penny halfe-penny whereof eight make an English penny The Irish Histories report that a Bishop Iustice of Ireland vnder Iohn King of England did coyne moneys in Ireland of the same purenes and weight with the English And the Irish had a Mint-house at the beginning of Queene Elizabeths raigne But in our memory the Irish haue not enioyed any priuiledge of coyning moneys but haue continually receiued them from the Mint of England And for the most part of Queene Elizabeths Raigne they had the same coyne with the English saue that the Irish shillings were stamped with a Harpe the Armes of the Kingdome and being called Harpers were only worth 9 pence English But ciuill warre hauing set all Ireland in a combustion the same Queene more easily to subdue the rebels did take siluer coyne from the Irish some few yeers before her death paid her Army with a mixed base coyne which by Proclamation was commanded to bee spent and receiued for sterling siluer mony for no pieces of gold were at any time expressely coyned for the Irish. And this base mixed money had 3 parts of copper and the fourth part of siluer which proportion of siluer was in some part consumed by the mixture so as the English Goldsmiths valued a shilling thereof at no more then 2 siluer pence though they acknowledged the same to be worth 2 pence halfe penny At last the ciuill warre being appeased immediately before the Queenes death King Iames her successor in the yeere 1605 took away this mixed coine restored their old siluer harpers to the Irish. Moreouer in the happy beginning of King Iames his Raigne the Irish had the vnder written old coynes which Sir George Carey Knight at that time Lord Deputie and yet continuing Treasurer at wars for that Kingdome did so gather vp as at this day none of them are to be found These coynes were thus called First they had siluer groats called broad faced groates which of old were coyned for foure pence though some of them were now worth eight pence Also they had siluer groats called crosse-keele groats stamped with the Popes tripple Crowne likewise coined for foure pence but being of more value And these groats were either sent hither of old by the Popes or for the honour of them had this stampe set vpon them Lastly they had siluer groats of like value called Dominus groats of the Kings of England then called Domini that is Lords of Ireland Also they had Rex groats so called of the Kings of England after they had the stile of Kings of Ireland which were coyned for foure pence but by the mixture of copper were onely worth two pence Also they had white groats which were coyned for foure pence but of such base allay as nine of them were giuen for an English shilling They had little brasse pence and pence of a second kinde called Harpers being as big as an English shilling They had also brasse farthings called smulkins whereof foure made a penny Lastly there were lately found brasse coynes by plowing vp the earth whose stampe shewed that the Bishops of Ireland had of old the priuiledge of coyning And of all these moneys aforesaid some were coyned at London some at the Mint at Yorke and some at the Mint at Bristow in England Being to write of the diuers moneys of Germany I thinke fit first to set downe some Lawes of the Empire about coyning of moneys In the Diet or Parliament at Augsburg in the yeere 1551. it was decreed by the Emperour together with the Electors Princes States the Counsellors of those that were absent the Ambassadours and Substitutes that in the greater pieces of coynes to that piece included which is worth six creitzers the Mint-masters of a marke of Colen pure siluer should make eight gold guldens and a halfe with halfe a creitzer the gold gulden being esteemed at seuentie creitzers making in siluer ten guldens twelue creitzers and a halfe the siluer gulden being esteemed at sixtie creitzers And that hereafter in the sacred Empire the vnder written pieces of moneys should be coyned namely the great siluer piece and two halfes of the same answering in value to a gold gulden Also pieces of twenty creitzers twelue ten sixe three and one Also that the States according to the conditions of their Countreys should coyne for common vse certaine pieces of small moneys with pence and halfe pence That the Rhenish guldens of the Electors and the guldens answerable to them should be worth seuentie two creitzers And that all dollers being worth sixty six creitzers and so half dollers should be admitted by the Counsellers but for the rest that they should certifie the Emperor the true value of each to the end he might prescribe how each coyne according to the value made by them should be receiued and spent or prohibited And left the Empire should by fraudes suffer losse in the carrying out of vncoyned siluer and bringing in of forraine moneys it was in the means time decreed that no man should carry out of the Empire any vncoyned siluer and that those who had the Regall priuiledge of coyning should not fell the same to any other but vseit themselues with this condition that hereafter of a siluer marke of Colen weight they should make ten siluer guldens with twelue creitzers and a halfe the gulden being esteemed at sixtie creitzers so as in that summe there should be found a siluer Marke of the said weight excepting alwaies the charges of coyning for the smaller pieces of moneys And this to bee done vpon penaltie of losing that priuiledge Moreouer it was decreed that vpon paine of burning all men should abstaine from clipping and washing of coynes or any abasing of them with like fraudes Lastly it was decreed that the States hauing the priuiledge of coyning should not hereafter vpon penaltie bring any dollers guldens groshes or halfe or fourth parts of groshes to the mint excepting those who had mines of their owne who were not sorbidden to coyne as much gold and siluer as they had in their owne mines so they coyned according to the foresaid decree and that no other should coine any other gold then according to the value and weight vsed by the Emperor and the Princes of the Empire vpon the Rheine In the Dieta at Spyre in the yeere 1557 it was decreed that hereafter the stipends should be increased to the Assessors of the Imperiall Chamber so as a Gulden hauing beene giuen hitherto for 16. Batzen or sixty foure Creitzers should hereafter be paied from the Callends of Aprill in the yeere 1558 for seuenty seuen Creitzers Likewise in the Dieta at Augsburg in the yeer 1558 it was decreed that the following stipends should be paid to the Iudge and Assessors of that chamber Namely that the Iudge being an Earle or Baron should haue 2000. guldens and if he were a Prince his stipend should be increased That an Assessor being an Earle or Lord should haue
Roman Religion with the appeasing thereof in the beginning of the yeere 1603. Together with the Lord Deputies recalling into England and the rewards there giuen him for his seruice in the beginning of the yeere 1603 with mention of his vntimely death within few yeeres after and a word of the State of Ireland some ten yeeres after THE fiue and twentieth of March in the beginning of the yeere 1603 the Lord Deputy wrote this following letter from Mellifant Sir Garret Moores house to Master Secretary in England SIR I haue receiued by Captaine Hayes her Maiesties letters of the sixth of February wherein I am directed to send for Tyrone with promise of securitie for his life onely and vpon his arriuall without further assurance to make stay of him till her pleasure should bee further knowne and at the same time I receiued another from her Maiestie of the seuenteenth of February wherein it pleased her to inlarge the authority giuen vnto me to assure him of his life liberty and pardon vpon some conditions remembred therein And withall I receiued a letter from your selfe of the eighteenth of February recommending to me your owne aduice to fulfill as far as I possibly could the meaning of her Maiesties first letter and signifying her pleasure that I should seeke by all the best meanes I can to promise him his pardon by some other name then Earle of Tyrone and rather by the name of Barron of Dungannon or if it needes must bee by the name of some other Earle Secondly to deliuer him his Country in lesse quantity and with lesse power then before he had it And lastly to force him to cleare his paces and passages made difficult by him against any entrie into his Countrie And now since it hath pleased her Maiesty by so great a trust to giue me so comfortable Arguments of her fauour I am incouraged the more freely to presume to declare my selfe in this great matter which I call great because the consequence is great and dangerous to be delt in without the warrant of her gratious interpretation And though my opinion herein should proceede from a long and aduised consideration described with large and many circumstances and confirmed with strong and iudiciall reasons yet because I thinke it fit to hasten away this messenger I will write of these things somewhat though on the sudden and commit the rest to the sufficient iudgement and relation of the Lord President now in his iourney towards you and the rather because I finde him to concurre with mee in the apprehension of this cause and of the state of all other things of this Kingdome And first for her Maiesties first letter I pray you Sir beleeue me that I haue omitted nothing both by power and policy to ruine him and vtterly to cut him off and if by either I may procure his head before I haue engaged her Royall word for his safety I doe protest I will doe it and much more be ready to possesse my selfe of his person if by only promise of life or by any other meanes wherby I shal not directly scandal the maiesty of publike faith I can procure him to put himself into my power But to speak my opinion freely I thinke that he or any man in his case would hardly aduenture his liberty to preserue onely his life which he knoweth how so well to secure by many other waies for if he flie into Spaine that is the least wherof he can be assured and most men but especially he doe make little difference betweene the value of their life and liberty and to deceiue him I thinke it will bee hard for though wiser men then hee may be ouer-reached yet he hath so many eyes of iealousie awake that it will bee vnpossible to charme them and I do vpon assured ground beleeue that it is nothing but feare of his safety that of a long time especially of late hath kept him frō conformity to the State and if any thing do keep him now from accepting the lowest conditions and from setling himself and his hart to a constant seruing of her Maiestie it will be feare of an absolute forgiuenes or the want of such an estate as may in any measure cōtent him The danger of his subsisting as he doth is either if there come no forraine forces to maintaine still a loose head of Rebellion which will be better able to offend any such as are become subiects then we can be if we were a thousand times more to defend them at all times and in all places to stirre vp and to maintaine al humors and to be a wound remaining open vnto which they may haue recourse and vpon all accidents bee readie to swell or to infect the whole bodie of this Kingdome Otherwise if there should be any inuasion to be a powerfull and politick head to draw this Countrie to their assistance If there come no forraigne Forces and that hee should bee cut off yet is it likely some other in the nature of a spoiling outlaw would arise vp in his place as ill as himselfe and if hee bee kept prisoner the like effects will arise as if hee were dead If hee bee cut off or kept prisoner and the Spaniards should arriue most of the Swordmen will flocke vnto them for aduantage of pay and the discontentment of Lords of Countries would be as great or greater then if hee were amongst them and therefore they as likely to fall then as now to the Spanish partie but if it were possible to make him a good subiect the vse her Maiestie may make of him must bee amongst these people since during his life and libertie none will aspire to that place of O Neale which doth carrie with it so great an interest in the North and what interest hee hath hee may bee led to employ to suppresse and settle the mindes of the people to gouernement and hauing once declared himselfe to bee a dutifull subiect it will be first a great discouragement for the Spaniards to come and if they doe come if hee continue honest his presence and interest will sway the North from giuing them assistance or annoying the subiects if we withdraw our Garrisons and make the rest of Ireland more aduised how they declare themselues against the State Sir to conclude because I cannot shortly expresse mine owne minde herein I thinke it best if it please her Maiestie to receiue him to her mercy so that first his submission bee made in as humble sort and as much for her Maiesties Honour as can be deuised and then that she assure him of absolute forgiuenesse and forgetting of his faults and as much honour and profit as he had before prouided that wee take from him as much as possibly wee may those lockes wherein his chiefest strength lyes Otherwise I am perswaded either the Queene shal not serue her owne turne by him if shee keepe him prisoner or he will serue his turne if he liue at
CONTAINING HIS TEN YEERES TRAVELL THROVGH THE TWELVE DOMJNIONS OF Germany Bohmerland Sweitzerland Netherland Denmarke Poland Jtaly Turky France England Scotland and Ireland Diuided into III Parts THE I. PART Containeth a Iournall through all the said twelue Dominions Shewing particularly the number of miles the soyle of the Country the situation of Cities the descriptions of them with all Monuments in each place worth the seeing as also the rates of hiring Coaches or Horses from place to place with each daies expences for diet horse-meate and the like THE II. PART Containeth the Rebellion of Hugh Earle of Tyrone and the appeasing thereof written also in forme of a Iournall THE III. PART Containeth a Discourse vpon seuerall Heads through all the said seuerall Dominions AT LONDON Printed by John Beale dwelling in Aldersgate street 1617. HONI SOIT QVI MAL Y PENSE WITH the Kings Maiesties full and sole Priuiledge to the Author Fynes Moryson Gent. his Executors Administrators Assignes and Deputies for 21 yeeres next ensuing to cause to be imprinted and to sell assigne and dispose to his or their best benefit this Booke and Bookes as well in the English as in the Latin tongue as well these three Parts finished as one or two Parts more thereof not yet finished but shortly to be perfected by him Sraitly forbidding any other during the said yeeres to imprint or cause to be imprinted to import vtter or sell or cause to be imported vttered or sold the said Booke or Bookes or any part thereof within any of his Maiesties Dominions vpon paine of his Maiesties high displeasure and to forfet three pounds lawfull English money for euery such Booke Bookes or any part thereof printed imported vttered or sold contrary to the meaning of this Priuiledge besides the forfeture of the said Book Books c. as more at large appeareth by his Maiesties Letters Patents dated the 29 of Aprill in the fifteenth yeere of his Maiesties raigne of England France and Ireland and of Scotland the fiftieth To the Right Honourable VVJLLJAM EARLE OF PEMBROKE Lord Chamberlaine of his Maiesties Houshold one of his Maiesties most Honourable Priuie Counsell and Knight of the most noble Order of the GARTER c. Right Honourable SInce I had the happinesse imputed to Salomons Seruants by the Queene of Sheba to stand sometimes before You an eye and eare witnes of your Noble conuersation with the worthy Earle of Deuonshire my deceased Lord and Master I euer admired your vertues and much honoured your Person And because it is a thing no lesse commendable gladly to receiue fauours from men of eminent worth then with like choice to tender respect and seruice to them I being now led by powerfull custome to seeke a Patron for this my Worke and knowing that the weakest frames need strongest supporters haue taken the boldnes most humbly to commend it to your Honours protection which vouchsafed it shall triumph vnder the safegard of that massy shield and my selfe shall not only acknowledge this high fauour with humblest thankefulnesse but with ioy imbrace this occasion to auow myselfe now by publike profession as I haue long been in priuate affection Your Honours most humble and faithfull seruant FYNES MORYSON To the Reader FOr the First Part of this Worke it containes only a briefe narration of daily iournies with the rates of Coaches or Horses hired the expences for horses and mans meat the soyle of the Country the situation of Townes and the descriptions thereof together with all things there worthy to be seene which Treatise in some obscure places is barren and vnpleasant espetially in the first beginning of the worke but in other places I hope you will iudge it more pleasant and in some delightfull inducing you fauorably to dispence with the barrennes of the former inserted only for the vse of vnexperienced Trauellers passing those waies Againe you may perhaps iudge the writing of my daily expences in my iournies to be needles vnprofitable in respect of the continuall change of prices and rates in all Kingdoms but they can neuer be more subiect to change then the affaies of Martiall and ciuill Policie In both which the oldest Histories serue vs at this day to good vse Thirdly and lastly touching the First Part of this VVorke when you read my expences in vnknowne Coynes you may iustly require the explaning of this obscurity by expression of the values in the English Coynes But I pray you to consider that the adding of these seuerall values in each daies iourny had been an Herculean labour for auoiding whereof I haue first set before the First Part a briefe Table expressing the value of the small Coynes most commonly spent and also haue expresly particularly for each Dominion and most part of the Prouinces set downe at large how these values answer the English Coynes in a Chapter written of purpose to satisfie the most curious in this point namely the fifth Chapter of the third Booke being the last of this First Part in which Chapter also I haue briefly discoursed of the best means to exchange monies into forraigne parts Touching the VVorke in generall I wil truly say that I wrote it swiftly and yet slowly This may seeme a strange Riddle and not to racke your wit with the interpretation my selfe will expound it I wrote it swiftly in that my pen was ready and nothing curious as may appeare by the matter and stile and I wrote it slowly in respect of the long time past since I viewed these Dominions and since I tooke this worke in hand So as the VVorke may not vnfitly bee compared to a nose-gay of flowers hastily snatched in many gardens and with much leasure vet carelesly and negligently bound together The snatching is excused by the haste necessary to Trauellers desiring to see much in short time And the negligent binding in true iudgement needs no excuse affected curiositie in poore subiects being like rich imbroidery laid vpon a frize ierken so as in this case onely the trifling away of mxch time may bee imputed to my ignorance dulnes or negligence if my iust excuse be not heard in the rendering whereof I must craue your patience During the life of the worthy Earle of Deuonshire my deceased Lord I had little or no time to bestow in this kind after his deth I lost fully three yeers labor in which I abstracted the Histories of these 12 Dominiōs thorow which I passed with purpose to ioyne them to the Discourses of the seuerall Commonwealths for illustration and ornament but when the worke was done and I found the bulke there of to swel then I chose rather to suppresse them then to make my gate bigger then my Citie And for the rest of the yeers I wrote at leasure giuing like a free and vnhired workeman much time to pleasure to necessary affaires and to diuers and long distractions If you consider this and with all remember that the worke is first written in Latine
then translated into English and that in diuers Copies no man being able by the first Copie to put so large a worke in good fashion And if you will please also to take knowledge from me that to saue expences I wrote the greatest part with my owne hand and almost all the rest with the slowe pen of my seruant then I hope the losse of time shall not be imputed vnto me Againe for the worke in generall I professe not to write it to any curious wits who can indure nothing but extractions and quintessences nor yet to great States-men of whose reading I confesse it is vnworthy but only vnto the vnexperienced who shall desire to view forraign kingdomes And these may the rather by this direction make better vse of what they see heare and reade then my selfe did If actiue men neuer reade it I shall wish them no lesse good successe in their affaires If contemplatiue men shall reade it at leasure making choice of the subiects fitting their humours by the Table of the Contents and casting away the booke when they are weary of reading perhaps they may finde some delight only in case of distaste I pray them remember to and for whom it was written To conclude if you be as well affected to me as I am to you how soeuer I deserue no thanks no doubt I shall be free from blame And so I wish you all happinesse remaining Yours in due respect Fynes Moryson A Table of the Contents of the seuerall Chapters contained in this Booke THE FIRST PART The first Booke Chap. 1. OF my iourny from London in England to Stode Hamburg Lubecke Luneburg my returne to Hamburg and iourny to Magdeburg Leipzig Wittenberg and the neighbouring Cities in Germany Chap. 2. Of my iourny from Leipzig to Prage in Bohemia to Nurnberg Augspurg Vlme Lindoy Costnetz in Germany Schaphusen Zurech Baden and Bazell in Sweitzerland Chap. 3. Of my iourny from Bazell to Strasburg to Heidelberg to Franckfort to Cassiles to Brunswicke to Luneburg to Hamburg to Stode to Breme to Oldenburge and to Embden the last Citie vpon the confines of the Empire of Germany Chap 4. Of my iourny from Embden in Germany to Leiden in Holland and through the vnited Prouiuces of the Low Countries Chap. 5. Of my iourny out of the vnited Prouinces by the sea coast to Stode and Lubeck in Germany of my sailing to Denmarke and thence to Dantzk in Prussen and my iourny thorow Paland to Poduoa in Italy The second Booke Chap. 1. Of my iourny from Paduoa to Venice to Ferrara to Bologna to Rauenna and by the shoare of the Adriatique Sea to Ancona then crossing the breadth of Italy to Rome seated not far from the Tirrhene Sea Chap. 2. Of my iourny to Naples and my returne to Rome and of the description of both Cities of my iourny cursory to Sienna Fiorenza Pistoia Lucca and Pisa and the description of the three last Cities Chap. 3. Of my iourny to Ligorno my returne to Florence or Fiorenza and to Sienna and the description of these Cities Of my iourny by land to Lirigi in which againe I passed by Lucca and Pisa and by sea to Genoa with the description of that Citie and my iourny by land to Pauia to Milano to Cremona and to Mantoua with the description of the Cities and of my returne to Paduoa Chap. 4. Of the Sepulcher of Petrarch at Arqua of my iourny to Vicenza Verona Brescia and Bergamo in Italy then passing the Alpes to Chur Zurech Solothurn Geneua and in my returne thence to Berna in Sweitzerland thence to Strasburg in Germany and to Chalon to Paris to Roan and to Diepe in France and finally of my passage by sea and land to London in England The third Booke Chap. 1. Of my iourny to Stode through the vnited Prouinces of Netherland and vpon the sea-coast of Germany then to Brunswicke and the right way to Nurnberg Augsburg and Insprucke in Germany and from thence to Venice in Italy and so by the Mediteranean Seas and the I lands thereof to Ierusalem In which iourney I slightly passe ouer the places described in my former passage those waies Chap. 2. The description of the Citie of Ierusalem and the Territory thereof Chap. 3. Of my iourny from Ierusalem by land to Ioppa by sea to Tripoly in Syria by land to Haleppo and Scanderona and of our passage by sea to the I land Candia Chap. 4. Of my iourny from Candia partly by land and partly by sea by the sea shoares and by the I lands of the AEgean sea Pontus and Propontis to the Citie of Constontinople and of my iourny thence by sea to Venice and by land to Augsburg Nurnberg and Stode in Germany and of my passage ouer sea into England Chap. 5. Of my iourny through many seuer all Shires of England Scotland and Ireland Chap. 6. Of the manner to exchange monies into forraigne parts and the diuers monies of diuers parts together with the diuers measures of miles in sundry Nations most necessary for the vnderstanding of the former Iournall THE SECOND PART The first Booke Chap. 1. Of the Induction or Preface to my Irish Iournall and a compendious narratich how Charles Blount Lord Mountioy my Lord and Master of happy memory was chosen Lord Deputy of Ireland and of this worthy Lords quality as also of the Counsels in generall by which he broke the Rebels hearts and gaue peace to that troubled State together with his particular actions in the end of the yeere 1599. Chap. 2. Of the Lord Deputies particular proceedings in the prosecution of the Rebels in the yeere 1600. The second Booke Chap. 1. Of the Lord Deputies particular proceedings in the prosecution of the Rebels and of the Spaniards innading Ireland in the yeere 1601. Chap. 2. Of the besicging of the Spaniards at Kinsale with the deliuery of the Towne to the Lord Deputy and their returne into Spaine in the same yeere 1601. The third Booke Chap. 1. Of the prosecution of the warre by the Lord Mountioy Lord Deputy against the Rebels in the yeere 1602. Chap. 2. Of Tyrones taking to mercy whereby the warre was fully ended and of a new mutiny of the Cities of Mounster for establishing the publike exercise of the Roman Religion with the appeasing thereof together with the Lord Deputies recalling into England and the rewards there giuen him for his seruice in the beginning of the yeere 1603 with mention of his vntimely death within few yeeres after and the state of Ireland some ten yeeres after THE THIRD PART The first Booke Chap. 1. THat the visiting of forraigne Countries is good and profitable but to whom and hew farre Chap. 2. Of Precepts for Trauellers which may instruct the vnexperienced Chap. 3. Of the Opinions of old Writers and some Prouerbs which I obserued in forraigne parts by reading or discourse to be vsed either of Trauellers themselues or of diuers Nations and Prouinces The second Booke Chap.
for all that beg are sent thither and they haue many of these houses These are the most remarkeable things in the Churches of this sextary The third sextary or sixth part of the City on this side the channell meaning towards the gulfe of Venice vulgarly is called Ilsestiero di Canaregio of the canes or pipes which they were wont to vse in the building of ships In the Church of the Prophet Ieremy built by three families Morosini Malipieri and Runandi the sepulcher of Saint Magnus who built eight Churches when the City was first founded and the Image of the blessed Virgin much adored In the Church of Saint Marciali the Images aswel of the great Altar as of the Altar of Angelo Raphaeli In the Apostles Church where excellent sermons are made in the Lent the carued Image of our Lady vpon the Altar and her picture vpon the same painted by Saint Luke In the Church of Saint Iohn Chrysostome the pictures of three Theologicall vertues of Saint Marke and the carued Images of the Virgin and the Apostles In the Church of Saint Giob the ingrauing of the chappell of the Grimani and of the Altar of the Foscari the picture of Christ in the garden with his Apostles sleeping and the pictures of the next Altar namely that of the Virgin Saint Sabastian and Saint Giob In the Church of Saint Mary de serui the pictures of the great Altar especially of the Virgins assumption and also of the Virgins Altar and of Saint Augustins Altar especiall that of the wise men adoring Christ and the carued Images of another Altar the Marble sepulcher of Duke Andrea Vendramini being the fairest of all other in the City and the Oratory of the banished men of Lucea who first brought into this City the weauing of silke and of whom many were made Gentlemen of Venice In the Church of Saint Mary del ' Orto the huge Image of Saint Christopher the History of Moses and the prophicies of the last iudgement painted the painting of the arched-roof rare for perspectiue Art and che chiefe of that kinde the Monument of Iasper Contarini Cardinall of the Marble of Paros and the pillers of our Ladies Altar with many Marble stones In the Church of Saint Mary de Crostechieri the ancient pictures the notable pall of Saint Laurence worth seuen thousand crownes and the pictures in the chappel of Lewis Vsperi In the Church of Saint Lucia the Monument and chappell of the Saints In the chappell of Saint Luigi the great Altar fairest of those built of wood In the Church of Saint Mary of the Miracles the fairest of any Nunnery for the beauty and rare stones the walles couered with Marble two Marble Images of two children vnder the Organs the works of famous Praxitiles the Images of marble of Paros the stones of Porphery and Ophytes wonderfully carued the great Altar of Marble ingrauen with great Art the brasen Images of Saint Peter Saint Paul and of Angels These are the things most remarkeable In the Church of Saint Mary of Mercy Sansouine witnesseth this Epitaph which I will set downe left any should thinke incredible the like practises of Papists against Emperours and Iohn the King of England in these words To Ierom Sauina a Citizen of Venice Prior of Saint Maries notably learned in good Arts but more renowmed for piety which hee also shewed at his death towards his enemy who gaue him poyson in the challice at the Lords Supper by many arguments of his charity He died in the yeere MDCI. Also in the great schoole the same is witnessed in these wordes To Ierom Sauina wickedly killed by poyson giuen O horrible villany in our Lords Supper c. The fourth sextary or sixth part of the City and first of those beyond the channell meaning towards the Territorie of Paduoa is vulgarly called of the chiefe Church Il sestiero di San ' Polo In which Church of Saint Paul the most remarkeable things are these the picture of Christ washing his Apostles feet the pall of siluer guilded and the precious stones vpon the great Altar the pictures of the Altar of the holy Sacrament and of the blessed Virgin and the Images of Saint Andrew and the Apostles vpon pillars In the very faire market place of the same Church of old a market was weekely held and to the yeere 1292 the market was held heere on Wednesday and in the market place of Saint Marke on the Saturday but at this day none is held here but both in the place of Saint Marke for the benefit of those that dwell there and that the houses may bee more deerely let which belong to Saint Marke Neere the Church of Saint Siluestro the Patriarkes of Grado dwelt till the Bishop of Castello Oliuolo was made Patriarke In the Church of Saint Iames of Rialto narrow but very faire the precious stones and the pictures of great Art and antiquitie and the fiue Altars In the Church of Saint Mary Gloriosa faire and great the Belfrey stately built the Monument of the most famous Painter Titiano two Images of Marble neere the great doore the Marble Image of Saint Iohn ouer against the Florentine chappell the chancell paued with Marble and adorned with the grauen Images of the Prophets at the charge of the family Morosini the rare pictures of the great Altar the Epitaph of Francis Bernardo who being imployed into England in his yong yeeres made peace betweene King Henry and the French King Francis which many great men had attempted in vaine and for this braue act was Knighted by both the Kings These things in this church are most remarkeable The fifth sextary and the second beyond the channel of the chiefe Church is called il Sestiero di Santa Croce in which Church being a cloyster of Nunnes Duke Dominick Morosini lies buried with this inscription Here lies Dominick Morosini Duke of Venice with Sophia his Dutchesse hee was a good Duke and most wise full of faith and truth c. He tooke the City Tyrus and vnder him Istria and Pola were subdued with fifty gallies where of were Captaines his sonne and Marino Gradonico This glorious Duke died in the yeere MCLVI Also the Marble pillers of the great Altar the brasen Angels and the brasen Images of Christ rising from the dead of Saint Francis and Saint Anthony In the Church of Saint Simion Prophet the picture of Christs supper with his Apostles In the Church of St. Giacomo dell ' Orio a piller esteemed for a Iewell a Marble pulpit one of the fairest in the City and the Images of the chappell for christning In the Church of Saint Eustace the pictures of Christ whipped of Christ carrying his crosse and of Christ praying in the garden all of great Art In the Church of Saint Mary Mater Domini the great Altar of most pure siluer and the passion of Christ ingrauen the Altar of the blessed Virgin with her picture and the Altar of the holy Sacrament
of twenty three caracts three graines and a halfe he should coyne pieces of Angels halfe Angels fourth parts of Angels pieces of an Angel and a half of 3 Angels Now this Angel was of three penny weight and 8 graines and this gold was commonly called Angel gold Also she contracted with him that of gold of the Standard of twentie two caracts he should coynepieces of twentie shillings and pieces of tenne shillings and pieces of fiue shillings and the piece of tenne shillings was three penny weight fifteene graines And this gold called Crowne gold was almost two caracts baser then the former and two caracts after the rate of this standard are worth fiue shillings of Queene Elizabeths siluer Lastly she contracted with him that of siluer of the standard of eleuen ounces two penny weight he should coyne shillings halfe shillings fourth parts of shillings and pieces of two pence and of one penny and of halfe pence And the shilling was foure penny or ninety sixe graines waight The same Queene not long before her death reduced her siluer to the Standerd of eleuen ounces which was two-penny weight baser then the former in each ounce and the Mint Office was said to haue gained thereby one halfepenny in each ounce or about fiue in the hundreth King Iames in the yeere 1604 published a Proclamation whereby new pieces of gold were to be coyned of a standard vniforme to the standards of other Nations for it appeares by the Proclamation that the gold coynes of England were not of a iust proportion betweene gold and siluer according to the proportion vsed by all Nations so as the English coynes of gold being giuen in England for lesse then indeed they were worth it came to passe that they were transported into forraine parts where they were esteemed at higher rate which mischiefe his Maiestie desired to take away by this vniforme standard published in the same Proclamation for the better vnderstanding whereof this following Table was ioyned to the same It is to be remembred that the pound weight English being twelue ounces Troy doth ouer-poix the pound weight of Scotland foure penny weight and mine graines ENglish Whereupon this Table is made to distinguish euery seuerall pieces of Gold and Siluer Coyne according to the true weight of both Nations English Weight B.  Pennyweight 20. Graines 24. Mites 20. Droits 24. Periots 20. Blancks 24.  Pieces of Gold of xx s 06 10 16 18 10  Of these 37 li.4.w make a pound weight Troy x.s. 03 05 08 09 05  v.s. 01 14 14 04 12 12 iiij.s. 01 06 09 08 10  ij.s. vj d. 00 19 07 02 06 06 Pieces of Siluer of v.s. 19 08 10 08   Of these 3. li. 2 s make a pound weight Troy ij.s. vj.d. 09 16 05 04   xij d 03 20 18 01 10  vj.d. 01 22 09 00 15  ij d 00 15 09 16 05  j.d. 00 07 14 20 02 12 ob 00 03 17 10 01 06 Scottish Weights C.  Deniers 24. Graines 24. Primes 24. Seconds 24. Thirds 24. Fourths 24  Pieces of Gold of xx s 07 21 07 01 09 19  A Of these 36 li 10 3.d.q make 12. oz. Scottish Or 48 li. 3 s 8.d x.s. 03 22 15 12 16 21 ½ v.s. 01 23 07 18 08 10 ¼ iiij.s. 01 13 20 14 16 08 ¾ ij.s.vj.d. 00 23 15 27 04 05  Pieces of Siluer of v.s. 23 15 22 05 00 13 B Of these 3 li 10 d.q or 4 li 1 s 1 d.ob.di.q.di di.q. ij s vj.d. 11 19 22 14 12 06 ◠◠xii d 04 17 13 20 0◠  vi d 02 08 18 22 00 12  ii d. 00 18 22 07 08 04   i d. 00 09 11 03 16 02  ob 00 04 17 13 20 01  King Iames in the yeere 1609 contracted with the Mint-Master that of gold of the Standard 〈◊〉 three and twentie caracts three graines and a halfe he should coyne pieces of thirty shillings called Rose Ryals pieces of fifteene shillings called Spur Ryals And the foresaid Rose Ryall was nine penny weight and fiue graines Also he contracted with him that of gold of the Standard of two and twentie caracts hee should coyne pieces of twentie shillings called Vnites pieces of ten shillings called double Crownes pieces of fiue shillings called Brittan Crownes pieces of 4 shillings called Thistle crownes and pieces of 2 shillings 6 pence called halfe Brittan crownes and lastly that all these pieces should bee proportioned to the foresaid Table But the first Standard of this yeere 1609 was lighter then the Standard of the yeere 1600 by ten pence in each Angell and the second standard of the yeere 1609 was lighter in like proportion then the second standard of the yeere 1600. Moreouer the Goldsmiths of this time said that of old a wedge of gold or any gold vncoined being brought into the Mint was coyned there for six siluer shillings in each pound of gold whereas at this time the Mint exacted thirtie siluer shillings for the same whereupon the Merchants carried their wedges for the most part into Flaunders to be coyned and few of them being brought into England the Goldsmiths could not procure any of them for the exercise of their trade but were forced to melt coined gold and siluer for that purpose In the same yeere 1609 the King contracted with the Mint-master that of siluer of the standard of 11 ounces he should coyne diuers pieces aboue mentioned in the former Table according to the rule therein prescribed To conclude Caesar in his Commentaries mentions brasse coynes of the Brittans but the Kings of England haue now for many ages cast out of England all vse of brasse or copper moneys vsing none but coynes of gold and siluer and that of a pure allay King Iames in like sort as he did for the English coyne did also ioyne to his foresaid Proclamation the foresaid Table of the Scottish weights whereby the correspondencie of the Scottish money to the English and the iust value weight and purenesse thereof may be distinguished to which end I haue also formerly ioyned those tables The Scots also coyne a siluer money of 13 pence halfe penny and another piece of halfe the same value and both these pieces of money are of the same purenes value with the English siluer And the Scots of old called 20 English pence a pound as wee in England call 20 siluer shillings a pound And in like sort thirteene pence halfe penny English was by the Scots called a Marke as in England thirteene shillings foure pence is so called Also the Scots haue of long time had small brasse coynes which they say of late are taken away namely Bahees esteemed by them of old for 6 pence wherof 2 make an English peny also Placks which they esteemed for 4 pence but 3 of them make an English penny also Hard-heads esteemed by them at one
eight d. per diem Per annum one hundred ninety nine thousand seuen hundred fifteene li. sixteene s. eight d. Pensioners in the Muster-booke per annum one thousand eight hundred nine li. fifteene s. ten d. Pensioners by letters Patents per annum eight hundred seuenty foure li. fiue s. nine pence ob Thirteene Almesmen per annum eightie eight li. nineteene s. foure d. ob Officers of the Musters which are payable out of the checkes namely one Muster-Master at sixe s. eight d. a Comptroller at ten s. and twenty Commissaries each at three s. foure d. per diem Per annum one thousand fiue hundred twenty li. sixteene s. eight d. Extraordinarie allowance for Messengers Espials Post-barkes rewards of seruices c. per annum sixe thousand li. Totall of this Establishment per annum two hundred fifty fiue thousand seuen hundred seuenty three li. fourteene d. qu. denny Memorandum that the dead paies allowed to the Captaines in each Company of horse or foote are herein contained but the charge of munition of leuying horse and foote for reinforcing the Army with many like charges are not herein contained The sixth of Aprill 1601 his Lordship receiued aduertisement from Captaine Io sias Badley at the Nowry that he and Captaine Edward Blony Gouernour of the Forte of Mount-Norreys purposing to surprise Loghrorcan could not carrie a boat which they had prouided to that purpose but he carrying certaine fireworkes prouided in case the boat should faile went to the Fort and ioyning with Captaine Blany marched towards that Iland where they arriued by eight of the clocke in the morning and leaning their forces behind a Wood they both went together to discouer the Iland which done Captaine Bodley made readie thirtie arrowes with wildfier and so they both fell downe with one hundred shot close to the water where the shot playing incessantly vpon the Iland while the other deliuered their arrowes suddenly the houses fired and burnt so vehemently as the rebels lodging there forsooke the Iland and swumme to the further shoare That after they 〈◊〉 burnt to the ground they fired a great house vpon their side of the shoare and killed there sixe Kerne gaining their Armes besides Churles and Calliachs and after the burning of other houses also they brought away some Cowes and Sheepe with other pillage and they vnderstood by a prisoner that there were about thirty persons in the Iland whereof onely eight swumme away of which foure were shot in the water so as the rest either were killed or lay hurt in the Iland Likewise they vnderstood by the said prisoner that great store of butter corne meale and powder was burnt and spoiled in the Iland which all the rebels of that Countrey made their magasine Further that some forty kerne skirmished with them at places of aduantage in their retreat for two miles march but howsoeuer the common opinion was that the Rebels sustained great losse by this seruice yet of the English onely two were slaine and seuen hurt The seuenth of Aprill Sir Henry Dockwra Gouernour of Loughfoyle wrote to his Lordship that he had taken the submission of Hugh Boy Boy of whose seruice to her Maiesty he was confident to make manifold good vses as well for the present setling Sir Iohn Odogherties Countrey after his late death as for reuealing the Rebels secret counsels wel knowne to him Among which he confidently anowed that the King of Spaine had promised to inuade Ireland this yeere with six thousand men to land at some Towne in Munster swearing that three of the chief Cities had promised to receiue them Adding that Florence Mac Carty had written to Odonnel that he had submitted to the Queene onely vpon necessity and that vpon the Spaniards comming hee would ioyne with them This Gouernour further aduertised that Phelim Oge chiefe of a contrary faction in Odogherties country desired to make his humble submission to the Queenes mercy vpon these conditions to leaue of the name of Odogherty and obey any man to whom her Maiesty should giue that Countrey To pay all debts his men did owe to any subiects To discharge his souldiers To returne to the owners twelue hundred Beeues hee had cut for Odonnell To make satisfaction for a Barke comming to the Liffer which his people had taken and spoiled And to yeeld vp to him the Gonernor all the cattle should be found in his Countrey belonging to Odonnell Adding that Sir Iohn Bolles in a iourney made vpon Ocane had killed fifty of his people had burned many houses and much corne And that the garrison of the Liffer had spoiled Tirconnel had slaine many had brought away two hundred Cowes and great booties The tenth of April Sir Oghy Ohanlon a northerne Lord submitted himselfe on his knees to her Maiesties mercy at Tredagh and signed certaine Articles for the performance whereof hee tooke his oath And because these Articles except there fell out some speciall reason to leaue out some of them and to adde others were the same to which all submitties at this time were tied I will once for all adde the briefe of them After his acknowledgement that Queene Elizabeth by the Grace of God Queene of England France and Ireland c. Is the true absolute and Soueraigne Lady of this realme of Ireland and of euery part of all the people therof with humble confession of his former disloyaltie and of his penitency and like profession that he had felt the waight of her Maiesties power This done further to the example of all other offenders he testified that hee made this his humble submission and protestation of his penitency his future loyalty and indeuour to redeeme his faults by his good seruices Then he acknowledged vnder his hand that now before the Lord Deputy and Counsell he taketh a corporall and religious oath for all and seuerall Articles following Namely That he will euer continue a loyall subiect That for performance thereof and of all the following Articles he will put in sufficient pledges That hee doth renounce all manner of obedience to any forraine power or Potentate depending only on the Queene his Soueraigne That hee renounceth all Rebels and will not aide them but serue against them when he is commanded That hee will to the vtter most of his power withstand and confound any disloyal subiect or forraine enemy attempting against the sacred person or estate of her Maiesty or the quietnes of her faithfull subiects more especially against the Arch-traytor Tyrone and the King of Spaine supporting him That hee will come to the State whensoeuer hee is commanded neither will vpon wrongs seeke to right himselfe but will seeke redresse by course of Law That he will reueale all conspiracies of treason which hee shall heare That he will sue out her Maiesties pardon within certaine dayes for him and his followers and answer for their good behauiour That hee will booke these followers within certaine dayes That he will suffer all
effectually followed doth require a more liberall expence for prouision of all these things then this and of all other extraordinaries sauing the charge of great Artillery whereof also in some measure though in a farre lesse then other places we haue great vse And of many perchance more forcible to present vnto your Lordships oriely these two reasons An Army is no where arrested with so many Riuers and vnpassable Marshes as here Secondly where the warre is to be made to best effect we find no meanes of victuals or any other necessary prouision but what we bring with vs. To redeeme the losse of this opportunity for plantation to so good effect as it should haue been I vndertooke with an Army no greater then a reasonable garrison to make the warre of Lemster in the depth of Winter And first I fell into the Glinnes the fastest Countrey of Ireland and till now of all the parts of Lemster onely vntouched where I first spoiled all the Countrey and made Donnell Spantgah whom before I had receiued to her Maiesties mercy to ioine with me therein and after forced Phelim Mac Feogh and all the Tooles the most pestilent infestors of the Pale to submission who haue since shewed more apparance of good subiects then euer I knew or heard of any of these Rebels After going vp and downe as farre as Athlone I fell into Fercale forced Tyrrill out of an exceeding great strength and banished him and in effect all the Oconnors out of Ophaly into the North. Returning towards the North I spoiled all the Ferny with a iourney where I was present and wherein besides many other were killed two of Euer Mac Cooleys sonnes I wasted the Fuse by Sir Richard Moryson planted a garrison aboue twenty miles from the Pale in the Brenny by Sir Oliuer Lambert and returning to Drogheda by the generall aduice of the Counsell I tooke in Turlogh mac Henry Lord of the Fuse and Euer mac Cooly Farmer of the Ferny Sir Ohy Ohanlon a Northerne Lord and many of the Macmahowns and Orellies who all besides their greatest oathes gaue vs such as were thought their best pledges for their loyalty And to loose no part of this beginning yeere 1601 hauing setled the new Submitties of Lemster and the borders of the North with as great assurance as I could I drew againe into the North before the generall hosting for that yeere could be in readinesse and cleared and assured the passage of the Moyry by cutting downe most part of the Woods and building a Fort there Then I went into Lecayle wholly possessed by Mac Gennis and tooke in all the Castles in those parts From thence I went to Armagh and there placed a garrison And albeit at this time the continuall rumours wee heard of preparations in Spaine made vs proceede somewhat more irresolutely in our maine course of plantation and making the warre in Tyrone it selfe yet we went forward with an intent to draw Sir Arthur Chichester by Loughsidney into Tyrone to plant a garrison at the Blackwater to force a passage somewhat beneath it to meet him and by building a Fort and Bridge vpon the passage to haue made Dungannon it selfe the Center whether without any great difficulty the Garrisons of Loughfoyle Armagh Knockfergus Mount Norreys and ell other of the North might at all times meet together to beate and absolutely to banish the Arch-traitor out of his owne Country and in the performing thereof to haue spoiled all the Rebels corne sauing such as should be within the command of those Garrisons whom with the countenance of the Army in the Haruest time wee resolued to enable to make large prouisions thereof for themselues and their horses And so farre had wee proceeded in this course that wee had forced Tyrone from the Blackwater where hee lay with his Army and had fortified and enreached there with great art we had cleared the passage intended to Dungannon the making of the bridge onely excepted which wee meant to supply with a floate and spoiled most part of their standing Corne. About which time the assured newes was come vnto vs of the ariuing of the Spaniards which first staying and after cleane diuerting our course we were driuen by their comming to bend our counsels to defend her Maiesties Kingdome from forraigne inuasion that before were busie to recouer it from inward rebellion and to that end to breake off our worke and to leaue the further prosecution of that businesse the places already possessed onely preserued By this continued time wherein the Army from the first was led on in action induring all seasons and more fights then I thinke euer Army did in so short time your Lordships must not wonder if to make head against the Spaniards wee drew vp weake Companies for besides deficients by sicknesse and death there were many Companies that had thirtie and fortie hurt men in them Yet vpon any vncertainty how probable soeuer I was loth to loose to her Maiestie the chiefe benefit of one whole yeeres seruice till I was fully assured of their landing and therefore first drew my selfe onely with a few horse into Mounster and neuer sent for the forces till the very last pinch of necessitie And thus haue your Lordships also the reasons how this second yeere was lost without laying the new foundation for rooting out of the Rebels though God be thanked it was wonne in defending her Kingdome from a powerfull and ambitious Inuader to his dishonour and I hope also to the more sound and sudden subuersion of the Rebels I will speake nothing of the seruice at Kinsale since to my great comfort I doe finde her Maiestie and your Lordships so well satisfied therein but so behoofefull for the publike good I conceiued it to make a cleane riddance of them out of this Countrie and as much as I might to assure in them the performance of their departure that it was necessarie to keepe the Army in those parts vntill we were quit of them And to giue them the lesse aduantage if they had purposed falsely I presently conueyed the Cannon into an Iland that doth absolutely command the Hauen of Kinsale with a sufficient guard and beginning a fortification there at that instant to maintaine it I tooke order they should haue no more victuals sold vnto them then I presumed would but serue them from day to day and for their prouision of bread in effect they spent on their owne stoare So that I could haue been able at any time to inuest them againe on as ill or worse conditions then I left them But before the wind and other prouisions serued for their departure he Winter was so farre spent that wee could not in the fittest time returne the Companies to their Garrisons nor otherwise could wee haue done it because the places were not stored with victuals nor any prouision for horse And yet those little remnants that were left to defend those places did many excellent seruiees and now
liberty and euer haue Animum reuertendi an affection to relapse How I am resolued to proceede in this businesse you shall know by the Lord President which notwithstanding many things may alter but for the substance I doe thinke we shall be able to compasse as much as by her Maiesties last letter is required and by yours written after that except that point of the taking from him the title of the Earledome of Tyrone for the which I thinke there be many reasons that it should not be much stood vpon Besides what I haue written before of giuing him contentment which may bee applied to this first you doe but giue him a title which he did shake of as a marke of his bondage and that which he falles from to accept this he did asmuch preferre before this as the estate of an absolute Prince before the condition of a subiect and it is the name of O Neale with the which hee hath done so much mischiefe that is fatall and odious and not the name of Tyrone which hee was saine to leaue before hee could haue power to become a Rebell for belieue mee out of my experience the titles of our Honours doe rather weaken then strengthen them in this Countrie and if you giue him the same degree but with another name it may be thought a condition rather by him obtained then by vs imposed especially if he enioyeth his Countrie and lastlie if you make him onely Barron of Dungannon you leaue in him a spurre to discontentment without any greater bridle from doing hurt for his power will be neuer the lesse and yet he that doth not sit easily will euer thinke of another seate and his owne title will the more runne in his minde the more he is vnsatisfied with this new Notwithstanding al my opinions of these things I will runne as neere as I can to the straightest line of her Maiesties pleasure and I presume I will so handle this matter that I will be sure her Maiesties Honour shall not be indangered I meane by the authority shee hath giuen mee which any man shall hardly take notice of till I be assured vpon what tearmes I shall find him and if his requests be not as humble as becommeth him or as by her Maiesty is required hee shall make little vse of any negotiation that shall be with him And so Sir c. Touching the receiuing of Tyrone to mercy no man shall take from me the reputation such as it is to haue beene the instrumentall cause of doing this honour to my deceased Soueraigne my Nation and of giuing this disgracefull blow to the Arch-Traitor Tyrone that he humbly submitted himselfe to Queene Elizabeth finding mercy at her royall feet whom he had proudly offended and whose sole power in despite of his domesticall associates and forraigne support had brought him on his knees and that the victory was fully atchieued by the sole Sword of the English Nation and well affected English-Irish whose blood he had spilt and that so the Arch-Traitor lost the meanes longer to subsist in rebellion by the aduantage of Englands vnsetled Estate or at least the aduantage and the vaine-glory to fasten merit on the sacred Maiesty of King Iames the said Queenes happy successour by submitting to his royall mercy and so hiding the extreme misery in which he was plunged to haue made this his action seeme altogether voluntary and euery way noble in him to which he was forced by the highest constraint and in the most base manner that can be imagined Now as no man knoweth the circumstances of this action better then my selfe so I will briefly and truely relate them Queene Elizabeth had beene sicke for more then a moneths space and of some apparant danger of her death the Lord Deputy had beene aduertised and at this time shee was dead departing the foure and twentieth of March the last day of the yeere past though it were not know ne to the Lord Deputy till the seuen and twentieth of March in the night nor publikely or to Tyrone himselfe till the fifth of Aprill after his humble submission made before the Lord Deputy to the Queene as then liuing though indeed shee were dead This businesse passed in manner following There was a gentleman among the voluntary followers of the Lord Deputy who had long been earnestly ambitious of the honour of Knighthood which by no endeuours of seruice expence of money or assistance of friends he could hitherto attaine Now a seruant of his posting from London and getting a happy passage at Sea came vpon the 27 of March late in the night to Mellifant where the Lord Deputy then lay and brought with him the first newes of the Queenes death which when he had related to his Master hee hauing been long pleased to take my aduise in his affaires aduertised me of these newes and brought his seruant to confirme the same in my hearing Whereupon I required his seruant not to speake a word thereof to any man threatning him with the Lord Deputies displeasure and seuere punishment if any such rumour were spread by him Then I was bold to giue his Master confidence of receiuing the honour he desired if hee would follow my aduise which was this that he should goe to the Lord Deputy and tell him this report of the Queenes death brought by his seruant and the strict charge he had giuen vnto him for the concealing thereof till his Lordship should think fit to make it known withall to make tender of himselfe and all his meanes to follow his Lordships fortune in this doubtfull time for such it was in expectation though most happy in euent The Gentleman did as I aduised him and for his particular it tooke the same effect which I expected as I will shew when I haue first set downe how his Lordship hereupon proceeded with Tyrone The Lord Deputy being warranted by the Queenes letters aboue written to receiue Tirone to her Maiesties mercy had vpon the fiue and twentieth of March sent Sir William Godolphin and Sir Garret Moore to treat with him for which they had a Commission in these words Mountioy VVHereas the Earle of Tyrone hath made humble suite vnto vs that vpon his penitent submission to her Maiesties mercy wee would be pleased to send some Gentlemen to whom he might make knowne his humble petitions and impart somewhat to them that doth much concerne her Maiesties seruice For the great trust wee repose in you and the good opinion wee conceiue of your discreet iudgements we haue made choice of you to be imployed herein and doe by these presents giue you both ioyntly and seuerally our absolute warrant authority vpon this occasion of her Maiesties scruice to parley and confer with him or any of his adherents or followers Prouided that of this your conference you shall with all conuenient speed giue vs knowledge in all particulars and of all his and your proceedings herein to the end you
before all the people of the Towne in continuall feare to be burned The Lord Deputy hauing quietly settled all the Townes and Cities in Mounster returned to Dublyn and because vpon the first settling of peace many petitions were exhibited against the late Rebels for restitution of goods which they had taken in time of rebellion and were not now able to restore so as the exacting thereof was like to produce new troubles rather then any satisfaction to the plaintiffes an authenticall act of obliuion for all like grieuances was published and sent to the Gouernours in all parts of the Kingdome In this late Mounster Iourney his Lordship receiued letters from the King whereby he was chosen to be one of his Maiesties Priuie Counsell in England and being made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland with two third parts of the Deputies allowance assigned to him was licensed to come ouer into England and had authoritie to leaue Sir George Carey the Kings Deputy during his Lordships absence hauing the other third part of the Deputies allowance and his owne entertainement as Treasurer at Warres for his support And Captaine Floyd lying now in the Harbour with the Kings Pinace called the Tramontana ready to transport him his Lordship with the Earle of Tyrone in his company together with his houshold seruants and some Knights and Gentlemen his followers tooke ship in the afternoone and the next morning early we discouered the desired land of England the weather being very saire but within one hower the skie being ouer cast with a thicke fog and we bearing all sayles we fell suddenly vpon the Skerryes an hideous great blacke Rocke where after so many dangers escaped in the warres it pleased God miraculously to deliuer vs from being cast away as it were in the very Hauen For certaine birds called Guls seeing our ship ready to rush vpon them and their desart habitation with full sayles rose crying and fluttering round about vs whereat the Gouernours of the Pinace being amazed looked out and beholding that terrible spectacle cried to the Steare-man aloofe for life which fearefull voice might haue danted him as it did most in the ship but he stoutly did his worke answering helme aboard which done the ship by force of the sterne and by the help of the tide comming in between it and the Rocke turned about with strange swiftnesse and swumme along by the Rocke so neere to it as the Beate hanging at the sterne dashed against it Neither were the most expert men in the ship for a long time free of this feare knowing that such great Rockes haue vsually small pinacles adioining to them the least whereof had beene as dangerous to vs as the maine Rocke but the ship by Gods mercifull prouidence passing on safely that day by noone we came into the Bay of Beaumarris and were set on shore by the boate The Earle of Tyrone rode from thence to London in the Lord Mountioy his company and howsoeuer his Lordships happy victory against this Traitor made him gracious in the eyes of the people yet no respect to him could containe many Weomen in those parts who had lost Husbands and Children in the Irish warres from flinging durt and stones at the Earle as he passed and from reuiling him with bitter words yea when the Earle had beene at Court and there obtaining his Maiesties direction for his pardon and performance of all conditions promised him by the Lord Mountioy was about September to returne hee durst not passe by those parts without direction to the Shiriffes to conuay him with troopes of Horse from place to place till hee were safely imbarked and put to the Sea for Ireland The Lord Mountioy comming to Court was honoured of all men and graciously receiued of the King being presently sworne one of his Maiesties priuy Counsell And for further reward of his seruices shortly after the King made him Master of the Ordinance gaue him two hundred pound yeerely old Rent of Assise out of the Exchequer and as much more out of the Dutchy to him and his heires for euer besides the Countrey of Lecale in Ireland together with other lands in the Pale there which after the decease of the Lady Mabell Countesse of Kildare were to fall to the Crowne for want of heires males of her body He had the full superintendency ouer all Irish affaires no dispatches passing to and from the Lord Deputy but through his hands as Lord Leiuetenant And his Maiestie likewise created him Earle of Deuonshire which dignity was to discend to the heires of his body lawfully begotten But it died with him and he enioyed the rest of this worldly happinesse but few yeeres For he was surprised with a burning Feuer whereof the first fit being very violent he called to him his most familiar friends and telling them that he had euer by experience and by presaging minde beene taught to repute a burning Feuer his fatall enemy desired them vpon instructions then giuen them to make his Will and then he said Let death looke neuer so vgly he would meet him smiling which he nobly performed for I neuer saw a braue spirit part more mildely from the old mansion then his did departing most peaceably after nine daies sickenesse vpon the third of Aprill in the beginning of the yeere 1606. This most worthy Lord cured Ireland from the most desperate estate in which it euer had beene and brought it to the most absolute subiection in which it had euer beene since the first Conquest thereof by our Nation Yet hee left this great worke vnperfect and subiect to relapse except his successours should finish the building whose foundation he had laied and should pollish the stones which he had onely rough hewed And because hee knew this relapse would be most dangerous hauing obserued euery rebellion in Ireland to bee more dangerous then the former and that none could be more dangerous then this last without the losse of the Kingdome therefore he was most carefull to preuent all future mischiefes To which end whatsoeuer effects his designes had sure I am that he did meditate these wholesome prciects First to establish Garrisons in the Cities of Mounster and in the renewing of their forfeited Charters to cut of many exorbitant priuiledges granted to their first English Progenitors from whom they were so degenerated as the very speaking of English was by them forbidden to their wiues and children Then by the exchanging of lands and by the disposing of the new grants of lands to be made to the Irish to draw them all to inhabit the inland Country and to plant the English vpon the hauens Sea-Coasts and Riuers Lastly because he knew all endeuours would be in vaine if Ciuill Magistrates should thinke by faire meanes without the sword to reduce the Irish to due obedience they hauing been conquered by the sword and that maxime being infallible that all Kingdomes must be preserued by the same meanes by which they were first gained
to serue in forraigne war then to liue by infamous courses at home In Poland the Gentlemen are most prone to quarrels cum bats and murthers especially if they be heated with drink as many times they are and that because of the vnfit priuiledges they haue aboue others and because they haue power of life and death in their owne Territories neither can be called in question for criminall matters but in the publike Parliament held once in three yeeres or there abouts where they are also tried by Gentlemen who for consanguinity friendship or the common cause are like to be fauourable to them And they care not greatly vpon what vnequall termes they offer violence nor how many they be that set vpon their aduersarie Some Gentlemen who haue been in forraine parts are much more ciuill then the rest but in generall there is no place where a stranger ought more to auoid quarrels especially if hee stand not vpon equall termes as not hauing one or more Gentlemen on his part In the meane time all that can here offer violence being Gentlemen to whom the rest are slaues either for feare of infamy or for the aboundance they haue of all things for life robbers by the highway are very rare in Poland and a passenger may safely carry ready money about him especially if he conceale it It were in vaine to giue any precepts for quarrels in Turkey where a Christian not onely may not quarrell but not so much as carry a sword no nor looke a Turke in the face without a Bastinado For the Turkes among themselues they seldome or neuer fight a combate The Citizens and men of inferiour degrees stand in as humble awe of their souldiers as the Christians doe of them neither dare lift vp the head or hand against a common Souldier though they were one hundred against one And the Souldiers howsoeuer they brawle among themselues like butter-wiues yet they neuer strike one another the Lawes being most seuere in the punishment thereof Theeues are lesse to be feared there because passengers neither goe nor ride alone but in Carauanes that is a multitude of men and loaded Cammels yet the Christians commended to the protection of those that leade the Carauans not onely by friends but by bribes and chancing to meet by the way any Ianizaries shal be forced to giue them such victuals as they carry especially wine except they haue a Ianizary to protect them whereof one will serue to defend them against the iniuries of a thousand chancing to meet them but they seldome doe the Christian passengers any other wrong then this consuming of their prouisions Howsoeuer in all euents I would aduise no Christian of the better sort hauing meanes for fit expences to goe any iourney without a Ianizarie to protect him especially since at Constantinople from one Christian Ambassadour or other he may easily obtaine a Ianizaric to attend him faithfully and at a very easie rate At which Citie it is most fit for a Christian to begin his iourney into other parts of Turkie Howsoeuer hee may likewise obtaine such a Ianizaric of some Christian Consull either at Halepo in spria or at Cayro called also Babilon in Egipt and at other frequented places vpon the Sea const And this Ianizaric for some eight Aspers a day wages will faithfully helpe the Christian of whom hee is hired not as a companion but rather as a free kinde of seruant Englishmen especially being young and vnexperienced are apt to take all things in snuffe Of olde when they were senced with Bucklers as with a Rampier nothing was more common with them then to fight about taking the right or left hand or the wall or vpon any vnpleasing countenance Clashing of swords was then daily musicke in euery streete and they did notionely fight combats but cared not to set vpon their Enemie vpon aduantages and vnequall termes But at this day when no nation labours more then the English as well by trauailing into fortaine Kingdomes as by the studie of good letters and by other meanes to enrich their mindes with all vertues I say in these dayes they scorne such men and esteeme them of an idle braine who for ridiculous or trifling causes runne the triall of single fight and howsoeuer they behaue themselues stoutly therein yet they repute them to haue lost as much opinion of wisedome as they haue gayned of daring Much more doe they despise them who quarrell and fight in the streetes publiquely and doe not rather make priuate triall of their difference as also those who make quarrels with men of base condition yea they thinke them in famous who with disparity of number doe many assaile one man and for this beastly quality comparing them to Hogges whereof when one grunts all the Heard comes to helpe him they thinke them worthie of any punishment besides that vpon killing any man mercie is seldome or neuer shewed them howsoeuer in other faire combats the Princes mercie hath many times giuen life to the man-slayer And the cause why single fights are more rare in England in these times is the dangerous fight at single Rapier together with the confiscation of man-slayers goods So as I am of opinion contrarie to the vulgar and think them worthie of praise who inuented dangerous weapons as Rapiets Pistols Gunnes and Gunpowder since the inuention whereof much smaller nomber of men hath perished by single fights or open warre then in former times and conquests and such inundations of barbarous people as were those of the Gothes Hunnes and Longobards are much lesse to bee feared Nothing did in olde time more animate strong Tyrants and Gyants to oppresse weaker men then the huge waight of their Clubs and of their armes where with Goliah had easily quelled Dauid if God had not put in his minde to fight against him with a new kinde of weapon more suteable to his strength I returne to the purpose and doe freely professe that in case of single fights in England the Magistrate doth fauour a wronged stranger more then one of the same Nation howsoeuer the Law fauours neither and that a stranger so fighting neede feare no treason by any disparitie or otherwise But in the meane time here in all places happy are the peaceable Let me adde one thing of corrupt custome in England that those who are not gowne men neuer haue the opinion of valour till in their youth they haue gayned it with some single fight which done they shall after liue more free from quarrels But it were to be wished that a better way were found to preserue reputation then this of single fights aswell contrary to the Law of God as a capitall crime by the Lawes of men Theeues in England are more common then in any other place so farre as I haue obserued or heard but hauing taken purses by the high way they seldome or neuer kill those they rob The true man hauing strength armes and courage may cheerefully resist
tyrannicall forme of gouernment and to their ignorance of Religion as also of liberall and manuall Arts not to the situation of the Prouinces I confesse that in generall Southerne men are now more frugall in diet and apparrell then Northerne But the Iewes and Southerne men are and euer haue beene great vsurers extortioners and amassers of treasure so as they must also be reputed couetous And as the Italians are most frugall so haue the Romanes in their riches beene monsters for Luxurie So as rhe clime cannot be the cause But indeede riches are cause of Pride and Luxurie as the examples of all times and nations doe teach And the same riches are cause of couetousnesse according to the Poet. Crescit amor nummi quantum ipsa pecunia crescit As money growes so groweth auatice Prodigality at this day not for the climes sake but for some other cauies may iustly be imputed to Northerne men yet this vice dispersing treasure vitiously is not so great a vice as that of rapine and couetousnesse hiding those treasures and burying them from vse Olde Writers taxe Southerne men most for Iealousie No doubt the most sharpe sights are sometimes dimmed and so for what cause so euer it must be confessed that the sharpe witted Southerne men are to this day madly iealous alwayes tormenting themselues with this restlesse passion and vsing their wiues like slaues yet no whit more freed thereby from fatall hornes though to preserue their wiues chastitie they permit the Stewes and that because they liue among men who no lesse vexe themselues in finding meanes to enioy these forbidden Loues then the other are vexed in the courses to preuent their enioying thereof and because their wiues so watched thinke themselues to bewray simplicity and ignorant folly if they omit any occasion of offending this way though it were with neuer so base a man Hauing taxed the wittie Southerne men with iealousie yet they in generall conclude that Northerne men are most suspitious and that vpon a contrary cause namely the defect of wit No doubt they who are most guilty of their owne defects take in worst part the whisperings priuate laughters of those that are in their company Yea I wil say of experience that I found the Italians nothing nice to shew their strong Forts to me and other strangers and that in Northerne parts the same were not to be seene by strangers or at least with great difficulty By which and like arguments casie to be brought I am induced to thinke that want of true iudgement is the cause of suspition but not the sole nor yet the chiefe cause thereof To omit many other causes sometimes an ill conscience makes men suspitious as we reade that our tyrant Richard the third vpon the least shadow or shaking of a leafe had his hand vpon his dagger Againe the best and wisest men are iustly suspitious when they liue among wicked men or haue necessarie affaires with them Therefore let Southerne men consider whether they vse not more to wound their owne consciences with guiltinesse of wicked deedes then Northerne men vse to doe and whether they be not more iustly to be accused of treacheries poysonings and like high crimes then the other For no doubt the iealous Southerne men by guiltinesse of these crimes in spite of their wit and wisedome shall become in all kinds most suspitious Olde Writers affirme that Southerne men are more prone to madnesse then the Northerne and they report that infinite numbers of mad men are found in Affrique where many Almes-houses are built onely to receiue the sicke of this kinde and that the South parts of Spayne doe abound with distracted men And this is agreeable to nature and the Rules of naturall Philosophie For howsoeuer the situation of places cannot properly be the cause of any vertue or vice yet it is probable that it may cause diseases or health Bodine against the iudgement of Hipocrates proueth that Northerne men are more venerious then Southerne First because our bodies haue greater inward heate in Winter then in Sommer and so in Winter are more apt for the act of generation the same reason being of a Northerne and Southerne bodie as of Winter and Sommer I should thinke that the hot and dry Southerne men are most prone to venery but that the colde and moist Northerne Men are most potent therein Againe Aristotle saith that they who ride most are most venerious which Bodine also obiecteth against Hipocrates who falsely holds that the Northerne mens riding makes them lesse fruitfull in generation It is most certaine by our and all mens experience that great part of Asia and especially the Southerne Prouinces lie at this day waste or little inhabited though Poligamy be permitted among them I meane the hauing of many wiues for one man and that all Europe on the contrary is wonderfully populous and especially in the most Northerne parts though no man hath more then one wife allowed him By this one argument it is most manifest that the Northerne men are most potent for generation And it is no lesse manifest that Southerne men haue more desire by the multitude of their wiues their libidinous vsing the loue of boyes and all mens consent so generall as it needs no further proofe yea men of experience say that Northerne men only trauelling towards the South are more and more troubled with this restlesse desire Bodine disputes that Southerne men are longer liued then Northerne contrary to the opinion of Pliny First because Elephants who as Aristotle saith haue the longest liues of all other are onely found in the South I remember that the Turkes at this day repute them old weomen or past the age of loue who are come to the age of 25 yeeres and that my selfe did see few or no men in Asia who had gray beards and it any had grey hayres it was not for the number of their yeeres but because they grow old sooner then Northern men I cannot so well speake of other Nations where I liued a short time and as a stranger but I remember that in Benerly a Towne of Holdernes in England there liued in our age one Iemings a Carpenter whom the men of those parts report to haue liued 120 yeeres and that he married a young woman some few yeeres before his death by whom being of good fame he had foure children and that his eldest sonne by his first wife then liuing was 100 yeeres old or thereabouts but was so decrepite as he was rather taken for the father then the sonne And lest I should seeme by one Swallow to make summer as the Prouerbe is the men of Hereford-shire can witnes that such examples are not rare in England where in the raigne of King Iames they made a morris-dance of fifteene persons all borne in the same County or within the compasse of 24 miles who made 1500 yeeres betweene them some being little lesse then 100 yeers old and
of the Emporour as of vnder-Gouernours changed at least once a yeere and the generall rapacity and licentiousnesse of the souldiers Hence it is that there be vast solitudes and vntilled Desarts on all sides where yet the ground of it selfe brings forth diuers wild fruits without tillage They haue diuers kinds of graine Wheate the graine called Milet Barly Oates Rye Pease and al kinds of Pulse which for the kinds are like those of Europe but the Wheate for the bignesse of the graine and so the rest are to bee preferred before them There is great abundance of Rice Flax and Cotton growing in the fields They haue good plenty of all kinds of Cattell yet are no more industrious in grasing and feeding heards then in sowing or planting and so they haue Egges Hennes Rice Hony which in a composition they drinke Fruits and Bread for daily foode they desire no other dainties or greater riches since they can neither inioy their goods while they liue nor yet bequeath them at death and nothing is more dangerous then to be accounted rich The Caloiri or Greeke Monkes in Candia with whom I abode for a time shewed mee sields which the yeere past had yeelded them ninety fiue measures of graine for one sowed but Candia though it lie in the compasse of the Turkish Empire almost on all sides yet is subiect to the State of Venice The Iland Chios vulgarly Zio is subiest to the Turkes and is famous for the pleasantnesse as also for the fertilitie yeelding Mastick the fruit of the tree Lentiscus and hauing abundance of Patridges of all kinds of foule I haue in my Iornal of the first Part spoken of the most fertile Ilands Cyprus and Mettilene In Syria they haue sheepe of strange bignesse whereof many haue tailes weighing twenty and some thirty pounds bearing wooll and being wrethed to their heeles more then the hornes of Rammes are And let no man thinke this incredible since the same is reported of Sheepe in Affrick and this is confirmed by consent of all who haue been in these parts Mules are somewhat rare but they haue innumerable Camels a beast most apt to carry burthens and lying patiently downe to receiue them and most able to beare hunger and especially thirst When the male and female ingender they lye downe on their bellies with tayle to tayle and their heades many Eiles distant one from the other and in the time of the yeere when they are naturally prone to generation they are fierce with a kind of madnesse so as their masters then take heede of any violence they may doe them The Turkes also haue many Dromedaties a kinde of beast not vnlike the Cammell but farre passing horses in swiftnesse and very Cammels in patience of labour Their Horses are rather faire then strong and they make their skin shine by laying them vpon their owne dung dried These horses either runne which often they put them to for spurts and in brauery or goe a foote pace as they vse to follow laded Cammels in iournies but they are not taught either to trot or amble as ours are and are good for short iournics but not able to indure so long iournies as ours doe Therefore the Turkish Caualtery for warre is of more swiftnesse then strength and the Germane horses being heauy they easily ouertake them flying and as easily flye when they are beaten The Turkes haue great plenty of sea and fresh water fish and of birds and all foule and for Christian buyers whereof are great multitudes especially at Constantinople they furnish their markets therewith And in truth at Constantinople there is as great varietie and goodnesse of these kinds as can be wished Onely the Oystors though pleatifull yet haue not the delicate salt taste that ours haue the Mediterranean Sea being nothing so salt as the Ocean But in generall the Turkes by reason of the foresaid tyranny and of their temperance in diet doe little vse fishing or fowling or any like exercise Yea by reason of the same tyranny of the Emperour Gouernours and Souldiers the Turkes carelesly and coldly exercise trafficke with Merchants I grant that they trade in Natolia and other parts of their owne Empire after a cold manner but they make no voyage by sea into forraigne parts excepting some few that come to Venice For they doe not labour in any kind more then necessitie forceth and are so far from the insatiable desire of riches as they auoide nothing more then the opinion to bee rich So as the Iewes the Greekes subiect to the Turkes and other confederate Christians exporting their commodities they themselues haue very few ships the Emperour onely hauing some twelue great ships well armed to bring him necessaries from Egypt to Constantinople In like sort they haue few Marrines and those vnexperienced and fearefull vsing the Greekes their vassals and other slaues taken in warde to that purpose and they much esteeme that is gently treate captiues skilfull in Nauigation Some Townes keepe at their priuate charge a few small Gallies and Barkes to rob the Christians and the great Turkes Nauie consists all of Gallies nothing comparable to those of Venice and they winter at Constantinople and another Haurn in Greece whereof I shall write more largely in the discourse of the Turkes Common-wealth Among other Cities of trade they haue two very famous one in Asia the other in Affrick That of Asia is called Haleppo and it being within-land the Port thereof is called scanderona by the Turks and Alexandretta by the Christians whence the commodities of Merchants are carried vpon Cammels and the fifth day arriue at Haleppo whether the commodities of Persia are brought by the Riuer Euphrates and vpon Cammels backes from the Citie Taurus of old subiect to the Persians but in our age subdued by the Turkes The Indian commodities are brought thither by the red sea and the Gulfe of Arabia The famous Citie for trade in Affricke was called Babylon and now is named Alcatero whence the commodities of India Egypt and all Affricke are exported Moreouer vpon the mouth of the greatest arme of the Riuer Nilus the City Alexandria is seated vpon the Sea some few dayes saile from Aleaiero The Venetians bring into Turkey woollen clothes which they call broad being died Scarlet Violet and of all colours and they are so strong well made as they will last very long so as the Turks prefer them before out English clothes And because the Venetians furnish them in great quantity they vse few other clothes of that kind Also the Venetians bring to them Sattins and Damasks made in Italy of Dalmatian silk and great quantity of Gold and Siluer to buy the pretious commodittes of Turkey Whence they carry out raw silke For by reason of the foresaid tyranny as the Turkes are negligent in Husbandry and trade so are they in manuall Arts not drawing their Silke into threads nor weauing the same into clothes And howsoeuer they haue infinite
Prouince till Mauritius Elector of Saxony obtained helpe of the King of France Henry the second who came with a great Army to the confines of the Empire professing himselfe the Champion of the Germane liberty At which time Mauritius besieging Magdeburg with the Emperours army receiued that City into the protection of the Empire and of himselfe and lest he might seeme to deale persidiously with the Emperour if he should assaile him with forces vnder his owne pay dismissed the whole Army yet so as himselfe presently entertained in his owne pay the greatest part thereof willing to serue him And with these forces he so speedily came to Insprucke where the Emperour then lay as his sudden repaire made the Emperour hastily flie out of the Empire into Italy Thus Mauritius caused the captiue Princes of the reformed religion to be set at liberty gaue peace to the reformed religion and restored liberty to the oppressed Empire And how soeuer he cunningly had aduanced himselfe and his posterity by the deiection of his owne kinsemen suffering for the reformed religion and for the liberty of the Empire yet he repaired the publike losses of his Religion and of his Countrey But they who more iudicially obserued the affaires of this age confesse that nothing hath more kept the house of Austria from subduing the West then those of the same House For the foresaid confident proceeding of Mauritius was caused by the distrusts and iealousies betweene Charles the fifth and his brother Ferdinand springing from the following cause namely that Charles the elder brother to the end that he might keepe the Empire in his own Family had caused his brother Ferdinand at Colen in the yeere 1531 to be chosen King of the Romans so they call him that is chosen in the Emperours life to succeed him hoping that when his sonne Philip should come to age his brother for some increase of his patrimony would be induced to surrender his right in the Empire But Ferdinand at this time hauing had large offers made him to resigne the same could not be induced to doe that wrong to his children And because he suspected that Charles the Emperor might force him thereunto he is said to haue gladly borne the aduerse fortune of his said brother and all troubles rising against him yea if men of experience may be beleeued to haue himselfe encouraged Mauritius to the foresaid attempt Therefore Charles failing of his hope and for age and wearinesse of the World retiring himselfe to a priuate life in a Monastery of Spaine in the yeere 1558 his brother Ferdinand tooke possession of the Empire which remaineth to this day in his posterity the Electors alwayes vsing to respect the right of blood in choosing the new Emperour And vnder their poore estate and vnwarlike mindes the Empire at this day languisheth like a sparke lapped in ashes And the Popes held for Gods vpon earth haue no more feared the Emperors authority but rather supported it against the reformed religion and the inuasions of the Turks the Emperors alwayes acknowledging this vnprofitable seruant of their Progenitors for their Benefactor and spirituall Father The Emperour Rodolphus at this time liuing is of the House of Austria whose pedegree I will set downe The first Family of the House of Austria gaue many Emperours to Germany but that was extinguished in Conradine the sonne of Fredericke few yeeres before Rodolphus of Habspurg came to the Empire who is the roote of this second Family of Austria Rodulphus of Habsburg of the House of Austria was chosen Emperour in the yeere 1273. Albert the first Heire of the Dukedomes of Austria Stiria and Carniola after his Father had subdued the Kingdome of Bohemia ioyned it to the Empire was chosen Emperour and dyed in the yeare 1308. Rodulphus Duke of Austria died in the yeare 1308. Fredericke made Duke of Suenia and Morania by the Emperours gift dyed in the yeare 1330. Leopold Duke of Austria Albert the second Count of Tyroll by the Marriage of his Sonne to the Niece of the King of Bohemia died in the yeare 1359. Albert the third Duke of Austria died in the yeare 1395. Albert the fifth Emperour and by marriage of the Daughter of the Emperour Sigismond made King of Hungaria and of Bohemia died in the yeare 1439. Fredericke the third Emperour died in the yeare 1493. Maximilian the first Emperour after the death of Mathias King of Hungary recouered that Kingdome which he had vsurped then retaining to himselfe the right of succession yeelded it to Ladrslaus and marrying the daughter of Charles Duke of Burgundy made that Dukedome and all the Prouinces of Netherland hereditary to the House of Austria He died in the yeare 1519. Philip marrying the Daughter of Ferdinand King of Spaine became Heire to those Kingdomes and died young before his Father in the yeare 1506. Charles the fifth Emperor died in the yeere 1558. By his Wife Isabella daughter to the King of Portugall Philip King of Spaine This is the first Family of the Archdukes of Austria to this day reigning in Spaine Philip King of Spaine borne of Anne of Austria in the yeare 1578. Two sisters Catherin-borne of Isabella of Valoss wife to the Duke of Sanoy and Isabella Clara Eugenia wife to arch-Duke Albert and borne of Anne of Austria By Anne of Austria Iames died of nine yeares of age Ferdinand died a child Charles Dentatus by Marie of Portugall by his Fathers permission put to death by the Inquisition anno 1568. Ferdinand died an Infant Two Sisters Mary wife to the Emperour Maximilian the second and Ione wife to the King of Fortugall By Ione his concubine Don Iuan Victor of the Turks in naual fight dying an 1578. Ione wife to the Duke of Florence Marie wife to the Duke of Parma Foure Daughters Elinora married to Francis the first King of France died ann 1558. Isabel wife to the King of Denmarke died ann 1525. Mary wife to the King of Hungary after gouerning Netherland died ann 1558. Catherine wife to the King of Portingall Ferdinand Emperour after the vnhappy death of Lodonicus King of Hungary in a battell against the Turks in the yeare 1526 by the right of his wife sister and heire to 〈◊〉 the said contract made by Maximilian I Emperor was crowned King of Hungary and also by his said wiues right K. of Bohemia died anno 1564. Maximilian the second Emperor maried to Mary sister to Philip King of Spaine died anno 1576. This is the second Family of the Arch-Dukes of Austria to this day succeeding in the Empire of Germany Ferdinand died a childe in the yeare 1552. Rodulp 2 of that name and the eighth Emperour of this Family chosen King of the Romans 1575 Emperour 1576. succeeding King of Hungarie 1572 King of Bohemia 1575. Hee was at this time Emperor and liued vnmarried 3. Sonne Ernestus gouerned Netherland and died vnmarried 4. Matthew vnmarried 5. Maximilian vnmarried 6. Albert surrendered his
Cardinals Hat maried Isabel daughter to the K. of Spaine and gouernes Netherland but hath no children 7. Wencestaus 8. Fredericke 9. Carolus al three died yong Foure sisters Anna married to the King of Spaine anno 1563 died anno 1580. Elizabeth married to Charles the 9 King of France anno 1570. Mary Margaret died yong Fiue sisters Elizabeth married to the King of Poland died an 1545. Anne wife to the Duke of Bauaria Marie wife to the Duke of Cleue Magdalen vnmarried and Catherine wife to the Duke of Mantua and after to the King of Poland Ferdinand of Ispruck so called of that Citie wherein he holds his Court. Hee married the daughter of the Duke of Mantua by whom he had some daughters but no heire male But by a Citizens daughter of Augsburg his wife hee had two sonnes This is the third Family of the Arch-Dukes called of Ispruch the Citie wherein they liue Charles Marques of Burgh Andrew a Cardinall Iohn died a childe Sixe sisters Leonora wife to the Duke of Mantua Barbara wife the Duke of Feraria Margareta Vrsula Helena and Ioanna Charles of Gratz so called of that City where he held his Court. Hee is the fourth sonne of the Emperour Ferdinand by Marie the daughter of the Duke of Bauaria Hee begat twelue children and dying in the yeere 1519 left two sonnes besides diuers daughters This is the fourth Family of the Arch-Dukes of Austria called Zu Gratz of that City wherein they hold their Court. Ferdinand zu Gratz Carolus Posthumus Margeret gouerned Netherland and died in the yeare 1530. Leopold the second Duke of Austria died in the yeare 1386. Fredericke proscribed in the Counsell at Constantia died in the yeere 1440. Sigismond dyed in the yeere 1497. Ernestus of Iron died in the yere 1435. Ladislaus Posthumus King of Bohemia vnder George Pochibraccius his Tutor and King of Hungary vnder Iohn Huniades Tutorage died in the yeere 1457. Thus I haue shewed that besides the branch of the House of Austria now raigning in Spaine there remaine three branches thereof in Germany the first of the Emperour Rodolphus and his brethren Ernestus dying in his life time Mathias and Maximilianus and Albertus Whereof foure liued vnmarried the fifth named Albertus hath long been married but hath no child The second branch is that of Ferdinand of Ispruch waa married Philippina the daughter of a Citizen in Augsburg whereupon his kinsmen difdaining that her ignoble Issue should enherit with them forced him to agree that the County of Tyroll should not descend vpon his sonne whereupon his eldest sonne by her named Charles possesseth onely the City and territory of Burgh which was in his Fathers power to giue with title of the Marquesse of Burgh and the said County at the Fathers death fell backe to the Emperour His second sonne Andrew Cardinal of Brixia besides the spirituall possessions of that County hath also the Bishopricke of Costnetz in Sueuia But Ferdinand of his second wife daughter to the Duke of Mantua had some daughters but no heire male The third branch is of Charles of Gratz who besides his heires males left eight daughters whereof one is now married to Sigismund King of Poland by election and of Suecia by inheritance the second to the Prince of Transiluania the third to Philip King of Spaine The Emperour by right of his owne inheritance not of the Empire is Lord of many and large Prouinces namely King of Hungary King of Bohemia with the annexed most fertile Prouinces of Morauia Silesia and Lusatia Also towards the Alpes he hath by Inheritance many large Prouinces gotten by his Progenitors as appeares by his Pedegree namely the Arch-Dukedome of Austria the Prouinces of Styria Carinthia Carmola Tyroll and other large territories in Sueuia and Alsatia besides great iurisdictions among the Sweitzers called the Grysons Ferdinand the Emperour brother to the Emperour Charles the fifth married the sister and heire of Lodouicus King of Hungary and Bohemia and after the vnhappy death of Lodouicus killed in the field by the Turkes in the yeere 1526 was chosen King of Bohemia which Kingdome with the Empire descended to his heires And this Kingdome is exempted from the Parliaments and Contributions of Germany by a priuiledge granted by Charles the fourth Emperour and King of Bohemia of whom the Germans complaine as more respecting Bohemia then the Empire In which point he is lesse to be taxed because howsoeuer that Kingdome freely elects their Kings yet the heire is therein alwaies respected before any other and being an Infant yet is commonly chosen King with a Tutor for his Nonage The three States of Barrons Knights and Citizens chuse the King but Ferdinand the Emperour in his life time caused his sonne Maximilian to be chosen King In like manner this Emperour Rodolphus was chosen King of Bohemia and also King of Hungaria while his Father liued And howsoeuer he being vnmarried hath lesse care of his Successour yet custome and the publike good haue such force as Bohemia seemes hereditary to the House of Austria either for feare of so great a Family bordering vpon the Kingdome or because they iustly triumph to haue the Emperours sente at Prage the cuecfe City of Bohemia especially since no Prince out of that Family is able to beare the burthen of the Empire if they obserue the Law binding the Electors to chuse an Emperour among the Princes borne in Germany As the said three States choose the King so they chuse a Viceroy for life to gouerne the Kingdome at the Kings death and to be one of the Electors as King of Bohemia at the choyce of the Emperour dead in the same person Yet commonly before this time wherein the vnmarried Emperour neglects the succession the Germans were wont while the Emperour liued to chuse his successor intitled King of the Romans At this time the Baron of Rosenburg was Viceroy of Bohemia for life who held his Court neere Lintz vpon the confines of Austria and was said to haue the keeping of the Kings Crowne in a Castle called Carlstein Touching Hungary it had the name of the people called the Hunns who vnder their King Geysa receiued the Christian Religion his sonne Stephen was chosen King in the yeere 1002 from whom in order many Kings haue beene chosen so as due respect was alwayes had of the eldest sonnes to the deceased who sometimes refused did stirre vp ciuill warres King Andrew about the yeere 1230 first gaue great priuiledges to the Nobility which their Kings to this day haue vsed to confirme as soone as they were elected King Vladislaus in the yeere 1490 first ioyned the Kingdomes of Bohemia and Hungary together whose sonne Lodouicus perished in the vnhappy battell against the Turkes in the yeere 1526 At which time Ferdinand of the House of Austria brother to the Emperor Charles the fifth and successor to him in the Empire was chosen King of Hungary as well by the couenant which the
them be they neuer so secretly hidden In the Prouince of Morauia incorporated to Bohemia I haue formerly said that the Gentlemen haue like priuiledges and absolute power ouer their subiects being all born slaues And in Germany that the Marquis of Anspach hath like born slaues And I shall in due place shew that in Denmark and Poland the people are meere slaues so as the Gentlemen and Lords recken not their estates by yearly rents but by the number of their Bawren or clownes who are all slaues In Bohemia the goods of condemned persons fall to the Lord of the fee. Among the Barons the Baron of Rosenburg was cheefe who for life was chosen Viceroy and dwelt vpon the confines of Austria being said to haue the yearly rents of eighty thousand Dollers but in respect he had no Sonne to succeede him he was lesse esteemed especially himselfe being decrepite and his brother also old and without probable hope of issue The second family of the Barons was that of the Popels hauing many branches and plenty of heires One of them was at that time in great grace with the Emperor Rodulphus And the whole family for the issue was much estemed of the people and States of the Kingdome In Bohemia as in Poland Gentlemen cannot be iudged but at fower meetings in the yeare and then are tried by Gentlemen so as the accusers being wearied with delaies the offenders are commonly freed but men of inferior condition are daily iudged and suddenly tried The Bohemians giue greater titles to Gentlemen by writing and in saluting then the Germans where notwithstanding as appeares in the due place there is great and vndecent flattery by words among all degrees I did not obserue or reade that the Bohemians haue any military or ciuill order or degree of Knightes as the English haue The Hussites hauing changed nothing in religion saue onely the communicating of the Lords Supper in both kinds with some other small matters yet I did not heare that they haue any Bishops and I am sure that the Bishopricke of Prage had then been long void They and all of the reformed Religion in Bohemia send their Ministers to Wittenberg an Vniuersity in Saxony for receiuing of Orders with imposition of hands from the Lutheran Superintendant and the Ministers of that place CHAP. IIII. Of the particular Common-wealths as well of the Princes of Germany as of the Free Cities such of both as haue absolute power of life and death IT remaineth to adde something of priuat Princes Courts and the Gouernement of the free Cities And since I haue formerly said that these Princes and Cities hauing absolute power of life and death are many in number and that according to the number of the Princes the places also where taxes and impositions are exacted are no lesse frequent as well for subiects as strangers passing by both for persons and for wares And that they who deceiue the Prince in any such kind neuer escape vnpunished Now to auoid tediousnesse I will onely mention the chiefe Princes and Cities by which coniecture may be made of the rest and this I will doe briefely without any repetition of things formerly set downe Touching the Electors I haue formerly related the principall lawes of the golden Bulla The Duke of Saxony is one of these Electors many waies powerfull and he deriues his pedegree from Witikind a famous Duke of the Germans in the time of the Emperour Charles the Great who forced him to lay aside the name of King permitting him the title of a Duke and to become Christian in the yeere 805. Witikynd the second Deitgrenius Frederike Fredericke inuested Marquis of Misen by the Emperour Henrie the first he died in the yeere 925. Bruno Dittimare Christian inuested Marquis of Lusatia by the Emperor Otho the first Theodorike died in the yeere 1034. Henrie Marquis of Misen and Lusatia died in the yeere 1106. Timo. Conrade the Great died in the yeere 1150. Otho the Rich built Friburg where hee had found Mines of Siluer and died in the yeere 1189. Theodorike was poisoned by the Citizens of Leipzig in the yeere 1220. Henrie by right of inheritance became Langraue of Thuring and died 6287. In right line from Henrie discends Fredericke who chosen Emperour yeelded the Empire to his Competitor the Emperour Charles the fourth taking mony for giuing vp his right and he died in the yeere 1349. In right line is Fredericke the Warlike who ouercame the Bohemians rebelling against the Emperour receiued the Scholers of Prage to study at Leipzig restrained the title of Dukes of Saxony to Families which after the Emperours of Saxonie had been confusedly vsurped and lastly appropriated the title of Elector to his Family He died in the yeere 1423. Fredericke the Gentle died in the yeere 1464. Ernestus the Elector died in the yeere 1486. The Elector Frederike the Wise who put the Empire from himself chose Charles the fifth Hee did found the Vniuersitie at Wittenberg and died 1525. Iohn Elector exhibited the eformed Confession at Augsburg and died 1533. Iohn Frederike for the Reformed Religion deposed from the Electorship by the Emperour Charles the fifth He married Sibill daughter to the Duke of Iuliar and died 1554 Iohn Frederike proscribed by the Empire and prosecuted by Augustus Elector of Saxonie in the Emperours name was taken prisoner by him at the taking and razing of Gotha Iohn Casimire borne of his fathers second wife Elizabeth daughter to Frederike Elector Palatine He was borne 1564 and married Anna daughter to Augustus Elector of Saxonie Iohn Ernest then vnmarried borne in the yeere 1566. These Dukes of Saxony then liuing were called the Dukes of Coburg Iohn William serued the King of France in those Ciuill warres and died 1573. Will. Frederik borne of another daughter to Frederike Elector Palatine 1562 he buried the daughter to the Duke of Wirtenberg and married the daughter of Philip Lodowick Prince Palatine 1591. He was Tutor to the sonnes of Christian Elector preferred to the Duke of Coburg because his father was proscribed and neuer restored Iohn borne 1570 then vnmarried This Duke of Saxonie was called the D. of Wyneberg The last Elector of this branch Albert the Stout Duke of Saxonie died in the yeere 1500. George of Leipzig called the Popish was Duke of Saxonie and died in the yeare 1539. Henrie Duke of Saxonie made Gouernour of Friesland by his father was there in danger to be put to death had not his father come to deliuer him he died in the yeere 1541. The first Elector of this branch Mauritius made Elector by the Emperor Charles the 5 was borne 1521 died 1553. Augustus Elector maried Anne daughter to the K. of Denmarke and died 1586 Eight Boyes and three Girles died Christian the Elector married the daughter to the Elector of Brandeburg and died 1591. Three young daughters Christian the second Elector but then a Pupill borne 1583 the fiue and twentieth of September at three of
Hamburg were wont to haue it in like sort for sixe yeeres and so by turnes they were wont to enioy it Lubecke of old had a Duke till it was subiected to the Empire by the Emperour Fredericke the first after whose death it became subiect to their Duke againe and after fiue yeeres became subiect to the Danes but by the helpe of Fredericke the second it freed it selfe from the Danes in the yeere 1226 and after by fauour of the Emperours obtained freedome and absolute power Both Lubecke and Hamburg are said of old to haue acknowledged the Kings of Denmarke but at last expelling the Kings Proctors they became free and submitted themselues to the defence of the Empire For which cause to this day they warily obserue the actions of the Kings of Denmarke and liue in feare and suspition of their attempts and howsoeuer they haue freedome and absolute power yet they are carefull to haue the fauour of the Kings of Denmarke because they haue power to hinder their trafficke in the Baltike Sea yet sometimes leagued with the neighbour cities which in the common cause of freedome are easily drawne to giue mutuall aide they haue made warres against the Kings of Denmarke with good successe Lubecke is commended for iust gouernment not to speake of their hospitality very faire and vniforme buildings and the very pleasant seate of the Towne It is gouerned by the ciuill Law and by statutes made by the Senate as also some made by the consent of the confederate cities No appeale to Vniuersities or to the Chamber of the Empire is admitted except the cause be aboue the value of fiue hundred dollers They lately made sumptuary Lawes restraining the number of guests and dishes in Feasts with penalties according to the excesse The Citizens yeerely chuse twenty new Senators and this 〈◊〉 chuseth of their number foure Consuls with a Iudge skilfull in the ciuill Lawes These Magistrates define all ciuill and criminal causes the whole Senate first examining them and iudgements are giuen by common consent with the doores shut but when any capitall iudgement is to be executed at the day appointed to the Malefactor and the very houre he is to die the hangman pronounceth the sentence in the market place The consuls take the highest place by turnes one in the morning the other in the afternoone at which times they also by turnes heare Ambassadours and receiue complaints Many Offices are deuided among the Senators two gather the rents others haue care of the wines which are sold in a publike house to publike vse no priuate man being allowed to make that gaine others ouersee the buildings that they be vniforme and strongly built and free from danger of fier and likewise the fortifications of the City Foure Serieants attired in red gownes attend the Senate and summon men to appeare besides twelue inferiour Serieants and they neither carry Sword nor any Mace before the Magistrates but follow them in the streetes like Seruants They doe not imprison any debtor or light offender but onely summon such to appeare before the Magistrate and declare to them the fines imposed for not appearing but they apprehend capitall offenders and preuent their escape by flight It is not lawfull for a creditor to put his debtor in prison but after a set time and with cautions prescribed in the Law of Saxony wherein notwithstanding they of Lubecke so fauour strangers as they onely haue right in this kind with expedition and haue a proper tribunall or seate of iudgement for themselues onely yet herein they seeme not fauourable to strangers in that they permit them not to dwell in the City otherwise they doe as the common vse is to keepe all commodities in the hands of Citizens not to be sold to strangers but by a Citizen especially since without the helpe of strangers they haue their owne ships to bring in and carry out all commodities Hamburg is in like sort gouerned but I cannot so much commend them for hospitality being rude to all strangers and malicious to Englishmen aboue others for no other cause then for that our Merchants leauing that City seated themselues at Stoade so as it was not safe for any stranger much lesse for an Englishman to walke abroade after dinner when the common people are generally heated with drinke And the very Iustice was herein commonly taxed not that they punished whoredom which no good man will disallow but that they permitted whores in great multitudes and yet fauoured the knauery of the Sergeants who combining with the whores intrapped men in their houses so as not onely the whores Sergeants made profit thereby but the very Magistrates were iustly suspected to approue this course for their owne gaine Brunswick an Imperiall City worthily to be numbred among the cheefe so called as the Village of Bruno is not farre distant from Hamburg and seated in the center of Saxony was of old as they say the Metropolitan City therof It consists of fiue Cities gathered into one wherof each hath his seuerall priuiledges and they are thus seated Alstatt is the part on the West side Newstatt on the North side Imsacke the part towards the East Imhagen Altweg built first of all the rest are the part towards the South And howsoeuer all these haue each their seueral Senators and priuiledges yet all of them iointly making the city of Brunswick liue vnder one common Law and gouernmēt the Senators of each by yerely courses gouerning the whole body of that common-wealth For howsoeuer tenn Consuls be yeerly chosen two of each City yet to the two Consuls of that City which by course is to gouern for the yeere the other eight as inferiour and much more all the Senators of the fiue Cities yeelde for the time great reuerence in the Senate and all meetings and great obedience in all things commanded One Senate house is common to all the fiue Cities yet each of them hath also a priuate Senate-house The forme of the publike gouernement is Democraticall or popular They liue in such feare of the Duke of Brunswick left he should take away their liberty as they haue not onely fortified the Towne very strongly against assaults or sieges but also willingly imploy their Citizens in forraigne warres as hired souldiers insomuch as no man is made free who hath not first serued one or two yeeres in the warres The Dukes of Brunswick of Luneburg deriue their pedegree from one root namely from the old family of the Dukes of Bauaria for Henrie called the Lion D. of Bauaria who was Duke and Elector of Saxony also commanding a most ample Territory being proscribed by the Emperour and for a time liuing as a banished man in England the Dukedome of Bauaria was by the Emperour giuen in Fee to the Palatines of the Rheine and so passed to a new Family This Henrie the Lion died in Brunswick about the yeere 1195. His eldest sonne Otho the fourth being
then put into the possession of the Dukedome of Milan made league with the Sweitzers and gaue them the foresaide Gouernments in Italy Also Pope Leo the tenth in the yeere 1515 ioyned himselfe to the league made betweene the Emperour Maximilian and Sfortia Duke of Milan and the Sweitzers against the King of France Lastly Pope Clement the eight sitting in the chaire of Rome when I passed through Italy had also league with the Sweitzers But I must come to the hereditary forraigne leagues which onely and no other can truly be called part of the Commonwealth Among the cheefe of them is that of Milan And not to speake of the ancient leagues which some of the Cantons had with the Insubres old inhabitants of Lombardy Galeacius Duke of Milan in the yeere 1466 made a league with eight Cantons wherein mention is made of the said leagues with the Insubres and he granted to the Vrij that they should possesse the Lepontian Valley for which they were to send vnto the Duke yeerely foure Hawkes and a Crosse-bow Moreouer he granted to the eight Cantons that in his Dukedome they should bee free from all impositions and taxes Afterwards these and other heads of that league were confirmed and renewed by the Duke his successours And Ferdinand Gonzaga in the name of the Emperour Charles the fifth confirmed the same in the yeere 1551. And among other heads of that league it is couenanted that it shall be free for the Sweitzers to buy corne yet in time of dearth they may carry none out of the Dukedome onely some 200 bushels shall in that case be sold to them as friends Also cautions are inserted about the buying and carrying of salt and that they shall freely passe to and fro without safe conduct excepting those times in which Sweitzerland shall be infected with the plague and that they shal be free from impositions in all places excepting the city of Milan where they shall pay custome at the gates Lastly that the Sweitzers thus priuiledged shall not take any others to be partners in trafficke with them to the preiudice of the Dukedome and that all such shall be excluded from these priuiledges as haue fled out of the Dukedome whether they liue in Sweitzerland or else where And this league was made to continue foure yeers after the death of the Emperour Charles the fifth and this time expired howsoeuer the league was not for a time renewed yet the Sweitzers enioied all these priuiledges This hereditary league descends to the Kings of Spaine who succeed Charles the fifth in the said Dutchy of Milan and all his possessions in Italy The Sweitzers haue had sharpe warres with the House of Burgundy and long continuing warres with the House of Austria which at last were ended in league and friendship The first warre of Burgundy began in the yeere 1474 the House of Austria vsing the pride ambition of the Dukes of Burgundy to keepe downe the Sweitzers with whom themselues had often fought with no good successe For the cause of the warre sprang from certaine Countries to this end ingaged by Sigismund Duke of Austria to Charles Duke of Burgundy whence the desired expected ielousies grew between them which Lewis the II King of France did nourish bearing a splene to Duke Charles and for that cause did furnish the Sweitzers with money to make that warre And Sigismund Duke of Austria more to incourage the Sweitzers made league with them against the Duke of Burgundy Also the Emperor Frederick of the House of Austria leading an Army against the said Duke did stirre vp the Sweitzers to assaile him But when they had with good successe pierced into Burgundy the Emperour made peace with the said Duke wherein the Sweitzers were not contained so as the Duke turned all his Forces vpon them and not to speake of light skirmishes and fights the maine busines was tried betweene them in three battels wherein the Duke himselfe was in person First at the town Granson where the Sweitzers had the victory but they hauing no horse which could not so soone be sent to them from their confederates and the horse of the Duke defending the foot in their flight few of the Burgundians were killed there Secondly they fought at Morat where they write that 26000 of the Burgundians were slaine And to this day huge heapes of dead bones lie in that place to witnes that great ouerthrow The third battel was at Nancy a City of Lorain where Charles Duke of Burgundy besieged Renatus Duke of Loraine confederate with the Sweitzers and then 8000 Sweitzers 3000 of their confederates sent to helpe them ouercame the Duke of Burgundy and himselfe being killed 〈◊〉 his death gaue an end to that warre in the yeere 1477. After the house of Austria had made many wars leagues for yeers with the Sweitzers at last Sigismund Duke of Austria before the Burgundian warre made an hereditary league with them Lewis the French King mediating the same that hee might draw the Sweitzers to make warre with Charles the proud Duke of Burgundy By this league it was agreed that any controuersies falling they should be put to Arbiters both parts binding themselues to stand to their iudgemēt That al old leagues alwaies preserued they should serue the Duke of Austria in his wars vpon the same pay they haue at home seruing the State On the other side that the possessors should hold all places without calling into question for them That neither part shold ioine in league the subiects of the other or make them free of their Cities That neither part should burthen the other with customes or impositions At this time in the yeere 1474 many neighbour Princes Cities and Bishops did ioine themselues in league for yeeres but the foresaid league with the house of Austria ceased in the time of the Emperour Maximilian the first who made League with the Princes and cities of Germany against the Sweitzers called the great League of Sucura That warre ended Maximilian in the yeere 1511 renewed the former League ioyning therein the house of Burgundy and his grand-child Charles after made Emperour the fifth of that name so vniting all the thirteene Cantons with both those houses and he promised in the name of Charles that he should yeerely pay in the Towne of Zurech two hundred gold crownes to each Canton for a testimony of loue and for the Abbot of Saint Gallus and the Towne and besides for Apenzill he should yeerely giue each of them one hundred Crownes and that he should confirme this league This was done in the yeere 1543 wherein Charles the Emperour renewed the League of Burgundy and his brother Ferdinand succeeding him in the Empire renewed the League of the House of Austria At this time whereof I write the Ambassadour of the King of Spaine resided at Frihurg and Philip King of Spaine sonne to Charles had as I vnderstood by Sweitzers of good credit renewed
their owne Captaines In the 11 Article all immunities in the Dukedome of Milan are confirmed to the Bilitianenses the Inhabitants of the middle Valley the Luganenses the Locarnenses 12. Choice is giuen to the Sweitzers to retaine the Castles they had or to take mony for them Lastly it is agreed couenanted that the league shall be peripetuall not be broken vpon any fraudulent pretence In this league the King excepts all his confederates the Sweitzers except Pope Leo the 10 the Emperor Maximilian the Empire and the House of Austria and all old leagues so as if the King should make war vpon any of these in their own countries it may be free to the Sweitzers to obserue their leagues with them but if any of them assaile the King in his own Kingdome the Sweitzers shal not permit any of their subiects to serue them but shall call them home This League was made at Friburg in the yeere 1516 the moneth of Nouember and vpon the day of Saint Andrew And the King rested not till after fiue yeeres since this Peace was made he leagued himselfe more strictly at Lucerna with all the Cantons that of Zurech only excepted and with all their fellowes in league of which league I will briefly relate some heads added to the former namely that if any man should make warre vpon the King in France or in the Dukedome of Milan the King at his pleasure might leauy in Sweitzerland an Army of sixe thousand at the least or sixteene thousand foote at the most except the Senate should grant a greater number That the King might chuse the Captaines and the Senate without delay should permit them to march within tenne dayes and not recall them till the warre should bee ended if the King shall please so long to vse them That by the same right and vnder the same conditions the King making warre vpon any may freely leauy souldiers but with this caution that the Sweitzers troubled with warre at home should be free from these couenants It was further cautioned that the King should not diuide the Army of the Sweitzers into diuers places or Forts but should keepe it vaited in one body That he should not vse it for any fight at Sea That they should receiue pay the same day they should march out of their country and were they neuer so soone sent backe yet three months pay should be presently due vnto them and that the first moneths pay should be giuen them within the confines of Sweitzerland That the King to aide the Sweitzers hauing any warre should send them two hundred armed horse and twelue great pieces of Ordinance with all furniture namely six battering pieces and sixe middle pieces and besides towards the charge of their warre should each three moneths pay a certaine summe of mony at Lyons and if the Sweitzers shall chuse rather to haue mony in stead of the armed horse the King should further pay them two thousand crownes each three moneths That if in time of warre the Sweitzers shall be forbidden to buy Salt in other places they may buy and bring Salt out of France That neither part shall make the subiects of the other free of their Cities or receiue them into patronage That the King to declare his good will towards the Sweitzers shall besides the two thousand Franckes promised by the former League to each Canton pay yeerely one thousand Franckes more to each of them during this League and moreouer shal besides the former Pensions giue to their Confederates yeerely halfe as much more In this League the King excepts Pope Leo the tenth the Emperour the Kings of England Scotland and Denmark with other Princes and the Sweitzers except the Pope the Emperor the House of Austria the house of Medici the D. of Sanoy and some others But if these so excepted should make war vpon either part within their territories that aides should be sent mutually without any respect This League was made to last three yeeres after the death of the French King Francis the first and was renewed by his son Henrie the second at Solotburn in the yeere 1549 by all the Cantons excepting Zurech and Bern and was after renewed by Charles the ninth and the succeeding Kings But in the leagues made with the successors of Francis the first caution is inserted that the Sweitzers shal not serue the King in any warre for the recouery of any part of the Dukedome of Milan but if the King shall recouer it with any other Army then they shall aide him to defend his possession as formerly And whereas the Cantons of Zurech and Bern refused to ioyne in the Leagues made with Francis the first and Henrie the second these reasons thereof were then alleaged First because the Canton of Zurech was then alienated from the French by the Cardinall of Sedon Secondly because Zwinglius a notable Preacher of the Reformed Religion did in many Sermons sharpely inueigh against mercinary warfare Thirdly because this League much displeased the military men of Sweitzerland in that the Senate had no liberty to looke into the cause of the warre in that the Souldiers and Captaines were not to be chosen by the Sweitzers but by the King at his pleasure in that the large profits of the League redounded to few in that the armed horse to bee sent by the King were of no vse to the Sweitzers warres commonly made in mountainous places and craggy passages Lastly because it seemed a point of great inconstancy that the Sweitzers who lately when the French King Francis and Charles the deceased Emperors grandchild were competitors for the Empire had written to the Electors that they would yeild no obedience to the French King in case he were chosen should so suddenly change their minds and make a more strict league with the French but the greater part was of a contrary iudgement because Souldiers were not bound curiously to enquire after the causes of warre for which onely the King in his conscience was bound to giue accompt And because their barren Countrey being also populous was most fit for a mercenary warre and that military experience was thereby to be retained and gained by which and like reasons they perswaded the necessity of this league Thus haue I according to the discription of Sembler briefly shewed that the Sweitzers Commonwealth consists of three parts at home not to speake of the forraigne leagues namely of the Cantons of the Fellowes in league and of the stipendiary cities and prefectures or gouernments Each community is vulgarly called Ort and the Italians call them Cantons whereof I haue said that there be thirteene in number namely Suitia vulgarly Schweis whereof the rest haue the name of Sweitzers Vria Vnderualdia Lucerna Tigurum vulgarly Zurech Glarona Tugium vulgarly Zug Berna Friburgum Solodorum vulgarly Solothurn Basilea vulgarly Bazill Seaphusium vulgarly Shafhusen and Abbatiscella vulgarly Apenzill I haue said that the Fellowes in league are the
Constable so called of Conine and stapel as the stay and vpholding of the King who hath the highest command in the warres and the Admirall so called of a Greeke word who hath the chiefe command in Nauall affaires Then two Marshals so called as skilfull in horsmanship for the old Dutch called an Horse-mar and now a mare is by them called meri and schalc signifies cunning Also the Steward of the house And the militarie titles still remaine hereditary to diuers families but the exercise of the Office is taken from them Other Gentlemen of this third ranck are by inheritance Officers to ouersee the Reuenues and to take accounts such are the Treasurers and receiuers for the Princes Rents for perpetuall Tributes of land and these honours still remaine to certaine Families though these Rents are now brought in ready money into the Exchequer Other Gentlemen of this third ranck haue Offices in Court as the Master of the houshold Chamberlaine Cup-bearer which offices are proper by inheritance to certaine Families but the Master of the game as well for hunting as hawking and the Water-Graues ouerseeing Lakes and Riuers for Swannes fishing and other like things are offices giuen at the Princes pleasure and not proper to any Familie The fourth rancke of Gentlemen is of those who are adorned with the Knightly girdle and they are called guilded Knights of their golden spurres and other ornaments which honour the Princes giue for great seruices creating them with laying a drawne sword on their left shoulder and with certaine solemnity of words those who haue this title be they neuer so meane are made Gentlemen with their posteritie and if they be Gentlemen yet it addes dignities to them And because I haue made this mention of Knights giue mee leaue to adde a word of the Knightly order of the Golden Fleece instituted by the Duke of Burgundy Phillip the Good in the yeere 1429 vpon the very day of his mariage with Elizabeth of Portugall in imitation of Gedions Fleece and of the Golden Fleece fetcht by the Argonauts of Greece He receiued into this Order Gentlemen vnblameable for life and valour in Armes whereof the Prince and his successours are the Head or chiefe President and hee gaue each of them a Scarlet gowne of woollen cloth which his son Charles changed into a red Veluet Gowne and a gold chaine with his fathers Emblem of a steele striking fire out of a flint vpon which chaine hangs the Golden Fleece and vpon the death of any Knight this badge is sent backe to be bestowed vpon some other Gentleman of merit At first the number of these Knights with the Prince their head was twenty fiue but within fiue yeeres they were increased to thirty fiue And the Emperour Charles the fifth in the yeere 1516 made the number fifty one At the first institution this order had foure Officers a Chancelor a Treasurer a King at Armes and a Secretary and in the Court of this Order the vnlawfull flying of any Knight out of the field and all other crimes and the dissentions among them are iudged without appeale The feast of the Order hath been kept in diuers places according to the Princes pleasure but the Armes of the Knights are set vp in the Chancell of the chiefe Church at Bruges where the feast thereof was kept at the first institution In generall Flaunders hath a great number of Lords and Gentlemen as likewise the Dukedome of Luxenburg and adioyning Prouinces and they exercise themselues in feeding of Cattle and tillage but iudging ignoble all trade of Merchants and profession of manuall arts They haue no immunities as in Artois Henault and all France but beare the same burthen of tributes with the people to keepe them from sedition while the Gentlemen hated by them beare the same burthen as they doe Hauing spoken of the two States of the Clergy and Gentlemen it remaines to adde something of the third State namely the foure members which haue the place of the common people in other Kingdomes and they are Ghant Bruges Ypre and Terra Franca that is the Free land which foure Territories haue the chiefe or rather all authoritie in Flaunders Each of these members is exempted from all confiscation of goods by old priuiledge confirmed by the Emperour Charles the fifth in the yeere 1549. Other Cities howsoeuer they haue their Magistrates Lawes and Reuenewes to themselues yet in the common Counsell or Parliament for imposing tributes or leauying of souldiers they follow the foure members and all Flaunders is bound to their Decree in this generall meeting of the States the Clergie Gentlemen Lords and Burgesses of other Cities consulting with the foure members but they challenging all authoritie to decree and solely representing the whole bodie of Flaunders in the generall meetings of all Netherland Iohn Duke of Burgundie remoued from Lile to Ghant the Senate called the Counsell of Flaunders and giuing the Law to all Flaunders Bruges a most pleasant Citie is the second member hauing this priuiledge aboue all other Cities that hee who is free of the same by birth gift buying or marriage is freed from all confiscation of any goods wheresoeuer found no crime or case excepted whereas the priuiledges of other Cities alwaies except violence offered to the persons of the Prince his Wife and Children Also Bruges hath a stately Mint-house with priuiledge to coyne money Ypre is the third member which City I passe ouer for feare to be tedious The fourth member is Terra Franca added to the rest being but three at the first institution by Phillip the Good in the yeere 1437 with intent to bridle the power of Bruges which Citie then much repined at the same and neuer ceased to raise tumults till Marie wife to the Emperour Maximilian abolished this fourth member which Charles the fifth their Grand-child shortly after restored to that dignitie Among the Magistrates some of them doe properly belong to the Princes affaires namely the Legall Chamber consisting of the Princes Counsellers and being as it were the head of other Courts the meeting and number whereof is at the Princes pleasure but commonly the meeting is at Ghant and they consult of waighty affaires which since haue beene referred to the Princes Priuy Counsell or to the counsell of Flaunders seated at Ghant And to the same are referred all controuersies touching fees and appeales from feodnary Courts which are iudged without appeall in the presence of the Earle or his Baily there being a chaire cushion and Sword of estate Also the chamber Hastredeninga that is the supreme court of accounts cōsisting of hereditary treasurers yeerly meeting at Lile for three daies who iudge without appeale all things touching Receiuers with personall and reall actions belonging to the Princes patrimony and giue oathes to new Treasurers and Feo daries The third court of accounts established at Lile consists of a President foure Masters fiue helpers and two clarkes It examines the accompts of reuenues