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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A43507	Aerius redivivus, or, The history of the Presbyterians containing the beginnings, progress and successes of that active sect, their oppositions to monarchial and episcopal government, their innovations in the church, and their imbroylments by Peter Heylyn ...	Heylyn, Peter, 1600-1662.; Heylyn, Henry.	1670 (1670)	Wing H1681; ESTC R5587	552,479	547

Arch-Duke Leopold Bishop of Passaw and one of the Emperor's younger Brothers Which Invitation he obeyed entred the Countrey with an Army of Twelve thousand men makes himself Master of New Prague and attempts the Old But he found such resistance there that K. Matthias with a powerful Army came time enough to their relief and dislodged the Besiegers Which Aid he brought them at that time not out of love to their Religion or their Persons either but only upon some Advertisement which had been given him of Duke Leopold's purposes of getting that Kingdom to himself as formerly Matthias had extorted the Realm of Hungary in despight of the Emperor But meaning to make sure work of it he prevailed so far that the Emperor resigned unto him that Kingdom also to which he was cheerfully elected by the Estates of the Countrey before the end of this year Anno 1610. And within two years after was raised to the Imperial Dignity on the death of his Brother Advanced unto which Power and Height he governed his Dominions with great Moderation till the year 1617. When being Himself and all his Brothers without hope of Children he cast his eyes upon his Cousin Ferdinand then Duke of Gratzi a Prince wholly acted by the Jesuits whom he adopted for his Son declared him for his Successor in all the Patrimony and Estates belonging to the House of Austria and in the year 1618 put him into the actual possession of the Realms of Hungary and Bohemia but not with any such formality of Election unto either of them as in his own case had been observed 29. This gave encouragement to some of the Catholick Party to take offence at some Churches lately erected by those of the Reformed Religion ●●d either totally to deface them or to shut them up Complaint hereof is made unto the Emperor but without any remedy So that being doubly injured as they gave it out they called an Assembly of the States that order might be taken for the preservation of Religion and their Civil Rights both equally endangered by these new encroachments The Emperor disallows the Meeting commanding them by Proclamation to dissolve the same Which so exasperated some hot spirits that the Emperor's Secretary and two of his principal Councellors were cast headlong out of the Castle-Windows And though all three miraculously escaped with life yet the Conspirators conceived the Fact to be so unpardonable that they could find no means of doing better but by doing worse For hereupon they set a Guard of Soldiers on the Baron of Sternberge Governour of the Castle and Kingdom they secure Prague displace all the Emperor 's old Councellors and totally clear the Kingdom of all the Jesuits and presently as well by Letters to Matthias himself as by a publick Declaration scattered in all parts of the Kingdom they justifie themselves and their actings in it Which done they nominate Two and thirty persons of their own Perswasion to have a superintendency over all Affairs which concerned that Kingdom whom they called by the name of Directors and enter into a Solemn League or Covenant to defend each other against all persons whatsoever without excepting either King or Emperor For punishing these Insolencies on the one side and preserving the Malefactors on the other from the hands of Justice a terrible Confusion first and afterwards a more terrible Warr breaks out amongst them In the first heats whereof the Emperor Matthias dyes and Ferdinand is lawfully elected to succeed in the Empire To stop the course of whose good Fortunes the Bohemian Confederates renounce all Allegiance to him proclaim him for no King of theirs nor so to be acknowledged by the Princes and Estates of Germany 30. But their new Governours or Directors as they called them being generally worsted in the Warr and fearing to be called to a strict account for these multiplyed Injuries resolve upon the choice of some Potent Prince to take that unfortunate Crown upon him And who more like to carry it with success and honour than Frederick the fifth Prince Elector Palatine the Head of the Calvinian Party Son-in-law to the King of England descended from a Daughter of the Prince of Orange and by his Wife allyed to the King of Denmark the Dukes of Holstein and Brunswick three great Lutheran Princes These were the Motives on their part to invite him to it and they prevailed as much with him to accept the offer to which he was pushed forward by the secret instigation of the States United whose Truce with Spain was now upon the point of exspiration and they thought fit in point of State-craft that he should exercise his Army further off than in their Dominions And unto these it may be added He had before incurred the Emperor's Displeasure on a double account first for projecting the Confederacy of the Chiefs of the Calvinists whom they called the Princes of the Vnion for defence of themselves and their Religion And secondly for demolishing the Fortifications which were raised at Vdenhaine though authorized by the Placart of Matthias himself for which he was impleaded in the Chamber of Spires Upon which Motives and Temptations he first sends forth his Letters to the Estates of Bohemia in which he signified his acceptance of the Honour conferred upon him and then acquaints K. IAMES with the Proposition whose Counsel he desired therein for his better direction But King IAMES was not pleased in the precipitancy of this rash adventure and thought himself unhandsomely handled in having his Advice asked upon the post-fact when all his Counsels to the contrary must have come too late Besides he had a strong Party of Calvinists in his own Dominions who were not to be trusted with a Power of disposing Kingdoms for fear they might be brought to practise that against Himself which he had countenanced in others He knew no Prince could reign in safety or be established on his Throne with Peace and Honour if once Religion should be made a Cloak to disguise Rebellions 31. Upon these grounds of Christian Prudence he did not only disallow the Action in his own particular but gave command that none of his Subjects should from thenceforth own his Son-in-law for the King of Bohemia or pray for him in the Liturgy or before their Sermons by any other Title than the Prince Elector At which the English Calvinists were extreamly vexed who had already fancied to themselves upon this occasion the raising of a Fifth Monarchy in these parts of Christendom even to the dethroning of the Pope the setting up of Calvin in St. Peter's Chair and carrying on the Warr to the Walls of Constantinople No man more zealous in the Cause than Arch-bishop Abbot who pressed to have the News received with Bells and Bonfires the King to be engaged in a Warr for the defence of such a Righteous and Religious Cause and the Jewels of the Crown to be pawned in pursuance of it as appears plainly by his Letters to Sir

to redound unto him by his Letter to the Lord Protector he sets upon the King himself and tells him plainly that there were many things amiss which required Reformation In his Letters unto the King and Council as he writes to Bullinger he had excited them to proceed in the good work which they had begun that is to say that they should so proceed as he had directed With Cranmer he is more particular and tells him in plain terms That in the Liturgie of this Church as then it stood there remained a whole mass of Popery which did not onely blemish but destroy Gods Publick Worship But fearing he might not edifie with the godly King assisted by so wise a Council and such Learned Prelates he hath his Emissaries in the Court and amongst the Clergie his Agents in the City and Countrey his Intelligencers one Monsieur Nicholas amongst the rest in the University All of them active and industrious to advance his purposes but none more mischievously practical then Iohn Alasco a Polonian born but a profest Calvian both in Doctrine and Forms of Worship who coming out of Poland with a mixed Congregation under pretence of being forced to fly their Countrey for professing the Reformed Religion were gratified with the Church of Augustine-Fryers in London for their publick use and therein suffered to enjoy their own way both in Worship and Government though in both exceeding different from the Rules of this Church In many Churches of this Realm the Altars were left standing as in former times and in the rest the holy Table was placed Altar-wi●e at the East-end of the Quire But by his party in the Court he procures an Order from the Lords of the Council for causing the said Table to be removed and to be placed in the middle of the Church or Chancel like a common Table It was the usage of this Church to give the holy Sacrament unto none but such as kneeled at the participation according to the pious order of the primitive times But Iohn Alasco coming out of Poland where the Arrians who deny the Divinity of Christ our Saviour had introduced the use of ●itting brought that irreverend custom into England with him And not content with giving scandal to this Church by the use thereof in his own Congreg●tion he publisheth a Pamphlet in defence of that irreverend and sawey gesture because most proper for a Supper The Liturgie had appointed several Offices for many of the Festivals observed in the most regular times of Christianity Some of the Clergy in the Convocation must be set on work to question the conveniencie if not the lawfulness of those observations considering that all days are alike and therefore to be equally regarded in a Church Reformed And some there were which raised a scruple touching the words which were prescribed to be used in the delivery of the Bread and Wine to the Congregation 5. Not to proceed to more particulars let it suffice that these Emissaries did so ply their work by the continual solliciting of the King the Council and the Convocation that at the last the Book was brought to a review The product or result whereof was the second Liturgie confirmed in Parliament Anno 5 6 Edw. 6. By the tenour of which Act it may appear first that there was nothing contained in the said Book but what was agreeable to the Word of God and the Primitive Church very comfortable to all good people desiring to live in Christian conversation and most profitable to the Estate of this Realm And secondly That such doubts as had been raised in the use and exercise thereof proceeded rather from the curiosity of the Minister and Mistakers then of any other worthy cause And thereupon we may conclude that the first Liturgie was discontinued and the second superinduced upon it after this review to give satisfaction unto Calvins Cavils the curiosities of some and the mistakes of others of his Friends and Followers But yet this would nor serve the turn they must have all things modelled by the Form of Geneva or else no quiet to be had Which since they could not gain in England in the Reign of King Edward who did not long out-live the setling of the second Liturgie they are resolved more eagerly to pursue the project in a Fo●reign Country during their exile and affliction in the Reign of Queen Mary Such of the English as retired to Embden Strasburg Basil or any other of the Free and Imperial Cities observed no Form of Worship in their Publick Meetings but this second Liturgie In contrary whereof such as approved not of that Liturgy when they were in England united themselves into a Church or Congregation in the City of Frankfort where they set up a mixt Form of their own devising but such as carried some resemblance to the Book of England Whittingham was the first who took upon himself the charge of this Congregation which after he resigned to Knox as the fitter man to carry on the work intended who having retired to Geneva on the death of King Edward and from thence published some tedious Pamphlets against the Regiment of Women and otherwise defamatory of the Emperour and the Queen of England was grown exceeding dear to Calvin and the rest of that Consistory By his indeavours and forwardness of too many of the Congregation that little which was used of the English Liturgie was quite laid aside and all things brought more near the Order which be found at Geneva though so much differing from that also as to intitle Knox for the Author of it 6. The noise of this great Innovation brings Gryndal and Chambers from the Church of Strasburg to set matters right By whom it was purposed that the substance of the English Book being still retained there might be a forbearance of some Ceremonies and Offices in it But Knox and Whittingham were as much bent against the substance of the Book as against any of the Circumstantials and Extrinsecals which belonged unto it So that no good effect following on this interposition the Agents of the Church of Strasburg return back to their brethren who by their Letters of the 13 of December expostulate in vain about it To put an end to these Disputes no better way could be devised by Knox and Whittingham then to require the countenance of Calvin which they thought would carry it To him they send an Abstract of the Book of England that by his positive and determinate Sentence which they presumed would be in favour of his own it might stand or fall And he returns this Answer to them That in the Book of England as by them described he had observed many tolerable Fooleries that though there was no manifest impiety yet it wanted much of that purity which was to be desired in it and that it contained many Relicts of the dregs of Popery and finally that though it was lawful to begin with such beggerly Rudiments yet it behooved

not yeelding hereunto they were dismist by Bogerman in a most bitter Oration uttered with fiery eys and most virulent language 4. It might be rationally conceived that they who did conspire with such unanimity to condemn their opposites should not fall out amongst themselves but so it was that there was scarce a point in difference between the Parties wherein they had not very frequent and most fearful bickerings with one another the Provincials many times enterfering with the Forreign Divines and sometimes falling foul on those of different Judgment though of the same University with them The Brittish Divines together with one of those that came from Breme maintained an Universality of Redemption of Mankind by the death of Christ. But this by no means would be granted by the rest of the Synod for fear of yeelding any thing in the least degree to the opposite Party Martinius another of the Divines of Breme declared his dissent from the common Opinion touching the manner of Christ's being Fundamentum Electionis and that he thought Christ not only to be the Effector of our Election but also the Author and Procurer of it But hereupon Gomarus flings down his Glove and openly defies Martinius to a Duel telling the Synod that he knew Martinius was able to say nothing at all in refutation of that Doctrine The said Martinius had affirmed That God was Causa Physica Conversionis and for the truth thereof appealed unto Goclenius a Renowned Philosopher who was then present in the Synod and confirmed the same But presently Sibrandus Lubbertus takes fire at this and falls expresly upon both And though the Controversie for the present was stilled by Bogerman yet was it revived by Gomarus within few days after who being backed by some of the Palatine Divines behaved himself so rudely and uncivilly against Martinius that he had almost driven him to a resotion of forsaking their company 5. The General Body of the Synod not being able to avoid the Inconveniences which the Supra-lapsarian way brought with it were generally intent on the Sub-lapsarian But on the other side the Commissioners of the Churches of South-Holland thought it not necessary to determine whether God considered man fallen or not fallen while he passed the degrees of Election and Reprobation But far more positive was Gomarus one of the Four Professors of Leyden who stood as strongly to the Absolute Irrespective and Irreversible Decree exclusive of man's sin and our Saviour's sufferings as he could have done for the Holy Trinity And not being able to draw the rest unto his Opinion nor willing to conform to theirs he delivered his own Judgment in writing apart by it self not joyning in subscription with the rest of his Brethren for Conformity sake as is accustomed in such cases But Macrovius one of the Professors of Franekar in West-Friesland went beyond them all contending with great heat and violence against all the rest That God propounds his Word to Reprobates to no other purpose but to leave them wholly inexcusable That if the Gospel is considered in respect of God's intention the proper end thereof and not the accidental in regard of Reprobates is to deprive them totally of all excuse And finally That Christ knows all the hearts of men and therefore only knocketh at the hearts of Reprobates not with a mind of entring in because he knows they cannot open to him if they would but partly that he might upbraid them for their impotency and partly that he might encrease their damnation by it Nor rested the Blasphemer here but publickly maintained against Sibrandus Lubbertus his Collegue in the open Synod That God wills Sin That he ordains Sin as it is Sin And That by no means he would have all men to be saved And more than so he publickly declared at all adventures That if those points were not maintained they must forsake the chief Doctors of the Reformation Which whether it were more unseasonably or more truly spoken I regard not now In the agitation of which Points they suffered themselves to be transported into such extremities that greater noise and tumult hath been seldom heard of in a sober Meeting Insomuch that when the Bishop of Landaff to avoid the scandal put them in mind of Moderation and to endeavour to retain the Spirit of Unity in the Bond of Peace Gomarus snapt him up and told him That matters were not to be carried in Synodicol Meetings by the Authority of the Person but the strength of the Argument For further proof of which particulars if more proof be necessary I shall refer the English Reader to two Books only that is to say the Golden Remains of Mr. Hales and the Arcana Anti-Remonstrantium by Tilenus Iunior 6. From Consultation and Debate let us proceed in the next place to Execution which we find full of Cruelty and accursed Rigour The Acts hereof first ratified in the Blood of Barnevelt for whose dispatch they violated all the Fundamental Laws of the Belgick Liberty in maintenance whereof they first pretended to take Arms against the Spaniard their most Rightful Prince The Party being thus beheaded it was no hard matter to disperse the whole Trunk or Body For presently upon the ending of the Synod the Remonstrants are required to subscribe to their own condemnation and for refusing so to do they were all banished by a Decree of the States-General with their Wives and Children to the number of Seven hundred Families or thereabout and forced to beg their bread even in desolate places But yet this was no end of their sorrows neither they must come under a new Cross and be calumniated for holding many horrid Blasphemies and gross Impieties which they most abhorred For in the Continuation of the History of the Netherlands writ by one Crosse a Fellow of neither Judgment nor Learning and so more apt to be abused with a false report it is there affirmed whether with greater Ignorance or Malice it is hard to say That there was a Synod called at Dort to suppress the Arminians and that the said Arminians held amongst other Heresies first That God was the Author of sin Secondly That he created the far greater part of Mankind for no other purpose but only to find cause to damn them And to say truth it had been well for them in respect of their Temporal Fortunes had they taught those Heresies for then they might have sped no worse than Macrovius did who notwithstanding all his Heterodoxies and most horrid Blasphemies was only looked upon as one of their Erring-Brethren subjected to no other Censure but an Admonition to forbear all such Forms of Speech as might give any just offence to tender Ears and could not be digested by persons ignorant and uncapable of so great Mysteries As on the other side it is reported of Franciscus Auratus a right Learned man and one of the Professors for Divinity in the Schools of Sedan a Town and Seignury belonging to