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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A50038	The natural history of Lancashire, Cheshire, and the Peak in Derbyshire with an account of the British, Phœnician, Armenian, Gr. and Rom. antiquities in those parts / by Charles Leigh ...	Leigh, Charles, 1662-1701?	1700 (1700)	Wing L975; ESTC R20833	287,449	522

is made most commonly from an Ash-colour'd Bass and is frequently mix'd with white Vitriol as may be observ'd in the Ores in Lancashire and Derbyshire The Feather'd Allum as was noted before is often found in reddish Marles near Thernham in Lancashire The Uses of these are so notorious I shall not insist upon them The next Mineral that bears the nearest affinity to its Salts is the Downham-Diamond these as we hinted are cast up by the Moles and in those little Mountains often discover'd after showers of Rain I have seen some of them as dazling as those from India and would likewise for some time cut Glass but not like those continue it The Learned Mr. Boyle and Seignior Bret have given us a large Account of their Formation to whom therefore I refer my Reader only in short I shall give you my own Conjecture which is that I take them to be a Composition of saline and terrene Particles perhaps not unlike those of the most refin'd Sparrs and in this I was confirm'd by the Calcination of them in which I could discover a perfect vitriolic Taste and found a cretaceous Matter but this I presume is in that small proportion and so curiously interwoven with the saline Particles that the whole Body becomes transparent as we see in those of Glass the like Phaenomena are observable The next Minerals to be prosecuted are the Sulphurs of which various kinds are observable in these Countries as in Mines Metals and Minerals and these as they are united with different Bodies may be rang'd into several Classes some may be call'd Vitriolic Sulphurs because consisting of oily and vitriolic Particles and form that Body which we commonly call Brimstone and these are observable in Coal-Mines Mineral-Basses Ores Metals and Minerals others are Oleaginous Sulphurs as the Halitus in the Burning-Well near Wigan the Sulphur-Damps in several Mines and the burning Turf near Halls-hall and a Sulphur different from all these is observable in Lead Copper and the Pyrites But to give a clear Idea of all these I shall delineate their several Effects by which the Reader will the better judge of their constituent parts I shall therefore in the next place proceed to the Oily and Metallic Sulphurs The Oily Sulphurs are easily inflammable but in their burning have no smell these are observable in the Burning-Well near Wigan and the burning Damps in Coal-Mines as was before hinted sometimes these take Fire by Collision and sometimes by Accension as from the flames of the Candles the Miners work with and then too often produce dismal Effects as the blowing Men out of the Shafts scorching them to Death and sometimes destroying the Works The Effects of these are as fatal as those of Lightning and frequently present us with very odd Phaenomena as the rending in pieces prodigious Rocks ejecting several great Stones perpendicular with a thousand other Disasters in the Works From these things to me it seems plain the wonderful Effects produc'd from Lightning upon Animals are chiefly from their sulphureous Particles by a total and sudden dissipation of the animal Spirits whence necessarily follows a coagulation of the Blood and consequently Death Wherefore in these Cases to save the Life of the Patient if possible as was inserted before in the Chapter of Air speedy bleeding in the Jugulars or Arms is to be us'd Cupping-Glasses volatile Alcalies Friction Epispastics and the like are the Methods to be taken and not to trifle with Milk expecting that to imbibe the Poyson as is the common Custom Other Sulphurs are observable in Lead and Lead-Ores the Effluvia of which are apt to produce Palsies the Byon and Consumption in these a metallic corrosive Salt is united with the Sulphur and so either by causing a coagulation of the Lympha or serum of the Blood entangles the Spirits obstructs the Lungs or Nerves and so produces the fore-recited Distempers The Byon is not much unlike a Quinsy the symptoms running parallel and no doubt but the like Method in that as in an essential Quinsy ought to be taken The Sulphur of the Pyrites will easily fulminate with Nitre which Pyrites is a Complex of different metallic Particles as they are found in different Mines as in Lead Copper Iron Antimony c. as was before related Sulphur is discernable in some mineral Waters by their smell and by a Reverberation of the sulphureous Steams of hot Baths in Cupulos native Sulphur may be collected Sulphur by the Greeks is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because they thought in this in those times of Heathenism the Gods descended and by Thunder and Lightning destroy'd the Provinces But by modern Authors it is taken for an inflammable or oily Concrete from some mineral Acid which is render'd evident in the preparation of common Brimstone which contains both an inflammable Oyl and an acid Spirit and accordingly as the Acid is united with the Sulphur the Sulphur is benign or poysonous hence it is that common Brimstone may more safely be taken because it contains a mild Acid but the Sulphurs of Antimony Arsenic and other Minerals are poysonous because they contain more penetrating Salts and so inflame and lacerate the Vessels As to Mineral Damps it is observable that they will continue upon the surface of the Water in the Mine the space of a Month at least in an Oval form as the Miners assur'd me and then frequently break at which time if the Miners be within the Works they are often suffocated I discours'd with one who had like to have perish'd by them he told me he perceiv'd a sudden Coldness to strike to his Heart as he term'd it and an extraordinary sweetness in his Mouth that he lay like a Person in a Swooning Fit and was not sensible of either Pain or Sickness nor could he remember any thing farther save that he drew his Breath short as he recover'd and was drowsy for some time afterwards The Phaenomena seem to indicate these Damps to consist of arsenical Sulphurs and vitriolic Effluvia which suddenly entangle the Spirits and so produce a Coagulation of the whole Mass of Blood and consequently Death it self if not speedily prevented The way the Persons have in those Cases to save themselves is by digging an Hole in the Earth and lieing in it upon their Faces till such time as the Damp has spent it self and sometimes by shooting at it and so firing it out One of the Men whose Ignorance led him to Superstition affirm'd it to be an infernal Spirit and indeed if a Man reflect upon the Wickedness of most of the Miners one might have too much reason to conclude that they have too great a Correspondence with such sort of Company their Morals being inconsistent with any Religion there is scarce a vicious Act but they are guilty of it their Folly is as notorious as their Vice after all their toilsom Labours for a whole Week in dismal obscure Cells the product of all their six

298     2136 April     468 078 386 498 539     1969 May     182 244 300 330 093     1149 Iune     302 179 412 416 181     1490 Iuly     120 218 285 448 112     1183 August     222 402 193 198 668     1683 September     442 403 215 605 641     2306 October     470 765 165 273 514     2457 November     415 717 230 148 627     2137 December     368 262 169 892 261     1952 Sum     4860 4291 3140 4372 4230     20893 These following Observations of the Eclipse of the Sun were communicated by the said Learned Gentleman in a Letter to Mr. Flamsted which I will first transcribe and then for the satisfaction of the Reader translate Coelum ante Eclipsin valde fuit Pluviosum attamen nisi de futura serenitate desperassem fere ipsum defectus initium non minus accurate quam finem observare credo Liquisset Omnino certas esse omnes has observationes asserere non ausim quippe nubes frequentissime solem subtercurrentes ventusque validior Tubam aliquando quatiens haud utique justas capi mensuras sivere Accessit aliud infortunium quod cum Phasium captas mensuras binis Partibus duobus Micrometri locis ostensas retro numerarem servus cui scribendi negotium demandaveram vitiose aliquando eas descripsit quod tamen percepi correxi credo Quales quales sint observationes tui esse Iuris jubeo Exitus locus adeo vertici vicimus erat ut in quam ab ea partem inclinaret bene non potuerim definire etiamsi hora 9. 29. per horologium cuspides horizonti apparerent Parallelae Solis Diameter hora 9. 10 erat 2334 satis ut putavi praescice Deinde accedente sole ad meridiem per lineam longam meridianam horologium justo tardius inventum fuit scrupulis 1. 42. Magno tamen Aequinoctiali sciaterico quo medias minoresve scrupuli Horarij partes possum distinguere horologium toto hoc mane tardius duntaxat 45. Lineam longam meridianam iterum prima occasione examinabo interea correctioni per hanc factae potius quam sciaterico fidendum puto Townleij Latitudo observata ut ad me scribit 53. 44. Longitudo a Meridiano Londinensi 9. Circiter scr hor. ad occasum Horahorol Oscillatorij h Correct p. Lin. Merid. h Mensurae Phasium     8 06 45 8 08 27 A B 1190 16 09 forsan 1109 14 50 8 11 00 8 12 42 C D 1935 26 15   18 00 19 42 A B 1405 19 04   21 00 22 42 C D 1805 24 30   26 14 27 56 A B 1504 20 47   34 00 35 42 C D 1711 23 13   42 15 43 57 A B 1551 21 03 accuratè 46 30 48 12 C D 1702 23 20 vel 1720 23 15 8 51 45 8 53 27 A B 1553 21 04 accuratè 9 00 00 9 01 42 C D 1809 24 23   9 12 34 9 14 16 A B 1357 18 25   9 30 55 9 32 37 A B 872 11 50   9 41 15 9 42 57 Precise   Desit Eclipsis quantum per Aeris Vibrationem potui discernere It was very Rainy Weather before the Eclipse came on so that had I not lost all hopes of a clear Sky my Account of its beginning had been as exact as that of its Exit I cannot ascertain to you all my Observations because the Clouds often intervened betwixt me and the Sun and many a blast of Wind discompos'd my Tube and so alter'd the measures I had taken Another accident also interposed for even when I came to compute the Dimensions I had observed of the Phases in two places from two parts of the Micrometer my Servant that was to note down my observations through mistake had pen'd them very faulty however I corrected them the best I cou'd Such as they are I freely recommend them to you the place of Exit of the Eclipse was so vertual that I cou'd not possibly determine to what part it inclined from it However at about 29 Minutes after nine by the Clock I found there appear'd points Parallel to the Horizon The Diameter of the Sun betwixt Nine and Ten was 2334 parts as I conjecture Eclips'd afterwards the Sun coming to the Meridian by a long Meridian line I found the Clock was two slow by one Minute and 42 seconds but by a large Equinoctial Dial upon which are drawn Minutes and seconds I found the Clock during the whole Morning had only been two slow by 45 seconds I shall again Examine the Meridian line the first oppertunity that offers However in the mean time I think we ought rather to confide in the correction made by that than to rely upon the Aequinoctial Dial. The Eclipse by Mr. Townley was taken in the Latitude of 53 and 44 the Longitude from the London Meridian is about 9 hours to the West After this worthy Gentleman let us mention our much Lamented and Eminent Country-Man Mr. Ieremiah Horrax Of whom take the Learned Dr. Iohn Wallis's Character and account of his Works This Horrax says he is the same with him that is the Author of that excellent Tract called Venus in Sole Visa publish'd by the Famous Hevelius together with his Mercurius in Sole Visus Who if he had not been snatch'd away by an untimely Death in the flower of his Age wou'd certainly by his industry and exactness which did accompany his great affection to Astronony have very considerably advanced that Science Now we have only left us these imperfect Papers digested not without great care and labour by that Learned Mathematician Dr. Iohn Wallis Professor of Mathematicks in the University of Oxford whereto do occur First The Keplerian Astronomy asserted and promoted which this Author undertook after he had spent much time and great pains in acquainting himself with that of Lansbergius which he at first embraced with so much eagerness and addition that it was difficult to divorce him from it Till at length by the Advertisements of William Crabtree a Sagacious and Diligent Astronomer at that time he found that neither the Hypotheses of Lansbergius were consistent among themselves nor his Table agreed with observations exactly made nor the precepts of them were well demonstrated nor cou'd be whatever that Man boasted of his wonderful agreement of his Tables with the observations of former times all which Errors being found at last by our Author himself and withal the Writings of Kepler and the Rudolphin Tables by him search'd into he saw cause to prefer them to the Lansbergian because grounded upon Hypotheses consonant to Nature and well agreeing with the Heavens though he found causes by his accurate observations to amend even these Tables yet without a necessity of changing the Hypothesis in which Work when he was well engaged he was cut of by Death

very Young in the 23th Year of his Age His first pieces then were his Disputations against the Astronomy of Lansbergius in which he clearly demonstrates that the Hypothesis of that Author do neither agree with the Heav'ns nor among themselves which argument he carry'd on so far that having finish'd the four first Observations as they are here to be found he had begun a few sheets of the fifth which was about the Diagram of Hipparchus from which some have pretended exactly to demonstrate the distance of the Sun After which follow two disputations more the one of the Coelestial Bodies and their motions the other his Answer to the Cavils of Hortensius against Tycho so much of the first part of this Volume The second contains a good number of extracts out of this Authors Letters to his intimate Friend and industrious Companion in the study of Astronomy William Crabtree in which occur many good Coelestial Observations interlaced with many notable Discourses concerning the method of his studies The third is a Catalogue of AstronomicalObservations as they were made by our Author without allowance for the Excentricity of the Eye which he afterwards Castigated by a Correction fairly written with his own hand The fourth is his new Theory of the Moon together with the Lunar numbers of Mr. Flamsted upon it To these let us add the curious Experiments and Observations of Thomas Brotherton of Hey Esq in the County of Lancaster concerning the growth of Trees which are as follows The first Experiment was made in the Year 1671 upon a Crab-Tree about four Inches in Diameter It was hacked round with an Hatchet so as to cut pretty deep into the wood besides cutting of the Bark for about four inches wide after which it was observed to encrease above the said hacking very considerably and to shoot in length of Wood about one foot the next year it encreased considerably and shot in length about nine inches but the third Year it died to the very Root Much the like was observed in another part of whose Bark was Eaten off by a Canker that the lower part stood without encreasing and by degrees the Wood Rotted and Mortify'd but the upper part increased to the third Year when it died also Most of the following Experiments were tryed on the Abies or Scotch-Firr and on the Black Poplar with White Bark and on Hazel or Ash-Trees A Scotch-Firr of three Years growth having a Ring of the Bark cut off of the breadth of three inches near the bottom of of the stem or stalk below the uppermost knot or joint was observed to grow and shoot out its Top about half a Yard and the parts all about the Ring to increase very much in thickness much more than it wou'd have done if the Section had not been made But all that part of the stock between the said Ring and the knot next below it increased not at all but that part that was below the knot increased somewhat yet not so much as if the said Ring of the Bark had not been cut off the second Year it also increased considerably but not so much as the first Year but the third Year it died the Branch that was here produced had the Ring cut off from it April 1st 1686. and the part above the Section increased and grew till the 17 of October following when it was cut off from the Tree In this space of time the part below the Ring increased not at all but stood at a stay but the part above the Ring shot out a new joint between a Foot and half a Yard and increased in thickness for the whole length of it and in all its parts twice as much as it wou'd have done if it had not been cut as was apparent by a like Branch on the opposite side of the knot which was not cut or barked round in the same manner The Bark also of the part above the Section swell'd or grew downwards over the woody part which was bare above half an inch in breadth The usual time for making this Section was either in March or the beginning of April Tryal was made upon some Young Trees cutting a Helical swath of the Bark about half an inch in breadth by leaving a like Helical swath of Bark to communicate betwixt the upper and under part in this Tryal the difference of growth succeeded not but the remaining swath of the Bark swelled downwards and by the end of the Year covered the bared part of the Wood The like event almost follow'd upon making an invented Section round of about half an inch in breadth the upper Bark quickly swelling downward and joining again with the lower It was also observable that as the upper Bark grew downwards so it increased also in thickness whereas the Bark below thickned not at all Several of those Boughs which were about an inch Diameter and had increased as above the Summer before were observ'd to out-live the great Frost and to receive no considerable Damage whereas others otherwise order'd were Killed by it as will appear by and by more particularly In the first Figure is represented a Scoth-Firr of three Years growth it shooting forth every Year both from the Body and the Branches a new joint and Circumambient Sprouts to a determinate length barked with three Rings of about 1 ½ inch broad each about the middle of the Internodia or parts of the stock between the joints at c. b. a. this in one Year increased and shot forth branchings as in the second Figure that is the stock at a. which was about the bigness of a Quill below the Ring to the next joint continued of the same bigness but above the Ring it increased and grew to the bigness of ones Finger and from the new joint at e. e. shot out new Limbs and stock about a quarter of a Yard which was somewhat bigger than if there had been no Ring made next the branch f. f. increased likewise proportionably by swelling in bigness and from a new joint shooting out new Body and Limbs as the top and Body and the Body of the Tree below the joint h. to the Ring b. increased more than if the Ring had not been made but the part of the stock below the Ring to the next joint increased not at all The like shooting forth and increasing was observed in the second Limbs joint and stock below it g. g. i. to c. between which and k. it increased not the like also succeeded in the lower Branches l. l. any joint k. and in the stock d. below the joint k. Figure third represents a young Scoth-Firr of two Years Old on one of the lowermost Branches c. was made a Ring Section between the Body and first knot of the Limb The following Year that part of the Limb above the Ring increased twice or thrice as much as the Corresponding parts of the other Limbs from the same knot as a. which increased as if there