and dryed in the guts it will be convenient all the time of the discase to use frequently glisters made of the decoction of cooling and humecting hearbes flowres and seedes wherein you shall dissolve Cassia with sugar and oyle of Violets or water-lillies But because there often happen very dangerous fluxes in a confirmed hecticke feaver which shew the decay of all the faculties of the body and wasting of the corporaell substance you shall resist them with refrigerating and asisting medicines and meates of grosser nourishment as Rice and Cicers and application of astringent and strengthening remedies and using the decoction of Oates or parched barly for drinke Let the patient be kept quiet and sleeping as much as may be especially if he be a child For this feaver frequently invades children by anger great and long feare or the too hot milke of the nurse overheating in the Sunne the use of wine and other such like causes they shall be kept in a hoâ— and moystayre have another Nurse and bee anoynted with oyle of violets to conclude you shall apply medicines which are contrary to the morbificke cause CHAP. XXXIII Of the Wounds of the Epigastrium and of the whole lower belly THe wounds of the lowerbelly are sometimes before sometimes behind some onely touch the surface thereof others enter in some passe quite through the body so that they often leave the weapon therein some happen without hurting the conteined parts others grievously offend these parts the liver spleene stomacke guts kidneyes wombe bladder ureters and great vessells so that oft times a great portion of the Kall falls forth We know the Liver is wounded when a great quantity of blood comes forth of the wound when a pricking paine reaches even to the swordlike gristle to which the Liver adheares Oft times morecholer is cast up by vomit and the patient lyes on his belly with more case and content When the stomacke or any of the small guts are wounded the meate and drinke break out at the wound the Ilia or flankes swell and become hard the hicker troubles the patient and oft times he casts up more choler and greevous paine wrings his belly and hee is taken with cold sweates and his extreme parts waxe cold If any of the greater gutts shall bee hurt the excrements come forth at the wound When the Spleene is wounded there flowes out thicke and blacke blood the patient is oppressed with thirst and there are also the other signes which wee sayd use to accompany the wounded Liver A difficulty of making water troubles the patient whose reines are wounded blood is pissed forth with the Vrine and he hath a paine stretched to his groines and the regions of the Bladder and Testicles The Bladder or Vreters being wounded the flankes are pained and there is a Tension of the Pecten or share blood is made in stead of vrine or else the vrine is very bloody which also divers times comes forth at the wound When the wombe is wounded the blood breakes forth by the privities and the Symptomes are like those of the Bladder The wounds of the liver are deadly for this part is the worke house of the blood wherefore necessarie for life besides by wounds of the liver the branches of the Gateor Hollow veines are cut whence ensues a great flux of blood not onely inwardly but also outwardly and consequently a dissipation of the spirits and strength But the blood which is shed inwardly amongst the bowels putrefies and corrupts whence followes paine a feaver inflammation and lastly death Yet Paulus Aegineta writes that the lobe of the Liver may be cut away without necessary consequence of death Also the wounds of the Ventricle and of the small Guts but chiefely of the Iejunum are deadly for many vessells runne to the Iejunum or empty Gut and it is of a very nervous and slender substance and besides it receives the cholericke humour from the bladder of the Gall. So also the wounds of the Spleene Kidneyes Vreters Bladder Womb and Gall are commonly deadly but alwayes ill for that the actions of such parts are necessary for life besides divers of these are without blood and nervous others of them receive the moist excrements of the whole body and lie in the innermost part of the body so that they doe not easily admit of medicines Furthermore all wounds which penetrate into the capacitie of the belly are judged very dangerous though they doe not touch the conteined bowells for the encompassing and new ayre entring in amongst the bowells greatly hurts them as never used to the feeling thereof adde hereto the dissipation of the spirits which much weakens the strength Neither can the filth of such wounds be wasted away according to the minde of the Chirurgion whereby it happens they divers times turne into Fistula's as we saide of wounds of the Chest and so at length by collection of matter cause death Yet I have dressed many who by Gods assistance and favour have recovered of wounds passing quite through their bodies I can bring as a witnesse the steward of the Portingall Embassadour whom I cured at Melun of a wound made with a sword so running through his body that a great quantity of excrements came forth of the wounded Guts as he was a dressing yet he recovered Not long agone Giles le Maistre a Gentleman of Paris was runne quite through the body with a Rapier so that he voyded much blood at his mouth and fundament divers dayes together whereby you know the Guts were wounded and yet he was healed in twenty dayes In like sort the wounds of the greater vessells are mortall by reason of the great effusion of blood and spirits which ensues thereupon CHAP. XXXIIII The cure of wounds of the lower belly THe first cogitation in curing of these wounds ought to be whether they pierce into the capacitie of the Belly for those which passe no further than to the Peritonaeum shall be cured like simple wounds which onely requre union But those which enter into the capacity must be cured after another manner For oft times the Kall or Guts or both fall forth at them A gut which is wounded must be sowed up with such a seame as Furriers or Glovers use as we formerly told you and then you must put upon it a pouder made of Mastich Myrrhe Aloes and Bole. Being sowed up it must not bee put up boysterously together and at once into its place but by little and little the Patient lying on the side opposite to the wound As for example the right side of the Guts being wounded and falling out by the wound the Patient shall lye on his left side for the more easy restoring of the fallne downe Gut and so on the contrary If the lower part of the Guts being wounded slide through the wound then the Patient shall lye with his head low downe and his buttocks
agglutination and consolidation of the gristly part and therefore next to a bone most dry with dry medicines But those who have their eares quite cut off can doe nothing but hide the deformity of their misse-hap with a cap stuffed with Cotton on that side CHAP. XXIX Of the Wounds of the necke and throate THe Wounds of the necke and throate are somewhiles simple as those which onely use the continuity of the muscles other whiles compound such as those which have conjoyned with them a fracture of the bones as of the Vertebrae or hurt of the internall and externall jugular Veines or sleepy Arteries sometimes the Trachea Arteria or Weazon and the oesophagus or gullet are wounded sometimes wholy cut off whence present death casues Wherefore let not the Chirurgion meddle with such wounds unlesse he first foretell the danger of death or the losse of some motion to those that are present For it often happens that some notable nerve or tendon is violated by a wound in the necke whence a palsie ensues and that absolutely incureable if the wound shall penetrate to the spinall marrow also hurt therewith Wounds of the gullet and Weazon are difficultly cured because they are in perpetuall motion and chiesely of the latter by reason it is grisly and without blood The wounds of the gullet are knowne by spitting of blood by the breaking forth of meate and drinke by the wound but if the gullet be quite cut asunder the patient cannot swallow at all For the cut parts are both contracted in themselves the one upwards and the other downewards But we know the weazon is hurt by casting up blood at the mouth with a continuall cough and by the comming forth of the breath or winde by the Wound The Wounds of the jugular Veines and sleepy Arteryes if they be great are usually deadly because they cannot bee straitely bound up for you cannot binde the throate hard without danger of choaking or strangling the patient But for defect of a straite ligature in this case the fluxe of blood prooves deadly If the recurrent Nerve of either side be cut it makes the voyce hoarse if cut on both sides it takes away the use of speech by hurting these instruments which impart motion to the muscles of the Larinx For the cure if the wound be small not associated with the hurt of any notable vessell nor of the Weazon and gullet it is speedily and easily cured and if there shall be neede you shall use a suture then you shall put therein a sufficient quantity of Venice Turpentine mixed with bole-Armenicke or else some of my Balsame of which this is the receipt â„ž Terebinth venetae lb ss gum elemi â„¥ iiij olei hypericon is â„¥ iij. boli armeni sang draconis an â„¥ j. aqua vita â„¥ ij an.Ê’j. I have done wonders with this Balsame in the agglutination of simple wounds wherein no strange body hath beene Now when you have put it in lay upon it a plaister of Diacalcitheas dissolved in oyle of Roses and vinegar as that which hath power to represse the flowing downe of humors and hinder inflammation or in steede thereof you may apply Emp. de Gratia Dei or Emp. de Ianua But if the jugular veines and sleepy Arteries bee cut let the bleeding bee stayed as we have shewed in a chapter treating thereof When the Weazon or Gullet are wounded the Chirurgion shall sow them up as neatly as hee can and the patient shall not endeavour to swallow any hard thing but be content to bee fed with gellyes and brothes When a gargarisme is needfull this following is very good R. hordei M. j. florum rosar p. j. passul mund jujubarum an â„¥ ss glycyrhizae â„¥ j. bulliant omnia simul addendomellis ros Iulep ros an â„¥ ij fiat gargarisma ut artis est With which being warme the Patient shall moysten his mouth and throate for it will mittigate the harshnesse of the part aswage paine cleanse and agglutinate and make him breathe more freely But that the Chirurgion may not despaire of or leave any thing unattempted in such like wounds I have thought good to demonstrate by some examples how wonderfull the workes of nature are if they be assisted by Art A certaine servant of Monsieur de Champaigne a gentleman of Anjou was wounded in the throat with a sword whereby one of the jugular veines was cut together with his Weazon Hee bled much and could not speake and these symptomes remained untill such time as the wound was sowed up and covered with medicines But if the medicines at any time were more liquid hee as it were sucked them by the wound and spaces betweene the stitches and presently put forth at his mouth that which he had sucked or drawne in Wherefore more exactly confidering with my selfe the greatnesse of the Wound the spermaticke and therefore dry and bloodlesse nature unapt to agglutination of the affected part but cheefely of the Weazon jugular veine as also for that the rough Artery is obnoxions to these motions which the gullet performes in swallowing by reason of the inner coate which is continued to the coate of the gullet by which meanes these parts mutually serve each other with a reciprocall motion even as the ropes which runne to the wheele of a pulley further more weighing that the Artery was necessary for the breathing and tempering the heate of the heart as the jugular veines served for the nourishment of the upper parts and lastly weighing with my selfe the great quantity of blood he had lost which is as it were the treasure of nature I told those which were present that death was neere and certainely at hand And yet beyond expectation rather by divine favour than our Art he recevered his health Equally admirable is this history following Two Englishmen walked out of the Citty of Paris for their recreation to the wood of Vincenne but one of them lying in waite to rob the other of his money and a massie chaine of gold which hee wore set upon him at unawares cut his throate and robbed him and so left him amongst the Vines which were in the way supposing he had kill'd him having with his dagger cut the Weason and gullet This murderer came backe to the citty the other halfe dead crawled with much adoe to a certaine Peasants house and being dressed with such medicines as were present and at hand he was brought to the Citty and by his acquaintance committed to my cure to be cured I at the first as diligently as I could sowed up the Weason which was cut quite a-sunder and put the lips of the wound as close together as I could I could not get hold of the gullet because it was fallen downe into the stomacke then I bound up the wound with medicines pledgets and fit ligatures After he was thus drest he begun to speake and tell the
Scorpions laid waste a certaine part of Aethiopia by chasing away the inhabitants The Ancients made divers kinds of Scorpions according to their varietie or difference of colours some being yellow others browne redish ash-coloured greene whitish blacke duskie some have wings and some are without They are more or lesse deadly according to the countries they inhabite In Tuscanie and Scythia they are absolutely deadly but at Trent and in the Iland Pharos their stinging is harmlesse The place stung by a Scorpion presently begins to be inflamed it waxeth red growes hard and swels and the patient is againe pained hee is one while hot another while cold labour presently wearies him and his paine is somewhiles more and somewhiles lesse he sweats and shakes as if he had an Ague his haire stands upright palenesse discolours his members and hee feels a paine as if he were pricked with needles over all his skin wind flieth out backwards he strives to vomit and goe to stoole but doth nothing he is molested with a continuall feaver and sowning which at length proves deadly unlesse it be remedied Dioscorides writes that a Scorpion beaten and laid to the place where he stung is a remedy thereto as also eaten roasted to the same purpose It is an usuall but certaine remedy to anoint the stung place with the oyl of Scorpions There be some who drop into the wound the milkie juice of figs others apply thereto Calamint beaten othersome use barly meale-mixed with a decoction of Rue Snailes beaten together with their shels and laid thereon presently asswage pain Sulphur vivum mixed with turpentine and applyed plaster-wise is good as also the leaves of â—…ue beaten laid thereto In like sort also the herbe Scorpioides which thence tooke its name is convenient as also a bryony root boiled and mixed with a little sulphur and old oile Discorides affirmes Agarick in powder or taken in wine to be an Antidote against poysons verily it is exceeding good against the stingings or bitings of serpents Yet the continuall use of a bath stands in stead of all these as also sweat and drinking wine somewhat alaid Now Scorpions may bee chased away by a fumigation of Sulphur and Galbanum also oile of Scorpions dropped into their holes hinders their comming forth Juice of radish doth the same For they will never touch one that is besmeared with the juice of radish or garlike yea verily they will not dare to come neare him CHAP. XXVI Of the stinging of Bees Waspes c. BEes Waspes Hornets and such like cause great paine in the skin wounded by their stinging by reason of the curstnesse of the venome which they send into the body by the wound yet are they seldome deadly but yet if they set upon a man by multitudes they may come to kill him For thus they have sometimes been the death of horses Wherefore because such as are stung by these by reason of the cruelty of pain may think they are wounded by a more virulent and deadly creature I thinke it not amisse to set downe what signes follow upon their stingings Great paine presently ariseth which continueth untill the sting left in the part is taken forth the part becomes red and swolne and there riseth a push or little blister The cure is forthwith to sucke the wound very hard and thereby to draw forth the stings which if they cannot thus be gotten out the place if nothing hinder is to be cut or else temper ashes with leven or oile and so apply them the part also may be very conveniently put into hot water and there fomented for an houres space and at length washed in sea-water Cresses beaten and applied asswage the paine and discusse the humour causing the tumour Oxe dung macerated in oile and vinegar and applyed hot doth the same There are some who apply to the part the same creatures beaten as we formerly said of Scorpions beans chawed and laid to the part asswage paine Vinegar hony and salt applied exceeding hot are good if besides you dip a cloth therein and lay it upon the place sulphur vivum tempered with spittle hath the same effect The milkie juice of unripe figs incorporated with hony is judged very effectuall but it is much the better mixed with treacle Waspes will not sting nor bite such as anoint their bodies with the juice of mallowes mixed with oile They may bee quickly chased away with the fume of brimstone and such like things A waspe is said if shee find a viper dead to dip her sting in the others poyson and thence men learned to empoison the heads of their arrowes The rough and hairy wormes which are commonly called Bear-wormes especially those which breed about a Pine tree cause great itching rednesse swelling in the part which they bite touch or grate upon very hard A remedy hereof is onions beaten with vinegar and the rest of the things formerly mentioned CHAP. XXVII Of the bite of a Spider SPiders weave webs with various art yet in these they alwaies make a lurking hole so to lye in waite to catch the intrapped flyes and so to prey upon them There are many sorts of Spiders one is termed Rhagium round and like a blacke berry whence it taketh the name it hath a very small mouth under the midst of the belly and most short feet as if they were imperfect her bite is as painefull as the sting of a Scorpion Another is called Lupus or the Wolfe-spider because shee doth not onely lye in waite to catch flyes but also bees and waspes and all such things as may flee into her webbe The third is named Myrmecion it is larger than an Ant but headed like one the bodie thereof is blacke and hath white spots or streakes running towards the backe The fourth kind may bee called Vesparium in other things resembling a Waspe but that it wants the wings of a redish colour and living onely on herbes The Ancients have thought their bitings to bee venemous Now their poyson is therefore thought to bee cold because the symptomes thence arising are winde in the belly refrigerations of the extreme parts of the body numnesse in the bitten part with sense of cold and shaking The wound must forthwith be washed with very hot vinegar then must you lay thereto onions and such like things beaten then procure sweat by art as by bathes and stoves yet nothing is more effectuall than treacle and mithridate CHAP. XXVIII Of Cantharides and Buprestes CAntharides shine as it were with a golden colour acceptable to the eye by reason of the commixture of a blewish or greenish colour therewith yet their smell is ungratefull They are hot and dry in the fourth degree and so causticke corrosive and venemous not onely by reason of their caustick quality but because of a secret antipathy which they naturally have against the urenary parts which effects they produce not onely if they bee
of the wound is received of the Chirurgion according to the civill Law It is recorded in the workes of ancient Physitions that wounds may bee called great for three respects The first is by reason of the greatnesse of the dissolved unitie or resolution of Continuity and such are these wounds which made by a violent stroake with a backe-sword have cut off the arme or legge or overthwart the breast The second is by reason of the dignitie or worthinesse of the part now this dignity dependeth on the excellencie of the action therefore thus any little wound made with a bodkin knife in any part whose substance is noble as in the Braine Heart Liver or any other part whose action and function is necessary to preserve life as in the Weasant Lungs or Bladder is judged great The third is by reason of the greatnesse and ill habit or the abundance of ill humors or debility of all the wounded body so those woundes that are made in nervous parts and old decayed people are sayd to be great But in searching of wounds let the Chirurgion take heede that he be not deceived by his probe For many times it cannot goe into the bottome of the wound but stoppeth and sticketh in the way either because he hath not placed the patient in the same posture wherein he was when he received his hurt or else for that the stroake being made downe right slipt aside to the right or left hand or else from below upwards or from above downewards and therefore hee may expect that the wound is but little and will be cured in a short time when it is like to bee long in curing or else mortall Therefore from the first day it behooveth him to suspend his judgement of the wound untill the ninth for in that time the accidents will shew themselves manifestly whether they be small or great according to the condition of the wound or wounded bodyes and the state of the ayre according to his primitive qualities or venomous corruption But generally the signes whereby we may judge of diseases whether they bee great or small of long or short continuance mortall or not mortall are foure For they are drawne either from the nature and essence of the disease or from the cause or effects thereof or else from the similitude proportion and comparison of those diseases with the season or present constitution of the times Therefore if wee are called to the cure of a greene wound whose nature and danger is no other but a simple solution of Continuity in the musculous flesh we may presently pronounce that wound to be of no danger and that it will soone be cured But if it have an Vlcer annexed unto it that is if it be sanious then we may say it will be more difficult and long in the curing and so we may pronounce of all diseases taking a signe of their essence and nature But of the signes that are taken of the causes let this bee an example A wound that is made with a sharpe pointed and heavie weapon as with an halbeard being stricken with great violence must be accounted great yea and also mortall if the accidents be correspondent But if the patient fall to the ground through the violence of the stroake if a cholericke vomiting follow thereon if his sight faile him together with a giddinesse if blood come forth at his eyes and nosthrills if distraction follow with losse of memory and sense of feeling we may say that all the hope of life remaineth in one small signe which is to be deduced from the effects of the wound But by the comparing it unto the season that then is and diseases that then assault mans body wee may say that all those that are wounded with gunshot are in danger of death as it happened in the schirmishes at the seige of Roan and at the battall of Saint Denis For at that time whether it were by reason of the fault of the heavens or ayre through the evill humors of mans body and the disturbance of them all wounds that were made by gunshot were for the most part mortall So likewise at certaine seasons of the yeare we see the small pockes and measels breake forth in children as it were by a certaine pestilent contagion to the destruction of children onely inferring a most cruell vomit and laske and in such a season the judgement of those diseases is not difficult But you by the following signes may know what parts are wounded If the patient fall downe with the stroake if he lye senselesse as it were asleepe if he voyde his excrements unwittingly if he be taken with giddinesse if blood come out at his eares mouth and nose and if he vomit choller you may understand that the scull is fractured or pearced through by the defect in his understanding and discourse You also may know when the scull is fractured by the judgement of your externall senses as if by feeling it with your finger you finde it elevated or depressed beyond the naturall limits if by striking it with the end of a probe when the Pericranium or nervous filme that investeth the scull is cut crosse wise and so divided there from it yeeld a base and unperfect sound like unto a pot sheard that is broken or rather like unto an earthen pitcher that hath a cleft or rent therein But we may say that death is at hand if his reason and understanding faile him if he be speechlesse if his sight forsake him if he would tumble headlong out of his bed being not at all able to moove the other parts of his body if he have a continuall feaver if his tongue be blacke with drienesse if the edges of the wound bee blacke or dry and cast forth no sanious matter if they resemble the colour of salted flesh if he have an apoplexie phrensie convulsion or palsie with an involuntarie excretion or absolute supprâ—ssion of the Vrine and excrements You may know that a man hath his throate that is his weason and winde pipe cut First by the sight of his wound and next by the abolishment of the function or office thereof both wayes for the patient can neither speake nor swallow any meate or drinke and the parts that are cut asunder divide themselves by retraction upwards or downewards one from another whereof commeth sodaine or present death You may know that a wound hath peirced into the brest or concavity of the body if the ayre come forth at the wound making a certaine whizzing noyse if the patient breathe with great difficulty if he feele a great heavinesse or weight on or about the midriffe whereby it may be gathered that a great quantity of blood lyeth on the place or midriffe and so causeth him to feele a weight or heavinesse which by little and little will bee cast up by vomiting But a little after a feaver commeth and the breath is unsavory and stinking
by reason that the putrefying blood is turned into sanies the patient cannot lye but on his backe and he hath an often desire to vomit but if hee escape death his wound will degenerate into a Fistula and at length will consume him by little and little We may know that the Lungs are wounded by the foaming and spumous blood comming out both at the wound and cast up by vomiting hee is vexed with a greevous shortnesse of breath and with a paine in his sides We may perceive the Heart to be wounded by the aboundance of blood that commeth out at the wound by the trembling of all the whole body by the faint and small pulse palenesse of the face cold sweate with often swounding coldnesse of the extreame parts and suddaine death When the midriffe which the Latines call Diaphragma is wounded the patient feeleth a great weight in that place he raveth and talketh idlely he is troubled with shortnesse of winde a cough and fit of greevous paine and drawing of the entralls upwards Wherefore when all these accidents appeare we may certainely pronounce that death is at hand Death appeareth sodainely by a wound of the hollow Veine or the great Arterie by reason of the great and violent evacuation of blood and spirits whereby the functions of the Heart and Lungs are stopped and hindred The marrow of the backebone being pierced the patient is assaulted with a Palsie or convulsion very suddainely and sence and motion faileth in the parts beneath it the excrements of the bladder are either evacuated against the patients will or else are altogether stopped When the Liver is wounded much blood commeth out at the wound and pricking paine disperseth it selfe even unto the sword-like gristle which hath its situation at the Lower end of the brest bone called Sternon the blood that falleth from thence downe into the intestines doth oftentimes inferre most maligne accidents yea and sometimes death When the stomacke is wounded the meate and drink come out at the wound there followeth a vomiting of pure choler then commeth sweating and coldnesse of the extreame parts and therefore we ought to prognosticate death to follow such a wound When the milt or spleene is wounded blacke and grosse blood cometh out at the wound the patient will be very thirsty with paine on the left side and the blood breakes forth into the belly and there putrifying causeth most maligne and greevous accidents and often times death to follow When the guts are wounded the whole body is griped and pained the excrements come out at the wound whereat also often times the guts breake forth with great violence When the reines or Kidnyes are wounded the patient will have great paine in making his Vrine and the blood commeth out together therewith the paine commeth downe even unto the groine yard and testicles When the bladder and Vreters are wounded the paine goeth even unto the entralls the parts all about and belonging to the groine are distended the Vrine is bloody that is made and the same also commeth often times out at the wound When the wombe is wounded the blood commeth out at the privities and all other accidents appeare like as when the bladder is wounded When the sinewes are pricked or cut halfe asunder there is great paine in the affected place and there followeth a suddaine inflammation fluxe abscesse feaver convulsion and oftentimes a gangreene or mortification of the part whereof commeth death unlesse it be speedily prevented Having declared the signes and tokens of wounded parts it now remaineth that we set downe other signes of certaine kindes of death that are not common or naturall whereabout when there is great strife and contention made it oftentimes is determined and ended by the judgement of the discreete Physition or Chirurgion Therefore if it chance that a nurse either through drunkennesse or negligence lyes upon her infant lying in bed with her and so stifles or smothers it to death If your judgement be required whether the infant dyed through the default or negligence of the nurse or through some violent or suddaine diseases that lay hidden and lurking in the body thereof You shall finde out the truth of the matter by these signes following For if the infant were in good health before if he were not froward or crying if his mouth and nosethrills now being dead be moystned or bedewed with a certaine foame if his face be not pale but of a Violet or purple colour if when the body is opened the Lungs be found swolne and puffed up as it were with a certaine vaporous foame and all the other entralls found it is a token that the infant was stifled smothered or strangled by some outward violence If the body or dead corpes of a man be found lying in a field or house alone and you be called by a magistrate to deliver your opinion whether the man were slaine by lightning or some other violent death you may by the following signes finde out the certainety hereof For every body that is blasted or striken with lightning doth cast forth or breathe out an unholsome stinking or sulphureous smell so that the birdes or fowles of the ayre nor dogges will not once touch it much lesse prey or feede on it the part that was stricken often times sound and without any wound but if you search it well you shall finde the bones under the skinne to be bruised broken or shivered in peeces But if the lightening hath pierced into the body which making a wound therein according to the judgement of Pliny the wounded part is farre colder than all the rest of the body For lightning driveth the most thinne and fiery ayre before it and striketh it into the body with great violence by the force whereof the heate that was in the part is soone dispersed wasted and consumed Lightening doth alwayes leave some impression or signe of some fire either by ustion or blacknesse for no lightning is without fire Moreover whereas all other living creatures when they are striken with lightening fall on the contrary side onely man falleth on the affected side if hee be not turned with violence toward the coast or region from whence the lightening came If a man bee striken with lightening while he is asleepe hee will be found with eyes open contrarywise if hee be striken while hee is awake his eyes will be closed as Plinie writeth Philip Commines writeth that those bodyes that are stricken with lightning are not subject to corruption as others are Therefore in ancient time it was their custome neither to burne nor bury them for the brimstone which the lightning bringeth with it was unto them in stead of salt for that by the drynesse and fiery heate thereof it did preserve them from putrefaction Also it may be enquired in judgement Whether any that is dead and wounded received these wounds alive or
but common to the Chirurgion with the common people For who is it that is ignorant that contraries are the remedies of contraries and that broken bones must be united by joyning them together but how it must be performed and done this is of Arte and peculiar to a Chirurgion and not knowne to the vulgar Which the Indications drawn from those fountaines we pointed at before aboundantly teaches which as by certaine limits of circumstances encompasse the Indication which is taken from the Essence of the disease lest any should thinke we must trust to that onely For there is some great and principall matter in it but not all For so the meanest of the common people is not ignorant that the solution of continuity is to be cured by repairing that which is lost But in what parts we may hope for restitution of the lost substance and in which not is the part of a skilfull Chirurgion to know and pronounce Wherefore hee will not vainly bestow his labour to cure the Nervous part of the Diaphragma or Midriffe being wounded or the Heart small Gutts Lungs Liver Stomacke braine or bladder and that I may speake in a word Emperickes are not much more skilfull than the common people although they do so much extoll themselves above others by the name of experience For although experience be another instrument to find out things with reason yet without reason it will never teach what the substance of the part in which the disease lyes may be or what the action use site connexion from whence speciall and proper Indications are drawne With which the Chirurgion being provided and instructed shall not onely know by what meanes to finde out a remedye but also lest he may seeme to mocke any with vaine promises he shall discerne what diseases are uncureable and therefore not to be medled withall But implicite or intricate diseases require each to be cured in their severall order except some one of them be desperate or so urge and presse that the Physition think it necessary after a preposterous order to begin with it although often he be forcedto make some one of these diseases incureable or give occasion of causing some new one into which straits we are necessarily compelled to fall when for example we determine to pull or take away some extraneous body for the performance whereof we are compelled to enlarge the wound So we are forced by necessitie to open the necke of the bladder that so we may draw forth the stone therein contained with a wound which often degenerates into an uncurable Fistula For that disease which threatens danger of present death is of such moment that to shun that it may be counted a smal matter and commodious for the sicke to bring in other diseases though uncureable For if a convulsion happen by pricking a Nerve which we cannot heale by any remedies then by cutting the Nerve asunder wee end the convulsion but deprive the part into which that Nerve did goe of the use of some voluntary motion So if in any great joynt there happen a Luxation with a wound because there is danger of convulsion by trying to restore and set right the Luxated part wee are forcte for shunning thereof to attend the wound onely and in the meane time to let alone the Luxation Otherwise in implicite diseases if there be nothing which may urge or call us from the ordinary cure we must observe this order that beginning with that affect which hinders the cure of the principall disease we prosecute the rest in the same and their proper order untill all the diseases being overcome we shall restore the part affected to its integrity Therefore let us take for an example an ulcer in the Leg a Varix or big swollen veine and a Phlegmonous tumor round about it and lastly a body wholy plethoricke and filled with ill humors order and reason require this that using the advise of some learned Physition we prescribe a convenient diet and by what meanes we may bring him to an equality by purging and blood-letting and then we will scarifie in divers places the part where it is most swollen then presently apply Leaches that so we may free it from the burden of the conjunct matter then use Cauteryes to helpe the corruption of the bone and in the meane time change the circular figure of the ulcer into an ovall or triangular then at the length we will undertake the cutting of the Varix and cure the ulcer which remaines according to Arte and so at the length cicatrize it In all this whole time the Patient shall neither walke nor stand nor sit but lye quietly having his Leg orderly and decently rowled up But if as it often happens the temper of the hurt part be different from the temper of the whole body the manner of curing must be so tempered that we increase the Dosis of hot or Cold medicines according to the ratable proportion of the Indications requiring this or that Therefore imagine the part ulcerated to be such as that it is two degrees dryer than the just temper but the whole body to exceed the same temper in one degree of humidity reason and Arte will require that the medicine applyed to the ulcer be dryer by one degree than that which the part would other-wise require if it were temperate but on the contrary let us suppose thus The whole body to be one degree more moist than the temper requires the ulcerated part to be one degree dryer truly in this case the medicine that is applyed to the ulcer by reason of the part it selfe shall not be encreased in drynesse but wholy composed and tempered to the Indication of the ulcer because the force of the moisture exceeding in the like degree doth counterpoise the superfluous degree of drynesse But it is more easie by an artificiall conjecture to determine of all such things than by any rules or precepts To these so many and various Indications I thinke good to add two other the One from similitude the Other of a certaine crafty device and as the latter Physitions terme it of a certaine subtile stratageme We draw Indication from similitude in diseases which newly spring up and arise as which cannot be cured by Indications drawne from their contraries as long as their Essence is unknowne and hid wherfore they thinke it necessary to cure them by a way and Arte like those diseases with which they seeme to have an agreeing similitude of Symptomes and Accidents Our Ancestors did the same in curing the French Pockes at the first beginning thereof as long as they assimulated the cure to that of the Leprosie by reason of that affinity which both the diseases seeme to have But we follow crafty devices and subtile counsells when the Essence of the disease wee meet with is wholy secret and hid either because it is altogether of a hidden and secret nature and
care First of all hee bid they should give him the Patients shirte which hee tore into shreds and peeces which presently framing into a Crosse hee laid upon the wounds whispering some conceived or coined words with a low murmure For all other things hee wished the Patient to rest content and to use what diet hee pleased for hee would doe that for him which truely he did For hee eate nothing but a few Prunes and drunke nothing but small beere yet for all this the wounded Prince died within two dayes the Spaniard slipt away and so scaped hanging And whilest I opened the body in the sight of the Physitions and Chirurgions to embalme him the signes and accidents of the wound did evidently and plainly appeare to be as we had pronounced before And there be also other Iugling companions of this tribe who promise to cure all wounds with linte or Tents either dry or macerated in oyle or water and bound to the wound having murmured over some charme or other who have had sometimes good successe as I can witnesse But the wounds upon which triall was made were simple ones which onely required union or closing for to perfect the cure So verily the bones of beasts when they be broke grow together by the onely benefit of Nature But when the affect shall be compound by diversity of Symptomes as a wound with an ulcer inflammation contusion and fracture of a bone you must hope for no other from Tents or Lints nor charmes than death Therefore the common sort who commit themselves to these Impostors to be cured doe not onely injure themselves but also hurt the Common-wealth and the common profit of the Citizens for whose good and justice sake a prudent Magistrate ought to deprive impostors of all freedome in a free and Christian common-weale Witches Conjurers Diviners Soothsayers Magitians and such like boast of curing many diseases but if they doe or performe any thing in this kind they doe it all by slights subtilties and forbidden Arts as Charmes conjurations Witcheries Characters Knots Magicall Ligatures Rings Images Poysons laces tyed a-crosse and other damnable trickes with which they pollute pervert and defame the prime and sacred Arte of Physick that with the danger of menslives Who certainly are to be banished by the lawes of our country especially seeing it is decreed in Moses Law Let none be found among you that useth witchcraft or a regarder of times or a marker of the flying of Fowles or a Sorcerer or a Charmer or that counselleth with Spirits or a Soothsayer or that asketh counsell at the dead for all that doe such things are abomination to the Lord and because of these abominations the Lord thy God doth cast them out before thee But the Miracles of our Lord Iesus Christ the Sonne of God and of his Saints and Apostles in curing diseases beyond nature and all Arte are of another kind which we ought to beleeve so firmely and constantly that it should be counted an impiety for a Christian to doubt of them All holy writings are full of these as to give sight to the blinde hearing to the deafe power to goe to those sicke of the Palsey to drive forth Devills to cure the Leprosy to give fruitfullnesse to weomen to raise the Dead and performe by the holy Ghost other Miracles which exceed the condition and law of Nature whom here we earnestly intreat to free and protect us from uncleane Divels and the spirits of diabolicall deceit and to give us the minde that we may will and be able alwayes to aspire to Heaven and fasten the hope safety and anchor of all our fortunes in God alone Amen The End of the first Booke THE SECOND BOOKE OF LIVING CREATVRES AND OF THE EXCELLENCY Of Man BEfore I come to speake of the Anatomie of mans body I have thought fit to say a little of the nature of brute Beasts There is betweene beasts a great deale of difference by nature for of these some are hardy and bold others fearefull some wilde and savage others tame some walking in heards others wandring alone some covered and defended with shels and scales as the Crocodile the Tortois and many kinds of fish others have stings and prickles The Horse hath his hard and strong hoofes his crest as being a generous beast beset with a thicke and harsh mane The defence of the magnanimous Lion are his teeth his crooked pawes and taile Bulls are formidable by their hornes the Beare by his tuskes standing out as it were naturall hunting speares The Hare being a timerous creature is naked and unarmed but in recompence thereof nature hath made her nimble and swift of foot For what the more noble and couragious beasts have in armes is supplied in the fearefull by nimblenesse and celerity Infinite are the other endowments of brute beasts and such as can hardly be imagined or described For if wee diligently search into their nature wee shall observe the impressions and shadowes of many vertues as of magnanimitie prudence fortitude clemency and docillitie for they entirely love one another follow those things that are good shunne those that are hurtfull and gather and lay up in store those things that are necessary for life and food Lastly they give undoubted presages of the weather and Aire They have taught men many things and are of a most exquisite and quicke sence of rare Art in vocall musicke prdent and carefull for their young and faithfull lovers of their native soile They are religiously observant of the rights of friendship and chastitie They have their weapons whereby they are prepared both to invade and to defend themselves being invaded they submit themselves to the discipline of man practise and imitate his speech and mutually prattle and chant one to another They have a kind of weale-puklicke amongst themselves and know how to preserve their present welfare and to depell the contrary being in this their owne Counsellors and not tutored by man Yea man is beholden to them for the knowledge of many wholesome things The consideration of which bred so great a doubt amongst the ancient Philosophers that it was a question amongst them whether beasts had use of reason or no Therefore also the wise Salomon sends us for examples of parsimonie and diligence unto the Ant or Pismire and Esaias in exprobration of the people of Israel for their ingratitude and rebellion against God sends them to the Oxe and Asse for they doe not onely know but reverence their Maisters But from whence is the knowledge of these medicines wherewith the Art of Physicke is so richly adorned but from brute beasts as Pliny affirmeth The infallible vertue of the herbe Dictamnus in drawing darts out of the flesh was taught usby the Hart who wounded with the Huntsmans darts or arrowes by meanes hereof drawes out the weapons which remaines sticking in her Which is likewise practised by the Goates of Candie as Aristotle writeth The
it directly to the upper so to shut the mouth But you must note that this muscle is tendinous even to his belly and that it fils and makes both the temples It is more subject to deadly wounds than the rest by reason of the multitude of nerves dispersed over the substance thereof which because they are nere their originall that is the brain◠they inferre danger of suddaine death by a convulsion which usually follows the affects of this muscle but also in like manner it causes a fever the Phrenzy and Coma. The Figure of the chiefe muscles of the Face A. The muscle of the forehead and the right fibers thereof B. The Temporall muscle α. β. γ. his semicircular originall D. The muscle of the upper lip G. The yoake-bone unaer which the temporall muscles passe I. The Masseter or Grinding Muscle K. The upper gristle of the nose M. A muscle forming the cheekes N. The muscle of the lower lip O. A part of the Fifth muscle of the lower Iaw called Digastricus that is double bellied Q. R. The first muscle of the bone Hyoides growing unto the rough Artery S. The second muscle of the bone Hyoides vnder the Chin. T. The third muscle of the bone Hyoides stretched to the law T. K. the seveneth muscle of the head and his insertion at T. V. V. The two venters of the fourth muscle of the hone Hyoides φ. The place where the vessells passe which go to the head and the nerves which are sent to the Arme. Therefore that it should be lesse subject or obvious to externall injuryes Nature hath as it were made it a retiring place in the bone and fortified it with a wall of bone raised somewhat higher about it The other Muscle almost equall to the former in bignes being called the Masseter or grinding muscle makes the Cheeke it descends from the lowest part of the greatest bone of the orbe which bends it selfe as it were back that it may make part of the yoake bone and inserts it selfe into the lower Iaw from the corner thereof to the end of the root of the processe Corone that so it may draw this Iaw forward and backward and move it like a hand-mill Wherefore nature hath composed it of two sorts of fibers of the which some from the neeke the cheek in that place under the eyes standing somewhat out like an aple arising from the concourse of the greater bones of the orbe and upper jaw descend obliquely to the corner and hinder part of the lower jaw that it may move it forwards Othersome arise from the lower part of the same yoak-bone and descending obliquely intersect the former fibers after the similitude of the letter X and insert themselves into the same lower jaw at the roots of the processe Corone that so they may draw it back Truely by reason of these contrary motions it is likely this muscle was called the Masseter or grinder The third which is the round Muscle arises from all the Gums of the upper jaw and is inserted into all the gummes of the lower investing the sides of all the mouth with the coate with which it is covered on the inside being otherwise covered on the outside with more fat than any other muscle The action thereof is not onely to draw the lower Iaw to the upper but also as with a Shovell to bring the meat dispersed over all the mouth under the teeth no otherwise then the tongue drawes it in The fourth being shorter and lesse than the rest arising from all the hollownes of the winged processe of the Wedge-bone is inserted within into the broadest part of the lower Iaw that so in like manner it may draw the same to the upper This is the muscle through whose occasion we said this lower iaw is sometimes dislocated The fifth and last muscle of the lower jaw from the processe styloides of the stony bone ascends to the forepart of the Chin nere to the connexion of the two bones of this Iaw to draw this Iaw downewards from the upper in opening the mouth This muscle is slender and Tendinous in the midst that so it might be the stronger but it is fleshy at the ends All these Muscles were made by the singular providence of nature and ingrafted into this part for the performance of many uses and actions as biting asunder chawing grinding and severing the meat into small particles which the tongue by a various and harmelesse motion puts under the teeth Thus much I thought good to say of the parts of the face as well containing as contained The Figure of the Muscles of the lower Iaw A. A hole in the forehead bone in the brimme of the seate of the eye sending a small nerve of the third paire to the muscles of the fore-head and the upper eye-brow B. The Temporall muscle CHAP. X. Of the Eares and Parotides or kernels of the Eares THe Eares are the Organs of the Sense of hearing They are composed of the skin a little flesh a gristle veines arteries and nerves They may be bended or folded in without harme because being gristlely they easily yeild and give way but they would not doe so if they should be bony but would rather break That lap at which they hang pendants and lewels is by the ancients called Fibra but the upper part pinna They have beene framed by the providence of nature into twining passages like a Snailes shell which as they come neerer to the foramen caecum or blind hole are the more straitened that so they might the better gather the aire into them conceive the differences of sounds and voices and by little and little leade them to the membrane This membrane which is indifferently hard hath growne up from the nerves of the fifth conjugation which they call the auditory But they were made thus into crooked windings least the sounds rushing in too violently should hurt the sense of hearing Yet for all this we oft find it troubled and hurt by the noise of thunder Guns and Bels. Other wise also lest that the aire too sodainely entring in should by its qualitys as cold cause some harme and also that little creeping things and other extraneous bodys as fleas the like should be staied in these windings and turnings of the waies the glutinous thicknes of the cholerick excrement or eare-waxe hereunto also conduceing which the braine purges and sends forth into this part that is the auditory passage framed into these intricate Maeanders The Figure of the eares and bones of the auditory passage Tab 10. sheweth the eares and the divers internall parts thereof Fig. 1. sheweth the whole external eare with a part of the Temple bone Fig. 2. sheweth the left bone of the Temple divided in the middest by the instrument of hearing whereabout on either side there are certaine passages heere particularly described Fig. 3 and 4. sheweth the three little Bones Fig. 5. sheweth
alimentary juice to the braine wanting marrow that is blood to nourish it as we have formerly shewed in our Anatomie But from hence proceeds the effluxe of blood running betweene the scull and membraines or else betweene the membraines and braine the blood congealing there causeth vehement paine and the eyes become blinde vomitting is caused the mouth of the stomacke suffering together with the braine by reason of the Nerves of the sixt conjugation which runne from the braine thither and from thence are spread over all the capacitie of the ventricle whence becomming a partaker of the offence it contracts it selfe and is presently as it were overturned whence first these things that are conteined therein are expelled and then such as may flow or come thither from the neighbouring and communne parts as the Liver and Gall from all which choler by reason of its naturall levity and velocity is first expelled and that in greatest plenty and this is the true reason of that vomiting which is caused and usually followes upon fractures of the scull and concussions of the Braine Within a short while after inflammation seizes upon the membranes and braine it selfe which is caused by corrupt and putrid blood proceeding from the vessels broken by by the violence of the blow and so spread over the substance of the braine Such inflammation communicated to the heart and whole body by the continuation of the parts causes a feaver But a feaver by altering the braine causes Doting to which if stupidity succeed the Patient is in very ill case according to that of Hippocrates Stupidity and doting are ill in a wound or blow upon the head But if to these evills a sphacell and corruption of the braine ensue together with a 〈◊〉 difficulty of breathing by reason of the disturbance of the Animall facâ—… which from the braine imparts the power of moving to the muscles of the Chest the instruments of respiration then death must necessarily follow A great part of these accidents appeared in King Henry of happy memory a little before he dyed He having set in order the affaires of France and entred into amitie with the neighbouring Princes desirous to honour the marriages of his daughter and sister with the famous and noble exercise of Tilting and hee himselfe running in the Tilt-yard with a blunt lance received so great a stroake upon his brest that with the violence of the blow the visour of his helmet flew up and the trunchion of the broken Lance hit him above the left eye-brow and the musculous skinne of the fore-head was torne even to the lesser corner of the left eye many splinters of the same trunchion being strucke into the substance of the fore mentioned eye the bones being not touched or broken but the braine was so moved and shaken that he dyed the eleaventh day after the hurt His scull being opened after his death there was a great deale of blood found betweene the Dura and Pia Mater poured forth in the part opposite to the blow at the middle of the suture of the hinde part of the head and there appeared signes by the native colour turned yellow that the substance of the braine was corrupted as much as one might cover with ones thumbe Which things caused the death of the most Christian King and not onely the wounding of the eye as many have falsly thought For wee have seene many others who have not dyed of farre more greevous wounds in the eye The history of the Lord Saint Iohns is of late memory he in the Tilt-yarde made for that time before the Duke of Guises house was wounded with a splinter of a broken Lance of a fingers length and thicknesse through the visour of his Helmet it entring into the Orbe under the eye and peircing some three fingers bredth deepe into the head by my helpe and Gods favour hee recovered Valeranus and Duretus the Kings Physitions and Iames the Kings Chirurgion assisting me What shall I say of that great and very memorable wound of Prancis of Loraine the Duke of Guise He in the sight of the Citty of Bologne had his head so thrust thorough with a Lance that the point entring under his right eye by his nose came out at his necke betweene his eare and the vertebrae the head or Iron being broken and left in by the violence of the stroke which stuck there so firmely that it could not be drawn or plucked forth without a paire of Smiths pincers But although the strength violence of the blow was so great that it could not be without a fracture of the bones a tearing and breaking of the Nerves Veines Arteries and other parts yet the generous Prince by the favour of God recovered By which you may learne that many die of small wounds and other recover of great yea very large and desperate ones The cause of which events is chiefly and primarily to be attributed to God the author and preserver of mankinde but secondarily to the variety and condition of temperaments And thus much of the commotion or conclussion of the braine whereby it happens that although all the bone remaines perfectly whole yet some veines broken within by the stroake may cast forth some bloud upon the membranes of the braine which being there concreate may cause great paine by reason whereof it blindes the eyes if so be that the place can be found against which the paine is and when the skinne is opened the bone looke pale it must presently be cut out as Celsus hath written Now it remaines that we tell you how to make your prognostickes in all the forementioned fractures of the scull CHAP. X. Of Prognostickes to be made in fractures of the scull VVEE must not neglect any wounds in the head no not these which cut or bruise but onely the hairy scalpe but certainely much lesse these which are accompanied by a fracture in the scull for oft times all horride symptomes follow upon them and consequently death it selfe especially in bodies full of ill humors or of an ill habite such as are these which are affected with the Lues venerea leprosie dropsie Pthisicke and consumption for in these simple wounds are hardly or never cured for union in the cure of wounds but this is not performed unlesse by strength of nature and sufficient store of laudible blood but those which are sicke of hecticke feavers and consumptions want store of blood and those bodies which are repleate with ill humors and of an ill habite have no affluxe or plenty of laudible blood but all of them want the strength of nature the reason is almost the same in those also which are lately recovered of some disease Those wounds which are brused are more difficult to cure than those which are cut When the scul is broken than the continuity of the flesh lying over it must necessarily be hurt broken unlesse it be in a Resoâ—itus
The bones of children are more soft thin and replenished with a sanguine humidity than those of old men and therefore more subject to putrefaction Wherefore the wounds which happen to the bones of children though of themselves and their owne nature they may be more easily healed because they are more soft whereby it comes to passe that they may bee more easily agglutinated neither is there fit matter wanting for their agglutination by reason of the plenty of blood laudible both in consistence and quality than in old men whose bones are dryer and harder and so resist union which comes by mixture and their bloud is serous and consequently a more unfit bond of unitie and aggluâ—ination yet oft times through occasion of the symptomes which follow upon them that is putrefaction and corruption which sooner arise in a hot and moyst body and are more speedily encreased in a soft and tender they usually are more suspected and difficult to heale The Patient lives longer of a deadly fracture in the scull in Winter than in Summer for that the native heat is more vigorous in that time than in this besides also the humors putrifie sooner in Summer because unnaturall heat is then easily enflamed and more predominant as many have observed out of Hippocrates The Wounds of the braine and of the Meninges or membranes thereof are most commonly deadly because the action of the muscles of the chest and others serving for respiration is divers times disturbed intercepted whence death insues If a swelling happening upon a wound of the head presently vanish away it is an ill signe unlesse there be some good reason therefore as blood-letting purging or the use of resolving locall medicines as may be gathered by Hippocrates in his Aphorismes If a feaver ensue presently after the beginning of a wound of the head that is upon the fourth or seaventh day which usually happens you must judge it to bee occasioned by the generating of Pus or Matter as it is recited by Hippocrates Neither is such a feaver so much to be feared as that which happens after the seaventh day in which time it ought to be determinated but if it happen upon the tenth or foureteenth day with cold or shaking it is dangerous because it makes us conjecture that there is putrefaction in the braine the Meninges or scull through which occasion it may arise chiefely if other signes shall also concurre which may shew any putrifaction as if the wound shall be pallide and of a faint yellowish colour as flesh lookes after it is washed For as it is in Hippocrates Aphoris 2. sect 7. It is an ill signe if the flesh looke livide when the bone is affected for that colour portends the extinction of the heate through which occasion the lively or indifferently red colour of the part faints and dyes and the flesh there abouts is dissolved into a viscide Pus or filth Commonly another worse affect followes hereon wherein the wound becomming withered and dry lookes like salted flesh sends forth no matter is livide and blacke whence you may conjecture that the bone is corrupted especially if it become rough whereas it was formerly smooth and plaine for it is made rough when Caries or corruption invades it but as the Caries encreases it becomes livide and blacke sanious matter withall sweating out of the Diploe as I have observed in many all which are signes that the native heat is decayed and therefore death at hand but if such a feaver be occasioned from an Erysipelos which is either present or at hand it is usually lesse terrible But you shall know by these signes that the feaver is caused by an Erysipelas confluxe of cholericke matter if it keepe the forme of a Tertian if the fit take them with coldnes and end in a sweat if it be not terminated before the cholerike matter is either converted into Pus or else resolved if the lips of the wound be somwhat swollne as also all the face if the eyes be red and fiery if the necke and chappes bee so stiffe that he can scarse bend the one or open the other if there be great excesse of biting and pricking paine and heate and that farre greater than in a Phlegmon For such an Erysipelous disposition generated of thinne and hot blood chiefely assailes the face and that for two causes The first is by reason of the naturall levity of the cholericke humor the other because of the rarity of the skinne of these parts The cure of such an affect must be performed by two meanes that is evacuation and cooling with humectation If choler alone cause this tumor we must easily bee induced to let blood but we must purge him with medicines evacuating choler If it be an Erisipelas phlegmonodes you must draw blood from the Cephalicke veine of that side which is most affected alwayes using advise of a phisition Having used these generall meanes you must apply refrigerating and humecting things such as are the juice of Night-shade Housleeke Purslaine Lettuce Navell wort Water Lentill or Ducks-meate Gourdes a liniment made of two handfulls of Sorrel boiled in faire water then beaten and drawne through a searse with ointment of Roses or some vnguent Populeon added thereto will bee very commodious Such and the like remedies must be often and so long renued untill the unnaturall heat be extinguished But we must be carefull to abstaine from all unctuous and oyly thing because they may easily be enflamed and so increase the disease Next we must come to resolving medicines but it is good when anything comes from within to without but on the contrary it is ill when it returnes from without inwards as experience and the Authority of Hippocrates testifie If when the bone shall become purulent pustles shall breake out on the tongue by the dropping downe of the acride filth or matter by the holes of the pallate upon the tongue which lyes under Now when this symptome appeares few escape Also it is deadly when one becomes dumbe and stupid that is Apolecticke by a stroake or wound on the head for it is a signe that not onely the bone but also the braine it selfe is hurt But oft times the hurt of the Braine proceedes so farre that from corruption it turnes to a Sphacell in which case they all have not onely pustles on their tongues but some of them dye stupide and mute othersome with a convulsion of the opposite part neither as yet have I observed any which have dyed with either of these symptomes by reason of a wound in the head who have not had the substance of their braine tainted with a Sphacell as it hath appeared when their sculls haue beene opened after their death CHAP. XI Why when the braine is hurt by a wound of the head there may follow a Convulsion of the opposite part MAny have to this day enquired but as yet as farre as I know
the Chest For some thinke that such wounds must bee closed up and cicatrized with all possible speed least the cold ayre come to the heart and the vitall spirits flye away and bee dissipated Others on the contrary thinke that such wounds ought to be long kept open and also if they be not sufficiently large of themselves that then they must be enlarged by Chirurgery that so the blood powred forth into the capacity of the Chest may have passage forth which otherwise by delay would putrefie whence wound ensue an increase of the feaver a fistulous ulcer and other pernicious accidents The first opinion is grounded upon reason and truth if so bee that there is little or no blood poured forth into the capacity of the Chest But the latter takes place where there is much more blood contained in the empty spaces of the Chest Which least I may seeme rashly to determine I thinke it not amisse to ratifie each opinion with a history thereto agrecable Whilest I was at Turin Chirurgion to the Marshall of Montejan the King of France his Generall I had in cure a souldier of Paris whose name was L'evesque he served under captaine Renouart He had three wounds but one more greevous than the rest went under the right brest some what deepe into the capacity of the Chest whence much blood was poured forth upon the midriffe which caused such difficulty of breathing that it even tooke away the liberty of his speech besides though this occasion he had a vehement feaver coughed up blood and a sharpe paine on the wounded side The Chirurgion which first drest him had so bound up the wound with a straite and thicke suture that nothing could flow out thereat But I being called the day after and weighing the present symptomes which threatned speedy death judged that the sowing of the wound must straight be loosed which being done there instantly appeared a clot of blood at the orifice thereof which made mee to cause the patient to lye halfe out of his bed with his head downewards and to stay his hands on a settle which was lower than the bed and keeping himselfe in this posture to shut his mouth and nose that so his lungs should swell the midriffe be stretched forth and the intercostall muscles and those of the Abdomen should be compressed that the blood powred into the Chest might be evacuated by the wound but also that this excrescion might succeede more happily I thrust my finger some-what deepe into the wound that so I might open the Orifice thereof being stopped up with the congealed blood and certainely I drew out some seaven or eight ounces of putrified and stinking blood by this meanes When he was layd in his bed I caused frequent injections to be made into the wound of a decoction of Barly with honey of Roses and red Sugar which being injected I wisht him to turne first on the one and then on the other side and then againe to lye out of his bed as before for thus he evacuated small but very many clots of blood together with the liquor lately injected which being done the symptomes were mittigated and left him by little and little The next day I made another more detergent injection adding thereto worme-wood centaury and Aloes but such a bitternesse did rise up to his mouth together with a desire to cast that he could not longer endure it Then it came into my mind that formerly I had observed the like effect of the like remedy in the Hospitall of Paris in one who had a fistulous ulcer in his Chest Therefore when I had considered with my selfe that such bitter things may easily passe into the Lungs and so may from thence rise into the Weazon and mouth I determined that thence forwards I would never use such bitter things to my patients for the use of them is much more troublesome than any way good and advantagious But at the length this patient by this and the like meanes recovered his health beyond my expectation But on the contrary I was called on a time to a certaine Germaine gentleman who was runne with a sword into the capacity of his Chest the neighbouring Chirurgion had put a great tent into the wound at the first dressing which I made to bee taken forth for that I certainly understood there was no blood powred forth into the capacity of the Chest because the patient had no feaver no weight upon the diaphragma nor spitted forth any blood Wherefore I cured him in few dayes by onely dropping in some of my balsame and laying a plaster of Diacalcitheos upon the wound The like cure I have happily performed in many others To conclude this I eare boldly affirme that wounds of the Chest by the too long use of tents degenerate into Fistula's Wherefore if you at any time shall undertake the cure of wounds which penetrate into the capacity of the Chest you shall not presently shut them up at the first dressing but keep them open for two or three dayes but when you shall finde that the patient is troubled with no or very little paine and that the midriffe is pressed downe with no weight and that he breathes freely then let the tent be taken forth and the wound healed up as speedily as you can by covering it onely with lint dipped in some balsame which hath a glutinative faculty and layd some what broader than the wound never apply liniments to wounds of this kinde lest the patient by breathing draw them into the capacity of the Chest Wherefore also you must have a care that the tent put into those kindes of wounds may be fastened to the Pledgets and also have somewhat a large head lest they should be drawne as we sayd into the capacity of the Chest for if they fall in they will cause putrifaction and death Let Emplast Diacalcitheos or some such like bee applyed to the wound But if on the contrary you know by proper and certaine signes that there is much blood fallen into the spaces of the Chest then let the orifice of the wound bee kept open with larger tents untill all the Sanies or bloody matter wherein the blood hath degenerated shall bee exhausted But if it happen at any time as assuredly it sometimes doth that notwithstanding the Art and care of the Physition the wound degenerates into a Fistula then the former evill is become much worse For Fistula's of the Chest are scarse cured at any time and that for divers causes The first is for that the muscles of the Chest are in perpetuall motion Another is because they on the contrary inside are covered onely with the membrane investing the ribbes which is without blood The third is for that the wound hath no stay by meanes whereof it may be compressed sowed and bound whereby the lips being joyned together the wound may at length be replenished with flesh and cicatrized But the reason
raised up by putting a pillow under them If the upper part be hurt then must he lye quite contrary that the Guts falling downe-wards by such a site may give way to these which are fallne out through the wound But often in this case the Guts having taken cold by the encompassing aire swell up are distended with winde the which you must discusse before you put them into their place with a fomentation of the decoction of camomill melilote aniseeds and fennell applyed with a spunge or contained in a bladder or else with chickens or whelpes cut alive in the midst and layd upon the swelling for thus they doe not onely discusse the flatulency but also comfort the afflicted part But if the inflation cannot thus be discussed the wound shall be dilated that so the Guts may returne the more freely to their place If the Kall shall fall out it must be speedily restored to its place for it is very subject to putrifie for the fat whereof for the most part it consists being exposed to the aire easily looses its native heate which is small and weake whence a mortification ensues Hence is that of Hippocrates If the Kall fall out it necessarily putrifies The Chirurgion shall know whether it putrifie or not by the blacknesse and the coldnesse you may perceive by touching it neither must you when it putrifies presently restore it to its place for so the contagion of the putrifaction would spread to the rest of the parts but what soever thereof is putrefied shall be twitched and bound hard with a string and so cut off and the rest restored to his proper place but its good after cutting of it away to leave the string still hanging thereat that so you may plucke and draw forth whatsoever thereof may by being too straight bound fall away into the capacity of the belly Some thinke it to be better to let the Kall thus bound to hang forth untill that portion thereof which is putrified fall away of itselfe and not to cut it off But they are much deceived for it hanging thus would not cover the guts which is the proper place The Guts and Kall being put up if the wound be great and worth speaking of it must be sowed with that future which is termed Gastroraphia but this kind of future is thus made The needle at the first putting in must onely take hold of the peritonaeum then on the opposite side onely of the flesh letting the peritonaeum alone and so goe along putting the needle from without inwards and from within outwards but so that you onely take the musculous flesh and skinne over it and then onely the peritonaeum untill you have sowed up all the wound Hee which doth otherwise shall undergoe this danger that whereas the coate peritonaeum is of it selfe without blood it being devided or wounded cannot of it selfe be united to it selfe therefore it requires an intercourse of flesh otherwise unlesse it be thus united by the benefit of the flesh intermixed therewith there would remaine an uncurable Tumour after the wound is cicatrized on the outside But that which wee sayd before according to Galens minde that all the wounds must be sowed it is not so to be taken as if that the wound must be sowed up to the very end for in the lower part of the wound there must be left a certaine small vent by which the quitture may passe forth which being wholly clensed and exhausted the wound must be quite healed up But the wounds which shall penetrate into the substance of the liver spleene ventricles and other bowells the Chirurgion shall not suffer them to be without medicines as if they were desperate but here shall spare neither labour nor care to dresse them diligently For doubtfull hope is better than certaine despaire The bladder wombe and right gut being wounded detergent and agglutinative injections shall be put up by their proper passages I have read nothing as yet in any author of the wounds of the Fat for all of them referre the cure thereof to the wounds of the Muscles Yet I will say this by the way that wounds of the fat how deepe soever they be if they be onely simple may be dressed without putting in of any Tent but onely dropping in some of my balsame and then laying upon it a plaister of Cratia Dei or some such like for so they will heale in a short time CHAP. XXXV Of the Wounds of the Groines Yard and Testicles WHen the Groines and neighbouring parts are wounded we must first consider whether they pierce to within and if they doe penetrate to what inward parts the come whether to the bladder the wombe or right gut for these parts are such neare neighbours that oft times they are all wounded with one blow But for the wounds of the Testicles and genitall parts because they are necessary instruments for the preserving the species by generation or a succession of individualls and to keepe all things quiet at home therefore the Chirurgion ought to be very diligent and carefull for their preservation Wherefore if they should chance at any time to be wounded they shall be dressed as we have formerly delivered the medicines being varyed according to the state of the wound and the appearing and happening symptomes for it would be a thing of immense labour to handle all things in particular CHAP. XXXVI Of the Wounds of the Thighes and Legges WOunds which have beene received on the inside of the Thighes have often caused suddaine death if they have come to the veine Saphena or the great Artery or the Nerves the associates of these vessells But when they are simple there is nothing which may alter the usuall manner of cure Yet the patient must be carefull to lye in his bed for the vulgar Italian proverbe is true La mano al petto la gamba al letto that is the hand on the breast and the legge on the bed But when they penetrate more deepely into the substance of the part they bring horrid and fearefull symptomes as an inflammation an abscesse from whence oft times such aboundance of matter issues forth that the Patient falls into an Atrophia and consumption Wherefore such wounds and ulcers require a carefull and industrious Chirurgion who may fitly make incisions necessary for the corrupt parts and callosity of the fistulous ulcer Some Chirurgions have beene so bold as to sowe together the end of the Tendons of the Ham and of other joynts when they have beene quite cut asunder But I durst never attempt it for feare of paine convulsions and the like horrid symptomes For the wounds of that large Tendon which is composed in the calfe of the Legge by the concourse of three muscles and goes to the heele I have observed that when it hath beene cut with a sword that the wounds have beene long and hard to cure and besides when at the last they have beene
healed as soone as the Patient hath got out of his bed and endeavoured to goe they have growne ill and broke open againe Wherefore in such like wounds let the Patient have a care that he begin not to goe or too boldly to use his hurt leg before it be perfectly cicatrized and the scarre growne hard Therefore that the patient may be in more safety I judge it altogether necessary that he use to goe with Crutches for a good while after the wound is perfectly healed up CHAP. XXXVII Of the Wounds of the Nerves and nervous parts THe continuity of the nervous parts is divers wayes loosed by the violent incursion of externall things as by things which contuse batter and grinde in sunder as by the blow of a stone cudgell hammer lance bullet out of a gun or crossebow by the biting of greater teeth or the pricking of some sharpe thing as a needle bodkin penknife arrow splinter or the puncture of some venemous thing as of a Sea Dragon or the edge of some cutting thing as a sword or Rapier or of stretching things which violently teare asunder the nervous bodies Hence therefore it is that of such wounds some are simple others compound and the compound some more compound than other For of these some are superficiary and short others deepe and long some runne alongst the nervous body others runne broadwayes some cut the part quite asunder others onely a portion thereof The symptomes which follow upon such wounds are vehement paine and de fluxion inflammation abscesse feaver delirium sowning convulsion gangrene sphacell whence often death ensues by reason of that sympathy which all the nervous parts have with the braine Amongst all the wounds of the nervous parts there is none more to be feared than a puncture or pricke nor any which causeth more cruell and dangerous symptomes For by reason of the straitnesse of the wound medicines can neyther be put in nor the sanious matter passe forth now the sanious matter by long stay acquires virulencie whereby the nervous parts are tainted and swollne suffer paine inflammation convulsions and infinite other symptomes of these the wounds are most dangerous by which the nervous and membranous bodies are but halfe cut asunder For the portion whereof which remaines whole by its drawing and contracting its selfe towards the originall causeth great paine and convulsion by sympathy The truth hereof is evident in wounds of the head as when the pericranium is halfe cut or when it is cut to apply a Trepan For the cutting thereof infers farre greater paine than when it is cut quite asunder Wherefore it is safer to have the nervous body cut quite off for so it hath no cōmunity nor consent with the upper parts neither doth it labour or strive to resist the contraction of its selfe now this contrariety and as it were fight is the cause of paine yet there arises another misery from such a wound for the part whereinto the nerve which is thus cut insunder passes thence forwards looseth its action CHAP. XXXVIII Of the cure of wounds of the nervous parts IT is the ancient doctrine of the ancient Phisitions that the wounds of the nervous parts should not presently be agglutinated which notwithstanding the generall and first indication usually taken from the solution of continuity requires but rather chiefely if they be too straite that the punctures should be dilated by cutting the parts which are above them and let them be kept long open that the fifth may passe freely forth and the medicine enter well in Yet I in many cures have not followed this counsell but rather that which the common indication requires That cure is in fresh memory which I performed upon Monsieur le Cocque a Procter of the spirituall court who dwelt in our Ladies streete he gathering and binding up some loose papers run a penknife which was hid amongst them through his hand Also one of his neighbours who went to spit a piece of beefe thrust the spit through the midst of his hand But I presently agglutinated both their wounds without any danger dropping presently in at the first dressing a little of my balsame warme putting about it a repelling astringent medicine by this meanes they were both of them healed in a short time no symptome thereupon happening Yet I would not have the young Chirurgion to run this hazard for first he must be well practised and accustomed to know the tempers and ha◠its of men for this manner of curing would not doe well in a plethoricke body or in a body replete with ill humours or endued with exquisite sense Therefore in such a case it will be safer to follow the course here set downe For wounds of the nerves doe not onely differ from other wounds but also among themselves in manner of curing For although all medicines which draw from farre and waste sanious humors may be reputed good for the wounds of the nerves yet those which must be applyed to punctures and to those nerves which are not wholly laid open ought to be far more powerfull sharpe and drying yet so that they be not without biting that so penetrating more deepe they may draw forth the matter or else consume and discusse that which eyther lies about the nerves or moistens their substance On the contrary when the sinewes are bared from flesh and the adjoyning particles they stand in neede but of medicines which may onely dry Here you may furnish your selves with sufficient store of medicins good for the nerves howsoever pricked As ℞ Terebinth ven olei veteris an ℥ j. aquae vitae parum Or ℞ olei Terebinth ℥ j. vitaeʒj euphorb ʒss Or ℞ radices Dracotia Brionia valeriana gentiana exsiccatas in pulverem redactas misce cum decocto centaurij aut oleo aut exungia veteri drop hereof warme into the wound as much as shall suffice Or else put some Hogges Goose Capons or Beares grease old oile oile of Lillyes or the like to Galbanum pure Rozin opopanax dissolved in aqua vitae and strong vinegar Or ℞ olei hypericonis sambuci de euphorbio an ℥ j. sutphuris vivi subtiliter pulverisati ℥ ss gummi ammoniaci bdellij an ʒij aceti boni ℥ ij vermium terrest praeparat ℥ j. bulliant omnia simul ad consumptionem aceti Let as much hereof as shall suffice be dropped into the wound then apply this following cerate which drawes very powerfully ℞ olei suprà scripti ℥ j. terebinth venet ℥ ss diachylonis albi cum gummi ʒx ammoniac bdellij in aceto dissolutorum an ʒij resin pint gum elemi picis navalis an ʒv cerae quod sufficit fiat ceracum satis molle We must use somewhiles one somewhiles another of these medicines in punctures of the Nerves with choise and judgement according to their conditions manner depth and the temperaments and habit of the wounded bodies But if
effects of winters qualities that is of cold and moisture yet by such order and providence of nature that although according to the varieties of seasons our bodies may be variously altered yet shall they receive no detriment thereby if so be that the seasons reteine their seasonablenesse from whence if they happen to digresse they raise and stirre up great perturbations both in our bodies and mindes whose malice we can scarse shunne because they encompasse us on every hand and by the law of nature enter together with the aire into the secret cabinets of our bodies both by occult and manifest passages For who is he that doth not by experience finde both for the commodity and discommodity of his health the various effects of winds wherewith the aire is commixt according as they blow from this or that Region or Quarter of the world Wherefore seeing that the South winde is hot and moist the North wind cold and dry the East wind cleare and fresh the West winde cloudy it is no doubt but that the aire which we draw in by inspiration carries together therewith into the bowells the qualities of that winde which is then prevalent When wee reade in Hippocrates that changes of times whether they happen by different windes or vicissitude of seasons chiefly bring diseases For northerly winds doe condense and strengthen our bodies and makes them active well coloured and daring by resuscitating and vigorating the native heare But southerne windes resolve and moisten our bodies make us heavy headed dull the hearing cause giddinesse and make the eyes and body lesse agile as the Inhabitants of Narbon finde to their great harme who are otherwise ranked among the most active people of France But if wee would make a comparison of the seasons and constitutions of a yeare by Hippocrates decree Droughts are more wholesome and lesse deadly than Raines I judge for that too much humiditie is the mother of putrifaction as you learne by these countries which are blowne upon by a winde from Sea For in these flesh which is kept for foode putrefies in the space of an houre and such ulcers as in other places are easily and quickly healed doe there by the conflux and collection of matter become inveterate and contumacious Therefore as when the seasons of the yeare successively fall out agreeable to their nature and when each season is seasonable then either we are not sicke at all or assuredly with lesse danger So on the contrary the perfect constitution and health of our bodies becomes worse and decaies when the seasons of the yeare are depraved and perverted in time and temper Now seeing that these many yeares the foure seasons of the yeare have wanted their seasonablenesse the summer wanting his usuall heate and the winter its cold and all things by moisture and the dominion of the southerne windes have beene humid and languide I thinke there is none so ignorant in naturall Philosophie and Astrologie who will not thinke that the causes of the malignitie and contumacie of those deseases which have so long afflicted all France are not to bee attributed to the aire and Heavens For otherwise whence have so many pestilent and contagious diseases tirannized over so many people of every age sex and condition whence have so many catarrhes coughs and heavinesses of the head so many pleurisies tumors small poxes meazells and Itches not admitting of digestion and remedies prescribed by Art Whence have we had so many venemous creatures as Toades Grashoppers Caterpillers Spiders Waspes Hornets Beetles Snailes Vipers Snakes Lizards Scorpions and Efts or Nutes unlesse from excessive putrefaction which the humidity of the aire our native heate being liquid and dull hath caused in us and the whole kingdome of France Hence also proceedes the infirmity of our native heate and the corruption of the blood and humors whereof we consist which the rainy Southwind hath caused with its sultry heate Wherefore in these last yeares I have drawne little blood which hath not presently shewed the corruption of its substance by the blacke or greenish colour as I have diligently observed in all such as I have bled by the direction of Physitions either for prevention of future or cure of present diseases Whence it comes to passe that the fleshy substance of our bodies could not but be faulty both in temper and consistence seeing that the blood whence it is generated had drawne the seeds of corruption from the defiled aire Whence it fell out that the wounds which happened with losse of substance could be scarse healed or united because of the depraved nature of the blood For so the wounds and ulcers of these which are troubled with the Dropsie whose blood is more cold or wholly waterish so of Leprous persons whose blood is corrupt and lastly of all such as have their bodies replete with ill juice or else are Cachecticke will not easily admit of cure Yea assuredly if but the very part which is hurt swerve from its native temper the wound will not easily bee cured Therefore seeing all these things both the putrefaction of the Aire and depraved humors of the body and also the distemper of the affected parts conspired together to the destruction of the wounded what marvaile was it if in these late civill warres the wounds which were for their quantity small for the condition of the wounded parts but little have caused so many and grievous accidents and lastly death it selfe Especially seeing that the Aire which encompasseth us tainted with putrefaction corrupts and defiles the wounds by inspiration and expiration the body and humours being already disposed or inclined to putrefaction Now there came such a stincke which is a most assured signe of putresaction from these wounds when they were dressed that such as stood by could scarse endure it neither could this stinke bee attributed to the want of dressing or fault of the Chirurgion for the wounds of the Princes and Nobility stunke as ill as these of the common Souldiers And the corruption was such that if any chanced to bee undrest for one day which sometimes happened amongst such a multitude of wounded persons the next day the wound would be full of wormes Besides also which furthermore argues a great putrifaction of humors many had Abscesses in parts opposite to their wounds as in the left knee when as the right shoulder was wounded in the left arme when as the right Leg was hurt Which I remember befell the King of Navarre the Duke of Nevers the Lord Rendan and divers others For all men had nature so overcharged with abundance of vicious humors that if it expelled not part thereof by impostumes to the habite of the body it certainly otherwise disposed of it amongst the inner parts of the body for in dissecting dead bodies wee observed that the Spleene Liver Lungs and other Bowells were purulent and hence it was that the patients by reason of vapours sent from them to
the heart were troubled with continuall feavers But the Liver and all the veinous parts being polluted and so the generation of the laudible blood hindred they languished for want of fitting nourishment But when the Braine by vapours was drawne in to sympathize with the rest they were molested with Ravings and Convulsions Wherefore if any thing succeeded unprosperously in so great malignancie of wounds the Chirurgion was not to be blamed for that it were a crime to fight against God and the Aire wherein the hidden scourges of the divine justice lye hid Therefore if according to the minde of the great Hippocrates who commands to bring all contused wounds to suppuration that so they may be healed wee endeavoured to cure with such medicines wounds made with Gunshot and therefore contused who can rightly be angry with us if we performed it not so well by reason of these putrifactions gangreens and mortifications which proceeded from the corrupt Aire for all that we used not onely suppuratives but were oft times forced to use other medicines so long turning aside from the cure of the disease untill we had orecome the symptomes which much endanger the patient and customarily happen upon such wounds as also upon those which are made with a sword or any other kind of weapon As shall plainly appeare in the following treatise to which it now seemes high time that we betake our selves CHAP. I. A division of wounds drawne from the variety of the wounded parts and the Bullets which wound ALl wounds which are made in mans body by Gunshot whether simple or compound are accompanied with contusion dilaceration distemper and swelling I say all these possesse eyther the noble parts or ignoble the fleshy nervous or bony some whiles with rending and tearing asunder the larger vessells sometimes without harming them Now these wounds are onely superficiary or else peirce deepe and passe quite through the body But there is also another division of these wounds taken from the variety of the Bullets wherewith they are made For some bullets are bigger some lesse some betweene both they are usually made of Lead yet sometimes of Steele Iron Brasse Tinne scarse any of Silver much lesse of Gold There arises no difference from their figure for almost all kinds of wounds of this nature are round From these differences the Chirurgion must take his Indications what to doe and what medicines to apply The first care must be that he thinke not these horrid and maligne symptomes which usually happen upon these kinds of wounds to arise from combustion or poyson carried with the Bullet into the wounded part and that for these reasons we have formerly handled at large But rather let him judge they proceede from the vehemencie of the contusion dilaceration and fracture caused by the Bullets too violent entry into the nervous and bony bodies For if at any time the bullet shall onely light upon the fleshy parts the wounds will be as easily cured as any other wound usually is which is made with a contusing and round kind of weapon as I have often found by frequent experience whilest I have followed the warres and performed the part of a Chirurgion to many Noble-men and common Souldiers according to the counsell of such Physitions as were there overseers of the cure CHAP. II. Of the signes of wounds made by Gunshot WOunds made by Gunshot are knowne by their figure which is usually round by their colour as when the native colour of the part decayes and in stead thereof a livid greenish violet or other colour succeeds by the feeling or sense of the stroke when in the very instant of the receiving thereof hee feeles a heavy sense as if some great stone or peice of Timber or some such other weightything had falne upon it by the small quantity of blood which issues out thereat for when the parts are contused within some small while after the stroake they swell up so that they will scarse admit a Tent whence it is that the blood is stopped which otherwise would flow forth of the orifice of the wound by heate which happens eyther by the violentnesse of the motion or the vehement impulsion of the aire or the attrition of the contused parts as the flesh and nerves Also you may conjecture that the wounds have beene made by Gunshot if the bones shall be broken and the splinters thereof by pricking the neighbouring bodies cause defluxion and inflammation But the cause that the Bullet makes so great a contusion is for that it enters the body not with any points or corners but with its round and sphericall body which cannot penetrate but with mighty force whence it commeth to passe that the wound lookes blacke and the adjacent parts livid Hence also proceede so many grievous symptomes as paine Defluxion Inflammation Apostumation Convulsion Phrensie Palsie Gangreen and mortification whence lastly death ensues Now the wounds doe often cast forth virulent and very much stincking filth by reason of the great contusion and the rending and tearing of the neighbouring particles A great aboundance of humors flow from the whole body and fall downe upon the affected parts which the native heate thereof being diminished forsakes and presently an unnaturall heate seazes upon it Hither also tend an universall or particular repletion of ill humours chiefely if the wounds possesse the nervous parts as the joynts Verily neither a Stagge with his horne nor a flint out of a sling can give so great a blow or make so large a wound as a Leaden or Iron Bullet shot out of a Gun as that which going with mighty violence peirces the body like a Thunderbolt CHAP. III. How these wounds must be ordered at the first dressing THe wound must forthwith be enlarged unlesse the condition of the part resist that so there may be free passage forth both for the Sanies or matter as also for such things as are farced or otherwise contained therein such as are peices of their cloathes bombast linnen paper peices of Maile or Armour Bullets Haile-shot splinters of bones bruised flesh and the like all which must be plucked forth with as must celerity and gentlenesse as may bee For presently after the receiving of the wound the paine and inflammation are not so great as they will be within a short time after This is the principall thing in performance of this worke that you place the patient just in such a posture as he was in at the receiving of the wound for otherwise the various motion and turning of the Muscles will eyther hinder or straiten the passage forth of the conteined bodies You shall if it be possible search for these bodies with your finger that so you may the more certainly and exactly perceive them Yet if the Bullet bee entred some-what deepe in then you shall search for it with a round and blunt probe lest you put the patient to paine yet often
then must you place the member in an indifferent posture upon a pillow stuffed with oaten huskes or chaffe Stagges haire or wheate branne It must not be stirred after the first dressing unlesse great necessity urge for foure dayes in winter but somewhat sooner in summer For the ligatures wherewith the vessells are bound they must not be loosed or otherwise taken away before the mouthes of the vessells are covered with their glue or flesh lest by too much haste you cause a new flux of blood This agglutination will be performed by applying refrigerating astringent and emplasticke medicines such as this following powder â„ž boli arm farin hord picis res gypsi an â„¥ iiij Aloës nucum cup. cort granat an â„¥ j. incorporentur omnia simul fiat pulvis subtilis herewith let the whole ulcer be strewed over for three or foure dayes space which being ended let onely the seates of the vessells be poudred therewith and that for eight or ten dayes so that wee neede no further doubt of the agglutination of the vessells In the meane space let the digestive be applyed to the rest of the Vlcer untill it bee come to suppuration for then you shall give over your digestive and betake you to detersive and mundificative medicines As â„ž terebinth ven lotae in aqua vitae â„¥ vj. mellis ros colati â„¥ iiij succi planâ—ag Apij centaur minoris an â„¥ ij bulliant omnia simul usque ad consumptionem succorum auferantur abigne addendo farinae fab hord an â„¥ j. theriac Gal. â„¥ ss aloes myrrhae aristoloch an â„¥ iij. croci ℈ j. fiat mundificativum But seeing the case stands so that the Patients imagine they have their members yet entire and yet doe complaine thereof which I imagine to come to passe for that the cut nerves retire themselves towards their originall and thereby cause a paine like to convulsions for as Galen writes in his booke De motu musculorum That contraction is the true and proper action of a nerve and muscle and againe extension is not so much an action as a motion now wee must indeavour to give remedy to this symptome Which may be done by annointing the spine of the backe and all the affected part with the following Liniment which is very powerfull against Convulsions the Palsie numnesse and all cold affects of the nervous bodies â„ž salviae chamaepytheos majoranae rorismar menth rutae lavendulae an m. j. flor chamâ—mel melilot summit aneth hyperici an p. ij baccarum lauri juniperi an â„¥ ij pyrethriÊ’ij mastic assae odorat an â„¥ iss terebinth venet lb. j. olei lumbr. aneth catell an â„¥ vj. olei terebinth â„¥ iij. axung hum â„¥ ij crociÊ’j vini albi â—doriferi lib. j. cerae quantum sufficit contundenda contundantur pulverisanda pulverisentur deinde macerentur omnia in vino per noctem postea coquantur cum oleis axungia praedictis in vase duplici fiat linimentum secundum artem in fine adde aquae vitae â„¥ iiij Besides in dressing these wounds the Chirurgion must use diligence to procure the falling away of the ends or scalls of the bones which the saw and the appulse of the aire never before comming hereto have tainted which may be done by applying to their ends actuall cauteries that is hot irons in using of which you must have a speciall care that you touch not the sensible parts with fire neither must the bones themselves bee forcibly pluckt off but gently mooved by little and little so that you shall thinke you and the patient have exceedingly well performed your parts if they fall away at the thirtyeth day after the Amputation All these things being performed you shall hinder the growth of proud flesh with the cathaereticks such as are burnt vitrioll the pouder of Mercurie and other things amongst which is Alome burnt and poudered which is excellent in these kind of wounds whether by its selfe or mixed with others You shall use these and such like even unto the perfect agglutination and cicatrization of the wound and you may of your selfe devise other things such as these as occasion shall offer its selfe CHAP. XXIIII What just occasion moved the Author to devise this new forme of remedy to stanch the blood after the amputation of a member and to forsake the common way used almost by all Chirurgions which is by application of actuall cauteries VErily I confesse I formerly have used to stanch the bleeding of members after amputation after another manner than that I have a little before mentioned Whereof I am ashamed and agreived But what should I doe I had observed my maisters whose method I entended to follow alwaies to doe the like who thought themselves singularly well appointed to stanch a flux of blood when they were furnished with various store of hot Irons and causticke medicines which they would use to the dismembred part now one then another as they themselves thought meete Which thing cannot be spoken or but thought upon without great horror much lesse acted For this kinde of remedy could not but bring great and tormenting paine to the patient seeing such fresh wounds made in the quicke and sound flesh are endewed with exquisite sense Neither can any causticke be applyed to nervous bodies but that this horrid impression of the fire will be presently communicated to the inward parts whence horrid symptomes ensue and oft times death it selfe And verily of such as were burnt the third part scarse ever recovered and that with much adoe for that combust wounds difficultly come to cicatrization for by this burning are caused cruell paines whence a Feaver Convulsion and oft times other accidents worse than these Adde hereunto that when the eschar fell away oft times a new haemorrhagye ensued for stanching whereof they were forced to use other causticke and burning Instruments Neither did these good men know any other course so by this repetition there was great losse and waste made of the fleshy and nervous substance of the part Through which occasion the bones were laid bare whence many were out of hope of cicatrization being forced for the remainder of their wretched life to carry about an ulcer upon that part which was dismembred which also tooke away the oportunitie of fitting or putting too of an artificiall legge or arme in stead of that which was taken off Wherefore I must earnestly entreate all Chirurgions that leaving this old and too too cruell way of healing they would embrace this new which I thinke was taught mee by the speciall favour of the sacred Deitie for I learnt it not of my maisters nor of any other neither have I at any time found it used by any Onely I have read in Galen that there was no speedier remedy for stanching of blood than to bind the vessels through which it flowed towards their rootes to wit the Liver and Heart This precept of Galen of binding
give him for lost content to have let him goe with prognosticks for as an ancient Doctor writes That as in Nature so in diseases there are also Monsters The end of the Twelfth Booke OF VLCERS FISTVLA'S AND Haemorrhoides THE THIRTEENTH BOOKE CHAP. I. Of the nature causes and differences of Vlcers HAving already handled and treated of the nature difference causes signes and cure of fresh and blood wounds reason order seeme to require that we now speake of Vlcers taking our beginning from the ambiguity of the name For according to Hippocrates the name of Vlcer most generally taken may signifie all or any solution of Continuity In which sense it is read that all paine is an Vlcer Generally for a wound and Vlcer properly so called as appeares by his Booke de Vlceribus Properly as when hee saith it is a signe of death when an Vlcer is dryed up through an Atrophia or defect of nourishment Wee have here determined to speake of an Vlcer in this last and proper signification And according thereto wee define an Vlcer to bee the solution of Continuity in a soft part and that not bloody but â—ordide and unpure flowing with quiâ—â—ure Sauies or any such like corruption associated with one or more affects against nature which hinder the healing and agglutination thereof or that we may give you it in fewer words according to Galens opinion An ulcer is a solution of Continuity caused by Erosion The causes of Vlcers are either internall or externall The internall are through the default of humors peccant in quality rather than in quantity or else in both and so making erosion in the skinne and softer parts by their acrimonie and malignitie Now these things happen eyther by naughty and irregular diet or by the ill disposition of the entrailes sending forth and emptying into the habite of the body this their ill disposure The externall causes are the excesse of cold seazing upon any part especially more remote from the fountaine of heate whence followes paine whereunto succeeds an attraction of humors and spirits into the part and the corruption of these so drawne thither by reason of the debility or extinction of the native heate in that part whence lastly ulceration proceeds In this number of externall causes may be ranged a stroake contusion the application of sharpe and acrid medicines as causticks burnes as also impure contagion as appeares by the virulent vlcers acquired by the filthy copulation or too familiar conversation of such as have the French disease How many and what the differences of Vlcers are you may see here described in this following Scheme A Table of the differences of Vlcers An Vlcer is an impure solution of continuity in a soft part flowing with filth and matter or other corruption whereof there are two chiefe differeÌ„ces for one Is simple and solitary without complication of any other affect against nature and this varies in differences either Proper which are usually drawne from three things to wit figur whence one Vlcer is called Round or circular Sinuous and variously spread Right or oblique Cornered as triangular Quantity that eyther according to their Length whence an Vlcer is long short in different Breadth whence an Vlcer is broad narrow indifferent Profundity whence an Vlcer is deepe superficiary indifferent Equalitie or inequality which consists In those differences of dimensions whereof we last treated I say in length breadth and profundity wherein they are either alike or of the same manner or else unlike and so of a different manner Or common and accidentall these drawne either From their time whence an Vlcer is tearmed new old of short or long cure and â—uration From their appearance whence one is called an apparent Vlcer another a hidden and occult Vlcer From their manner of generation as if it be made by a heavy brusing cutting pricking or corroding thing whence a cut torne and mixt Vlcer From their site whence an Vlcer before behind above below in the head taile or belly of a Muscle From that part it seazes upon whence an vlcer in the flesh and skin or feeding upon the gristles or bones such as these of the nose the palate of the mouth and eares From other common accidents whence a Telephian Vlcer that is such an Vlcer as Telephus had A Chironian which needs the hand and art of Chiron A Canckrous which resembles a Cancer Is compound and many and various wayes complicated as With the cause whence an Vlcer Is Cacochymicke Catarrhoicke or venenate that is with a Cachochymia or Repletion of ill humors a Catarrhe or poison cherishes or feeds With the disease as from Distemper whether simple or compound whence an Vlcer is Hot. Cold. Day Mâ—…st Mixt. Swelling or Tumor whence a Phlegmonous Erysipelous Oedematous Scirrhous Cancrous Vlcer Solution of continuitie or any other discommoditie whence a rough callous fistulous cavernous sinuous Vlcer with luxation facture c. With the Symptome whence According eating painefull sordid and virulent Vlcer With the cause and disease With the cause and Symptome Examples whereof may be taken from that we have formerly delivered With the disease and Symptome With the cause disease and Symptome CHAP. II. Oâ— the signes of Vlcers THere are various signes of Vlcers according to their differences For it is the signe of a putride Vlcer if it exhale a noy some grievous stinking and carion-like vapour together with filthy matter An eating Vlcer is knowne by the eating in hollownesse and wearing away of the part wherein it resides together with the adjoyning parts A sordide Vlcer may be knowne by the grossenesse and viscidity of the excrements it sends forth and by the loose and spongy softnesse or the crusted inequality of the flesh which growes over it A cavernous Vlcer by the streghtnesse of the orifice and largenesse and deepenesse of the windings within A fistulous Vlcer if to the last mentioned signes there accrew a callous hardnesse of the lips or sides of the Vlcer A cancrous Vlcer is horrible to behold with the lips turned backe hard and swollne flowing with virulent and stincking corruption and sometimes also with bloody matter together with the swelling and lifting up of the adjacent veines An untemperate or as they terme it a distempered Vlcer is such as is nourished by some great distemper whether hot or cold moist or dry or compounded of these An ill naâ—â—red or maligne Vlcer is knowne by the difficulty of curing and rebellious contumacy to remedies appointed according to art and reason Wee know a catarrhous Vlcer if the matter which feeds it flow to it from some varices thereunto adjoyning or dilated swollne and broken-veines or from some entraile or from the whole body being ill affected An Apostumatous Vlcer is perceived by the presence of any tumor against nature whose kind may be found out by sight and handling Telephian Vlcers are such as affected Telephus and Chironian in whose
than those in whom the matter of the disease is become knotty whereof Ovid thus speaketh Tollere nodosam nescit medicina podagram Physicke cannot the knotty Goute to heale These reasons have induced many to believe that the essence of this disease is unknowne for there is a certaine occult and inexplicable virulency the author of so great malignity and contumacy Which Avicen seemes to acknowledge when hee writes that there is a certaine kinde of Goute whose matter is so acute and maligne that if it at any time bee augmented by the force of anger it may suffice to kill the party by suddaine death Therefore Galen himselfe writes that Treacle must bee used in all Arthriticall and gouty affects and as I think for no other reason than for that it dries wastes and weakens the malignity thereof Gordonius is of the same opinion but addeth withall that the body must be prepared and purged before wee use Treacle Therefore the matter of the gout is a thin and virulent humour yet not contagious offending in quality rather than quantity causing extreme paines and therfore instigating the humours together with the caliginous and flatulent spirits prepared or ready for defluxion upon the affected parts Therefore as the bitings of Aspes and stingings of Waspes cause cruell pain with sudden swelling and blistering which is by the heat of the humours which the poyson hath tainted and not by the simple solution of continuity seeing that we daily see Shoo-makers and Taylors pricking their flesh with aules and needles without having any such symptome Thus the virulencie of the gout causeth intolerable tormenting paine not by the abundance because it happens to many who have the gout no signe of defluxion appearing in the joints but onely by a maligne and inexplicable quality by reason whereof these paines doe not cease unlesse abated by the helpe of medicines or nature or both The recitall of the following histories will give much light to that unexplicable and virulent malignity of the matter causing the gout Whilest King Charles the ninth of happy memory was at Burdeaux there was brought to Chappellaine and Castellan the Kings Physicians and Taste a Physician of Burdeaux Nicholas Lambert and my selfe Surgeons a certaine Gentle woman some forty yeares old exceedingly troubled for many yeares by reason of a tumor scarce equalling the bignesse of a pease on the outside of the joynt of the left Hippe one of her tormenting fits tooke her in my presence shee presently beganne to cry and â—oare and rashly and violently to throw her body this way and that way with motions and gestures above a womans yea a mans nature For shee thrust her head between her legges laid her feete upon her shoulders you would have said shee had beene possessed of the Divell This fit held her some quarter of an houre during all which time I heedfully observed whether the grieved part swelled any bigger than it was accustomed whether there happened any new inflammation but there was no alteration as farre as I could gather by sight or feeling but onely that shee cryed out more loudly when as I touched it The fit passed a great heate tooke her all her body ranne downe with sweat with so great wearinesse and weakenesse of all her members that shee could not so much as stirre her little finger There could bee no suspicion of an Epileptick fit for this woman all the time of her agony did perfectly make use of all her senses did speake discourse and had no convulsion Neither did shee spare any cost or diligence whereby shee might bee cured of her disease by the helpe of Physicians or famous Surgeons she consulted also witches wizzards and charmers so that shee had left nothing unattempted but all art was exceeded by the greatnesse of the disease When I had shewed all these things at our consultation wee all with one consent were of this opinion to apply a potentiall Cautery to the grieved part or the tumour I my selfe applyed it after the fall or the Eschar very blacke and virulent sanies flowed out which freed the woman of her paine and disease for ever after Whence you may gather that the cause of so great evill was a certaine venenate malignity hurting rather by an unexplicable quality than quantity which being overcome and evacuated by the Cautery all paine absolutely ceased Upon the like occasion but on the right arme the wife of the Queenes Coach-man at Amboise consulted Chappellaine Castellaâ— and me earnestly craving ease of her paine for shee was so grievously tormented by fits that through impatiency being carelesse of her selfe shee endeavoured to cast her lelse headlong out of her chamber window for feare whereof shee had a guard put upon her Wee judged that the like monster was to be assaulted with the like weapon neither were we deceived for using a potentiall cautery this had like successe as the former Wherefore the bitternesse of the paine of the gout is not occasioned by the onely weakenesse of the joints for thus the paine should be continuall and alwaies like it self neither is it from the distemper of a simple humour for no such thing happens in other tumours of what kinde soever they be of but it proceeds from a venenate maligne occult and inexplicable quality of the matter wherfore this disease stands in need of a diligent Physician and a painfull Surgeon CHAP. III. Of the manifest causes of the Gout ALthough these things may be true which we have delivered of the occult cause of the gout yet there be and are vulgarly assigned others of which a probable reason may bee rendred wherein this malignity whereof wee have spoken lies hid and is seated Therefore as of many other diseases so also of the gout there are assigned three causes that is the primitive antecedent and conjunct the primitive is two fold one drawn from their first originall and their mothers wombe which happens to such as are generated of gouty parents chiefly if whilest they were conceived this gouty matter did actually abound and fall upon the joynts For the seed falls from all the parts of the body as saith Hippocrates and Aristole affirmes lib. de gener animal Yet this causes not an inevitable necessity of having the gout for as many begot of sound and healthfull parents are taken by the gout by their proper primary default so many live free from this disease whose fathers notwithstanding were troubled therewith It is probable that they have this benefit and priviledge by the goodnesse of their mothers seed and the laudible temper of the womb wherof the one by the mixture the other by the gentle heat may amend and correct the faults of the paternall seed for otherwise the disease would become hereditary and gouty persons would necessarily generate gouty for the seed followeth the temper and complexion of the party generating as it is shewed by Avicen Another primitive cause is
if they bee often rubbed therewith In stead here of many use the swathe of Bacon rubbed warme thereon also the distilled waters of beane flowers lilly roots reed-roots egge-shels and oile of egs are thought very prevalent to waste and smoothe the Pock-arres A Discourse of certaine monstrous creatures which breed against nature in the bodies of men women and little children which may serve as an induction to the ensuing discourse of worms As in the macrocosmos or bigger world so in the microcosmos or lesser world there are winds thunders earthquakes showres inundations of waters sterilities fertilities stones mountaines and sundry sorts of fruits and creatures thence arise For who can deny but that there is winde conteined shut up in Flatulent abscesses and in the guts of those that are troubled with the cholicke Flatulencies make so great a noyse in divers womens bellies if so be you stand neare them that you would think you heard a great number of frogs croaking on the night time That water is contained in watery abseesses and the belly of such as have the dropsie is manifested by that cure which is performed by the letting forth of the water in fits of Agues the whole body is no otherwise shaken and trembles than the earth when it is heard to bellow and felt to shake under our feet He which shall see the stones which are taken out of the bladder come from the kidnies and divers other parts of the bodie cannot deny but that stones are generated in our bodies Furthermore wee see both men women who in their face or some other parts shew the impression or imprinted figure of a cherry plumb service fig mulberry the like fruit the cause hereof is thought to be the power of the imagination concurring with the formative faculty and the tendernesse of the yeelding and waxe-like embxyon easie to be brought into any forme or figure by reason of the proper and native humidity For you shall find that all their mothers whilest they went with them have earnestly desired or longed for such things which whilest they have too earnestly agitated in their mindes they have trans-ferred the shape unto the childe whilest that they could not enjoy the things themselves Now who can deny but that bunches on the backe and large wens resemble mountaines Who can gainsay but that squalide sterility may bee assimulated to the hectick dryness of wasted and consumed persons and fertility deciphered by the body distended with much flesh and fat so that the legs can scarce stand under the burden of the belly But that divers creatures are generated in one creature that is in man and that in sundry parts of him the following histories shall make it evident Hollerius tels that a certaine Italian by frequent smelling to the herbe Basill had a Scorpion bred in his braine which caused long and vehement paine and at length death therefore I have here exprest the figure of that Scorpion found when as his braine was opened The figure of a Scorpion It makes Hollerius conjecture of the cause and originall of this Scorpion probable for that Chrysippus Dyophanes and Pliny write that of basill beaten betweene two stones and laid in the sun therewill come Scorpions Fernelius writes that in a certaine souldier who was flat nosed upon the too long restraint or stoppage of a certaine filthy matter that flowed out of the nose that there were generated two hairy wormes of the bignesse of ones finger which at length made him mad he had no manifest feaver and he died about the twentieth day this was their shape by as much as we can gather by Fernelius his words The effigies of the wormes mentioned by Fernelius Lewes Duret a man of great learning and credit told mee that hee had come forth with his urine after a long and difficult disease a quick creature of colour red but otherwise like in shape a Millepes that is a Cheslope or Hog-louce The shape of a Millepes cast forth by urine Count Charles of Mansfieldt last summer troubled with a grievous and continuall feaver in the duke of Guises place cast forth a filthy matter at his yard in the shape of a live thing almost just in this forme The shape of a thing cast forth by urine Monstrous creatures also of sundry formes are also generated in the wombes of women somewiles alone otherwhiles with a mola and sometimes with a child naturally and well made as frogs toads serpents lizzards which therefore the Ancients have turmed the Lumbards brethren for that it was usuall with their women that together with their naturall and perfect issue they brought into the world wormes serpents and monstrous creatures of that kinde generated in their wombes for that they alwaies more respected the deckling of their bodies than they did their diet For it happened whilest they fed on fruits weeds and trash and such things as were of ill juice they generated a putride matter or certainely very subject to putrefaction and corruption and consequently opportune to generate such unperfect creatures Joubertus telleth that there were two Italian women that in one moneth brought forth each of them a monstrous birth the one that marryed a Tailor brought forth a thing so little that is resembled a Rat without a taile but the other a Gentlewoman brought forth a larger for it was of the bignesse of a Cat both of them were black and as soone as they came out of the wombe they ran up high on the wall and held fast thereon with their nailes Licosthenes writes that in Anno Dom. 1494. a woman at Cracovia in the streete which taketh name from the holy Ghost was delivered of a dead child who had a serpen fastned upon his back which fed upon this dead child as you perceive by this following figure The figure of a serpent fastned to a child Levinus Lemnius tels a very strange history to this purpose Some few yeares agone saith he a certaine woman of the Isle in Flanders which being with child by a Sailer her belly swelled up so speedily that it seemed shee would not bee able to carry her burden to the terme prescribed by nature her ninth moneth being ended she calls a midwife and presently after strong throwes and paines shee first brought forth a deformed lumpe of flesh having as it were two handles on the sides stretched forth to the length and manner of armes and it moved and panted with a certain vitall motion after the manner of spunges and sea-nettles but afterwards there came forth of her wombe a monster with a crooked nose a long and round necke terrible eies a sharpe taile and wonderfull quick of the feet it was shaped much after this manner The shape of a monster that came forth of a womans wombe As soone as it came into the light it filled the whole roome with a noise and hissing running to every side to
the juice of poppie But Aëtius thinkes it superfluous to write remedies against the Basiliske when as the sight and hearing onely kills such as either see or heare her The figure of a Basiliske CHAP. XX. Of the Salamander THe Salamander kils not onely such as it bites by making a venemous impression but it also infects the fruits and herbs over which it creeps with a spittle or grosse moisture which sweats out of all the bodie to the great danger of the health and life of such as eat these things at unawares wherfore it need not seeme strange which is received by some late writers that some families have all died by drinking water out of pits whereinto a Salamander by accident was fallen For if it shall creepe upon a tree it infects all the fruit with the qualities of cold and moist poyson wherein it yeelds not to Aconite Aetius writes that such as are infected with the poyson of a Salamander certaine parts of their bodie grow livide so that they fall away often being putrefyed At the first there appeare white spots over the body then red afterwards blacke with putrefaction and the falling away of the haires The cure is to procure vomit to loose the belly with a glyster and to give them Treacle and Mithridate in potions Avicen prescribes the same things against this kinde of poyson as against opium by reason of the cold nature of them both the proper antidote is turpentine styrax nettle seeds and cypresse leaves Dioscorides writes that the Salamander is a kind of Lizard dull variegated and which is falsly reputed not to be burnt by fire But Pliny saith she is so cold that she extinguisheth the fire by her touch onely being laied upon hot coales On the contrary Mathiolus saith that cast into a great flame they are quickly consumed It is easie out of Aetius to reconcile these disagreeing opinions This creature saith hee passeth through a burning flame and is not hurt the flame dividing it selfe and giving her way but if shee continue any time in the fire the cold humour being consumed in her she is burnt Now the Salamander is black variegated with yellow spots starre-fashion The figure of a Salamander CHAP. XXI Of the Torpedo THe Torpedo hath his name from the effect by reason that by his touch and power the members become torpid numb in muddy shoars it lives upon fish which she catcheth by craft For lying in the mud she so stupefyes those that are nigh her that she easily preyes upon them she hath the same power over men for she sends a numnesse not onely into the arm of the fisherman but also over all his body although his fishers pole be betweene them The effigies of a Torpedo CHAP. XXII Of the Bitings of Aspes THE wound which is made by an Aspe is very small as if a needle were thrust into the part and without any swelling These symptomes follow upon her bite suddaine darknesse clouds their eyes much agitation in all their bodies but gentle notwithstanding a moderate paine of the stomacke troubles them their fore-heads are continually troubled with convulsive twitchings their cheeks tremble and their eye-lids fall gently to rest and sleep the blood which flowes from the wound is little but blacke death no longer deferred than the third part of a day will take them away by convulsions unlesse you make resistance with fitting remedies The male Asp makes two wounds the female four as it also happens in the bitings of vipers Now for that the poyson of Asps congeals the blood in the veines and arteries therefore you must use against it such things as are hot subtle of parts as mithridate or treacle dissolved in aqua vitae and the same powred into the wound the patient must be warmed by bathes frictions walking and the like When as the hurt part becommeth purple black or greene it is a signe that the native heat is extinct and suffocated by the malignity of the venome Therefore then it is best to amputate the member if the partie bee able to endure it and there be nothing which may hinder Vigo writes that he saw a Mountebank at Florence who that he might sell the more of his Antidotes and at the better rate let an Aspe to bite him by the finger but he died thereof some foure houres after To the same purpose you may reade Mathiolus whereas hee writes that those Impostors or Mountebanks to cozen the better and deceive the people use to hunt and take vipers and aspes long after the spring that is then whenas they have cast forth their most deadly poyson then they feed them with meats formerly unusuall to them so that by long keeping and care at the length they bring it to passe that they put off a great part of their venemous nature neither being thus satisfied they make them oftentimes to bite upon pieces of flesh that so they may cast forth into them the venome which is contained in the membraine betweene their teeth and gums Lastly they force them to bite licke and swallow downe an astringent medicine which they compose and carry about for the same purpose that so they may obstruct the passages by which the venome used to flow out for thus at length their bites will be harmelesse or without great danger This therefore is their art that so they may sell their counterfeit treacle to the people at a high rate as that which is a most safe remedy against all poisonous bites Christopher Andrew in his book called â—â—coiatria writes that the Ilands of Spaine are every-where full and stored with serpents aspes and all sorts of venemous beasts against whose bites they never observed or found any benefit in treacle But the efficacie of the following Antidote is so certaine and excellent and approved by so manifold experience that in the confidence thereof they will not bee affraid to let themselves bee bitten by an Aspe Now this medicine is composed of the leaves of Mullet Avenes red stock Gilly flowers in like quantity which they boile in sharpe vinegar and the urine of a sound man and there with foment the wounded part Yet if he have not taken nor used any thing of a good while after the wound it will be better and more certaine if the patient drinke three ounces of this decoction fasting two houres before meate CHAP. XXIII Of the biting of a Snake I Have thought good in a true history to deliver the virulent malignity of the bite of a snake and the remedies thereof When as King Charles the ninth was at Moulins Mousier Le Feure the Kings Physician and I were called to cure the Cooke of the Lady of Castelpers Who gathering hoppes in a hedge to make a salad was bit on the hand by a snake that there lay hid hee putting his had to his mouth sucked the wound to ease the
St. Dennis For all wounds by what weapon soever they were made degenerated into great and filthy putrefactions corruptions with feavers of the like nature were commonly determined by death what medicines how diligently soever they were applyed which caused many to have a false suspicion that the weapons on both sides were poisoned But there were manifest signes of corruption and putrefaction in the bloud let the same day that any were hurt and in the principall parts dissected afterwards that it was from no other cause than an evill constitution of the Aire and the minds of the Souldiers perverted by hate anger and feare CHAP. V. What signes in the Aire and Earth prognosticate a Plague WEE may know a Plague to bee at hand and hang over us if at any time the Aire and seasons of the yeare swarve from their naturall constitution after those wayes I have mentioned before if frequent and long continuing Meteors or sulphureous Thunders infect the Aire if fruits seeds and pulse be worme-eaten If Birds forsake their nests egges or Young without any manifest cause if we perceive women commonly to abort by continuall breathing in the vaporous Aire being corrupted and hurtfull both to the Embrion and originall of life and by which it being suffocated is presently cast forth and expelled Yet notwithstanding those airy impressions doe not solely corrupt the Aire but there may be also others raysed by the Sunne from the filthy exhalations and poysonous vapours of the earth and waters or of dead carcasses which by their unnaturall mixture easily corrupt the Aire subject to alteration as which is thin and moyst from whence divers Epidemiall diseases and such as every-where seaze upon the common sort according to the sevâ—…l kinds of corruptions such as that famous Catarrhe with difficulty of breathing which in the yeare 1510. went almost over the World and raged over all the Cities and Townes of France with great heavinesse of the head whereupon the French named it Cuculla with a straitnesse of the heart and lungs and a Cough a continuall Feaver and sometimes raving This although it seazed upon many more than it killed yet because they commonly dyed who were either let bloud or purged it shewed it selfe pestilent by that violent and peculiar and unheard of kinde of malignity Such also was the English Sweating-sicknesse or Sweating-feaver which unusuall with a great deale of terrour invaded all the lower parts of Germany and the Low Countryes from the yeare 1525. unto the yeare 1530. and that chiefly in Autumne As soone as this pestilent disease entred into any City suddenly two or three hundred fell sick on one day then it departing thence to some other place The people strucken with it languishing fell down in a swoune and lying in their beds sweat continually having a feaver a frequent quick and unequall pulse neither did they leave sweating till the disease left them which was in one or two dayes at the most yet freed of it they languished long after they all had a beating or palpitation of the heart which held some for two or three yeeres and others all their life after At the first beginning it killed many before the force of it was knowne but afterwards very few when it was found out by practice and use that those who furthered and continued their sweats and strengthened themselves with Cordials were all restored But at certaine times many other popular diseases sprung up as putrid feavers fluxes bloudy-fluxes catarrhes coughes phrenzies squinances pleurisies inflammations of the lungs inflammations of the eyes apoplexies lithargies small pocks and meazels scabs carbuncles and maligne pustles Wherefore the plague is not alwayes nor every-where of one and the same kind but of divers which is the cause that divers names are imposed upon it according to the variety of the effects it brings and symptomes which accompany it and kinds of putrefaction and hidden qualities of the Aire They affirme when the Plague is at hand that Mushromes grow in greater abundance out of the earth and upon the surface thereof many kindes of poysonous insecta creepe in great numbers as Spiders Caterpillers Butter-flyes Grasse-hoppers Beetles Hornets Waspes Flyes Scorpions Snailes Locusts Toads Wormes and such things as are the off-spring of putrefaction And also wilde beasts tyred with the vaporous malignity of their Dennes and Caves in the earth forsake them and Moles Toads Vipers Snakes Lizzards Aspes and Crocodiles are seene to flee away and remove their habitations in great troopes For these as also some other creatures have a manifest power by the gift of God and the instinct of Nature to presage changes of weather as raines showers and faire weather and seasons of the yeare as the Spring Summer Autumne Winter which they testifie by their singing chirping crying flying playing and beating their wings and such like signes so also they have a perception of a Plague at hand And moreover the carcasses of some of them which tooke lesse heed of themselves suffocated by the pestiferous poyson of the ill Aire contained in the earth may bee every where found not onely in their dens but also in the plaine fields These vapours corrupted not by a simple putrefaction but an occult malignity are drawne out of the bowels of the earth into the Aire by the force of the Sun and Starres and thence condensed into clouds which by their falling upon corne trees and grasse infect and corrupt all things which the earth produceth and also kils those creatures which feed upon them yet brute beasts sooner than men as which stoope and hold their heads downe towards the ground the maintainer and breeder of this poyson that they may get their food from thence Therefore at such times skilfull husbandmen taught by long experience never drive their Cattell or Sheep to pasture before that the Sun by the force of his beames hath wasted and diffipated into Aire this pestiferous dew hanging and abiding upon boughes and leaves of trees herbs corne and fruits But on the contrary that pestilence which proceeds from some maligne quality from above by reason of evill and certaine conjunction of the Stars is more hurtfull to men and birds as those who are neerer to heaven CHAP. VI. By using what cautions in Aire and Diet one may prevent the Plague HAving declared the signes fore-shewing a Pestilence now wee must shew by what meanes we may shun the imminent danger thereof and defend our selves from it No prevention seemed more certaine to the Ancients than most speedily to remove into places farre distant from the infected place and to be most slow in their returne thither againe But those who by reason of their businesse or employments cannot change their habitation must principally have care of two things The first is that they strengthen their bodies and the principall parts thereof against the daily imminent invasions of the poyson or the pestiferous and venenate
fore moneths old Caelius Rhodiginus tells that in a â—wn of his country called Sarzano Italy being roubled with civill warres there was born monster of unusual bigness for he had two heads having all his limbs answerable in grâ—ness tallnesse to a child of foure months old between his two heads which were boâ—h alike at the setting on of the shoulder 〈◊〉 had a third hand put forth which did not â—â—ceed the eares in length for it was not all â—…n it was born the 5. of the Ides of March 〈◊〉 14. The figure of one with foure legges and as manyarmes Jovianus Pontanus tells in the yeere 1529. the ninth day of January there was a man childe borne in Germany having foure armes and as many legges The figure of a man out of whose belly another head shewed it selfe In the yeere that Francis the first King of France entered into league with the Swisses there was borne a monster in Germany out of the midst of whose belly there stood a great head it came to mans age and this lower and as it were inserted head was nourished as much as the true and upper head In the yeere 1572. the last day of February in the parish of Viaban in the way as you goe from Carnuta to Paris in a small village called Bordes one called Cypriana Girandae the wife of James Merchant a husbandman brought forth this monster whose shape you see here delineated which lived untill the Sunday following being but of one onely sexe which was the female The shape of two monstrous Twinnes being but of one onely Sexe In the yeere 1572. on Easter Munday at Metz in Loraine in the Inne whose signe is the Holy-Ghost a Sow pigged a pigge which had eight legges foure eares and the head of a dogge the hinder part from the belly downeward was parted in two as in twinnes but the foreparts grew into one it had two tongues in the mouth with foure teeth in the upper jaw and as many in the lower The sexe was not to be distinguished whether it were a Bore or Sow pigge for there was one slit under the taile and the hinder parts were all rent and open The shape of this monster as it is here set downe was sent me by Borgesius the famous Physitian of Metz. The shape of a monstrous Pigge CHAP. III. Of women bringing many children at one birth WOman is a creature bringing usually but one at a birth but the 〈…〉 been some who have brought forth two some three some fouâ—… sixe or more at one birth Empedocles thought that the abundâ—…e of seed was the cause of such numerous births the Stoikes affirmâ—…e divers cells or partitions of the wombe to be the cause for the seâ—… being variously parted into these partitions and the conception divided there are more children brought forth no otherwise than in rivers the water beating against the rockes is turned into divers circles or rounds But Aristotle saith there is no reason to think so for in women that parting of the womb into cells as in dogs and sowes taketh no place for womens wombes have but one cavity parted into two recesses the right left nothing comming between except by chance distinguished by a certain line for often twins lye in the same side of the womb Aristotles opinion is that a woman cannot bring forth more than five children at one birth The maide of Augustus Caesar brought forth five at a birth a short while after she her children died In the yeer 1554. at Bearn in Switzerland the wife of Dr. John Gelinger brought forth five children at one birth three boies and two girles Albucrasis affirmes a woman to have bin the mother of seven children at one birth another who by some externall injury did abort brought forth fifteene perfectly shaped in all their parts Pliny reports that it was extant in the writings of Physitians that twelve children were borne at one birth and that there was another in Peloponnesus which foure severall times was delivered of five children at one birth and that the greater part of those children lived It is reported by Dalechampius that Bonaventura the slave of one Savill a Gentleman of Sena at one time brought forth seven children of which four were baptized In our time between Sarte and Maine in the parish of Seaux not far from Chambellay there is a family and noble house called Maldemeure the wife of the Lord of Maldemeure the first yeere she was married brought forth twinnes the second yeere she had three children the third yeere foure the fourth yeere five the fift yeere sixe and of that birth she died of those sixe one is yet alive and is Lord of Maldemeure In the valley of Beaufort in the county of Anjou a young woman the daughter of Mace Channiere when at one perfect birth shee had brought forth one child the tenth day following she fell in labour of another but could not be delivered untill it was pulled from her by force and was the death of the mother Martin Cromerus the author of the Polish history writeth that one Margaret a woman sprung from a noble and antient family neere Cracovia and wife to Count Virboslaus brought forth at one birth thirty five live children upon the twentieth day of January in the yeere 1296. Franciscus Picus Mirandula writeth that one Dorothy an Italian had twenty children at two births at the first nine and at the second eleven and that she was so bigge that she was forced to beare up her belly which lay upon her knees with a broad and large scarfe tyed about her necke as you may see by the following figure The picture of Dorothy great with child with many children And they are to bee reprehended here againe who affirme the cause of numerous births to consist in the variety of the cells of the wombe for they feigne a womans wombe to have seven cells or partitions three on the right side for males three on the left side for females and one in the midst for Hermaphrodites or Scrats and this untruth hath gon so far that there have bnene some that affirmed every of these seven cells to have bin divided into ten partitions into which the seed dispersed doth bring forth a divers and numerous encrease according to the variety of the cells furnished with the matter of seed which though it may seeme to have been the opinion of Hippocrates in his book De natura Pueri notwithstanding it is repugnant to reason and to those things which are manifestly apparent to the eyes and senses The opinion of Aristotle is more probable who saith twinnes and more at one birth are begot and brought forth by the same cause that the sixt finger groweth on the hand that is by the abundant plenty of the seed which is greater and more copious than can bee all taken up in the naturall framing of one body for if it all be forced
braine spinall marrow but hot things are good 46. 2. Two paines infesting together but not the same place the more vehement obscures the other 74. 7. A corruption and abscesse of the bone is caused by the corruption of the flesh 506. Coacar praenâ—s A livid or dry Vlcer or yellowish is deadly 19. 6. When as a bone or gristle or nerve or small portion of the cheeke or the prepuce is cut asâ—â—der it neither encreases nor growes together 24. 6. Aph. 513. Coacar If any of the small guts be cut it knits not againe 50. 7. Those that have the braine sphacelate that is corrupt they dye within three dayes if they escape these they recover 9. 7. Bleeding at a wound causing a Convulsion is the foreteller of death 20. 5. Cold is biting to Vlcers hardens the skin causes paine not easily comming to suppuration blacknesse aguish shakings convulsions erampes 508. Coac Those who have the temples cut have a Convulsion upon the parts contrary to the section 44. 7. Whosoever being suppurate are burnt or cut if pure and white quitture shall flow forth they escape out if that which is bloody feculent and stinking then they dye Galen comment ad Aphor. 29. 2. It is not â—it to take in hand to cure such as are in a desperate case but to leave them onely foretelling the end of the disease Celsus Cap. 10. Lib. 2. It is better to try a doubtfull remedy than none at all FINIS THE EFFIGIES OF GALEN THE PRINCE OF PHYSITIONS NEXT TO HIPPOCRATES AEQVVM erat Hippocratem divino è semine Divûm Orbem muneribus conciliare sibi Scripta sed involuit tam multo aenigmate verum Vt quamuis solers nullus habere queat Pergamei auxilio nisi sint monimenta Galeni Qui docta ambages sustulit arte senis Ergo macte esto virtute arcana resolvens Quae nulli fuer ant nota Galene prius Obstringensqúe orbem aeterno tibi munere totum Aeternis sacras te quoque temporibus BON. GRA. PARIS MEDIC RVLES OF CHIRVRGERY BY THE AVTHOR 1 PRactise is an operation agreeable to the rules and lawes of the Theory 2 Health is not received by words but by remedies fitly used 3 Remedies knowne and approved by use and reason are to be preferred before such as are unknowne or but lately found out 4 Science without experience gets the Physition no great credit with the patient 5 Hee that would performe any great and notable worke must diligently apply himselfe to the knowledge of his subject 6 It is the part of a good Physition to heale the disease or certainly to bring it to a better passe as nature shall give leave 7 The Chirurgion must be active industrious and well handed and not trust too much to bookes 8 He that hath not beene versed in the operations of the Art nor a frequent auditor of the Lectures of such as are learned therein and sets forth himselfe for a brave Chirurgion for that hee hath read much he is either much deceived or impudent 9 He shall never doe any thing praise-worthy that hath got his mastery in Chirurgery by gold not by use 10 You shall comfort the patient with hope of recovery even when as there is danger of death 11 To change Physitions and Chirurgions is troublesome but not good for the Patient 12 Though the disease prove long yet it is not fit that the Physition give over the patient 13 Great wounds of large vessells are to be judged deadly 14 Every contusion must be brought to suppuration 15 As the nature or kind of the disease must bee knowne so also must the remedy 16 An Abscesse of the bone of the pallate is in danger to cause a stinking breath 17 Bleeding caused by heate must be represt by cold 18 Wounds of nervous parts require medicines which by the subtlety of the parts may enter in and draw from farre 19 It is not fit for such as have Vlcers in their Legges neither to walke stand nor sit but to rest themselves in bed 20 All biting and acrid medicines are offensive to cleane Vlcers 21 For restoring of dislocations you must hold them fast stretch them out and force them in 22 A great Gangreene admits no cure but cutting 23 A monster is a thing dissenting from the lawes of nature 24 Wounds of the Chest presently become sanious and purulent 25 The wounds made by all venemous creatures are dangerous 26 The south wind blowing wounded members easily become mortifyed 27 Such as are wounded and desire to bee quickly whole must keepe a spare diet 28 Vntemperate bodies doe not easily recover of diseases 29 Round Vlcers unlesse they be drawne into another figure doe not easily heale up 30 An Erysipelatous Vlcer requires purgation by stoole 31 Crying is good for an infant for it serves in stead of exercise and evacuation 32 Greefe is good for none but such as are very fat 33 Idlenesse wealens and extinguisheth the native heate 34 An ill natured Vlcer yeelds not unlesse to a powerfull remedy 35 A bath resolves and discusses humors and gently procures sweate 36 Cold diseases are troublesome to old people and hard to be helped but in young bodies they are neither so troublesome nor contumacious 37 Exercised bodies are lesse subject to diseases 38 Moist bodies though they neede small nourishment yet stand they in neede of large evacuation 39 Sicke people dye sooner of an hot distemper than of a cold by reason of the quicke and active operation of fire 40 The quitture that flowes from an Vlcer is laudible which is white smooth and equall The end of the twentiseaventh Booke HOW TO MAKE REPORTS AND TO EMBALME THE DEAD THE TVVENTIEIGHTH BOOKE NOw it onely remaines that wee instruct the Chirurgion in making or framing his reporte or opinion eyther of the death of any person or of the weakenesse or deprivation of any member in the function or execution of its proper office and duty Herein it is meete that hee be very considerate that is to say ingenious or wise in making his report because the events of diseases are often-times doubtfull and uncertaine neither can any man fore-tell them certainly whether they will be for life or death by reason of the manifold nature of the subject of which we speake and also the uncertaine condition of the humors both in their kind and motion Which was the cause why Hippocrates even in the first of his Aphorismes pronounceth that judgement is difficult But first of all it is very expedient that a Chirurgion be of an honest mind that hee may alwayes have before his eyes a carefull regard of true piety that is to say the feare of God and faith in Christ and love toward his neighbours with hope of life everlasting least that hee being carried away by favour or corrupted with money or rewards should affirme or testifie these wounds to bee small that are great and these great that are small for the report
dead Truely the wounds that are made on a living man if he dye of them after his death will appeare red and bloody with the sides or edges swollne or pale round about contrary wise those that are made in a dead man will bee neither red bloody swollne nor puffed up For all the faculties and functions of life in the body doe cease and fall together by death so that thenceforth no spirits nor blood can be sent or flow unto the wounded place Therefore by these signes which shall appeare it may be declared that hee was wounded dead or alive The like question may come in judgement when a man is found hanged whether he were dead or alive Therefore if he were hanged alive the impression or print of the rope will appeare red pale or blacke and the skinne round about it will be contracted or wrinkled by reason of the compression which the cord hath made also often times the head of the aspera arteria is rent and torne and the second spondile and the necke luxated or mooved out of his place Also the armes and legges will be pale by reason of the violent and sodaine suffocation of the spirits moreover there will be a foame about his mouth and a foamie and filthy matter hanging out at his nosethrills being sent thither both by reason that the Lungs are sodainely heated and suffocated as also by the convulsive concussion of the braine like as it were in the falling sicknesse Contrariwise if he be hanged dead none of these signes appeare for neither the print of the rope appeares red or pale but of the same colour as the other parts of the body are because in dead men the blood and spirits doe not flow to the greeved parts Whosoever is found dead in the waters you shall know whether they were throwne into the water alive or dead For all the belly of him that was throwne in alive will be swollen and puffed up by reason of the water that is contained therein certaine clammie excrements come out at his mouth and nosethrills the ends of his fingers will be worne and excoriated because that hee dyed striving and digging or scraping in the sand or bottome of the river seeking somewhat whereon hee might take hold to save himselfe from drowning Contrariwise if he be throwne into the waters being dead before his belly will not be swollne because that in a dead man all the passages and conduites of the body doe fall together and are stopped and closed and for that a dead man breathes not there appeareth no foame nor filthy matter about his mouth and nose and much lesse can the toppes of his fingers be worne and excoriated for when a man is already dead he cannot strive against death But as concerning the bodies of those that are drowned those that swimme on the upper part of the water being swollne or puffed up they are not so by reason of the water that is contained in the belly but by reason of a certaine vapour into which a great portion of the humors of the body are converted by the efficacy of the putryfying heate Therefore this swelling appeareth not in all men which doe perish or else are cast out dead into the waters but onely in them which are corrupted with the filthinesse or muddinesse of the water long time after they were drowned and are cast on the shore But now I will declare the accidents that come to those that are suffocated and stifled or smoothered with the vapour of kindled or burning charcoales and how you may foretell the causes thereof by the history following In the yeere of our Lord God 1575. the tenth day of May I with Robert Greauline Doctor of Physicke was sent for by Master Hamell an advocate of the Court of Parlament of Paris to see and shew my opinion on two of his servants of whom the one was his Clarke and the other his Horse-keeper All his family supposed them dead because they could not perceive or feele their Arteries to beate all the extreame parts of their bodyes were cold they could neither speake nor move their faces were pale and wanne neither could they bee raised up with any violent beating or plucking by the haire Therefore all men accounted them dead and the question was onely of what kind of death they dyed for their master suspected that some body had strangled them others thought that each of them had stopped one anothers winde with their hands and others judged that they were taken with a sodaine apoplexie But I presently enquired whether there had beene any fire made with Coales in the house lately whereunto their master giving care sought about all the corners of the chamber for the chamber was very little and close and at last found an earthen panne with charcoale halfe burned which when we once saw we all affirmed with one voyce that it was the cause of all this misfortune and that it was the maligne fume and venemous vapour which had smothered them as it were by stopping the passages of their breath Therefore I put my hand to the regions of their hearts where I might perceive that there was some life remaining by the heat and pulsation that I felt though it were very little wherefore we thought it convenient to augment and encrease it Therefore first of all artificially opened their mouthes which were very fast closed and sticking obstinately together and thereinto both with a spoone and also with a silver pipe we put aqua vitae often distilled with dissolved hiera and treacle when we had injected these medicines often into their mouthes they began to moove and to stretch themselves and to cast up and expell many viscous excrementall and filthy humors at their mouth and nostrells and their Lungs seemed to be hot as it were in their throates Therefore then we gave them vomitories of a great quantity of Oxymel and beate them often violently on the last spondill of the backe and first of the loynes both with the hand and knee for unto this place the orifice of the stomacke is turned that by the power of the vomitory medicine and concussion of the stomacke they might be constrained to vomit Neither did our purpose faile us for presently they voided clammie yellow and spumous fleame and blood But wee not being content with all this blowed up into their nostrells out of a Goose quill the powder of Euphorbium that the expulsive faculty of the braine might be stirred up to the expulsion of that which oppressed it therefore presently the braine being shaken or mooved with sneesing and instimulated thereunto by rubbing the chymicall oyle of mints on the pallate and on the cheekes they expelled much viscous and clammie matter at their nostrells Then we used frictions of their armes legges and backe-bones and ministered sharpe glisters by whose efficacie the belly being abundantly loosened they beganne presently to speake and to take things that were
then stopped with the grossenesse of the vapour of the coales whereby it appeareth that both these parts were in fault for as much as the consent and connexion of them with the other parts of the body is so great that they cannot long abide sound and perfect without their mutuall helpe by reason of the loving and friendly sympathy and affinitie that is betweene all the parts of the body one with another Wherefore the ventricles of the braine the passages of the lungs and the sleepie Arteries being stopped the vitall spirit was prohibited from entring into the braine and consequently the animall spirit retained and kept in so that it could not come or disperse its selfe through the whole body whence happened the defect of two of the faculties necessary for life It many times happeneth and is a question too frequently handled concerning womens madenheads whereof the judgement is very difficult Yet some ancient women and Midwives will bragge that they assuredly know it by certaine and infallible signes For say they in such as are virgins there is a certaine membrane or parchment-like skin in the necke of the womb which will hinder the thrusting in of the finger if it be put in any thing deepe which membraine is broken when first they have carnall copulation as may afterwards be perceived by the free entrance of the finger Besides such as are defloured have the necke of their womb more large and wide as on the contrary it is more contracted straite and narrow in virgins But how deceitfull and untrue these signes and tokens are shall appeare by that which followeth for this membraine is a thing preternaturall and which is scarce found to be in one of a thousand from the first conformation Now the necke of the womb will be more open or straite according to the bignesse and age of the party For all the parts of the body have a certaine mutuall proportion and commensuration in a well made body Ioubertus hath written that at Lectoure in Gasconye a woman was delivered of a child in the ninth yeare of her age and that she is yet alive and called Ioane du Perié being wife to Videau Beche the receiver of the amercements of the King of Navare which is a most evident argument that there are some women more able to accompany with a man at nine yeares old than many other at fifteene by reason of the ample capacity of their wombe and the necke thereof Besides also this passage is enlarged in many by some accident as by thrusting their owne fingers more strongly thereinto by reason of some itching or by the putting up of a Nodule or Pessarie of the bignesse of a mans yard for to bring downe the courses Neither to have milke in their breasts is any certaine signe of lost virginity For Hippocrates thus writes But if a woman which is neyther with child nor hath had one have milke in her breasts then her courses have failed her Moreover Aristotle reports that there be men who have such plenty of milke in their breasts that it may be sucked or milked out Cardan writes that he saw at Venice one Antony Bussey some 30. yeares old who had milke in his breasts in such plenty as sufficed to suckle a child so that it did not onely drop but spring out with violence like a womans milke Wherefore let Magistrates beware least thus admonished they too rashly assent to the reports of women Let Physitions and Chirurgions have a care least they doe too impudently bring magistrates into an errour which will not redound so much to the judges disgrace as to theirs But if any desire to know whether one be poysoned let him search for the Symptomes and signes in the foregoing and particular treatise of poysons But that this doctrine of making Reports may be the easier I thinke it fit to give presidents in imitation whereof the young Chirurgion may frame others The first president shall be of death to ensue a second of a doubfull judgement of life and death the third of an impotency of a member the fourth of the hurting of many members I A. P. Chirurgion of Paris this twentieth day of May by the command of the Counsell entred into the house of Iohn Brossey whom I found lying in bed wounded on his head with a wound in his left temple piercing the bone with a fracture and effracture or depression of the broken bone scailes and mâ—ninges into the substance of the braine by meanes whereof his pulse was weake he was troubled with raving convulsion cold sweate and his appetite was dejected Whereby may bee gathered that certaine and speedy death is at hand In witnesse whereof I have signed this Report with my owne hand By the Coroners command I have visited Peter Lucey whom I found sicke in bed being wounded with a Halbard on his right thigh Now the wound is of the bredth of three fingers and so deepe that it pierces quite through his thigh with the cutting also of a veine and Artery whence ensued much effusion of blood which hath exceedingly weakned him and caused him to swound often now all his thigh is wollâ—e livide and gives occasion to feare worse symptomes which is the cause that the health and safety of the party is to be doubted of By the Iustices command I entred into the house of Iames Bertey to visite his owne brother I found him wounded in his right harme with a wound of some foure fingers bignesse with the cutting of the tendons bending the legge and of the Veines Arteries and Nerves Wherefore I affirme that he is in danger of his life by reason of the maligne symptomes that usually happen upon such wounds such as are great paine a feaver inflammation abscesse convulsion gangreene and the like Wherefore he stands in neede of provident and carefull dressing by benefit wherof if he escape death without doubt he will continue lame during the remainder of his life by reason of the impotency of the wounded part And this I affirme under my hand We the Chirurgions of Paris by the command of the Senate this twentieth day of March have visited Master Lewis Vertâ—man whom wee found hurt with five wounds The first inflicted on his head in the middle of his forehead bone to the bignesse of three fingers and it penetrates even to the second table so that we were forced to plucke away three splinters of the same bone The other was atwhart his right cheeke and reacheth from his eare to the midst of his nose wherefore wee stitched it with foure stitches The third is on the midst of his belly of the bignesse of two fingers but so deepe that it ascends into the capacity of the belly so that we were forced to cut away portion of the Kall comming out thereat to the bignesse of a wallnut because having lost its naturall colour it grew blacke and putrified The fourth was upon
the backe of his left hand the bignesse almost of foure fingers with the cutting of the Veines Arteries Nerves and part of the bones of that part whence it is that he will be lame of that hand howsoever carefully and diligently healed Now because by hurting the spinall marrow men become lame sometimes of a legge it is fit you know that the spinall marrow descends from the braine like a rivelet for the distribution of the Nerves who might distribute sense and motion to all the parts under the head wherefore if by hurting the spinall marrow the patients armes or hands are resolved or numme or wholy without sense it is a signe these Nerves are hurt which come forth of the fifth sixth seaventh vertebrae of the necke But if the same accidents happen to the thigh legge or foote with refrigeration so that the excrements flow unvoluntarily without the patients knowledge or else are totally supprest it is a signe that the â—inewes which proceed from the vertebrae of the loynes and holy-bone are hurt or in fault so that the animall faculty bestowing sense and motion upon the whole body and the benefit of opening and shutting to the sphincter muscle of the bladder and fundament cannot shew its self in these parts by which meanes suddaine death happens especially if there be difficulty of breathing therewith Being to make report of a child killed with the mother have a care that you make a discreete report whether the childe were perfect in all the parts and members thereof that the judge may equally punish the author thereof For he meriteth farre greater punishment who hath killed a child perfectly shaped and made in all the members that is he which hath killed a live childe than he which hath killed an Embryon that is a certaine concretion of the spermaticke body For Moses punisheth the former with death as that he should give life for life but the other with a pecuniary mulcte But I judge it fit to ex emplifie this report by a president I A. P. by the Iudges command visited Mistris Margaret Vlmary whom I found sicke in bed having a strong feaver upon her with a convulsion and effluxe of blood out of her wombe by reason of a wound in her lower belly below her navill on the right side penetrating into the capacity of her belly and the wombe therein whence it hath come to passe that she was delivered before her time of a male childe perfect in all his members but dead being killed by the same wound piercing through his scull into the marrow of the braine Which in a short time will be the death of the mother also In testimony whereof I have put my hand and seale The manner how to Embalme the dead I Had determined to finish this my tedious worke with the precedent treatise of Reports but a better thought came in my head which was to bring man whose cure I had undertaken from his infancie to his end and even to his grave so that nothing might be heere defective which the Chirurgion might by his profession performe about mans body either alive or dead Verily there hath scarse ever beene a nation so barbarous which hath not onely beene carefull for the buriall but also for the Embalming or preserving of their dead bodyes For the very Scythians who have seemed to exceede other nations in barbarousnesse and inhumanity have done this for according to Herodotus the Scythians bury not the corpes of their King before that being embowelled and stuffed full of beaten Cypresse frankincense the seedes of Persly and Annise hee be also wrapped in cearcloathes The like care hath also possessed the mindes of the Ethiopians for having disburdened the corpes of their friends of their entrails and flesh they plaistered them over and then having thus rough cast them they painted them with colours so to expressâ— the dead to the life they inclosed them thus adorned in a hollow pillar of glasse that thus inclosed they might be seene and yet not anoy the spectators with their smell Then were they kept the space of a yeere in the hands of their next kindred who during this space offered and sacrifized to them The yeare ended they carryed them forth of the Citty and placed them about the walls each in his proper vault as Herodotus affirmes But this pious care of the dead did farre otherwise affect the Aegyptians than it did other nations For they were so studious to preserve the memory of their ancestors that they embalmed their whole body with aromaticke oyntments and set them in translucent Vâ—nes or glasse Colls in the more eminent and honoured part of their houses that so they might have them dayly in their sight and might be as monuments and inciters to stirre them up to imitate their fathers and Grandâ—ires vertues Besides also the bodyes thus embalmed with aromatick balsamick oyntments were in steed of a most sure pawn so that if any Aegyptian had neede of a great sum of money they might easily procure it of such as knew them their neighbours by pawning the bodye of some of their dead parents For by this meanes the creditour was certaine that he which pawned it would sooner loose his life than break his promise But if all things so unhappily succeded with any so that through poverty he could not fetch home his pawne againe but was forceâ— to forgoe it he was so infamous amongst all men during the rest of the life as one banished or forlorne and loosing his freedome he shall become a servant yea scorned and reviled of all men he should be accounted unworthy to enjoy the light and society of men And certainely the Aegyptians understanding the life which we heere lead to be of short continuance comparison being made with that which wee are to live after the separation of the soule from the body they were more negligent in building their houses they dwelt in but in raring the pyramides which should serve them in steed of sepulchers they were so beyond reason sumptuous and magnificent that for the building of one of these edifices so renowned over all the world which King Cheopes begun a hundred thousand men were every 3 moneths for twenty yeeres space there kept at worke it was five furlongs and being square each side was 800. foot long and so much in height Almost all the peeces of marble went to the building thereof were thirty foote long engraven and carved with various workemanship as Herodotus reports But before the bodyes were committed to these magnificent Sepulchers they were carryed to the Salters and Embalmers who for that purpose had allowance out of the publicke stocke These besmeared them with Aromaticke and balsamicke oyntments and sowed up the incisions they made then strewed them over with salt and then covered them with brine for 70. dayes which being expired they washed them being taken thence and all the filth being taken off they
What a liniment is Oyntments their differences Unguentum adstringens Unguentum nutritum Vnguentum aureum Vng Tetraphâ—…macum scu Basiâ—…m Ung. Diapompholygos Vng desiccatvum rubrum Ung. Enulatum Vng album Rhasis De Althaea Vng Populeuâ—… Vng Apostolorum Comâ—… Ung. pto stomacho Ung. ad morsus rubiosos ex li. 1. Gal. de comp sce genera 3. De comp med see gen What a Cerat is The differences Emplasters Signes of a plaster perfectly boyled The quantity of things to be put into plasters Empl. de Vigo with Mercury Ceratum oesipiex Philagrio Degratia Dei De janua seu de Betonica Emplastrum oxycroceum De cerusa Tripharmacum seu nigrum Diapalma seu diachalciteos Contrarupturam De mucaginibus De minio Diachylon magnum The use of plasters The matter of cataplasmes Their use Lib. 2. ad glaucubi deschirrho An anodine cataplasme A ripening cataplasme A discussing caplasme How pultisses differ from caplasmes A ripening cataplasme Their use 2. De victu iâ—â—cutis What an Embrocation is Their use What an Epitheme is In the sixth Chapter A cordiall Epitheme Their use The use of potentiall cauteries The matter of them The formes of them The signe of good Capitellum The faculty of the silken Cautery The cause of the name Their description The description of Mercury or Angelicall powder What vesicatorie and rubrifâ—ing medicines are The description of a vesicatory Their use What a collyrium is The difference of them Their use Their matter A repercussive collyrium An anodine A detergent What an errhine is Their differences The forme of one An errhine purging phlegme An errhine with powders A Rernutatory The matter of solid errhines Their use The manner of using them To whom they are hurtfull What an apophlegmatism is The differences The use of masticatories To whom hurtfull What a gargle is The differences thereof Their matter An astringent gargle An anodine gargle A detersive What a dentifrice is The differences The matter whereof they consist A powder for a Dentifricc Their usâ—… Whata bag or quilt is Their differences A quilt for the stomacke A cap for a cold head A quilt for the heart Their use What a fumigation is Their differences and matter A cephalicke sume For the hardnesse of the sinewes For the relicks of the Lues venerea The manner of using them The manner of a moist fumigation A moist fume for the eares What an insâ—… is The matter A halfe bath for the stone in the kidneies The use The manner of using it The faculties of Bathes Their differences Naturall Baths How to know whence the Bathes have their efficacy The condition of naturall sulphureous waters Of aluminous waters Of salt and nitious Oâ— bituminous Of brasen Of iron Of leaden Of hot baths To whom hurtfull The faculties of cold baths The Spaw Of artificiall baths The faculty of a bath of warme water Why wâ— put oile into baths Why we must not continue in the bath till we sweat A mollifying anodine bath Cautions to be observed in the use of baths The fittest time for bathing How to order the patient comming forth of the bath The differences of Stoves How made A vaporous stove or bath As the colour of the skin is such is the humour that is thereunder Waters wherewith to wash the face Compound liquors wherewith to wash the face Virgins 〈◊〉 The marrow of sheeps bones good to smooth the face How to makâ— Salcerussae How to paint the face Why worse in winter than in summer Diâ—â— Remedies An approved ointment To dry up the pustles To kill tettarâ— To smooth the skinne What things are fit to dy the haire How to wash Lime A water to black the haire To make the haire of a flaxen colour A depilatory Another Sweet waters Lavander water Clove water Sweet water What distillation is Foure degrees of heate What heate fittest for what things The matter the best for Fornaces A round forme the best for Fornaces Leaden vessells ill Brasse worse The best vessells for distillation Hot things must bee often distilled * By Aquavita in this and most other places is meant nothing but the spirit of 〈◊〉 The parts of an Alembecke Why those things that are distilled in Balneo retaine more of the strength of things What things neede not to be macerated before they bee dissolved The maceration of plants in their owne juice The varieties of stilled waters Rose water Restauratives Another way of making restorative Liquors Spirit of wine seaven times rectified The faculties of the spirit of wine The distilling of Wine and Vinegar is different The first way The second Lac Virginis Ch. 44. of suci Oiles by expression By infusion By distillation Oyle of Bay-berries Of Egges Oyle of S. Iohns wort Of Masticke What oyles are to be drawne by expression The first manner of drawing oiles by distillation Another way What oiles fall to the bottome The description of Pepper The uses thereof The Cinnamon tree 7. simp An excellent Cinnamon tree A signe that the spirit of wine hath fetcht out the strength of the ingredients A signe that the ingredients have loâ—â— their strength What a Retort is The differences of Gummes Cautions in distilling of gummes How to make oyle of Turpentinâ—… How to make oyle of waxe The faculties thereof How to make oyle of myrrhe How to give it a pleasing colour and smell Vesalius hiâ— balsame Fallopius hiâ— balsame What frankinâ—ense is The faculties thereof The signe of perfectly calcined vitrioll Why a Chirurgion must be carefull in making of Reports Why judgement is difficult Wounds teâ—med great for three respects How long a Chirurgion must suspend his judgement in some cases Generall signes whereby we judge of diseases Wounds deadly by the fault of the ayre Singnes of a fractured scull Signes of death by a wound on the head Signes that the throate is cut Signes that a wound hath pierced in the capâ—city of the chest Signes that the Lungs are wounded That the heart is wounded The midriffe The Vâ—…â—a and great Artery The spinall marrow The Liver The stomacke The spleene The guts The kidneyes The bladder The womb The Nerves Signes that an infant is smothered or over-layd Signes of such as are slaine by Lightning Lib. 2. cap. 54. Signes of wounds given to a living and dead man Signes whether on be hanged alive or dead Whether one found dead in the water came therein a live or dead 〈◊〉 such as are smothered by Charcoale Lib. 9. cap. 12. lib. 23. A history Sect. 5. Aph. 5. The occasion of the death of such as have the apoplexie Conditions of the ayre good to breath in Of the signes of virginitie Lib. de errâ—r popul Aph. 39. sect 5. Lib. 4. de hist animal cap. 20. Lib. 12. de subtilet A certificate of death Another in a doubtfull case In the losse of a member Another in the hurts of divers parts A caution in making report of a woman with child being killed The care of the
Scythians in the Embalming their dead The like care of the Ethiopians Lib. 3. Of the Egyptians The reason of building the Egyptian Pyramides Lib. 2. Iohn 19 39. Gen 50 2. The manner of embalming for the long continuance How to embalme bodyes when as we want spices Why the bodyes of our Princes how wellsoever embalmed corrupt in a few dayes Of what the Adversary accuseth the Author The words of the Adversary The Authors answere In the booke of Fistulaes of the fundament in the 3 chap. 5. booke 4. leafe 2. Treatise chap. 17. Treatise 3. doct 1. chap. 3 In the 3 book chap. 4. of the matter of Chirurgery Wounds chap. 12. In the 26 chap. of the 5 book In the 4 ch of the 3 booke In the book 〈◊〉 treatise In the 12. chap. of the 2. booke In the 4 treat 11 chap. 1. booke In the first booke 1 section 3. chap. 16. page 5 upon the â—8 ch of the booke of Paul In the book 2. ch of Angealogie leaâ—e 76. In the booke 1 ch of stiches In the chapter of burning 2 booke leaâ—e 2â—6 In the first booke leafe the 5. Galen in 4. booke of the Meth. and in the booke of Art of Hippocrates Apho. the 6. booke 1. In the booke of â—rte 〈◊〉 Of what the eschâ—r is made In the 5 book of his Meth. Words of the adversary Proposition of the Adversary In the 5 booke ch 26 and in the 7 booke ch 33â— In the ch of cutting booke the 2. A notable history The operation of Charbonell In the 7 sentence of the booke of Vlcers Another history Operation done by Viard Gangreene happening by an antecedent cause Operation done Guilles meau Operation done by the Author Another operation Booke the 6. Chap. 4 and 5 booke 2. chap. 4. booke 3 ch 9 section 7. In the 2. booke of the chap. of Hypospatisme booke 14 ch last of the Meth. In the 4. chap. of the 16. booke of my worke Booke 6 chap. 7 Booke 2 chap. 5. In the 2 book chap. of Periscythisme In the 26. ch of the 9. book of my workes Book 6. chap. 44. booke 2 chap. 3. booke 3. chap. 22. Guide of Caâ—liac the 2 treatise Doct. 1. chap. 1. Booke 7. chap 10. booke 6. chap 46 book 2 chap. 47. In the first booke chap. 29 30. also in booke 2 chap. 32. Booke 6 chap. 47 and 48. In the 〈◊〉 book chap. 1 De internes morbis Booke 1. chap. 33. book 3 sect 2 chap. 89. booke the 6 chap. 50. In the 3. book 12. chap. 6 7. In the 7. book chap. 25. book 6 chap. 76. book 2 chap 72 upon the sentence 49. of the 〈◊〉 section of the book of Arts. Sentence the 22 and 23 of the 3 section of the booke of the joynts chap. 1â— of the 15. booke A faire similitude The retiring of the enemies History Brave answere of the Souldiers Exemplary punishment Counsell of De Vigo Experience of a bold man happy successe Receipt of an excellent balme for wounds with Gunshot Witnesse of the dexterity of the Author The death of Marshall Montian The English retire Dances of the Countrey Wenches Wrastlers little Brittan good wrastler The little Brittan kild The body opened by the Author Addresse of the Author History The hurt of Monsieur de Guise History Charity of the Author Another History What it is to reveale the secrets of Princes The King of Navarre prayed the Author to follow him History of desperate people The taking of Castle of Compt. The names of the Princes who were at the seige of Meth. Nota. Commission of the Author History The hurt of Monsieur de Pienne trepand and cured Princes carried the Baskets Breach