledge and impietie with some great destruction and miserie Therefore seeing so many things agreable and altogether like betweene Numa
Iupiter Olympian only remained vnperfect so the wisdome of Plato amongest many goodly matters of his that haue come abroade left none of them vnperfect but the only tale of the Iles ATLANTIDES Solon liued long time after Pisistratus had vsurped the tyrannie as Heraclides Ponticus writeth Howbeit Phanias Ephesian writeth that he liued not aboue two yeres after For Pisistratus vsurped tyrannicall power in the yere that Comias was chief gouernour in ATHENS And Phanias writeth that Solon dyed in the yere that Hegestratus was gouernour which was the next yere after that And where some saye the ashes of his bodie were after his death strawed abroade through the I le of SALAMINA that seemeth to be but a fable and altogether vntrue Neuertheles it hath bene written by many notable authours and amongest others by Aristotle the philosopher The ende of Solons life THE LIFE OF PVBLIVS Valerius Publicola NOWE we haue declared what Solon was we haue thought good to compare him with Publicola to whom the ROMAINE people for an honour gaue that surname for he was called before Publius Valerius descended from that auncient Valerius who was one of the chiefest worckers and meanes to bring the ROMAINES and the SABYNES that were mortall enemies to ioyne together as one people For it was he that most moued the two Kings to agree and ioyne together Publicola being descended of him whilest the Kings dyd rule yet at ROME was in very great estimation aswell for his eloquence as for his riches vsing the one rightly and freely for the maintenaunce of iustice and the other liberally and curteously for the relief of the poore So that it was manifest if the Realme came to be conuerted into a publicke state he should be one of the chiefest men of the same It chaunced that king Tarquine surnamed the prowde being come to the crowne by no good lawfull meane but contrary lie by indirect and wicked wayes and behauing him selfe not like a King but like a cruell tyrante the people much hated and detested him by reason of the death of Lucretia which killed her selfe for that she was forcibly rauished by him so the whole cittie rose and rebelled against him Lucius Brutus taking vpon him to be the head and captaine of this insurrection and rebellion dyd ioyne first with this Valerius who dyd greately fauour and assist his enterprise and did helpe him to driue out king Tarquine with all his house familie Nowe whilest they were thincking that the people would chuse some one alone to be chief ruler ouer them in stead of a King Valerius kept him selfe quiet as yelding willingly vnto Brutus the first place who was meetest for it hauing bene the chief authour and worcker of their recouered libertie But when they sawe the name of Monarchie as much to saye as soueraintie alone was displeasaunt to the people and that they would like better to haue the rule deuided vnto two and how for this cause they would rather choose two Consuls Valerius then begāne to hope he should be the seconde persone with Brutus Howbeit this hope fayled him For against Brutus will Tarquinius Collatinus the husband of Lucretia was chosen Cōsul with him not bicause he was a man of greater vertue or of better estimation than Valerius But the noble men of the cittie fearing the practises of the Kings abroade which sought by all the fayer flattering meanes they could to returne againe into the cittie dyd determine to make such an one Consul whom occasion forced to be their hard and heauy enemie persuading them selues that Tarquinius Collatinus would for no respect yeld vnto them Valerius tooke this matter greuously but they had a mistrust in him as if he would not doe any thing he could for the benefit of his countrie notwithstanding he had neuer any priuate iniurie offered him by the tyrannes Wherfore he repaired no more vnto the Senate to pleade for priuate men and wholy gaue vp to medle in matters of state insomuch as he gaue many occasion to thincke of his absence and it troubled some men much who feared least vpon this his misliking and withdrawing he would fall to the Kings side and so bring all the cittie in an vprore considering it stoode then but in very tickle termes But when Brutus who stoode in iealousie of some would by othe be assured of the Senate had appointed them a daye solemnely to take their othes vpon the sacrifices Valerius then with a good cheerefull countenaunce came into the market place and was the first that tooke his othe he would leaue nothing vndone that might preiudice the Tarquines but with all his able power he would fight against them and defend the libertie of the cittie This othe of his maruelously reioyced the Senate gaue great assuraunce also to the Consuls but specially bicause his dedes dyd shortly after performe his wordes For there came ambassadours to ROME which brought letters from king Tarquine full of sweete lowly speaches to winne the fauour of the people with commission to vse all the mildest meanes they could to dulce and soften the hardened harts of the multitude who declared how the King had left all pryde and crueltie ment to aske nought but reasonable things The Consuls thought best to geue them open audience and to suffer them to speake to the people But Valerius was against it declaring it might perill the state much and deliuer occasion of new sturre vnto a multitude of poore people which were more affrayed of warres then of tyrannie After that there came other ambassadours also which sayed that Tarquine would from thenceforth for euer geue ouer and renounce his title to the Kingdome and to make any more warres but besought them only that they would at the least deliuer him and his friends their money and goods that they might haue wherewithall to keepe them in their banishment Many came on a pace and were very ready to yeld to this request and specially Collatinus one of the Consuls who dyd fauour their motion But Brutus that was a fast and resolute man and very fierce in his harte ranne immediately into the market place crying out that his fellowe Consul was a traytour and contented to graunt the tyrannes matter and meanes to make warre vpon the cittie where in deede they deserued not so much as to be relieued in their exile Hereupon the people assembled together and the first that spake in this assembly was a priuate man called Gaius Minutius who speaking vnto Brutus to the whole assembly sayed vnto them O noble Consul Senate handle so the matter that the tyrannes goods be rather in your custodie to make warre with them than in theirs to bring warre vpon your selues Notwithstāding the ROMAINES were of opinion that hauing gotten the liberty for which they fought with the tyrannes they should not disapoint the offered peace with keeping backe their goodes but rather
the people of Themistocles which kept watche perceyuing them ranne vpon them and tooke them So Themistocles hauing escaped this daunger wondred greately at the fauour of the goddesse which had appeared vnto him In recompence whereof when he was in the cittie of MAGNESIA he built a temple vnto Dindymena and made his daughter Mnesiptolema prioresse of the same As he passed by the cittie of SARDIS for his recreation he went to visite the temples and offerings that had bene geuen there So he sawe an image of a mayden in copper in the temple of the mother of the goddes being two yeardes highe which they called the Hydrophora as much to saye as the water carier And it was a statue which him selfe had heretofore dedicated and caused to be made with the fines of those that had payed forfeytures for stealing or turning away the water course at ATHENS at suche time as he was master surueyer of the water workes and conduites there Wherfore whether Themistocles was sory to see this goodly image a prisoner in the handes of the Barbarous people or that he would showe vnto the ATHENIANS the greatnes of his credit and authoritie through all the Kings dominions he spake to the gouernour of LYDIA prayed him for his sake that he would send this image againe to ATHENS But this Barbarous gouernour was very angry with his request and tolde him he would aduertise the King thereof Then Themistocles beganne to be afeard was driuen to seeke to the gouernours women and concubines whom he got for money to intreate him and so made fayre weather againe with the gouernour But from thenceforth he tooke better garde of him selfe in all his doings greatly fearing the enuy of the Barbarous people For he progressed not vp and downe ASIA as Theopompus writeth but laye a long time in the cittie of MAGNESIA quietly enjoying the Kings gratious giftes bestowed on him where he was honoured reuerenced for one of the greatest persones of PERSIA whilest the King was els where occupied in the affayres of the highe prouinces of ASIA and had no leysure to thincke vpon those of GRECE But when newes was brought him that AEGYPT was rebelled by meanes of the fauour assistance of the ATHENIANS that the GRECIANS gallyes dyd scowre the seas euen vnto the I le of CYPRVS vnto the coastes of CILICIA that Cimon had all the sea in subiection that made him then to bende all his thoughts howe to resist the GRECIANS that their greatnes might not turne to his hurte Then commissions went out to leauy men to assemble captaines to dispatche postes vnto Themistocles at MAGNESIA with the Kings letters straightly charging him to haue an eye to the GRECIANS doings and moreouer that he should faithfully keepe his promise he had made to him But he to shewe that he neither maliced his citizens nor was moued with the desire of greatnes and authoritie he might haue growen vnto in those warres or els for that he thought the Kings expectation would proue to a greater matter then he could ende or wade through considering GRECE was full at that time of famous captaines and that Cimon amongest the rest had maruelous good fortune and that it should be a reproche to him to stayne the glorie of so many noble actes so many triumphes and so great victories as Cimon had done and wonne he tooke a wise resolution with him self to make suche an ende of his life as the same thereof deserued For he made a solemne sacrifice vnto the goddes and feasted at the same all his friends And after he had taken his leaue of them all he drancke bulles bloude as most men thincke or as other saye poyson which dispatcheth a man in foure and twenty howers and so ended his dayes in the cittie of MAGNESIA after he had liued threescore and fiue yeres and the most parte of them allwayes in office and great charge It is written that the king of PERSIA vnderstanding the cause and manner of his deathe dyd more esteeme him afterwards then he dyd before and that euer after he continued to vse his friends and familliars in very good sorte For he left children behinde him which he had of Archippa Lysanders daughter of the towne of ALOPECIA Archeptolis Polyeuctus and Cleophantus of whom Plato the philosopher maketh mētion saying that he was a good man at armes but otherwise that there was no goodnes in him His other sonnes that were elder as Neocles dyed being bitten with a horse and as for Diocles another sonne his grandfather Lysander dyd adopt him for his sonne He had many daughters of the which Mnesiptolema which he had by a seconde wife was maried vnto her halfe brother Archeptolis for they were not both of one venter An other called Italia was maried vnto one Panthides of CHIO Sybaris vnto Nicomedes an ATHENIAN And Nicomacha vnto Pharsicles Themistocles nephue vnto whom her brethern dyd mary her within the cittie of MAGNESIA after the death of their father This Pharsicles dyd bring vp ASIA which was the youngest of all his daughters Furthermore his sumptuous tumbe standeth yet in the market place of MAGNESIA But that Andocides writeth of his bones in a booke he made to his friendes is not to be credited which was that the ATHENIANS hauing founde the ashes of his bones dyd cast them vp into the ayer as a deuise to sturre vp the noble men against the people And Phylarchus in his historie much like vnto the fayned subtilties of a tragedie bringeth in I can not tell what Neocles and Demopolis for Themistocles sonnes to moue the readers with compassion Howbeit no man is so simple but will iudge it straight a very fayning and deuise Diodorus the cosmographer also in a booke he hath written of tumbes and monuments sayeth by coniecture rather then of any certen knowledge that alongest the hauen of PIROEA coming towardes the head of Alcimus there is a forelande in forme of an elbowe within the which when they haue doubled the pointe the sea is allwayes calme and there they finde a great and long foundation or base vpon the which there is as it were the forme of an altar and that is sayeth he Themistocles tumbe And he supposeth that Plato the comicall poet doth witnesse it in these verses Thy graue is set and plast comodiously vvhere passengers and marchants that come by maye visite thee and vvhere it maye regarde all such as seeke that porte to be their vvarde Somtimes also it maye reioyce to see the bloudy fights vpon the sea that be And furthermore those of MAGNESIA dyd institute certen honours vnto the issue of Themistocles which continew yet vnto this daye And in my time another Themistocles also of ATHENS dyd enjoy the same honours with whom I was familliarly conuersante in the house of Ammonius the philosopher The ende of Themistocles life THE LIFE OF Furius Camillus AMONGEST many great matters which
Hanniball who was a dreadfull and a violent enemy so were the THEBANS also at that very time with the LACEDAEMONIANS who notwithstanding were ouercome of Pelopidas at the battells of TEGYRA and of LEVCTRES Whereas Marcellus did neuer so much as once ouercome Hanniball as Polybius wryteth but remained vnconquered alwayes vntill that Scipio ouercame him in battell Notwithstandinge we do geue best credit to the reportes of Caesar Liuie Cornelius Nepos and of king Iuba among the GREECIANS who wryte that Marcellus otherwhile did ouerthrow certaine of Hanniballs companies howebeit they were neuer no great ouerthrowes to speake of it seemeth rather it was through some mockerie or deceite of that AFRICAN then otherwise Yet sure it was a great matter and worthy much cōmendacion that the ROMAINES were brought to that corage as they durst abide to fight with the CARTHAGINIANS hauing lost so many great ouerthrowes hauing so many generalls of their armies slaine in battell and hauing the whole Empire of ROME in so great daunger of vtter destruction For it was Marcellus only of all other generalls that put the ROMAINES in hart againe after so great and longe a feare thorowly rooted in them and incoraged the souldiers also to longe to fight with their enemy and not onely to hope but to assure them selues of victory For where by reason of their continuall losses and fearefull ouerthrowes they hadde they thought them selues happy men to escape Hannibals handes by runninge away he taught them to be ashamed to flie like cowardes to confesse they were in distresse to retyre leaue the fielde before they had ouercome their enemies And where Pelopidas was neuer ouercome in battell beinge generall and Marcellus did ouercome more then any generall in his time it might seeme therefore that the great number of the victories of the one should compare with the good happe of the other that was neuer ouercome It is true that Marcellus tooke the city of SYRACVSA Pelopidas failed of taking the city of SPARTA but yet do I thinke that it was more valliantly done of Pelopidas to come so neere SPARTA as he did and that he was the first that passed the riuer of EVROTAS with an army which neuer enemy did before him than it was of Marcellus to winne all SICILE Vnles some paraduenture will say againe this was Epaminondas not Pelopidas acte as also in the victorie of LEVCTRES where no man liuing can pretend any parte of glory to the doinges of Marcellus For he tooke SYRACVSA being onely generall alone and did ouerthrow the GAVLES without his fellow Consull and fought with Hanniball without any mans helpe or incoragement for all other were against it and perswaded the contrary and he was the first that altered the maner of warres the ROMAINES vsed then and that trained his souldiers that they durst fight with the enemy For their death I neither commend the one nor the other and the straungenesse of either of their deathes doth greue me maruelously as I do greatly wonder also how Hanniball in so many battells as he fought which are innumerable could alwayes scape vnhurt I can not but greatly commende also the valliantnes of one Chrysantas whom Xenophon speaketh of in his booke of the institucion of Cyrus saying that he hauing lift vp his sword in his hand ready to kill one of his enemies and hearing the trompet sound the retreate he softly retyred would not strike him Howbeit it seemeth Pelopidas is more to be excused for beside that he was very hot and desirous of battel yet his anger was honorable and iust and moued him to seeke reuenge For as the Poet Euripides sayth The best that may betyde is vvhen a captaine likes and doth suruiue the victories vvhich he vvith force achieues But if he needes must fall then let him valliantly euen thrust amid the thickest throng and there vvith honor dye For so becometh his death famous not dishonorable But now besides Pelopidas iust cause of anger yet was there an other respect that most pricked him forward to do that he did for he saw his victorie ended in the death of the tyran Otherwise he shoulde hardly haue founde so noble an occasion to haue shewed his valliantnesse as in that And Marcellus contrarily without any instant necessity and hauinge no cause of heate or choller which putteth all men valliant in fight besides them selues that they know not what they do did rashly and vnaduisedly thrust him selfe into the middest of the daunger where he dyed not as a generall but as a light horseman and skowt forsaking his three triumphes his fiue Consullshippes and his spoyles and tokens of triumphe which he had gotten of kinges with his owne hands among venturous SPANIARDS and NVMIDIANS that folde their blood and liues for pay vnto the CARTHAGINIANS so that I imagine they were angry with thē selues as a man would say for so great and happy a victory to haue slaine amongest FREGELLANIAN skowtes and light horsemen the noblest and worthiest person of the ROMAINES I would no man should thinke I speake this in reproch of the memory of these two famous men but as a griefe onely of them and their valliantnes which they imployed so as they bleamished all their other vertues by the vndiscrete hazarding of their persones and liues without cause as if they woulde and shoulde haue dyed for them selues and not rather for their contry and frendes And also when they were dead Pelopidas was buried by the allies confederats of the city of THEBES for whose cause he was slaine and Marcellus in like maner by the enemies selues that hadde slaine him And sure the one is a happy thing and to be wished for in such a case but the other is farre aboue it and more to be wondered at That the enemy him selfe shoulde honor his valliantnesse and worthinesse that hurt him more then the office of frendshippe performed by a thankefull frende For nothing moueth the enemy more to honor his deade enemy then the admiration of his worthines and the frende sheweth frendeship many times rather for respect of the benefit he hath receiued then for the loue he beareth to his vertue The ende of Marcellus life THE LIFE OF Aristides ARistides the sonne of Lysimachus was certeinly of the tribe of Antiochides and of the towne of ALOPECIA But for his goodes and wealth they diuersely write of him For some say he liued poorely all the daies of his life and that he left two daughters which by reason of their pouerty liued vnmaried many yeres after their fathers death And many of the oldest writers do cōfirme that for troth Yet Demetrius Phalerius in his booke intituled Socrates wryteth the contrary that he knew certeine landes Aristides had in the village of PHALERIA which did yet beare the name of Aristides lands in the which his body is buried And furthermore to shew that he was well to liue and that his
Aristides drew very neere him in reputacion and creditte bicause he did very good seruice in obtaining the victorie specially when he agreed with Miltiades in counsaill to geue battell apon the barbarous people and also when he willingly gaue Miltiades the whole rule and order of the army For euery one of the tenne Captaines did by turnes leade the whole army for one whole day and when Aristides turne came about he gaue his preferment thereof vnto Miltiades teaching his other companions that it was no shame but honor for them to be ruled by the wisest Thus by his example he appealed all strife that might haue growen amonge them and perswaded them all to be contented to follow his direction and counsaill that had best experience in warre And so he did much aduaunce Miltiades honor For after that Aristides had once yelded his authority vnto him euery one of the rest did the like when it came to their turne and so they all submitted them selues vnto his rule and leading But on the day of the battel the place where the ATHENIANS were most combred was in the middest of the battell where they had set the tribes of the Leontides and of Antiochides for thither the barbarous people did bend all their force and made their greatest fight in that place By which occasion Themistocles and Aristides fighting one hard by an other for that the one was of the tribe Leontides and the other of Antiochides they valiantly fought it out with the enemies enuying one an other so as the barbarous people at the last being ouerthrowen they made them flie and draue them to their shippes But when they were imbarked gone the Captaines of the ATHENIANS perceiuing they made not towardes the Iles which was their direct course to returne into ASIA but that they were driuen backe by storme of winde and pyrries of the sea towardes the coast of ATTICA and the city of ATHENS fearinge least they might finde ATHENS vnfurnished for defence and might set apon it they thereupon sent away presently nine tribes that marched thither with such speede as they came to ATHENS the very same day and left Aristides in the campe at MARATHON with his tribe and contry men to looke to the prisoners and spoyle they hadde wonne of the barbarous people Who nothing deceiued the opinion they had of his wisdom For notwithstanding there was great store of golde and siluer much apparell moueables and other infinite goodes and riches in all their tentes and pauillions and in the shippes also they had taken of theirs he was not so couetous as once to touch them nor to suffer any other to medle with them vnlesse by stealth some prouided for them selues As amongst other there was one Callias one of Ceres Priestes called Dadouchos as you woulde saye the torche bearer for in the secret sacrifices of Ceres his office was to holde the torche whom when one of the barbarous people saw and how he ware a bande about his head and long heare he toke him for some king and falling on his knees at his feete kissed his hand and shewed him great store of golde he hadde hidden and buried in a ditche But Callias like a most cruell and cowardly wretch of all other on the earth tooke away the gold and killed the poore soule that had shewed him the place bicause he shoulde not tell it to others Hereof it commeth that the comicall Poets do call those that came of him in mockery Laccoplutes as made rich by a ditch bicause of the golde that Callias founde in it Immediatly after this battell Aristides was chosen prouost of ATHENS forthe yeare albeit Demetrius Phalerius writeth that it was a litle before his death after the iorney of PLATEES For in their Chronicles where they set in order their prouosts of ATHENS for they yere since Xanthippides time there appeareth no one name of Aristides in that yeare that Mardonius the kinge of PERSIAES Lieutenant was ouerthrowen by PLATEES which was many yeares after But contrariwise they finde Aristides enrolled amonge the prouostes immediatly after Phanippus in the yeare the battell was fought at MARATHON Now the people did most commende Aristides iustice as of all other his vertues and qualities bicause that vertue is most common and in vse in our life and deliuereth most benefute to men Hereof it came that he beinge a meane man obteined the worthiest name that one coulde haue to be called by the whole city a iust man. This surname was neuer desired of kinges princes nor of tyrannes but they alwayes delited to be surnamed some Poliorcetes to say conquerors of cities other Cerauni to say lightening or terrible other Nicanores to say subduers and some other Aeti and Hicraces to say Eagles or Fawcons or such like birdes that praye desiringe rather as it should appeare by those surnames the praise and reputacion growinge by force and power then the commendacion that riseth by vertue and goodnes And notwithstanding God whom men desire most to be likened to doth excell all humaine nature in three speciall thinges in immortality in power and in vertue of which three vertue is the most honorable and pretious thing For as the naturall Philosophers reason all the foure elements and Vacusm are immortall and vncorruptible and so are force and power earthquakes lighteninge terrible stormes runninge riuers and inundacions of waters but as for iustice and equity no man is partaker of them saue onely God by meanes of reason and vnderstandinge Therefore bicause men commonly haue three sundry honors to the gods the first that they thinke them blessed the second that they feare them the third that they reuerence them it appeareth then that they thinke them blessed for the eternitie and immortality of their godhead that they feare them bicause of their omnipotency power and that they loue and worshippe them for their iustice and equitie And yet notwithstanding of those three men do couet immortality which no flesh can attaine vnto and also power which dependeth most vppon fortune and in the meane time they leaue vertue alone whereof the goddes of their goodnes haue made vs capable But here they shewe them selues fooles For iustice maketh the life of a noble man and of one in great authority seeme diuine and celestiall where without iustice and dealinge vniustly his life is most beastly and odious to the worlde But now againe to Aristides This surname of a iust man at the beginning made him beloued of all the people but afterwardes it turned him to great ill will and specially by Themistocles practise Who gaue it out euery where that Aristides had ouerthrowen all iustice bicause by consent of the parties he was euer chosen Arbitrator to ende all controuersies how by this meanes he secretly had procured the absolute power of a kinge not needing any gard or souldiers about him The people moreouer beinge growen very dissolute and
an other without any playing or vncomely talke In the middest of supper they that sought occasion of quarrell beganne to speake lewde wordes counterfeating to be dronke and to play many vile partes of purpose to anger Sertorius Whereuppon Sertorius whether it was that he coulde not abide to see those villanous partes or that he mistrusted their ill will towardes him by fumbling of their wordes in their mouthes and by their vnwonted irreuerent maner shewed vnto him fell backewards apon the bed where he sate at meate seeming no more to marke what they did or sayd Perpenna at that instant tooke a cuppe full of wine making as though he dranke let it fall of purpose The cuppe falling drowne made a noyse and that was the signe geuen among them Therewithall Antonius that sate aboue Sertorius at the table stabbed him in with his dagger Sertorius feeling the thrust stroue to rise but the traiterous murderer got vp on Sertorius brest held both his handes And thus was Sertorius cruelly murdered not able to defend him selfe all the conspirators falling apon him Sertorius death being blowen abroade the most parte of the SPANYARDS sent Ambassadors immediatly vnto Pompey and Metellus and yeelded them selues vnto them and Perpenna with those that remained with him attempted to doe some thing with Sertorius army and preparation But all fell out to his vtter destruction and ruine making the world know that he was a wicked man who could neither commaund nor knew how to obey For he went to assaile Pompey who had ouerthrowen him straight and was in the end taken prisoner And yet in that instant of his calamitie he did not vse him selfe like a valliant minded man and one worthy to rule for thinking to saue his life hauing Sertorius letters and wrytinges he offered Pompey to deliuer him all Sertorius letters sent him from the chiefest Senators of ROME wrytten with their owne handes requestinge Sertorius to bring his armie into ITALIE where he should finde numbers of people desirous of his comming and that gaped still for chaunge of gouernment But here did Pompey shewe him selfe a graue and no younge man deliueringe thereby the citie of ROME from great feare and daunger of chaunge and innouation For he put all Sertorius letters and wrytinges on a heape together and burnt them euery one without readinge any of them or sufferinge them to be red And moreouer he presently put Perpenna to death fearing he should name some which if they were named would breede new occasion of trouble sedition And as for the other conspirators some of thē afterwards were brought to Pompey who put them all to death and the rest of them fled into AFRICKS where they were all ouerthrowen by them of the contrie and not a man of them scaped but fell vnfortunately apon th edge of the sworde Aufidius only except Manlius companion in loue Who either bicause he was not reckened of or else vnknowen dyed an olde man in a pelting village of the barbarous people poore miserable and hated of all the world THE LIFE OF Eumenes DVris the Historiographer wryteth that Eumenes was borne in the citie of CARDIA in THRACIA being a cariers sonne of the same contrie who for pouertie earned his liuing by carying marchaundises to and fro and that he was notwithstanding honestly brought vp as well at schoole as at other comely exercises And furthermore how that he being but a boy Philip king of MACEDON chaunsing to come through the city of CARDIA where hauing nothing to do he tooke great pleasure to see the young men of the citie handle their weapons boyes to wrestle and among them Eumenes shewed such actiuitie and performed it with so good a grace withall that Philippe liked the boye well and tooke him away with him But sure their reporte seemeth truest which wryte that Philippe did aduaunce him for the loue he bare to his father in whose house he had lodged After the death of Philippe Eumenes continued his seruice with king Alexander his sonne where he was thought as wise a man as faithfull to his master as any and though he was called the Chaunceller or chiefe secretary yet the king did honor him as much as he did any other of his chiefest frendes familiars For he was sent his Lieutenaunt generall of his whole army against the INDIANS and was Perdiccas successor in the gouernment of his prouince Perdiccas being preferred vnto Hephaestions charge after his death Nowe bicause Neoptolemus that was one of the chiefe Squiers for the body vnto the king after the death of Alexander told the Lordes of the counsell of MACEDON that he had serued the king with his shield and speare and howe Eumenes had followed with his penne and paper the Lordes laughed him to scorne knowing that besides many great honors Eumenes had receiued the king esteemed so well of him that he did him the honor by mariage to make him his kinseman For the first Lady that Alexander knew in ASIA was Barsine Artabazus daughter by whom he had a sonne called his name Hevenles of two of her sisters he maried the one of them called Apama vnto Ptolomye her other sister also called Barsine he bestowed vpon Eumenes when he distributed the PERSIAN Ladies among his Lordes and familiars to marrie them Yet all this notwithstanding he often fell in disgrace with king Alexander stoode in some daunger by meanes of Hephaestion For Hephaestion following Alexanders courte on a time hauing appointed Euius a phiphe player a lodging which Eumenes seruauntes had taken vp for their maister Eumenes being in a rage went with one Mentor vnto Alexander crying out that a mā were better be a phiphe a common plaier of Tragedies then a souldier sithence such kinde of people were preferred before men of seruice that ventured their liues in the warres Alexander at that present time was as angrie as Eumenes roundly tooke vp Hephaestion for it howbeit immediatly after hauing chaunged his minde he was much offended with Eumenes bicause he thought him not to haue vsed that franke speech so much against Hephaestion as of a certaine presumptuous boldenes towardes him selfe And at an other time also when Alexander was sending Nearchus with his army by sea to cleere the coastes of the Occean it chaunsed the king was without money whereupon he sent to all his frendes to take vp money in prest and among others vnto Eumenes of whom he requested three hundred talentes Eumenes lent him but a hundred and sayd he had much a doe to get him so much of all his tenantes Alexander sayd nothing to him neither would he suffer them to take his hundred talentes but commaunded his officers to set Eumenes tent a fire bicause he would take him tardy with a lye before he could geue order to cary away his gold and siluer Thus was his tent burnt downe to the ground before they could
the gate Thereuppon the gates were opened they comming in their gownes went vnto his bed side to see him That selfe day Python Seleucus were appointed by the kings friends to go to the temple of the god Serapis to knowe if they should bringe king Alexander thither The god aunswered them that they should not remoue him from thence The eight and twenty day at night Alexander dyed Thus it is written word for word in manner in the houshold booke of remembrance At that present tyme there was no suspition that he was poysoned Yet they say that six yeares after there appeared some proofe that he was poisoned Whereupon his mother Olympias put many men to death and cast the ashes of Iolas into the wind that was dead before for that it was said he gaue him poyson in his drinke They that thinke it was Aristotle that counselled Antipater to do it by whose meane the poyson was brought they say that Agnothemis reporred it hauing heard it of king Antigonus owne mouth The poyson as some say was cold as Ise and falleth from a rocke in the territory of the citie of NONACRIS it is gathered as they would gather a deawe into the horne of the foote of an asse for there is no other kinde of thinge that wil keepe it it is so extreme cold percing Others defend it say that the report of his poysoning is vntrue for proofe therof they alleage this reason which is of no smal importance that is That the chiefest Capteines fel at great variance after his death so that the corps of Alexander remained many dayes naked without buriall in a whot dry contry yet there neuer appeared any signe or token apon his body that he was poysoned but was still a cleane and faire corps as could be Alexander left Roxane great with childe for the which the MACEDONIANS did her great honor but she did malice Statira extreamely did finely deceiue her by a counterfeat letter she sent as if it had comen from Alexander willing her to come vnto him But when she was come Roxane killed her and her sister and then threw their bodies into a well and filled it vp with earth by Perdiccas helpe and consent Perdiccas came to be king immediatly after Alexanders death by meanes of Aridaeus whom he kept about him for his gard and safety This Aridaeus beeing borne of a common strumpet and common woman called Philinna was halfe lunaticke not by nature nor by chaunce but as it is reported put out of his wits when he was a young towardly boy by drinkes which Olympias caused to be geuen him and thereby continued franticke The end of Alexanders life THE LIFE OF Iulius Caesar. AT what time Sylla was made Lord of all he would haue had Caesar put away his wife Cornelia the daughter of Cinna Dictator but when he saw he could neither with any promise nor threate bring him to it he tooke her ioynter away from him The cause of Caesars ill will vnto Sylla was by meanes of mariage for Marius thelder maried his fathers own sister by whom he had Marius the younger whereby Caesar he were cosin germaines Sylla being troubled in waightie matters putting to death so many of his enemies when he came to be cōqueror he made no reckoning of Caesar but he was not contented to be hidden in safety but came and made sute vnto the people for the Priesthoodshippe that was voyde when he had scant any heare on his face Howbeit he was repulsed by Syllaes meanes that secretly was against him Who when he was determined to haue killed him some of his frendes told him that it was to no purpose to put so young a boy as he to death But Sylla told them againe that they did not consider that there were many Marians in that young boy Caesar vnderstanding that stale out of ROME and hidde him selfe a long time in the contrie of the SABINES wandring still from place to place But one day being caried from house to house he fell into the handes of Syllaes souldiers who searched all those places and tooke them whom they found hidden Caesar bribed the Captaine whose name was Cornelius with two talentes which he gaue him After he had escaped them thus he went vnto the sea side and tooke shippe and sailed into BITHYNIA to goe vnto king Nicomedes When he had bene with him a while he tooke sea againe and was taken by pyrates about the I le of PHARMACVSA for those pyrates kept all vppon that sea coast with a great fleete of shippes and botes They asking him at the first twentie talentes for his ransome Caesar laughed them to scorne as though they knew not what a man they had taken of him selfe promised them fiftie talents Then he sent his men vp and downe to get him this money so that he was left in maner alone among these theeues of the CILICIANS which are the cruellest butchers in the world with one of his frends and two of his slaues only and yet he made so litle reckoning of them that when he was desirous to sleepe he sent vnto them to commaunde them to make no noyse Thus was he eight and thirtie dayes among them not kept as prisoner but rather waited vppon by them as a Prince All this time he woulde boldly exercise him selfe in any sporte or pastime they would goe to And other while also he woulde wryte verses and make orations and call them together to say them before them and if any of them seemed as though they had not vnderstoode him or passed not for them he called them blockeheades and brute beastes and laughing threatned them that he would hang them vp But they were as merie with the matter as could be and tooke all in good parte thinking that this his bold speach came through the simplicity of his youth So when his raunsome was come from the citie of MILETVM they being payed their money and he againe set at libertie he then presently armed and manned out certaine ships out of the hauen of MILETVM to follow those theeues whom he found yet riding at ancker in the same Iland So he tooke the most of them had the spoile of their goods but for their bodies he brought them into the city of PERGAMVM there committed thē to prison whilest he him selfe went to speake with Iunius who had the gouernment of ASIA as vnto whom the execution of these pirats did belong for that he was Praetor of that contrie But this Praetor hauing a great fancie to be fingering of the money bicause there was good store of it answered that he would consider of these prisoners at better leasure Caesar leauing Iunius there returned againe vnto PERGAMVM and there hung vp all these theeues openly vpon a crosse as he had oftentimes promised them in the I le he would doe when they thought he did but ieast
tooke the firebrandes and went vnto their houses that had slaine Caesar to set them a fire Other also ranne vp and downe the citie to see if they could meete with any of them to cut them in peeces howbeit they could meete with neuer a man of them bicause they had locked them selues vp safely in their houses There was one of Caesars frends called Cinna that had a maruelous straunge terrible dreame the night before He dreamed that Caesar bad him to supper that he refused and would not goe then that Caesar tooke him by the hand and led him against his will. Now Cinna hearing at that time that they burnt Caesars body in the market place notwithstanding that he feared his dreame and had an agew on him besides he went into the market place to honor his funeralls When he came thither one of the meane sorte asked what his name was He was straight called by his name The first man told it to an other and that other vnto an other so that it ranne straight through them all that he was one of them that murdered Caesar for in deede one of the traitors to Caesar was also called Cinna as him selfe wherefore taking him for Cinna the murderer they fell vpon him with such furie that they presently dispatched him in the market place This sturre and furie made Brutus and Cassius more affrayed then of all that was past and therefore within fewe dayes after they departed out of ROME and touching their doings afterwards and what calamity they suffered till their deathes we haue wrytten it at large in the life of Brutus Caesar dyed at six and fifty yeres of age and Pompey also liued not passing foure yeares more then he So he reaped no other frute of all his raigne dominion which he had so vehemently desired all his life and pursued with such extreame daunger but a vaine name only and a superficiall glory that procured him the enuy and hatred of his contrie But his great prosperitie and good fortune that fauored him all his lfe time did continue afterwards in the reuenge of his death pursuing the murtherers both by sea land till they had not left a man more to be executed of al them that were actors or counsellers in the conspiracy of his death Furthermore of all the chaunces that happen vnto men vpon the earth that which came to Cassius aboue all other is most to be wondred at For he being ouercome in battell at the iorney of Philippes slue him selfe with the same sworde with the which he strake Caesar. Againe of signes in the element the great comet which seuen nightes together was seene very bright after Caesars death the eight night after was neuer seene more Also the brightnes of the sunne was darkened the which all that yeare through rose very pale and shined not out whereby it gaue but small heate therefore the ayer being very clowdy darke by the weakenes of the heate that could not come foorth did cause the earth to bring foorth but raw and vnrype frute which rotted before it could rype But aboue all the ghost that appeared vnto Brutus shewed plainly that the goddes were offended with the murther of Caesar. The vision was thus Brutus being ready to passe ouer his army from the citie of ABVDO◠to the other coast lying directly against it slept euery night as his manner was in his tent and being yet awake thinking of his affaires for by reporte he was as carefull a Captaine and liued with as litle sleepe as euer man did he thought he heard a noyse at his tent dore looking towards the light of the lampe that waxed very dimme he saw a horrible vision of a man of a wonderfull greatnes and dreadfull looke which at the first made him maruelously afraid But when he sawe that it did him no hurt but stoode by his bedde side and sayd nothing at length he asked him what he was The image aunswered him I am thy ill angell Brutus and thou shalt see me by the citie of PHILIPPES Then Brutus replied againe and sayd well I shall see thee then Therewithall the spirit presently vanished from him After that time Brutus being in battell neere vnto the citie of PHILIPPES against Antonius and Octauius Caesar at the first battell he wan the victorie and ouerthrowing all them that withstoode him he draue them into young Caesars campe which he tooke The second battell being at hand this spirit appeared again vnto him but spake neuer a word Thereuppon Brutus knowing he should dye did put him selfe to all hazard in battell but yet fighting could not be slaine So seeing his men put to flight and ouerthrowen he ranne vnto a litle rocke not farre of and there setting his swordes point to his brest fell vpon it and slue him selfe but yet as it is reported with the helpe of his frend that dispatched him The end of Caesars life THE LIFE OF Phocion THe Orator Demades on a time florished in ATHENS bicause in all his doings and sayings in the administration and gouernment of the comcom wealth he alwayes fauored the MACEDONIANS and Antipater in respect whereof he was est soones compelled both in his counsell and lawes to preferre many things to the dishonor of his city saying that they must pardon him bicause he gouerned the shippewrackes of his contrie This was an arrogant speache but yet referring it to the gouernment of Phocion he sayd truely For in deede Demades selfe was the shippewracke of the common weale bicause he liued so insolently and gouerned so lewdly Insomuch as Antipater sayd of him after he was very old that there was nothing left of him no more then of a beast sacrificed but the tongue and belly But the vertues of Phocion which had to fight against the cruell and bitter enemy of the time were so obscured by the calamities of GRAECE that his fame was nothing so great as he deserued For we must not credit Sophocles words making vertue of it selfe but weake in these verses VVhen stormes of sore aduersities ò king doe men assaile It dauntes their corage cuts their combs and makes their harts to quaile But we must onely geue place to fortune who when she frowneth vppon any good and vertuous men her force is so great that where they deserue honor and fauor she violently heapeth false malicious accusations against them which maketh their vertue same not of that credit which in dede it deserueth And yet it seemeth to many that free cities are most cruel vnto their good citizens in time of prosperity bicause they flow in wealth liue at ease which maketh them of hauty mindes But it is cleane contrary For aduersity commonly maketh mens maners sower chollericke and very hasty besides slow to heare churlish and offended with euery litle sharpe word For he that correcteth them that offend seemeth to cast their
at thirdly for the loue he bare vnto his verie frend Arrius Thus did Caesar honor Arrius who craued pardon for him selfe and many others specially for Philostratus the eloquentest man of all the sophisters and Orators of his time for present and sodaine speech howbeit he falsly named him selfe an Academicke Philosopher Therefore Caesar that hated his nature condicions would not heare his surt Thereupon he let his gray beard grow long and followed Arrius steppe by steppe in a long mourning gowne still bussing in his eares this Greeke verse A vvise man it that he be vvise in deede May by a vvise man haue the better speede Caesar vnderstanding this not for the desire he had to deliuer Philostratus of his feare as to ridde Arrius of malice enuy that might haue fallen out against him he pardoned him Now touching Antonius sonnes Antyllus his eldest sonne by Fuluia was slaine bicause his schoole-maister Theodorus did betray him vnto the souldiers who strake of his head And the villaine tooke a pretious stone of great value from his necke the which he did sowe in his girdell and afterwards denied that he had it but it was founde about him and so Caesar trussed him vp for it For Cleopatraes children they were verie honorablie kept with their gouernors and traine that waited on them But for Caesarion who was sayd to be Iulius Ceasars sonne his mother Cleopatra had sent him vnto the INDIANS through AETHIOPIA with a great summe of money But one of his gouernors also called Rhodon euen such an other as Theodorus perswaded him to returne into his contrie told him that Caesar sent for him to geue him his mothers kingdom So as Caesar was determining with him selfe what he should doe Arrius sayd vnto him Too Many Caesars is not good Alluding vnto a certaine verse of Homer that sayth Too Many Lords doth not vvell Therefore Caesar did put Caesarion to death after the death of his mother Cleopatra Many Princes great kings and Captaines did craue Antonius body of Octauius Caesar to giue him honorable burial but Caesar would neuer take it from Cleopatra who did sumptuously and royally burie him with her owne handes whom Caesar suffred to take as much as she would to bestow vpon his funeralls Now was she altogether ouercome with sorow passion of minde for she had knocked her brest so pitiefully that she had martired it and in diuers places had raised vlsers and inflamacions so that she fell into a feuer withal whereof she was very glad hoping thereby to haue good colour to absteine from meate and that so she might haue dyed easely without any trouble She had a Phisition called Olympus whom she made priuie of her intent to th end he shoulde helpe her to ridde her out of her life as Olympus wryteth him selfe who wrote a booke of all these thinges But Caesar mistrusted the matter by many coniectures he had and therefore did put her in feare threatned her to put her children to shameful death With these threats Cleopatra for feare yelded straight as she would haue yelded vnto strokes and afterwards suffred her selfe to be cured and dicted as they listed Shortly after Caesar came him selfe in person to see her and to comfort her Cleopatra being layed vpon a litle low bed in poore estate when she sawe Caesar come into her chamber she sodainly rose vp naked in her smocke and fell downe at his feete maruelously disfigured both for that she had plucked her heare from her head as also for that she had martired all her face with her nailes and besides her voyce was small and trembling her eyes sonke into her heade with continuall blubbering and moreouer they might see the most parte of her stomake torne in sunder To be short her bodie was not much better then her minde yet her good grace and comelynes and the force of her beawtie was not altogether defaced But notwithstanding this ougly and pitiefull state of hers yet she showed her selfe within by her outward lookes and countenance When Caesar had made her lye downe againe and sate by her beddes side Cleopatra began to cleere and excuse her selfe for that she had done laying all to the feare she had of Antonius Caesar in contrarie maner reproued her in euery poynt Then she sodainly altered her speache and prayed him to pardon her as though she were affrayed to dye desirous to liue At length she gaue him a breese and memoriall of all the readie money treasure she had But by chaunce there stootle Seleucus by one of her Treasorers who to seeme a good seruant came straight to Caesar to disproue Cleopatra that she had not set in al but kept many things back of purpose Cleopatra was in such a rage with him that she flew vpon him and tooke him by the heare of the head and boxed him wellfauoredly Caesar fell a laughing and parted the fray Alas said she O Caesar is not this a great shame and reproche that thou hauing vouchesaued to take the peines to come vnto me and hast done me this honor poore wretche and caitife creature brought into this pitiefull miserable estate and that mine owne seruaunts should come now to accuse me though it may be I haue reserued some iuells trifles meete for women but not for me poore soule to set out my selfe withall but meaning to geue some pretie presents gifts vnto Octauia and Liuia that they making meanes intercession for me to thee thou mightest yet extend thy fauor and mercie vpon me Caesar was glad to heare her say so perswading him selfe thereby that she had yet a desire to saue her life So he made her answere that he did not only geue her that to dispose of at her pleasure which she had kept backe but further promised to vse her more honorably and bountifully then she would thinke for and so he tooke his leaue of her supposing he had deceiued her but in deede he was deceiued him selfe There was a young gentleman Cornelius Dolabella that was one of Caesars very great familiars besides did beare no euil will vnto Cleopatra He sent her word secretly as she had requested him that Caesar determined to take his iorney through SVRIA that within three dayes he would sende her away before with her children When this was tolde Cleopatra she requested Caesar that it would please him to suffer her to offer the last oblations of the dead vnto the soule of Antonius This being graunted her she was caried to the place where his tombe was there falling downe on her knees imbracing the tombe with her women the teares running downe her cheekes she began to speake in this sorte O my deare Lord Antonius not long sithence I buried thee here being a free woman and now I offer vnto thee the funerall sprinklinges and oblations being a captiue and prisoner and
Otho The wonderfull corage of a souldier of Othoes The noble corage of Otho before his death â—â— his oracion to the souldiers The Emperor Othoes words to his Nephew Cocceius Otho in his death seemed to follow Case Vaican Otho slue him selfe The funeralle of Otho the Emperour The Emperor Othoes tombe in the citie of Bresselles Othoes age and raigne The parteÌ„lage of Annibal The sharpe wit and disposition of Annibal Annibal chosen Lieuetenant generall after the death of Hasdrubalâ— being but 26. yeare olde Diuers causes of Annibals mortall hate to the Romanes The Barcinian faction Iberus fl The conspiracie of the Spanyards against Annibal Tagus fl Annibal stra tageame The Iberians yeeld them selues vnto Annibal Annibal layeth seege to the citie of Saguntus Two contrary factions in the Senate of Carthage the Barcinians Hannians Hamilcar Barcha Hanno a graue counseller and gouernor in peace A happy thing to follow good couÌ„sell VVise counsell for gouernors to preuent things at the beginning Annibal wan the citie of Saguntus P. Cornelius and T. Sempronius Consuls marg VVarres proclaymed by the Romanes with the Carthaginians The greatnes of the dominion of Africke * This place is false Annibal determineth to inuade Italy Annibale dreame at the riuer of Iberus The head course of the riuer of Rhone Arar fl The Volcin people that inhabited about the riuer of Rhone P. Cornelius Scipio Consule sent against Annibal and arrived at Massilia The Boians InsubriaÌ„s reuolt from the Romanes take parte with Annibal Lagdunum built by PlaÌ„cus Munatius Druentiâ— fl Annibal made waies through the rockes of the mountaines by force of fire and vineger The valley of Taurinus Annibals comming into Italie by Piedmont not farre from Turine Anniballs army in Italie Annibals first conflict with the Romanes and victorie P. C. Scipio Consul hâ—râ— and sâ—â—ed from â—â—â— enemies by his sonne who was afterwards called African Paedâ—s fl P. Cornelius Scipio and T. Sempronius Longuâ— Consulls against Annibal Trebia fl Ambush laied by Annibal to entrappe Sempronius Annibal fought with Sempronius the Consul aâ— the riuer of Trebia The Numidians craft iâ—â— flying Annibals victorie of the Consul Sempronius Arnus fl Annibal lost one of his eyes in the marishes by the riuer of Arnus C. Flaminius Cn. Seruilius Consuls Montes Cortonenses Lacus Thrasimenus The iudgement of a souldier Battell betwext Annibal and C. Flaminius the Consul by the lake of Thrasymene The Romanes were so earnest in fight that they heard not the noise of an earthquake C. Flaminius the Consul slaine * Plutarke in the life of Fabius Maximus addeth to as many prisoners Annibals craftines to dissemble vertue The naturall disposition of Annibal Extreame ioy causeth sodaine death The office of Dictator of what effect Q. Fabius Maximus created Dictator Hastines of Captaines oftentimes very hurtfull The guide cruelly put to death by Annibal Annibals stratageame in the mountaines of Gallicmum and Casilinium against Q. Fabius Dictator Certaine bathes at Swessa called the tower of the bathes Gleremen a citie in Apulia Two Dictators together neuer heard of before L. Paulus AEmylius and C. Terentius Varro Consuls Ansidusfl Battell at Cannes A stratageame of Annibal * Pluturke in the life of Fabius sayth that there were fiftie thousand slaine and foureteene thowsande taken prisoners Paulus AEmylius Consul slaine as the battell of Cannes Great slaughter at the battell of Cannes The constancy of the Romanes in extreamities The Romanes left three great battells to Annibal at Ticinum Trebia and Thrasimens Maharbal generall of Annibals horsemen Maharbals saying to Annibal Conspiracy against Annibal at Capva Marcellus victorie of Annibal at the citie of Nola. Annibals souldiers marred with ease at Capua Pleasure the baite of all euills One wintere ease spoiled a souldier and made him a coward The hard shife of the Cassilinians to liue during Annibals siege Annibals good seruant began to faile him Three famous Captaines of the Romanes Fabius Maximus Sempronius Gracchus Marcus Marcellus * Plutarke in the life of Marcellus speaketh of fiue thowsand CarthaginiaÌ„s slaine and only of fiue hundred Romanes The victories of the Romanes against Annibal Two factions in Naples The citie of Tarentum deliuered vnto Annibal by treason Tarentum wonne by Annibal Annibals stratageame Vulturnus fl Sulpicius Galba Cornelius Centimalous Consuls Anienes fl Annibal commethe to inuade Rome A wonder Salapia a city where Annibal fell in loue The death of Fuluius Viceconsul Diuers conflicts of the Romanes with Annibal Annibals wordes of Marcellus Marcellus Crispinus Consuls Annibal Layeth ambushe for the Romanes The death of Marcellus The power of magnanimitie Marcus Liuius and C. Nero Consuls Sena a citie of Apulia Metaurum fl M. Leuius C. Nero Consuls ouercame Hasdrubal slue 56000. of his men The chaunge and alteration of the Carthaginians good fortune The praise of Annibals great wisedomes in that gouernment of his army P. C. Scipio inuaded Carthage The last battell Annibal fought in ledily with Sempronius in the which he ouercame Annibal Annibals arche of trietumphe Annibal departeth out of Italy Annibal sent for to returne into Africk after he had warred 16. yeares in Italy Annibal and Scipioes meeting talke Scipioes victory of the Carthaginians at the battell of Zama The flying of Annibal Annibal could not abide to heare fooles talke of warre Annibal in his misery fled vnto king Antiochus into Asia Enuy the coÌ„mon plague and poyson of Princes Courtes Scipio African met with Annibal at Ephesus Annibals iudgement of the most famous Captaines Annibal cost selleth king Antiochus to make warre with the Romanes King Antiochus iudgement of Annibal Annibal made generall of Antiochus army by sea together with Apollonius Annibal fled to Prusias king of Bithynia Annibal king Prusias generall by sea against Eumenes king of Pergamum A straunge deuise of snakes put in earthen pots and throwen into the enemies shippes Titus Quintius Flaminius sent Ambassador into Asia Annibal poysoned him selfe being 70. yeare old Annibals tombe by Libyssa The praise of Annibal The pareÌ„tage of Scipio The first souldiers are of P. Cor. Scipio being but seuenteene yeare olde P. Scipio rescued his father from being taken of the enemies Honors done to Scipio being but a young man. Scipio Viceconsul at 24. yeares of age Scipioes great mind and goodly personage Scipioes iorney into Spayne The valiantnes of Lucius Martius a Romane knight Scipio beseegeth new Carthage in Spayne Scipio wanne citie of new Carthage by assault The great chastitie of Scipio Mago Hasdrubal Barcinian Hasdrubal Gisgo the three famous Captaines of the CarthaginiaÌ„s Besula fl Scipioes liberaltie to his enemies Vertues meete for a General Scipio called king by the Spanyards Hasdrubal sent into Italie to his brother Annibal with an army Hanno the chiefe of the contrarie faction vnto Hasdrubal Barcinian ouercomen in battell and takeÌ„ prisoner Masinissa offereth his frendshippe vnto the Romanes Syphax king of the Masasylians Hasdrubals iudgement of Scipio Syphax king of the MasaesyliaÌ„s maketh league with the Romanes The vnfortunate fight of two cousin germanes The rebellion of the Romaneâ— souldiers against their Captaines in Scipioes sicknes Mandonius Indibilis two kinges is of Spayne Scipioes wisedome suppressing his anger Scipioes great wisedome in punishing the offendors Scipioes care of his countriemen Scipio did put the authors of the rebellion to death A noble thing to ouercome the enemie by clemencie Masinissa cometh vnto Scipio A Princely Maiestie in Scipioes personage The antiquitie of those of Gades Scipioes noble deedes Scipioes returne out of Spayne to Rome Scipio made Consul Scipio prepared his armie and nauy by sea in 45. dayes Scipio policie in Sicilia P.C. Scipio accused Q. Fabius Maximus a great auersary vnto Scipio Scipioes nature King Syphax reuolteth froÌ„ the Romanes The ready faithfull good will of Masinissa to the Romanes Hanno ouercomen and slaine Sophonisba king Syphax wife Scipioes craft A maruelous great slaughter of the CarthaginiaÌ„s Syphax king of the Masaesylians ouercome takeÌ„ in battell Masinissa wan the city of Cyrtha where he fell in loue with Sophonisba king Syphax wife The great rare coÌ„tinency of Scipio Sophonisba poysoned her selfe through Masinissaes procurements Annibal sent for into Italy to runno into Afrike Battell at Zama and Scipiues victorie of the Carthaginians The praise of Annibal Fiue hundred shippes of the CarthaginiaÌ„s burnt by Scipio Scipio returne to Rome Scipioes triumphe at Rome for the Carthaginians Scipio and AElius Petus chosen Censors Scipio Prince of the Senate Scipio and Sempronius Longus chosen Consuls The craftie counsell of Scipio The naturall loue of Scipio African to his brother L. Scipio The fidelitie and loue of P. Scipio to his contrie Antiochus being ouercome acceptesh condicions of peace Great kingdomes and wealth are ful of troubles L. Scipio surnamed Asian for his coÌ„quest of Asia T. Q. Flaninius M. C. Marcellus Censors The time of the florishing of the Corneli The inconstaÌ„cy of these worldly things Great men most enuied The last fortunate day of the Africans good fortune The voluntary banishmeÌ„t of P. Scipio from Rome T. Gracchus Tribune diuers opinions about the accusasion of the Africans The Africans wife children Diuers opinions touching the death of P. Scipio Statues of the two Scipioes and Ennius the Poet by the gate Capena at Rome Scipio African dyed at Linternvm The Epitaphe of Scipio African Scipio African 54. yeare old at the time of his death The power of vertue Phormio Peripatetician reading Philosophie in Ephasus Annibals witty aunswer vnto the king Antiochus Imprinted at London by Thomas Vautrollier dvvelling in the Blacke Friers by Ludgate
should haue her with condition that whose lot it were to haue her he should take her to his wife should be bound also to helpe his companion to get him another It was Theseus happe to light vpon her who caryed her to the cittie of APHIDNES bicause she was yet to younge to be maried Whether he caused his mother to come to bring her vp gaue his friend called Aphidnus the charge of them both recoÌ„mending her to his good care to kepe it so secretly that no bodye should knowe what was become of her Bicause he would doe the like for Pirithous according to th'agremeÌ„t made betwext theÌ„ he went into EPIRVS with him to steale the daughter of Aidoneus king of the MOLOSSIANS who had surnamed his wife Proserpina his daughter Proserpina his dogg Cerberus with whom he made them fight which came to aske his daughter in mariage promising to geue her to him that should ouercome his Cerberus But the King vnderstaÌ„ding that Pirithous was come not to request his daughter in mariage but to steale her away he tooke him prisoner with Theseus as for Pirithous he caused him preseÌ„tly to be torne in peces with his dogge shut Theseus vp in close prison In this meane time there was one at ATHENS called Menestheus the sonne of Peteus which Peteus was the sonne of Orneus Orneus was the sonne of Erictheus This Menestheus was the first that beganne to flatter the people did seeke to winne the fauour of the coÌ„munaltie by sweete entising words by which deuise he stirred vp the chiefest of the cittie against Theseus who in deedelong before begaÌ„ne to be wearie of him by declaring vnto them howe Theseus had taken from them their royalties signiories had shut them vp in suche forte within the walles of a cittie that he might the better keepe them in subiection obedience in all things after his will. The poore inferiour sorte of people he dyd stirre vp also to rebellion persuading them that it was no other then a dreame of libertie which was promised them howe contrariwise they were clearely dispossest throwen out of their own houses of their teÌ„ples from their naturall places where they were borne to thend only that in liewe of many good louing lordes which they were wont to haue before they should now be compelled to serue one onely hedde a straunge lorde Euen as Menestheus was very hotte about this practise the warre of the Tyndarides fell out at that instant which greatly furthered his preteÌ„ce For these Tyndarides to wit the children of Tyndarus Castor Pollux came downe with a great armie against the cittie of ATHENS some suspect sore that Menestheus was cause of their comming thither Howbeit at the first entrie they dyd no hurte at all in the countrye but only demaunded restitution of their sister To whom the citizens made aunswer that they knewe not where she was left then the brethern beganne to make spoyle offer warre in deede Howbeit there was one called Academus who hauing knowledge I can not tell by what meane that she was secretly hidden in the cittie of APHIDNES reuealed it vnto them By reason whereof the Tyndarides did alwayes honour him very much so long as he liued afterwards the LACEDAEMONIANS hauing ofte burnt destroyed the whole countrye of ATTICA throughout they would yet neuer touch the Academy of ATHENS for Academus sake Yet Dicearchus sayeth that in the armie of the Tyndarides there were two Arcadians Echedemus Marathus and howe of the name of one of them it was then called the place of Echedemie which sithence hath bene called Academia after the name of the other there was a village called MARATHON bicause he willingly offered himself to be sacrificed before the battell as obeying the order coÌ„mandement of a prophecie So they went pitched their campe before the cittie of APHIDNES hauing woÌ„ne the battell taken the cittie by assault they raced the place They saye that Alycus the sonne of Sciron was slaine at this field who was in the hoaste of the Tyndarides that after his name a certaine quarter of the territorie of MEGARA was called Alycus in the which his bodye was buried Howbeit Here as writeth that Theseus self dyd kill him before Aphidnes In witnes whereof he alledgeth certain verses which speake of Alycus VVhile as he sought vvith all his might and mayne in thy defence â—ayer Hellen for to fight In Aphidnes vpon the pleasaunt playne bold Theseus to cruell deathe him dight Howbeit it is not likely to be true that Theseus being there the cittie of Aphidnes his mother also were taken But when it was wonne they of ATHENS beganne to quake for feare and Menestheus counselled them to receyue the Tyndarides into the cittie and to make them good chere so they would make no warres but vpon Theseus which was the first that had done them the wroÌ„g iniurie that to all other els they should showe fauour good will. And so it fell out For when the Tyndarides had all in their power to doe as they listed the demaunded nothing els but that they might be receiued into their corporatioÌ„ not to be reckoned for straungers no more then Hercules was the which was grauÌ„ted the Tyndarides Aphidnus dyd adopt them for his childreÌ„ as Pylius had adopted Hercules Moreouer they dyd honour them as if they had bene godds calling them Anaces Either bicause they ceased the warres or for that they ordered them selues so well that their whole armie being lodged within the cittie there was not any hurte or displeasure done to any persone but as it became those that haue the charge of any thing they did carefully watche to preserue the good quiet thereof All which this Greke word Anacos doth signifie wherof perchaunce it comes that they call the kings Anactes There are others also who holde opinion that they were called Anaces bicause of their starres which appeared in the ayer For the Attican tongue sayeth Anacas Anecathen where the comon people saye Ano Anothen that is to saye aboue Neuertheles AEthra Theseus mother was caried prisoner to LACEDAEMON from thence to TROIA with Hellen as some saye as Homer him self doth witnesse in his verses where he speaketh of the women that followed Hellen. AEthra the daughter deare of Pitheus aged Syre and vvith her fayer Clymene she vvhose eyes most men desire Yet there are other who aswell reiect these two verses mainteine they are not Homers as also they reproue all that is reported of Munychus To wit that Laodice being priuely coÌ„ceiued of him by Demophon he was brought vp secretly by AEthra within TROIA But Hister the historien in his thirtenth of his histories of ATTICA maketh a recitall farre coÌ„trary to other saying that some hold opinion that Paris Alexander was
slayne in battell by Achilles Patroclus in the coūtrye of THESSALIE neere to the riuer of Sperchius that his brother Hector tooke the cittie of TROEZEN from whence he brought awaye AEthrae in which there is no manner of apparance or likelihodde But AEdoneus king of the MOLOSSIANS feasting Hercules one daye as he passed through his realme descended by chaunce into talke of Theseus of Pirithous howe they came to steale away his daughter secretly after told how they were also punished Hercules was marueilous sorye to vnderstand that one of them was now dead the other in daunger to dye thought with him self that to make his mone to AEdoneus it would not helpe the matter he besought him only that he would deliuer Theseus for his sake And he graunted him Thus Theseus being deliuered of this captiuitie returned to ATHENS where his friends were not altogether kept vnder by his enemies at his returne he dyd dedicate to Hercules all the temples which the cittie had before caused to be built in his owne honour And where first of all they were called Thesea he did now surname thē all Hercules excepting foure as Philochorus writeth Nowe when he was arriued at ATHENS he would immediately haue cōmaunded and ordered things as he was wont to doe but he found him self troubled much with sedition bicause those who had hated him of long time had added also to their old canckered hate a disdain contēpt to feare him any more And the comō people now were become so stubborn that where before they would haue done all that they were cōmanded haue spoken nothing to the contrarie now they looked to be borne with flattered Whereupon Theseus thought at the first to haue vsed force but he was forced by the faction contētion of his enemies to let all alone in the end despairing he should euer bring his matters to passe to his desire he secretly sent away his children into the I le of EVBOEA to Elphenor the sonne of Chalcodias And himself after he had made many wishes curses against the Athenians in the village of Gargettus in a place which for that cause to this daye is called Araterion that is to saye the place of cursings he did take the seas wēt into the I le of SCIROS where he had goods thought also to haue founde friends Lycomedes raigned at that time was king of the I le vnto whom Theseus made request for some lande as intēding to dwell there albeit some saye that he required him to giue him ayde against the Atheniās Lycomedes were it that he douted to entertaine so great a personage or that he dyd it to gratifie Menestheus caried him vp to the high rocks faining as though he would from thence haue shewed him all his countrye round about But when he had him there he threw him downe hedlong from the toppe of the rocks to the bottome put him thus vnfortunately to death Yet other write that he fell down of him self by an vnfortunate chaunce walking one daye after supper as he was wont to doe There was no mā at that time that dyd followe or pursue his death but Menestheus quietly remained king of ATHENS and the children of Theseus as priuate souldiers followed Elphenor in the warres of TROIA But after the death of Menestheus who died in the iorney to TROIE Theseus sonnes returned vnto ATHENS where they recouered their state Sithence there were many occasiōs which moued the Athenians to reuerence honour him as a demy god For in the battell of Marathon many thought they sawe his shadow image in armes fighting against the barbarous people And after the warres of the Medes the yere wherein Phaedon was gouernour of ATHENS the nunne Pithea answered the Atheniās who had sent to the oracle of Apollo that they should bring backe the bones of Theseus putting them in some honorable place they should preserue honour them deuoutely But it was a harde matter to finde his graue if they had founde it yet had it bene a harder thing to haue brought his bones awaye for the malice of those barbarous people which inhabited that I le which were so wild fierce that none could trade or liue with them Notwithstanding Cimon hauing taken the Iland as we haue written in his life seeking his graue perceiued by good happe an eagle pecking with her beake scraping with her clawes in a place of some prety height Straight it came into his minde as by diuine inspiration to search digge the place where was founde the tumbe of a great bodye with the head of a speare which was of brasse a sword with it All which things were brought to ATHENS by Cimon in the admirall gallie The Atheniās receiued them with great ioye with processions goodly sacrifices as if Theseus him self had bene a liue had returned into the cittie againe At this daye all these relicks lye yet in the middest of the cittie neere to the place where the younge men doe vse all their exercises of bodye There is free libertie of accesse for all slaues poore men that are afflicted pursued by any mightier then themselues to pray sacrifice in remembraunce of Theseus who while he liued was protectour of the oppressed dyd curteously receiue their requests petitiōs that prayed to haue ayde of him The greatest most solemne sacrifice they doe vnto him is on the eight daye of October in which he returned from CRETA with the other younge children of ATHENS Howbeit they doe not leaue to honour him euery eight daye of all other moneths either bicause he arriued frō TROEZEN at ATHENS the eight daye of Iune as Diodorus the Cosmographer writeth or for that they thought that number to be meetest for him bicause the bruite ranne he was begotten of Neptune They doe sacrifice also to Neptune the eight daye of euery moneth bicause the nūber of eight is the first cube made of euen number the double of the first square which dothe represent a stedfastnes immoueable properly attributed to the might of Neptune whom for this cause we surname Asphalius and Gaiochus which by interpretation dothe signifie the safe keeper the stayer of the earthe The ende of Theseus life THE LIFE OF Romulus THE Historiographers doe not agree in their writings by whom not for what cause the great name of the cittie of ROME the glorie wherof is blowen abroad through all the worlde was first geuen vnto it For some thincke that the Pelasgians after they had ouercome the greatest parte of the world and had inhabited and subdued many nations in the ende dyd staye them selues in that place where it was newe buylded and for their great strength and power in armes they gaue the name of ROME vnto the cittie as signifying power in the Greeke tongue Other saye thatafter
pleasaunt to his citizens to beholde did cut downe a goodly straight growen young oke which he lighted on by good fortune in the place where his campe did lye The same he trimmed dyd set forth after the manner of victorie hanging and tying all about it in fayer order the armour and weapons of king Acron Then he girding his gowne to him and putting vpon his long bushe of heare a garland of lawrell layed the young oke vpon his right shoulder and he first marched before towards his cittie songe a royall songe of victorie all his armie following him in armes vnto the cittie in order of battell where his citizens receyued him in all passing wise triumphe This noble stately entrie euer since hath geuen them minds in such sorte in statelier wise to make their triumphe The offering of this triumphe was dedicated to Iupiter surnamed Feretrian bicause the Latine worde Ferire signifieth to hurt kill the prayer Romulus had made was he might hurt kill his enemie Such spoyles are called in Latine Spolia opima therefore sayeth Varro that opes signifie riches Howbeit me thinckes it were more likely to saye that they were so named of this worde Opus which betokeneth a dede bicause he must needes be the chief of the armie that hath slayne with his owne hands the generall of his enemies that must offer the spoyles called Spolia opima as you would saye his principal spoyles dedes This neuer happened yet but to three Romaine captaines onely of the which Romulus was the first who slew Acron king of the CENINENSES Cornelius Cossus was the second who killed Tolumnius the generall of the THVSCANS Clodius Marcellus was the thirde who slewe Britomartus king of the GAVLES with his owne hands And for the two last Cossus Marcellus they made their entrie into the cittie carrying their triumphes vpō charets triumphant but Romulus dyd not so Therefore in this poynt Dionysius the historiographer hath erred writing that Romulus dyd enter into ROME vpon a charret triūphant For it was Tarquinius Priscus the sonne of Demaratus who first dyd set out triumphes in so stately and magnificent showe Other holde opinion it was Valerius Publicola who was the first that euer entred vpon triumphant charret Concerning Romulus his statues are yet to be seene in Rome carying his triumphe a soote After this ouerthrowe taking of the CENINENSES the inhabitants of the citties of FIDENA CRVSTVMERIVM ANTEMNA rose altogether against the ROMAINES whiles the other SABYNES also were a preparing thē selues So they fought a battell in which they tooke the ouerthrowe left their citties to the spoyle of Romulus their lands to be geuen where he thought good and them selues to be caried to ROME Romulus then dyd geue their lands among his cittizens except those lands which did belong to the fathers of the maydens that they had taken away rauished For he was contēted that the fathers of them should kepe still their lāds By by the other SABYNES stomaking thereat did chuse them a generall called Tatius so went with a puysant army toward the cittie of ROME whereunto to approche at that time it was very harde the castell or keepe of their cittie of being seated where at this day the Capitoll standeth within which there was a great garrison whereof Tarpeius was captaine not his daughter Tarpeia as some will saye who set out Romulus as a foole But Tarpeia the captaines daughter for the desire she had to haue all the golde bracelets which they dyd weareabout their armes solde the forte to the SABYNES and asked for reward of her treason all they did weare on their left armes Tatius promised them vnto her she opened them a gate in the night by the which she did let all the SABYNES into the castell Antigonus then was not alone who sayed he loued those which did betraye hated thē that had betrayed nor yet Caesar Augustus who told Rymitalces the THRACIAN that he loued treason but he hated traytors And it is a comon affection which we beare to wicked persons whilest we stand in neede of them not vnlike for all the world to those which haue nede of the gall poyson of venemous beasts For when they finde it they are glad take it to serue their turne but after their turne is serued they haue that they sought they hate the crueltie of such beasts So played Tatius at that time For when he was gotten into the castell he cōmanded the SABYNES for performance of his promise he had made to Tarpeia they should not sticke to geue her all they weare on their left armes to doe as he did who taking from his owne arme first the bracelet which he ware did cast it to her and his target after And so did all the rest in like sorte in so much as being borne downe to the ground by the weight of bracelets targets she dyed as pressed to deathe vnder her burden Neuertheles Tarpeius self was atteinted condēned also of treason by Romulus order as Iuba sayeth it is set forth by Sulpitius Galba They that write nowe otherwise of Tarpeia saying she was the daughter of Tatius generall of the SABYNES was forced by Romulus to lie with him how she was punished in this sorte by her own father after her said treason cōmitted those I saye amōgest whom Antigonus is one are not to be credited And the poet Simylus also dothe dote most who sayeth Tarpeia solde the Capitoll not to the SABYNES but to the king of GAVLES with whom she was in loue as in these verses dothe appeare Tarpeia that mayde of foolishe mynde vvhich nere vnto the Capitoll did dvvell In feruent flames of beastly loue be blynde vvherevvith the king of Gaules did make her svvell Causd stately ROMEsurprised for to be by enemies as euery man maye see And so throughe hope of his fidelitie betrayed her syre vvith all his familie And a litle after in speaking of the manner of her deathe he sayeth also Yet lo the Gaules those vvorthie men of might threvv her not dovvne into the vvaues of Po But from their armes vvherevvith they vvonte to fight they cast their shields vpon her body so That she surprest vvith such an heauy vvaight Ah vvoefull mayde to death vvas smoothred straight This may den therefore being buried in the same place the whole hill was called afterwardes Tarpeius after her name which continued vntill Tarquinius the King dyd dedicate all the place to Iupiter for then they caryed her bones into some other place and so it lost her name Onles it be that rocke of the Capitoll which at this present time they call Rupes Tarpeia from the toppe whereof they were wonte in olde time to throwe downe hedlong all wicked offenders When the SABYNES now had gotten this holde Romulus being exceeding
actes to haue their death extolled for worthines So he imagined that his death would be the perfection and crowne of his felicitie after he had made and ordeined so many good and notable lawes for the honour and benefit of his countrie and should be as a seale of confirmation of his lawe and the continuall preseruitour of his cittie considering all his cittizens had sworne to keepe them all inuiolably vntill he were returned He was not deceaued of his hope for his cittie was the chiefest of the worlde in glorie and honour of gouernment by the space of fiue hundred yeres For so long his cittie kept his lawes without any chaunge or alteration by any of the Kings successours vntill king Agis the sonne of Archidamus beganne to reigne For the creation of the Ephores did not breake not discontinewe any of the lawes of Lycurgus but reduced them rather to a more straight and strickt order although it seemed at the first that the Ephores were ordeined for the maintenaunce defence of the libertie of the people whereas in deede they did also strengthen the authoritie of the Kings and Senate Nowe in the raigne of king Agis gold and siluer beganne first to creepe in againe to the cittie of SPARTA by meanes of Lysander With money there came in straight couetousnes and gredines to get and gather And although Lysander was not desirous to get it nor would be corrupted for any money yet he brought riches and couetousnes into the countrie and filled the same with all finenes by bringing in great store of golde and siluer from the warres directly against the lawes and ordinaunces of Lycurgus The which so long as they were in force and vse it appered that the gouernment of SPARTA seemed not to be a pollicy or common weale but rather a certaine holy place order of religion And euen as the Poets fayne the Hercules went through the world with his clubbe and lyons skynne punishing cruell robbers and vnnaturall tyrannes so in like case with a litle scrowe of parchement and a poore cape did the SPARTANS commaund and geue lawes to all the rest of GRECE euen with their good liking and consent And they chased the tyrannes awaye which vsurped tyrannicall power ouer any of their citties and did decide all controuersies and oftentimes pacified their seditions without sending out one souldier but only a simple poore ambassadour At whose commaundement the people presently assembled like the bees which gather together about their King so soone as they spye him they did then so greatly reuerence the good gouernment iustice of the SPARTANS Therefore I can but wonder much at those which saye the cittie of LACEDAEMON could obey well but not commaunde and for proofe they alleage wordes of king Theopompus who aunswered one which sayd that SPARTA was mainteined bicause the Kings could commaund well Naye the rather sayd he bicause the cittizens can obey well For men commonly disdaine to obey those which are not wise in commaunding So that the faithfull obedience of the subiectes dependeth much vpon the sufficient commaundement of the wise prince For he that directeth well must needes be well obeyed For like as the arte of a good rider is to make his horse gentle and ready at commaundement euen so the chiefest pointe belonging to a prince is to teach his subiects to obey Wherefore the LACEDAEMONIANS procured that not onely other people did willingly obey them but also desired to be ruled and commaunded by them For they asked them neither shippes nor money nor yet did send them any number of men of warre to compell them but onely they sent one cittizen of SPARTA to gouerne them to whom all the other people submitted them selues and were holpen by him in their necessitie as fearing and reuerencing him In this wise the SICILIANS were holpen by Gysippus the CHALCIDIANS by Brasidas and all the GRECIANS inhabiting ASIA by Lysander Callicratidas and by Agesilaus who were called the reformers and directers of princes peoples and Kings vnto whom they were sent here and there but euer they had their eye vpon the cittie of SPARTA as vpon the most perfect patterne to order mans life by and to gouerne a common weale after To this effect tended the mery worde spoken in iest by Stratonâ—â—eâ—â— Who said he did order the ATHENIANS to tend their sacrifices and the ELIANS to tende their games and if they made any faulte therein the LACEDAEMONIANS should be well whipped That was merely spoken and in a iesting manner But Antisthenes the philosopher and one of Socrates scholers seeing the THEBANS growen very hawtie glorious after that they had conquered the LACEDAEMONIANS in the iorney of LEVCTRES me thinketh sayed he these THEBANS here doe like the schoole boyes which bragge and reioyce when they haue a litle beaten their master But this was not Lycurgus meaning to haue his cittie to commaunde many But he thought the felicitie of a cittie as of a priuate man consisted chiefly in the exercise of vertue and in the vnitie of the inhabitants thereof He framed his common wealth to this ende that his cittizens should be nobly minded content with their owne and temperate in their doings that thereby they might mainteine and keepe them selues long in safetie The self same intention had Plato Diogenes and Zenon in setting forth their bookes which they wrote of the gouernment of common weales and so had likewise many other great and learned men which haue written of the same matter Howbeit they only left behinde them wordes and written bookes but Lycurgus contrariwise left no written bookes nor pamplets but stablished and left behinde him a royall forme of gouernment which no man euer before had inuented nor neuer after could be followed He hath made them plainely see a whole cittie liue together and gouerne it selfe philosophically according to the true rules and preceptes of perfect wisdome which imagined that true wisedome was a thing hanging in the ayer and could not visible be seene in the worlde Whereby he hath worthily excelled in glorie all those which euer tooke vpon them to write or stablishe the gouernment of a common weale And therefore sayeth Aristotle that after his death they did him lesse honour in LACEDAEMONIA then he had deserued albeit they did him all the honour they possibly could deuise And yet they buylt a temple for him and made solemne sacrifice to him euery yere as vnto a god More they saye that when the ashes of his bodie were brought to SPARTA there fell straight lightning vpon his tumbe where they were put which they had not often seene to happen to other men of name after their decease sauing only to the poet Eurâ—pides who dying in MACEDONIA was buried neere the cittie of ARETHVSA The which is some manifest argument for suche as loue the Poet to laye against those which somewhat depraue him seing this signe came to him after his death
indifferently to his will. As the offices of state common assemblies voyces in election iudgemēts in iustice and the bodie of the Senate And they gaue him also full power and authoritie to sesse and taxe any of them to appointe the number what time the sesse should continewe and to keepe confirme and disanull at his pleasure any of the auncient lawes and customes then in being To beginne withall he first tooke away all Dracons bloudy lawes sauing for murder and manslaughter which were to seuere cruell For almost he dyd ordaine but one kinde of punishment for all kinde of faultes and offences which was death So that they which were condemned for idlenes were iudged to dye And pety larceny as robbing mens horteyards gardens of fruite or erbes was as seuerely punished as those who had committed sacriledge or murder Demades therefore encountered it pleasauntly when he sayed that Dracons lawes were not written with incke but with bloud And Draco him selfe being asked one daye why his punishmēts were so vnequall as death for all kinde of faultes he aunswered Bicause he thought the least offence worthie so much punishment and for the greatest he found none more grieuous Then Solon being desirous to haue the chief offices of the cittie to remaine in riche mens handes as already they dyd and yet to mingle the authoritie of gouernment in such sorte as the meaner people might beare a litle swaye which they neuer could before he made an estimate of the goodes of euery priuate cittizen And those which he founde yerely worthe fiue hundred busshells of corne other liquide fruites and vpwards he called Pentacosiomedimnes as to saye fiue hundred busshell men of reuenue And those that had three hundred busshells a yere and were able to keepe a horse of seruice he put in the second degree and called them knightes They that might dispend but two hundred busshells a yere were put in the thirde place called Zeugites All other vnder those were called Thetes as ye would saye hyerlings or craftes men liuing of their labour whom he dyd not admit to beare any office in the cittie neither were they taken as free cittizens sauing they had voyces in elections and assemblies of the cittie and in iudgements where the people wholy iudged This at the first seemed nothing but afterwardes they felt it was to great purpose for hereby the most parte of priuate quarrells and strifes that grewe among them were in the ende layed open before the people For the suffered those to appeale vnto the people which thought they had wrong iudgement in their causes Furthermore bicause his lawes were written somewhat obscurely and might be diuersely taken and interpreted this dyd geue a great deale more authoritie and power to the iudges For considering all their controuersies could not be ended and iudged by expresse lawe they were driuen of necessitie allwayes to ronne to the iudges and debated their matters before them In so muche as the iudges by this meanes came to be somewhat aboue the lawe for they dyd euen expounde it as they would them selues Solon self doth note this equall diuision of the publicke authoritie in a place of his poesies where he sayeth Suche povver haue I geuen to common peoples hande as might become their meane estate vvith equity to stande and as I haue not pluct from them their dignitie so haue I not to much increast their small authoritie Vnto the riche likevvise I haue allovved no more then vvell might seeme in iust conceit sufficient for their store And so I have for both prouided in such vvise that neither shall eche other vvrong nor seeme for to despise Yet considering it was meete to prouide for the pouertie of the common sorte of people he suffered any man that would to take vpon him the defence of any poore mans case that had the wrong For if a man were hurte beaten forced or otherwise wronged any other man that would might lawfully sue the offendour and prosecute lawe against him And this was a wise lawe ordeined of him to accustome his cittizens to be sorie one for anothers hurte so to feele it as if any parte of his owne bodie had bene iniured And they saye he made an aunswer on a time agreable to this law For being asked what cittie he thought best gouerned he aunswered That cittie where such as receyue no wronge doe as earnestly defend wrōg offered to other as the very wrong iniurie had bene done vnto them selues He erected also the coūsaill of the Areopagites of those magistrates of the cittie out of which they did yerely choose their gouernour he him self had bene of that number for that he had bene gouernour for a yere Wherefore perceyuing now the people were growen to a stomake hawtines of minde bicause they were cleare discharged of their detts he set one vp for matters of state another counsell of an hundred chosen out of euery tribe whereof foure hūdred of them were to consult debate of all matters before they were propounded to the people that when the great counsell of the people at large should be assembled no matters should be put forth onles it had bene before well considered of digested by the counsell of the foure hundred Moreouer he ordeined the higher courte should haue the chiefe authoritie power ouer all things and chiefly to see the lawe executed and mainteined supposing that the common weale being settled and stayed with these two courtes as with two stronge anker holdes it should be the lesse turmoyled and troubled and the people also better pacified and quieted The most parte of writers holde this opinion that it was Solon which erected the counsaill of the Areopagites as we haue sayed and it is very likely to be true for that Dracon in all his lawes and ordinaunces made no manner of mention of the Areopagites but allwayes speaketh to the Ephetes which were iudges of life and death when he spake of murder or of any mans death Notwithstanding the eight law of the thirtenth table of Solon sayeth thus in these very words All such as haue bene banished or detected of naughty life before Solon made his laws shal be restored againe to their goodes and good name except those which were condemned by order of the counsaill of the Areopagites or by the Ephetes or by the Kings in open courte for murder and death of any man or for aspiring to vsurpe tyrannie These wordes to the contrarie seeme to proue and testifie that the counsell of the Areopagites was before Solon was chosen reformer of the lawes For howe could offenders and wicked men be condemned by order of the counsell of the Areopagites before Solon if Solon was the first that gaue it authoritie to iudge onles a man will saye peraduenture that he would a litle helpe the matter of his lawes which were obscure and darke and would supply that they lacked
yet but a young man and was ruled altogether by Cleandrides counsell and direction whom the Ephores had placed about him to counsell direct him he sought priuilie to corrupt Cleandrides When he had wonne him sone with his money he persuaded him to drawe backe the PELOPONNESIANS out of their countrie of ATTICA and so he dyd But when the LACEDAEMONIANS sawe their armie cassed that the people were gone their waye euery man to his owne cittie or towne they were so mad at it that the King was condemned in a great some The King being vnable to aunswer his fine which was so extreme great he was driuen to absent him self from LACEDAEMON Cleandrides on the other side if he had not fled in time euen for spight had bene condemned to death This Cleandrides was Gylippus father that afterwards ouercame the ATHENIANS in SICILIA in whom it seemed nature bred couetousnes as a disease inheritable by succession from father to the sonne For he being shamefully conuicted also for certen vile partes he had played was likewise banished from SPARTA as we haue more amply declared in the life of Lysander And Pericles deliuering vp the accoÌ„pt of his charge and setting downe an article of the expense of renne talentes he had employed or should employe in needefull causes the people allowed them him neuer asking question how nor which waye nor whether it was true that they were bestowed Now there are certen writers amoÌ„g whom the philosopher Theophrastus is one who write that Pericles sent yerely vnto SPARTA tenne taleÌ„ts with the which he entertained those that were in authoritie there bicause they should make no warres with them not to buye peace of them but time that he might in the meane season with better commoditie and that leysure prouide to mainteine the warres After that as the armie of the PELOPONNESIANS were out of the countrie of ATTICA he returned again against the rebels passed into the I le of EVBOEA with fiftie sayle c fiue thousand footemen well armed there he ouercame all the citties that had taken armes against him and draue away the Hyppobates who were the most famous men of all the CHALCIDIANS aswell for their riches as for their valliantnes He draue awaye also all the HESTIAEIANS whom he chased cleane out of all the countrie and placed in their cittie only the citizens of ATHENS And the cause why he delt so rigorously with them was bicause they hauing taken a galley of the ATHENIANS prisoner had put all the men to death that were in her And peace being concluded afterwards betwene the ATHENIANS and LACEDAEMONIANS for thirtie yeres he proclaimed open warres against those of the I le of SAMOS burdening them that they being coÌ„maunded by the ATHENIANS to pacifie the quarrells which they had against the MILLESIANS they would not obaye But bicause some hold opinion that he tooke vpon him this warre against SAMOS for the loue of Aspasia it shall be no great digression of our storie to tell you by the waye what manner of woman she was what a maruelous gifte and power she had that she could entangle with her loue the chiefest rulers and gouernours at that time of the common weale and that the philosophers them selues dyd so largely speake write of her First of all it is certaine that she was borne in the cittie of MILETVM and was the daughter of one Axiochus she following the steppes and example of an olde curtisan of IONIA called Thargelia gaue her selfe only to entertaine the greatest persones chiefest rulers in her time For this Thargelia being passing fayer and carying a comely grace with her hauing a sharpe wit and pleasaunt tongue she had the acquaintaunce and friendshippe of the greatest persones of all GRECE and wanne all those that dyd haunte her company to be at the king of Persiaes commaundement So that she sowed through all the citties of GRECE great beginnings of the faction of the MEDES for they were the greatest men of power authoritie of euerie cittie that were acquainted with her But as for Aspasia some saye that Pericles resorted vnto her bicause she was a wise woman and had great vnderstanding in matters of state and gouernment For Socrates him selfe went to see her somtimes with his friends and those that vsed her company also brought their wiues many times with them to heare her talke though her traine about her were to entertaine such as would warme them by their fire AEschines writeth that Lysicles a grasier being before but a meane man and of a clubbishe nature came to be the chief man of ATHENS by frequenting the companie of Aspasia after the death of Pericles And in Platoes booke intituled Menexenus although the beginning of it be but pleasauntly written yet in that this storie is written truely that this Aspasia was repaired vnto by diuers of the ATHENIANS to learne the arte of rethorike of her Yet notwithstanding it seemeth most likely that the affection Pericles dyd beare her grewe rather of loue then of any other cause For he was maried vnto a kinsewoman of his owne and that before was Hipponicus wife by whom she had Callias surnamed the riche had afterwards by Pericles Xantippus and Paralus But not liking her companie he gaue her with her owne good will and consent vnto another and maried Aspasia whom he dearely loued For euer when he went abroad came home againe he saluted her with a kisse Whereupon in the auncient comedies she is called in many places the newe Omphale and somtimes Deianira and somtimes Iuno But Cratinus plainely calleth her whore in these verses His Iuno she him brought Aspasia by name vvhich vvas in deede an open vvhore and past all 〈…〉 of shame And it seemeth that he had a bastard for Eupotu in a comedie of his called Demosâ— bringeth him in asking Pyronides thus I praye thee is my bastard sonne yet alive And then Pyramides aunswered him A perfect man long sence he surely had bene founde if that this levvde and a naughty vvhore his vertue had not drovvnâ—e To conclude this Aspasia was so famous that Cyrus he that sought against king Artaxerxes his brother for the empire of PERSIA called Aspasia his best beloued of all his concubines which before was called Milto and was borne in PROCIDES being Hermotineus daughter And Cyrus being slayne in the field Aspasia was caried to the King his brother with whom afterwardes she was in great fauour As I was writing this life this storie came in my minde and me thought I should haue delt hardly if I should haue left it vnwritten But to our matter againe Pericles was charged that he made warres against the SAMIANS on the behalfe of the MILESIANS at the request of Aspasia for these two citties were at warres together for the cittie of Pâ—Iâ—NA but the SAMIANS were the stronger Now the ATHENIANS commaunded them
were maruelously offended with him he dyd what he could to comforte them and put them in harte againe but all was in vaine he could not pacifie them For by the most parte of voyces they depriued him of his charge of generall and condemned him in a maruelous great fine summe of money the which those that tell the least doe write that it was the summe of fifteene talentes and those that say more speake of fiftie talentes The accuser subscribed in this condemnation was Cleon as Idomeneus or Simmias saye or as Theophrastus writeth yet Heraclides Ponticus sayeth one Lacratidas Nowe his common grieues were sone blowen ouer for the people dyd easely let fall their displeasures towardes him as the waspe leaueth her stinge behinde her with them she hath stong But his owne priuate affayers and household causes were in very ill case both for that the plague had taken awaye many of his friendes and kinsemen from him as also for that he and his house had continued a long time in disgrace For Xanthippus Pericles sonne heire being a man of a very ill disposition and nature and hauing maried a young woman very prodigall and lauishe of expence the daughter of Isander sonne of Epilycus he grudged much at his fathers hardnes who scantly gaue him money and but litle at a time Whereupon he sent on a time to one of his fathers friendes in Pericles name to praye him to lend him some money who sent it vnto him But afterwardes when he came to demaunde it againe Pericles dyd not only refuse to paye it him but further he put him in sute But this made the young man Xanthippus so angrie with his father that he spake very ill of him in euery place where he came and in mockery reported howe his father spent his time when he was at home and the talke he had with the Sophisters and the master rethoritians For a mischaunce fortuning on a time at the game of throwing the darte who should throwe best that he that threwe dyd vnfortunately kill one Epitimius a THESSALIAN Xanthippus went pratling vp and downe the towne that his father Pericles was a whole daye disputing with Protagoras the Rethoritian to knowe which of the three by lawe and reason should be condemned for this murther The darte he that threwe the darte or the deuiser of that game Moreouer Stesimbrotus writeth that the brute that ranne abroade through the cittie howe Pericles dyd keepe his wife was sowen abroade by Xanthippus him selfe But so it is this quarrell hate betwext the father and the sonne continued without reconciliation vnto the death For Xanthippus dyed in the great plague and Pericles owne sister also moreouer he lost at that time by the plague the more parte of all his friends and kinsefolkes and those specially that dyd him greatest pleasure in gouerning of the state But all this dyd neuer pull down his contenaunce nor any thing abate the greatnes of his minde what misfortunes soeuer he had susteined Neither sawe they him weepe at any time nor mourne at the funeralles of any of his kinsemen or friendes but at the death of Paralus his younger and lawfull begotten sonne for the losse of him alone dyd only melt his harte Yet he dyd striue to showe his naturall constancie and to keepe his accustomed modestie But as he would haue put a garland of flowers vpon his head sorowe dyd so pierce his harte when he sawe his face that then he burst out in teares and cryed a mayne which they neuer sawe him doe before all the dayes of his life Furthermore the people hauing proued other captaines and gouernours and finding by experience that there was no one of them of iudgement and authoritie sufficient for so great a charge In the ende of them selues they called him againe to the pulpit for orations to heate their counsells and to the state of a captaine also to take charge of the state But at that time he kept him selfe close in his house as one bewayling his late grieuous losse and sorowe Howbeit Alcibiades and other his familiar friendes persuaded him to shewe him selfe vnto the people who dyd excuse them selues vnto him for their ingratitude towardes him Pericles then taking the gouernment againe vpon him the first matter he entred into was that he prayed them to reuoke the statute he had made for base borne children fearing least his lawfull heires would fayle and so his house and name should fall to the grounde But as for that lawe thus it stoode Pericles when he was in his best authoritie caused a lawe to be made that they only should be compted cittizens of ATHENS which were naturall ATHENIANS borne by father and mother Not long time after it fortuned that the king of EGYPT hauing sent a gifte vnto the people of ATHENS of forty thousand bushells of corne to be distributed among the cittizens there many by occasion of this lawe were accused to be base borne and specially men of the baser sorte of people which were not knowen before or at the least had no reckoning made of them and so some of them were falsely and wrongfully condemned Whereupon so it sell out that there were no lesse then fiue thousand of them conuicted and solde for slaues and they that remained as free men and were iudged to be naturall cittizens amownted to the number of fourteene thousand and fortie persones Now this was much misliked of the people that a lawe enacted and that had bene of suche force should by the selfe maker and deuiser of the same be againe reuoked and called in Howbeit Pericles late calamitie that fortuned to his house dyd breake the peoples hardened hartes against him Who thincking these sorowes smarte to be punishment enough vnto him for his former pryde and iudging that by goddes diuine iustice and permission this plague and losse fell vpon him and that his request also was tollerable they suffered him to enrolle his base borne sonne in the register of the lawfull cittizens of his familie geuing him his owne name Pericles It is the self same Pericles who after he had ouercome the PELOPONNESIANS in a great battell by sea neere vnto the Iles ARGINVSES was put to death by sentence of the people with the other captaines his companiōs Now was Pericles at that time infected with the plague but not so vehemently as other were rather more temperatly by long space of time with many alterations and chaunges that dyd by litle and litle decaye and consume the strength of his bodie and ouercame his sences and noble minde Therefore Theophrastus in his moralles declareth in a place where he disputeth whether mens manners doe chaunge with their misfortunes and whether corporall troubles and afflictions doe so alter men that they forget vertue and abandon reason that Pericles in this sicknes shewed a friende of his that came to see him I cannot tell what a
other light armed men to the number of thirteene hundred sufficiently furnished of all warlicke and necessarie munition Now after they were arriued on the coaste of ITALIE they landed in the citie of RHEGIO where holding counsell in what sorte they should direct these warres it was resolued in the ende that they should goe straight vnto SICILIA This opinion was followed although Nicias dyd contrarie it when Lamachus gaue his consent thereunto and at his first comming he was the occasion of winning the cittie of CATANA But he neuer after dyd any exployte for he was called home immediatly by the ATHENIANS to come and aunswer certaine accusations layed to his charge For as we tolde you before there was at the beginning certaine light suspitions and accusations put vp against him by some slaues and straungers But afterwards when he was gone his enemies enforced them and burdened him more cruelly adding to his former faulte that he had broken the images of Mercurie and had committed sacriledge in counterfeating in ieast and mockery the holy ceremonies of the mysteries and blue into the â—ares of the people that both the one and the other proceeded of one set conspiracie to chaunge and alter the gouernment of the state of the citie Vpon these informations the people tooke it in so ill parte that they committed all to prisone that were in any sorte accused or suspected thereof and would neuer let them come to their aunswer and moreouer dyd much repent them that they had not condemned Alcibiades vpon so great complaintes and informations as were exhibited against him while his offense was in question before them And the furie and hatred of the people was such towards him that if any of Alcibiades friends and acquaintance came within their daunger they were the worse handled for his sake Thucydides dyd not name his accusers but some other doe name Dioclides and Teucer amongest whom Phrynicus the Comicall poet is one who discouereth it in his verses by bringing in one that speaketh thus to the image of Mercury My good friend Mercury I praye thee take good heede that thou fall not and breake thy necke for so thou mightst me breede both daunger and distrust and though I giltles be some Dioclides falsely might accuse and trouble me Mercury aunswereth Take thou no thought for me my selfe I shall vvell saue and vvill foresee full vvell therevvith that Teucer that false knaue shall not the money get vvhich he by lavve hath vvonne for his promovvters bribing parte and accusation And yet for all this these tokens doe showe no certaintie of any thing For one of them being asked howe he could knowe them by their faces in the night that had broken and defaced these images he aunswered that he knewe them well enough by the brightnes of the moone And hereby it appeareth playnely that he was periured bicause that the same night on the which this fact was committed there was a coniunction of the moone This dyd a litle trouble and staye men of iudgement howbeit the common sorte of people this notwithstanding dyd not leaue to be as sharpe set to receyue all accusations and informations that were brought in against him as euer they were before Now there was among the prisoners whose cause was hanging before them the orator Andocides whom Hellanicus the historiographer describeth to descend of the race of Vlysses whom they tooke to be a man that hated the gouernment of the common people and bent altogether to fauour the small number of the nobilitie But one of the chiefest occasions why he was suspected to be one of them that had broken the images was for that hard by his house there was a fayer great image set vp in olde time by the familie or tribe of the AEgeides and that alone amongest all the rest of so many famous images was lefte whole and vnbroken whereupon it is called at this daye the Mercury of Andocides and is so called generally of euery bodye albeit the inscription sheweth the contrarie Andocides being in prisone chaunced to fall in acquaintaunce with one Timaeus with whom he was more familliar then with all the rest who was also prisoner with him for the self cause This Timaeus was a man not so well knowen as he but besides a wise man and very hardie He persuaded him and put into his head that he should accuse him selfe and certaine other with him for taking the matter vpon him and confessing it he should receyue grace pardone according to the course and promise of the lawe Where contrarilie if he should stande vpon the curtesie of the iudges sentence he might easely endaunger him self bicause iudgements in such cases are vncertaine to all people and most to be doubted and feared toward the riche And therefore he told him it were his best waye if he looked into the matter wisely by lying to saue his life rather then to suffer death with shame and to be condemned apon this false accusation Also he sayed if he would haue regarde to the coÌ„mon wealth that it should in like case be wisely done of him to put in daunger a fewe of those which stood doubtfull whether in trothe they were any of them or not to saue from the furie of the people and terrour of death many honest men who in deede were innocent of this lewde fact Timaeus wordes and persuasions wrought such effect with Andocides that they made him yeld vnto them brought him to accuse him selfe certaine other with him by meanes whereof Alcibiades according to the lawe had his pardone But all suche as he named and accused were euery man put to death sauing suche as saued them selues by ronning awaye Furthermore to shadowe his accusation with some apparaunce of trothe Andocides among those that were accused dyd accuse also certen of his owne seruaunts Now though the people had no more occasion to occupie their busie heades about the breakers of these images yet was not their malice thus appeased against Alcibiades vntill they sent the galley called Salaminiana commaunding those they sent by a speciall coÌ„mission to seeke him out in no case to attempt to take him by force nor to laye holde on him by violence but to vse him with all the good wordes and curteous manner that they possibly could to will him only to appeare in persone before the people to aunswer to certaine accusations put vp against him If otherwise they should haue vsed force they feared muche least the armie would haue mutined on his behalfe within the countrie of their enemies and that there would haue growen some sedition amongest their souldiers This might Alcibiades haue easely done if he had bene disposed For the souldiers were very sorie to see him departe perceyuing that the warres should be drawen out now in length and be much prolonged vnder Nicias seeing Alcibiades was taken from them who was the only spurre that pricked Nicias forward to doe
so much as it was for spite and displeasure he thought to doe them Antipater in a letter of his writing of the death of Aristotle the philosopher doth not without cause commend the singular giftes that were in Alcibiades and this inespecially that he passed all other for winning mens good willes Wheras all Martius noble actes and vertues wanting that affabilitie became hatefull euen to those that receiued benefit by them who could not abide his seueritie and selfe will which causeth desolation as Plato sayeth and men to be ill followed or altogether forsaken Contrariwise seeing Alcibiades had a trimme entertainment and a very good grace with him and could facion him selfe in all companies it was no maruell if his well doing were gloriously commended and him selfe much honoured and beloued of the people considering that some faultes he did were oftetimes taken for matters of sporte and toyes of pleasure And this was the cause that though many times he did great hurte to the common wealth yet they did ofte make him their generall and trusted him with the charge of the whole citie Where Martius suing for an office of honour that was due to him for the sundrie good seruices he had done to the state was notwithstanding repulsed and put by Thus doe we see that they to whome the one did hurte had no power to hate him and thother that honoured his vertue had no liking to loue his persone Martius also did neuer any great exployte beinge generall of his contry men but when he was generall of their enemies against his naturall contrie whereas Alcibiades being both a priuate persone and a generall did notable seruice vnto the ATHENIANS By reason whereof Alcibiades wheresoeuer he was present had the vpper hande euer of his accusers euen as he would him selfe and their accusations tooke no place against him onlesse it were in his abscence Where Martius being present was condemned by the ROMAINES and in his person murdered and slaine by the VOLSCES But here I can not say they haue done well nor iustly albeit him selfe gaue them some colour to doe it when he openly denied the ROMAINE Ambassadors peace which after he priuatly graunted at the request of women So by this dede of his he tooke not away the enmity that was betwene both peoples but leauing warre still betwene them he made the VOLSCES of whome he was generall to lose the oportunity of noble victory Where in deede he should if he had done as he ought haue withdrawen his armie with their counsaill consent that had reposed so great affiance in him in making him their generall if he had made that accompt of them as their good will towards him did in duety binde him Or else if he did not care for the VOLSCES in the enterprise of this warre but had only procured it of intent to be reuenged and afterwards to leaue it of when his anger was blowen ouer yet he had no reason for the loue of his mother to pardone his contrie but rather he should in pardoning his contrie haue spared his mother bicause his mother wife were members of the bodie of his contrie and city which he did besiege For in that he vncurteously reiected all publike petitions requestes of Ambassadors intreaties of the bishoppes priestes to gratifie only the request of his mother with his departure that was no acte so much to honour his mother with as to dishonour his contrie by the which was preserued for the pitie and intercession of a woman not for the loue of it selfe as if it had not bene worthie of it And so was this departure a grace to say truly very odious and cruell and deserued no thankes of either partie to him that did it For he withdrew his army not at the request of the ROMAINES against whom he made warre nor with their consent at whose charge the warre was made And of all his misfortune and ill happe the austeritie of his nature and his hawtie obstinate minde was the onely cause the which of it selfe being hatefull to the worlde when it is ioyned with ambition it groweth then much more churlish fierce and intollerable For men that haue that fault in nature are not affable to the people seeming thereby as though they made no estimacion or regard of the people and yet on thother side if the people should not geue them honour and reuerence they would straight take it in scorne and litle care for the matter For so did Metellus Aristides and Epaminondis all vsed this manner not to seeke the good will of the common people by flatterie and dissimulation which was in deede bicause they despised that which the people coulde geue or take awaye Yet would they not be offended with their citizens when they were amerced and set at any fines or that they banished them or gaue them any other repulse but they loued them as wel as they did before so soone as they shewed any token of repentaunce that they were sorie for the wrong they had done them and were easely made frendes againe with them after they were restored from their banishment For he that disdaineth to make much of the people and to haue their fauour shoulde much more scorne to seeke to be reuenged when he is repulsed For to take a repulse and deniall of honour so inwardly to the hart commeth of no other cause but that he did too earnestly desire it Therefore Alcibiades did not dissemble at all that he was not very glad to see him selfe honored and sory to be reiected and denied any honour but also he sought all the meanes he could to make him selfe beloued of those amongest whome he liued Whereas Martius stowtnes and hawry stomake did stay him from making much of those that might aduaunce and honour him and yet his ambition made him gnawe him selfe for spite and anger when he sawe he was despised And this is all that reasonably may be reproued in him for otherwise he lacked no good commendable vertues and qualities For his temperaunce and cleane handes from taking of bribes and money he may be compared with the most perfect vertuous and honest men of all GRAECE but not with Alcibiades who was in that vndoutedly alwayes too licentious losely geuen and had too small regard of his credit and honestie The end of Caius Martius Coriolanus life THE LIFE OF Paulus AEmilius WHEN I first beganne to write these liues my intent was to profit other but since continuing and going on I haue muche profited my self by looking into these histories as if I looked into a glasse to frame and facion my life to the mowld and patterne of these vertuous noble men For ronning ouer their manners in this sorte and seeking also to describe their liues me thinkes I am still conuersaunt and familliar with them and doe as it were lodge them with me one after another And when I come to peruse their histories and to waye
I passed ouer the gulfe of the Adriatike sea from BRINDES vnto CORFV in one daye And from thence in fiue dayes after I arriued in the cittie of DELPHES where I dyd sacrifice vnto Apollo And within fiue other dayes I arriued in my cāpe where I found mine armie in MACEDON And after I had done the sacrifice due ceremonies for purifying of the same I presently begāne to followe the purpose cause of my cōming so as in 15. dayes after I made an honorable ende of all those warres But yet mistrusting fortune allwayes seing the prosperous course of my affaires cōsidering that there were no other enemies nor daūgers I neded to feare I feared sorely she would chaunge at my returne when I should be vpon the sea bringing home so goodly victorious an armie with so many spoiles so many Princes and Kings taken prisoners And yet when I was safely arriued in the hauen seing all the cittie at my returne full of ioye of feastes sacrifices I still suspected fortune knowing her manner well enough that she vseth not to gratifie men so franckly nor to graunt them so great things clearly without some certen sparke of enuie waiting on them Neither dyd my minde being still occupied in feare of some thing to happen to the cōmon wealth shake of this feare behind me but that I sawe this home mishappe miserie lighted vpō me enforcing me with mine owne hands in these holy dayes of my triūphe to burie my two young sonnes one after another which I only brought vp with me for the succession of my name house Wherefore me thinkes now I may saye I am out of all daūger at the least touching my chiefest greatest misfortune doe beginne to stablish my selfe with this assured hope that this good fortune henceforth shall remaine with vs euermore without feare of other vnlucky or sinister chaunce For she hath sufficiently contervailed the fauorable victorie she gaue you with the enuious mishappe wherewith she hath plagued both me and mine shewing the cōquerour triūpher as noble an exāple of mans miserie weaknes as the party cōquered that had bene led in triūphe Sauing that Perseus yet conquered as he is hath this cōforte left him to see his childrē liuing that the cōquerour AEmylius hath lost his And this was the summe of AEmylius notable oration he made vnto the people of ROME proceeding of a noble honorable disposed minde And though it pittied him in his harte to see the straunge chaunge of king Perseus fortune and that he hartely desired to helpe him and to doe him good yet he could neuer obtaine other grace for him but only to remoue him from the common prisone which the ROMAINES call Carcer into a more clenly and sweter house where being straitly garded and looked vnto he killed him selfe by abstinence from meate as the most parte of historiographers doe write Yet some writers tell a maruelous straunge tale and manner of his death For they saye the souldiers that garded him kept him from sleepe watching him straightly when sleepe tooke him and would not suffer him to shut his eye liddes only apon malice they dyd beare him bicause they could not otherwise hurte him keeping him awake by force not suffering him to take rest vntill suche time as nature being forced to geue ouer he gaue vp the ghoste Two of his sonnes dyed also but the third called Alexander became an excellent turner and ioyner and was learned and could speake the ROMAINE tongue very well and dyd write it so trimly that afterwards he was chauncelour to the magistrates of ROME and dyd wisely and discretly behaue him selfe in his office Furthermore they doe adde to this goodly conquest of the realme of MACEDON that AEmylius conquered another speciall good thing that made him maruelously well liked of the common people that is that he brought so muche gold and siluer vnto the treasurie store of ROME as the common people needed neuer after to make contribution for any thing vntill the very time and yere that Hircius and Pansa were Consuls which was about the beginning of the first warres of Augustus and Antonius And yet AEmylius had one singular good gift in him that though the people dyd greatly loue and honour him yet he euer tooke parte with the Senate and nobilitie and dyd neuer by worde nor dede any thing in fauour of the people to flatter or please them but in matters concerning gouernment he dyd euer leane to the nobilitie and good men And this dyd Appius afterwards cast in his sonnes teethe Scipio Africanus For both of them being two of the chiefest men of their time and contending together for the office of Censor Appius had about him to fauour his sute all the Senate and Nobilitie as of auncient time the familie of the Appians had euer held on their parte And Scipio Africanus though he was a great man of him selfe yet he was in all times fauoured and beloued of the common people Whereupon when Appius sawe him come into the market place followed with men of small qualitie and base condition that had bene slaues before but otherwise could skilfully handle suche practises bring the people together and by oportunitie of cries and lowde voyces if neede were obteine what they would in the assemblies of the cittie he spake out alowde and sayed O Paulus AEmylius now hast thou good cause to sighe and mourne in thy graue where thou lyest if the dead doe know what we doe here on earth to see AEmylius a common sergeant and Licinius a pratling fellowe howe they bring thy sonne vnto the dignitie of a Censor And as for Scipio he was allwayes beloued of the common people bicause he dyd fauour them in all things But AEmylius also although he tooke euer the noble mens parte he was not therefore lesse beloued of the common people then those that allwayes flattered them doing all things as the people would to please them which the common people did witnesse aswell by other honours offices they offred him as in the dignitie of the Censor which they gaue him For it was the holiest office of all other at that time and of greatest power and authoritie specially for inquierie and reformation of euery mans life and manners For he that was Censor had authoritie to put any Senatour of the counsell and to disgrade him if he dyd not worthely behaue him selfe according to his place and calling and might name and declare any one of the Senate whom he thought to be most honest and fittest for the place againe Moreouer they might by their authoritie take from licentious young men their horse which was kept at the charge of the common weale Furthermore they be the sessours of the people and the muster masters keping bookes of the number of persones at euery mustering So there appeared numbred in the register booke AEmylius made then of
THEATER to see one of the goodliest sightes that they could deuise to wit to see the tyran punished who was openly whipped afterwards put to death Now for Mamercus he did yeld him self vnto Timoleon to be iudged by the SYRACVSANS so that Timoleon might not be his accuser So he was brought vnto SYRACVSA where he attempted to make an oration to the people which he had premeditated long before But seeing that the people cryed out and made a great noyse bicause they would not heare him and that there was no likelyhoode they would pardone him he ranne ouerthwart the THEATER and knocked his head as hard as he could driue vpon one of the degrees whereon they sate there to see the sportes thinking to haue dashed out his braynes haue rid him self sodainely out of his paine But he was not happy to die so for he was taken straight being yet aliue put to death as theues murderers are Thus did Timoleon roote all tyrants out of SICILE make an end of all warres there And wheras he found the whole ile wilde sauage hated of the natural contry men inhabitants of the same for the extreme calamities miseries they suffred he brought it to be so ciuil and so much desired of straungers that they came farre neare to dwell there where the naturall inhabitants of the contry selfe before were glad to flye and forsake it For AGRIGENTVM and GELA two great cities did witnesse this which after the warres of the ATHENIANS had bene vtterly forsaken and destroyed by the CARTHAGINIANS and were then inhabited againe The one by Megellus and Pheristus two Captaines that came from ELEA and the other by Gorgos who came from the I le of CEO And as nere as they could they gathered againe together the first auncient Citizens and inhabitants of the same whom Timoleon did not onely assure of peace and safetie to liue there to settle them quietly together but willingly did helpe them besides with all other thinges necessary to his vttermost meane and abilitie for which they loued and honored him as their father and founder And this his good loue fauor was common also to all other people of SICILE whatsoeuer So that in all SICILE there was no truce taken in warres nor lawes established nor landes deuided nor institucion of any policie or gouernment thought good or auayleable if Timoleons deuise had not bene in it as chiefe director of such matters which gaue him a singular grace to be acceptable to the goddes and generally to be beloued of al mē For in those dayes there were other famous men in GREECE that did maruelous great thinges amongest whom were these Timotheus Agesilaus Pelopidas and Epaminondas which Epaminondas Timoleon sought to follow in all thinges as neare as he could aboue any of them all But in all the actions of these other great Captaines their glorie was alway mingled with violence payne labor so as some of them haue bene touched with reproche and other with repentaunce Whereas contrarywise in all Timoleons doinges that onely excepted which he was forced to doe to his brother there was nothing but they might with trothe as Timaeus sayd proclayme the saying of Sophocles Oh mightie goddes of heauen vvhat Venus stately dame or Cupid god haue thus yput their handes vnto this same And like as Antimachus verses and Dionysius paynting both COLOPHONIANS are ful of synewes strength yet at this present we se they are things greatly labored trauelled with much payne that contrariwise in Nicomachus tables and Homers verses besides the passing workmāship singular grace in thē a man findeth at the first sight that they were easily made without great payne Euen so in like manner whosoeuer will compare the paynefull bloudy warres battels of Epaminondas Agesilaus with the warres of Timoleon in the which besides equitie iustice there is also great ease quietnes he shall finde waying things indifferently that they haue not bene fortunes doings simply but that they came of a most noble fortunat corage Yet he him self doth wisely impute it vnto his good happe fauorable fortune For in his letters he wrote vnto his familiar frendes at CORINTHE in some other oratiōs he made to the people of SYRACVSA he spake it many times that he thanked the almighty gods that it had pleased thē to saue deliuer SICILE from bondage by his meanes seruice to geue him the honor dignitie of the name And hauing builded a temple in his house he did dedicate it vnto fortune furthermore did consecrate his whole house vnto her For he dwelt in a house the SYRACVSANS kept for him gaue him in recompence of the good seruice he had done them in the warres with a maruelous faire pleasaunt house in the contrie also where he kept most whē he was at leisur For he neuer after returned vnto CORINTHE againe but sent for his wife and children to come thither and neuer delt afterwards with those troubles that fell out amongest the GREECIANS nether did make him selfe to be enuied of the cittizens a mischiefe that most gouernors and captains do fal into through their vnsatiable desire of honor authoritie but liued al the rest of his life after in SICILE reioycing for the great good he had done and specially to see so many cities and thowsands of people happy by his meanes But bicause it is an ordinary matter and of necessitie as Simonides saith that not only al larkes haue a tuft vpon their heades but also that in all citties there be accusers where the people rule there were two of those at SYRACVSA that continually made orations to the people who did accuse Timoleon the one called Laphystius and the other Demaenetus So this Laphystius appointing Timoleon a certen day to come aunswere to his accusation before the people thinking to conuince him the cittizens began to mutine wold not in any case suffer the day of adiornement to take place But Timoleon did pacifie them declaring vnto them that he had taken all the extreame paines labor he had done and had passed so many daungers bicause euery cittizen inhabitant of SYRACVSA might franckly vse the libertie of their lawes And another time Demaenetus in open assembly of the people reprouing many thinges Timoleon did when he was generall Timoleon aunswered neuer a word but onely said vnto the people that he thanked the goddes they had graunted him the thing he had so oft requested of them in his praiers which was that he might once see the SYRACVSANS haue full power and libertie to say what they would Now Timoleon in all mens opinion had done the noblest actes that euer GREECIAN captaine did in his time and had aboue deserued the fame and glory of al the noble exploytes whiche the rethoricians with all their eloquent orations perswaded the
after Marcellus beinge againe chosen Consull the thirde time went into SICILE For Hannibals prosperous successe and victories had so incoraged the CARTHAGINIANS as they sought againe to conquer this Ilande and specially bicause that after the death of Hieronimus the tyran there rose some tumult at SYRACVSA Vppon which occasion the ROMAINES had sent an army thither before and a Praetor called Appius at whose handes Marcellus hauing receiued the army a great number of the ROMAINES became humble suters to him to pray him to aide them in their calamity which was this Of those that scaped from the battell of CANNES some saued them selues by flying other were taken prisoners of which there were such a number as it appeared that ROME had not people enough left onely to keepe the walles Neuertheles those few that remained their hartes were so great that they woulde neuer redeeme the prisoners which Hannibal was contented to deliuer them vppon small ransome but made a decree they should not be redeemed and so suffered some of them to be killed others to be solde for slaues out of ITALIE And moreouer those that saued them selues by flying they sent straight into SICILE commaunding they should not once set foote againe in ITALIE whilest they had warres with Hanniball These were the men that came altogether and fell downe at Marcellus feete so soone as he arriued in SICILE humbly besought him to appoint them to serue vnder some ensigne that they might fight to do their contrie honor and seruice promising him with teares running downe their cheekes that their faithfull seruice then should witnesse for them that the ouerthrow they had a CANNES fell apon them rather by misfortune then through lacke of corage Whereupon Marcellus hauing compassion on them wrote to the Senate in their fauor prayed them that they would graunt him licence to supply the bands of his army as they diminished with those poore ROMAINES his contrymen Many reasons passed to and fro against this sute neuertheles it was concluded in the ende by the Senate that the common wealth made no reckening of the seruice of faint harted men like women wherefore if Marcellus thought good of their seruice yet it shoulde not be lawfull for him to giue them any crownes or rewards of honor for any notable seruice soeuer they did as all generalles are wont to giue to honest men that serue valliantly This order of the Senate misliked Marcellus very much who at his returne home out of SICILE made his complaint in open Senate and told them they did him manifest wrong to deny him that fauor that hauing done his common wealth such faithful seruice diuerse times as he had done he might not restore so many poore ROMAINES to their honor againe Nowe when Marcellus was in SICILE he receiued great hurtes and iniuries by Hippocrates generall of the SYRACVSANS who to pleasure CARTHAGINIANS and by their meanes to make him selfe chiefe Lord of SYRACVSA did put many ROMAINE citizens to death Whereupon Marcellus went and layed siege to the city of the LEONTINES and when he had taken it by assault he hurt neuer a townes man nor naturall citizen of the same but such traytors as he founde there and had fled from his campe yelded to the enemies them he caused to be whipped and then hanged But notwithstanding Hippocrates had before caused it to be bruted at SYRACVSA that Marcellus had put all the LEONTINES to the sword not sparing litle children and afterwards Hippocrates comming thither on the sodaine in the feare and garboyle of this false brute he easily tooke the city Marcellus hearing Hippocrates had taken SYRACVSA left forthwith the LEONTINES went with his whole army camped hard by SYRACVSA and sent his Ambassadors to tell the SYRACVSANS truely what he had done in the city of the LEONTINES and quite contrarie to that they were informed of Howbeit that preuailed not for they beleued not Marcellus bicause Hippocrates being the stronger had wonne the city Wherupon he beganne then to approch the walles and to assault in euery quarter as well by sea as by lande Appius tooke charge of them that gaue assault by lande Marcellus him selfe with three score galleyes of fiue owers at euery bancke well armed and full of all sortes of artillery and fire works did assault by sea and rowed hard to the walle hauing made a great engine and deuise of battery vppon eight galleyes chained together to batter the walle trusting in the great multitude of his engines of battery and to all such other necessarie prouision as he had for warres as also in his owne reputacion But Archimedes made light accompt of all his deuises as in deede they were nothinge comparable to the engines him selfe had inuented and yet were not his owne such as him selfe did recken of to shew singularity of worke and deuise For those he had made were but his recreations of Geometry and thinges done to passe the time with at the request of king Hieron who had prayed him to call to minde a litle his geometricall speculation and to apply it to thinges corporall and sencible and to make the reason of it demonstratiue and plaine to the vnderstanding of the common people by experiments and to the benefit and commodity of vse For this inuentiue arte to frame instruments and engines which are called mechanicall or organicall so highly commended and esteemed of all sortes of people were first set forth by Architas and by Eudoxus partely to beawtifie a litle the science of Geometry by this finenes and partly to proue and confirme by materiall examples and sencible instruments certeine Geometrical conclusions whereof a man can not finde out the conceiueable demonstrations by enforced reasons and proofes As that conclusion which instructeth one to searche out two lynes meane proportionall which can not be proued by reason demonstratiue and yet notwithstandinge is a principall and an accepted grounde for many thinges which are conteined in the arte of portraiture Both of them haue facioned it to the workemanship of certeine instruments called Mesolabes or Mesographes which serue to finde these meane lines proportionall by drawing certaine curue lines and ouerthwart and oblike sextions But after that Plato was offended with them and mainteined against them that they did vtterly corrupt and disgrace the worthines excellency of Geometry making it to discende from things not comprehensible and without body vnto things sencible and materiall and to bringe it to a palpable substance where the vile and base handie worke of man is to be employed since that time I say handy craft or the arte of engines came to be separated from Geometry and being long time despised by the Philosophers it came to be one of the warlike artes But Archimedes hauinge tolde king Hieron his kinseman and very frende that it was possible to remoue as great a weight as he would with as litle
fortunate blessed time of GREECE and specially when shortly after it did double and treble on the sodaine For the taxe Aristides made came to about foure hundred three score talents and Pericles raised it almost vnto a third parte For Thucydides wryteth that at the beginninge of the warres of PELOPONNEEVS the ATHENIANS leauied sixe hundred talentes yearely vppon their confederates And after the death of Pericles the orators and counsellers for matters of state did raise it vp higher by litle and litle vntil it mounted vnto the summe of thirteene hundred talentes And this was not bicause the warres did rise to so great a charge by reason of the length of the same and of the losses the ATHENIANS had receiued but for that they did accustome the people to make distributions of money by hand vnto euery citizen to make them set vp games and make goodly images and to builde sumptuous temples Thus was Aristides therefore iustly honored praised and esteemed aboue all other for this iust imposition of taxes sauing onely of Themistocles who went vp and downe flering at the matter sayinge it was no mete praise for an honest man but rather for a cofer well barred with iron where a man might safely lay vp his gold and siluer This he spake to be euen with Aristides which was nothing like the sharpe girde Aristides gaue him openly when Themistocles talking with him tolde him it was an excellent thing for a Captaine to be able to know and to preuent the counsells and doinges of the enemies and so is it sayed Aristides againe not onely a needefull but an honest thinge and mete for a worthy generall of an army to be cleane fingered without bribery or corruption So Aristides made all the other people of GREECE to sweare that they woulde truely keepe the articles of the allyance and he him selfe as generall of the ATHENIANS did take their othes in the name of the ATHENIANS and so pronouncing execrations curses against them that should breake the league and othe taken he threw iron wedges red hotte into the sea and prayed the gods to destroy them euen so that did violate their vowed faith Notwithstandinge afterwardes in my opinion when there fell out great alteracion in the state and that the ATHENIANS were forced to rule more straightly then before Aristides then willed the ATHENIANS to let him beare the daunger and burden of periury and execration and that they should not let for feare thereof to do any thing whatsoeuer they thought mete or necessary To conclude Theophrastus wryteth that Aristides was not only a perfect an honest and iust man in priuate matters betwixt party party but in matters of state and concerning the common weale he did many thinges oftentimes accordinge to the necessitie of the time and troubles of the citie wherein violence and iniustice was to be vsed As when the question was asked in open counsell to know whether they might take away the gold siluer that was left in the I le of DILOS safely layed vp in the temple of Apollo to beare out the charges of the warres against the barbarous people and to bring it from thence vnto ATHENS apon the motion of the SAMIANS although it was directly against the articles of the allyance made and sworne amonge all the GREECIANS Aristides opinion beinge asked in the same he aunswered it was not iust but yet profitable Now notwithstanding Aristides had brought his citie to rule and commaund many thousandes of people yet was he still poore for all that and vntill his dying day he gloried rather to be praised for his pouertie then for all the famous victories and battells he had wonne and that plainely appeareth thus Callias Ceres torche bearer was his neere kinseman who through enemies came to be accused and stoode in hazard of life so when the day came that his matter was to be heard before the Iudges his accusers very faintly and to litle purpose vttered the offences whereof they accused him and running into other byematters left the chiefest matter spake thus to the Iudges My Lords you al know Aristides the sonne of Lysimachus and you are not ignoraunt also that his vertue hath made him more esteemed then any man else is or can be in all GREECE Howe thinke ye doth he liue at home when you see him abroade vppe and downe the city in a threde bare gowne all to tattered Is it not likely trow ye that he is ready to starue at home for lacke of meate and reliefe whom we all see quake for very colde beinge so ill arrayed and clothed And yet M. Callias here his cosin germaine the richest citizen in all ATHENS is so miserable that notwithstandinge Aristides hath done much for him by reason of his great credit and authoritie among you he suffereth him and his poore wife and children readie to begge to starue for any helpe he geueth him Callias perceiuing the Iudges more angryer with him for that then for any matter else he was accused of he prayed Aristides might be sent for and willed him to tel truely whether he had not offered him good rounde summes of money many a time and oft and intreated him to take it which he euer refused and aunswered him alwayes that he coulde better boast of his pouerty then him selfe coulde of his riches which he sayd many did vse ill and few coulde vse them wel and that it was a hard thing to finde one man of a noble minde that could away with pouertie and that such onely might be ashamed of pouerty as were poore against their willes So Aristides confirmed all he spake to be true and euery man that was at the hearinge of this matter went wholly away with this opinion that he had rather be poore as Aristides then rich as Callias This tale is written thus by AEschines the Socratian Philosopher and Plato reporteth of him also that notwithstandinge there were many other famous and notable men of ATHENS yet he gaue Aristides praise aboue them all For others sayd he as Themistocles Cimon and Pericles haue beautified the citie with stately porches and sumptuous buildinges of golde and siluer and with stone of other fine superfluous deuises but Aristides was only he that vertuously disposed him selfe and all his doinges to the furtherance of the state and common weale His iustice and good nature appeared plainely in his doinges and behauiour towardes Themistocles For though Themistocles was euer against Aristides in all things and a continuall enemy of his and that by his meanes and practise he was banished from ATHENS yet when Themistocles was accused of treason to the state hauing diuerse sharpe enemies against him as Cimon Alemaeon with diuerse other Aristides sought not reuenge when he had him at his aduantage For he neither spake nor did any thinge against him at that time to hurt him neither did he reioyce to see his enemie in misery
no more then if he had neuer enuied him in his prosperity And touching Aristides death some write he dyed in the realme of PONTVS being sent thither about matters of the state other thinke he dyed an old man in the citie of ATHENS greatly honored and beloued of all the citizens But Craterus the MACEDONIAN wryteth of his death in this sorte After that Themistocles sayeth he was fled the people of ATHENS became very stubborne and insolent whereupon many lewde men grew to be common appeachers and accusers of the noble men and chiefest citizens and to stirre vp the malice and ill will of the common people against them who were waxen proude by reason of their prosperity and dominion that was enlarged Amonge the rest Aristides was condemned for extorcion and ill behauiour in the common wealth apon one Diophantes accusation of the village of AMPHITROPE who burdened him that he tooke money of the IORIANS to make the annuell tribute cease which they payed vnto ATHENS and so Craterus sayth that bicause Aristides was not able to pay the fine they set apon his heade which was fiue Minas he was driuen to forsake ATHENS and to gette him into IONIA where he dyed Yet doth not Craterus bring foorth any probable matter to proue this true he wryteth as his pleadinge his sentence and condemnation or any decree passed against him although he vsed great diligence else in collectinge all such matters and vowchinge his authors Furthermore all other wryters that haue specially noted the faultes and offences committed by the people of ATHENS in former times against their Captaines and gouernors they do declare Themistocles exile Miltiades captiuity that dyed in prison Pericles fine wherein he was condemned and Paches death that slue him selfe in the pulpit for orations when he sawe he was condemned and tell diuerse such stories addinge to also Aristides banishment but yet they make no maner of mencion of the condemnation which Craterus speaketh of Moreouer Aristides tombe is to be seene at this day apon the hauen of Phalerus which was set vp for him at the charge of the common wealth as it is reported bicause he dyed so poore a manne as they founde nothing in his house to bury him with Other go further and say that his daughters were maried by decree of the people at the charge of the common wealth and that the citie gaue euery one of them three thowsande Drachmas and his sonne Lysimachus a hundred Minas of siluer and a hundred Iugera and at Alcibiades request who was the author of the decree they gaue him foure Drachmas a day besides of ordinarie allowance Furthermore when this Lysimachus dyed he left aliue one onely daughter called Polycrite whom the people appointed as Callisthenes wryteth as much prouisino to liue withall as they gaue to any that wanne the Olympian games And sithence Demetrius PHALERIAN Hieronymus RHODIAN Aristoxenus the musitian and Aristotle the Philosopher at the least if the booke intituled of Nobilitie be any of Aristotles workes all these agree together that one Myrto Aristides daughters daughter was maried to the wise Socrates who tooke her to his wife hauing a wife already bicause she was a poore widdow could not be maried for her pouerty hauing much a do to liue Yet Panaetius doth wryte against them in his booke of Socrates life But Demetrius PHALERIAN wryteth in his booke he intituled Socrates that he could remember very well he had seene one Lysimachus Aristides sonnes sonne or his daughters sonne that was very poore and liued of that he could get to interpret dreames by certaine tables wherin was wrytten the arte to interpret the signification of dreames and that he kept commonly about the temple of Bacchus called Iacchion vnto whom together with his mother and his sister he sayd he had caused the people to geue them a Triobolum a peece euery day towards their liuinge It is very true that the selfe same Demetrius PHALERIAN when he reformed the state of ATHENS ordained that his mother and sister should haue ech of them a Drachma by the day to finde them withall out of the common chamber of the city And it is no new nor straunge thing that the people of ATHENS were so carefull to helpe and to relieue the women that dwelt in the citie considering that in times past Aristogiton hauing a litle daughter in the I le of LEMNOS in very hard and poore state and that coulde not be bestowed in mariage for her pouerty they caused her to be brought to ATHENS and maried her in one of the noblest houses of the city and made her a ioynter besides in the village of POTAMOS Which great curtesy humanity of theirs hath euer deserued great fame and commendacion yet cōtinueth euen vntil this day in that noble city of ATHENS in the mouth of euery man there THE LIFE OF Marcus Cato the Censor MArcus Cato and his auncesters were as they say of the city of TUVSCVLVM but before he went vnto the warres and delt in matters of the common wealth he dwelt liued in the contry of the SABYNES vpon certeine land his father left him And though to many his auncesters were knowen to haue bene obscure yet he him self did highly commende his father Marcus by bearing his name and saying he was a souldier and had serued valliantly in the fielde And he telleth also of an other Cato that was his great grandfather who for his valliant seruice had bene oft rewarded of the generals with such honorable giftes as the ROMAINES did vse to geue vnto them that had done some famous act in any battell and how that he hauinge lost fiue horses of seruice in the warres the value of the fame were restored to him againe in money of the common treasure bicause he had shewed himselfe trusty and valliant for the common wealth And where they had a common speeche at ROME to call them vpstartes that were no gentlemen borne but did rise by vertue it fortuned Cato to be called one of them And for his parte he did confesse it that he was of the first of the house that euer had honor and office of state but by reason of the noble actes and good seruice of his auncestors he maintained he was very auncient He was called at the beginning after his third name Priscus but afterwardes by reason of his great wisedom and experience he was surnamed Cato bicause the ROMAINES call a wise man and him that hath seene much Cato He was somewhat geuen to be redde faced and had a payer of staring eyes in his heade as this man telleth vs that for ill will wrote these verses of him after his death Pluto the god vvhich rules the furies infernall vvill not receiue the damned ghost of Porcius in his hall his saucy coppered nose and fiery staring eyes his common slaunderous tales vvhich he did in this vvorld deuise made
Galba or Quintius Flaminius hauing no other maintenance nor helpe to trust vnto but a tongue speaking boldly with reason and all vprightnes Moreouer Aristides at the battells of MARATHON and of PLATHES was but one of the tenne captaines of the ATHENIANS where Cato was chosen one of the two Consuls among many other noble and great competitors and one of the two Censors before seuen other that made sute for it which were all men of great reputacion in the citie and yet was Cato preferred before them all Furthermore Aristides was neuer the chiefest in any victory For at the battell of MARATHON Miltiades was the generall 〈…〉 at the battell of SALAMINA Themistocles and at the iorney of PLATAEES king Pausanias as Herodotus sayeth who wryteth that he had a maruelous victory there And there were that striued with Aristides for the second place as Sophanes Amynias Callimachus and Cynegirus euery one of the which did notable valliant seruice at those battells Now Cato was generall him selfe and chiefe of all his army in worthines and counsell during the warre he made in SPAYNE while he was Consull Afterwards also in the iorney where king Antiochus was ouerthrowen in the contry of THERMOPYLES Cato being but a Colonell of a thousande footemen and seruinge vnder an other that was Consull wanne the honor of the victory when he did sodainely set vpon Antiochus behinde whereas he looked only to defend him selfe before And that victory without all doubt was one of the chiefest actes that euer Cato did who draue ASIA out of GREECE and opened the way vnto Lucius Scipio to passe afterwardes into ASIA So then for the warres neither the one nor the other of them was euer ouercome in battell but in peace and ciuill gouernment Aristides was supplanted by Themistocles who by practise got him to be banished ATHENS for a time Whereas Cato had in manner all the greatest and noblest men of ROME that were in his time sworne enemies vnto him and hauing alwayes contended with them euen to his last hower he euer kept him selfe on sounde grounde like a stoute champion and neuer tooke fall nor foyle For he hauing accused many before the people and many also accusing him him selfe was neuer once condemned but alwayes his tongue was the buckeler and defence of his life and innocency Which was to him so necessary a weapon and with it he could help himselfe so in great matters that in my opinion it was only cause why he neuer receiued dishonor nor was vniustly condemned rather then for any thing else he was beholding to fortune or to any other that did protect him And truely eloquence is a singular gift as Antipater witnesseth in that he wrote of Aristotle the Philosopher after his death saying that amongest many other singular graces and perfections in him he had this rare gift that he coulde perswade what he listed Now there is a rule confessed of all the world that no man can attaine any greater vertue or knowledge then to know how to gouerne a multitude of men or a city a parte wherof is Oeconomia cōmonly called houserule considering that a city is no other then an assembly of many householdes and houses together then is the city commonly strong of power when as the townes men and citizens are wise and wealthy Therefore Lycurgus that banished golde and siluer from LACEDAEMON and coyned them money of iron that woulde be marred with fyre vinegre when it was hot did not forbid his citizens to be good husbands but like a good lawmaker exceeding all other that euer went before him he did not onely cut of all superfluous expences that commonly wayte vppon riches but did also prouide that his people should lacke nothing necessary to liue withall fearing more to see a begger and nedy persone dwellinge in his citie and enioy the priuiledges of the same then a proude man by reason of his riches So me thinkes Cato was as good a father to his householde as he was a good gouernor to the common wealth for he did honestly increase his goods and did teach other also to do the same by sauing and knowledge of good husbandry whereof in his booke he wrote sundry good rules and precepts Aristides contrariwise made iustice odions slaunderous by his pouerty and as a thing that made men poore and was more profitable to other then to a mans selfe that vsed iustice And yet Hesiodus the Poet that commendeth iustice so much doth wishe vs withall to be good husbandes reprouing sloth and idlenes as the roote and originall of all iniustice And therefore me thinkes Homer spake wisely when he sayed In times past neither did I labor carcke nor care for busines for family for foode nor yet for fare but rather did delight vvith shippes the seaes to saile to drovv a bovv to fling a dart in vvarres and to preuaile As giuing vs to vnderstand that iustice husbandry are two relatiues necessarily lincked one to the other and that a man who hath no care of his owne thinges nor house doth liue vniustly and taketh from other men For iustice is not like oyle which Phisitions say is very holsome for mannes body if it be applied outwardly and in contrary maner very ill if a man drinke it neither ought a iust man to profitte straungers and in the ende not to care for him selfe nor his Therefore me thinkes this gouerninge vertue of Aristides had a fault in this respect if it be true that most authors wryte of him that he had no care nor forecast with him to leaue so much as to mary his daughters withall nor therewith to bury him selfe Where those of the house of Cato continued Praetors and Consulls of ROME euen vnto the fourte discent For his sonnes sonnes and yet lower his sonnes sonnes sonnes came to the greatest offices of dignity in all ROME And Aristides who was in his time the chiefest mā of GREECE left his posterity in so great pouerty that some were compelled to become Soothsayers that interprete dreames and tell mens fortune to get their liuing and other to aske almes and left no meane to any of them to do any great thing worthy of him But to contrary this it might be sayd pouerty of it selfe is neither ill nor dishonest but where it groweth by idlenes carelesse life vanity and folly it is to be reproued For when it lighteth apon any man that is honest and liueth well that taketh paines is very diligent iust valliant wise and gouerneth a common wealth well then it is a great signe of a noble minde For it is vnpossible that man should doe any great thinges that had such a base minde as to thinke alwayes vppon trifles and that he shoulde relieue the poore greatly that lacketh him selfe reliefe in many thinges And sure riches is not so necessary for an honest man that will deale truely in the common wealth and
desirous to bring his men safe home againe who most of loue had followed him beganne to marche away through narrow bushy places him selfe being in the rereward and turned oftentimes vpon his enemies skirmished with them onely to driue them away from followinge of the rest of his company and not a man that durst once set apon him for they did but cry outaloofe and wheele as it were about him Howebeit Philopoemen sundry times venturinge farre from his company to geue these young noble men leasure to saue them selues one after an other tooke no heede to him selfe that he was alone enuironned on euery side with a great number of ennemies Notwithstandinge of all his enemies there was not a man that durst come to hande strokes with him but still slinging and shooting at him a farre of they draue him in the end amongest stony places betwene hewen rockes where he had much a doe to guide his horse although he had spurred him that he was all of a gore blood And as for his age that did not lette him but he might haue saued him selfe for he was strong and lusty by the continuall exercise he tooke but by cursed happe his body being weake with sickenes and weary with the long iorney he had made that day he founde him selfe very heauy and ill disposed that his horse stumbling with him threwe him to the grounde His fall was very great and brused all his head that he lay for dead in the place a great while and neuer sturred nor spake so that his enemies thinkinge he had bene dead came to turne his body to strippe him But when they saw him lift vp his head and open his eyes then many of them fell all at once apon him and tooke him and bounde both his hands behinde him and did all the villany and mischiefe they could vnto him and such as one would litle haue thought Dinocrates would haue vsed in that sorte or that he could haue had such an ill thought towardes him So they that taried behinde in the city of MESSINA were maruelous glad when they heard these newes and ranne all to the gates of the city to see him brought in When they saw him thus shamefully bounde and pinnioned against the dignity of so many honors as he had receiued and of so many triumphes and victories as he had passed the most parte of them wept for pitie to consider the mishappe and ill fortune of mans nature where there is so litle certainety as in maner it is nothing Then beganne there some curteous speeche to runne in the mouthes of the people by litle and litle that they should remember the great good he had done vnto them in times past and the liberty he had restored them vnto when he expulsed the tyran Nabis out of MESSINA But there were other againe howbeit very few that to please Dinocrates sayed they should hang him on a gibbet and put him to death as a daungerous enemy and that would neuer forgiue man that had once offended him and the rather bicause he would be more terrible to Dinocrates then euer he was before if he escaped his hands receiuing such open shame by him Neuertheles in the end they caried him into a certen dungeon vnder the ground called the treasury which had neither light nor ayer at all into it nor dore nor half dore but a great stone rolled on the mouth of the dungeon and so they did let him downe the same and stopped the hole againe with the stone and watched it with armed men for to keepe him Now when these younge noble ACHAIAN horsemen had fled vppon the spurre a great way from the enemy they remembred them selues looked round about for Philopoemen finding him not in sight they supposed straight he had bene slaine Thereuppon they stayed a great while and called for him by name and perceiuing he aunswered not they beganne to say among them selues they were beastes and cowardes to flie in that sorte and how they were dishonored for euer so to haue forsaken their Captaine to saue themselues who had not spared his owne life to deliuer them from daunger Hereupon ryding on their way and enquiring still for him they were in the end aduertised how he was taken And then they went caried those newes through all the townes and cities of ACHAIA which were very sory for him and tooke it as a signe of great ill fortune toward them Wherupon they agreed to send Ambassadors forthwith to the MESSENIANS to demaunde him and in the meane time euery man should prepare to arme them selues to go thither and get him either by force or loue When the ACHAIANS had thus sent Dinocrates feared nothing so much as that delay of time might saue Philopoemenes life wherefore to preuent it as soone as night came and that the people were at rest he straight caused the stone to be rolled from the mouth of the dungeon and willed the hangman to be let downe to Philopoemen with a cuppe of poison to offer him who was commaunded also not to goe from him vntill he had dronke it When the hangman was come downe he found Philopoemen layed on the grounde apon a litle cloke hauinge no lift to sleepe he was so grieuously troubled in his minde Who when he sawe light and the man standing by him holding a cuppe in his hande with this poison he sate vpright vpon his cowch howbeit with great paine he was so weake and taking the cuppe in his hande asked the hangman if he heard any newes of the horsemen that came with him and specially of Lycortas The hangman made him answer that the most of them were saued Then he cast his handes a litle ouer his head and looking merely on him he sayd it is well seeing we are not all vnfortunate Therewith speaking no moe wordes nor makinge other a doe he droncke vp all the poison and layed him downe as before So nature straue not much withall his body being brought so lowe and thereupon the poison wrought his effect and rid him straight out of his paine The newes of his death ran presently through all ACHAIA which generally from high to low was lamented Whereupon all the ACHAIAN youth and counsellors of their cities and townes assembled them selues in the city of MEGALIPOLIS where they all agreed without delay to reuenge his death They made Lycortas their Generall vnder whose conduct they inuaded the MESSENIANS with force and violence puttinge all to the fire and sword so as the MESSENIANS were so feared with this mercilesse fury that they yelded them selues and wholly consented to receiue the ACHAIANS into their city But Dinocrates would not giue them leasure to execute him by iustice for he killed him selfe and so did all the rest make themselues away who gaue aduise that Philopoemen should be put to death But those that would haue had Philopoemen hanged on a gibbet Lycortas
the vpper hand of Scipio and that Scipio bare it paciently and left not of walking for that neither shewed any countenaunce of misliking And in entring into discourse of many matters they discended in the ende to talke of auncient Captaines and Hanniball gaue iudgement that Alexander the great was the famousest Captaine Tyrrus the second and him selfe the thirde Then Scipio smilinge gently asked him what wouldest thou say then if I had not ouercome thee Truely quod Hanniball I would not then put my selfe the third man but the first and aboue all the Captaines that euer were So diuers greatly cōmending the goodly sayinges and deedes of Scipio did maruelously mislike Titus for that he had as a man may say layed his handes vpon the death of an other man Other to the contray againe sayd it was well done of him sayinge that Hanniball so longe as he liued was a fire to the Empire of the ROMAINES which lacked but one to blow it and that when he was in his best force and lusty age it was not his hande nor body that troubled the ROMAINES so much but his great wisedome and skill he had in the warres and the mortall hate he bare in his hart towardes the ROMAINES which neither yeares neither age would diminishe or take away For mens naturall condicions do remaine still but fortune doth not alwayes keepe a state but chaungeth stil and then quickeneth vp our desires to set willingly vppon those that warre against vs bicause they hate vs in their hartes The thinges which fell out afterwards did greatly proue the reasons brought out for this purpose in discharge of Titus For one Aristonicus sonne of a daughter of a player vpon the citherne vnder the fame and glory of Enmenes whose bastard he was filled all ASIA with warre rebellion by reason the people rose in his fauor Againe Mithridates after so many losses he had receiued against Sylla and Eimbria and after so many armies ouerthrowen by battell and warres and after so many famous Captaines lost and killed did yet recouer againe and came to be of great power both by sea and land against Lucullus Truely Hannibal was no lower brought then Caius Marius had bene For he had a king to his frend that gaue him entertainment for him and his family and made him Admirall of his shippes and Generall of his horsemen and footemen in the field Marius also went vp and downe AFRICKE a begging for his liuing insomuch as his enemies at ROME mocked him to scorne soone after notwithstanding they fell downe at his feete before him when they saw they were whipped murthered and slaine within ROME by his commaundement Thus we see no man can say certainely he is meane or great by reason of the vncertainty of thinges to come consideringe there is but one death and chaunge of better life Some say also that Titus did not this act alone and of his owne authority but that he was sent Ambassador with Lucius Scipio to no other end but to put Hanniball to death by what meanes soeuer they could Furthermore after this Ambassade we do not finde any notable thing written of Titus worthy of memory neither in peace nor in warres For he died quietely of naturall death at home in his contrie THE COMPARISON OF Titus Quintius Flaminius with Philopoemen IT is time nowe we come to compare them together Therefore as touchinge the great benefits that came to the GREECIANS neither Philopoemen nor all the other former Captaines are to be compared with Titus For all the auncient Captaines almost being GREECIANS made warres with other GREECIANS but Titus beinge a ROMAINE and no GREECIAN made warres for the liberty of GREECE When Philopoemen was not able to helpe his poore citizens distressed sore vexed with warres he sayled away into CRETA Titus hauing ouercome Philip kinge of MACEDON in battell did restore againe to liberty all the people and cities of the same which were kept before in bondage And if any will narrowly examine battells of either partie they shall finde that Philopoemen being Generall of the ACHAIANS made more GREECIANS to be slaine then Titus did of the MACEDONIANS fightinge with them for the liberty of the GREECIANS And for their imperfections the one of them was ambitious the other was as obstinate the one was quicke and sodainly angered the other was very hard to be pacified Titus left kinge Philip his realme and crowne after he had ouercome him and vsed great clemency towardes the AETOLIANS where Philopoemen for spite malice tooke townes and villages from his owne natiue contry and city wherein he was borne that had alwayes payed them tribute Furthermore Titus continued a sounde frend to them to whome he had once professed frendshippe and done pleasure vnto and Philopoemen in a geare and anger was ready to take away that he had giuen and to ouerthrow the pleasure and good turne he had shewed For Philopoemen when he had done the LACEDAEMONIANS great pleasure did afterwards rase the walls of their city and spoyled and destroyed all their contry and lastly ouerthrew their whole gouernment It seemeth also by reason of his immoderate choller he was him selfe cause of his owne death for that he made more hast then good speede to go out of time to set vpon those of MASSINA and not as Titus who did all his affaires with wisedome and euer considered what was best to be done But if we looke into the number of battells and victories the warre which Titus made against Philip was ended with two battells Whereas Philopoemen in infinite battells in which he had the better neuer left it doutfull but that his skill did euer helpe him the more to victory then the good fortune he had Moreouer Titus wanne honor by meanes of the power of ROME when it florished most and was in best prosperitie Philopoemen made him selfe famous by his deedes when GREECE beganne to stoupe and fall all together So that the deedes of the one were common to all the ROMAINES the dedes of the other were priuate to himselfe alone For Titus was General ouer good and valliant souldiers that were already trained to his hand and Philopoemen being chosen Generall did traine his men him selfe made them afterwards very expert and valliant that were but meane and greene souldiers before And whereas Philopoemen had continuall warres with the GREECIANS it was not for any good fortune he had but that it made a certaine proofe of his valliantnesse For where all other thinges are aunswerable to his there we must iudge that such as ouercome haue the most corage Now Philopoemen making warres with the most warlike nations of all GREECE as the CRETANS and the LACEDAEMONIANS did ouercome the subtillest of them by finenesse and policy and the most valliant by prowes and hardinesse But Titus ouercame by putting that only in practise which was already found and stablished as
letter were these Caius Fabricius and Quintus AEmylius Consuls of ROME vnto king Pyrrus greeting You haue oh king made vnfortunate choise both of your frendes and of your enemies as shall appeare vnto you by reading of this letter which one of yours hath wrytten vnto vs for you make warres with iust and honest men and do your selfe trust altogether the wicked and vnfaithfull Hereof therfore we haue thought good to aduertise you not in respect to pleasure you but for feare least the misfortune of your death might make vs vniustly to be accused imagining that by trechery of treason we haue sought to end this warre as though by valliantnesse we coulde not otherwise atchieue it Pyrrus hauing red this letter and proued the contentes thereof true executed the Phisitian as he had deserued and to requite the aduertisement of the Consulls he sent Fabricius and the ROMAINES their prisoners without payinge of raunsome and sent Cineas againe vnto them to proue if he could obtaine peace Howbeit the ROMAINES bicause they would neither receiue pleasure of their enemies and least of all reward for that they consented not vnto so wicked a deede did not only refuse to take their prisoners of free gift but they sent him againe so many SANNITES and TARENTINES And furthermore for peace and his frendshippe they would geue no eare to it before the warres were ended and that he had sent away his army againe by sea into his kingdome of EPIRVS Wherefore Pyrrus seing no remedy but that he must needes fight an other battell after he had somewhat refreshed his army drewe towardes the citie of ASCVLVM where he fought the seconde time with the ROMAINES and was brought into a maruelous ill grounde for horsemen by a very swift running riuer from whence came many brookes and deepe marishes insomuch as his elephantes could haue no space nor ground to ioine with the battel of the footemen by reason wherof there was a great number of men hurt and slaine on both sides And in the ende the battell being fought out all day longe the darke night did seuer them but the next morninge Pyrrus to winne the aduantage to fight in the plaine field where he might preuaile with the force of his elephantes sent first certaine of his bandes to sease vpon the naughty ground they had fought on the day before And by this policy hauing brought the ROMAINES into the plaine field he thrust in amongest his elephants store of shot and slingmen and then made his army marche being very well set in order with great furie against his enemies They missinge thother dayes turninges and places of retyre were now compelled to fight all on fronte in the plaine fielde and striuing to breake into the battell of Pyrrus footemen before the elephantes came they desperately preaced in apon their enemies pykes with their swordes not caring for their owne persones what became of them but only looked to kill and destroy their enemies In the ende notwithstandinge after the battell had holden out very long the ROMAINES lost it and they first beganne to breake and flie on that side where Pyrrus was by reason of the great force and furie of his charge and much more through the violence of the elephantes against which the ROMAINES valliantnes nor corage coulde ought preuaile but that they were driuen to geue them place much like the rage of surging waues or terrible tremblinge of the earth rather then tary to be troden vnder feete and ouerthrowen by them whome they were not able to hurte againe but be by them most greuously martyred and their troubles thereby yet nothinge eased The chase was not long bicause they fled but into their campe and Hieronymus the historiographer writeth that there died six thowsande men of the ROMAINES and of Pyrrus parte about three thowsande fiue hundred and fiue as the kinges owne Chronicles doe witnesse Neuerthelesse Dionysius makes no mencion of two battells geuen neere vnto the city of ASCVLVM nor that the ROMAINES were certainely ouerthrowen howbeit he confirmeth that there was one battell only that continued vntil sunne set and that they scarcely seuered also when night was come on Pyrrus being hurte on the arme with a speare and his cariage robbed and spoiled by the SAMNITES besides And further that there died in this battell aboue fifteene thowsande men as well of Pyrrus side as of the ROMAINES parte and that at the last both the one and the other did retyre And some say that it was at that time Pyrrus aunswered one who reioyced with him for the victory they had wonne if we winne an other of the price quod he we are vtterly vndone For in dede thē had he lost the most parte of his army he brought with him out of his realme and all his frendes and Captaines in manner euery one or at the least there lacked litle of it and besides that he had no meanes to supplie them with other from thence and perceiued also that the confederates he had in ITALIE beganne to waxe colde Where the ROMAINES to the contrary did easily renue their army with freshe souldiers which they caused to come from ROME as neede required much like vnto a liuely spring the head whereof they had at home in their contry and they fainted not at all for any losses they receiued but rather were they so much the more hotly bent stowtely determining to abide out the warres what euer betyde And thus whilest Pyrrus was troubled in this sorte newe hopes and newe enterprises were offred vnto him that made him doubtful what to do For euē at a clap came Ambassadors to him out of SICILIA offering to put into his handes the cities of SYRACVSA of AGRIGENTVM and of the LEONTINES and beseeching him to aide them to driue the CARTHAGINIANS out of the I le thereby to deliuer them from all the tyrannes And on the other side also newes was brought him from GREECE howe Ptolomie surnamed the lightning was slaine and all his army ouerthrowen in battell against GAVLES and that now he shoulde come in good hower for the MACEDONIANS who lacked but a king Then he cursed his hard fortune that presented him all at once such sundry occasions to doe great thinges and as if both enterprises had bene already in his hande he made his accompt that of necessitie he must loose one of them So long debating the matter with him selfe which of the two wayes he should conclude vppon in the ende he resolued that by the warres of SICILIA there was good meane to attaine to the greater matters considering that AFRICKE was not farre from them Wherefore disposinge him selfe that way he sent Cineas thither immediatly to make his way and to speake to the townes and cities of the contry as he was wont to doe and in the meane time left a strong garrison in the city of TARENTVM to kepe it at his deuotion wherewith the TARENTINES were very angry For
was slaine at that time moe Captaines than in all the other warres of GREECE together all which were at the length brought to ende and determined by the good wisedome and conduction of one onely man And therefore some thought that this great ouerthrowe was geuen by the gods and sayd that at the departure of Lysanders fleete out of the hauen of LAMPSACVS to get set apon the fleete of the enemies they perceaued ouer Lysanders galley the two fires which they call the starres of Castor and Pollux the one on the toneside of the galley and the other on thother side They say also that the fall of the stone was a token that did signifie this great ouerthrow For about that time as many hold opinion there fell out of the ayer a maruelous great stone in the place they call the goates riuer which stone is seene yet vnto this day holden in great reuerence by the inhabitauntes of the citie of CHERRONESVS It is sayd also that Anaxagoras did prognosticate that one of the bodies tyed vnto the vaulte of the heauen should be pluckt away and should fall to the ground by a slyding shaking that should happen For he sayd that the starres were not in their proper place where they were first created considering that they were heauy bodies and of the nature of stone howebeit that they did shine by reflection of the fire elementory had bene drawen vp thither by force where they were kept by the great violēce of the circuler motion of the element euen as at the beginning of the world they had bene stayed let from falling downe beneath at that time when the separation was made of the colde and heauy bodies from the other substaunce of the vniuersal world There is an other opinion of certaine Philosophers where there is more likelyhoode then in that For they say that those which we call falling starres be no fluxions nor deriuacions of the fire elementorie which are put out in the ayer in a manner so soone as they be lighted nor also an inflammation or cōbustion of any parte of the ayer which by her to ouermuch quantity doth spread vpwardes but they are celestiall bodies which by some slackenes of strength or falling from the ordinary course of heauen are throwen and cast downe here beneath not alwayes in any parte of the earth inhabited but more ofter abroade in the great Occean sea which is the cause that we do not see them Notwithstanding Anaxagoras words are confirmed by Damachus who writeth in his booke of religion that the space of three score and fifteene yeares together before that this stone did fall they saw a great lumpe of fier continually in the ayer like a clowde inflamed the which taried not in any one place but went and came with diuerse broken remouings by the driuing whereof there came out lightnings of fire that sell in many places and gaue light in falling as the starres do that fall In the end when this great body of fire fell in that parte of the earth the inhabitants of the contrie after that they were a litle boldened from their feare and wonder came to the place to see what it was and they found no manner of shew or appearaunce of fire but only a very great stone lying vpon the ground but nothing in comparison of the least parte of that which the compasse of this bodie of fire did shew if we may so name it Sure herein Damachus wordes had neede of fauorable hearers But againe if they be true then he vtterly comuteth their argumentes that maintaine that it was a peece of a rocke which the force of a boysterous winde did teare from the toppe of a mountaine and caried in the ayer so long as this hurle winde continued but so soone as that was downe and calme againe the stone fell immediatly Neither doe we say that this lightning bodie which appeared so many dayes in the element was very fire in deede which comming to dissolue and to be put out did beget this violent storme and boysterous wind in the element that had the force to teare the stone in sunder to cast it downe Neuertheles this matter requireth better discourse in some other booke then this But now to our story Whē the three thowsand ATHENIANS that were taken prisoners at that ouerthrow were condemned by the counsell to be put to death Lysander calling Philocles one of the Captaines of the ATHENIANS asked him what paine he would iudge him worthy of that gaue the citizens so cruell wicked counsell Philocles being nothing abashed to see him selfe in that miserie aunswered him Accuse not them that haue no iudge to heare their cause but since the goddes haue geuen thee grace to be conqueror doe with vs as we would haue done with thee if we had ouercome thee When he had sayd so he went to washe him selfe and then put on a fayer cloke vpon him as if he should haue gone to some feast and went lustely the formest man to execution leading his contrie men the way as Theophrastus wryteth After this done Lysander with all his fleete went by all the cities of the sea coast where he commaūded so many ATHENIANS as he founde that they should get them to ATHENS letting them vnderstand that he would not pardone a man of them but put them all to death as many as he found out of their city And this he did of policie to bring them all within the precinct of the walles of ATHENS bicause he might so much the sooner famish them for lacke of vittells for otherwise they would haue troubled him sore if they had had wherewithall to haue maintayned a long siege But in all the cities as he passed by if they were gouerned by the authority of the people or if that there were any other kinde of gouernment he left in euery one of them a LACEDAEMONIAN Captaine or gouernor with a counsell of tenne officers of them that had bene before in league and amity with him the which he did as well in the cities that had euer bene confederates and frendes vnto the LACEDAEMONIANS as in them that not long before had bene their enemies So he went sayling all alongest the coastes fayer and softely making no haste stablishing in manner a generall principality ouer all GREECE For he did not make them officers that were the richest the noblest or honestest men but such as were his frendes out of those tribes which he had placed in euery citie to them he gaue authority to punish and reward such as they liked of and would be present him selfe in persone to helpe them to put those to death whome they would execute or otherwise expulse or banish their contrie But this gaue the GREECIANS small hope of good or gratious gouernment vnder the rule of the LACEDAEMONIANS Wherefore me thinkes that Theopompus the comicall Poet doted when he compared the
great while together before any man marked it Cimon at the last spied it by chaunce and as he was looking of them to marke what they did the minister of the sacrifice brought the beastes liuer that was sacrificed to shew him whereof the biggest end that they call the head was lacking and this they iudged for a very ill token Notwithstanding hauing all things readie for preparation of this iorney so as he could not well goebacke he launched into the sea and hoysed sayle and sending three score of his gallies into EGYPT sayled with the rest vpon the coast of PAMPYTLIA Where he wanne a battell by sea of the king of PERSIA ouercomming the gallies of the PHENICIANS and the CILICIANS and conquered all the cities thereabouts making the way very open to enter into EGYPT For he had no small thoughtes in his minde but reached to high enterprises and determined vtterly to destroy the whole Empire of the mighty kinge of PERSIA and specially for that he vnderstoode Themistocles was in maruelous credit and reputacion amōgest the barbarous people bicause he had promised the king of PERSIA to lead his armie for him and to doe him notable seruice whensoeuer he shoulde haue occasion to warre with the GRAECIANS It is thought this was the chiefe cause that made Themistocles poison himselfe bicause he dispaired that he could not performe that seruice against GRAECE which he had promised assuring him selfe that it was no easie matter to vanquishe Cimon corage and good fortune who lay at that time with his armie all alongest the I le of CYPRVS promising him selfe great matters at that instant But in the meane season Cimon sent certaine of his men vnto the oracle of Iuppiter Ammon to aske him some secret question for no man euer knew neither then nor since for what cause he had sent them thither neither did they also bring backe any aunswere For they were no sooner come thither but the oracle commaunded them straight to returne saying vnto them that Cimon was then comming to him So Cimons men receiuing this aunswere left the oracle and tooke their iorney backe to the seawardes Now when they were commen againe to the GRAECIANS campe which at that present lay in EGYPT they heard that Cimon was departed this worlde and reckoninge the dayes sence his death with the instant of their aunswere receiued by the oracle that Cimon was then comming vnto him they knew straight that darkely he had signified his death vnto them and that at that very time he was with the goddes He dyed at the siege of the citie of CITIVM in CYPRVS as some reporte or else of a hurte he receiued at a skirmishe as other holde opinion When he dyed he commaunded them that were vnder his charge to returne into their contry againe and in no case to publishe his death which commaundement was so wisely and cunningly handeled that they all came home safe and not an enemie nor any of their confederates that once vnderstoode any thing of it So was the armie of the GRAECIANS gouerned and led by Cimon though him selfe was dead the space of thirtie dayes as Phanodemus wryteth But after his death there was no GRAECIAN Captaine that did any notable thing worthie of fame against the barbarous people bicause the Orators and gouernors of the chiefest cities of GRAECE stirred them vp one against an other and there was no man that would once steppe in as a mediator to make peace betwene them And thus the GRAECIANS now did one destroy and spoyle an other by ciuill warre amongest them selues which happely gaue the king of PERSIA leasure and time to restore him selfe againe and contrarily was cause of such vtter ruine and destruction of the whole power and force of GRAECE as no tongue can well expresse In deede a long time after kinge Agesilaus came with an armie of the GRAECIANS into ASIA and beganne a small warre against the Lieutenauntes of the king of PERSIAES gouernors of the lower contries of ASIA But before he could doe any notable exployte he was called home againe by occasion of newe troubles and ciuill warres risinge amonge the GRAECIANS and compelled to returne into his contrie leauing the treasorers of the king of PERSIA raising of subsidies and taxes vpon the cities of the GRAECIANS in ASIA although they were confederates of the LACEDAEMONIANS Whereas in the time that Cimon gouerned they neuer sawe any of the kinges sergeauntes at armes or commissioner that brought any letters pattentes or commaundement from the king or any souldier that durst come neere the sea by fortie furlonges The tombes which they call vnto this present day Cimonia doe witnesse that his ashes and bones were brought vnto ATHENS Neuerthelesse they of the citie of CITIVM doe honor a certaine tombe which they say is Cimons tombe bicause that in a great dearth and barrennes of the earth they had an oracle that commaunded them not to neglect Cimons as the Orator Nansicrates writeth it but to honor and reuerence him as a god Such was the life of this GRAECIAN Captaine The end of Cimons life THE LIFE OF Lucius Lucullus AS for Lucullus his grandfather was a Consull and so was Metellus surnamed Numidirus bicause of his conquest of NVMIDIA his vncle by the mothers side His father notwithstanding was conuict of fellony for robbing the treasure of the state whilest he was officer and Caecilia his mother was reported to haue led an vnchast life But for Lucullus selfe before he bare office or rule in matters of state the first thing he towched and tooke in hande for the cause of his contrie was thaccusation of Seruilius the soothsayer who before had accused his father for that he also had delt falsely in his office and deceiued the common wealth And this the ROMANES thought very well handled of him insomuch as a pretie while after there was no other talke in ROME but of that matter as though it had bene a notable valliant acte done by him For otherwise though priuately they had no iust occasion yet they thought it a noble deede to accuse the wicked and it pleased them as much to see the young men put lawe breakers in sute as to see a notable good course of a dogge at a hare Howebeit there followed such sturre and bandinge vppon this sute that some were verie sore hurte and other slaine in the market place but in fyne Seruilius was cleared and quite dimissed Lucullus was verie eloquent well spoken and excellently well learned in the Greeke and Latin tongue insomuch as Sylla dedicated vnto him the commentaries of all his doings which himselfe had collected as to one that could better frame a whole historie thereof and cowche it more eloquētly together in wryting For he had not only a ready tongue to vtter that he would speake and pleade his matters with great eloquence as other be seene to doe hauing matters of
caused but after when he sawe that they had so wickedly exiled Cicero and found meanes also to conâ—â—y Cato farre enough of vnder pretenced colour to sende him with charge into the I le of CYPRVS then he gaue vp altogether Some wryte that a litle before his death he was not peaâ—â— in his wittes decaying through age litle litle Howbeit Cornelius Nepos sayth that it was not for age nor sickenes that his wittes did alter but through poyson which one of his slaues had geuen him whom he had made free called Callisthenes who gaue it him not of any euill intent but bicause his master should loue him the more supposing that this poyson had power to make him loue him But he troubled his wits so much with this poyson that Lucullus while he liued was faine to haue his brother Marcus to ouersee his goods NotwithstaÌ„ding this wheÌ„ he was dead he was as much bewayled and lamented of all the people as if he had dyed in his best credit and greatest prosperity For all the people ranne to honor his funeralls and his bodie was caried to the place by the young noble men of the citie The people woulde in any case haue buried him within the field of Mars as they had before buried Sylla But bicause no man thought of it before and also for that things necessary were not easily to be prouided for the place his brother Marcus besought the people they would be content his funeralls might be at a towne of his owne neere vnto the city of THVSCVLVM where his tombe was prepared and he him selfe liued not long time after For as Lucullus both in age and honor had not lest him farre behinde him so did he not much in his death For as a brother that had alwayes dearely loued him he could not then long liue and suruiue him THE COMPARISON OF Lucullus with Cimon NOthing in my opinion made Lucullus more happy then to dye when he did before he sawe the chaunge alteracion of the coÌ„mon weale which the fatall destinies plagued the ROMANES withall with sedition ciuill warres and that he dyed in his contry yet enioying her liberty but beginning then to fall to decay And in that he was likest vnto Cimon aboue all other things who died whilest the GRAECIANS were in good loue and peace with other and not in broyle of discorde and ciuill warres In deede Cimon dyed in his campe being Generall of his contry at the siege of the city of CITIVM in CYPRVS not withdrawen to his home as one wearied liuing idlely or leading a voluptuous life in feastes and bankets making that the end and reward of his warres victories and triumphes but as Plato said when he wisely blamed and reproued Orpheus who promiseth perpetuall dronkenes in the world to come for reward of their vertue that liued well in this life merily And truely it is a great comfort and contentation of minde for an old man feebled with age and compelled by weakenes to withdraw him selfe from the world as well in matters of gouernment in peace as in warres and quietly to passe his time in studie where delight is ioyned with honest contemplation But to finish his vertuous deedes by referring them to pleasure as vnto their only end and moreouer to grow old by pleasure and vanity solemnising Venus feast all the rest of his life after he hath made such warres commaunded such armies that me thinkes a thing vnworthy of an honest ACADEMICKE and altogether vnmeete for one professing olde Xenocrates doctrine but fit rather for a man geuen ouer altogether to Epicurus discipline There is a wonderfull thing to be considered of in these two men that the ones youth was altogether vitious and reproachfull and thothers to the contrary honest and vertuous But he is the better that chaungeth for the better that nature is alwayes more commendable in whom vice decayeth and vertue waxeth young then that which by continuance of time sheweth still the contrary And furthermore they both grew rich by one selfe meane but they did not both a like vse their riches For it were to no purpose to compare the buildings of the wall that standeth south within the castell of ATHENS which was built with the money Cimon brought thither with the fine built chambers and high raised turrets to gase a farre enuironned about with conduits of water which Lucullus erected by NAPLES with the spoyles of the barbarous people Neither is Cimons table also of moderate fare dyer but yet open to euery man comparable to Lucullus borde which was sumptuously furnished and shewed the greatnes of his lord For Cimons bord fed many mouthes dayly with a small charge and Lucullus table exceded in expence to feede a few with superfluous dainties Onlesse they will say that time caused this difference betwene them But who can tell if Cimon had bene at leasure to haue withdrawen him selfe to quiet in age from gouernment and armes he also would not haue ledde a more sumptuous dissolute life geuen to all pleasure then Lucullus did For of his owne nature he loued wine banckets and playes and was also geuen to women as we haue told you before But prosperity and fortunate successe of thinges doe bring such delight to ambitious men of nature and borne to great enterprises that they make them forget to runne after their other voluptuous vaine desires And therefore had Lucullus dyed abroade in the warres whilest he commaunded armies there had not bene that liuing man how curious soeuer he had bene to reproue other mens faultes that could haue detected him of any reproachefull vice And thus much for their maner of life Now furthermore touching the state of their warres no doubt both the one and the other were excellent Captaines as well by sea as by land And like as in games of prise and exercises of body which are shewed in GRAECE they that in one selfe day winne the games at wrestling and weapons both are called by a straunge custome not conquerours only but victors also to honor them withall euen so me thinkes that Cimon in like case hauing in one selfe day crowned GRAECE with two notable markes of triumphe for two battels he wanne the one by sea and the other by lande deserueth to haue some place and preferment before other Captaines And moreouer Lucullus receiued the authoritie to commaund of his contry and common wealth but Cimon gaue his contry both authority ability to commaund Lucullus found his contry a commaunding people to all their frends and confederats through whose aide he ouercame his enemies And Cimon contrarily found his contry marching vnder an others ensigne and through his vallantnes did so behaue him selfe that he made his city goe before her confederats and triumphe ouer her enemies compelling the PERSIANS by force to geue them the rule by sea and perswading LACEDAEMONIANS willingly to geue place vnto them by
these troubles Yet furthermore this caused the souldiers vtterly to dispayre of helpe from the goddes when they considered with them selues that so deuout and godly a man as Nicias who left nothing vndone that might tend to the honor and seruice of the goddes had no better successe than the most vile and wicked persones in all the whole army All this notwithstandinge Nicias strained him selfe in all that might be both by his good countenaunce his cheerefull words his kinde vsing of euery man to let them know that he fainted not vnder his burden nor yet did yeeld to this his misfortune and extreame calamity And thus trauelling eight dayes iorney out right together notwithstanding that he was by the way continually set apon wearied and hurt yet he euer mainteined his bandes and led them whole in company vntill that Demosthenes with all his bandes of souldiers was taken prisoner in a certaine village called POLYLELIOS where remaininge behinde he was enuirroned by his enemies in fight and seeing him selfe so compassed in drewe out his sword and with his owne handes thrust himselfe thorow but dyed not of it bicause his enemies came straight about him and tooke hold of him The SYRACVSANS thereupon went with speede to Nicias and told him of Demosthenes case He geuing to credit to them sent presently certaine of his horsemen thither to vnderstand the troth who brought him worde that Demosthenes and all his men were taken prisoners Then he besought Gylippus to treate of peace to suffer the poore remaine of the ATHENIANS to departe out of SICILE with safety and to take such hostages for the sure payement of all such summes of money the SYRACVSANS had disbursed by meanes of this warre as should like him selfe which he promised he would cause the ATHENIANS to performe satisfie vnto them Howbeit the SYRACVSANS would in no wise hearken to peace but cruelty threatning reuiling them that made mocion hereof in rage gaue a new onset vpon him those fiercely then euer before they had done Nicias being then vtterly without any kinde of vittells did notwithstaÌ„ding hold out that night marched all the next day following though the enemies darres still flew about their eares vntill he came to the riuer of Asinarus into the which the SYRACVSANS did forcibly driue them Some others of them also dying for thirst entred the riuer of them selues thinking to drinke But there of all others was the most cruell slaughter of the poore wretches euen as they were drinking vntil such time as Nicias falling downe flat at Gylippus feete sayd thus vnto him Since the goddes haue geuen thee Gylippus victory shewe mercy not to me that by these miseries haue won immortall honor and â—â—â— but vnto these poore vanquished ATHENIANS calling to thy remembraunce that theâ—â— tunes of warre are common and howe that the ATHENIANS haue vsed you LACEDAEMONIANS curteously as often as fortune fauored them against you Gylippus beholding Nicias and perswaded by his wordes tooke compassion of him for he knew he was a frend vnto the LACEDAEMONIANS at the last peace concluded betwext them and furthermore thought it great honor to him if he could cary away the two Captaines or generalls of his enemies prisoners shewed him mercy gaue him wordes of comforte and moreouer commaunded besides that they should take all the residue prisoners But his commaundement was not knowen in time to all insomuch as there were many moe slaine than taken although some priuate souldiers saued diuers notwithstanding by stealth Now the SYRACVSANS hauing brought all the prisoners that were openly taken into a troupe together first vnarmed them then taking their weapons from them hong them vp apon the goodliest younge trees that stoode apon the riuers side in token of triumphet And so putting on triumphing garlandes apon their heades hauing trimmed their owne horses in triuÌ„phant maner also shorne all the horses of their enemies in this triumphing sorte they made their entry into the citie of SYRACVSA hauing gloriously ended the most notable warre that euer was amongest the GREECES one against an other and attained also the noblest victory that could be atchieued and that only by force of armes and valliancy So at their returne a counsell and assembly was holden at SYRACVSA by the citizens and their confederates in the which Eurycles one of the orators a practiserin publicke causes first made peticion that the day on the which they had taken Nicias might for euer thenceforth be kept holy day without any maner of worke or labor but only to doe sacrifice to the goddes and that the feast should be called Asinarus feast after the name of the riuer where the ouerthrow was geuen This victory was had the six and twenty day of the moneth of Iuly And as touching the prisoners that the confederats of the ATHENIANS and their slaues should be openly solde by the dromme and that the naturall ATHENIANS which were free men and their confederates of the contry of SICILE should be clapped in irone layed in prison the Captaines only excepted whom they should put to death The SYRACVSANS coÌ„firmed this decree And when the Captaine Hermocrates went about to perswade them that to be merciful in victory would be more honor vnto them than the victory it selfe they thrust him backe with great tumult And furthermore when Gylippus made sure that for the Captaines of the ATHENIANS he might cary them aliue with him to SPARTA he was not onely shamefully denyed but most vilely abused so lusty were they growen apon this victory beside also that in the time of the warre they were offended with him could not endure his straight seuere LACONIAN gouernment Timaeus sayth moreouer that they accused him of couetousnes and theft which vice he inherited from his father For Cleandrides his father was conuict for extorcion and banished ATHENS And Gylippus selfe hauing stolen thirty talentes out of a thowsande which Lysander sent to SPARTA by him and hauing hid them vnder the cusinges of his house being bewrayed was compelled with shame to flie his contry as we haue more amply declared in the life of Lysander So Timaeus wryteth that Nicias Demosthenes were not stoned to death by the SYRACVSANS as Thucydides and Philistus reporte but that they killed them selues apon word sent them by Hermocrates before the assemble of the people was broken vp by one of his men whom the kepers of the prison let in vnto them howebeit their bodies were cast out at the iaile dore for euery man to beholde I haue heard there is a target at this present to be seene in a temple at SYRACVSA which is sayd to be Nicias target couered all ouer with golde and purple silke passinge finely wrought together As for the other prisoners of the ATHENIANS the most of them dyed of sickenes and of ill handling in the prison where they had no more allowed them to liue
withall but two dishefulls of barley for their breade and one of water for eche man a day In deede many of them were conueyed away and sold for slaues and many also that scaped vnknowen as slaues were also solde for bondmen whom they branded in the forehead with the printe of a horse who notwithstanding besides their bondage endured also this paine But such their humble pacience and modesty did greatly profit them For either shortly after they were made free men or if they still continued in bondage they were gently intreated and beloued of their masters Some of them were saued also for Euripides sake For the SICILIANS liked the verses of this Poet better than they did any other GRAECIANS verses of the middest of GRAECE For if they heard any rimes or songes like vnto his they would haue them by hart one would present thē to an other with great ioy And therfore it is reported that diuers escaping this bondage and returning againe to ATHENS went very louingly to salute Euripides to thanke him for their liues and told him how they were deliuered from slauery only by teaching them those verses which they remembred of his workes Others tolde him also how that after the battel they scaping by flight wandering vp and downe the fieldes met with some that gaue them meate drinke to sing his verses And this is not to be maruelled at weying the reporte made of a shippe of the city of CAVNVS that on a time being chased in thether by pyrates thinking to saue thē selues within their portes could not at the first be receiued but had repulse howbeit being demaunded whether they could sing any of Euripides songes and aunswering that they could were straight suffered to enter and come in The newes of this lamentable ouerthrow was not beleued at the first when they heard of it at ATHENS For a straunger that landed in the hauen of PIRAEA went and sat him downe as the maner is in a barbers shoppe thinking it had bene commonly knowen there beganne to talke of it The barber hearing the straunger tell of such matter before any other had heard of it ranne into the city as fast as he could and going to the gouernors tolde the newes openly before them all The magistrates thereupon did presently call an assembly and brought the barber before them who being demaunded of whom he heard these newes could make no certaine reporte Whereupon being taken for a forger of newes that without ground had put the city in feare and trouble he was presently bound and layed on a wheele wheron they vse to put offenders to death and so was there tormented a great time vntill at last there arriued certaine men in the city who brought too certaine newes thereof and told euery thing how the ouerthrow came So as in fine they found Nicias wordes true which now they beleued when they sawe all those miseries light fully apon them which he long before had prognosticated vnto them The end of Nicias life THE LIFE OF Marcus Crassus MArcus Crassus was the sonne of a Censor who had also receiued the honor of triumphe but him selfe was brought vp in a litle house with two other of his brethren which were both maried in their fathers mothers life time and kept house together Whereuppon it came to passe that he was a man of such sober and temperate dyet that one of his brethrē being deceased he maried his wife by whom he had children For women he liued as continent a life as any ROMANE of his time notwithstanding afterwardes being of riper yeares he was accused by Plotinus to haue deflowred one of the Vestall Nunnes called Licinia But in troth the cause of that suspicion grew thus Licinia had a goodly pleasaunt garden hard by the suburbes of the city wherewith Crassus was maruelously in loue and would faine haue had it good cheape and vpon this only occasion was often seene in speeche with her which made the people suspect him But foras much as it seemed to the iudges that his couetousnes was the cause that made him follow her he was clered of thincest suspected but he neuer lest followinge of the Nunne till he had got the garden of her The ROMANES say there was but that only vice of couetousnes in Crassus that drowned many other goodly vertues in him for mine owne opinion me thinkes he could not be touched with that vice alone without others since it grew so great as the note of that only did hide and couer all his other vices Nowe to set out his extreame couetous desire of getting naturally bred in him they proue it by two manifest reasons The first his maner and meanes he vsed to get and the seconde the greatnes of his wealth For at the beginning he was not left much more worthe then three hundred talentes And during the time that he delt in the affayers of the common wealth he offered the tenthes of all his goodes wholly vnto Hercules kept open house for all the people of ROME and gaue also to euery citizen of the same as much corne as would kepe him three monethes yet when he went from ROME to make warre with the PARTHIANS himselfe being desirous to know what all he had was worth founde that it amounted to the summe of seuen thowsande one hundred talentes But if I may with license vse euill speeche wryting a troth I say he got the most parte of his wealth by fire and blood raising his greatest reuenue of publicke calamities For when Sylla had takē the citie of ROME he made portesale of the goods of them whom he had put to death to those that gaue most tearming them his booty onely for that he would the nobility and greatest men of power in the citie should be partakers with him of this iniquity and in this open sale Crassus neuer lest taking of giftes nor bying of thinges of Sylla for profit Furthermore Crassus perceiuinge that the greatest decay commonly of the buildinges in ROME came by fire and falling downe of houses through the ouermuch weight by numbers of stories built one apon an other bought bondme that were masons carpinters and these deuisours and builders of those he had to the number of fiue hundred Afterwardes when the fire tooke any house he would buy the house while it was a burning and the next houses adioyning to it which the owners folde for litle being then in daunger as they were and a burning so that by proces of time the most parte of the houses in ROME came to be his But notwithstanding that he had so many slaues to his workemen he neuer built any house from the ground sauing his owne house wherein he dwelt◠saying that such as delighted to builde vndid them selues without helpe of any enemy And though he had many mynes of siluer many ploughes and a number of hyndes and plowmen to followe the
vvarres His ambition notwithstanding couetous desire of rule did nothing benefit the ROMANES For the ATHENIANS sent Nicias to the warre against his will but Crassus led the ROMANES thither against their willes So that the common wealth fell into miserie by the one and the other through the common wealth was brought into miserie and yet therein there is rather cause to praise Nicias than to blame Crassus For Nicias like a wise man a Captaine of great experience could neuer so much as be brought to thinke they should conquer SICILE and therfore disswaded his contrymen from the iorney would geue no place to the vaine hope of the people of ATHENS But Crassus taking apon him to make warres with the PARTHIANS as though it had bene an easie matter to ouercome them found him selfe deceiued yet did he aspire to great thinges For as Iulius Caesar had conquered subdued to the Imperiall crowne of ROME all the contries of the West partes to say the GAVLES the GERMAINES and ENGLANDE euen so did Crassus desire to goe towardes the East partes to conquer all to the great west sea of the INDIANS and to subdue all the regions of ASIA whereunto Pompey and Lucullus aspired being both very noble personages and such as euer curteously behaued them selues to all men notwithstanding prouoked thereunto with the like desire that Crassus had For wheÌ„ the charge of the warres in the East partes was assigned to Pompey by decree order of the people the Senate vtterly misliked it and were against it all they could When newes were brought to ROME that Iulius Caesar in battell had ouerthrowen and slaine three hundred thowsand GERMAINES Cato perswading with the Senate was yet stil of this minde that Caesar should be deliuered into the handes of his enemies whom he had ouercomen for to be puâ—isned thereby to turne the sharpe reuenge and wrathe of the goddes from ROME apon him only that was the vniust breaker of the peace This notwithstaÌ„ding the people making none account of Catoes perswasions made common feastes processions fifteene dayes together and open sacrifices to the goddes with great ioy through the citie to thanke them for this famous victory How glad may we thinke would they haue bene and howe many dayes would they haue feasted and sacrificed if Crassus had wrytten from BABYLON of his victory and that he had conquered all the realmes of the MEDES of the PERSIANS of the HYRCANIAMS of SVSE and of the BACTRIANS and that he had made new gouernments and prouinces to the Empire of ROME If a man vvill needes doe vvrong and iniustice As Euripides sayth to them that can not liue in peace and be contented with their owne he must not then sticke at trifles as rasing of a castell of Scandia or of a citie of MENDA or chasing of the AEGINETES being out of their owne naturall contrie and hiding them selues like birdes without neastes in an other birdes hole but must dearely sell the wrong he doth and not lightly contemne iustice as a thing of small account For they that will commend the intent of Alexander the great in his voyage for the conquestes he made in the East and doe dispraise Crassus voyage doe not well to iudge of the beginning by the euentes and successe of the end For executing of their offices Nicias did many noble exploytes For he ouerthrew his enemies in diuers battell and had almost taken the citie of SYRACVSA and sure they can not iustely blame him for all the misfortunes that chaunced in the warre of SICILIA but partely the plague was a cause of it and partely also the enuie of those towardes him that remainde at ATHENS Where as Crassus ranne into so many errors and committed such foule partes in all his voyage that he gaue fortune no leasure to do him good so that I wonder not so much that his folly was ouercome by the power of the PARTHIANS as that it could ouercome the good fortune of the ROMANES Sithens it so falleth out theÌ„ that they both came to 〈…〉 vnfortunate end Nicias prognosticating before what thinges should happen by arte and rule of diuination and Crassus contrarily disdaining to obserue any thing sure it falleth out hard in iudgement which of them two proceeded with most safety Yet according to the best approued opinions a fault committed of feare is more excusable then of rashnes and folly to breake any auncient law or custome For their deathes Crassus end deserued least reproache For he against his will did yeelde him selfe and was neither bound nor mocked but only perswaded by his frendes and through his enemies frawde and treason most traiterously deceiued where Nicias cowardly and dishonorably hoping to saue his life trusting to the mercy of his enemies made his death more infamous THE LIFE OF Sertorius PEraduenture it is not to be maruelled at if in long proces of time fortune altering her effectes dayly these worldly euentes fall often out one like an other For whether it be that the variety of thinges are infinite fortune hath store of matter apt enough to worke to likenes or be it that worldly matters be compreheÌ„ded within determinate number of necessitie one thing must fall out like an other since they proceede from one cause tyed to the same meanes it before did vse But bicause men doe delight to compare such chaunces together as they haue seene or heard to haue happened so like as if they had bene done of purpose th one by the example of the other as that of two men being both named Attis both of them commen of noble houses th one in SYRIA and the other in ARCADIA both the one and the other were slaine with a wild bore That of two called Actaeon the one was torne a peeces by his dogges the other by his louers That of the two famous Scipioes CARTHAGINIANS were first ouercomen by the one and afterwards vtterly destroyed by the other That the citie of TROYE was first taken by Hercules for the horses that Laomedon had promised him the seconde time by Agamemnon by meanes of the great wodden horse and the third time by Charidemus by meanes of a horse that fell within the gate kept the TTROYANS that they could not shutte it in time And that of two sweete smelling plantes IOS and SMYENA two cities were named the one signifying the Violet and the other Myrre it is supposed that the Poet Homer was borne in the one and that he dyed in the other we may also adde to this example that amongest the auncient Captaines the greatest warriers and that haue done the noblest exploytes by wit and warlike stratageames had but one eye as Philip Antigonus Hanniball and Sertorius also whom we wryte of at this present Whom we may truely reporte to haue bene more chast than Philip more faithfull to his frend than Antigonus more curteous to his enemies than Hannibal and for wisdom and
is the wisedom of the auncient ROMANES to be both commended had in admiration which did not only reward seruice in the field with such honorable names titles but ciuill seruice and good gouernment also in peace at home For there were two whom the people at ROME called Maximi to say very great of the which Valerius was the one for that he made peace and agreement betwext the people and Senate The other was Fabius Rullus for that he put from the Senate certaine bondmen infranchised who through their riches and fauor had obtained that place After that Pompey required the honor of triumphe but Sylla denied it alleaging that none could enter in triumphe into ROME but Consulls or Praetors For sith Scipio the first who in SPAYNE had ouercome the CARTHAGINIANS neuer desired this honor of triumphe being neither Consull nor Praetor much lesse should he stande apon demaund of triumphe into ROME when that through his young yeares he was not yet a Senator and besides it would purchase him enuy of his honor and greatnes These reasons did Sylla alleage against Pompey and told him plainly that if he were bent to stand in it he would resist him All this blanked not Pompey who told him frankely againe how men did honor the rising not the setting of the sunne meaning thereby how his owne honor encreased and Syllaes diminished Sylla heard him not very perfectly what he sayd but perceiuing by their countenaunces that stoode by that they wondred at it he asked what it was he sayd When it was tolde him he maruelled at the boldnes of so young a man and then cried out twise together let him then triumphe a Gods name Many being offended therewith Pompey as it is reported to anger them more would needes be brought in in triumphant charriot drawen with foure Elephants for he had taken many of them from those kings and Princes which he had subdued Howbeit the gate of the city being too narrowe he was driuen to leaue the Elephantes and was contented to be drawen in with horses Now his souldiers that had not all things as they looked for and which was promised them going about to trouble and hinder his triumphe he sayd he passed not for it that he would rather let alone all his preparation of triumphe then once to yeeld to flatter them Whereuppon there was a famous man at that time called Seruilius who at the first was one of the chiefest against Pompeys triumphe who sayd openly now I know that Pompey in deede is great deserueth triumphe Being euident enough that if he would he might then haue easily bene made Senator he sued not for that but as they say sought honor by a straunger meane lesse honorable For if he had bene made Senator so young it had not bene so great a matter but to haue such honor before he was Senator that was maruelously to be noted But this wanne him the more fauor and good will still amongest the common people for they were glad when after his triumphe they saw him in companie amongest the ROMANE Knights On thother side it spighted Sylla to see him come so fast forward and to rise to so great credit notwithstanding being ashamed to hinder him he was contented to kepe it to him selfe vntill that Pompey by force against Syllaes will had brought Lepidus to be Consull by the helpe and good will of the people that furdered his desire Theruppon Sylla seeing Pompey returning ouerthwart the market place from the election with a great traine of followers to honor him he sayd vnto him O young man I see thou art glad of this victory and so hast thou cause for it is a goodly thing out of doubt to haue had such fauor of the people as for thy sake to haue made Lepidus Consull the vilest person of all men before Catulus the honestest man of the citie But I will tell thee one thing see that thou sleepe nor and looke well to thy busines for thou hast aduaunced a daungerous enemy to thy selfe Now the chiefest thing wherein Sylla discouered most his ill will vnto Pompey was in his last will and testament for he gaue legacies vnto euery one of his frendes and some of them he made tutors ouerseers of his sonne but he made no mencion of Pompey at all This notwithstanding Pompey tooke it well enough And where Lepidus and some other would haue kept Syllaes body from buriall in the field of Mars and that his funeralls should not be openly solemnised he contrarywise brought him very honorably and safely to the ground Shortly after Syllaes death his wordes of prophecie vnto Pompey concerning Lepidus proued true For Lepidus vsurping the authoritie which Sylla had before not colourablie but openly entred straight in armes sturring vp againe those of Marius faction whom Sylla could not be reuenged of and which lay lurking a long time spying for occasion to rise againe True it is that his colleague and fellow Consull Catulus whom the best and soundest parte of the people followed was thought a maruelous honest man both iust and modest howbeit a better Gouernor in peace then a good man of warre insomuch as time required Pompeys skill and experience So Pompey stoode not doubtfull which way he would dispose him selfe but tooke parte straight with the nobility and honestest men was presently chosen Captaine of their armie against Lepidus who had already wonne the greatest parte of ITALIE and with an army vnder the conduct of Brutus kept GAVLE on this side the mountaines called GALLIA CISALPINA And for the rest Pompey easily ouercame it howbeit he lay a long time before MODONA besieging of Brutus In the meane season Lepidus came to ROME being hard at the walls demaunding the second Consulship made them affrayed in the city with the great numbers of men he had about him gathered together of all sortes Howebeit this feare was cooled straight by a letter which Pompey wrote to ROME aduertising how he had ended this warre without any bloodshed for Brutus either betraying his army or being betrayed of it yeelded him selfe vnto Pompey who gaue him a certaine number of horsemen that conducted him to a litle towne apon the riuer of Poe where the next day after Geminius being sent by Pompey slue him But hereof Pompey was greatly blamed for that he had wrytten letters to the Senate from the beginning of the chaunge how Brutus had put him selfe into his handes and afterwardes wrote letters to the contrary which burdened him for putting of him to death This Brutus was father of that Brutus which afterwardes with the helpe of Cassius slue Iulius Caesar howbeit he shewed not him selfe so like a coward neither in warres nor in his death as his father did As we haue declared more at large in his life Furthermore Lepidus being driuen to forsake ITALIE fled into SARDINIA where he dyed as it is reported of a
deliuered it ouer vnto the Treasorers custody to be accountable for it vnto the state In an other castell called Coenon he founde certaine secret letters sent from Mithridates which pleased him maruelously to reade bicause thereby he plainly vnderstoode the kinges nature and inclination For in them were mencioned that he had poysoned besides many other Ariarathes his owne soone and Alcaus the SARDIANIAN bicause he had wonne the bell at the horse race before him There was also interpretinge of dreames that either him selfe or his wiues had dreamed and also loue letters betwext Moniâ—e and him Theophanes wryteth also that there was found an oration of Rutilius in the which he entised and perswaded Mithridates to put all the ROMANES to death that were in ASIA Howbeit in reason men thinke that this was a shamefull lye maliciously deuised by Theophanes who hated Rutilius bicause he was but a counterfeate to him or peraduenture to gratifie Pompey whose father Rutilius in his histories describeth to be as wicked a man as euer liued Thence Pompey departed towardes the city of AMISVS There his ambition brought him to commit such factes as he him selfe did condemne before in Lucullus for that his enemy being yet aliue he tooke vpon him to establish lawes to geue giftes and distribute such honors as Captaines that had obtained victory were wont to doe when they had ended all warre and trouble For he him selfe Mithridates being yet the stronger in the realme of BOSPHORVS and hauing a great puissant army about him did all that which he reproued an other for appointing prouinces and geuing out giftes to euery man according as he deserued to gratifie twelue barbarous kinges with diuers other Princes Lordes and Captaines that came to him thither Wryting also to the king of PARTHIA he disdained to geue him that title which others were wont to doe in the direction of their letters calling him king of kinges Furthermore he had a wonderfull great desire to winne SYRIA and to goe through the contry of Aâ—â—â—IA euen vnto the redde sea bicause he might enlarge his conquestes and victories euery way euen vnto the great sea Oceanum that compasseth all the whole earth For in LIBYA he was the first ROMANE that conquered all in the great sea On thother side in SPAYNE he enlarged thEmpire of ROME and brought the confines thereof vnto Mare Atlantieum And thirdly hauing lately the ALBANIANS in chase he came almost vnto Mare Hyrcanium Thus be put him selfe in iorney intending his circuite vnto the redde sea specially bicause he sawe Mithridates so ill to follow worse to ouercome by force when he fled then when he fought any battell and that made him say that he would leaue a sharper enemy behinde him then him selfe and that he ment famine For he appointed souldiers with sufficient number of shippes to lye in waite for the marchauntes that sailed to the contrie of BOSPHORVS to cary them any vittells or other marchaundises prohibiting them vpon paine of death that should attempt it Then he went forward with the best parte of his army and in his way founde the bodies of dead ROMANES which Mithridates had ouerthrowen vnder the leading of Triarius their Captaine and were yet vnburied So he caused them all to be taken vp and honorably buried Lucullus hauing forgotten or otherwise neglected to doe it in my conscience that was the chiefest cause why his men did hate him Pompey now hauing by Afra 〈…〉 〈…〉 the ARABIANS dwelling about mount Amanus went him selfe in person into SYRIA and made a gouernment and prouince of it being won to the ROMANE empire for that it lacked a lawfull king and conquered all IVRIE also where he tooke king Aristobulus and builded certaine cities there and deliuered others also from bondage which by tyrannes were forcibly kept whom he chasticed well enough Howbeit he spent the most parte of his time there deciding of controuersies pacifying of contencions and quarrells by arbitrement which fell out betwext the free cities Princes and kinges and sent of his frends into those places where he could not come him selfe For on a time when he was chosen arbitrator betwext the PARTHIANS and the ARMENIANS touching the title of a contrie which both parties claimed he sent three commissioners thither to iudge definitiuely betwext them both If Pompeys fame and renowne were great no lesse was his vertue iustice and liberality which in deede did hide many faultes his frendes and familiars about him did commit For truely he was of so gâ—â—â—â— a nature that he could neither keepe them from offending nor yet punishe them when they had offended Notwithstanding he did vse them so well that complained vnto him or that had to deale with him in any matter that he made them contented paciently to beare their couetousnes straight dealing One of his chiefest familiars about him whom he loued best was called Demetrius a bondman infanchised who otherwise was very discrete in his doings but being somewhat too bolde of his good fortune of him they make this mencion Cato the Philosopher being at that time a young man yet of good iudgement and of a noble minde in Pompeys absence went to see the city of ANTIOCH Now for him selfe his maner was alwayes to goe a foote all his frendes besides that did accompany him to honor him were a horsebacke He perceiuing a farre of a great sorte of people comming towardes him all in vvâ—â—â— and of one side of the streete litle children and on the other boyes round about them as in a ring at the first he was angry withall thinking they had done it for his sake to honor him that they made this procession which he in no wise would haue had done Thereuppon he commaunded his frendes to light from their horses and to goe a foote with him But when they came neere to the gate of the city the maister of the ceremonies that led this processions hauing a garland on his head and a rodde in his hand came vnto them and asked them where they had left Demetrius and when he would come Catoes frendes laughed to heare this question then sayd Cato alas poore city and so passed by it Notwithstanding Pompey him selfe was cause that Demetrius had the lesse ill will borne him then otherwise he should haue had bicause they sawe howe boldly he would vse Pompey and howe well he would take it without offence It is reported that when Pompey oftentimes had bidden some to dinner or supper while he was entertaining and welcomming of them and would tary till they were all comes Demetrius would be set at the hord and presumptuously haue his head couered euen to the very eares And furthermore before he returned into ITALIE out of this iorney he had already purchaced the goodliest houses of pleasure and fayrest walkes that were about ROME and had sumptuous gardens also the which the people commonly called Demetrius gardens
left the one and riding straight to Roesaces who was excellently armed he gaue him such a blow with his launce that he brake it in his hand and straight drew out his sword But so soone as they two had closed together Spithridates comming at toe side of him raised him selfe vpon his stirroppes and gaue Alexander with all his might such a blow of his head with a battell axe that he cut the creast of his helmet and one of the sides of his plume and made such a gash that the edge of his battell axe touched the very heare of his head And as he was lifting vp his hand to strike Alexander againe great Clitus preuenting him thrust him through with a partisan and at the very same instant Roesaces also fell dead from his horse with a wound which Alexander gaue him with his sword Now whilest the horsemen fought with such furie the squadron of the battell of footemen of the MACEDONIANS had passed the riuer and both the battells beganne to march one against the other The PERSIANS stucke not manfully to it any long time but straight turned their backes and fled sauing the GRAECIANS which tooke paie of king Darius they drew together vpon a hill and craued mercy of Alexander But Alexander setting vpon them more of will and then discretion had his horse killed vnder him being thrust through the flancke with a sword This was not Bucephal but an other horse he had All his men that were slaine or hurt at this battell were hurte amongest them valliantly fighting against desperate men It is reported that there were slaine at this first battell twenty thowsand footemen of these barbarous people two thowsand fiue hundred horsemen Of Alexanders side Aristubulus writeth that there were slaine foure and thirty men in all of the which twelue of them were footemen Alexander to honor their valliantnes caused euery one of their images to be made in brasse by Lysippus And bycause he would make the GRAECIANS partakers of this victorie he sent vnto the ATHENIANS three hundred of their targettes which he had wonne at the battell and generally vpon all the other spoiles he put this honorable inscription Alexander the sonne of Philip and the Graecians excepting the Lacedaemonians haue vvonne this spoile apon the barbarous Asians As for plate of gold or siluer also purple silkes or other such precious ware which he gat among the PERSIANS he sent them all vnto his mother a few except This first victorie of Alexander brought such a sodaine chaunge amongest the barbarous people in Alexanders behalfe that the citie selfe of SARDIS the chiefe citie of the Empire of the barbarous people or at the least through all the lowe contries and coastes apon the sea they yeelded straight vnto him sauing the cities of HALICARNASSVS and MILETVM which did still resist him howbeit at length he tooke thē by force When he had also conquered all thereabouts he stood in dout afterwards what he were best to determine Sometime he had a maruelous desire whotly to follow Darius wheresoeuer he were and to venter all at a battell An other time againe he thought it better first to occupy himselfe in conquering of these low contries to make him selfe strong with the money and riches he should finde among them that he might afterwardes be the better able to follow him In the contrie of LYDIA neere vnto the citie XANTHVM they say there is a springe that brake of it selfe and ouerflowing the banckes about it cast out a litle table of copper from the bottome vpon the which were graued certen carectes in olde letters which said that the kingdome of the PERSIANS should be distroyed by the GRAECIANS This did further so encorage Alexander that he made hast to cleere all the sea coast euen as farre as CILICIA and PHOENICIA But the wonderfull good successe he had runninge alongest all the coast of PAMPHILIA gaue diuers historiographers occasion to set forth his doinges with admiration saying that it was one of the wonders of the worlde that the furie of the sea which vnto all other was extreame roughe and many times would swell ouer the toppes of the highe rockes vpon the cliffes fell calme vnto him And it appeareth that Menander him selfe in a comedie of his doth witnesse this wonderfull happynes of Alexander when merily he sayeth O great Alexander hovv great is thy state For thou vvith thy selfe mayst that iustly debate If any man lyuing I list for too call He commeth and humbly before me doth fall And if through the sourges my iorney doe lye The vvaues giue me vvay and the Sea becomes drye Yet Alexander him selfe simply writeth in his epistles without any great wonder that by sea he passed a place called the ladder and that to passe there he tooke shippe in the citie of PHASELIDES There he remained many dayes and when he saw the image of Theodectes PHASELITAN standing in the market place he went in a daunce thither one euening after supper and cast flowers and garlandes apon his image honoring the memorie of the dead though it seemed but in sporte for that he was his companion when he lyued by meanes of Aristotle and his philosophie After that he ouercame also the PISIDIANS who thought to haue resisted him and conquered all PHRYGIA besides There in the citie of GORDIVS which is said to be the auncient seate of king Midas he saw the charret that is so much spokē of which is bound with the barcke of a comell tree and it was told him for a trothe of the barbarous people that they beleued it as a prophecy that whosoeuer could vndoe the bande of that barcke was certenly ordeyned to be king of all the world It is commonly reported that Alexander prouing to vndoe that bande and finding no endes to vndoe it by they were so many folde wreathed one within the other he drew out his sword and cut the knot in the middest So that then many endes appeared But Aristobulus writeth that he had quickly vndone the knot by taking the bolt out of the axtree which holdeth the beame and body of the chartet and so seuered them a soonder Departing thence he conquered the PAPHLAGONIANS CAPPADOCIANS and vnderstood of the death of Memnon that was Darius generall of his army by Sea and in whom was all their hope to trouble and withstand Alexander whereupon he was the bolder to goe on with his determination to leade his army into the highe contries of ASIA Then did king Darius him selfe come against Alexander hauing leauied a great power at SVSA of six hundred thowsand fighting men trusting to that multitude and also to a dreame the which his wisards had expounded rather to flatter him then to tell him truly Darius dreamed that he saw all the armie of the MACEDONIANS on a fire and Alexander seruing of him in the selfe same attier that he him selfe wore when he was one of the chamber
of riche moueables and of gold and siluer So when he was come to the campe putting of his armor he entred into the bathe and sayed come on lette vs goe and washe of the sweate of the battell in Darius owne bathe Naye replyed one of his familliers againe in Alexanders bathe for the goodes of the vanquished are rightly the vanquishers When he came into the bathe and sawe the basons and yewers the boxes and vyolles for perfumes all of cleane gold excellently wrought all the chamber perfumed passing sweetely that it was like a parradise then going out of his bathe and comming into his tent seeing it so stately and large his bedde the table and supper and all ready in suche sumptuous sort that it was wonderfull he turned him vnto his familliers and did this was a king in deede was he not thinke ye As he was ready to goe to his supper â—â—rd was brought him that they were bringing vnto him amongest other Ladies taken prisoners king Darius mother and his wife and two of his daughters vnmaried who hauing seene his chariot and bowe burst out into lamentable cries and violent beating of them selues thinking Darius had bene slaine Alexander pawsed a good while and gaue no aunswere pittying more their misfortune then reioycing at his owne goodhappe Then he presently sent one Leonatus vnto them to let them vnderstand that Darius was a liue and that they should not neede to be afraid of AlexaÌ„der for he did not fight with Darius but for his kingdom onlye and as for them that they should haue at his handes all that they had of Darius before when he had his whole kingdome in his handes As these wordes pleased the captiue Ladies so the deedes that followed made them finde his clemencie to be no lesse For first he suffred them to burie as many of the PERSIAN Lordes as they would euen of them that had bene slaine in the battell and to take as much silkes of the spoiles iuells and ornamentes as they thought good to honor their funeralles with also did lessen no parte of their honor nor of the nomber of their officers and seruauntes nor of any iotte of their estate which they had before but did allowe them also greater pencions then they had before But aboue all the princelyest grace and most noble fauor that Alexander shewed vnto these captiue princesses which had alwayes liued in honorable fame and chastitie was this That they neuer heard worde or so much as any suspition that should make them afrayed to be dishonored or deflowred but were priuately among them selues vnuisited or repayred vnto by any man but of their owne not as if they had bene in a campe of their enemies but as if they had bene kept in some close monasterie although Darius wife as it is written was passing faire as Darius also was a goodly prince and that his daughters likewise did resemble their father and mother Alexander thinking it more princely for a kinge as I suppose to conquer him selfe then to ouercome his enemies did neither touche them nor any other maide or wife before he maried them Barsine onely excepted who being left Memnons widow generall of kinge Darius by sea was taken by the citie of DAMAS She being excellently well learned in the Greeke tongue and of good enterteinment being the daughter of Artabazus who came of a kinges daughter Alexander was bolde with her by Parmenioes procurement as Artstobulus writeth who intised him to embrace the companie of so excellent a woman and passing faire besides Furthermore beholding the other PERSIAN Ladies besides which were prisoners what goodly faire women they were he spake it pleasauntly that the Ladies of PERSIA made mens eyes sore to behold them Notwithstanding preferring the beautie of his continencie before their sweete faire faces he passed by without any sparke of affection towardes them more then if they had bene images of stone without life To confirme this Philoxenus whom he had left his lieutenaunt in the lowe contries apon the sea cost wrote vnto him on a time that one Theodorus a marchaunt of TARENTVM had to sell two goodly young boies maruelous faire and therefore that he sent vnto him to knowe his pleasure if he would bye them Therewith he was so offended that many times he cried out alowde O my frendes what villany hath euer Philoxenus seene in me that he should deuise hauing nothing to doe there to purchace me such infamie whereuppon he wrote vnto him from the campe with reprochfull wordes that he should send that vile TARENTIN marchaunt Theodorus and his marchaundise to the Deuill He sharpely punished also one Agnon that wrote vnto him he would bye a young boye called Crobylus who for beautie bare the onely name in CORINTHE and bring hin to him An other time also when he heard that Darius and Timotheus MACEDONIANS vnder Parmenioes charge had deflowred two of the souldiers wiues that were straungers and waged of him he wrote vnto Parmenio to looke vnto it and to examine the matter And if he found them giltie of the rape that then he should put them both to death as brute beastes borne to destroie mankinde And in that letter he wrote thus of him selfe For my selfe said he I haue neither seene nor desired to see Darius wife neither haue I suffred any speach of her beawtie before me Moreouer he saied that he did vnderstand that he was mortall by these two thinges to wit sleepe and lust for from the weakenes of our nature proceedeth sleepe and sensualitie He was also no greedy gutte but temperate in eating as he shewed by many proofes but chiefly in that he saide vnto the princesse Ada whom he adopted for his mother and made her Queene of CARIA For whâ—â— for the loue she bare him she daily sent him sundrie delicate dishes of meate tartes and marchpaines and besides the meate it selfe the pastlers and cookes to make them which were excellent workemen he aunswered that he could not tell what to doe with them for he had better cookes than those appointed him by his gouernour Leonidas to witte for his diner to rise before daye and to marche by night and for his supper to eate litle at diner And my gouernour said he would oftentimes open the chestes where my bedding and apparell lay to see if my mother had put any fine knackes or conceites among them Furthermore he was lesse geuen to wine then men would haue iudged For he was thought to be a greater bibber than he was bycause he sate longe at the bourde rather to talke then drinke For euer when he dranke he would propound some tedious matter and yet but when he was at leysure For hauing matters to doe there was neither feaste bancket plaie mariage not any pastime that could staie him as they had done other captaines The which appeareth plainely by the shortenes of his life and by the wonderfull and notable deedes he
king Alexanders borde touching the seasons of the yeare temperatenes of the ayer and that Callisthenes was of their opinion which mainteined that the contry they were in at that time was much colder and the winter also sharper then in GRAECE Anaxarchus held the contrary opinion and stifly mainteined it in so much as Callisthenes said vnto him and yet must thou graunt that it is colder here then there For there all the winter time thou couldest goe with a single cloke on thy backe onely and here thou must haue three or foure garments vpon thee when thou art at thy borde This galled Anaxarchus to the quicke and made him more angry then before and for the other rethoritians and flatterers they did also hate him bicause they saw him followed of young men for his eloquence and beloued also of olde men for his honest life the which was very graue modest and contented with his owne desiring no mans els Whereby men found that the reason he alleaged for following of Alexander in this voyage was true for he said that he came to be an humble suter to the king to restore his banished citizens into their contrie againe and to replenish their citie with inhabitantes Now though his estimation made him chiefly to be enuyed yet did he him selfe geue his enemies occasion to accuse him For oftentimes being inuited by the king to supper either he would not come or if he came he would be mute and say nothing showing by his grauery and silence that nothing pleased him that was either said or done Whereupon Alexander selfe said on a time vnto him I can not thinke that person vvise That in his ovvne case hath no eyes It is reported of him also that being at supper on a time with the king diuers requesting him to make an oration on the suddein in commendation of the MACEDONIANS he made such an eloquent oration vpon that matter that all they that heard him rose from the borde and clapping their handes for ioy cast nosegayes and flowers vpon him But yet Alexander at that time said vnto him that which the Poet Euripides said It is no maystry to be eloquent In handling of a plentuous argument Nay but vtter then thy eloquence in reprouing of the MACEDONIANS that hearing their faultes they may learne to amend Then Callisthenes chaunging coppy spake boldly many thinges against the MACEDONIANS Declaring that the dissention amongest the GRAECIANS did increase king Philips power alleaging these verses VVhere discord reignes in Realm or tovvne Euen vvicked folke doe vvin renovvne But by this occasioÌ„ he purchased him selfe great ill will of the MACEDONIANS in somuch as Alexander selfe said at that time that he had not so much shewed his eloquence as the malice he bare vnto the MACEDONIANS Hermippus the historiographer writeth that one Strebus a clearke of Callisthenes did afterwardes tell it vnto Aristotle in this sorte and that Callisthenes seeing king Alexander offended with him did recite these verses of Homer three or foure times as he went. Patroclus vvho farre passed thee VVas slaine as thou art like to be And therefore very wisely said Aristotle that Callisthenes was eloquent but not wise For like a philosopher he stowtely stood against kneeling to the king and said that openly which the noblest auncientest men among the MACEDONIANS durst but whisper one in an other eare though they did all vtterly mislike it whereby he did yet deliuer GRAECE from open shame Alexander from a greater bringing him from that maner of adoration of his person This notwithstanding he vndid him selfe bicause he would seeme rather by presumptiones bringe him to it then by reason to perswade him Chares MITYLENIAN hath written that Alexander hauing dronke at a certain feast where he hapned to be reached his cuppe vnto one of his frendes who after he had taken it of him rose vp first on his feete and dranke also turning him towardes the goddes and first making solemne reuerence he went and kissed Alexander and then sate him downe againe All the rest that were at the feast did the like one after an other and Callisthenes also who tooke the cuppe when it came to his turne the king not looking on him but talking with HephaestioÌ„ after he had dronke came to the king to kisse him as others had done Howbeit one Demetrius called PhidoÌ„ said vnto the king kisse him not I pray your grace for he of all men hath done you no reuerence Alexander turned his head a side and would not kisse him Then cryed Callisthenes out alowde well ê™ he then I will goe my waie with lesse then others by a kisse And thus beganne Alexanders grudge first against Callisthenes by meanes whereof Hephaestion was credited the better when he said that Callisthenes had promised him to reuerence Alexander although that he had broken promise After him also Lysimachus Agnon and diuers others beganne to plaie their partes against him saying that this Sophister went bragging vp and downe as if he had destroyed a whole tyrannie and that all the young men followed him to honor him as if among so many thowsand souldiers neuer a man of them had so noble a harte as he And therefore when the treason of Hermolaus against Alexanders person was discouered they found the accusation probable the which some false detracters had informed against Callisthenes who had aunswered Hermolaus that asked him how he could come to be famous aboue all men thus in killing the famousest person And to animate him to goe forward with this treason he had told him suither that he should not be affraid of a golden bedde but remember that he had to doe with a man which was somtime sicke and hurte as other men were This notwithstanding there was neuer a one of Hermolaus confederates that would once name Callisthenes what tormentes soeuer they abidde to bewray who were their companions And Alexander selfe also writing of this treason immediatly after vnto Craterus Attalus and Alcetas said that their seruauntes which had bene racked and put to the torter did constantly affirme that they onely had conspired his death and no man els was priuie vnto it But afterwardes he sent an other letter vnto Antipater wherein he directly accused Callisthenes and said that his seruauntes had already bene stoned to death by the MACEDONIANS howbeith that he him selfe would afterwardes also punish the master and those that had sent vnto him and that had receiued the murtherers into their cities who came of purpose to kill him And therein he plainly shewed the ill will he bare vnto Aristotle for that Callisthenes had bene brought vp with him being his kinsman and the sonne of Hero Aristotles neece Some saie that Alexander trussed Callisthenes vp Others againe report that he died of sickenes in prison Neuertheles Chares writeth that Callisthenes was kept prisoner seuen moneths together bicause he should haue had his iudgement in open counsaill euen
went forthwith to set apon the campe of Afranius the which he tooke at the first onset and the campe of the NVMIDIANS also king Iuba being fled Thus in a litle peece of the day only he tooke three campes slue fifty thowsand of his enemies and lost but fifty of his souldiers In this sorte is set downe theffect of this battell by some wryters Yet others doe wryte also that Caesar selfe was not there in person at th execution of this battel For as he did set his men in battell ray the falling sickenesse tooke him whereunto he was geuen and therefore feeling it comming before he was ouercome withall he was caried into a castell not farre from thence where the battell was sought and there tooke his rest till th extremity of his disease had left him Now for the Praetors Consulls that scaped from this battell many of them being taken prisoners did kill them selues and others also Caesar did put to death but he being specially desirous of all men else to haue Cato aliue in his hands he went with all possible speede vnto the citie of VTICA whereof Cato was Gouernor by meanes whereof he was not at the battell Notwithstanding being certified by the way that Cato had flaine him selfe with his owne handes he then made open shew that he was very sory for it but why or wherfore no man could tell But this is true that Caesar sayd at that present time O Cato I enuy thy death bicause thou diddest enuy my glory to saue thy life This notwithstanding the booke that he wrote afterwardes against Cato being dead did shew no very great affection nor pitiefull hart towardes him For how could he haue pardoned him if liuing he had had him in his handes that being dead did speake so vehemently against him Notwithstanding men suppose he would haue pardoned him if he had taken him aliue by the clemencie he shewed vnto Cicero Brutus and diuers others that had borne armes against him Some reporte that he wrote that booke not so much for any priuate malice he had to his death as for a ciuil ambition apon this occasion Cicero had written a booke in praise of Cato which he intituled Cato This booke in likely hoode was very well liked of by reason of the eloquence of the Orator that made it and of the excellent subiect thereof Caesar therewith was maruelously offended thinking that to praise him of whose death he was author was euen as much as to accuse him self therfore he wrote a letter against him heaped vp a number of accusations against Cato and intituled the booke Anticaton Both these bookes haue fauoâ—ers vnto this day some defending the one for the loue they bare to Caesar. and others allowing the other for Catoes sake Caesar being now returned out of AFRICKE first of all made an oration to the people wherein he greatly praised and commended this his last victorie declaring vnto them that he had conquered so many contries vnto the Empire of ROME that he coulde furnishe the common wealth yearely with two hundred thowsande busshells of wheate twenty hundred thowsand pound weight of oyle Then he made three triumphes the one for AEGYPT the other for the kingdom of PONTE and the third for AFRICKE not bicause he had ouercome Scipio there but king Iuba Whose sonne being likewise called Iuba being then a young boy was led captiue in the showe of this triumphe But this his imprisonment fel out happily for him for where he was but a barbarous NVMIDIAN by the study he fell vnto when he was prisoner he came afterwards to be reckoned one of the wisest historiographers of the GRAECIANS After these three triumphes ended he very liberally rewarded his souldiers and to curry fauor with the people he made great feasts common sportes For he feasted all the ROMANES at one time at two and twenty thowsand tables and gaue them the pleasure to see diuers sword players to fight at the sharpe and battells also by sea for the remembraunce of his daughter Iulia which was dead long afore Then after all these sportes he made the people as the manner was to be mustered and where there were at the last musters before three hundred and twenty thowsande citizens at this muster only there were but a hundred and fifty thowsand Such misery and destruction had this ciuill warre brought vnto the common wealth of ROME and had consumed such a number of ROMANES not speaking at all of the mischieues and calamities it had brought vnto all the rest of ITALIE and to the other prouinces pertaining to ROME After all these thinges were ended he was chosen Consul the fourth time and went into SPAYNE to make warre with the sonnes of Pompey who were yet but very young but had notwithstanding raised a maruelous great army together and shewed to haue had manhoode and corage worthie to commaunde such an armie insomuch as they put Caesar him selfe in great daunger of his life The greatest battell that was fought betwene them in all this warre was by the citie of MVNDA For then Caesar seeing his men sorely distressed and hauing their hands full of their enemies he ranne into the prease among his men that fought and cried out vnto them what are ye not ashamed to be beaten and taken prisoners yeelding your selues with your owne handes to these young boyes And so with all the force he could make hauing with much a doe put his enemies to flight he slue aboue thirty thowsand of them in the fielde and lost of his owne men a thowsand of the best he had After this battell he went into his tent and told his frends that he had often before fought for victory but this last time now that he had fought for the safety of his owne life He wanne this battell on the very feast day of the BACCHANALIANS in the which men say that Pompey the great went out of ROME about foure yeares before to beginne this ciuill warre For his sonnes the younger scaped from the battell but within few dayes after Diddius brought the heade of the elder This was the last warre that Caesar made But the triumphe he made into ROME for the same did as much offend the ROMANES and more then any thing that euer he had done before bicause he had not ouercome Captaines that were straungers nor barbarous kinges but had destroyed the sonnes of the noblest man in ROME whom fortune had ouerthrowen And bicause he had plucked vp his race by the rootes men did not thinke it meete for him to triumphe so for the calamities of his contrie reioycing at a thing for the which he had but one excuse to alleage in his defence vnto the gods and men that he was compelled to doe that he did And the rather they thought it not meete bicause he had neuer before sent letters nor messengers vnto the common wealth
made Dinarchus to be taken and commaunded them to put him to death after they had racked him then he willed the ATHENIANS to tell what they had to say Then they beganne to quarrell and to be lowde one with an other accusing one an other in the presence of the king and his counsell vntill Agnonides at length stepped forth and sayd my Lordes of MACEDON put vs all in prison and then send vs bound handes and feete to ATHENS to geue accompt of our doinges The king laughed to heare him say so But the noble men of MACEDON that were present then and diuers straungers besides to heare their complaints made signe to the Ambassadors to vtter their accusations before the king rather then to referre them to the hearing of the people at ATHENS Howbeit both parties had not alike in different hearing for Polyperchon checked vp Phocion oftentimes and did still cut of his tale as he thought to purge him selfe insomuch as in anger he bet his staffe he had in his hand against the ground and commaunded him at length to hold his peace to get him thence And when Hegemon also told Polyperchon that he him selfe could best witnesse howe Phocion had alwayes faithfully serued and loued the people he angrily aunswered him come not hether to lye falsely vpon me in the presence of the king Therewith the king rose out of his seate and tooke a speare in his hand thinking to haue killed Hegemon had not Polyperchon sodainly embraced him behinde and stayed him So the counsell rose and brake vp but presently Phocion was apprehended and they that stoode by him Certaine of his frends seeing that which stoode further of muffeled their faces and straight conueyed them selues away The rest were sent prisoners to ATHENS by Clitus not so muche to haue their causes heard there as to haue them executed for condemned men Furthermore the manner of the carying of them to ATHENS was shamefull For they were caried vpon cartes through the great streete Ceramicum vnto the Theater where Clitus kept them vntill the Senate had assembled the people excepting no bondman no straunger nor defamed person out of this assemblie but left the Theater wide open to all comers in whatsoeuer they were and the pulpit for Orations free for euerie man that would speake against them So first of all the kings letters were read openly by the which he did aduertise the people that he had found these offendors conuicted of treason notwithstanding that he referred the sentence of their condemnation vnto them for that they were free men The Clitus brought his prisoners before the people where the noble men when they saw Phocion were ashamed and hiding their faces wept to see him Howbeit there was one that rose vp and sayd my Lordes sith the king referreth the iudgement of so great persons vnto the people it were great reason all the bondmen and straungers which are no free citizens of ATHENS should be taken out of this assembly The people would not agree to it but cried out that such traitors should be stoned to death that fauor the authoritie of a few and are enemies of the people whereupon silence was made and no man durst speake any more for Phocion Neuerthelesse when Phocion with muche a doe had obteyned audience he asked them my Lords will ye iustly or wrongfully put vs to death Some aunswered him iustly Howe then can ye doe it q he that will not heare our iustifications Yet coulde they not be heard for all this Then Phocion comming neerer sayd vnto them For my selfe my Lordes I confesse I haue done you wrong haue in gouernment committed faults deseruing death but for these prisoners with me what haue they done why you shoulde put them to death The common people aunswered him bicause they are thy frends With this aunswere Phocion departed and spake neuer a word more Then the Orator Agnonides holding a decree in his hand ready wrytten red it openly to the people declaring how they should be iudged by voyces whether the offendors had deserued death or not and if it were sound they had then that they should all be put to death And there were that when this decree was red cried out that they should adde further vnto the decree that before Phocion should be put to death they should first torment him therewithall commaundement was geuen that the wheele should besette vp to breake his ioints apon it and also that the hangman should be sent for But then Agnonides perceiuing that Clitus was offended with it and thinking besides it were too beastly and barbarous a parte to vse him in that sorte he sayd openly my Lordes when you shall haue such a varlet in your handes as Callimedon then you may cast him on the wheele but against Phocion I would not wish such cruelty Then rose vp a noble man among them and added to his words thou hast reason to say so Agnonides for if Phocion should be layed on the wheele what should we then doe with thee The decree being confirmed according to the contents thereof iudgement was geuen by voyces of the people no man sitting but all standing vp and most of them with garlandes on their heades for the ioy they had to condemne these prisoners to death With Phocion there were condemned Nicocles Thudippus Hegemon and Pythocles but Demetrius PHALERIAN Callimedon and Charicles were also in their absence condemned to dye Now when the assembly was broken vp and that the person condemned were caried backe to prison from thence to be conueyed to execution others imbracing their frends and taking their last leaue of them as they went wept and lamented their cursed fortune But Phocion looking as cheerefully of it as he was wont to doe being Generall when they honorably waited on him to his house from the assembly he made many of them pitie him in their harts to consider his constancie and noble corage On thother side also there were many of his enemies that came as neere vnto him as they could to reuile him amongst whom there was one that stepped before him and did spit in his face Then Phocion turning him vnto the Magistrates sayd will you not cause this impudent fellow to leaue his rayling When they were in prison Thudippus seeing the hemlocke which they brayed in a morter to geue them to drinke he beganne desperatly to curse and banne saying that they wrongfully put him to death with Phocion Why sayd Phocion againe and doost thou not rather reioyce to dye with me When one that stoode by asked Phocion if he would any thing to his sonne Phocus yes q he that I will bid him neuer reuenge the wrong the ATHENIANS do me Then Nicocles one of Phocions dearest frendes prayed him to let him drinke the poyson before him Phocion aunswered him thy request is grieuous to me Nicocles but bicause I neuer denyed thee any thing in my life I wil also graunt
Leonidas incontinently with a great number of souldiers that were straungers beset the prison round about The Ephores weÌ„t into the prison sent vnto some of the Senate to come vnto them whom they knew to be of their mind then they coÌ„maunded Agis â—â— if it had bene iudicially to giue accompt of the alteracion he had made in the coÌ„mon wealth The younge man laughed at their hypocrisie But Amphares told him that it was no laughing sport that he should pay for his folly Then another of the Ephores seeming to deale more fauorably with him to shew him a way how he might escape the condeÌ„nation for his fault asked him if he had not bene intised vnto it by Agesilaus and Lysander Agis aunswered that no man compelled him but that he onely did it to follow the steppes of the auncient Lycurgus to bring the common wealth vnto the former estate of his graue ordinaunce institution Then the same Senator asked him againe if he did not repent him of that he had done The younge man boldly aunswered him that he would neuer repent him of so wise and vertuous an enterprise though he ventred his life for it Then they condemned him to death and commaunded the Sergeants to cary him into the Decade which was a place in the prison where they were strangled that were condemned to dye Demochares perceiuing the Sergeaunts durst not lay hold of him likewise that the souldiers which were straungers did abhorre to commit such a fact contrary to the law of God and man to lay violent hands vpon the person of a king he threatned reuiled them and dragged Agis perforce into that place called the Decade Now the rumor ranne straight through the citie that king Agis was taken a multitude of people were at the prison dores with lights torches Thither came also king Agis mother grandmother shreeking out praying that the king of SPARTA might yet be heard and iudged by the people For this cause they hastned his death the sooner and were afraid besides least the people in the night would take him out of their hands by force if there came any more people thither Thus king Agis being led to his death spied a SergeauÌ„t lamenting weeping for him vnto whom he said good fellowe I pray thee weepe not for me for I am honester man then they that so shamefully put me to death with those words he willingly put his head into the halter Amphares then going out of the prison into the street found Agesistraetae there king Agis mother who straight fel downe at his feete but he taking her vp againe in old famillier manner as being her very friend told her that they should doe king Agis no hurt that she might if she would goe see him Then she prayed that they would also let her mother in with her Amphares sayde with a good will and so put them both into the prison house and made the dores be shut after them But when they were within he first gaue Archidamia vnto the Sergeaunts to be put to death who was a maruelous olde woman and had liued more honorably vnto that age then any Lady or Matrone beside her in the citie She being executed he commaunded Agesistraetae also to come in Who whe she sawe the bodye of her dead sonne layed on the ground her mother also hanging on the gallowes she did her selfe helpe the hangman to plucke her downe and layed her body by her sonnes Then hauing couered her in decent manner she layed her downe on the ground by the corps of her sonne Agis and kissing his cheeke sayd out alas my sonne thy great modestie goodnes and clemencie brought thee and vs vnto this deathe Then Amphares peeping in at the dore to see what was done hearing what she sayde came in withall in a greate rage and sayde I perceyue thou hast also beene of counsell with thy sonne and sithe it is so thou shalt also followe him Then she rising likewise to be strangled sayd the goddes graunt yet that this may profit SPARTA This horrible murther beeing blowen abroad in the citie and the three dead bodies also brought out of prison the feare though it were great amongest the people could not keepe them back from apparant show of griefe and manifest hate against Leonidas and Amphares thinking that there was neuer a more wicked and crueller fact committed in SPARTA since the DORIANS came to dwell in PELOPONNESVS For the very enemies them selues in bartell would not willingly lay hands vpon the kings of LACEDAEMON but did forbeare as much as they could possible both for feare reuerence they bare vnto their maiestie For in many great battels coÌ„flicts which the LACEDAEMONIANS had against the GRAECIANS there was neuer any king of LACEDAEMON slain before Philips time but CleoÌ„brotus only who was slain with a dart at the battell of LEVCTRES Some write also that the MESSENIANS hold opinioÌ„ that their Aristomenes slue king Theopompus howbeit the LACEDAEMONIANS sayde that he was but hurt not slayne But hereof there are diuers opinions but it is certain that Agis was the first king whom the Ephores euer put to death for that he had layd a plat of a noble deuise and worthy of SPARTA being of that age when men doe easily pardon them that offend and was rather to be accused of his friendes and enemies bicause he had saued Leonidas life had trusted other men as the best natured younge man that could be Now Agis hauing suffered in this sort Leonidas was not quicke enough to take Archidamus his brother also for he fled presently Yet he brought Agis wife out of her house by force with a litle boy she had by him and maried her vnto his sonne Cleomenes who was yet vnder age to marye fearing least this younge Ladye should be bestowed els where beeing in deede a great heire and of a riche house and the Daughter of Gylippus called by her name Agiatis besides that she was the fayrest woman at that tyme in all GRAECE and the vertuousest and best condicioned Wherefore for diuers respects she praied she might not be forced to it But now being at length maried vnto Cleomenes she euer hated Leonidas to the death and yet was a good and louing wife vnto her young husband Who immediatly after he was maried vnto her fell greatly in fancy with her and for compassions sake as it seemed he thanked her for the loue she bare vnto her first husband and for the louing remembraunce she had of him insomuch as he him selfe many times would fall in talke of it and would be inquisitiue how thinges had passed taking great pleasure to heare of Agis wise counsell and purpose For Cleomenes was as desirous of honor and had as noble a minde as Agis and was borne also to temperancie and moderation of life as Agis in like manner was howbeit
ouerthrowe of king Cleomenes so muche more lamentable For if he had delayed battell but two dayes lenger when the MACEDONIANS had bene gone he might haue made what peace he would with the ACHAIANS but for lacke of money he was driuen as Polybius wryteth to geue battell with twentie thowsande men against thirtie thowsande where he shewed him selfe an excellent and skilfull Captaine and where his citizens also fought like valliant men and the straungers in like case did shewe them selues good souldiers But his onely ouerthrowe was by the manner of his enemies weapons and the force of their battell of footemen But Phylarchus wryteth that treason was the cause of his ouerthrowe For Antigonus had appointed the ACARNANIANS and the ILLYRIANS which he had in his armie to steale vppon the winge of his enemies armie where Euclidas king Cleomenes brother was to compasse him in behinde whilest did sette the rest of his men in battell When Cleomenes was got vp vpon some hill to looke about him to see the countenaunce of the enemie and seeing none of the ACARNANIANS nor of the ILLYRIANS he was then affrayed of Antigonus that he went about some stratageame of warre Wherefore he called for Demoteles whose charge was to take heede of stratageames and secret ambushes and commaunded him to looke to the rerewarde of his armie and to be verie circumspect all about Demoteles that was bribed before as it is reported with money tolde him that all was cleere in the rerewarde and bad him looke to ouerthrowe his enemies before him Cleomenes trusting this reporte sette forward against Antigonus and in the ende his citizens of SPARTA which he had about him gaue suche a fierce charge apon the squadron of the MACEDONIAN footemen that they draue them backe fiue furlonges of But in the meane time Euclidas his brother in the other wing of his armie being compassed in behinde Cleomenes turning him backe and seeing the ouerthrowe cried out alowde alas good brother thou art but slaine yet thou dyest valliantlie and honestlie and thy death shall be a worthie example vnto all posteritie and shall be song by the praises of the women of SPARTA So Euclidas and his men being slaine the enemies came straight to sette vpon Cleomenes winge Cleomenes then seeing his men discouraged and that they durst no lenger resist the enemie fledde and saued him selfe Many of the straungers also that serued him were slaine at this battell and of sixe thowsande SPARTANS there were left aliue but onely two hundred Now Cleomenes being returned vnto SPARTA the citizens comming to see him he gaue them counsell to yeeld them selues vnto Antigonus the conqueror and for him selfe if either aliue or dead he could doe any thing for the honor and benefit of SPARTA that he would willingly doe it The women of the citie also comming vnto them that flying had escaped with him when he saw them vnarme the men and bring them drinke to refresh them with he also went home to his owne house Then a maide of the house which he had taken in the citie of MEGALIPOLIS and whom he had enterteined euer since the death of his wife came vnto him as her maner was to refresh him comming hot from the battell howbeit he would not drinke though he was extreame drie nor sit being verie wearie but armed as he was layed his arme a crosse apon a piller and leaning his head apon it reposed himselfe a litle and casting in his minde all the wayes that were to be thought of he tooke his frendes with him and went to the hauen of Gythium and there hauing his shippes which he had appointed for the purpose he hoysted sayle and departed his way Immediatly after his departure came Antigonus into the citie of SPARTA and curteously intreated the citizens and inhabitants he found and did offend no man nor prowdly despise the auncient honor and dignitie of SPARTA but referring them to their owne lawes and gouernment when he had sacrificed to the goddes for his victorie he departed from thence the thirde daye newes being brought him that the warre was verie great in MACEDON and that the barbarous people did spoyle his contrie Now a disease tooke him whereof he dyed afterwards which appeared a tisicke mixt with a sore catarre but yet he yeelded not to his disease and bare it out that fighting for his contrie and obteyning a famous victorie with great slaughter of the barbarous people he might yet dye honorably as in deede he did by Phylarchus testimonie who sayth that with the force of his voyce fiercely crying out in the middest of his fight he tare his lunges and lightes worse then they were before Yet in the schooles it is sayd that after he had wonne the battell he was so ioyfull of it that crying out O blessed day he brake out into a great bleeding at the mouth and a great feuer tooke him withall that he dyed of it Thus much touching Antigonus Now Cleomenes departing out of the Isle of CYTHERA went and cast ancker in an other Iland called AEGIALIA Then determining to saile ouer to the citie of CYRENA Therycion one of Cleomenes frendes a man that in warres shewed him selfe verie valliant but a boaster besides of his owne doinges tooke Cleomenes aside and sayd thus vnto him Truely O king we haue lost an honorable occasion to dye in battell though euery man hath heard vs vaunt and say that Antigonus should neuer ouercome the king of SPARTA aliue but dead A seconde occasion yet is offered vs to dye with much lesse honor and fame notwithstanding then the first Whether doe we saile to no purpose Why doe we flie the death at hand and seeke it so farre of If it be no shame nor dishonor for the posteritie race of Hercules to serue the successors of Philip and Alexander let vs saue then our labor and long daungerous sailing and goe yeelde our selues vnto Antigonus who in likelyhoode will better vse vs then Ptolomy bicause the MACEDONIANS are farre more nobler persons then the AEGYPTIANS And if we disdaine to be commaunded by them which haue ouercommen vs in battell why then will we make him Lord of vs that hath not ouercomen vs in steade of one to make vs inferior vnto both flying Antigonus and seruing king Ptolomy Can we say that we goe into AEGYPT in respect to see your mother there A ioyfull sight no doubt when she shall shew king Ptolomyes wiues her sonne that before was a king a prisoner fugitiue now Were it not better for vs that hauing yet LACONIA our contrie in sight and our swordes besides in our owne hands to deliuer vs from this great miserie so doing to excuse our selues vnto them that are slaine at SELASIA for defence of SPARTA then cowardly loosing our time in AEGYPT to inquire whom Antigonus left his Lieutenaunt and Gouernor in LACEDAEMON Therycion ending his oration Cleomenes aunswered him thus Doest thou
thinke it a glorie for thee to seeke death which is the easiest matter and the presentest vnto any man that can be and yet wretche that thou art thou fliest now more cowardly and shamefully then from the battell For diuers valliant men and farre better then our selues haue often yeelded vnto their enemies either by some misfortune or compelled by greater number and multitude of men but he say I that submitteth him selfe vnto paine and miserie reproache and praise of men he can not but confesse that he is ouercome by his owne vnhappinesse For when a man will willingly kill him selfe he must not doe it to be rid of paynes and labour but it must haue an honorable respect and action For to liue or dye for his owne respect that can not but be dishonorable the which now thou perswadest me vnto to make me flie this present miserie we are in without any honor or profitte in our death And therefore I am of opinion that we shoulde not yet cast of the hope we haue to serue our contrie in time to come but when all hope fayleth vs then we may easely make our selues awaye when we lift Thereunto Therycion gaue no aunswere but as soone as he founde oportunitie to slippe from Cleomenes he went to the sea side and slewe him selfe Cleomenes hoysinge sayle from the I le of AEGIALIA went into AFRICKE and was brought by the kinges seruauntes vnto the citie of ALEXANDRIA King Ptolomy at his first comming gaue Cleomenes no speciall good but indifferent intertainment but after that he had shewed him selfe to be of great wisedom and iudgement and that Ptolomy saw in the simplicity of his LACONIAN life he had also a noble disposition and corage nothing degenerating from the princely race blood of Hercules and that he yelded not to his aduersitie he tooke more delight in his company then in all the company of his flatterers and hangers on him and then repented him greatly that he had made no more account of him before but had suffered him to be ouerthrowne by Antigonus who through the victory of him had maruelously enlarged his honor and power Then he began to comfort Cleomenes and doing him as great honor as could be promised that he would send him with shippes and money into GRAECE and put him againe into his kingdom further gaue him an annuall pencion in the meane time of foure and twenty talents with the which he simply and soberly enterteyned him selfe and his men about him and bestowed all the rest apon his contry men that came out of GRAECE into AEGYPT But now old king Ptolomy deceasing before he could performe the promise he made vnto Cleomenes to send him into GRAECE the Realme falling then into great lasciuiousnes dronckennes and into the gouernment of women his case and miserie was cleane forgotten For the young king his sonne was so giuen ouer to women and wine that when he was most sober and in his best witts he most disposed him selfe to make feastes and sacrifices and to haue the taber playing in his Court to gather people together like a stage player or iugler whilest one Agathoclea his lemman and her mother and Oenanthes a bawde did rule all the affayres of the state But when he came to be king it appeared he had neede of Cleomenes bicause he was affraid of his brother Magas who by his mothers meanes was very wel esteemed of among souldiers Wherefore he called Cleomenes to him and made him of his priuy counsel where he deuised by practise which way to kill his brother All other his friends that were of counsell with him did counsell him to do it but Cleomenes onely vehemently disswaded him from it and tolde him that if it were possible rather moe brethren should be begotten vnto the king for the safetie of his person and for deuiding of the affayres of the kingdome betweene them Amongest the kinges familliers that was chiefest about him there was one Sosibius that said vnto Cleomenes so long as his brother Magas liued the souldiers that be straungers whom the king entertayned would neuer be true to him Cleomenes aunswered him for that matter there was no daunger for sayth he of those hiered straungers there are three thowsand PELOPONNESIANS which he knewe at the twinckling of an eye would be at his commaundement to come with their armor weapon where he would appoynt them These words of Cleomenes at that tyme shewed his fayth and good will he bare vnto the king and the force he was of besides But afterwards Ptolomyes fearefulnes increasing his mistrust as it commonly hapneth that they that lacke wit thinke it the best safetie to be fearefull of euery wagging of a strawe and to mistrust euery man the remembrance of Cleomenes wordes made him much suspected of the Courtiers vnderstanding that he could doe so much with the souldiers that were straungers insomuch as some of them sayd see meaning Cleomenes there is a lyon amongest sheepe In deede considering his facions and behauior they might well say so of him for he would looke thorough his fingers as though he saw nothing and yet saw all what they did In fine he required an armie ships of the king and vnderstanding also that Antigonus was dead and that the ACHAIANS and AETOLIANS were at great warres together and that the affaires of his contry did call him home all PELOPONNESVS being in armes and vprore he prayed that they would licence him to depart with his friends But neuer a man would giue eare vnto him and the king also heard nothing of it bicause he was continually entertained among Ladies with banckets dauncing maskes But Sosibius that ruled all the Realme thought that to keepe Cleomenes against his wil were a hard thing and also daungerous and to let him goe also knowing that he was a valiant man and of a sturring minde and one that knew the vices and imperfections of their gouernment he thought that also no safe way sithe no giftes nor presents that could be offered him could soften him For as the holy bull which they call in AEGYPT Apis that is sulfed in goodly pasture doth yet desire to followe his naturall course and libertie to runne and leape at his pleasure and plainely sheweth that it is a griefe to him to be kept stil by the Priest euen so the courtly pleasures did nothing delight Cleomenes but as Homer writeth of Achilles It irkt his noble hart to sit at home in slothfull rest VVhen martiall matters vvere in hand the vvhich he liked best Nowe Cleomenes standing in these tearmes there arriued in ALEXANDRIA one Nicagoras MESSENIAN who maliced Cleomenes in his hart but yet shewed as though he loued him This Nicagoras on a time had sold Cleomenes certein land but was not payed for it either bicause he had no present money or els by occasiō of the warres which gaue him no leasure to make payment Cleomenes one
thought Tiberius a wise man for that he dyed and left her behind him She remayning widow king Ptolomy made sute vnto her and would haue made her his wife and Queene But she refused and in her widowehed lost all her children but one Daughter whome she bestowed vpon the younger Scipio African and Tiberius and Caius whose liues we presently write Those she so carefully brought vp that they being become more ciuill and better conditioned then any other ROMANES in their time euery man iudged that education preuailed more in them then nature For as in the fauors and pictures of Castor and Pollux there is a certaine difference discerned whereby a man may know that the one was made for wrestling and the other for running euen so betwene these two young brethren amongest other the great likenes betwene them being both happely borne to be valiant to be temperate to be liberall to be learned and to be nobly minded there grew notwithstanding great difference in their actions and doings in the common wealth the which I thinke conuenient to declare before I proceede any farther First of all for the sauor of the face the looke and mouing of the bodye Tiberius was much more milde and tractable and Caius more hotte and earnest For the first in his orations was very modest and kept his place and the other of all the ROMANES was the first that in his oration ietted vp and downe the pulpit and that plucked his gowne ouer his showlders as they write of Cleo ATHENIAN that he was the first of all Orators that opened his gowne and clapped his hand on his thighe in his oration Furthermore Caius wordes and the vehemencie of his perswasion were terrible and full of passion but Tiberius wordes in contrary manner were mild and moued men more to compassion beeing very propper and excellently applyed where Caius wordes were full of finenes and curiositie The like difference also was betwene them in their fare and dyet For Tiberius alwayes kept a conuenient ordinarie and Caius also in respect of other ROMANES liued very temperately but in respect of his brothers fare curiously and superfluously Insomuch as Drusus on a ryme reproued him bicause he had bought certayne Dolphyns of siluer to the value of a thowsand two hundred and fiftie Drachmas for euery pownd waight And now as touching the manners and naturall disposition of them both agreeing with the diuersitie of their tongues the one being milde and plausible and the other hotte and chollerike insomuch that otherwile forgetting him selfe in his oration agaynst his will he would be very earnest and strayne his voice beyond his compasse and so with great vncomelines confound his wordes Yet finding his owne fault he deuised this remedye He had a seruaunt called Licinius a good wise man who with an instrument of Musicke he had by the which they teache men to ryse and fall in their tunes when he was in his oration he euer stoode behinde him and when he perceyued that his Maisters voyce was a litle too lowde and that through choller he exceeded his ordinary speache he played a softe stoppe behinde him at the sownde whereof Caius immediately fell from his extreamitie and easily came to him selfe agayne And here was the diuersitie betweene them Otherwise for their hardines against their enemies the iustice vnto their tennaunts the care and paynes in their offices of charge and also their continencie against voluptuousnes in all these they were both alike For age Tiberius was elder by nyne yeares by reason whereof their seuerall authoritie and doings in the common wealth fell out at sundry times And this was one of the chiefest causes why their doings prospered not bicause they had not both authoritie in one selfe time nether could they ioyne their power together the which if it had mette at one selfe time had bene of great force peraduenture inuincible Wherefore we must write perticularly of them both but first of all we must begin with the elder He when he came to mans state had such a name and estimacion that immediatly they made him fellow in the colledge of the Priest which at ROME are called Augures being those that haue the charge to consider of signes and predictions of things to come more for his valiantnes then for nobility The same doth Appius Clodius witnesse vnto vs one that hath bene both Consul and Censor also President of the Senate and of greater authoritie then any man in his time This Appius at a supper when all the Augures were together after he had saluted Tiberius made very much of him he offered him his daughter in mariage Tiberius was very glad of the offer and therewithall the mariage was presently concluded betwene them Thereuppon Appius comming home to his house at the threshold of his dore he called a lowd for his wife and told her Antistia I haue bestowed our Daughter Clodia She wondring at it ô goddes sayd she and what needed all this haste what couldest thou haue done more if thou haddest gotten her Tiberius Gracchus for her husband I know that some refer this historie vnto Tiberius father of these two men we write of and vnto Scipio the AFRICAN but the most part of writers agree with that we write at this present And Polybius him selfe also writeth that after the death of Scipio AFRICAN his friendes beeing met together they chose Tiberius before all the other younge men of the citie to marye him vnto Cornelia being free and vnpromised or bestowed apon any man by her father Now Tiberius the yonger being in the warres in AFRICAN vnder Scipio the second who had maryed his sister lying in his tent with him he found his Captaine indued with many noble giftes of nature to allure mens harts to desire to follow his valiantnes So in a short tyme he did excell all the younge men of his tyme aswell in obedience at in the valiantnes of his person insomuch that he was the first man that scaled the walles of the enemies as Fannius reporteth who sayeth that he scaled the walles with him and did helpe him to that valiant enterprise So that being present all the campe were in loue with him when he was absent euery man wished for him againe After this warre was ended he was chosen Treasorer and it was his chaunce to goe against the NVMANTINES with Caius Mancinus one of the Consuls who was an honest man but yet had the worst lucke of any Captaine the ROMANES had Notwithstanding Tiberius wisedome and valiantnes in this extreame ill lucke of his Captaine did not onely appeare with great glorye to him but also most wonderfull the great obedience and reuerence he bare vnto his Captaine though his misfortunes did so trouble and grieue him that he could not tell him selfe whether he was Captaine or not For when he was ouerthrowen in great foughten fieldes he departed in the night and left his campe The
they were to stay them bicause they were the chiefest men of the citie but euery man flying from them they fell one on an others necke for hast They that followed them had brought from home great leauers clubbes and as they went they tooke vp feete of trestles and chaires which the people had ouerthrowen and broken running away and hyed them a pace to meete with Tiberius striking at them that stoode in their way so that in short space they had dispersed all the common people and many were slaine flying Tiberius seeing that betooke him to his legges to saue him selfe but as he was flying one tooke him by the gowne and stayed him but he leauing his gowne behinde him ranne in his coate and running fell vpon them that were downe before So as he was rising vp againe the first man that strake him and that was plainly seene strike him was one of the Tribunes his brethren called Publius Satureius who gaue him a great rappe on the head with the foote of a chaire the second blow he had was geuen him by Lucius Rufus that boasted of it as if he had done a notable acte In this tumult there were slaine aboue three hundred men and were all killed with staues and stones and not one man hurt with any iron This was the first sedition among the citizens of ROME that fell out with murder and bloodshed since the expulsion of the kinges But for all other former dissentions which were no trifles they were easily pacified either partie geuing place to other the Senate for feare of the commoners and the people for reuerence they bare to the Senate And it seemeth that Tiberius him selfe woulde easely haue yeelded also if they had proceeded by faire meanes and perswasion so they had ment good faith and would haue killed no man for at that time he had not in all aboue 3000. men of the people about him But surely it seemes this conspiracie was executed against him more for very spite and malice the rich men did beare him then for any other apparant cause they presupposed against him For proofe hereof may be alleaged the barbarous cruelty they vsed to his body being dead For they would not suffer his owne brother to haue his bodie to burie it by night who made earnest sute vnto them for it but they threw him amongest the other bodies into the riuer and yet this was not the worst For some of his frends they banished without forme of law and others they put to death which they coulde meete withall Among the which they slue Diophanes the Orator and one Caius Billius whom they inclosed in a pype among snakes and serpentes and put him to death in this sorte Blossius also the Philosopher of Cumes was brought before the Consuls and examined about this matter who boldly confessed vnto them that he did as much as Tiberius commaunded him When Nasica did aske him and what if he had commaunded thee to set fire on the Capitoll He made him aunswere that Tiberius would neuer haue geuen him any suche commaundement And when diuers others also were still in hand with him about that question but if he had commaunded thee I would sure haue done it sayd he for he would neuer haue commaunded me to haue done it if it had not bene for the commoditie of the people Thus he scaped at that time and afterwards fled into ASIA vnto Aristonicus whom misfortune hauing ouerthrowen he slue him selfe Now the Senate to pacifie the people at that present time did no more withstand the law Agtarie for diuision of the lands of the common wealth but suffered the people to appoint an other Commissioner for that purpose in Tiberius place Thereupon Publius Crassus was chosen being allied vnto Tiberius for Caius Gracchus Tiberius brother had maried his daughter Licinia Yet Coâ—â— liue Neâ—os sayâ—h 〈…〉 it was not Crassus daughter Caius maried but the daughter of Brutus that triumphed for the LVSITANIANâ—â— Howbeit the best wryters and authority agree with that we wryte But whatsoeuer was done the people were maruelously offended with his death and men might easely perceiue that they looked but for time and oportunity to be reuenged and did presently threaten Nasica do accuse him Whereupon the Senate fearing some trouble towards him deuised a way vpon no occasion to sende him into ASIA For the common people did not dissemble the malice they bare him when they met him but were verie round with him and called him tyran and murderer excommunicate and wicked man that had imbrued his hands in the blood of the holy Tribune and within the most sacred temple of all the citie So in the ende he was inforced to forsake ROME though by his office he was bounde to solemnise all the greatest so sacrifices bicause he was then chiefe Bishoppe of ROME Thus crauelling out of his contrie 〈…〉 meane man and troubled in his minde he dyed shortly after not farre from the citie of â—â—â—â—AMVN Truely it is not greatly to be wondered at though the people so much hated Nasica considering that Scipio the AFRICAN him selfe whom the people of ROME for iustes cables had loued better then any man else whatsoeuer was like to haue lost all the peoples good 〈…〉 they bare him bicause that being at the siege of NVMANTIA when newes was brought him of Tiberius death he rang out this verse of Homer Such end vpon him euer light VVhich in such doings doth delight Furthermore being asked in thassembly of the people by Caius Fuluios what he thought at Tiberius death he aunswered them that he did not like his doinger After that the people handled him very churlishly did euer breake of his oration which they never did before he him self also would reuile the people euen in the assembly Now Caius Gracchus at the first bicause he feared the enemies of his deade brother or otherwise for that he fought meanes to make them more hated of the people he absented him selfe for a time out of the common assembly and kept at home and meddled not as a man contented to line meanely without busying him selfe in the common wealth insomuch as he made men thinke and reporte both that he did vtterly mislike those matters which his brother had preferred Howbeit he was then but a young man and nine yeares younger then his brother Tiberius who was not thirty yeare old when he was slaine But in processe of time he made his manners and condicions by litle and litle appeare who hated sloth and curiositie and was least of all geuen 〈…〉 any couetous minde of getting for he gaue him selfe to be eloquent as preparing him winges afterwardes to practise in the common wealth So that it appeared plainely that when time came he would not stand still and looke on When one Vectius a frende of his was sued he tooke apon him to defend his cause in courte The people that were present and heard
fel downe and geuing one gaspe gaue vp the ghost Now touching the poyson Aristo reporteth that he sucked and drewe it vp into his mouth out of his quill as we haue sayd before But one Pappus from whom Hermippus hath taken his historie wryteth that when he was layed on the ground before the aulter they founde the beginning of a letter which sayd Demosthenes vnto Antipater but no more Nowe his death being thus sodaine the THRACIAN souldiers that were at the temple dore reported that they sawe him plucke the poyson which he put into his mouth out of a litle cloth he had thinking to them that it had bene a pece of gold he had swallowed downe Howbeit a maide of the house that serued him being examined by Archias about it tolde him that he had caried it about him a long time for a preseruatise for him Eratosthenes writeth that he kept this poyson in a litle boxe of gold made hollow within the which he ware as a bracelet about his arme There are many writers also that do reporte his death diuersly but to recite them all it were in vaine sauing that there was one called Demochares who was Demosthenes verie frende sayd that he dyed not so sodainly by poyson but that it was the speciall fauor of the gods to preserue him from the crueltie of the MACEDONIANS that so sodainly tooke him out of his life and made him feele so litle paine Demosthenes dyed the sixteenth day of the moneth Pynepsion to wit October on the which day they doe celebrate at ATHENS the feast of Ceres called Tesmophoria which is the dolefullest feast of all the yeare on the which day also the women remaine all day longe in the temple of the goddesse without meate or drinke Shortly after the ATHENIANS to honor him according to his desertes did cast his image in brasse made a lawe besides that the oldest man of his house shoulde for euer be kept within the pallace at the charge of the common wealth and ingraued these verses also apon the base of his image Hadst thou Demosthenes had strength according to thy hart The Macedons should not haue vvrought the Greekes such vvoe and smart For they that thinke that it was Demosthenes him selfe that made the verses in the I le of CALAVRIA before he tooke his poyson they are greatly deceiued But yet a litle before my first comming to ATHENS there went a reporte that such a thing happened A certaine souldier being sent for to come vnto his Captaine did put such peeces of gold as he had into the handes of Demosthenes statue which had both his hands ioyned together and there grew hard by it a great plane tree diuers leaues whereof either blowen of by winde by chaunce or else put there of purpose by the souldier couered so this golde that it was there a long time and no man found it vntill such time as the souldier came againe and found it as he left it Hereuppon this matter running abroade in euerie mans mouth there were diuers wise men that tooke occasion of this subiect to make epigrammes in the praise of Demosthenes as one who in his life was neuer corrupted Furthermore Demades did not long enioy the honor he thought he had newly gotten For the iustice of the goddes reuenger of the death of Demosthenes brought him into MACEDON to receiue iust punishment by death of those whom he dishonestly flattered being before growen hatefull to them and afterwardes committed a fault whereby he coulde not escape For there were letters of his taken by the which he did perswade and pray Perdiccas to make him selfe king of MACEDON to deliuer GRAECE from bondage saying that it hong but by a threde and yet it was halfe rotten meaning thereby Antipater Dinarchus CORINTHIAN accused him that he wrote these letters the which so grieuously offended Cassander that first he slewe his owne sonne in his armes and then commaunded they should afterwards kill Demades making him feele then by those miseries which are the cruellest that can happen vnto man that traitors betraying their owne contrie do first of all betray them selues Demosthenes had often forewarned him of his end but he would neuer beleue him Thus my frend Sossius you haue what we can deliuer you by reading or raporte touching Demosthenes life and doings THE LIFE OF Marcus Tullius Cicero AS touching Ciceroes mother whose name was Heluia it is reported she was a gentlewoman borne liued alwayes verie honestly but for his father the reports of him are diuers and infinite For some say that he was borne and brought vp in a fullers shoppe others reporte that hè came of Tullius Actius who while he liued was honored among the VOLSCES as king and made verie sharpe and cruell warres with the ROMANES But surely it seemes to me that the first of that name called Cicero was some famous man and that for his sake his offpring continued still that surname and were glad to keepe it though many men scorned it bicause Cicer in English signifieth a riche pease That Cicero had a thing vpon the tippe of his nose as it had bene a litle wart muche like to a riche pease whereuppon they surnamed him Cicero But this Cicero whose life we write of nowe nobly aunswered certaine of his frendes on a time geuing him counsell to chaunge his name when he first made sute for office and beganne to practise in matters of state that he woulde endeuour him selfe to make the name of the Ciceroes more noble and famous then the Scauri or Catuli After that Cicero beinge made Treasorer in SICILE he gaue an offering of certeine siluer plate vnto the goddes and at large engraued on it his two first names Marcus Tullius and in place of his third name he pleasauntly commaunded the workeman to cut out the forme and facion of a riche pease Thus muche they wryte of his name Nowe for his birth it was sayed that his mother was brought a bedde of him without any paine the third daye of Ianuarie on which day the Magistrates and Gouernours of ROME doe vse at this present yearely to make solemne prayers and sacrifices vnto the goddes for the health and prosperitie of the Emperour Further it is reported that there appeared an image to his nurse that did prognosticate vnto her she gaue a childe sucke which in time to come shoulde doe great good vnto all the ROMANES Nowe though such thinges may seeme but dreames and fables vnto many yet Cicero him selfe shortly after proued this prophecie true bicause that when he came of age to learne he grewe so toward and wanne suche fame among the boyes for his excellent wit and quicke capacitie For thereuppon came the other boyes fathers them selues to the schoole to see his face and to be eye witnesses of the reporte that went of him of his sharpe and quicke witte to learne But
take bribes was reckoned no shame but to handle it discreetly he was the better thought of and beloued for it he shewed plainely that he regarded not money and gaue foorth many proofes of his curtesie and goodnes Furthermore Cicero being created Consul by name but Dictator in deede hauing absolute power and authoritie ouer all thinges to suppresse the rebellion and conspirators of Catiline he proued Platoes prophecie true which was That the cities are safe from daunger when the chiefe Magistrates and Gouernors by some good diuine fortune doe gouerne with wisedome and iustice Demosthenes was reproued for his corruption and selling of his eloquence bicause secretly he wrote one Oration for Phormio and an other in the selfe same matter for Apollodorus they being both aduersaries Further he was defamed also for receiuing money of the king of PERSIA and therewithall condemned for the money which he had taken of Harpalus And though some peraduenture woulde obiect that the reporters thereof which are many doe lye yet they can not possibly deny this that Demosthenes had no power to refraine from looking of the presentes which diuers kinges did offer him praying him to accept them in good parte for their sakes neither was that the part of a man that did take vsurie by trafficke on the sea the extreamest yet of all other In contrarie maner as we haue sayd before it is certeine that Cicero being Treasorer refused the gifts which the SICILIANS offered him there and the presentes also which the king of the CAPPADOCIANS offred him whilest he was Proconsul in CILICIA and those especially which his frendes pressed vpon him to take of them being a great summe of money when he went as a banished man out of ROME Furthermore the banishment of the one was infamous to him bicause by iudgement he was banished as a theefe The banishment of the other was for as honorable an acte as euer he did being banished for ridding his contrie of wicked men And therefore of Demosthenes there was no speeche after he was gone but for Cicero all the Senate chaunged their apparell into blacke and determined that they would passe no decree by their authoritie before Ciceroes banishment was reuoked by the people In deede Cicero idlely passed his time of banishment and did nothing all the while he was in MACEDON and one of the chiefest acts that Demosthenes did in all the time that he delt in the affaires of the common wealth was in his banishment For he went vnto euery city and did assist the Ambassadors of the GRAECIANS and refused the Ambassadors of the MACEDONIANS In the which he shewed him selfe a better citizen then either Themistocles or Alcibiades in their like fortune and exile So when he was called home and returned he fell againe to his old trade which he practised before and was euer against Antipater and the MACEDONIANS Where Laelius in open Senate sharply tooke vp Cicero for that he sate still and sayd nothing when that Octauius Caesar the young man made peticion against the law that he might sue for the Consulshippe and being so young that he had neuer a heare on his face And Brutus selfe also doth greatly reproue Cicero in his letters for that he had maintained and nourished a more grieuous and greater tyrannie then that which they had put downe And last of all me thinketh the death of Cicero most pitiefull to see an olde man caried vp and downe with tender loue of his seruauntes seeking all the waies that might be to flie death which did not long preuent his naturall course and in the ende olde as he was to see his head so pitiefully cut of Whereas Demosthenes though he yeelded a litle intreating him that came to take him yet for that he had prepared the poyson long before that he had kept it long and also vsed it as he did he can not but be maruelously commended for it For sith the god Neptune denyed him the benefit of his sanctuarie he betooke him to a greater and that was death whereby he saued him selfe out of the souldiers handes of the tyran and also scorned the bloody crueltie of Antipater THE LIFE OF Demetrius WHo first likened arts to our sences semeth to haue respected especially that one property of them both in receiuing obiects of contrary quality for in the vse end of their operacion there is great difference The senses receiue indifferently without discretion and iudgement white and blacke sweete and sower soft and hard for their office is only to admit their seuerall obiects and to carie and referre the iudgement thereof to the common sence But artes being the perfection of reason receiue and allow those things onely which make for their operacion regarding eschuing the contraries Thone chiefly and for vse thother by the way and with intent to auoyde them So Phisicke dealeth with diseases Musicke with discordes to thend to remoue them and worke their contraries and the great Ladies of all other artes Temperaunce iustice and wisdom doe not only consider honestie vprightnes and profit but examine withall the nature and effectes of lewdnes corruption and damage And innocencie which vaunteth her want of experience in vndue practises men call simplicitie and ignoraunce of thinges that be necessarie and good to be knowen And therefore the auncient LACEDAEMONIANS in their solemne feastes forced their ILOTES to boundmen to ouercharge them selues with wine and suche they shewed them vnto their youth by the apparant beastlines of dronken men to worke in them an abhorring of so lothesome vice Wherein although I can not much praise them for humanity or wisedom that corrupt and spoile one man by example of him to correct and reclaime an other yet as I hope it shall not be reprehended in me if amongest the rest I put in one or two paier of suche as liuing in great place accompt haue increased their fame with infamy Which in truth I doe not to please draw on the reader with variety of report but as Ismenias the THEBAN Musitian shewed his schollers both those that strake a cleane stroke with do so such as bungled it with do not so Antigenidas thought men should like better with greater desire cōtend for skill if they heard and discerned vntunable notes so thinke I we shall be the forwarder in reading following the good if we know the liues and see the deformity of the wicked This treaty conteineth the liues of Demetrius surnamed the Fortgainer M. Antony the Triumuir great examples to confirme the saying of Plato That from great minds both great vertues great vices do procede They were both giuen ouer to women wine both valliāt liberal both sumptuous high minded fortune serued them both alike not only in the course of their liues in attēpting great matters somtimes with good somtimes with ill successe in getting losing things of great consequence ouerthrowing
and gaue it vnto his friends commaunding them to depart and to seeke to saue them selues They aunswered him weeping that they would nether doe it nor yet forsake him Then Antonius very curteously and louingly did comfort them and prayed them to depart and wrote vnto Theophilus gouernor of CORINTHE that he would see them safe and helpe to hide them in some secret place vntil they had made their way and peace with Caesar. This Theophilus was the father of Hipparchus who was had in great estimation about Antonius He was the first of all his infranchised bondmen that reuolted from him and yelded vnto Caesar and afterwardes went and dwelt at CORINTHE And thus it stoode with Antonius Now for his armie by sea that fought before the head or foreland of ACTIVM they helde out a longe tyme and nothing troubled them more then a great boysterous wind that rose full in the prooes of their shippes and yet with much a doe his nauy was at length ouerthrowen fiue howers within night There were not slaine aboue fiue thowsand men but yet there were three hundred shippes taken as Octauius Caesar writeth him selfe in his commentaries Many plainely sawe Antonius flie and yet could hardly beleeue it that he that had nyneteene legions whole by lande and twelue thowsand horsemen vpon the sea side would so haue forsaken them and haue fled so cowardly as if he had not oftentimes proued both the one and the other fortune that he had not bene throughly acquainted with the diuers chaunges and fortunes of battells And yet his souldiers still wished for him and euer hoped that he would come by some meanes or other vnto them Furthermore they shewed them selues so valliant and faithfull vnto him that after they certainly knewe he was fled they kept them selues whole together seuen daies In the ende Canidius Antonius Lieuetenant flying by night and forsaking his campe when they saw them selues thus destitute of their heads and leaders they yelded themselues vnto the stronger This done Caesar sailed towards ATHENS and there made peace with the GRAECIANS and deuided the rest of the corne that was taken vp for Antonius army vnto the townes and cities of GRAECE the which had bene brought to extreme misery pouerty cleane without money slaues horse other beastes of cariage So that my grandfather Nicarchus tolde that all the Citizens of our citie of CHAERONEA not one excepted were driuen them selues to cary a certaine measure of corne on their shoulders to the sea side that lieth directly ouer against the I le of ANTICYRA yet were they driuen thether with whippes They caried it thus but once for the second tyme that they were charged againe to make the like cariage all the corne being ready to be caried newes came that Antonius had lost the battel so scaped our poore city For Antonius souldiers deputies fled immediatly the citizens deuided the corne amongst them Antonius being arriued in LIBYA he sent Cleopatra before into AEGYPT from the citie of PARAETONIVâ—â— he him selfe remained very solitary hauing onely two of his friends with him with whom he wandred vp down both of them orators the one Aristocrates a GRAECIAN the other Lucilius a ROMANE Of whom we haue written in an other place that at the battell where Brutus was ouerthrowen by the citie of PHILIPPES he came willingly put him self into the hands of those that followed Brutus saying that it was he bicause Brutus in the meane time might haue liberty to saue him selfe And afterwards bicause Antonius saued his life he still remained with him and was very faithfull and frendly vnto him till his death But when Antonius heard that he whom he had trusted with the gouernment of LIBYA and vnto whom he had geuen the charge of his armie there had yelded vnto Caesar he was so madde withall that he would haue slaine him selfe for anger had not his frendes about him withstoode him and kept him from it So he went vnto ALEXANDRIA and there found Cleopatra about a wonderfull enterprise and of great attempt Betwixt the redde sea and the sea betwene the landes that poynt vpon the coast of AEGYPT there is a litle peece of land that deuideth both the seas and separateth AFRICKE from ASIA the which straight is so narrow at the end where the two seas are narrowest that it is not aboue three hundred furlonges ouer Cleopatra went about to lift her shippes out of the one sea and to hale them ouer the straight into the other sea that when her shippes were come into this goulfe of ARABIA she might then carie all her gold siluer away and so with a great companie of men goe and dwell in some place about the Ocean sea farre from the sea Mediterranium to scape the daunger and bondage of this warre But now bicause the ARABIANS dwelling about the citie of PETRA did burne the first shippes that were brought alande and that Antonius thought that his armie by lande which he left at ACTIVM was yet whole she left of her enterprise and determined to keepe all the portes and passages of her realme Antonius he forsooke the citie and companie of his frendes and built him a house in the sea by the I le of PHAROS vpon certaine forced mountes which he caused to be cast into the sea and dwelt there as a man that banished him selfe from all mens companie saying that he would lead Timons life because he had the like wrong offered him that was affore offered vnto Timon and that for the vnthankefulnes of those he had done good vnto and whom he tooke to be his frendes he was angry with all men and would trust no man This Timon was a citizen of ATHENS that liued about the warre of PELOPONNESVS as appeareth by Plato and Aristophanes commedies in the which they mocked him calling him a vyper malicious man vnto mankind to shunne all other mens companies but the companie of young Alcibiades a bolde and insolent youth whom he woulde greatly feast and make much of and kissed him very gladly Apemantus wondering at it asked him the cause what he ment to make so muche of that young man alone and to hate all others Timon aunswered him I do it sayd he bicause I know that one day he shall do great mischiefe vnto the ATHENIANS This Timon sometimes would haue Apemantus in his companie bicause he was much like to his nature condicions and also followed him in maner of life On a time when they solemnly celebrated the feasts called Choae at ATHENS to wit the feasts of the dead where they make sprincklings and sacrifices for the dead and that they two then feasted together by them selues Apemantus said vnto the other O here is a trimme banket Timon Timon aunswered againe yea said he so thou wert not here It is reported of him also that this Timon on a time the people being
kill him a thing so damnable wicked and cruell of it selfe that he hardlie deserued to haue bene pardoned though he had killed Cicero to haue saued his Vncles life Nowe where they falsefied and brake their othes the one making Artabazus prisoner and the other killing of Alexander Antonius out of doubt had best cause and iustest colour For Artabazus had betrayed him and forsaken him in MEDIA But Demetrius as diuers doe reporte deuised a false matter to accuse Alexander to cloke the murther he had committed and some thinke he did accuse him to whom he him selfe had done iniurie vnto and was not reuenged of him that woulde doe him iniurie Furthermore Demetrius him selfe did many noble feates in warre as we haue recited of him before and contrarilie Antonius when he was not there in person wanne many famous and great victories by his Lieutenauntes and they were both ouerthrowen being personallie in battell but yet not both after one sorte For the one was forsaken of his men being MACEDONIANS and the other contrarily forsooke his that were ROMANES for he fled left them that ventred their liues for his honor So that the fault the one did was that he made them his enemies that fought for him and the fault in the other that he so beastlie left them that loued him best and were most faithfull to him And for their deathes a man can not praise the one not the other but yet Demetrius death the more reproachefull For he suffered him selfe to be taken prisoner and when he was sent away to be kept in a straunge place he had the hart to liue yet three yeare longer to serue his mouth and bellie as brute beastes doe Antonius on the other side slue him selfe to confesse a troth cowardly and miserably to his great paine and griefe and yet was it before his bodie came into his enemies hands THE LIFE OF Artaxerxes ARtaxerxes the first of this name of all the kinges of PERSIA a noble and curteous Prince as any of all his house was surnamed long hand bicause his right hand was longer then his left and he was the sonne of king Xerxes But the seconde whose life we presentlie intend to wryte was surnamed Mnemon as muche to say great memorie and he was the sonne of the daughter of the first Artaxerxes For king Darius and his wife Parysatis had foure sonnes of the which the eldest was this Artaxerxes the seconde Cyrus and two other younger Ostanes and Oxathres Cyrus from the beginning bare the name of the former auncient Cyrus which in the PERSIAN tongue signifieth the sunne But Artaxerxes was called before Arsicas although Dinon wryteth that he was called Oarses Howebeit it is vnlikelie that Ctesias although his bookes otherwise be full of fables and as vntrue as they are founde should forget the name of the Prince with whom he dwelt whom he serued and continuallie followed both him his wife and children Cyrus from his cradell was of a hotte sturring minde and Artaxerxes in contrarie manner more mylde and gentle in all his actions and doinges He was maried to a verie fayer Ladie by his father and mothers commaundement afterwards kept her against their wills being forbidden by them For king Darius his father hauing put his sonnes wiues brother to death he woulde also haue put her to death but her husband with teares made suche humble sute to his mother for her that with muche a doe he did not onely gette pardon for her life but graunt also that she shoulde not be put from him This notwithstanding his mother alwayes loued Cyrus better then him and praied that he might be king after his fathers death Wherefore Cyrus being in his prouinces of ASIA by the sea side when he was sent for to come to the Court at what time his father lay sicke of the disease he dyed he went thither in good hope his mother had preuailed with his father that in his will he would make him his heire of the realme of PERSIA For his mother Parysatis alleaged a matter very probable and the which in old time did helpe king Xerxes in the like case through Demaratus counsell She said that Arsicas was borne before her husband Darius was king Cyrus after he was crowned king All this could not preuaile For her eldest sonne Arsicas surnamed Artaxerxes was assigned king of PERSIA Cyrus gouernor of LYDIA and the kings Lieutenant generall of all the low contries of ASIA toward the sea side Shortly after king Darius death the new king Artaxerxes went vnto Pasargades there to be consecrated and annoynted king by the Priestes of the contrie of PERSIA The place of this Pasargades is a temple dedicated vnto Minerus the goddesse of battells as I take it where the newe king must be consecrated and when he commeth into the temple he putteth of his gowne and putteth on that which the old auncient Cyrus ware before he was king Furthermore he must eate of a certaine tart or fricacie made of figges with turpentine and then he must drinke a drinke made with vineger and milke There are also certeine other secret ceremonies which they must keepe and none doe know but the verie Priestes them selues Now Artaxerxes being readie to enter into all these ceremonies Tisaphernes came vnto him brought him one of the Priestes that had bene Cyrus schoolemaister in his youth and had taught him magicke who by reason shoulde haue bene more offended then any man else for that he was not appointed king And this was the cause why they beleued him the better when he accused Cyrus For he layd that Cyrus had conspired treason against the king his brothers owne person that he ment traiterously to kill him in the temple when he should put of his gowne Some doe reporte that Cyrus was apprehended vpon this simple accusacion by word of mouth Others write also that Cyrus came into the temple and hiding him selfe he was taken with the maner and bewraied by the priest So as he going to suffer death his mother tooke Cyrus in her armes and wounde the heare of her heade about his necke and tyed him straightly to her and withall she wept so bitterly and made suche pitiefull mone vnto the king her sonne that through her intercession the king graunted him his life sent him againe into his contrie and gouernment But this satisfied not Cyrus neither did he so muche remember the king his brothers fauor vnto him in graunting him his life as he did the despite he had offred him to be made prisoner Insomuch that for this grudge and euill will he euer after had a greater desire then before to be king Some wryters alleage that he entred into actuall rebellion against his brother by force of armes bicause he had not sufficient reuenue to defray the ordinary expence of his house howbeit it is a meere folly to say so For though he had
when he had found him clapped spurres to his horse and came with full cariere vnto him and cryed out O traytor and most vnfaithfull and desperate man thou now dishonorest the name of Cyrus which is the goodliest and most honorablest name of all the PERSIANS for that thou hast brought so valliant GRAECIANS hether to so wicked an enterprise to spoyle the PERSIANS goods in hope to destroy thy soueraine Lord and onely brother who hath an infinite number of slaues and seruaunts farre honester men then thou wilt be while thou liuest and that thou shalt presently knowe by proofe for thou shalt dye before thou see the king thy brothers face and therewithall he threw his dart at him with all the force he had But Cyrus armor was so good that it pearsed him not yet the blowe came with such good will that it made him stagger on his horse back When Artagerses had giuen him that blowe he presently turned his horse But Cyrus therewithall threw a dart at him so happily that he slue him right in the place aboue the bone that ioyneth the two shoulders together so that the head of his dart ranne quite through his necke Nowe that Cyrus slue Artagerses with his owne hands in the field all the Historiographers doe agree vpon it but for the death of Cyrus bicause Xenophon toucheth it but a litle by the way for that he was not present in the very place where he was slayne it shal not be hurtfull particularly to set downe the manner thereof both according to the report of Dinon and also of Ctesias First Dinon writeth that after Cyrus had slayne Artagerses he went with great fury and flue in amongest the trowpe of them which were nearest vnto the kings person and that he came so neare the king that he slue his horse starke dead vnder him and the king fell to the ground withall But Tiribazuz that was hard by him straight mownted the king againe vpon an other horse and sayd vnto him your grace will remember this battell another day for it is not to be forgotten And Cyrus clapping spurres againe to his horse threwe an other dart at Artaxerxes and hit him But at the third charge the king tolde them that were about him he could not abide this and that he had rather dye then suffer it so therewithall he spurring his horse to charge Cyrus who came fiercely and desperatly hauing an infinite number of blowes with darts throwen at him on euery side threw his dart at him also So did all those that were about his person and so was Cyrus slayne in this conflict Some saye that he was slayne with the wounde the kinge his brother gaue him Others saye that it was a man at armes of the contry of CARIA vnto whom the king for reward of his good seruice gaue him the honor in all battells to cary before the first ranke a cocke of gold on the toppe of a speare for the PERSIANS doe cal the CARIANS cocks bicause in the warres they vse to weare creasts in the toppe of their headpeeces And this is Dinons reporte But Ctesias to cowche in fewe words that which Dinon reporteth at large sayth that Cyrus after he had slaine Artagerses he gallopped on the spurre against the king him selfe and the king against him and not a worde betwene them both Ariaus one of Cyrus flatteres threwe the first dart at the king but killed him not and the king with all his force againe threwe his dart thinking to haue hit Cyrus but he missed him and slue Tisaphernes one of the valliantest and stowtest men Cyrus had about him and so fell downe dead Then Cyrus hit Artaxerxes so sore a blowe on his breast that he pearced his armor and entred into his flesh two fingers deepe The king with this blowe fell downe to the ground wherewithall the most part of his men about him were so affrayd that they forsooke him and fled Howbeit he got vp againe with the helpe of others that were about him amongest whome Ctesias sayd he was one and so recouered a litle hill not farre of to take a litle breath In the meane time Cyrus horse that was whotte in the mouth and hard headed as we haue told you caried his master spyte of his hart farre from his men amonge his enemies and no man knew him bicause it was night and his men were very busie in seeking for him But Cyrus hoping he had wonne the victory being of a whot stirring nature and valliant he went vppe and downe in the thickest of his enemies crying out in the PERSIAN tongue saue your selues poore men saue your selues When they heard him say so some made a lane for him to passe by them and did him reuerence But by euill fortune his Tiara which is the highe royall hat after the PERSIAN manner fell of of his head Then a younge PERSIAN called Mithridates passing by him hit him a blowe with his dart vpon one of his temples hard by his eye not knowing what he was His wound straight fell of a maruelous bleeding Whereuppon Cyrus staggering at it fell to the ground in a swownd and his horse ranne away from him but the capparison he had vppon him fell to the ground all bloudied and his page that had hurt him tooke it vp Shortly after Cyrus being comen to him selfe againe some of his Euenukes which were men gelt and groomes of his chamber that were about him did lift him vp thinking to set him vpon another horse and to get him out of the prease but he was not able to sit on his horse Thereuppon he proued if he could better goe a foote the Euenuks hold him vp by the armes led him amased as he was not able to stād on his feete although he thought he had won the battell bicause he heard his enemies flying about him cry the gods saue king Cyrus and they prayed him to pardon them and to receiue them to mercy But in the meane time there came certaine poore men of the citie of CAVNVS who followed the kings campe getting their liuing as drudges and slaues to doe most vile seruice They ioined with the trowpe where Cyrus was supposing they had bene the kings men but when they perceiued in the ende by the red coates they ware vpon their armors that they were enemies for that the kings men ware white coates there was one among the rest that valliantly strake at Cyrus behind with his pertisan not knowing in deede that it was Cyrus The blowe lighted full on the hamme of his legge and cut his sinewes so that Cyrus fell withall and falling by misfortune fell vpon a great stone with his browe where he had bene hurt before that he died forthwith Thus doth Ctesias report it where me thinketh he cutteth his throate with a dull edged knife he hath such a doe to bring Cyrus to his ende Now after Cyrus was dead Artasyras one
one called Sophrosynè and the other Areté Of them Dionysius eldest sonne maried Sophrosynè and Areté was maried vnto his brother Thearides after whose death Dion maried her being his Nece Now when Dionysius her father fell sicke not likely to escape Dion would haue spoken with him for his children he had by his sister Aristomaché Howbeit the Phisitions about him to currie sauor with the next heire and successor of the tyrannie would neuer let him haue any time or oportunitie to speake with him For as Timaus writeth they gaue Dionysius the elder as he had commaunded them a strong opiat drinke to cast him in a sleepe and so thereby they tooke from him all his sences and ioyned death with his sleepe Notwithstanding in the first counsell and assemblie holden by his frendes to consult about the state and affaires of the younger Dionysius Dion moued matter so necessarie and profitable for that present time that by his wisedom he shewed they were all but children and by his bold and franke speach made them know that they were but slaues of the tyranny bicause they beastly and cowardly gaue suche counsell and aduise as might best please and feede the young tyrannes humor But he made them most to wonder at him when they fearing aboue all other thinges the daunger Dionysius state was in by reason of CARTHAGE he did promise them that if Dionysius would haue peace he would then goe foorthwith into AFRICKE and finde the meanes honorablie to quenche the warres or if otherwise he better liked of warre that he woulde furnishe him at his owne proper costes and charges fiftie gallies readie to rowe Dionysius wondered greatlie at the noble minde of Dion and thanked him muche for the good will he bare vnto him touching his estate But all men else taking Dions noble offer to be a reproach of their auarice and his credit and authoritie and impaire vnto theirs they presentlie vpon this liberall offer tooke occasion to accuse him not sparing any reproachefull wordes against him to moue Dionysius to be offended with him For they complayned of him and sayd that he cunninglie practised to possesse the tyrannie making him selfe strong by sea going about by his gallies to make the tyrannie fall into the handes of the children of Aristomaché his sister But the chiefest cause of all why they did malice and hate him was his straunge manner of life that he neither woulde keepe companie with them nor liue after their manner For they that from the beginning were crept in fauour and frendshippe with this younge euill brought vp tyranne by flattering of him and feeding him with vaine pleasures studied for no other thing but to enterteine him in loue matters and other vaine exercises as to riot and bancket to keepe light women companie and all suche other vile vicious pastimes and recreacions by the which the tyrannie became like iron softened by fire and seemed to be verie pleasaunt vnto the subiectes bicause the ouergreat Maiestie and seueritie thereof was somewhat milder not so muche by the bountie and goodnesse as by the follie and rechlesnes of the Lorde Thus this litle care and regarde increasing more and more still winning way with the young tyran did at length melt and breake a sunder those strong diamond chaines with the whiche Dionysius the elder made his boast that he left his Monarchie and tyrannie chained to his sonne For sometime he would be three dayes together without intermission still banketing and being dronke and all that time his Court gates were kept shut vnto graue and wise men and for all honest matters and was then full of dronkards of common playes dauncinges maskes and mommeries and full of all suche tromperie and dissolute pastimes And therefore Dion vndoubtedlie was muche enuied of them bicause he gaue him selfe to no sport nor pleasure whereupon they accused him and misnamed his vertues vices being somwhat to be resembled vnto them As in calling his grauetie pride his plainnes and boldnesse in his Oration obstinacie if he did perswade them that he accused them and bicause he would not make one in their fonde pastimes that therefore he despised them For to say truelie his manners by nature had a certeine hawtinesse of minde and seueritie and he was a sower man to be acquainted with whereby his companie was not onely troublesome but also vnplesaunt to this younger Dionysius whose eares were so fine that they could not away to heare any other thing but flatterie And furthermore diuers of his verie frendes and familiars that did like and commend his plaine manner of speache and noble minde they did yet reproue his sternenes and austere conuersation with men For it seemed vnto them that he spake too roughlie and delt ouerhardlie with them that had to doe with him and more then became a ciuill or curteous man And for proofe hereof Plato him selfe sometime wrote vnto him as if he had prophecied what shoulde happen that he should beware of obstinacie the companion of solitarinesse that bringeth a man in the ende to be forsaken of euerie one This notwithstanding they did more reuerence him at that time then any man else bicause of the state and gouernment and for that they thought him the onely man that coulde best prouide for the safetie and quietnesse of the tyrannie the which stoode then in tickle state Now Dion knew well enough that he was not so well taken and esteemed through the good will of the tyran as against his will and for the necessitie of the state and time So Dion supposing that ignoraunce and want of knowledge in Dionysius was the cause he deuised to put him into some honest trade or exercise and to teache him the liberall sciences to frame him to a ciuill life that thencefoorth he shoulde no more be affrayed of vertue and shoulde also take pleasure and delight in honest thinges For Dionysius of his owne nature was none of the worst sort of tyrans but his father fearing that if he came once to haue a feeling and conceite of him selfe or that he companied with wise and learned men he would go neere to enter into practise and put him out of his feate he euer kept him locked vp in a chamber and woulde suffer no man to speake with him Then the younger Dionysius hauing nothing else to do gaue himselfe to make litle chariots candlesticks chaires stooles and tables of wodde For his father Dionysius was so fearefull and mistrustfull of euerie bodie that he would suffer no man with a paire of barbers sissers to polle the heares of his head but caused an image maker of earth to come vnto him and with a hotte burning cole to burne his goodly bush of heare rounde about No man came into his chamber where he was with a gowne on his backe no not his owne brother nor sonne but he was driuen before he coulde come in to put of his gowne and
the garde of his chamber to strippe him naked whatsoeuer he was and then they gaue him an other gowne to cast vpon him but not his owne One day his brother Leptines going about to describe vnto him the scituacion of some place he tooke a halberd from one of the garde and with the point thereof beganne to drawe out a platte of the same vpon the ground Dionysius was terriblie offended with him and did put the souldier to death that gaue him his halberd He sayed he was affrayed of his frendes yea and of the wisest of them bicause he knewe that they desired rather to rule then to be ruled and to commaunde then to obey He flewe one of his Captaines called Marsyas whome he had preferred and had geuen him charge of men bicause he dreamed that he killed him saying that he dreamed of this in the night bicause that waking in the day he had determined to kill him Now Dionysius that was so timerous and whose mind through fearefulnes was still miserablie occupied he was notwithstanding maruelouslie offended with Plato bicause he did not iudge him to be the noblest and valliantest man aliue Dion therefore seeing as we haue sayd the younger Dionysius cleane marred and in manner cast away for lacke of good education perswaded him the best he coulde to geue him selfe vnto studie and by the greatest intreatie he coulde possiblie make to pray the Prince of all Philosophers to come into SICILE And then when through his intreatie he were come that he woulde referre him selfe whollie vnto him to th ende that reforming his life by vertue and learning and knowing God thereby the best example that can be possible and by whom all the whole world is ruled and gouerned which otherwise were out of all order and confused he shoulde first obteine great happines to him selfe and consequently vnto all his citizens also who euer after through the temperance and iustice of a father would with good will doe those thinges which they presentlie vnwillingly did for the feare of a Lorde and in doing this from a tyran he should come to be a king For the chaines of a diamant to keepe a realme in safetie were not force and feare as his father Dionysius helde opinion neither the great multitude of young souldiers nor the garde of ten thowsand barbarous people but in contrarie manner that they were the loue and good will of their subiectes which the Prince obteineth through vertue and iustice the which chaines though they be slacker then the other that are so hard and stiffe yet are they stronger and will last longer time to keepe a realme and kingdom in safetie And furthermore the Prince sayd he is not desirous of honor neither is a man that deserueth greatly to be praised and commended that onely studieth to weare sumptuous apparell and that glorieth to see his Court richelie furnished and him selfe curiouslie serued and in the meane time doth not frame him selfe to speake better to be wiser and to carie a greater maiesty then any other meane or common person not esteeming to adorne and beawtifie the Princely pallace of his minde as becommeth the royall maiestie of a king Dion oftentimes rehearsing these exhortacions vnto Dionysius and otherwhile enterlacing betwene some reasons he had learned of Plato he graffed in him a wonderfull and as it were a vehement desire to haue Plato in his companie and to learne of him So sundry letters came from Dionysius vnto ATHENS diuers requestes from Dion and great intreaty made by certaine Pythagorian Philosophers that prayed and perswaded Plato to come into SICILE to bridle the light disposition of this young man by his graue and wise instructions who without regard of reason led a dissolute and licentious life Therefore Plato as him selfe reporteth blushing to him selfe and fearing least he should geue men cause to thinke that it was but the opinion men had of him and that of him selfe he was vnwilling to do any worthie act and further hoping that doing good but vnto one man alone who was the only guide of all the rest he should as it were recouer all SICILIA from her corruption and sickenes he performed their requests that sent vnto him But Dions enemies fearing the chaunge and alteracion of Dionysius they perswaded him to call Philistus the Historiographer home againe from banishment who was a learned man and had bene brought vp and acquianted with the tyrans facions to th end he should serue as a counterpeace to withstande Plato and his Philosophie For this Philistus from the first time that the tyrannie beganne to be established did shew him selfe verie willing and conformable to the stablishment thereof and had of long time kept the castell and the voyce went that he kept the mother of Dionysius the elder and as it was supposed not altogether without the tyrans knowledge But afterwardes Leptines hauing had two daughters by one woman whom he intised to follie being an other mans wife he maried one of these his daughters vnto Philistus and made not Dionysius priuie to it before The tyranne therewith was so offended that he put Leptines woman in prison fast locked vp and draue Philistus out of SICILIA He being banished thus repayred vnto some of his frendes that dwelt about the Adriaticke sea where it seemeth he wrote the most parte of all his historie being then at good leasure For he was not called home againe during the life of Dionysius the elder but after his death the malice the Courtiers bare vnto Dion caused them to procure Philistus calling home againe as we haue told you as the man they thought would sticke stowtly in defense of the tyranny So Philistus no sooner returned but he stowtly began to defend the tyranny others in contrary maner deuised accusations to the tyran against Dion accusing him that he had practised with Theodotes and Heraclides to ouerthrowe the tyrannie of Dionysius For Dion in my opinion hoped by Platoes comming to bridle and lessen a litle the ouerlicentious and imperious tyrannie of Dionysius and thereby to frame Dionysius a wise and righteous gouernor But on the other side if he saw he would not follow his counsell and that he yeelded not to his wise instructions he then determined to put him downe to bring the gouernment of the common wealth into the handes of the SYRACVSANS not that he allowed of Democratia to wit where the people gouerne but yet certainly thinking that Democratia was much better then the tyrannie when they could not come vnto Aristocratia to wit the gouernment of a few of the nobilitie Now things being in this state Plato arriued in SICILE where he was maruelously receiued and honored by Dionysius For when he landed on the shoare leauing his galley that brought him there was readie for him one of the kings rich and sumptuous chariots to conuey him to the castell and the tyran made sacrifice
And thus was the end and death of Callippus Now for Aristomaché and Areta they were taken out of prison and Icetes SYRACVSAN that somtimes had bene one of Dions frends tooke them home to his owne house and vsed them verie well and faithfully for a certaine time but afterwards was wonne and corrupted by Dions enemies So he caused a shippe to be prouided for them and bare them in hande that he would sende them into PELOPONNESVS but he gaue them charge that caried them away to kill them as they went and to throw them ouer bord into the sea Some say that the two women and the litle young boy were cast aliue into the sea But this reward of the sinfull act that he committed returned againe vppon him selfe as it had done before vnto others For he was taken by Timoleon that put him to death and besides the SYRACVSANS did also kill two of his daughters in reuenge of the vnfaithfulnes he had shewed vnto Dion THE LIFE OF Marcus Brutus MArcus Brutus came of that Iunius Brutus for whome the auncient ROMANES made his statue of brasse to be set vp in the Capitoll with the images of the kings holding a naked sword in his hand bicause he had valliantly put downe the TARQVINES from their kingdom of ROME But that Iunius Brutus being of a sower stearne nature not softned by reason being like vnto sword blades of too hard a temper was so subiect to his choller and malice he bare vnto the tyrannes that for their sakes he caused his owne sonnes to be executed But this Marcus Brutus in contrarie maner whose life we presently wryte hauing framed his manners of life by the rules of vertue and studie of Philosophie and hauing imployed his wit which was gentle and constant in attempting of great things me thinkes he was rightly made and framed vnto vertue So that his verie enemies which wish him most hurt bicause of his conspiracy against Iulius Caesar if there were any noble attempt done in all this conspiracie they referre it whollie vnto Brutus and all the cruell and violent actes vnto Cassius who was Brutus familiar frend but not so well geuen and condicioned as he His mother Seruilia it is thought came of the blood of Seruilius Hala who when Spurius Melius went about to make him selfe king and to bring it to passe had entised the common people to rebell tooke a dagger and hid it close vnder his arme and went into the market place When he was come thither he made as though he had somewhat to say vnto him and pressed as neere him as he could wherefore Melius stowping downe with his head to heare what he would say Brutus stabbed him in with his dagger and slue him Thus muche all writers agree for his mother Now touching his father some for the euil wil malice they bate vnto Brutus bicause of the death of Iulius Caesar doe maintaine that he came not of Iunius Brutus that draue out the TARQVINES for there were none left of his race considering that his two sonnes were executed for conspiracie with the TARQVINES and that Marcus Brutus came of a meane house the which was raised to honor and office in the common wealth but of late time Posidonius the Philosopher wryteth the contrarie that Iunius Brutus in deede slue two of his sonnes which were men growen as the histories doe declare howebeit that there was a third sonne being but a litle childe at that time from whom the house and family afterwardes was deriued and furthermore that there were in his time certeine famous men of that familie whose stature and countenaunce resembled much the image of Iunius Brutus And thus much for this matter Marcus Cato the Philosopher was brother vnto Seruilia M. Brutus mother whom Brutus studied most to follow of all the other ROMANES bicause he was his Vncle and afterwards he maried his daughter Now touching the GRAECIAN Philosophers there was no sect nor Philosopher of them but he heard and liked it but aboue all the rest he loued Platoes sect best did not much geue him selfe to the new nor meane Academy as they call it but altogether to the old Academy Therefore he did euer greatly esteeme the Philosopher Antiochus of the citie of ASCALON but he was more familiar with his brother Ariston who for learning and knowledge was inferior to many other Philosophers but for wisedom curtesie equall with the best and chiefest Touching Empylus whom Marcus Brutus him selfe doth mencion in his Epistells and his frends also in many places he was an Orator and left an excellent booke he wrote of the death of Iulius Caesar and tituled it Brutus He was properly learned in the Latine tongue and was able to make long discourse in it beside that he could also plead verie well in Latine But for the Graeke tongue they do note in some of his Epistells that he counterfeated that briefe compendious maner of speach of the LACEDAEMONIANS As when the warre was begonne he wrote vnto the PARGAMENIANS in this sorte I vnderstand you haue geuen Dolobella money if you haue done it willingly you confesse you haue offended me if against your wills shewe it then by geuing me willinglie An other time againe vnto the SAMIANS Your counsels be long your doinges be slowe consider the ende And in an other Epistell he wrote vnto the PATAREIANS The XANTHIANS despising my good wil haue made their contrie a graue of dispaire and the PATAREIANS that put them selues into my protection haue lost no iot of their libertie And therefore whilest you haue libertie either choose the iudgement of the PATAREIANS or the fortune of the XANTHIANS These were Brutus manner of letters which were honored for their briefenes So Brutus being but a young stripling went into CYPRVS with his Vncle Cato who was sent against Ptolomy king of AEGYPT who hauing slaine him selfe Cato staying for certaine necessarie busines he had in the I le of RHODES had alreadie sent Caninius one of his frends before to keepe his treasure and goods But Cato fearing he woulde be light fingered wrote vnto Brutus foorthwith to come out of PAMPHYLIA where he was but newlie recouered of a sickenesse into CYPRVS the which he did The which iorney he was sorie to take vpon him both for respect of Caninius shame whome Cato as he thought wrongfullie slaundered as also bicause he thought this office too meane and vnmeete for him being a young man and geuen to his booke This notwithstanding he behaued him selfe so honestlie and carefullie that Cato did greatly commende him and after all the goodes were sold and conuerted into readie money he tooke the most parte of it and returned withall to ROME Afterwards when the Empire of ROME was deuided into factions and that Caesar and Pompey both were in armes one against the other and that all the Empire of ROME was in garboyle
cold and paynes he had taken This sicknes chaunceth often both to men beasts that trauaile when it hath snowen Either bicause the naturall heate being retyred into the inward parts of the body by the coldnes of the ayer hardening the skinne doth straight disgest and consume the meate or els bicause a sharpe suttell wind comming by reason of the snow when it is molten doth pearce into the body and driueth out the naturall heate which was cast outward For it seemeth that the heate being quenched with the cold which it meeteth withall comming out of the skinne of the body causeth the sweates that follow the dissease But hereof we haue spoken at large in other places Brutus being very faynt and hauing nothing in his campe to eate his souldiers were compelled to goe to their enemies comming to the gates of the citie they prayed the warders to helpe them to bread When they heard in what case Brutus was they brought him both meate and drinke in requitall whereof afterwards when he wanne the citie he did not onely intreate and vse the Citizens thereof curteously but all the inhabitants of the citie also for their sakes Now when Caius Antonius was arriued in the citie of APOLLONIA he sent vnto the souldiers thereabouts to come vnto him But when he vnderstoode that they went all to Brutus and furthermore that the Citizens of APOLLONIA did fauor him much he then forsooke that citie and went vnto the citie of BVTHROTVS but yet he lost three of his enseignes by the way that were slayne euery man of them Then he sought by force to winne certaine places of strength about BYLLIS to driue Brutus men from thence that had taken it before and therefore to obtayne his purpose he fought a battell with Cicero the sonne of Marcus Tullius Cicero by whome he was ouercome For Brutus made the younger Cicero a Captaine and did many notable exploytes by his seruice Shortly after hauing stolen vpon Caius Antonius in certein marishes farre from the place from whence he fled he would not set on him with furie but onely road round about him commaunding his souldiers to spare him his men as reckoning them all his own without stroke striking and so in deede it hapned For they yelded them selues and their Captaine Antonius vnto Brutus so that Brutus had now a great army about him Now Brutus kept this Caius Antonius long time in his office and neuer tooke from him the markes and signes of his Consulship although many of his friends Cicero among others wrote vnto him to put him to death But when he sawe Antonius secretly practised with his Captaines to make some alteracion then he sent him into a shippe and made him to be kept there When the souldiers whome C. Antonius had corrupted were gotten into the citie of APOLLONIA and sent from thence vnto Brutus to come vnto them he made them aunswer that it was not the maner of ROMANE Captaines to come to the souldiers but the souldiers to come to the Captaine and to craue pardon for their offences committed Thereuppon they came to him and he pardoned them So Brutus preparing to goe into ASIA newes came vnto him of the great chaunge at ROME For Octauius Caesar was in armes by commaundement and authoritie from the Senate against Marcus Antonius But after that he had driuen Antonius out of ITALY the Senate then began to be affrayd of him bicause he sued to be Consul which was contrary to the law and kept a great army about him when the Empire of ROME had no neede of them On the other side Octauius Caesar perceiuing the Senate stayed not there but turned vnto Brutus that was out of ITALY and that they appoynted him the gouernment of certaine prouinces then he began to be affrayd for his part and sent vnto Antonius to offer him his friendship Then comming on with his armye neare to ROME he made him selfe to be chosen Consul whether the Senate would or not when he was yet but a strippling or springal of twenty yeare old as him selfe reporteth in his owne commentaries So when he was Consul he presently appoynted Iudges to accuse Brutus and his companions for killing of the noblest person in ROME and chiefest Magistrate without law or iudgement and made L. Cornificius accuse Brutus and M. Agrippa Cassius So the parties accused were condemned bicause the Iudges were compelled to giue such sentence The voyce went that when the Herauld according to the custom after sentence giuen went vp to the chaier or pulpit for orations proclaymed Brutus with a lowd voyce summoning him to appeare in person before the Iudges the people that stoode by sighed openly and the noble men that were present honge downe their heads durst not speake a word Among them the teares fell from Publius Silicius eyes who shortly after was one of the proscripts or outlawes appoynted to be slayne After that these three Octauius Caesar Antonius and Lepidus made an agreement betwene them selues and by those articles deuided the prouinces belonging to the Empire of ROME amonge them selues and did set vp billes of proscription and outlary condemning two hundred of the noblest men of ROME to suffer death and among that number Cicero was one Newes being brought thereof into MACEDON Brutus being then inforced to it wrote vnto Hortensius that he should put Caius Antonius to death to be reuenged of the death of Cicero and of the other Brutus of the which the one was his friend and the other his kinsemen For this cause therefore Antonius afterwards taking Hortensius at the battell of PHILIPPES he made him to be slayne vpon his brothers tombe But then Brutus sayd that he was more ashamed of the cause for the which Cicero was slayne then he was otherwise sory for his death and that he could not but greatly reproue his friendes he had at ROME who were slaues more through their owne fault then through their valliantnes or manhood which vsurped the tyranny considering that they were so cowardly and faynt harted as to suffer the sight of those things before their eyes the report whereof should onely have grieued them to the hart Nowe when Brutus had passed ouer his army that was very great into ASIA he gaue order for the gathering of a great number of shippes together aswell in the coast of BITHYNIA as also in the citie of CYLICVM bicause he would haue an army by sea and him selfe in the meane time went vnto the cities taking order for all things and giuing audience vnto Princes and noble men of the contry that had to doe with him Afterwards he sent vnto Cassius in SYRIA to turne him from his iorney into AEGYPT telling him that it was not for the conquest of any kingdom for them selues that they wandred vp and downe in that sort but contrarily that it was to restore their contry againe to their libertie and that the
multitude of souldiers they gathered together was to subdue the tyrannes that would keepe them in slauery and subiection Wherefore regarding their chiefe purpose and intent they should not be farre from ITALY as heare as they could possible but should rather make all the haste they could to helpe their contry men Cassius beleued him returned Brutus went to meete him and they both met at the citie of SMYRNA which was the first time that they saw together since they tooke leaue eche of other at the hauen of PIRAEA in ATHENS the one going into SYRIA and the other into MACEDON So they were maruelous ioyfull and no lesse coragious when they saw the great armies together which they had both leauied considering that they departing out of ITALY like naked and poore banished men without armor and money nor hauing any shippe ready nor souldier about them nor any one towne at their commaundement yet notwithstanding in a short time after they were now met together hauing shippes money and souldiers enowe both footemen horsemen to fight for the Empire of ROME Now Cassius would haue done Brutus as much honor as Brutus did vnto him but Brutus most commonly preuented him and went first vnto him both bicause he was the elder man as also for that he was sickly of bodye And men reputed him commonly to be very skilfull in warres but otherwise maruelous chollerick and cruell who sought to rule men by feare rather then with lenitie and on the other side he was too famillier with his friends and would iest too brodely with them But Brutus in contrary manner for his vertue and valliantnes was wellbeloued of the people and his owne esteemed of noble men and hated of no man not so much as of his enemies bicause he was a maruelous lowly and gentle person noble minded and would neuer be in any rage nor caried away with pleasure and couetousnes but had euer an vpright mind with him and would neuer yeeld to any wronge of iniustice the which was the chiefest cause of his fame of his rising and of the good will that euery man bare him for they were all perswaded that his intent was good For they did not certainly beleue that if Pompey him selfe had ouercome Caesar he would haue resigned his authoritie to the law but rather they were of opinion that he would still keepe the souerainty and absolute gouernment in his hands taking onely to please the people the title of Consul or Dictator or of some other more ciuill office And as for Cassius a hot chollerick cruell man that would oftentymes be caried away from iustice for gayne it was certainly thought that he made warre and put him selfe into sundry daungers more to haue absolute power and authoritie then to defend the libertie of his contry For they that will also consider others that were elder men then they as Cinna Marius and Carbo it is out of doubt that the ende and hope of their victorie was to be Lordes of their contry and in manner they did all confesse that they fought for the tyranny and to be Lordes of the Empire of ROME And in contrary manner his enemies them selues did neuer reproue Brutus for any such chaunge or desire For it was sayd that Antonius spake it openly diuers tymes that he thought that of all them that had slayne Caesar there was none but Brutus only that was moued to doe it as thinking the acte commendable of it selfe but that all the other conspirators did conspire his death for some priuate malice or enuy that they otherwise did beare vnto him Hereby it appeareth that Brutus did not trust so much to the power of his army as he did to his owne vertue as is to be seene by his writings For approaching neare to the instant daunger he wrote vnto Pomponius Atticus that his affayres had the best happe that could be For sayd he eyther I will set my contry at libertie by battell or by honorable death rid me of this bondage And furthermore that they being certeine and assured of all thinges els this one thing onely was doubtfull to them whether they should liue or dye with libertie He wrote also that Antonius had his due paiment for his folly For where he might haue bene a partner equally of the glory of Brutus Cassius and Cato haue made one with them he liked better to choose to be ioyned with Octauius Caesar alone with whome though now he be not ouercome by vs yet shall he shortly after also haue warre with him And truely he proued a true Prophet for so came it in deede to passe Now whilest Brutus and Cassius were together in the citie of SMYRNA Brutus prayed Cassius to let him haue some part of his money whereof he had great store bicause all that he could rappe and rend of his side he had bestowed it in making so great a number of shippes that by meanes of them they should keepe all the sea at their commaundement Cassius friendes hindered this request and earnestly disswaded him from it perswading him that it was no reason that Brutus should haue the money which Cassius had gotten together by sparing and leauied with great euill will of the people their subiects for him to bestowe liberally vppon his souldiers and by this meanes to winne their good willes by Cassius charge This notwithstanding Cassius gaue him the thirde parte of his totall summe So Cassius and Brutus then departing from eche other Cassius tooke the citie of RHODES where he too dishonestly cruelly vsed him selfe although when he came into the citie he aunswered some of the inhabitants who called him Lord and king that he was nether Lord nor king but he onely that had slaine him that would haue bene Lord and king Brutus departing from thence sent vnto the LYCIANS to require money and men of warre But there was a certaine Orator called Nauâ—rates that made the cities to rebell against him insomuch that the contry men of that contry kept the straights and litle mountaines thinking by that meanes to stoppe Brutus passage Wherefore Brutus sent his horsemen against them who stale vppon them as they were at dinner and slue six hundred of them and taking all the small townes and villages he did let all the prisoners he tooke goe without payment of ransome hoping by this his great curtesie to winne them to drawe all the rest of the contry vnto him But they were so fierce and obstinate that they would mutyne for euery small hurt they receyued as they passed by their contry and did despise his curtesie and good nature vntill that at length he went to beseege the citie of the XANTHIANS within the which were shut vppe the cruellest and moste warrelikest men of LYCIA There was a ryuer that ranne by the walls of the citie in the which many men saued them selues swymming betweene two waters and fledde howbeit they
all the other Captaines and to bring him to a quiet and peaceable life in his age Furthermore Ambassadors were sent from the Senate and met with Galba at NARBONA a citie of GAVLE where after they had presented their humble duetie they perswaded him to make all the haste he could possible to shew him selfe to the people of ROME who were maruelous desirous to see him Galba receiued them very graciously and curteously made them great chere howbeit very modestly notwithstanding For notwithstanding that Nymphidius had sent him diuers Officers and store of Neroes moueables yet he would neuer be serued with any of them at any feasts or bankets he made with other then his owne stuffe wherein he shewed his noble mind and how he could master all vanitie But Titus Iunius shortly after told Galba that this noble mind and ciuill moderation without pride or pompe was to lowly a manner to flatter the people and that it was a certaine respect of honestie that knewe not it selfe and became not his greatnes and maiestie So he perswaded him to vse Neroes money stuffe and to be sumptuous and princely in his feasts without niggardlines To conclude the olde man Galba began plainely to shew that he would be ruled by Titus Iunius who aboue all other was extreame couetous and besides too much giuen to women For when he was a young man the first time he went to the warres vnder Caluisius SABINE he brought his Captaines wife which liked good felowshippe disguised like a souldier into the campe into his generalls tent which the ROMANES called Principia and there was somewhat bold with her Wherefore Caius Caesar committed him to prison but he escaped at his death Another time when he supped with Clodius Caesar he stale a siluer pot Clodius hearing of it bad him againe to supper the next night but he commaunded his men they should giue him drinke in an earthen cruse Thus this thest through Caesars pleasantnes seemed rather a matter of sport then of anger howbeit the faultes which he committed afterwards through extreame couetousnes of money at what time he ruled Galba and bare all the swaye about him gaue vnto some iust cause and vnto others apparant culler of tragicall mischieues and greeuous calamities For Nymphidius so soone as Gellianus was returned out of SPAYNE whome he had sent thither to see what Galba did he enforming him that Cornelius Lacon was Captaine of the gard and house of the Emperor and that Titus Iunius did all in all about him and that he could neuer be suffred to come neare Galba nor to speake with him a part bicause those which were about Galba did mistrust him euer had an eye to him to see what he did he was maruelously perplexed withall Thereuppon he called for all the Centurions Captaines and pety Captaines of the campe of the PRAETORIAN army and perswaded them that Galba touching his owne person was a good old and discreete man howbeit that he did not follow his owne adulse counsell but was ruled altogether by Iunius and Lacon who marred all and therefore that it were good before they came to be of greater power and to haue such great authoritie in maneging the affayres of the Empire as Tigellinus had before to send Ambassadors to the Emperor in the name of all the campe to tell him that in putting those two men from about him he should be the better welcome vnto ROME and to all men els besides The Captaines vtterly misliked this deuise For they thought it too straunge and beyond all reason to seeme to teache an old Emperor as if he were but a child that did not know what it was to gouerne to appoynt him what seruaunts and friends he should keepe and whome he should trust or mistrust Nymphidius perceiuing this tooke another course and wrote letters vnto Galba to terrifie him one tyme sending him word that he was maruelous euill beloued of many in ROME and that they were ready to rebell against him an other tyme also that the legions of GERMANY were reuolted and that he vnderstoode the like from the legions in IVRY and SYRIA And another tyme also that Clodius Macer in AFRICA stayed all the shippes fraighted with corne that were bownd for ROME But in the ende finding that Galba made no accompt of him and that he gaue no credit to his words nor writings he determined first of all to set vpon him Howbeit Clodius Celsus borne in the citie of ANTIOCH a wise man and his faithfull friend disswaded him maruelously not to doe it declaring vnto him that he thought there was no one house nor family in ROME that would call Nymphidius Caesar. Howbeit in contrary manner diuers others mocked Galba and specially one Mithridates of the Realme of PONâ— that sayd he was a bald writhen man For the ROMANES sayd he haue him in deede now in some estimation but when they haue once seene him they will thinke it a perpetuall shame and reproche to our tyme that he was called Caesar. So they thought it good to bring Nymphidius about midnight into the campe and there openly to proclayme him Emperor Howbeit the chiefe Tribune of the souldiers called Antonius Honoratus gathered his souldiers together in the night and before them all did first openly reproue him selfe and then them for that they had so often turned and chaunged in so short time without any wit or discretion hauing no iudgement to chuse the best way but to be pricked forward and caried headlong in that sort by some wicked spirit which brought them out of one treason into another And yet sayd he our first chaunge had some countenaunce of reason to wete the horrible vices and faultes of Nero but now wherein can we accuse Galba to haue any countenaunce to falsifie our faith vnto him hath he slayne his mother hath he put her to death hath he shamefully played the tumbler or common player vpon a scaffold in the Theater And yet for all these vile parts we neuer durst once beginne to forsake Nero but gaue credit to Nymphidius words who told vs that Nero had first forsaken vs and that he was fled into AEGYPT What shall we doe Shall we kill Galba after Nero what shall we kill him that is a kinne to Liuia to make the sonne of Nymphidia Emperor as we haue already slayne the sonne of Agrippina or shall we rather kill him that hath rashly entred into this enterprise and thereby to reuenge the death of Nero and to shewe our selues faithfull souldiers vnto Galba All the souldiers yelded straight to the Colonells words and therewith went to their other companions to perswade them to keepe their saith promise they auowed vnto the Emperor so that they made many of them reuolt againe from Nymphidius Thereuppon the noyse and cryes beeing great Nymphidius supposing as some thought that the souldiers did call for him or els hoping betymes to quenche this tumult
third part of the world as they had done in AFRICK and EVROPE Antiochus perswaded by the authority of such a man straight commaunded Polyxenidas a very seruiceable man and skilfull in sea seruice that he should goe meete with the army of the ROMANES that was comming thither Then he sent Annibal into SYRIA to leauy a great number of shippes together and afterwards made him and Apollonius one of his fauored Courtiers generalls of this armye by sea who notwithstanding that Polyxenidas was put to the worst by the ROMANES they went and set vpon the RHODIANS that were confederats with them Annibal in this battell assayling Eudamus the Captaine of the RHODIANS that led the left wing he had already compassed in the Admirall galley and doubtles had obtayned the victorie but that the other wing came in to rescue after they had followed Apollonius in chase and tooke the victorie from him that was his owne After this battell by sea which had no great good successe we doe not find that Annibal did any thing worthy memorie For king Antiochus being ouercome besides other condicions the ROMANES offred him they desired that Annibal the mortall enemy of their contry should be deliuered vnto them Annibal foreseeing this long before he sodainely stale from Antiochus after this notable battell that was fought by MAGNESIA where the kings power was ouerthrowen So after Annibal had wandred vp and downe a long time he fled at length vnto Prusias king of BITHYNIA for succor Nowe he did not so much trust to his friendshippe but bicause he sought for the meetest place he coulde come by as also for the safest the which he most desired considering that the ROMANES had the most part of the sea and land in their subiection Some say that after king Antiochus was ouercome Annibal went into CRETA vnto the GORTYNIANS and that the rumor ranne immediatly he had brought a great masse of gold aud siluer with him Wherefore being affrayd least the CRETANS should offer him some violence he deuised this shifte to scape the daunger he filled earthen pots with lead gilt and sent them into the temple of Diana fayning that he was maruelous carefull for them as though all his treasure had bene there On the other side he had hid all his gold in images of brasse the which he had left caresly lying on the groūd in the house In the meane time whilest they watched the temple carefully that these earthen pots should not be caried away without their priuitie Annibal hoysed sayle and fled into BITHYNIA In BITHYNIA there is a village vpon the sea side which the contry men call LIBYSSA of the which by some mens saying there ranne an olde oracle and prophecy in this sort The land of Libyssa shall couer vnder movvlde The valliant corps of Annibal vvhen he is dead and colde There Annibal lay not spending his time idely but passing it away in exercising of the maryners riding of horses and trayning of his souldiers Some Authors also do write that at that time Prusias made warre with Eumenes who was a confederate and friend of the ROMANES and that he made Annibal his Lieutenant generall of his army by sea who assayling Eumenes with a new found and vnknowen deuise wanne the victory of the battell by sea For before they began to fight it is reported that Annibal had gotten an infinite number of snakes into earthen pots and when the battel was begonne and they busily tending their fight he threw those pots with snakes into the enemies shippes and that by this fearefull and straunge deuise he made them flie Now whether this was true or not the olde chronicles do make no manner of mention but onely AEmylius and Trogus And therefore I report me to the Authors So the newes of the dissention betwixt these two kings Prusias and Eumenes being brought to ROME the Senate sent T. Q. Flaminius Ambassador into ASIA whose name was famous for the noble victories he had obtayned in GRAECE to the ende as I coniecture to make peace betwixt these two kings Flaminius being come vnto king Prusias he was maruelously offended and sory in his mind to see Annibal yet aliue that was the mortallest enemy of the ROMANES after the cōquests of so many nations the sacking of so many people therfore he was very earnestly in hand with king Prusias to deliuer him Annibal Annibal from the first beginning mistrusted king Prusias inconstancye very much and therefore had digged diuers vaults in his house and made seuen seuerall vents to flie out at if he were sodainely taken The report of Flaminius cōming did encrease his suspition the more for that he thought him the greatest enemy he had in ROME both generally for the hate he bate vnto all the ROMANES as also perticularly for the remembraunce of his father Flaminius that was slayne in the battell fought by the lake of Thrasymene So Annibal being full of care and griefe as it is reported he found deuises to escape the which stood him to no purpose against such a great power For when the kings gard which were sent to take him had cōpassed his house about Annibal thought to flie at their first comming and to saue him selfe by the secretest vault he had But when he found that the place was kept by the gard then he determined to rid him selfe out of the ROMANES handes by destroying him selfe So some doe report that he was strangled by one of his men whome he had commaunded to helpe to dispatche him Others write againe that he had droncke bulles bloud and when he had droncke it dyed as Clitarchus and Stratocles doe falsely report of Themistocles Howbeit Titus Liuius that famous Historiographer writeth that Annibal called for the poyson he had ready for such a mischiefe and that holding this deadly drinke in his hand before he dranke he sayd Come on let vs rid the ROMANES of this payne and care sith their spight and malice is so great to hasten the death of a poore old man that is halfe dead already The auncient ROMANES aduertised Pyrrhus king of the EPIROTES who came with enseignes displayed to the very walls of the citie of ROME that he should looke to him selfe and beware of poysoning and these ROMANES nowe doe make a friende forgetting his kingly state and faithfull promise vilely to betraye his poore ghest After he had sayd bitterly cursing king Prusias he poysoned him selfe being three score tenne yeare olde as some writers doe testifie His body was buried in a tombe of stone by LIBYSSA on the which was ingrauen no more but this Here lyeth Annibal The ROMANES beeing aduertised of his death euery man sayde his opinion as his fancye serued him Some greatly blamed T. Q. Flaminius crueltie who to make him selfe famous by some notable acte as he thought made a poore olde man put him selfe to death that was in manner half dead by age and besides was past doing the state
to set vpon the kings Mandonius Indibilis who made warre with the SVESSITANS These souldiers departing froÌ„ SVCRO with good hope in obtaine pardon came vnto CARTHAGE Howbeit the next day after they were come into the towne they were brought into the market place where their armorâ—â—d weapons being taken from them they were enuironned with all the legions armie Then the ROMANE Generall sitting in place of iudgement shewed him selfe before all the coÌ„pany in as good health good disposition of bodies as euer he was in all his youth Then he made a sharp bitter oration full of grieuous complaines insomuch as there was not one of all the souldiers that were vnarmed that durst cast vp their eyes to looke their Generall in the face they were so ashamed For their consciences did accuse them for the fault they had committed and the feare of death did take their wits and senses from them the profence of their gratious Captaine made them blush as well that were innocent at the parties that were offendors Wherefore there was a generall and sorowfull silence of all men So after he had ended his oration he caused the chiefe authors of this rebellion to be brought forth before the whole assembly who after they had bene whipped according to the maner were presently beheaded the which was a fearefull and lamentable sight to the beholders These matters thus pacified Scipio made all the other souldiers to be sworne againe and then went and proclaimed warre against Mandonius and Indibilis For they considering with them selues howe the ROMANE souldiers that had rebelled in the campe were put to death they were out of hope to obtaine any pardon Therefore they had leauied an army of twentie thowsand footemen two thowsand horsemen and came downe with them against the ROMANES Scipio hauing intelligence thereof before that the kings could increase their army that other nations could rebel he departed from CARTHAGE went with as great speede as he could to meete with the enemy The kings were camped in a very strong place and trusted so to their army that they were not determined to prouoke the enemy nor also to refuse the battell if it were offred them Howbeit it chaunced by the nerenes of both campes that within few dayes they being prouoked by the ROMANES came downe set their men in battell ray ioyned battell with Scipio so that a good while together the fight was very bloody cruel But at length the SPANYARDS seeing them selues compassed in behinde and being driuen to fight in a ring to defend the enemy on euery side they were ouercome so that the third parte of them scarcely saued them selues by flying Mandonius Indibilis seeing them selues vtterly vndone that there was no hope nor remedy left they sent Ambassadors vnto Scipio humbly to pray him to receiue them to mercy and to pardon them But Scipio knowing right well how greatly they had offended him and the ROMANES yet thinking it more honorable to ouercome the enemie by curtesie and clemency then by force he did pardon them and only coÌ„maunded them to geue him money to pay his souldiers In the meane time Masinissa came from GADES landed bicause he would him selfe in person confirme the frendship he had offered Scipio in his absence by the meanes of M. Syllanus and also speake with him face to face whom he iudged to be a worthie man for the famous victories he had obteined And in truth Masinissa was not deceiued in the opinion he had of the valliantnes vertues of Scipio but found him the selfe same man whom he before had imagined him to be in his minde the which but seldom happeneth so notwithstanding For besides the great rare giftes of nature that Scipio had aboue all others there was in him also a certaine Princely grace and maiestie Furthermore he was maruelous gentle curteous vnto them that came to him and had an eloquent tongue and a passing gift to winne euerie man He was verie graue to his gesture and behauiour and euer ware long heare Masinissa being come to salute him when he sawe him he had him in suche admiration as it is reported that he could not cast his eyes of him nor haue his fill of looking on him So he thanked him maruelouslie for sending his Nephewe vnto him and promised him that his deedes shoulde confirme and witnesse the frendshippe agreed vppon betwene them the which he euer after inuiolablie kept vnto the ROMANES euen to the hower of his death So all the nations of SPAYNE became subiect to the Empire of ROME or at the least their confederates whereupon those of GADES also following the example of others came and yeelded them selues vnto the ROMANES This is a verie auncient nation and if we may credit the reporte of it as CARTHAGE was in AFRIKE and THEâ—ES in BOEOTIA so was GADES vpon the sea a Colony of the TYRIANS Scipio after he bad conquered all SPAYNE and driuen out the CARTHAGINIANS considering that there remained nothing more for him to doe he left the gouernment of the prouince vnto L. Lentulus and to Manlius Acidinus and returned to ROME When he was arriued at ROME the Senate gaue him audience out of the citie in the temple of Belloua There when he had particularly told theÌ„ of the things he had valliantly fortunately brought to end further that he had ouercome foure Captaines in diuers foughteÌ„ fields also put to flight foure armies of the enemies driueÌ„ the CARTHAGINIANS out of both SPAYNES that there was no nation left in all those parts but was subdued to the ROMANES the Senate gaue iudgement that all these things were worthy of a noble triumphe But bicause neuer man yet was suffred to enter into ROME in triuÌ„phe for any victories he had obtained whilest he was only but Viceconsul and had not yet bene Consul the Senators thought it not good and Scipio him selfe also made no great sute for it bicause he would not be an occasion to bring in any newe custome and to breake the olde So when he came into the citie he was afterwardes declared Consul with the great good will and consent of the whole assemblie It is reported that there neuer came such a world of people to ROME as were there as that time not only for the assemblies sake but more to see P. Cor. Scipio Wherefore not the ROMANES onely but all the straungers also that were there all their eyes were vpon Scipio and sayd both openly and priuately that they should send him into AFRIKE to make warre with the CARTHAGINIANS at home in their owne contrie Scipio also being of the same opinion said that he would aske aduise of the people if the Senate would be against such a worthie enterprise For amongest the peres and Senators there were some that vehemently inueyed against that opinion and among the rest Fabius Maximus speciallie a man
was in suche a rage withall that he rescued his brother by force on of the Sergeaunts hands and from the Tribunes of the people And they report beside that Tiberius Gracchus one of the Tribunes complayning first that the authoritie of the Tribuneship was troden vnder feete by a priuate person he afterwardes letting fall all the malice and enuy he bare vnto the Scipioes defended their cause bicause the Tribunes should rather seeme to be ouercome by a Tribune then by a priuate person They sayd moreouer that the selfe same daye the Senate supped in the Capitoll he perswaded the AFRICAN to let Tiberius Gracchus mary his younger Daughter This promise was no sooner made but P. Scipio comming home to his house tolde his wife that he had bestowed their Daughter Whereuppon she being angry told him againe that he should not haue married her without consent of her mother though he could haue bestowed her vpon Tiberius Gracchus This aūswer liked Scipio maruelous wel when he saw that his wife was of his mind touching the mariage of their Daughter I knowe it is thought of some that it was attributed to Tiberius the sonne and to Appius Claudius his father in lawe For Polybius and other auncient writers affirme that Cornelia the mother of Caius and Tiberius Gracchi was maried vnto Gracchus after the AFRICANS death For Scipio AFRICAN was maried vnto AEmylia the Daughter of L. Paulus AEmylius Consul that was slayne at the battell of CANNES By her he had two Daughters of the which the eldest was maried vnto P. Cornelius Nasica and the younger vnto Tiberius Gracchus either before or after the death of his father Nowe towching his sonne there is litle mention made of him in writing that a man may write of certainty to be true We haue spoken of his younger sonne that was taken by king Antiochus and afterwards franckly sent vnto his father of whome notwithstanding afterwards I find no mention in writing sauing that some say he was afterwards Praetor and that he came to this office by meanes of Cicercius his fathers Secretary There appeareth in writing also that the younger AFRICAN was adopted by the sonne of P. Scipio Cicero in his booke intituled Cato Maior sayth how weake sayd he was the sonne of P. AFRICAN that adopted thee his sonne And in his sixth booke also de repub AEmylius the father exhorteth Scipio his sonne to follow iustice and piety as his grandfather Scipio AFRICAN had done And touching the death of P. Scipio AFRICAN writers doe diuersly varye for some say that he dyed and was buryed at ROME And for proofe thereof they doe bringe forth the monument that was set vp for him by the gate Capena ouer the which stoode three statues or images two whereof were the images of P. and Lucius Scipio and the third was of Q. Ennius the Poet. And surely that which Cicero wrote seemeth to confirme it true our Ennius sayd he was maruelously beloued of AFRICAN the great and therefore it is thought that he was buryed in Scipioes tombe Other authors write also and surely they agree best with the common report that Scipio AFRICAN dyed at LINTERNVM and that there he was buried at his owne appoyntment bicause his contry so vnthankfully acknowledging his seruice should do him no honor at his death and that there they set him vp a tombe and his statue vpon that the which afterwards was blowen downe by a tempest of wind and the which Liuie him selfe witnesseth he saw Furthermore by CAIETA this Epitaphe was grauen in a plate of copper set in a marbell tombe The man that vanquishe Annibal and conquered Carthage tovvne And eke increast the Romanes both in Empire and renovvne Lyes heere a beape of dust and earth bid vnderneath this stone His deedes his provvesse and his life are altogether gone VVhom mother Europe could vvithstand nor Africk in time past Behold mans frailtie heere he lyes in litle roome at last Now touching the time of his death hauing made great searche for it I haue found in certaine Graeke Authors that the AFRICAN liued foure and fifty yeares and dyed shortly after Furthermore he was a noble Captaine and worthy of all commendacion for martiall discipline and besides excelled in all other vertues the which did so delight his mind that he was wont to say he was neuer lesse idle then when he tooke his ease nether more solitary then when he was alone For some times he would withdraw him selfe out of the assembly from all mens company and thought him self safe when he was alone The fame of his noble deedes was so great that wheresoeuer he went all fortes of people would come and see him The common report went that when he was at LINTERNVM there came certaine rouers vnto him to see so famous a man and to losse that so faithfull and victorious a hand For vertue hath great force and power with all sortes of people bicause it doth not onely make the good but the euil also to loue and honor it THE COMPARISON OF Annibal with P. Scipio African NOW let vs compare Annibal and Scipioes deedes together as touching their ciuill discipline First if we remember their deedes in warres it is manifest that both of them haue bene great and famous Captaines in warre and that they haue not onely bene comparable with the noblest Kinges and Princes in their time being also in that age when warres florished most but with those also that were before their time One thing maketh me wonder much at them that they hauing great and heauy enemies in their contry who sought to ouerthrow all their doings and enterprises could possibly goe thorough with so great matters and to obtayne such happie and famous victories in straunge and forreyne warres Therefore passing ouer all other matters what a doe had P. Scipio before he could obtayne to be sent into AFRICK to make warre with the CARTHAGINANS Fabius Maximus and other noble men of the citie being greatly against it Againe what enemy had Annibal of Hanno who was Prince and head of the contrary faction against him Now they both hauing ouercomen such great troubles at home did notwithstanding bringe thinges to end worthy perpetuall memorie not by chaunce as it hapneth vnto many but through their industrie great wisedom and counsell So diuers doe wonder greatly at Annibals corage and noble mind who after he had sacked the citie of SACVNTVS came boldly from the furdest part of the world into ITALY and brought with him a great army of footemen and horsemen and came to make warre with a great state and common wealth the which his predecessors alwayes dreaded and after he had wonne many battells and slayne sundry Consuls and Captaines of the ROMANES he came and camped hard by the citie of ROME it selfe and procured straunge kings and farre nations to make warre with the ROMANES He that was able to doe so great things as these men can
Irenes Melirenes The â—â—eeuerie of the Lacedaemonians Straight dyet causeth groeth and height Childrens exercise afect their supper The LacedamoniaÌ„s manner of liuing Short speache taught among the Lacedaemonians Lycurgus wise aunswere Lycurgus loue to god To geue a haÌ„d is to consesse him self ouercome Shorte sentences of certaint Laconians Leonidus Charilaus Archidamidas Shaâ—e sentences of the Laconians Demaratus Agis Theopompus Plistonax Pausanias sonne Archidamidas In the life of Agesilous The Lacedaemonians songes Three daunces among the Lacedaemonians Terpander of the Lacedaemonians Pyndarus of the Lacedaemonians The longe bushes and beare of the Laconians How the Laconians beganne battell The LaconiaÌ„s songe when they marched Eust. Ilia 15. How save the Lacedaemonians dyd pursue their enemies Lycurgus a very good captaine Oulames The LaconiaÌ„s opinion to serue their countrie The rest and leysure of the Lacedaemonians Idie liuers punished at Athens Sutes in lawe went aways with golde siluer that was banished How they spâ—o the time in Sparta The Lacedaemonians liued not priuately to them selues in the comm'd weale Paedaretus saying The manner of choosing the Senate in Sparta VVhat was done the Senatour being chosen The manner of buriall with the Lacedaemonians The time of mourning None allowed to trauell into other couÌ„tries without licence No straungers suffered to dwell in Sparta Cryptia with the Lacedaemonians The cruelty of the Lacedaemonians against the Ilotes Diodorus lib. 2. Plato in Timaeo Lycurgus wonderfull counsell in stablishing his lawes Lycurgus death Sparta florished fiue hundred yeres Lycurgus lawes were broke in king Agis time by Lysanders meanes Money corrupteth Lycurgus Lawes See more in Lysaders life Lysander brought in richer againe into Sparta Theopompus wordes of obeying and commauÌ„ding Good gouernmeÌ„t breedeth due obedieÌ„ce Antisthenes Socrates schollers wordes The foundation of a common weale Diuine honours to Lycurgus after his death Antiorus Lycurgus â—â—â—â—â— In what time Numa â—â—â— Cicero de Or. 2. Tuscâ—l 4. Lius Hâ—lic lib. 2. VVhether Pythagoras had any conversation with Numa Pythagoras the seconde a Spartan borne taught Numa at Rome The death of Romulus In the life of Romulus he is named Trocolus â— Dissention as Rome about choosing of their King. Liuie sayeth but a hundred Dionysius 200. Plutar. in the life of Romulus agreeth with Dionysius Interregnum Numa chosen King. Numa borne in the cittie of Cures Quirites why so called The life and manners of Numa before his raigne Tatia the wife of Numa Numa conuersant with the goddesse Egeria Goddes familliar with men VVho are beloued of the goddes Proclus and Velesus ambassadours to offer Numa the kingdom The orasion of Numa to the abassadours refusing to be King. Numa beginneth his kingdome with seruice of the goddes Numa was consecrated by the Augures The garde of Celeres discharged by Numa Flamen Quirinalis instituted of Numa Numa inducent ciuill quiet life Plato de Rep. lib. 2. Numa and Pythagoras institutions muche a like Numa worshipped Tacita one of the Muses Pythagoras taught his schollers to kept silence Pythagoras opinion of god Numa forbad images of God. Proofes for the conuersation of Numa and Pythagoras Numa instituteth Bishoppes Pontifices why so called The wodden bridge as Rome The highe bishoppe The institution of the Vestall Nunnes The holy and immortal fire How the holy fire is drawen from the pure flame of the sunne See the life of Camillus touching the Vestall Nunnes The Vestalls prerogatius The punishment of the Vestall Nunnes The temple of Vesta represenseth the figure of the worlde VVhere the fire abideth The manner of buriall Libitina honored at funeralls The time of mourning Salâ—i Feciales Pluto Probl. 62. Gell. lib. 16 c.4 Feciales called Irenophylaces Irenen a quarrell pacified with reason without the sword Rome taken by the Gaules See Camillus Life The institution of the Salij A target from heauen VVhereof they were called Salij Ancylia whereof so called Regia the Kings palace The manner of the Romaines worshipping of the goddes The Pythagorians opinion touching prayer Hoc age a watcheword to tend diuine seruice The similitude of Numa and Pythagoras precepts By what means Numa made the Romaines quiet and gentle The wonders of Numa Numaes speaking with Iupiter Picus Fannus The purifying of thunder Ilicium the name of the place Numa buylded temples to Faythe and Terme Numa made the boundes of the territorie of Rome Numa aduaunceth jillage Numa deuided his people into sundrie occupations Numa tooke away the factions of Romulus and Tatius The ordinaunce of the moneths of Numaes institution Macrob. 1. Sarâ—r 13. The yere diuersely counted * Peraduenture ye must read in the Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is to saye of the name of Iuno * Some olde Grecian copies saye in this place marg 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as much to saye as for the deade VVhy Ianus is painted with two faces At what time the temple of Ianus is thus in Rome Liu. lib. 1. The Romains had us warres in al Nunaes time Platoes saying concerning the felicitie of a coÌ„mon weale Numaes tiues and posteritie Pompilia Numaes daughter Pompilia maried to Caius Martius Corislanus Martius the Sabyne made Sunatouar at Rome Ancus Martius the sonne of Caius Martius Coviolanus The death of Numa Numaes bookes VVhy the Pythagoriâ—agrave left nothing in writing 12. bookes of priesthood 12. bookes of philosophie Good men praysed after their death The misfortunes of Numaes successours Hostilius The vertues of Numa and Lycurgus were alike but their deeds diuers VVhat things were harde to Lycurgus Slaues sai with their master as Saturnes feasts Macrob. Satur lib. 1. Diuers causes of the diuersitie of institutions of Numa and Lycurgus Description of their people Reason for mariages Numaes order for maidens the better The Laconians were to manly The Romaine women very modest The first diuorce aâ— Rome Howe much education and discipline is worthe Arist. polit 8. How Lycurgus lawes were stablished VVhy Numaes orders dyed Why Numa is to be preferred before Lycurgus Solons linage Great friendshipp betâ—ixâ— Solon Pisistratus A statute for bondmen Solon gaue him selfe in youth to trade marchauÌ„dise Solons iudgemeÌ„t of riches The commodities of merchandise A marchauns builded Massilia Thales Hippocrates Plato all marchaunts Pouerty with vertue better than riches How Solon vsed his poetrie Solon delited in morall but not in naturall philosophie Hellens three footed stoole of gold draweÌ„ vp in a drag net The rare modesty of the wise men Anacharsis and Solons meeting Anacharsis saying of Solons written lawes Solons talke with Thales at Miletum about mariage for hauing of children VVe should not let to get things necessarie fearing to lose them Cybistus Thales adopted sonne The instinct of naturall loue Proclamation vpon paâ—ne of death no man so moâ—e the counsell for the title of Salamina Solon fained madnes to recouer Salamina Solons Elegies of the Salaminians Of the temple of Venus Coliade Sâ—ab lib 4. â—â—rsan of the Athenians Solons stratageames Solon wanne Salamina Great stryfe betwext
Anicius Praetor Perseus laye at the foote of the mount Olympus with 4000 horsemeÌ„ 40000 footemen AEmylius admonition to his souldiers Paulus AEmylius would haue the watch to haue no speares nor pikes The originall of springes Fountaines compared to womeÌ„s brests Scipio Nasica and Fabius Maximus offer thens selues to take the straights The height of the mount Olympus Nasica tranne the straights of Macedon Persons pitched his caÌ„pe before the cittie of Pydne The riuers of AEson and Leucus AEmylius aunswer to Scipio Nisca for geuing charge apon the enemies The skill and foresight of a wise captaine The eclipse of the moon The superstitioÌ„ of the Romaines when the moone is eclipsed The cause of an eclipse of the moone AEmylius policie to procure shirmishe The army of the Macedonians marching against the Romaines in battell The battell betwext Perseus and AEmylius PersoÌ„ goeth out of the battell vnto Pydus Victorie woÌ„ne by labour not by slothe Salius a captaine of the Pelignians tooke the ensigne and threwe it among the enemies The valliaÌ„tnes of Marcus Cato AEmilius victorie of Perseus The battell fought and wonne in one hower The vallâ—â—â—nes of Scipio the lesse Perseus fled from Pydne to Pella Time dutie to be obserued to the Prince Death the indignation of the Prince The couetousnes of the Cretans Misers whine for their gooddes The Macedonians submit them selues to AEmylius VVonders Newes brought to Rome out of Macedon in 4. dayes of Aemylius victorie there and no man knewe howe they came AEnobarbus why so called Cn. Octanius AEmylius lleutenaunts by sea The miserable state Perseus was brought vnto by the craft subtletie of a Cretan King Perseê° yeldeth him self in Samothracia vnto Cneus Octauius Perseus vnprincely behauiour vnto AEmylius AEmylius oration vnto Perseus prisoner AEmylius oratiom touching fortune and her vnconstantie AEmylius honorable progresse in Graece AEmylius setteth Macedon at a slaye AEmylius wordes above the care and good order at feasts AEmylius abstinence AEmylius cruell acte spoyling of Epirus AEmylius tooke shippe at the cittie of Orica and returned into Italie The enuie of Seruius Galba vnto AEmylius 〈…〉 abâ—â— AEmylius triumphe Seruilius oration for the furtheraunce of AEmylius triumphe A notable description of AEmylius triumphe Perseus children king Perseus AEmylius scorneth Perseus cowardlines Foure huÌ„dred crownes of gold sent vnto AEmylius by the citties of Graece AEmylius adversitie AEmylius fortitude in his great aduersitie AEmylius oration in his trouble for the death of his children The death of king Perseus A straunge kind of death The statee of Perseus sonnes By AEmylius victorie the people payed no more subsidie AEmylius chosen CeÌ„sor The office authoritie of the Censor AEmylius sicknes AEmylius remoued from Rome and dwelt in the citty of Velia The death of AEmylius in Rome AEmylius funeralles AEmylius goodes what they came to The state of the Syracusas before Timoleons coÌ„ming Icetes tyraÌ„ne of the Leontines By what voice Timoleon came to be generall Timoleons parentage manners Timophanes Timoleons brother what he was Timoleon saued his brothers life The Corinthians enterteined 400. straungers made Timophanes captaine of them to keepe their cittie Timophanes cruelty vsurpation of the kingdom Timophanes slaine by his brothers procurement Our acts must be honest and constant Phocions saying Aristides graue saying TimoleoÌ„ chosen generall to go into Sicile Icetes tyran of the Leontines a traytor A signe happened to Timoleon Timoleon tooke shippe towards Sicile A burning torche appeared in the element vnto Timoleon Icetes beseegeth Dionysia Icetes sendeth Ambassadors vnto TimoleoÌ„ TimoleoÌ„ crafttier then the Carthaginians Rhegio a citie of Greece Timoleon laÌ„deth as Tauvomenion in Sicile Andromachâ— the Father of Timaeus the Historiographer gouerner of the citie of Tauromenion The Carthaginians Ambassador did threaten to destroy the citie of Tavromenion by shewing Andromachâ— the palme and backe of his hand The god Adranus Timoleon ouerthrew Icetes armie made him flye from Adranus The Adranitans yeld vnto Timoleon Mamercus tyran of Catana Dionysius the tyran yeldeth him selfe and the castell of Syracusa vnto Timoleon Dionysius the tyran of Syracusa sent to Corinthe The miseries calamities of Dionysius the tyran Dionysius brought to Corinthe The Inconstancie of fortune Notable sayings of Dionysius Syracusan The benefite of Philosophy A tyranes state vnfortunate This agreeth with AEsops wordes to Solon who wished him oÌ„ming to princes to please them or not to come nere them See Solons life and his answer to AEsop. Diogenes saying to Dionysius the tyrane Timoleons prosperitie Icetes hiereth two souldiers to kill Timoleon at Adranus The treason discouered to Timoleon by one of the souldiers The wonderfull worke of fortune Icetes bringeth Mago a Carthaginian with a great army to Syracusa Leon captaine of the Corinthians within the castell Leon wanne Acradina Contention of fortune and valliancie The stratageame of Hanno the admirall of the Carthaginians Timoleon marcheth to Syracvsa Mago forsaketh Sicile vpoÌ„ suspect of treason Anapus fl Timoleon wynneth the citie of Syracusa Timoleon ouerthroweth the castell of Syracvsa Timoleon made Syracvsa a popular gouernment The miserable state of Sicile Mago slue him selfe being called to aunswer his departure out of Sicile The Corinthians replenished the citie of Syracusa vvith three score thovvsand inhabitants Leptines tyran of Apollonia yelded to Timoleon The armie shippes of the CarthaginiaÌ„s against TimoleoÌ„ Asdrubal Amilcar being generalls Timoleon weÌ„t with 6000. man against the Carthaginians Crimesus fl Smallage an ill signe Prouerbe Garlandes of smallage The order of the Carthaginians armie Timoleon geueth charge apon the Carthaginians as they came ouer the riuer of Crimesus The seruice of the armed cartes Timoleons maruelous biggâ— voyce Timoleons order and fight A maruelous tempest of thunder ligthning rayne winde and â—ayle full in the Carthaginians faces as they fought Timoleons victorie of the Carthaginians Timoleon banisheth the thowsaÌ„d treytorous souldiers out of Sicile Gisco sone froÌ„ Carthage with 70. saile into Sicile Messina viseth against Timoleon Mamercus verses tyrant of Catena Calâ—â—â— of Sicile Damirias fl Strife among Timoleons captaines for passing ouer the riuer Timoleons deuise to draw lottes to pacifie the strife Timoleon taketh Icetes Eupolemus his sonne aliue and did put them to death Icetes wiues and children put to death The crueltie of Icetes towards Dion and his Mamercus ouercome in battel Abolus fl Timoleon maketh peace with the Carthaginians Lycus fl Catana yelded vp vnto Timoleon Hippon the tyranne of Messina Hippon put to death Mamercus the tyranne put to death TimoleoÌ„ quieteth all Sicile Timoleon compared with the famousest meÌ„ of Greece Timoleon attributeth his good successe vnto fortune Timoleon dwelleth still with the Syracvsans Simonides saying Timoleons accusers Timoleons great praise Timoleon in his age lost his sight The great honor the Syracusans did Timoleon being blind A laeâ—â—e made to honor Timoleon The death of Timoleon Timoleons funeralles An honorable decree of the SyracusaÌ„s for the memorie of Timoleon Timoleons
against offices of perpetuity Cato woulde punish him selfe for offending That is to say vnderstanding For they iudged that the seate of reason was placed in the hart following Aristotles opinion Blushinge in younge man is a better taken then palenes A louer liueth in an other body Cato and Valerius Flaccus Consuls Catoes doings in Spayne Catoes abstinence from spoyle and bribery Discorde betwext Cato Scipio Cato ouercame the Lacetanians Catoes actes after his Consullshippe and triumphe The power of Antiochus the great Cato mocked Posthumius Albinus a Romaine for writing a story in the Greeke tongue Kinge Antiochus army Catoes doings against king Antiochus Mount Callidromus Catoos oration to his souldiers The boldenes and valliant attempt of Catoes souldiers Cato advertised of the streÌ„gth of king Antiochus campe Cato tooke the straight of Thermopyles Kinge Antiochus hurt in the face with a stone Catoes victory of kinge Antiochus Cato woulde praise his owne doings Manius sendeth Cato to Rome to cary newes of the victory Cato an accuser of men Cato fifty times accused The dignity and office of the Consor How the Censors were chosen The Senators and nobility bent all against Catoes sute Cato chosen Censor Catoes acts in his censorship Cato put Lucius Quintius Flaminius of the Senate The cause why Cato put Quintius of the Senate Lucius Quintius Flaminius wickednes cruelty Manilius put of the Senate for kissing his wife before his daughter Mery with maried men when Iupiter shundereth Banketing feastes put downe by Cato Catoes counsel for reforminge excesse at Rome Superfluous things reckened for riches Scopas goodes were all in toyes that did him no good Basilica Porcia built by Cato Catoes image set vp in the temple of the goddesse of health Honor chaungeth condition No maÌ„ should abide to be praised how for the common wealth VVhat Cato was at home in his house and towarded his wife and children Cato iudgeth the noble borne gentlewomen the best wiues Socrates patience commended bearinge with the sherwduts of his wife Catoes wife was nource to her owne childe Cato taught his sonne Chilo a grammarian VVhat exercises Cato brought vp his sonne in Catoes sonne was valiant Cato and younger maried Tertia Paulus AEmylius daughter Scipio the second was AEmylius naturall sonne Catoes discipline to his slaues Catoes opinion for sleepy meÌ„ Note how Cato altered his maner and opinion by wealth Catoes good husbandry for increasing his wealth Cato a great vserer He tooke extreame vsery by sea Carneades Diogenes Philosophers sent Ambassadors to Rome Cato misliked the Greeke tongue Catoes Phisicall booke Cato talketh with Salonius his clarke about the mariage of his daughter Catoes aunswere to his sonne of his seconde mariage Cato maried Salonius daughter being a very old man and had a sonne by her How Cato passed his age Catoes wrytinges and monuments Catoes reuenue Catoes company pleasant both to old young The table a good meane to procure loue and how table talke should be vsed Cato author of the last warres against the Carthaginians Scipio Nasica against Cato for the destroying of Carthage Catoes death Catoes posterity Aristides and Catoes accesse to the common wealth Cato in marshall affaires excelled Aristides Aristides and Catoes displeasures in the common wealth The power of innocency eloquence Oeconomia houserule The nature of oyle No man wise that is not wise to him selfe VVhether pouerty be an ill thing VVhether Aristides factes or Catoes did most benefit their contry Ambition a hatefull thing in the commoÌ„ wealth Cato reproued for his second wife Crausis Philopoemenes father Cassander Philopoemenes schoolemaister Ecdemus and Demophanes red Philosophy to Philopoemen Philopoemen the last famous maÌ„ of Greece Philopoemen taken for a seruinge man. Philopoemen hasty and wilfull Philopoemen delighted in warre martiall exercises Philopoemen did reproue wrestling Philopoemenes gaines how they were employed Philopoemenes study and care in tillage Philopoemenes delite to read Euangelus bookes of the discipline of warres Philopoemen saued the Megalopolitans from Cleomenes king of Sparta Philopoemen very sore hurt King Antigonus came to aide the Achaiads against Cleomenes king of Lacedaemon Philopoenes noble fact in the 〈…〉 against kinge Cleomenes Philopoemen hurt in fight Antigonus saying of Philopoemenes skill of a souldier Philopoemen chosen Generall of the horsemen of the Achaians Philopoemen slue Demophantus Generall of the horsemen of the AEtolians The praise of Philopoemen Aratus raised Achaia to greatnes Philopoemen and Aratus compared Aratus a sofe man in warres Philopoemen chaungeth tho Achaians order and discipline of wars Philopoemen turned all curiosity and dainty fare into braue riche armors Brauet armor incorageth mens mindes to serue nobly Philopoemen made warres with Machanidas tyran of Lacedaemon Battell fought betwene Philopoemen and Machanidas Philopoemen ouercame Machanidas army tyran of the Lacedaemonians Philopoemen slue Machanidas The onely name of Philopoemen made the Boeotians flee for feare Nabis tyran of Lacedaemon wanne the city of Messina Nabis fleeth Philopoemen Philopoemen deliuered the city of Messina from Nabis the tyran of Lacedaemon Philopoemenes seconde iorney into Creta discommanded Philopoemen made diuerse cities to rebell against the Achaians The Cretans politicke men of warre Philopoemen made Generall of the Achaians against Nabis Philopoemen ouercome by sea Nabis besiegeth the city of Gythium Philopoemen ouer came Nabis tyran of Lacedaemon in battell Titus Quintius emâ—ieth Philopoemen Nabis slaine by the AEtolians Philopoemen free from couetousnes Philopoemenes wise counsell to the Lacedaemonians howe they should bestowe their giftes Diophanes T. Quintius Flaminius do inuade Lacedaemonia Philopoemenes noble act Philopoemenes cruelty to the Spartans Philopoemen made the Spartans forsake Lycurgus law Antiochus solace and mariage as Chalcis Philopoemenes counsell against the Romaines Philopoemen chosen the eight time Generall of the Achaians being 70. yere olde Philopoemenes iorney against Dinocrates Mons Euander Philopoemenes misfortune Philopoemen taken Philopoemen poysoned by Dinocrates Philopoemenes last words Philopoemenes death The AchaiaÌ„s did reuenge Philopoemenes death Dinocrates slue him selfe Philopoemenes funerall Note the humanity of the Romaines keepinge their enemies monuments from defacing Titus Quintius first charge in warre Degrees of offices before one came to be Consull T. Q. Flaminius Sextius AElius Consulls T. Q. Flaminius maketh warre with Philip king of Macedon Titus curtesie ranne the Greecians more than his force T. Q. landed in Epirvs Apsus fâ—â— The descriptioÌ„ of the contry of Epirvs Charopus Machatas sonne the chiefe man of the Epirots T. Q. possessed the straightes of the mouÌ„taine The Macedonians flee Philips flying king of Macedon T. Q. Flaminius modesty sorbearing spoyle wanne him many frendes Pyrrus saying of the Romaines army King Attalus death The Boeotians yeld vnto the Romaines Quintius army King Philip and Quintius met with their armies neere Scotvsa Battell betwene Quintius and Philip kinge of Macedon The propertie of the Macedonian battell Quintius overcome Philippes army Mutinie betwixt the AEtolians the Romaines Alcaeus verses in disgrace of
man. The nature of the people Nicias liberality magnificence Nicias superstitions Nicias mynes of siluer Nicias for feare gaue to the wicked Nicias warenes to offende Nicias Hierons schoole master Dionysius Chalcus founder of the city of Thuries Nicias life Notable actes done by Nicias The lawe of armes A least of Cleon. Cleons victory of the Lacedaemonians The immoderate liberty of Cleon. Cleons lewd and light ieastures in his Orations Alcibiades diuers wit. Cleon Brasidas the two peacebreakers generally of all Graece Nicias reconcileth the Spartans with the AtheniaÌ„s Nicias peace Ambassadors sent froÌ„ Spartan to Athens Alcibiades craft and deceit The earthquake holpe Nipias Nicias sent Ambassador vnto Sparta The vse of the Ostracismon Hyperbolus Nicias and Alcibiades ioyned tribes against Hyperbolus Hyperbolus banished for tenne yeares The taking away of tenne yeres banishment Nicias chosen Captaine for the warres of Sicila Signerâ—o feare the AtheniaÌ„s not to attempt the enterprise of Sicile Statues mangled AtheÌ„s The madness of Meton the Astronomer Nicias foolish fearefullnes Nicias counsell for inuading the Syracusans Lamachus valliant buâ— simple Lais the courtisan caried out of Sicile into Peloponnesus Nicias notable strategeame Nicias winneth the hauen of Syracvsa Nicias forbeareth to spoyle the temple of Iupiter Nicias besiegeth Syracvsa Nicias wall as the siege of Syracvsa The death of Lamachus Nicias sole Captaine of the whole army Gyllipus a Lacedaemonian aideth the Syracusans Gongylus a Corinthian Gylippus arriuall at Syracvsa Gongylus the Corinthian slaine Nicias good fortune chauÌ„ged Euthydemus and Menander chosen Captaines with Nicias Demosthenes arriuall at Syracvsa Demosthenes rashnes Nicias counsell vnto Demosthenes Demosthenes rashnes The slaughter of the Athenians as Syracusa The corage of Leo Bizantine The eclipse of the moone The eclipse of the moone not knoweÌ„ of long time Anaxagoras the first that wrote of the eclipse of the moone The Athenians do persecute the Philosophers Socrates put to death for Philosophy Dyon very skilfull in naturall causes Nicias ignorant of naturall causes The Syracusans ouercome the AtheniaÌ„s by sea The soothsayers do promise victory to the Syracusans The Athenians againe ouercome on the sea by the Syracvsans Nicias deceiued by Hermocrates The miserable state of the Athenians departing from Syracusa Nicias extreame misery Demosthenes taken of the Syracusans Nicias moueth treaty of peace Nicias army ouercome at the riuer of Asinarus Nicias words yelding him selfe vnto Gylippus Gylippus sheweth mercy to Nicias The Syracusans enter into the Syracusa with triumphe Asinarus feast The Captaines of the Athenians coÌ„demned to dye Gylippus a couetous man. Cleandrides condemned for extorcion Nicias and Demosthenes slue them selues Euripides verses saued many of the Athenians liues The AtheniaÌ„s doe torment the bringer of the newes of their ouerthrow Nicias foreshewed the miseries of the AtheniaÌ„s Marcus Crassus kinred youth Crassus couetousnes Crassius riches How Crassus came by his goodes Crassus saying of builders Crassus care about seruauntes VVhat belongeth to good husbandry and in whom it consistes Crassus iudgement who was a riche man. Archidamus saying of warre Crassus faâ—â—â— at his boâ—â—de Crassus eloquence Crassus flieth Marius and Cinna Vibius curtesie â—â—to Crassus Crassus came Crassus viage into Africke Crassus sent by Sylla into the contry of the Marsians The emulation beâ—â—â—â—â— Crassus and Pompey Sylla called Pompey Imperator Crassus tooke the city of Tvder The valliantnes of Crassus Crassus enuieth Pompey The Romanes called Pompey the great Crassus industry and cause of rising in the common wealth Three factioÌ„s at Rome Crassus inconstancies Sicinius prouerbe The warre of the bondmen called Spartacus warre The wit and behauior of Spartacus the chiefe Captaine of the bondemens warre Clodius a Romane Praetor sent against Spartacus with 3000 men Clodius the Preator ouercome of Spartacus Publius Varinus Praetor sent against Spartacus Spartacus victory of P. Varinus Gellius and Lentulus both Consulls sent against Spartacus Cassius ouercomen by Spartacus Crassus sent against Spartacus Mummius Crassus Lieutenant Mummius ouerthrowen by Spartacus The Romanes maner of punishinge cowardly souldiers Crassus wonderfull trench and wall A wonderfull nature of the water of the lake of Lucania Ambush laied by Crassus The valiaÌ„tnes of Spartacus souldiers Spartacus retyred to the mountaines of Petelie The noble corage of Spartacus Spartacus slaine Pompeyes triumphe for Spayne Ouatio see Marcellus life Crassus made Consull with Pompey Crassus great feasting of the people of Rome The dreame of Onatius Aurelius Crassus and Pompey made frendes Crassus Censor with Catulus Crassus suspected for Catilines conspiracie Crassus and Caesar confederates with Catiline Crassus Cicero as enemie Caesar reconciled Crassus and Pompey together Pompey Crassus and Caesar al three ioyned in frendshippe Pompey and Crassus did meete with Caesar at Luca Pompeyes stout aunswer Crassus modest aunswere Pompey made him selfe and Crassus Consulls by force Pompey and Crassus Consulls the second time Crassus had the gouernment of Syria Atteius the Tribune against Crassus departure Obseruations of cursinges among the Romanes Crassus iorney into Syria Deiotarus king of Galatia Crassus passeth ouer the riuer of Euphrates Zenodotia taken by Crassus Publius Crassus came to his father in Syria Great faultes committed by Crassus The first signes of Crassus ill luâ—ke This name of Arsaces or Arsacides was common to all the kings of the Parthians Ambassadors of the Parthians sent to Crassus Vagises words shewing Crassus the palme of his hande Hyrodes king of the Parthians Cassius treasorer vnder Crassus Crassus forewarned by the Soothsayers of his ill successe Artabazes king of Armenia came to Crassus campe VVonderfull signes and tokens to Crassus Crassus armie was fifty thousand men Ariamnes a Captaine of the Arabians Ariamnes deceiueth Crassus Surena and Sillaces Arsaâ—es Lieutenauntes Surena sent against Crassus Surena what he was Surenaes courte and traine Surena a young man but very wise Artabazes sent an Eâ—bassage vnto Crassus Crassus wilfulnes Crassus army against the Parthians Sureâ—â—s stratageame for the hiding of his great army Crassus battell with the Parthians The ParthiaÌ„s kettle droÌ„mes The person of Surena Generall of the Parthians described The ParthiaÌ„s fought veryrâ—ng The maner of the Parthians fight The praise of Censorinus Megabacchus The miserable fight of the Romanes against the Parthians Carres a city of Mesopotamia Ischnes a citie The death of Publius Crassus Crassus oration to his souldiers wiâ—â— his bare was full of sorrow Crassus an example of fortunes inconstancie Crassus flying Coponius Gouernor of Carres in Mesopotamia The valliantnes of twentie Romanes A stratageame of Surena Andromachus treason to Crassus The ParthiaÌ„s do noâ—refight by night Cassius gentle aunswere in the straightes The worthines of the Romane souldiers to their chiefetaine An other stratageame of Surena Surenaes crafty speeche to Crassus Crassus words to the Romanes going to his death Surenaes craft to Crassus Octauius slaine Crassus slaine The number of the Romanes that were slaine and taken Sureneth triumph of Crassus Aristides bookes intituled the Milesians AEsope wise saying
make their slaues dronke The cause of describing the liues of the wicked Plato of vertue and vice Demetrius parentage The death of Philip the younger brother of Demetrius Demetrius baâ—â—ie Demetrius maners Demetrius loue to his father A king can abide no equall The sport of the East kings was to kill their owne children wiues and mothers Demetrius curtesie Antigonus dreame Demetrius saueth Mithridates life Mithridates king of Poni * Bicause he sayd that loue and discord were euer the efficient causes of generation and corruption of all thinges Enmitie betwixt Antigonus and Ptolomy Demetrius generall to Antigonus against Ptolomy Demetrius ouerthrowen in battaile by Ptolomy The bountifulnes of Ptolomy the Conqueror vnto Demetrius conquered Demetrius victorie of Ptolomy Demetrius thankefulnes vnto Ptolomy Demetrius inuaded Arabia Demetrius inuadeth Mesopatamia Antigonus Demetrius do goe about to set Graece at libertie Demetrius Phalerian gouernor of Athens for Cassander Demetrius restoreth the Athenians to their liberties Demetrius Antigonus honoreth Demetrius Phalerius Demetrius daunger for lechery Demetrius winneth the city of Megara and restoreth it to her libertie Stilpo a famous Philosopher in Megara Stilpoes sayings vnto Demetrius Demetrius restoreth the Athenians to their lawes libertie Democrasias popular gouernment Oligarchias the gouernment of a fewe Too much honors decreed to Demetrius by the Athenians The boldnes of Stratocles Athenian Scratocles cruell saying The moneth of Munychion altered called Demetrion for the honor of Demetrius name VVonders Hemlocke the vsuall erbe with the iâ—yâ— whereof they poysoned offenders at Athens Philippides the Poet. Philippides notable aunswer vnto king Lysimachus not desiring to heare his secrets Demetrius maried unto Eurydice at Athens Demetrius had many wiues together Phila Demetrius wife Antipaters Daughter Craterus widdow The iudgemeÌ„t of marriage obedience Battell by sea in the I le of Cyprus betwixt Demetrius Antigonus and Ptolomy Demetrius victorye of Ptolomy Lamia the famous Curtisan taken by Demetrius vpon the defeating of Ptolomy Salamina yelded vp to Demetrius Aristodemus a notorious flatterer in Antigonus Court. The first time Antigonus Demetrius were called kinges Note the force of flattery by Aristodemus Milasian Antigonus Demetrius iorney against Ptolomy Medius dreame Antigonus mirth with his sonne Demetrius A straunge custom of the Scythians in their dronkennes Demetrius a skilfull Captaine and an excellent Shipwright Sundry delights of Princes Demetrius wonderfull workes Demetrius beseged Rhodes The description of Demetrius greatest engine of battery called Elepolis Two armors made of notable temper by Zoilus an 〈…〉 Alcimus Albanian were an armor of six score pouÌ„d weight The discourtesie of the Rhodians The great courtesie of the Athenians vnto king Philip Protogenes borne in the citie of Caunus an excellent paynter Protogenes table of the citie of Ialysus greatly commended by Apelles himselfe Demetrius concludeth peace with the Rhodians Demetrius victories in Graece Antigonus shame fastnes Demetrius â—antonnesse The names of Demetrius Curtisans Demetrius iorney into Peloponnesus Demetrius maried Deidamia king Phyrrbus sister châ—â—â—ged the name of the citie of Sicyone and called it Demetriade Demetrius chosen generall of all Graece Demetrius pride Philippides verses against Stratocles the boaster Demetrius prodigall gift of 250. talents to his Curtisans to buy them sope Lamia made Demetrius a supper of her owne cost Lamia Elepolis The saying of Demo a Curtisan touching Lamia Demetrius A prety sute commenced vpon a louers dreame and the iudgement reuersed by Lamia the Curtisan The suttelrye of Lamia reuersing Bocchoris Seniece The conspiracy of the kings against Antigonus Antigonus his enemies armie Demetrius dreame and signes Demetrius vpon the first onset made Antiochus the sonne of Seleucus flie Ouerrashly chasting the enemies he lost his victorie and was ouercome The death of king Antigonus Demetrius flight The vnfaithfulnes of the Athenians towards Demetrius Ouer great honors are signes of vnconstant frendship Seleucus requireth Stratonice Demetrius daughter in mariage Plistarchus the brother of Cassander at that time Gouernor of Cilicia Demetrius inuadeth Cilicia Seleucus marieth Stratonice Demetrius daughter The death of Deidamia Demetrius wife Demetrius marieth Ptolemaide Ptolomies daughter Dissention betwext Demetrius and Seleucus Platoes saying of riches Demetrius iorney against the AtheniaÌ„s The Athenians doe yeelde vnto Demetrius A rare deuise of Epicurus at the straight siege of Athens to kepe his schollers aliue with beanes Demetrius clemency vnto the Athenians Demetrius iorney against the Lacedaemonians Demetrius variable fortune Demetrius misfortunes Great dissertion and strife for the realme of Macedon after the death of Cassander Antipater Alexander the sonnes of Cassander Demetrius invadeth Macedon VVyles betwext Alexander and Demetrius Demetrius killeth Alexander the sonne of Cassander Demetrius proclaimed king of Macedon Antiochus the sonne of Seleucus maried his mother in law Stratonice with his fathers good will. Erasistratus Phisitian to Seleucus Erasistratus the Phisitians care to finde out the young Prince Antiochus loue Sappho describeth the signes and tokens of a passioned louer Seleucus loue vnto his sonne Antiochus The citie of Thebes yeelded vnto Demetrius Hieronymus the historiographer Demetrius Lieutenant * Corne unnethly distributed to the souldiers as their wages Demetrius iorney against Pyrrhus Demetrius insolencie Demetrius cloke drawen with the figure of the world and starres The plaine aunswere of the Ambassador of Sparta vnto Demetrius Axius â—â— The praise of king Philips curtesie The bolde speache of a poore woman to king Philip The chiefest office of a king Demetrius called a Fortgainer Demetrius armie preparacion for the recouering of his realme againe Ptolomyâ—â— wonderfull galley of forty bankes of owers Three kings Seleucus Ptolomy and Lysimachus conspired against Demetrius Demetrius armie forsaketh him and goeth to Pyrrhus Phila Demetrius wife poysoneth her selfe Demetrius straunge fortune Demetrius miserie from Princely happines Crates the Philosopher deliuereth Athens from Demetrius siege Demetrius marieth Ptolemaide Demetrius troubles in Asia Plague by ill meate Demetrius famine Patrocles stirreth vp Seleucus against Demetrius Desprate men are not to be sought with Amanus â—â—â— Demetrius dispairing of his good successe an emâ—â—eth to assault Seleucus by night Demetrius army forsooke him and yelded them selves to Seleucus Demetrius flyeth from Seleucus Demetrius yeldeth him selfe vnto Seleucus Demetrius kept as a prisoner in Syria by Seleucus The naturall loue of Antigonus to his father Demotrius Demetrius turned his captiuitie into pleasure The death of Demetrius in Cherronasus The funeralls of Demetrius Xenophantus a famous musition Demetrius posteritie Perseus king of Macedon the last king of Macedon came of the posteritie of Demetrius Antonius pareneage * Bicause that by his death he ended the warre which he vnfortunately made against those of Creta The liberalitie of Antonius father Iulia the mother of M. Antonius Antonius corrupted by Curio Antonius vsed in his pleading the Asiatik phrase Antonius bad charge of horsemen vnder Gabinius Proconsul going into Syria Antonius acts against Aristobulus Antonius tooke Aristobulus prisoner
Antonius acts in AEgypt vnder Gabinius Antonius curtesie vnto Archelaus being dead Antonius shape presence The house of the Antonij discended from Hercules Antonius liberalitie Antonius Tribune of the people and Augure Antonius acts for Caesar. Antonius flyeth from Rome vnto Caesar. Cicero reproued for lying Alexander Cyrus Caesar all contended to raigne Caesars ambition the onely cause of the ciuill warre Caesar gaue the charge of Italy vnto Antonius Antonius vices Antonius taketh sea with his army at Brundusium and goeth vnto Caesar. Antonius manthood in warres Antonius led the left wing of Caesars battell at Pharsalla where Pompey left the field The dignitie of the general of the horsemen Dissention betwixt Antonius and Dolabella Antonius abominable life Antonius laid vp his stomack before the whole assembly Antonius insolency Caesar Lepidus Consuls Antonius byeth Pompeys house Antonius maried Fuluia Clodius widowe Fuluia ruled Antonius at home and abroad Caesar Antonius Consuls Antonius vnwittingly gaue Caesars enemies occasion to conspire against him Antonius Lupercian putteth the diademe vpon Caesars head Brutus Cassius conspire Caesars death Consultation about the murther of Antonius with Caesar Antonius maketh vprore among the people for the murther of Caesar. Calpurnia Caesars wife Charonites why so called M. Antonius Consul Caius Antonius Praetor Lucius Antonius Tribune all three brethren Variance betwixt Antonius and Octauius Caesar heire vnto Iulius Caesar. Octauius Caesar ioyned to friendship with Cicero Antonius and Octauius became friends Antonius dreame Antonius iudged an enemy by the Senate Hircius and Pausa Consuls Antonius ouerthrowen in battell by the citie of Modena Antonius pacient in aduersitie Antonius hardnes in aduersitie notwithstanding his fine bringing vp Antonius won all Lepidus army from him Varius surnamed Cotylon The conspiracie and meeting of Caesar Antonius Lepidus The prescription of the Tr 〈…〉 Antonius cruelty vnto Cicero Lucius Caesars life saued by his sister Antonius riot in his Triumâ—â—-rate The praise of Pompey the great The valliantnes of Antonius against Brutus The death of Cassius Brutus slue him selfe Antonius gaue honorable buriall vnto Brutus Antonius great curtesie in Graece The plagues of Italie in riot Antonius crueltie in Asia Hybraeas wordes vnto Antonius touching their great payments of money vnto him Antonius simplicity Antonius maners Antonius louâ— to Cleopatra whom he sent for into Cilicia The wonderfull sumptuousnes of Cleopatra Queene of AEgypt going vnto Antonius Cydnus fl The sumptuous preparations of the suppers of Cleopatra and Antonius Cleopatraes beawtie An order set vp by Antonius Cleopatra The excessiue expences of Antonius and Cleopatra in AEgypt Eight wilde boares rosted whole Philotas a Phisition borne in Amphissa reporter of this feast Philotas Phisition to the younger Antonius Philotas subtil proposition Plato writeth of foure kinde of flatterie Cleopatra Queene of all flatterers Antonius fishing in AEgypt The warres of Lucius Antonius and Fulvia against Octauius Caesar The death of Fuluia Antonius wife All the Empire of Rome deuided betwene the Triamuri Octania the halfe sister of Octauius Caesar daughter of Anchavia which was not Caesars mother A law at Rome for marying of widowes Antonius maried Octauia Octauius Caesar halfe sister Antonius and Octauius Caesar doe make peace with Sexius Pompeius Sextus Pompeius taunt to Antonius Sexius Pompius being offered wonderfull great fortune for his honestie and faithes sake refused it Antonius told by a Soothsayer that his fortune was inferior vnto Octauius Caesar Antonius vnfortunate in sport and earnest against Octauius Caesar Orades king of Parthia Ventidius notable victorie of the Parthians The death of Pacorus the king of Parthians sonne Ventidius the only man of the Romanes that triumphed for the Parthians Canidius conquest Newe displeasures betwext Antonius and Octauius Caesar The wordes of Octauia vnto Macinas and Agrippa Octauia pacifieth the quarrell betwixt Antonius and her brother Octanius Caesar Plato calleth coÌ„cupiscence the lawes of the minde Antonius sent for Cleopatra into Syria Antonius gaue great provinces vnto Cleopatra Antigonius king of Iuvrie the first king beheaded by Antonius Antonius twinnes by Cleopatra their names Phraortes slue his father Orodes king of Persia. Antonius great puisant army Antonius dronke with the loue of Cleopatra Antonius besiegeth the city of Phraata in Media The ParthidÌ„s tooke Antonius engines of battery Battell betwext the Parthians Antonius The Romanes good order in their march Decimation a marshall punishment The craft of the Parthians against the Romanes Antonius returneth from the iorney of the Parthian The ParthiaÌ„ doe see vpon Antonius in his returne The bold act of Flauius Gallus Canidius fault Antonius Captaine Flauius Gallus slaine Antonius care of theâ— that were wounded The loue and reuerence of the souldiers vnto Antonius The rare and singular gifts of Antonius The king of Parthia neuer came to fight in the field Antonius charitable prayer to the gods for his army The Romanes â—estudo and couering against shot Great famine in Antonius army A deadly erbe incurable without wine The valliantnes of tenne thowsand Graecians whome Xenophon brought away after the ouerthrow of Cyrus The Parthians very suttell and craftie people Mithridates a Parthian bewrayeth vnto Antonius the conspiracie of his own contry men against him A salt riuer Antonius great liberalitie vnto Mithridates for the care he had of his saftie The tumult of Antonius soldiers through courteousnes Antonius desperat minde Hroxes ft. 18. seuerall battels fought with the Parthians The trechery of Artabazus king of Armenia vnto Antonius Antonius triumphed of Artabazus king of Armenia in AEgypt Antonius pined away looking for Cleopatra Cleopatra come to BlaÌ„cbourg vnto Antonius VVarres betwixt the Parthians and Medes Octauia Antonius wife came to Athens to meete with him The flickering enticements coments of Cleopatra vnto Antonius The occasion of ciuil warres betwixt Antonius and Caesar. The loue of Octauia to Antonius her husband and her wise and womanly behauior Antonius arrogantly onely deuideth diuers prouinces vnto his children by Cleopatra Caesarian the supposed soÌ„ne of Caesar by Cleopatra Alexander Ptolomy Antonius sonnes by Cleopatra Accusations betwixt Octauius Caesar Antonius Antonius came with eight hundred saile against Octauius Caesar Antonius carieth Cleopatra with him to the warres against Octauius Caesars kept great feasting at the I le of Samos together Antonius put his wife Octauia out of his house at Rome Octauius Caesar exacteth grieuous payments of the Romanes Titius and Plancus reuolt from Antonius and doe yeld to Caesar. A famous librarie in the citie of Pergamum Furnius an eloquent Orator among the Romanes Geminius sent from Rome to Antonius to bid him take heede to him selfe Many of Antonius friends doe forsake him Antonius Empire taken from him Signes and wonders before the ciuill wares betwixt Antonius and Oct. Caesar. Pesaro a citie in Italy sonck into the gretle by an earthquake An ill signe foreshoned by swallowes breding in Cleopatraeas shippe Antonius power against Oct. Caesar. Antonius had eyght kinge
deuise of Artaxerxes how to preuent the conspirators and to saue him selfe Tiribazus the traitor slaine Darius condemned to dye and executed King Artaxerxes sonne The death of king Artaxerxes Artaxerxes was 94 yeres olde at his death Dion Brutus both Platonians Plato de virtute How mens acts should be famous in the coÌ„mon wealth A wicked spirite appeared vnto Dion Brutus Dionysius maried Hermocrates daughter Dionysius wiues Doride of Locres Aristomaché of Syracvsa Hipparinus daughter and Dions sister Dion kindred with Dionysius Plato came out of Italie vnto Syracvsa Dion Platoes schollar Plato and Dionysius the elder talke together Dionysius malice vnto Plato Plato solde in the I le of AEgina Dions boldnes in speaking plainly to the tyran Gelon signifieth laughture Sophrosynè and Areté the daughters of Dionysius by Aristomaché Dion marieth his Nece Areté the daughter of Dionysius of his sister Aristomaché The death of Dionysius the elder Flattering Courtiers do intense Dionysius the younger to hate Dion The vices of Dionysius the younger Dions maners too graue and seuere Obstinacie follow and companion of solitarines Dionysius the elder a maruelous timerous suspitious man. Dionysius dreame Dion persuadeth the younger Dionysius to fall to study The assured gard of Princes is the loue of their subiects Plaâ—â— goâ—th into Sicilia to teach Dionysius the youngeâ— Philistus the Historiographer Philistus the Historiographer banished out of Sicilia by Dionysius the elder Democratia the gouernment of the people Dion allowed not popular state Aristocratia the gouernment of a few of the nobilitie Plato came into Sicilia vnto Dionysius the younger The chaunge of Dionysius vpon Platoes comming Philistus accusations against Dion Dions letters vnto Carthage Dion sent away by Dionysius into Italie Dions wealth Dionysius tyrannicall loâ—â— to Plato Dionysius sent Plato from home Dions life in Graece Dions vertues and honors done vnto him by the Graecians Archytas a Pythagorian Philosopher Dionysius sendeth againe for Plato to come into Sicilia Platoes third iorney into Sicilia Aristippus saying of Dionysius Helycon a Mathematician Aristippus diuination Architas requireth Plato of Dionysius Dionysius maried Dions wife to an other man. Polyxenus maried Thesta his father Dionysius sister The noble answere of Thesta vnto her brother Dionysius the elder Dion beginneth to make warre against Dionysius The Philosophers aduanced Dions warre Aristotles dialogue de anima Dions army Dions sumptuous fare in feasting The eclipse of the Moone and cause of the eclipse VVonders shewed vnto Dion VVonders appearing vnto Dionysius Dions preparation Pachynus the foreland of Sicilia A tempest on the sea against Dion Synalus Captaine of Minoa for the Carthaginians Dion wanne Minoa Dion goeth to Syracusa A straunge chaunce happened vnto the Messenger sent to Dionysius A woulfe caried away the Messengers portmanteau Anapus ti Dionysius picke thankes slayne Dion receiued into Syracusa Dion restoreth the Syracusans to libertie Dionysius clocke The predictions of the Soothsayers Dionysius seÌ„t Ambassadors vnto Dion Dion fighteth with Dionysius Dion hurt Dions victory of Dionysius Hipparinus Dions sonne Dionysius craft vnto Dion Heraclides what he was Heraclides returneth to Syracusa The Syracusans do choose Heraclides Admirall to spight Dion Heraclides a dissembler practising to make the people to rebell against Dion Sosis a wicked man moueth sedition against Dion Dion cleareth Sosis accusation against him Sosis condemned to death Philistus slain Timaus and Ephorus the Historiographers reproued Dionysius flyeth from Syracusa Apollocrates the eldest sonne of Dionysius the yonger Signes appearing to the Syracusans Dion departeth out of Syracusa The cowardlines of the Syracusans The Leontines doe receiue Dion The negligence and troubles of the Syracusans The Syracusans doe send for Dion againe Dions oration vnto his souldiers perswading them to ayde the Syracusans The inconstancy of the Syracusans Syracusa set a fire by Dionysius souldiers Dions fight in the citie of Syracusa Nypsius compelled by Dion to flie into the castell Dions mercy to his enemies the great profit he tooke by study in the Academy at Athens No maÌ„ should be worse by an others wickednes The frowardnes of the Syracusans against Dion Heraclides againe stirreth vp the Syracusans to rebell against Dion Gaesylus Lacedaemonian commeth to Syracusa to be generall of the Syracusans Gaesylus maketh Dion Heraclides friends again The castell of Syracusa surrendred vnto Dion The words of Aristomaché vnto Dion at his entry into the castell of Syracusa Dion taketh his wife Areta againe which had forcibly bene maried vnto another man. Dions temperance and thriftines Heraclides conspireth againe against Dion Dion sent to the Corinthians to stablish a common wealth to the Syracusans Dion ment to abolish Democratia and to aduaunce Aristocratia The authoritie of the people resembled by Plato to a fayer or market The common wealth of the Corinthians The murther of Heraclides Callippus Athenian conspireth against Dion Note the suttletie of tale bearers A spirite appeared vnto Dion The lamentable death of Dions sonne Apollocrates Dionysius sonne The great oth of the Syracusant Dion slaine by Callippus Athenian Dions wife brought to bed of a sonne in prison The punishment of Callippus * 〈…〉 in corrupt speech signifieth a knife to scrape or cut cheese which it truelier called 〈…〉 Iulius Pollux lib. 10 cap. 24. Callippus slaine with the same dagger that slue Dion The crueltie of the Syracusans vnto Dion and his posterity The pareÌ„tage of Brutus Brutus maners Seruilia M. Brutus mother Brutus parentage by his father Seruilia Catoes sister Brutus studies Brutus followed the olde Academyks Empylus an Orator wrote a booke of Caesars death and intituled it Brutus Brutus maner of wryting his Epistels in Graeke A briefe letter to the Samians Brutus followed Cato into Cyprus * Or Canidius Brutus taketh parte with Pompey Brutus exercise in Pompeys campe Brutus studied in Pompeis campe Iulius Caesar carefull of Brutus safary Iulius Caesar loued Seruilia Brutus mother Brutus saued by Iulius Caesar after the battell of Pharsalia * This king was Iuba howbeit it is true also that Brutus made intercession for Deiotarus king of Galatia who was depriued notwithstanding of the most parte of his contrie by Caesar and therefore this place were best to be vnderstanded by Deiotorus Caesar made Brutus Gouernor of Gaule on this side the mouÌ„taines Brutus and Cassius contend for the Praetorship of the citie Cassius maried Iunia Brutus sister The first cause of Cassius malice against Caesar. Caesar suspected Brutus Caesar saying of Brutus Cassius incenseth Brutus against Caesar. Cassius Lions at Megara Cassius an enemie of tyranâ— How Brutus was incensed against Caesar. Cassius praieth Brutus first to helpe him to put downe the tyran * In an other place they cal him Quintus Brutus maketh Ligarius one of the coÌ„spiracie They do hide the conspiracy against Caesar from Cicero Ciuill warre worse then tyrannicall gouernment The wonderfull faith and secrifie of the Conspirators of Casars death Porcia Catoes daughter wife vnto Brutus Bibulus booke
suerer gard to a Prince then the loue of the subiects The miserable life of Aristippus the tyrant of Argos Aratus gouernment obtayned by vertue Chares fl Aratus gaue Aristippus the victorie Aratus straâ—agâ—â—â— to intrappe the tyrant Aristippus Aratus victory of the tyrant Aristippus Aristippus the tyrant slayne A philosophicall question whether trembling and chaunging of culler in daunger be a signe of cowardlines Lysiadas tyran of Megalipolis Lysiadas tyran of Megalipolis leaueth the tyrannie and yelded him selfe and his dominion vnto the Achaians Dissention betwixt Aratus and Lysiadas One of Isopes tales of the Cuckowes question to litle birdes Aratus noble counsell against the AEtolians Geraniamous Aratus setteth vpon his lascinious enemies A womaÌ„ with a Burganet of her head seemed a monstrous thing The signe of Diana with the Pallenians Aratus bringeth the AEtolians in league with the Achaians Aratus atteÌ„pteth to set Athens at libertie Aratus ouerthrowen by the Macedonians Aratus by perswasion deliuered Argos from tyrannie The loue and faith of the Achaians vnto Aratus Aratus ouerthrowen in battel by king Cleomenes hard by the mountaine Lycaeum Aratus tooke the citie of Mantinea The death of Lysiadas Aratus once againe ouerthrowen by king Cleomenes Aratus reproch A Gouernor of a common weale ought no more to forsake his contry in time of daunger then the maister of a shippe his shippe at storme and tempest The meanest man of Sparta was to be preferred before the greatest Prince of Macedon Esopes hunter Polybius Historiographer Philarchus the Historiographer not greatly to be credited Cleomenes winneth the citie of Megalipolis from the AchaiaÌ„s The spitefull letters that passed betwext Cleomenes and Aratus Aratus pâ—â—seth the rebells of Sicyone to death Aratus constancie in daunger Aratus sureletie when he fled out of Corinthe The citie of Corinth yeelded vp vnto Cleomenes Aratus in great daunger for his contrie King Cleomenes curtesie vnto Aratus The AchaiaÌ„s do send for king Antigonus Gouernors obey necessitie Antigonus honorable enterteinment to Aratus A woÌ„der shewed to Aratus Antigonus and Aratus sworne brethren The citie of Argos reuolted from Cleomenes Aristomachus drowned in the sea Aratus infamie for Aristomachus Mantinea called Antigonia by Aratus decree Aratus ouerthrowen in battell by the citie of Caphyes The AchaiaÌ„s sent for king Philip Antigonus sonne Aratus a wise counseller Enuy the coÌ„panion of vertue The beginning of displeasures betwext Aratus and Philip. The deepe dissimulacion and double dealing of king Philip. Aratus the sonnes wordes vnto Philip. The wise answere of Aratus vnto king Philip touching the safetie of a Prince Aratus the father forsooke Phillippe Philip of a curteous Prince became a cruell tyran Aratus poysoned by king Philippes meanes A kinges frendshippe daungerous The death of Aratus A law for buriall among the Sicyonians The Oracle for Aratus buriall Arativm Yearely sacrifices appointed to bones Aratus memorie The miserable death of Aratus the sonne Straunge kindes of poisoning King Philip punished for his wickednes Persaeus king Philippes sonne when Paulus AEmylius triumphed for in Rome Iphicrates saying what maner of man a Mercenarie souldier should be AEmylius saying of souldiers Platoes saying of an armie Demades saying of Alexanders armie after his death The Empire of Rome whereas likened Nymphidius Sabyne and Tigellinius betrayed Nero The hope of gifts destroies the Empire of Rome The wealth and nobility of Galba Galbaâ—s maners Galbaâ—s curtesie Iunius Vindex revelled against Nero In this place the Greeke is corruptly red pâ—â—bâ—â—â—s for peaâ—â—â—â—et Sulpitius Galba saluted by the souldiers an Emperour Galba iudged an enemie by the Senate of Rome and his goods sold by the â—rier Clodius Macer Gouernor of Africke Verginius Rufus Gouernor of Gaule Verginius Rufus called Emperour * Others read Clonia Colonia Citie of Spayne Nymphidius Sabine taketh vpon him to be Emperor Honors done to Nymphidius by the Senate made him grow no bold and insolent Neroes frieÌ„ds slayne at Rome by Nymphidius commaundemens The parentage of Nymphidius Verginius a famous Captaine The â—â—â—ditiâ—â—â— of Titus Iunius Nymphidius practises The oration of Antonius Honoratus Tribune of the souldiers vnto his mutinous souldiers Nymphidius aspireth to be Emperor Nymphidius Sabine slaine The crueltie of Galba Cornelius Tatanus calleth him Turpilianus Galba thired Rome with murder The vileueâ— of Galba Hesiodus saying Galba killeth Nereos seruaunts and officers The noble saying of the Emperour Galba Galba offended the souldiers Tumult amongest the souldiers and legione of the Romanes in Germany Othoes maners Poppea Othoes wife Otho sent Propraetor into Lusitania Othoes credit about Galba Othoes practise aspiring to the Emperor The legions in Germanie doe rebell against Galba The souldiers doe rebell against Galba Vitellius accepted the name of Germanicus but not of Caesar. Vitellius named Emperor by the souldiers Galba adopteth Piso his successor Euill signes appeared vnto Galba Ptoloâ—ers prediction of Othoes Empire Optio and Tesserarius why so called by the Romanes Otho bribed the Praetorian souldiers The presage of Ombricius the Soothsayer touching the treason practised against Galba Otho called Emperour Otho receiued of the Praetorian souldiers A shamefull lye of a souldiers Tamuls for Galba * Tachus doth call him Virgilio * Cornelius Tacitus doth call him Densus The velliansnes and sidelitie of Sempronius in discharge of his othe to the Emperour Galba The death of Sempronius The death of Galba his wordes at his death * Others doe read Marcus. The murther of Piso and T. Iunius The Senate sware by the name of Otho Citizens beades sold at Rome Othoes moderation at the beginning of his raigne Tigellinus killeth him selfe Otho at the beginning of his raigne tooke vpon him the name of Nero. Tumulâ— amongest the Praetorian souldiers The death of Crispinus Othoes liberalitie to the souldiers Vitellius rebellion Small difference betwext Otho and Vitellius maners of life VVonders seene at Rome The wonderfull ouerflowing of the riuer of Tiber. The srewâ—â—dnes of Otho and Vitellius souldiers PlaceÌ„tia the fertilest town of all Italie The praise of Othoes Captaines and dispraise of Vitellius Captaines Fabius Valens Cremona a goodly citie Paulinus Othoes Captaine accused for a coward Bebriacum a towne by Cremona Othoes consultacion of geuing battell Freshwater souldiers lamens their pleasaunt life at Rome fealing the paines and smart of a souldier Secundus the Orator secretarie vnto Otho the Emperour Vitellius a dronkard and glutton Otho a wanton and licentious liner The towne of Bresselles in hard by the riuer of Po. Battell bewixt the Othonians and Vitellians Legions called by prety names Denowrer Helper The valliantnes of the Battanâ—j in warres Note the â—riâ—â— seruice of Fensers and what souldiers they he The Othonians ouercomen in battell by the Vitellians The cowardlines of the fresh water souldiers Marius Celsus orationes Othoes souldiers perswading them to goe to Vatellius Othoes Captaines doe yeld them selues vnto Vitallius Me that fight a battell know not all thing that are done at the battell The great fidelitie of the souldiers vnto the Emperor