to be set up in the Temples of the Himereans What remain'd together with the Captives he distributed amongst his Souldiers proportionably to every one's Merit And those Captives that fell to the share of the Cities were in all those Places with their Legs shackl'd imploy'd in publick Works for the Common Good They of Agrigentum having gotten many Captives for their share enriched both their City and Country round about with their Labours for they had so many Prisoners that many of the private Citizens had Five Hundred a-piece And the Multitude of their Captives and Slaves was advanced not only because The Works at Agrigentum by the Captives they sent great Assistance to the War but likewise by reason many of the Barbarians when their Army was routed fled up into the Mid-land and Borders of Agrigentum who being all taken alive fill'd the City with Prisoners The greatest part were set apart for the Publick Service and appointed to cut and hew Stone of which they not only built the greatest of their Temples but made Water-courses or Sinks under-ground to convey Water from the City so great and wide that though the Work it self was contemptible yet when done and seen was worthy of Admiration The Overseer and Master of the Work was one Pheax an excellent Artificer from whom these Conduits were called Pheaces The Agrigentines likewise sunk a Fish-Pond with great Costs and Expences Seven Furlongs in Compass and Twenty Cubits in Depth Into this Water was brought both from Fountains and Rivers and by that means sufficiently supplied with Fish of all sorts both for Food and Pleasure P. 256. And upon this Pond fell and rested great Multitudes of Swans which gave a most pleasant and delightful prospect to the Eye but by neglect of succeeding Ages it grew up with Mud and at last through length of Time turned wholly into dry Ground But the Soil there being very fat and rich they have planted it with Vines and replenished it with all sorts of Trees which yields to them of Agrigentum a very great Revenue When Gelo had dismiss'd his Confederates he marched back with his Army to Syracuse And for his notable Victory he was not only had in great Honour and Esteem by his own Citizens but even by all the Sicilians For he got so many Prisoners and Slaves that the Island seem'd to have all Africa under her Dominion Ambassadors came continually from all the Cities and Princes of the Adverse Party begging Pardon for their Error and promising Observance to all his Commands for the future But as for Gelo he carry'd himself with great Complacency The praise of Gelo. towards all and enter'd into a League with them and in the time of his Prosperity behav'd himself with great Modesty and †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Humanity not only towards the Sicilians but even towards his most implacable Enemies the Carthaginians For when Embassadours came from Carthage with many Tears begging his Favour he receiv'd them very * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Courteously and made Peace with them upon Condition that they should pay Two Thousand Talents of Silver for the Expences of the War And that they should build †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sir Walter Rawleigh says Two Arm'd Ships as Pledges of the Peace which I rather incline unto Two Temples where the Articles of the League might be kept as Sacred The Carthaginians being thus safe beyond their hopes freely consented to the Demands and promised a Crown of Gold to Damareta the Wife of Gelo For by making their Addresses unto her she was chiefly instrumental for the procuring of the Peace And after she receiv'd the Crown from the Carthaginians which was of the value of an Hundred Talents of Gold Gelo coin'd it into Money and call'd it from her Damaretâ—â—um every Piece worth Ten * Three Pounds Fifteen Shillings Attick Drachmas called likewise of the Sicilians Pentecontralitrons from their being Fifty Pounds in weight Gelo carry'd himself thus graciously to all chiefly prompted thereunto by his own generous Disposition yet not without some Design to engage all by Kindness For he had a purpose to pass with his Army over into Greece and to joyn with them against the Persians But when he was ready to transport his Fleet Messengers from Corinth brought him the News of the Victory by the Grecians at Salamis and that Xerxes with a great part of his Army had left Europe Upon which News he altered his Resolution and commending the forwardness of his Souldiers called a General Assembly with a Command that all should meet Arm'd He himself when the Assembly was met came in amongst them not only without any Arms but without a †Tunick a Souldier's Coat Tunick covered only with a Cloak or Mantle and in a Speech set forth the whole Course of his Life and Actions to the Syracusians the People giving evident Testimony of their Approbation to every Word that he said and admiring that he should so expose himself amongst Armed Men to the Will of every Person that might have a Design against his Life every one was so far from offering him any Violence as a Tyrant that had oppressed them that all with one Voice proclaim'd him their Benefactor their King and the Deliverer of their Country After these things he built Two Magnificent Temples one to Ceres and another to Proserpina out of the Spoils And caused a * A Three-footed Stool or Chair Tripode to be made of Sixteen Talents of Gold which he dedicated as a Token of his Gratitude to Apollo at Delphos He afterwards determin'd to build a Temple to Ceres in Mount Etna which so far proceeded as that the Image of the Deity was placed in her Shrine but by Death he was interrupted in his Design and the Work left imperfect The Death of Gelo. Pindar the Poet. About this time Pindar the Lyrick Poet flourished And these are all the things that were done this Year worthy of any Remark CHAP. III. The Victory of the Greeks over Mardonius at Platea XAnthippus being Archon of Athens and Quintus Fabius Vibulanus and Serrius Cornelius Cossus Roman Consuls the Persian Fleet all but the Phaenicians after P. 257. the Battel at Salamis lay about Cuma And there continuing all Winter at the Spring passed over to Samos to guard the Coasts of Ionia The Fleet consisted of Four Hundred Sail and because they were jealous of the Ionians they kept a strict Eye upon the Cities there In Greece upon the great Success of Salamis which was chiefly owing to the Valour and Conduct of the Athenians all were of Opinion that the Athenians bering lifted up would now contend with the Lacedemonians for the Dominion of the Seas And this the Lacedemonians foresaw and therefore used all their Arts and Endeavours to keep them under And for that reason when they were to take notice of the Noble Actions in that Fight and to distribute Rewards accordingly
and him in it The miserable End of Jason Of the Heraclidae and their return to Peloponnesus 148 Chap. 4. The Acts of Theseus The Minotaur in Crete Androgeos the Son of Minos murder'd by Aegeus Ariadna Daughter of Minos in love with Theseus Ariadna's Crown Aegeus King of Athens kills himself Theseus his Death The War of Thebes by the Seven Captains The Epigoni renew the War Pedigrees of the Heroes at Troy Of the Centaurs and Lapithae The Pedigrees of Aesculapius Aeacus Ajax Pelops Tantalus Oenomeus Dardanus his Posterity to Priam King of Troy 159 Chap. 5. Of Daedalus and his Works in Crete Sicily and elsewhere His Flight into Sicily Minos invades Sicily The manner of his Death there The Famous Temple of the Curetes or Corybants in Sicily built by the Posterity of the Cretians that came there with Minos The Pedigree of Aristaeus his Acts his Son Actaeon Of Eryx Venus her Temple in Eryx in Sicily the Fame of it Of Daphnis the Shepherd a Description of the Herean Mountains Of Orion Of the Straight of Messina 168 BOOK V. Chap. 1. A Description of Sicily The Aeolide Islands or Lipari Islands Of Malta Gaulus Cercina Corsica Sardinia Pityusa and the Baleares 176 Chap. 2. Of Madera Britain Gallia Celtiberia Iberia and Tyrrhenia and of the Inhabitants and their Laws and Customs 184 Chap. 3. Of Gredosia Of the Isles of the Arabian Sea Of the Holy Island Of Panchaea Of Samothracia Of Naxus Syme Nausus Calydna Nisyrus Carpathus Of Rhodes and of Chersonesus 194 Chap. 4. Of Crete The first Inhabitants Of the Idaei Dactyli Of Jupiter Saturn Hyperion Prometheus Mnemosyne Themis Ceres Neptune Pallas Jupiter's Race as the Muses Vulcan Mars c. Of the ancient Hercules Britomartis Pluto Rhadamanthus his Justice Of Lesbos Deucalion's Flood Of the Blessed Islands Of Tenedos and the Cyclades 204 THE CONTENTS Of the Last Ten Books of Diodorus the Sicilian BOOK XI Chap. 1. OF Xerxes his Expedition into Greece and the Fight at Thermopyle and Sea-Fight at Salamis Page 215 Chap. 2. How the Carthaginians invaded Sicily and were routed by Gelon And the time of Pindar the Poet. 226 Chap. 3. The Victory of the Greeks over Mardonius at Platea 230 Chap. 4. Of the Fight with the Persians by the Grecians at Mycale in Ionia Herodotus ends with this Fight and taking of Sestos 233 Chap. 5. The Death and Commendation of Gelo of Syracuse and the Rebuilding of Athens by the Policy of Themistocles 235 Chap. 6. The enlarging of the Haven at Athens by Themistocles The Treason of Pausanias And the Justice of Aristides 237 Chap. 7. Hiero King of Sicily prepares to besiege Agrigentum Discovers the Treason of them of Himera to Thero their Prince Expels the Cataneans and Naxians 240 Chap 8. The Lacedemonians quarrel with the Athenians for the Dominion of the Sea 241 Chap. 9. Hiero breaks the Power of the Hetruscans by Sea 242 Chap 10. The War between the Tarrentines and the Japigians ibid. Chap. 11. The Death of Thero Prince of Agrigentum and the Tyranny of his Son Thrasydeus who abdicated the Government and kill'd himself Three hundred of the Family of the Fabii slain at one time 243 Chap. 12. The Malice of the Lacedemonians against Themistocles and his Banishment His Praise 244 Chap. 13. Cymon the Athenian General gains many Places for the Athenians Routs the Persians by a Stratagem at Eury medentum 247 Chap. 14. A great Earthquake in Sparta The War upon them by the Helots and Mycenians 248 Chap. 15. The War between the Argives and the Mycenians 249 Chap. 16. The Death of Hiero. 250 Chap. 17. Thrasybulus King of Syracuse depos'd by force of Arms for his Tyranny 250 Chap. 18. The Murder of Xerxes by Artabanus 251 Chap. 19. The War between the Athenians and Aegineaus 252 Chap 20. The Egyptians revolt from the Persians New Troubles in Sicily ibid. Chap. 21. Persians Expedition into Egypt Wars in Sicily 254 Chap. 22. The War between the Epidaurians and Athenians Page 255 Chap. 23. The War between the Corinthians and Megareans 256 Chap. 24. The War between the Athenians and Boetians 257 Chap. 25. The Athenians invade the Spartans by Tolmides 258 Chap. 26. The War in Sicily between the Aegestines and the Lilybeans The Custom of Writing upon an Olive Leaf the Names of such as were to be banish'd in Sicily call'd Petalism 259 Chap. 27. Pericles makes an Inrode into Peloponnesus Besieg'd Sicyon Phaylus in Sicily made Admiral against the Tyrrhenian Pirates Is corrupted and banish'd The Original of the Palici And the Stories of the Temple and Wonders of the Craters in Sicily 260 Chap. 28. The Contests between Deucetius and the Agrigentines His strange Submission to the Syracusians who sent him to Corinth with Promise to supply him with Necessaries 262 BOOK XII Chap. 1. CYmon the Athenian Admiral his Expedition into Cyprus Peace concluded between the Persians and Athenians Cymon dies in Cyprus 264 Chap. 2. Megarians revolt from the Athenians and are beaten The Athenians revolted at Cheronea by the Beotians Many Cities revolt Peace concluded 265 Chap. 3. The War between the Agrigentines and Syracusians in Sicily The War between them of Crotona and the Siberites Sibaris raz'd The building of Thurium Charondas his good Laws in Thurium His remarkable Death The Laws of Zaleuchus of Locris 266 Chap. 4. Of the Decemviri in Rome chosen to make Laws War between the Thurians and Tarentines A sad Story of the Daughter of one Lucius Virginius in Rome which caus'd a Disturbance and great Sedition Law of the Twelve Tables Peace all over the World 272 Chap. 5. War between the Samians and Melesians A Sedition in Samos which revolts from the Athenians War in Sicily by the Syracusians against the Trinacrians 273 Chap. 6. Corinthian War against Corcyra Potidea revolts from the Athenians Quarrels in Thurium Meton's Year Heraclea in Italy built Potidea besieg'd by Phormio 275 Chap. 7. Of the Peloponnesian War Potidea revolts besieg'd by the Athenians and is surrendred upon Articles Nicias made the Athenian Admiral Gorgia an excellent Orator sent from Leontine in Sicily to Athens A Peace concluded after the War had continu'd ten Years 278 Chap. 8. Continuation of the Peloponnesian War War by the Romans against the Fidinates for putting their Ambassadors to death Quarrels between the Aegistines and the Selinuntines in Sicily Expedition of the Athenians against Sicily under Nicias being the 16th Year of the Peloponnesian War 293 BOOK XIII Chap. 1. THE Athenian Fleet equipp'd out for Sicily Alcibiades accus'd Flies Is condemn'd Goes to Sparta out of Italy Syracusians send for Aid to Lacedemon Gylippus is sent to them Battel at Syracuse 300 Chap. 2. The Lacedemonians invade Attica Fight at Sea between the Syracusians and Athenians Eurimedon and Demosthenes arrive in Sicily A Plague in the Athenian Camp Another Fight between the Syracusians and Athenians the latter routed at Sea The Athenians ruin'd in Sicily Nicholaus his long Oration Gylippus
Vulcan his and his Wives Statues each of one intire Stone Thirty Cubits in height and those of his Sons Twenty Cubits high upon this occasion After his return from his great Expedition into Egypt being at Pelusium his Brother at a Feast having invited him together with his Wife and Children plotted against his Life for being all overcome by Wine and gone to rest he caus'd a great quantity of dry Reeds long before prepar'd for the purpose to be plac'd round the King's Pavilion in the Night and set them all on Fire upon which the Flame suddenly mounted aloft and little assistance the King had either from his Servants or Life-guard who were all still overloaden with Wine Upon which Sesostris with his Hands lift up to Heaven calling upon the Gods for help for his Wife and Children rusht through the Flames and escap'd and so being thus unexpectedly preserv'd he made Oblations as to other of the Gods as is before said so especially to Vulcan as he by whose Favour he was so remarkably deliver'd Although Sesostris was eminent in many great and worthy Actions yet the most stately and magnificent of all was that relating to the Princes in his Progresses For those Kings of the conquer'd Nations who through his Favour still held their Kingdoms and such as had receiv'd large Principalities of his free Gift and Donation came with their Presents and Tributes into Egypt at the times appointed whom he receiv'd with all the Marks of Honour and Respect save that when he went into the Temple or the City his Custom was to cause the Horses to be unharnest out of his Chariot and in their Room Four Kings and other Princes to draw it hereby thinking to make it evident to all that there was none comparable to him for Valour who had conquer'd the most potent and famous Princes in the World This King seems to have excell'd all others that ever were eminent for Power and Greatness both as to his Warlike Atchievements the number of his Gifts and Oblations and his wonderful Works in Egypt After he had reign'd Three and Thirty Years he fell blind and wilfully put an end to his own Life for which he was admir'd not only by Priests but by all Sesostris his Death the rest of the Egyptians for that as he had before manifested the Greatness of his Mind by his Actions so now his End was agreeable by a voluntary Death to the Glory of his Life The Fame and Renown of this King continu'd so fresh down to Posterity that many Ages after when Egypt was conquer'd by the Persians and Darius the Father of Xerxes would set up his Statue at Memphis above that of Sesoosis the Chief Priest in the debating of the matter in the Conclave boldly spoke against it declaring that Darius had not yet exceeded the noble Acts of Sesoosis The King was so far from resenting this that on the contrary he was so pleas'd and taken with this freedom of Speech that he said he would endeavour if he liv'd as long as the other did to be nothing inferiour to him and wisht them to compare things done proportionable to the time for that this was the justest examination and trial of Valour And thus much shall suffice to be said of Sesoosis CHAP V. The Acts of Sesostris the Second Of Ammosis Actisanes Mendes Proteus or Cetes Remphis Chemmis the great Pyramids built by him Cephres Mycerinus Bocchoris Sabach The Reign of Twelve Kings in Egypt Psammetichus Saites one of the Kings gain'd the whole Two Hundred Thousand of his Army forsook him and settle themselves in Ethiopia Apries succeeds long after Amasis rebels and next succeeds and Apries is strangled by the People Amasis the last King to the time of the Conquest of Egypt by Cambyses THE Son of Sesostris succeeded his Father in the Kingdom and took upon him Sesostris the Second call'd Phero by Herodotus the same Name yet perform'd nothing remarkable by his Arms but the Affliction and Misery that befel him was observable for he became blind as his Father did before him deriving the Malady either from his Father in his Birth or as a Judgment upon him for his Impiety against the River against which as it s fabulously reported he threw his Javelin whereupon falling under this Misfortune he was forc'd to apply himself for help to the Gods whom he sought to appease with many Offerings and Sacrifices for a long time together yet could find no Relief till at the end of Ten Years he was directed by the Oracle to go and worship the God of Heliopolis and wash his Face in the Urin of a Woman that Herodot lib. 2. c. 11. never had known any other Man besides her own Husband Hereupon he began with his own Wife and made trial of many others but found none honest except a Gardener's Wife whom he afterwards marry'd when he was recover'd All the Adulteresses he caus'd to be burnt in a little Village which from this Execution the Egyptians call'd the Holy Field to testify his Gratitude to the God of Heliopolis for this great Benefit At the Command of the Oracle he erected Two Obelisks each of one entire Stone Eight Cubits in breadth and a hundred in height and dedicated them to the Deity After this Sesostris the Second were many Successions of Kings in Egypt of whom there 's nothing worth remark to be found But many Ages after Ammosis came Ammosis to the Crown who carry'd it Tyrannically towards his Subjects For he put many to Death against all Law and Justice and as many he stript of all they had and turn'd them out of their Estates and carry'd himself haughtily and proudly in every thing towards all Persons he had to deal with This the poor oppress'd People indur'd for a time while they had no power to resist those that overpower'd them But as soon as Actisanes King of Ethiopia invaded him having now an opportunity to discover their Hatred and to revenge themselves most of his Subjects revolted from him so that he was easily conquer'd and Egypt became subject to the Kings of Ethiopia Actisanes bore his Prosperity with great Moderation and carried himself kindly Actisanes and obligingly towards all his Subjects Against Robbers he contriv'd a notable Device neither putting them that were guilty to Death nor wholly acquitting or discharging them from Punishment For he caus'd all that were guilty to be brought together from all parts of the Country and after a just and strict inquiry and certain Knowledge of their Guilt he order'd all their Noses to be cut off and banisht them into the utmost parts of the Desart and built a City for them call'd from the cutting off of the Noses of the Inhabitants Rhinocorura which is situated in the Confines of Egypt and Syria in a barren Place destitute of all manner of Provision All the Country round about is full of Salt and brackish Ponds and the Wells within the
Love or Hatred or some other unruly Passion committed the wicked act notwithstanding and therefore they were resolv'd to follow the Rules of living before approv'd by wise and prudent Men and not to fall into the least Irregularity The Kings therefore carrying this even Hand towards ail their Subjects were more beloved by them than by their own Kindred and Relations For not only all the Orders of the Priests but the whole Nation together were more concern'd for the Health and Prosperity of their Kings than they were for their Wives and Children or their private Interests in their Goods and Estates and therefore as long as these wholsom Laws were observ'd amongst 'em they preserv'd their Government without stain or blemish for many Ages under the Kings before-mention'd living in the height of all Worldly Happiness And besides all this were Conquerors of many Nations and grew exceeding rich and their Provinces were beautify'd with many stately magnificent Works and their Cities adorn'd with many rich Gifts of all sorts What the Egyptians perform'd after the Deaths of every of their Kings clearly evidences the great Love they bore to them For Honour done him that cannot possibly know it in a grateful return of a former Benefit carries along with it a Testimony of Sincerity without the least colour of Dissimulation For upon Burial of the Kings the Death of every King the Egyptians generally lament with an universal Mourning rend their Garments shut up their Temples inhibit Sacrifices and all Feasts and Solemnities for the space of Seventy Two Days They cast * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Dirt Dust likewise upon their Heads and gird themselves under their Breasts with a Linnen Girdle and thus Men and Women Two Hundred or Three Hundred sometimes in a Company twice a Day go about singing mournful Songs in praise of the deceas'd King recalling his Virtues as it were from the very Grave During that time they neither eat Flesh nor any thing bak'd or heated by the Fire and abstain from Wine and all Sumptuous Fare Neither dare any use Baths or Oyntments Beds trim'd up or indulge themselves with Women But every one as if they had lost their dearest beloved Child is in mourning and sadness and spends all these Days in Lamentation In the mean time all things are prepar'd in a stately manner for the Funeral and the last day the Coffin with the Body inclos'd is set at the Entrance into the Sepulcher And there according to the Law in honour of the Deceased all the Actions of his Life are rehears'd where every one that will has free liberty to accuse him But all the Priests set forth his Praise mentioning all the noble Actions of his Life and many Thousands of People met together at the bringing forth of the Body if the King have rul'd well second the Priests with a tumultuous Cry and Noise of Approbation But if he have govern'd otherwise they are hush and still And therefore many of the Kings through the dislike of the People have not been honour'd with any Funeral Pomp or solemn Burial upon which account the succeeding Kings not only for the Reasons before-mention'd but because they fear the abuse of their Bodies after Death and everlasting disgrace and dishonour have study'd how to acquit themselves by just and Virtuous Actions These are the most remarkable Manners and Customs of the ancient Kings of Egypt The whole Land of Egypt is divided into several Parts which the Greeks call The Division of Egypt into Three Parts Nomoi over every one of which is appointed a Lord Lieutenant or Provincial Governor who is intrusted with Administration of publick Affairs in the Province The whole Country likewise is divided into Three Parts whereof the First is allotted to the Priests who are highly reverenc'd and are in great Authority among the People both for their Piety towards the Gods and their great Wisdom and Learning wherein they instruct the People And out of their Revenues they provide Sacrifices throughout all Egypt and maintain their Families and Servants and procure all other things necessary for themselves For they judge it not lawful by any means that the Worship of the Gods should be altered but always perform'd by them after the same manner nor that those who are the publick Ministers of State should want any thing that is necessary For these are always at the King's Elbow as the Chief of his Privy Counsel who assist advise and instruct him upon all occasions By the help of Astrology and viewing the Intrals of the Sacrifices they Divine and foretel future Events and out of the Records in the sacred Registers from things done in former times they read profitable Lectures for present use and practice For it is not as among the Grecians that one Man or one Woman only executes the Priest's Office but in Egypt many are imploy'd in the Sacrifices and Worship of the Gods who teach the same way and manner of Service to their Children and Posterity They are free from all publick Taxes and Impositions and are in the Second place to the King in Honour and Authority The Second Portion belongs to the King as his Revenue to support his Royal State and Dignity and maintain the Charge of his Wars and to inable him to reward those that have been eminent for their Virtue and publick Service with Gifts according to their Deserts and inasmuch as this Portion brings in a plentiful Provision for all these purposes the People are not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 do not drown them oppress'd with Taxes and heavy Impositions The last Portion belongs to the Soldiers who at a word are ready at the King's Commands for every Expedition that they who venture their Lives in the Wars being indear'd to their Country by that plentiful share and proportion allotted them may more chearfully undergo the hazards of War For it would be an irrational thing to intrust the safety and preservation of the whole with them who have nothing in their Country that 's dear or valuable to them to sight for And the chief Reason why so large a share is allotted to them is that they might more readily marry and by that means make the Nation more populous and so there might be no need of Foreign Aids and Assistances Besides that Children descended from Soldiers would be apt to imitate the valour of their Ancestors and minding Arms from their very Childhood would at length through their natural Courage and Skill in their Arms become unconquerable The Nation likewise is distinguish'd into Three other Classes and Orders of Men Shepherds Husbandmen and Artificers The Husbandmen take the Land fit for Tillage and bearing of other Fruits of the King the Priests and the Sword-men upon an easie Rent and take up all their Time in this Business and because they are bred up from their very Infancy in Country Affairs they are the most Skilful Husbandmen of any other Nation in the
highly honour'd and dearly belov'd of the King and one of the greatest Statesmen in the Kings Council This Man taking some Offence at a Sentence pronounc'd against him by the King fled with three Thousand Foot and a Thousand Horse to the Cadusians where he marry'd the Sister of the most potent Man amongst them and not only rebell'd himself but perswaded the whole Nation of the Cadusians to a general Revolt and to stand up for their Liberties Whereupon he was presently upon the Account of his noted Valour made General of the War And now hearing that mighty Forces were preparing against him he rais'd no less than two hundred Thousand Men out of the Country of the Cadusians and pitcht his Camp upon the Borders of the Province and tho' King Arseus came against him with eight hundred Thousand Men yet Parsodes routed him and kill'd above fifty Thousand and drove the rest out of the Country Upon this Victory he was so honour'd and admir'd that the Inhabitants forthwith made him their King after which he vex'd and tyr'd out Media with continual Incursions and wasted and destroy'd all Places round about him His Name therefore being grown famous and now waxing old and drawing near to the End of his days he injoyn'd his Successor with the Denunciation of most dreadful Execrations never to make Peace with the Medes and if they did he wish'd that both the whole Nation of the Cadusians and his own Posterity might be rooted out and perish together And for this Reason the Cadusians were ever after Enemies to the Medes never subject to their Kings till Cyrus transferr'd the Empire to the Persians After the Death of * Arsaeus Artaeus Artynes was King of the Medes and reign'd two and twenty years after him Aâ—â—ibarnas fourteen years in whose Reign the Parthians revolted and deliver'd up both their City and Country into the Hand of the †A People of Scythia Sacae whereupon arose a War between the Sacae and the Medes which continu'd many years and after many Battles fought and great Slaughter on both sides at length Peace was made upon these Conditions That the Parthians should return to their ancient Subjection and that both sides should quietly whatever enjoy they did P. 85. before and should ever after be Friends and Confederates Zanara at that time was Queen of the Sacae a Woman of a warlike Spirit far exceeding any of her Sex among the Sacae for Courage and Activity in Martial Affairs For this Nation is remarkable for brave spirited Women that use to go out to the Wars as Fellow-souldiers with the Men and they say that this Virago was extraordinarily beautiful and admirable for Courage and Council in all her Affairs For she conquer'd the neighbouring Princes who had proudly oppress'd the Sacae and civiliz'd the most part of the Country and built many Cities and every way improv'd and inrich'd her People and therefore the Citizens after her Death in Gratitude for the many Advántages they injoy'd by her and to preserve the Memory of her Virtues built for her a Sepulcher far higher than any of the rest For they rear'd up for her a Pyramid Triangular from the Foundation Three Furlongs broad on every side spiring up in a sharp Point at the Top a Furlong in Height They plac'd likewise upon her Tomb a Colossus in Gold representing her and ador'd her as a Demi-Goddess and perform'd all other things with more State and Grandeur than to any of her Predecessors After the Death of Astibara King of the Medes who dy'd old in Ecbatana his Son Apandas whom the Grecians call Astyages succeeded who being conquer'd by Cyrus the Persian the Empire devolv'd upon the Persians Of which we shall write distinctly in its proper Place Having therefore said enough as we conceive of the Empire of the Assyrians and Medes and the Differences among Writers concerning them we shall pass over to India and give a particular Account of Things said to be done there INDIA is of a Quadrangular Form one side lying towards the East and India the other to the South inviron'd and washt by the great Ocean that side on the North is divided by the Mountain Hemodus from Scythia where the Sacae inhabit The Fourth part towards the West is bounded with the River Indus the greatest of all others next to the River Nile The whole Extent of India from East to West is Eight and Twenty Thousand Furlongs and from North to South Two About 3200 Miles and Thirty Thousand Furlongs The Extent of India being thus very large it seems most of any other part of the World to lye under the * When the Sun enters Capricorn it is their Summer Tropick of †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Rather under the Equinoctial Line Capricorn And in many remote parts of India the Sun casts no Shadow neither is the North Pole seen there in the Night nor any of the * Arctus Constellation call'd Arcturus †Arcturus Charles ' s Wain i. e. towards the South in the utmost parts and for this reason they say the Shadows bend towards the South The Mountains of India abound with all sorts of Fruit Trees and the Fields every where cloath'd with Fruits of the Earth full of pleasant Plains watered with many Rivers so that the Country bears Two Crops in the Year It breeds likewise divers sorts of Creatures both Volatile and Terrestrial for strength and largeness remarkable above others It affords plentiful Pastures for multitudes of mighty Elephants in so much as those kind of Beasts which are bred there are far stronger than those in Africa And therefore many of them being taken in Hunting and inur'd to Martial Exercises are of great use and advantage to them for the obtaining of Victories And such is the plenty there of all sorts of Fruits that the Men are taller and bigger than any elsewhere and the Air is so pure and the Water so clear and wholsom that by the help of these natural Advantages the Inhabitants are very quick and ingenious in any Art or Profession As the Earth is fruitful in the producing plenty of pleasant P. 86. Fruits so in the Bowels of it are to be found all sorts of Metals For it abounds in Mines of Gold and Silver Brass Iron and Tin and richly affords all other things useful both as to Pleasure and Profit and likewise for Service in Times of War Besides Corn abundance of Millet grows there being richly water'd by the overflowing of the Rivers There 's likewise great store of all sorts of Pulse and Rice and that which they call Bosphorus and many other Fruits for the sustaining of Man's Life To all these may be added many other Fruits useful for Food and likewise as many fit for the feeding of Cattel of which it would be too tedious to write particularly And for this reason it 's said that there 's never any Famine in India or want
grown up he divided India into equal Parts and appointed each to be King over their several shares allotting likewise one part of the Kingdom to his Daughter whom he carefully brought up under his own Eye It 's said that he built many Cities the most famous of which is call'd Palibothra in which he built a stately Palace and planted it with a great number of Inhabitants and fortify'd it round with deep Trenches fill'd with Water from the River And at length after his Death he was honour'd as a God His Posterity reign'd for many Ages together and perform'd many noble Actions but never made any Foreign Expeditions or sent forth any Colonies into other Parts and though that after the Course of many Years most of the Cities reduc'd themselves under the power of a Democratical Government yet there were some of the Indians that flourish'd under a Monarchy till the very time that Alexander invaded that Country Although the Indians have Laws peculiar to themselves differing from all other The Indian Law concerning their Liberties People yet one especially is most remarkable instituted by their ancient Philosophers which is this It 's an establish'd Law That none amongst them should be a Servant but that every one being free all should be honour'd with equal respect For they that know that they are neither to be superior nor inferior to any are ready to undergo all the Shocks of Fortune with Courage and Resolution For it 's a Foolish thing to make Laws for an equality amongst all and yet at the same time to order inequality of Estates All the People of India are divided into Seven Ranks the First is Philosophers The division of the People 1 Tribe Philosophers who are least in number but chiefest in esteem For they are free from all publick Offices and are neither subject themselves to any nor any subject to them Yet they are made use of by their Friends to offer Sacrifice for them while they are alive and to perform the solemn Exequies at their Funerals when they are dead as Persons who are greatly belov'd of the Gods and skilful in Matters relating to the Affairs of the Dead in the Shades below for which piece of Service they are highly honour'd and presented with many rich Gifts Especially they much advantage the Indians in general at such times as being admitted into the publick Assemblies at the beginning of every Year they foretel Droughts Rains Winds and Diseases and other things convenient and useful for the Auditors to be inform'd of for so both King and People being forewarn'd of things to come provide against them and always prepare something or other that may be of advantage to them in such cases And if any of the Philosophers prove afterwards to be mistaken in his Prognostication he undergoes no other Punishment save only that he is evil spoken of and is to be silent ever after while he lives The Second Rank or Tribe is of the Husbandmen These are more in number 2d Tribe Husbandmen than any of the rest These likewise are free from the Militia and all publick Offices and spend all their time and care about Tilling and Improving the Lands No Enemy ever does them any Prejudice but out of a due regard to the common good forbear to injure them in the least degree and therefore the Land being never spoil'd nor wasted yields its Fruits in great Abundance and furnishes the Inhabitants with plenty of Victuals and all other Provision The Husbandmen live in the Fields with their Wives and Children and never meddle with the concerns of the Cities They pay the King his Tribute out of the Fruits of the Ground For all the Land of India belongs to the King and no private Man has any Land of his own Besides the Tribute the Fourth part of the Fruits are paid to the King The Third Tribe comprehended the Herdsmen and Shepherds and all sorts of 3d Tribe The Shepherds and Herdsmen feeders of Cattel and these neither liv'd in the Cities nor Villages but in Tents and by Hunting clear'd the Land both of wild Beasts and hurtful Birds and by this Exercise all India was freed from Ravenous Creatures which abounded in the Country both Birds and wild Beasts of all sorts that eat up and devour'd the Seed and Fruits of the Husbandman The Fourth Classis and Order of Men amongst them was made up of the Mechanicks 4th Tribe Artificers some of whom were imploy'd in making of Arms and others of Tools for Tillage and Husbandry and other serviceable Utensils This Order is P. 89. not only free from all Taxes and Impositions but is allow'd a yearly proportion of Corn out of the King's Granaries The Fifth is the Militia the Second for number who in Times of Peace live 5th Tribe Souldiers idle lives and give themselves up wholly to their pleasures All the Souldiers with the War-Horses and Elephants are kept and maintain'd out of the King's Treasury The Sixth Tribe are the Ephori who are the Inquisitors and have a diligent 6th Tribe Ephori and observant Eye upon every thing that is done throughout all India and upon any discovery inform the King of what the know and when there 's no King the Princes and principal Ministers of state In the Seventh Rank are reckon'd the Senators such as have Place in the great 7th Tribe Senators and General Councils These are the fewest in number but of greatest Dignity for their Birth and highest esteem for their Wisdom and Prudence Out of these are chosen the King's Privy-Council Governors of Provinces Judges Generals of Armies in Times of War and other Principal Officers These are the parts into which almost all India is divided It is not lawful for any to marry out of the Tribe to which he belongs nor to exercise any other Trade or Calling than that wherein he has been bred up as for a Souldier to imploy himself in Husbandry or for an Artificer to turn Philosopher India breeds the largest most couragious and strongest Elephants of any Elephants other Place This Creature does not couple with the Female in any strange or unusual manner as some say but as Horses and all other four-footed Beasts They go with young at the least Sixteen Months at the most Eighteen They 16 Months with Young bring forth for the most part like Mares but one at a time which the Dam suckles till it be Six Years old Most of the Inhabitants live very long the Oldest attain to Two Hundred Years In India there are Magistrates appointed to take care of Strangers to see that no Injury be offer'd them and if any of them be sick these Magistrates provide Physitians and in all other respects are very careful of them and if they dye they bury them and whatever Goods or Monies they leave behind they give it to their Kindred Their Judges are very diligent in deciding Suits brought before
first he was made a Shepherd together with another of his Fellow Captives Afterwards he was again taken by Ethiopian Skulkers and carry'd away into the Maritime Parts of Ethiopia And they were thus stolen and carried away that being Strangers by them they might purge and expiate the Land For the Ethiopian Inhabitants there had a Custom anciently us'd among them and appointed by the Oracles of the Gods Twenty Generations before that is Six Hundred Years every Generation comprehending * Thirty Years a Generation Thirty Years that the Land should be purg'd by Two Men that were Strangers They prepar'd therefore a little Ship yet sufficient to endure the Storms at Sea and easily to be govern'd by Two Men Upon this Ship they put the Men on Board with Six Months Provision that according to the direction of the Oracle they might sail away in a direct Course towards the South in order to arrive at a Fortunate Island where they might find People that were gentle and kind with whom they might live happy lives And that if they arriv'd safe at the Island they told them their own Nation from whence they came should enjoy Peace and Prosperity for Six Hundred Years to come P. 97. But if they were affrighted with the length of the Voyage and should return again they told them that like impious Wretches and destructive to the Nation they should undergo most severe Punishments Then they say the Ethiopians kept a Festival upon the Sea-shoar and after splendid Sacrifices crown'd the Purgators with Garlands and sent them away and so perfected the Purgation of the Nation These Two Men they say being tossed for Four Months together having pass'd over a vast Ocean after many Storms and hardships at Sea at last arriv'd at the Island design'd in the Fourth Month. The Island is of a round Form †About Eight Hundred Miles Five Thousand Furlongs in Compass When The shape of the Island the Men drew near to Shoar some of the Inhabitants came to meet them and brought the Ship into Harbour Whereupon many more flockt in and throng'd about the Strangers wondring how ever they got thither however they courteously receiv'd them and entertain'd them with what their Country could afford The Inhabitants are much unlike to us in these Parts of the World both as to The Inhabitants their Bodies and their way of living but among themselves they are for Form and Shape like one to another and in stature above * Six Foot Four Cubits high They can bend and turn their Bones somewhat like unto Nerves and as the Nervous Parts after motion ended return to their former state and position so do their Bones Their Bodies are very tender but their Nerves far stronger than ours for whatever they grasp in their Hands none are able to wrest out of their Fingers They have not the least Hair in any part of their Bodies but upon their Heads Eye-brows Eye-lids and Chins all other Parts are so smooth that not the least Down appears any where They are very comely and well shap'd but the Holes of their Ears are much wider than ours and have something like little Tongues growing out of them Their Tongues have something in them singular and remarkable the Effect both of Nature and Art for they have partly a double Tongue naturally a little divided but cut further inwards by Art so that it seems two as far as to the very Root and therefore there 's great variety of Speech among them and they not only imitate Mans Voice in articulate Speaking but the various Chatterings of Birds and even all sorts of Notes as they please and that which is more wonderful than all is that they can speak perfectly to two Men at once both in answering to what is said and aptly carrying on a continu'd Discourse relating to the subject Matter in hand so that with one part of their Tongue they speak to one and with the other part to the other This Island is under a most excellent and moderate Climate lying †near rather under the The Climate Aequator neither scorcht with Heat nor pincht with Cold there they have ripe Fruit all the Year long as the * Himer Poet says 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Apples and Pears always both ripe and green With Grapes and Figs may ever there be seen The Days and Nights are there always of an equal length neither is there any Shadow at Noon-day because the Sun is directly in the Zenith over head They live divided into Tribes according to their Kindred and into distinct Societies Divided into T 〈…〉 s. yet so as that there are not above Four Hundred admitted into any one Tribe or Society They live in Meadows where they are plentifully supply'd with all things necessary for Food by what the Earth produces For the Fertility of the Soyl and the Temperature of the Air is such that Corn more than enough grows there of it self Plenty of Calamus likewise is produc'd there whose Fruit is like to †〈…〉 ed Eâ—â—e white Vetches When they have gather'd it they steep in it hot Water till it puffs up to the bigness of a Pigeons Egg then bruising it and rubbing Their Bread it skilfully in their Hands they knead it into Dough and then bake and eat it being exceeding sweet and delicious Bread to the Taste There are there both hot and cold large Baths both for the curing and preventing of Distempers being Baths P. 98. exceeding sweet and pleasant They are learn'd in all sorts of Sciences especially in Astrology They use Eight and Twenty particular Letters for the signifying what they mean and Seven Characters every one of which are form'd Characters Long liv'd Four manner of ways They live long generally without ever being Sick to an Hundred and Fifty Years of Age. Those that are lame or have any other weakness or infirmity of Body according Customs and Laws to the severe Law of their Country they put to Death They write not cross over the Sheet as we do but begin at the top of the Leaf and go on in one direct Line down to the Bottom They have a Law that they may live to such a certain number of Years and when those are run up they dispatch themselves by a strange kind of Death for there 's an Herb of a double nature that grows among them upon which if any one lies down he silently passes away and dies without any sense of pain as if he were in a sweet Sleep They never marry but make use of Women promiscuously and breed up the Children so begotten as common to them all with equal care and affection to one as well as to another The Children while they are tender Infants are often chang'd by the Nurses that they cannot be known by their Mothers and therefore by that means there being no Ambition among them they live
in great concord and amity without any Seditions or Tumults There are Beasts among them very small but of an admirable property as to their Flesh and the excellent virtue that is in their Blood Their A little Beast strange Bodies are round and something like to a Tortoise divided by Two Streaks which run down the Back at each end of every Streak they have an Eye and a Mouth so that they have Four Eyes to see with and Four Mouths to feed with but the Meat they eat is convey'd through one Throat and hence into the Belly the common Receptacle of all And so in like manner they have but one Gut nor but one of every other of the inner Parts They have many Feet plac'd round their Bodies and make use of them to go on what side they will There 's a marvelous virtue in the Blood of this little Creature for it presently at an instant closes all Cuts and gaping Wounds in every Body that has still life in it and if a Hand or any other Member of that kind that is not Vital be cut off by the application of this Blood while the Wound continues green it heals up again Each Society of these Inhabitants do keep many great Birds of a singular Nature Great Birds carry Children by which they try the Courage of their Children for they place them upon the Birds Backs and as many of them as sit fast when the Birds take their Flight they bring up but those that faint and are terrify'd they throw away as such that can never indure hardship any long time nor have any generous Spirit in them In every Tribe or Society the eldest governs the rest as King and all yield him perfect Obedience If the first put himself to Death according to the Law after he has liv'd a Hundred and Fifty Years the next to him in age succeeds in the chief Command and Authority The Sea that surrounds this Island is very rough and causes very great and high Tides but the Water is fresh and sweet The * The Pole Artick Bear Star and many other visible with us are never seen here These Islands are Seven in number equal in bigness one to another and of the Here seems something to be wanting Their Frugality same distance one from another and the same Laws and Customs are us'd in all of them And though these Islands afford plenty of Provision out of the natural growth of the Country to all the Inhabitants yet they use them not luxuriously but are frugal and gather only so much as will serve their turns They do indeed cook for themselves Flesh-meat and all other sorts of Victuals both rosted and boil'd but as for Sauces and other delicate Inventions of that kind by Cooks and the various Tasts and Savours contriv'd for curious Pallats they are altogether ignorant of them For Gods they worship especially the whole frame of Heaven because it comprehends Worship all things and next to that the Sun and then all the Celestial Bodies By various ways of Fishing and Fowling they catch Fish and Fowl of all sorts P. 99. There are among them abundance of Fruit-Trees and Vines and Olive-Trees whence they draw great quantity of Oil and Wine Here are exceeding great Serpents which yet do no harm to any nay their Great Serpents Flesh is good Meat and very sweet They make their Garments of a soft and fine Cotton contain'd in certain Reeds and Canes This Cotton they dye with the Shell-Fishes call'd Ostreses made up in Balls and mixt and wrought amongst the Wool and so with great pains make themselves Garments of a Purple Colour It produces living Creatures of different Natures from all others and even incredible because they are unusual Their way of Feeding is according to a prescrib'd Rule for they do not eat all Dyet sorts of Meats together at one and the same time nor the same always but upon some certain Days Fish other Fowl sometimes the Flesh of Land-Cattel at other times Olives and on other Days very low and mean Diet. They help one another in their Callings and Imployments by turns Some imploy themselves in Fishing others in Manufactures and others in other things useful and profitable to the Commonwealth Some at certain times do exercise publick Offices except those that are grown old Upon their Festival Days and times of Invocation upon their Gods they celebrate their Praises both in Acclametions and Songs especially the Sun to whom they devote themselves and their Islands Their Dead they carry to the Sea-shoar at the Fall of the Tide covering them Burials with a little Sand that at the time of Full Sea heaps of Sand may be rais'd higher upon them Those Canes whence they gather Fruit to eat are the Compass of a Crown in thickness they say that towards the Full of the Moon they increase and towards the New Moon they proportionably decrease The Water of their hot Springs is sweet and wholsom and ever continues warm never growing cold unless it be mixt with Wine or cold Water After Iambulus with his Companion had continu'd in this Island Seven Years they were as wicked and vile Fellows ejected Having therefore their Ship fitted out and furnish'd with Provision they set Sail and after they had continu'd their Voyage for above Four Months together they fell at length upon the Sandy shallows of India where Iambulus his Companion was drown'd and he himself was afterwards cast upon a certain Village and forthwith carried away by the Inhabitants of the Place to the King then at a City call'd Polybothia many Days Journey distant from the Sea where he was kindly receiv'd by the King who had a great love for the Grecians and was very studious in the liberal Sciences At length having obtain'd Provision from the King he first sail'd into Persia and thence safely arriv'd in Greece This Iambulus committed all these Adventures to Writing and gave an account of many things relating to the Affairs of India before unknown to Strangers But having now perform'd what we promis'd in the beginning of this Book we shall here make an end THE Historical Library OF Diodorus the Sicilian BOOK III. The PREFACE P. 100. THE First of the Two Books preceding contains the Acts of the ancient Kings of Egypt and the Fabulous History of the Egyptian Gods Of those things reported of the River Nile of their Fruits divers kinds of Beasts the Situation of the Country and of their Laws and Courts of Justice In the Second are comprehended the Affairs of Asia the Acts of the Assyrians in antient Times and amongst them the Birth and Advancement of Semiramis how she built Babylon and many other Cities and invaded the Indians with a mighty Army We have treated there likewise of the Caldeans and their Art in Astronomy Of Arabia and the wonderful things there Of the Amazons And lastly of the Hyperboreans and the Island
therefore they set upon the Enemy and Hercules by the Valour of the Arcadians whom he ever had with him as his Assistants routed them and slew the King himself and cutting off Multitudes of the Enemy forc'd the Lapithae out of the Territory which they contested for This being thus effected he gave up the third Part of the Country promis'd him to Aeginius to be kept by him in Trust in Order to be restor'd to Hercules his Posterity In his return to Trachinia he kill'd Cygnus the Son of Mars who challeng'd him to a Duel And as he passed through the Country of the Pelasgi from Itonus he met with King Hormenius and demanded his Daughter Astydamia in Marriage but because Deianira was his lawful Wife before he refus'd to give his Consent Upon which he made War upon him and both took the City and kill'd the King and so possessing himself of Astydamia by Force of Arms begat of her Câ—esippus Afterwards he made a second Expedition against the Sons of Eurytus for denying to give him Iole in Marriage And by the Help of the Arcadians took the City and slew Toxeus Molion and Pytius the Sons of Eurytus and carrying away Iole made to the Promontory Cenaeus in * Now N 〈…〉 poâ—t Eubaea where he appointed a solemn Sacrifice and sent Lichas his Servant to Trachine to his Wife Deianira with Orders to wish her to send him his Coat and Shirt he us'd to wear when he sacrific'd to the Gods Deianira being inform by Lichas of her Husband's Love to Iole and how he had a greater Love and Kindness for her than her self anointed the Coat and Shirt with the destructive Receipt given her by the Centaur which Lichas ignorant of the Matter carry'd to the Sacrifice But as soon as Hercules put on the Garment the Infection and Venom of the Receipt began by little and little to work which put him at last upon the Rack in most miserable Torment For the Poyson of the Arrow like a stinging Viper overspread the Garment and by its scorching Heat even eat up the Flesh of his whole Body Hercules being thus intolerably tormented forthwith kill'd his Servant Lichas and then dismiss'd his Army and return'd to Trachinia But his Torment more and more increasing he sent Lioymnion and Iolus to Delphos to inquire of Apollo how he might be â—â—'d Deianira amaz'd at the Extremity of her Husband's Misery and conscious of what she had done hang'd her self The Answer of the Oracle was That with a warlike Train they should carry Hercules away to Oâ—â—a and there raise up for him a great Pile of Wood and Jupiter would take great Care of the rest Iolus hereupon and those with him perform'd what was commanded suspecting what the Issue was like to be Hereupon Hercules despairing of his Recovery mounted the Pile and earnestly desir'd those present to set it on Fire When none would do it at length Philocletes observ'd his Order and put Fire under the Pile and for P. 1â—â— a Reward Hercules gave him his Bow and Arrows hereupon the Pile was presently on a Flame not only by the Fire but with Thunder and Lightning from Heaven and all was in an instant reduc'd to Ashes Iolus afterwards seeking for his Bones could find none at all whence arose an Opinion that Hercules as the Oracle had foretold was translated from Men to the Gods Iolus and the rest having therefore sacrific'd to him as a Demy-God and rais'd up a great Monument in Remembrance of him return'd to Trachinia Afterwards Menâ—alus the Son of Actor Hercules his special Friend instituted that in Opuntus there should be offer'd up to him every Year as to a Demy-God a Bull a Boar and a Goat The Thebans did the same and the Athenians were the first that offer'd Sacrifices to him as a God and their pious Example first induc'd all the Grecians and afterwards all other Nations as such to worship him To what we have said we must further add this that after his Translation to the Gods Jupiter persuaded Juno to adopt Hercules for her Son and ever after she bore towards him a Motherly Affection And they report that this Adoption was brought about in this manner Juno being gone to Bed and Hercules layd close to her Body she dropt down from under her Cloaths to the Ground which Rite and Ceremony the Barbarians use in adopting of a Son to this day They feign that afterwards Juno marry'd him to * The Goddess of Youth Daughter of Juno and Cupbearer to Jupiter At a Feast her Foot slipp'd and she shew'd all and was displac'd and Ganymed put in her room Servius She reâ—or'd Iolaus to his Youth See â—vid 9. Met. Hebe and in the Story of the Dead the Poet introduces his Ghost in these Words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Among the Gods he feasts with Hymns And in fair Hebe joys and sings But they report that when Jupiter would have him to be one of the * Amongst the Heathen there were Twelve Chief Gods Ovid calls them Deos Nobiles They enjoy'd Heaven by natural Right Juno Vesta Minerva â—eres Diana Venus Mars Mercury Jove Neptunus Vulcanus Apolio Goodw. Antiq. 36. Lib. 2. Sect. 1. Twelve Gods Hercules refus'd that Honour for that it was impossible for him to be taken into the Number unless one of the Twelve were rejected and it was an unseemly thing to accept such an Honour with the Disgrace of another God Altho' we have been long in our Relation concerning HERCVLES yet to make amends we have not omitted any thing material that is reported of him And now it 's time that we treat of the Argonauts for Hercules went with them in that Expedition CHAP. III. Of the Argonauts Medea and the Daughter of Pileus How the Argonauts gain'd the Golden Fleece The Pranks of Medea The Acts of Jason The Cruelty of Pelias towards Jason's Kindred how he was kill'd by his own Daughters through Medea's Charms Medea burns the King of Corinth's Palace and him in it The miserable End of Jason Of the Heraclidae and their Return to Peloponesus JASON they say was Son of Aeson and Nephew to Pelius King of Thessaly And being a Man of strong Body and of an high Spirit far above any of his Age was ambitious to perform some memorable and remarkable Action for knowing that Perseus his Ancestor and some This Expedition of the Argonauts was An. Mun. 2094. about the time of the Death of Abimelech Judg. 9. 23. before Christ 254. Helv. Chron. But Sr. Walter Rawleigh says it was the 9 Year of Gideon 34 Years before Lib. 2. I. Part C. 13. Sect. 6. others by their expeditious and admirable Atchievments in foreign Countries had purchased eternal Honour and Renown he resolv'd to imitate them in the like heroick Undertakings Acquainting therefore the King his Uncle with his Purpose he easily obtain'd his Consent not that Pelius thereby aim'd at the Honour and Glory
he had by the Amazon to Troezena to be bred and brought up by his Sister Aethra Of Phoedra he begat Acamantes and Demophon Hippolytus a while after coming to Athens to the Celebration of a great Festival Phoedra was so taken with his Beauty that she fell passionately in love with him But he going back again for that time she built near to the Citadel the Temple of Venus whence she might have a prospect of Traezene Afterwards going with Theseus to Traezene to visit Pittheus she solicited Hippolytus to lye with her who refusing the Motion her Love was turn'd into Hatred and Rage and therefore she accus'd him to her Husband that he attempted to Ravish her Theseus suspecting the truth of what she said summon'd Hippolytus to appear and answer the Accusation but Phoedra fearing she should be discover'd upon the Trial of the Cause hang'd herself When Hippolytus first heard of the Accusation he was driving a Chariot upon the News whereof he was in such a Consternation and Disturbance that he let the Reins fall which so startled the Horses that they hurried him away and broke the Chariot in Pieces and he himself being fastn'd in the Harness was drag'd along upon the Ground and so perish'd Hippolytus thus losing his Life upon the account of his commendable Chastity was ador'd by the Troezenians as a God Theseus afterwards by a Sedition being driven out of the City died in Banishment But the Athenians being sorry for what they had done brought back his Bones and honour'd him as a God and the Place where they bury'd him in the midst of Athens they made a Sanctuary which from him was call'd Theseion Since we have proceeded so far in the Story of Theseus we shall give a distinct account also of the Rape of Helen and of the intention of Perithous to court Proserpina for these things have a Relation to the History of Theseus Perithous the Son of Ixion after the Death of his Wife Hippodamia by whom he had a Son call'd Polypodes went to Athens to Theseus whom finding a Widower having then lately bury'd his Wife Phoedra he advis'd to steal away Helen the Daughter of Jupiter and Laeda who was then about Ten Years of Age and of surpassing Beauty To this end they went with some other of their Associates P. 185. to Lacedemon and catching a fit opportunity for the purpose seiz'd upon Helen as their common Prize and carry'd her away to Athens where it was agreed between them to cast Lots for her and that he who should have the good Fortune to gain her should faithfully assist the other through all Hazards whatsoever in procuring him another Wife This Compact being confirm'd by a Solemn Oath she fell by Lot to Theseus The Athenians were much incens'd at what was done in this Business Theseus therefore fearing the bad effect of it privately kept Helen at Aphidna one of the Cities of Attica and committed her to the care of his Mother Aethra and some other Persons of Quality that were his Faithful Friends Afterwards Perithous had a desire to court Proserpina and for this purpose requir'd Theseus to go along with him At first Theseus endeavour'd to dissuade him and to take him off from such a wicked and impious Design But Perithous urging him the more vehemently and by vertue of his Oath being bound thereunto he at length agreed to joyn with him in the Attempt To this end both of them descended into the * Hell See this explain'd in Plut. Thes This Pluto was the King of the Molossians and his Wives and Daughters Name was Proserpina who clapt both Theseus and the other up in Prison Shades below and for their Impudence and Impiety were clapt up and bound fast in Chains but Theseus was afterwards releas'd for the sake of Hercules But Perithous suffers Eternal Pains with the Infernal Spirits for his Wickedness though some Writers report that neither of 'em ever return'd About the same time they say Castor and Pollux the Brother of Helen assaulted Aphidna and taking it by Storm raz'd it to the Ground and carry'd away Helen still a Virgin to Lacedemon and with her among the Captives Aâ—thra the Mother of Theseus Having spoke sufficiently of these things we shall now proceed to give an Account of the Seven Captains that made War against Thebes and shew the first Causes of that War Laius The Seven Captains against Thebes This is the first War related by any Heathen Historian either in Prose or Verse An. Mund. 2727 the 10th Year of Jair Judg. 10. 3. Before Christ 1221 about 30 Years before the Trojan War the King of Thebes having marry'd Jocasta the Daughter of Creon and for a long time being without Children at length consulted the Oracle whether he ever should have any Issue Pithia the Priestess gave answer from the Oracle that it would be unfortunate to him to have any Issue for the Son that he should afterwards beget should kill him and involve his whole Family in most dreadful Calamities But somewhat forgetful of what the Oracle had declar'd he afterwards begat a Son but bor'd his Feet through with an Iron and order'd him to be expos'd in the open Fields and for that reason he was afterwards call'd Oedipus The Servants that took him Oedipus into their Custody for that purpose were unwilling to leave him so to the wide World but gave him to †King of Scicion or Corinth Polybus his Wife who was barren Being attain'd at length to Man's Estate Laius resolv'd to inquire of the Oracle to know what was become of the expos'd Infant and Oedipus at the same time being by some one inform'd of the Design against him when he was so very Young took a Journey to Delphos to inquire of the Oracle who were his true Parents It so fell out that both of them meeting one another upon the Road in Phocis Laius in a proud and haughty manner commanded Oedipus to get out of the way who thereupon was so inrag'd that he fell upon Laius and kill'd him not knowing him to be his Father About that time they report that Sphinx a double shap'd Monster came to Sphinx Thebes and put forth a Riddle to be resolv'd by any that could Which none being able to do by reason of the difficulty of the thing she destroy'd many At length she became more moderate and offer'd a Reward to such as should unfold it that he should marry Jocasta and with her injoy the Kingdom of Thebes When none else could expound the Riddle Oedipus was the only Man that did it The Riddle propounded by Sphinx was this What Creature is that that is Two-Footed Three-Footed and Four-Footed When all others were puzled Oedipus interpreted it to be a Man who when he is an Infant creeps upon all * His Hands and Feet Four when he grows elder goes upright upon his Two Feet but when he is old he 's Three-Footed using a
in a Chariot drawn with Four Horses and Oenomaus having at length finish'd his Sacrifice mounts his Chariot driven by one Myrtilus and with a Launce in his Hand pursues the Suitor and overtaking him runs him through And in this manner by the swiftness of his Horses always coming up to the Suitors though they set out so long before him he kill'd very many But Pelops the Son of Tantalus coming to Pisa and desiring to have Hippodamia for his Wife as soon as he saw her bribed Myrtilus Oenomaus's Chariot-driver to suffer him to be Victor by which means he got to Neptune's Altar in the Isthmus before Oenamaus who concluding that what the Oracle had foretold was now near to be fulfilled through grief of Heart was so dejected that he murther'd himself Pelops thus gaining Hippodamia with her likewise gain'd the Kingdom of Pisa and being a Valiant and Prudent Man and growing rich besides subdu'd most of the Countries of ‖ Peloponesus signifies the Island of Pelops Peloponesus and so called the whole Peninsula after his own Name Since we have made mention of Pelops it 's fit to say something of Tantalus's Father that we may not omit any thing worthy Remark Tantalus the Son of Jupiter was a rich and renowned Prince and had his Royal Seat in that part of Asia which is now call'd Paphlagonia and for the nobleness of his Birth being the Offspring of Jove they say he was the very Darling of the Gods themselves However he us'd not his Prosperity with that Moderation and Humility as became a Mortal but being admitted to Familiarity and Feasting with the Gods discover'd their Secrets to Men for which he was not only punish'd while he was Living but was thrust down among the Wicked and Impious as the Histories relate to suffer Eternal Torments after Death This Tantalus had Pelops and a Daughter nam'd Niobe †By Amphion King of Thebes who had Seven Sons and as many Daughters who were extraordinary Beauties Being proud of the great number of her Children she often boasted that for her fruitfulness she excell'd * The Mother of Diana and Apollo Latona her self At which the Goddess they say was so enrag'd that she commanded Apollo with his Arrows to kill the Sons and Diana with hers the Daughters who executing their Mothers Commands slew all the Children at once So that Niobe who abounded with Children was childless at one and the same moment But because Tantalus being hated by the Gods was expell'd out of Paphlagonia by Ilus the Son of Tros something is fit to be said concerning Ilus and his Ancestors The first that reign'd in the Country of Troas was Teucer the Son of the River D 〈…〉 danuâ—'s Pâ—sterity to Priam. Scamander and the Nymph Idaea he was a brave Man and gave the Name of Teucri to the Inhabitants He had a Daughter call'd Batea whom Dardanus marry'd and succeeded Teucer in the Kingdom and ordered the People to be call'd P. 192. from him Dardanians and built a City near the Sea Shore and call'd it Dardanum He had a Son nam'd Erichthonius a Prosperous and Wealthy Prince of whom the Poet Homer writes thus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 None richer was of all Men under th' Sun Whose brave Three Thousand Mares in th' Meads did run Tros was the Son of Erichthonius and of him the People were nam'd Trojans he had Three Sons Ilus Assaracus and Ganimede Ilus built a noble City in the Champain Country of Troas which he call'd Ilium the Son of Ilus was Lao 〈…〉 don whose Sons were Tithonus and Priam Tithonus led an Army into the Eastern Parts of Asia and pierc'd as far as to Aethiopia whence rose the Story of Memnon being the Son of Aurora which Memnon brought aid to the Trojans and was kill'd by Achilles Priam marry'd Hecuba and by her besides many other Sons had Hector who was especially remarkable for his Valour in the Trojan War Asaracus King of the Dardanians had Capys his Son the Father of Anchises who of Venus begat Aeneas a Famous Man among the Trojans Ganymede lastly was extraordinary beautiful and is reported to be caught up to Heaven by the Gods to be Jupiter's Cup-bearer And now from these we shall proceed to Daedalus and the Minotaur and the Expedition of Minos into Sicily against King Cocalus CHAP. V. Of Daedalus and his Works in Crete Sicily and elsewhere His Flight into Sicily Minos invades Sicily the manner of his Death there The Famous Temple of the Curetes or Corybantes in Sicily built by the Posterity of the Cretians that came there with Minos The Pedigree of Aristeus his Acts his Son Acteon of Eryx Venus her Temple in Eryx in Sicily the Fame of it Of Daphnis the Shepherd A Description of the Herean Mountains Of Orion Of the Streight of Messina DAedalus was an Athenian of the Family of the Ericthidae for he was the An. Mund. 2732. Son of * Metionon Hymetion the Son of Eupalamus the Son of Erechtheus He was extraordinary Ingenious and very studious in the Art of Architecture and was an excellent Statuary and Engraver upon Stone and improv'd those Arts with many notable Inventions He made many wonderful Pieces of Work in several Parts of the World and so far excell'd in the framing and cutting of Statues that those that were long after him report that the Statues he made did resemble living Men even to the Life For their Symmetry was so exact and perfect that their Eyes and frame of Motion and the whole Composure of the Body was a lively Representation of Living Creatures For he was the first that in Statues exprest the direct and lively aspect of the Eyes and the progressive Motion of the Legs and Thighs and stretching forth of the Hands and Arms and therefore was justly admir'd by all For those Artists that were before him fram'd their Images with blinking Eyes Heads hanging down as if they were glu'd to their sides But though Daedalus was thus admir'd for his exquisite Skill in this Art yet he was forc'd to fly his Country for a Murther committed upon the occasion following ‑ Talus Daedalus his Sister's Son being but a Young Boy was at that time bred * Call'd Calus by Fausan lib. 1. 〈◊〉 21. up with his Uncle to learn his Trade This Talus for Ingenuity excell'd his Master and invented the Potter's Wheel He got likewise a Serpent's Jaw-bone and with it saw'd a little piece of Wood asunder then in imitation of the Tooth in the Jaw he made the like in Iron and so he found out an Instrument for the sawing of the greatest Pieces of Timber exceeding useful and tending much to the furtherance and ease of all Architects He invented likewise the Turner's Lath and many other Tools for the use of Architects upon which account he was in great Esteem and Reputation Daedalus hereat burnt with Rage and Envy against the poor Boy
During these Transactions the Romans had great Wars and shed much Blood amongst the Volsians Spurius Cassius the Year before Consul being convicted of Treason for aspiring to the Supream Government was put to Death And these were the things done this Year CHAP. V. The Death and Commendation of Gelo King of Syracuse and the Rebuilding of Athens by the Policy of Themistocles TImosthenes being Archon or Chief Magistrate at Athens and Cesus Fabius and Lucius Aemilius Mamerchus Roman Consuls there was a setled Peace throughout all Sicily for the strength of Anno Mundi 3472. Olymp. 75. 3. Ant. Chr. 476. the Carthaginians was utterly broken and Gelo govern'd the Sicilians with that Justice and Equity that the Laws flourished in every City and Plenty every where abounded The Syracusians making a Law against extravagant Pomps of Funerals Law in Syracuse against Funeral Pomp. and not only taking away those usual vast Expences upon the Dead but forbidding all manner of Curiosity upon that account Gelo willing in all things to confirm what the People agreed upon confirm'd this new Law by his own Example for falling sick and lying upon his Death-bed he gave up the Kingdom to Hiere his eldest Brother and commanded that the Law should be strictly kept in reference to his Funeral After his Death his Successor in burying of him observ'd his Commands His Body was laid in his Wife's Inheritance within the Nine Towers as they were call'd Places of great and sumptuous Workmanship The whole City accompany'd the Body to the Place which was about ‖ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Five and Twenty Miles Two Gelo's Funeral Hundred Stages distant And the Citizens erected a stately Monument over him and commanded he should for ever after be honour'd with the Honours due to the Ancient Heroes This Monument was in after-times destroy'd by the Carthagians in their War against the Syracusians And the Places call'd the Nine Towers through Envy were demolished by Agathocles But yet neither Ante Chr. 476. the Hatred of the Carthaginians nor the Envy of Agathocles The Commendation of Gelo and them that rule well nor the Force nor Fraud of any other Person was able to eclipse the Glory of Gelo. For History has justly preserv'd his Fame and will for ever hand it down to Posterity For as it is just and tending much to correct the Irregularities of Humane Conversation to fix a Brand and Mark of Disgrace upon those that have used their Power wickedly and mischievously so on the other hand it is as just to perpetuate the Memory of those who have rul'd justly and honourably to the good of others For this will be an Inducement to Men to behave themselves so as to merit Commendation from those that come after them Gelo reign'd only Six Years Hiero his Brother and Heir Eleven Years and Eight Months After the Victory at Platea the Athenians brought back their Wives and Children The Athenians repair their Walls from Troezen and Salamis to Athens and forthwith set upon the Repairing of their Walls and spared neither Cost nor Pains in that nor in any other thing necessary for their Defence But the Lacedemonians considering that the Athenians had much advanced their Reputation by their Strength at Sea fearing lest they should grow too strong determin'd to forbid the building of their The Lacedemonians endeavour to hinder the building of the Walls of Athens Walls and therefore sent Embassadors with all speed to Athens to let them know that it was not for the common good and interest of Greece that Athens should be walled for if Xerxes should make upon them a Second Invasion with fresh and greater Forces if he should gain Cities out of Peloponesus ready wall'd he might from thence as out of Forts and Castles make suddain Incursions upon them and thereby with ease subdue the Grecians But when the Embassadors were not much regarded they imperiously commanded the Carpenters and Smiths to P. 263. cease from the Work Whereupon the Athenians not knowing what to resolve Themistocles his Stratagem to build the Walls of Athens upon Themistocles who was then in great Favour and Authority advis'd them that they should not at present make any Noise or Stir about the matter For if they should contend the Lacedemonians would easily hinder them in the Work by making an Inrode upon them with the Forces of Peloponesus But he intimated to the Senate privately that he with such others as they should appoint would go as Embassadors to the Lacedemonians and there argue the Case with them concerning the Fortification of the City And he gave in charge to the Magistrates that if any Embassadors came from Lacedemon they should detain them till his return from thence and in the mean time they should with the assistance of the whole City go on with the Work and that was the very way he told them to effect their Design The Athenians all approv'd of his Advice and Themistocles with those join'd in Embassy with him set forth for Sparta In the mean time the People of Athens set upon the Work with might and main sparing neither House nor Sepulchre for Materials Women and Children Strangers and Servants were all imploy'd and none permitted to be idle The Work went on beyond expectation and through the multitude of Hands and diligence of those imploy'd advanc'd to Admiration which being nois'd abroad the Lacedemonians were very hot with Themistocles concerning the Fortifying of the City But he denied all and wish'd them not rashly to believe every little Story spread Abroad but rather to send some faithful Messengers who might bring them a certain account of the truth how Matters went and for further Assurance he deliver'd up himself and his Associats as Hostages to the Spartans The Lacedemonians at present pacify'd and perswaded by what Themistocles Ante Chr. 476. had said took him and his Associates into Custody and forthwith sent some of the chief of the Citizens to Athens to make strict inquiry and observation how Affairs were In the mean time the Athenians in a short space advanc'd their Walls to their just height The Spartan Embassadors as soon as they entred into Athens being very turbulent and sharply threatning the Athenians for what they had done they committed them all to Prison declaring they should not be set at Liberty till Themistocles and the rest of their Embassadors were sent Home By this Trick the Laconians being deluded were forc'd to redeem their own Embassadors by the discharge of the Athenians And this Policy of Themistocles in procuring the walling of the City both with effectual speed and safety purchased the great Love and Honour of the Citizens Whilst these things were acting in Greece the Romans made War upon the Tuscans and got a great Victory with the Slaughter of many of their Enemies and afterwards took Tusculum by Storm and reduced the City of the Esculaneans CHAP. VI. The inlarging
sides at length it broke out into open War The Japiges of their Citizens and Confederates bring into the Field above Twenty Thousand Men. The Tarentines understanding the great Preparation made against them both with their own Citizens and Confederates of Rhegium likewise take the Field A bloody Battel was fought and after many kill'd on both sides at length the Japiges became absolute Victors and in the Pursuit the Tarentines were scattered and broken into Two Parties whereof one fled back towards Tarentum the other were furiously driven towards Rhegium The Japiges likewise divided themselves into Two Parties of which the one pursu'd close upon the back of the Tarentines and in regard the distance of Place was but very small there was a very great Slaughter made The other Party so hotly pursu'd them of Rhegium that they fell in pell-mell with them into the City and so took and possessed it CHAP. XI The Death of Thero Prince of Agrigentum and the Tyranny of his Son Thrasydeus who Abdicated the Government and kill'd himself Three Hundred of the Family of the Fabii slain at one time THE next Year Chares was Archon at Athens and at Rome Titus Memius and P. 296. Caius Horatius were Consuls Then were celebrated the Olympian Games at Elis being the Seventy Seventh Olympiad An. Mund. 3500. Olymp. 77. 1. in which Dancles of Argos was Victor About this Ant. Chr. 470. time Thero King of Agrigentum died in the Sixteenth Year Thero King of Agrigentum dy'd of his Reign and Thrasydeus his Son succeeded Thero governed with great Moderation and Justice and The Commendation of Thero therefore was greatly loved and honoured by his Subjects And at his Death was reverenced as a Divine Heroe but his Son even in his Father's Life-time appeared to be of a violent and bloody Disposition And after his Father's Death throwing aside all restraint of the Laws he rul'd arbitrarily and tyrannically For which Thrasideus King of Agrigentum his Cruelty reason his Subjects combin'd against him as one not fit to be intrusted with the Government and perfectly hated by all Ant. Chr. 470. And therefore within a little time after he came to an end suitable to his Deserts For after the Death of his Father he rais'd a great Army of Mercenaries and of his own Subjects of Agrigentum and Himera to the number of above Twenty Thousand Horse and Foot and with these went against the Syracusians But Hiero furnish'd with a considerable Army The Fight of the Agregentines and Syracusians wasted the Borders of Agrigentum and after join'd Battel with the Enemy in which most of the Grecians on both sides being drawn up one against another were slain But the Syracusians got the Day with the loss of Two Thousand Men of the other side were kill'd above Four Thousand Thrasideus by this ill Success perplexed in his Mind Abdicated his Government and fled to the Megarians call'd Miseans and being there condemn'd to Dye slew himself The Agrigentines after Thrasideus abdicates the Government and kills himself they had restor'd and setled their Democratical Government sent an Embassador to Hiero to strike up a Peace At the same time in Italy the Romans had War with the Veians and in a great Battel at Cremera were routed and amongst others Three Hundred of the Fabii all of one Family were slain every Man And these were the Affairs and Events of this Year CHAP. XII The Malice of the Lacedemonians against Themistocles and his Banishment His Praise THE next Year Praxiergus being Archon of Athens Aulus Virgilius Tricostus An. Mu. 3500. Olymp. 77. 2. Ante Chr. â—â—9 and C. Servilius Roman Consuls the Eleans who before lived dispers'd in several little Villages now imbody'd themselves into one City call'd Elis. The Lacedemonians observing how Sparta was contemn'd and evil spoken of by reason of the Treachery of Pausanias and how the Name of Athens grew famous for their Loyalty and Faithfulness one to another endeavour'd all they could to stain the Athenians with the same Blot of Ignominy And therefore for as much as Themistocles was a Man of great Repute and Esteem amongst the Athenians they accuse him of Treason as if he consulted with Pausanias how Themistocles accus'd to betray Greece to Xerxes And the more to provoke the Enemies of Themistocles and to stir them up to accuse him they made use both of Bribes and false Insinuations affirming that Pausanias discover'd his Treasonable Design of betraying Greece unto Themistocles and solicited him to join with him both in Counsel and aid other ways But though Themistocles would not then agree to do that yet he did not look upon himself obliged to discover his Friend However notwithstanding the Potency of his Adversaries Themistocles was clearly acquitted Themistocles acquitted and his Name grew more famous amongst the Athenians for he was greatly beloved by the Citizens for the former eminent Services he had done the Commonwealth But afterwards when by reason of his Popularity he became suspected by some and envy'd by others unmindful of his former Deserts they determin'd both to weaken his Authority and to bring down the height of his Spirit In the first place therefore they Banish'd him the City by the Judgment of Ostracism This Themistocles Banished P. 270. Law was instituted at Athens after the Tyrants were expell'd out of the City by Pisistratus And the Law was thus Every Citizen writ the Name of him in a Shell whom they The Law of Ostracism most suspected to be in a capacity by reason of his Power and Interest to overturn the Popular Government and he whose Name was writ in most of the Shells was forthwith Banished for the space of Five Years And this Law was used at Athens not so much as a punishment for any particular Ant. Chr. 469. Offence as to humble the Spirits of proud and aspiring Men and by their Banishment to reduce them to more Moderation and Submission Themistocles thus banish'd from his Country went to Argos which when known by the Lacedemonians supposing now they had a fair opportunity to ruin him they sent again Embassadors to Athens to accuse him as being in Conspiracy with Pausanias in his Treason alledging that those Injuries which did concern all Greece in general should not be determin'd by the Athenians only but by a Common Council of Greece which was wont upon such occasions to be assembled at Sparta Themistocles considering that the Lacedemonians were resolv'd to expose the Athenians to Shame and Contempt and that they of Athens were as ready to oppose them in defending their Country against the Crime objected he concluded that the matter concerning him would be agreed to be heard in a Common and General Assembly of the Grecians at Sparta And he had had experience that the Lacedemonians were guided more by Interest and Favour than by the Rules of Justice as by a late Experiment was apparent
presently complies with him and brings Artabanus privately in the Night into the Bed-Chamber and being entred without delay murthers the King And in the heat of the Fact runs to the King's Sons Two of whom Darius the Eldest and Artaxerxes were then at Court Hytaspes the Third at that time was Governor of Bactria Artabanus in the dead of the Night hastens to Artaxerxes and tells him that Darius had murther'd his Father to come to the Crown And therefore perswades Artaxerxes that he should not slothfully suffer his Brother to settle himself on the Throne but revenge his Father's Death and take upon himself the Sovereignty For the effecting whereof he promis'd him to bring in the King's Guards for his Assistance Artaxerxes was easily persuaded and with the Assistance of the Guards kills his Brother Artabanus seeing his Treachery to succeed according to his hearts Desire now boasts before all his Sons that the time was come for his advancement to the Kingdom and forthwith came to Artaxerxes with his Sword drawn and Ant. Chr. 463. Wounds him The King not being much hurt bravely Defends himself and kills Artabanus upon the place Having thus not only preserv'd himself but reveng'd Artaxerxes kills Artabanus the Murther of his Father he was established in the Throne of Persia This was the end of Xerxes after he had reign'd Twenty Years But his Successor continued Forty Four CHAP. XIX The War between the Athenians and the Aegineans THE following Year wherein Archimedes was Archon of Athens Aulus Virgilius Olymp. 79. Ant. Ch. 462. and Titus Numitius Roman Consuls was the first Year of the Seventy Ninth Olympiad at which Xenophon the Corinthian won the Prize At this time the Thrasians revolted from the Athenians through the Differences arising concerning the Mines but were reduc'd by force to their Obedience The Aegineans likewise rebell'd and being subdued the Athenians besieg'd their City which was grown proud not only through their great Successes and Victories at Sea but their Riches at Land and having a brave and well furnished Navy were ever Enemies to the Athenians who therefore entred the * Aegina near Peloponesus in the Aegean Sea Island with an Army laid waste the Country and resolv'd to raze the City Aegina to the Ground Hereupon now grown great in power they carried not themselves with that Humanity and Courtesie towards their Confederates as they were used to do but domineer'd every where with a proud and high Hand This imperious way of theirs caus'd many of their Confederates to enter into Consultations for a general Defection and some particular Places determin'd it of their Ante Chr. 462. own accord without flagging for or expecting the results of a General Assembly While these things were acting the Athenians being now every where P. 279. Masters at Sea sent a Colony of Ten Thousand Men to Amphipolis chosen partly out of the Citizens partly from among the Confederates and divided the Country by Lot For sometime they kept under the Thrasians that bordered upon them but when they attempted to proceed further into the heart of the Country those that enter'd Thrace were wholly cut off by the †A People of Thrace near the Mountain Edon Edones CHAP. XX. The Egyptians revolt from the Persians New Troubles in Sicily TLepolemus being Governor of Athens the Roman Consuls were Titus Quintius Olymp. 79. 2. Ante Chr. 461. and Quintus Arbilius Structus Artaxerxes now newly come to the Throne of Persia first put to Death all those that had an Hand in the Murther of his Father and then setled Affairs so as he This is Artaxerxes Longimanus who forbad the Building of Jerusalem From his Seventh Year began Daniel's Seventy Weeks which is 490 Years to the Death of Christ thought most conducing to the interest of the Government For he remov'd those Governors of the Provinces whom he most suspected and plac'd others whom he most confided in in their room He took care to store up all manner of Provisions and to furnish his Army with all things necessary and ruling with all Justice and Equity he grew into high Esteem among the Persians In the mean time the Egyptians hearing of the Death of Xerxes and the Troubles in Persia occasion'd thereby fell a plotting how to recover their Liberty and to that The Egyptians revolt from the Persians end on a sudden rose against the Persians and drave the Questors or Persian Treasurers out of Egypt Then they set up one Inarus to be their King who first had an Army of the Inarus set up in Egypt natural Inhabitants and afterwards increas'd his Forces by Mercenary Foreigners He sent likewise Embassadors to Athens desiring their aid with Promises that if they regain'd their Liberty the whole Kingdom should be for their Service and Advantage as well as his and he should be ever and in every thing grateful to them The Athenians conceiving it to be much to their advantage if by what force they could make they might drain the Persians of their Money and gain likewise the Egyptians to their interest to be ready to serve them upon all occasions determin'd to send to their Assistance a Navy of Three Hundred Sail and Ant. Ch. 461 to that end all Hands were at work to make ready a Fleet. Artaxerxes receiving the News of the Revolt of the Egyptians resolved to exceed them both in number of Men and Provisions of War and for that purpose forthwith rais'd Souldiers out of all the Provinces of the Kingdom rigg'd out his Fleet and omitted nothing necessary in the present Juncture And thus stood the Affairs of Asia and Egypt at this time In Sicily after they had cast off the Kingly Government and restored all the The flourishing state of Sicily after the deposition of Tyrants Cities to liberty the whole Island greatly flourished for having a rich and fertile Soyl and Peace on every side they grew very rich in a short time the Land abounding in Labourers Cattel and all other Conveniences for the comfort and happiness of Man's Life much being now laid up and nothing expended in Wars But they continu'd not long thus but again broke forth into Wars and Seditions upon the account following Thrasibulus being deposed they call'd a General Assembly to consult about the manner of a Popular Government and there it was unanimously decreed that a Statue should be erected to * Jovi Liberatori Jove the Deliverer as high as a Colossus and that there should be Yearly upon the Day that they were rid of the Tyrant and regain'd their Liberty Sacrifices offered and Solemn Games celebrated At which Solemnities they likewise vow'd to sacrifice Four Hundred and Fifty Oxen and therewith to feast all the People and that all the P. 280. Magistrates according to the ancient Custom should be chosen out of the chiefest Citizens and that none of the Strangers who were made Denizens by Gelon should
Crotonians one Thessalus about Eight and Fifty Years after getting together the remnant of the Sibarites rebuilt Sibaris situated between two Rivers Sybaris and Crathis But the Sibarites growing rich suddenly by reason of the fruitfulness of the Soil possess'd the City only Six Years and were again ejected which we intend to relate more fully in the following Book CHAP. XXVIII The Contests between Deucetius and the Agrigentines His strange Submission to the Syracusians who sent him to Corinth with promise to supply him with Necessaries WHen Antidotus was Governor of Athens the Romans chose Lucius Publius Posthumus Olymp. 82. 2. An. M. 3521. Ant. Chr. 450. P. 289. Agrigentines routed by Deucetius and Marcus Horatius Consuls In their time Deucetius the General of the Siculi took Aetna whose Prince was kill'd by Treachery Afterwards he led his Army into the Country of the Agrigentines and besieg'd Motyum a Garrison of the Agrigentines They of Agrigentum sent aid to them of Motyum but his Army fought and routed them and took the Place The Winter approaching all return'd to their several Cities The Syracusians put to Death Bilco the General of the Army the Author as was supposed of that ruin that was brought upon them in this Battel and who was judg'd to have had secret Correspondence with Deucetius At the Return of the Year they made another General committing to him an Army well appointed Fight between the Siculi and Deucetius against the Syracusians in all respects with strict Orders to ruin and destroy Deucetius To which end he led forth the Army and found Deucetius encamp'd near 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Nomae where a Battel was fought and after many kill'd on both sides the Siculi after a valiant Resistance at last fled but a great slaughter was made of 'em in the Pursuit Many of those that escap'd fled to the Forts and Strong Holds for few had Hearts and Courage enough to run the same Fortune with Deucetius Whilst these things were thus acting the Agrigentines retook the Castle of Motyum taken by the Agrigentines Motyum by force wherein at that time was a Garrison of Deucetius then they march'd to the Victorious Syracusians and both encamp'd together But Deucetius having lost all his Treasure in the last Battel was brought near to the utmost extremity partly through the Treachery of some and partly through the Cowardize of others of his Souldiers who deserted him At length seeing matters brought to so desperate a Condition that his Friends A remarkable Passage of Deucetius who were yet about him were ready to lay violent Hands upon him to prevent the execution of their Treacheries he fled with all speed in the Night to Syracuse and whilst it was yet dark came into the Market-place and fell down before the Altars and as an humble Suppliant gave up both himself and his Country into the Hands of the Syracusians The strangeness of the thing brought a great Concourse of People together into the Market-place Upon which a General Assembly of the Magistrates was call'd and there it was debated what was to be done in this matter Some who were used and lov'd to speak much to the People persuaded them to take him as an Enemy and for his many Acts of Hostility against them to punish him accordingly But the Wiser sort of the Senators who were then present declar'd that the Suppliant was to be preserved and that a reverend regard was to be had to the Providence of God The generosity of the Syracusians in sparing Deucetius Ant. Chr. 450. and that they should not have respect so much to what Deucetius deserved as seriously to consider what was fit and just for them to do in such a case To kill one whom Providence had laid as a Suppliant at their Feet was unjust but to preserve and keep to the Rules of Piety towards God and Humanity towards Men that submit to Mercy greatly became the Generosity of the Syracusians Hereupon the People unanimously cried out Let the Suppliant be safe Deucetius thus deliver'd the Syracusians sent him back to Corinth and commanded him there to continue the rest of his Days with a Promise to supply him with all things necessary for his comfortable support And now having perform'd our Promise in setting forth those things that happened the Year next before the Athenian Expedition into Cyprus under Cymon their General we conclude this Book THE Historical Library OF Diodorus the Sicilian BOOK XII The PREFACE HE who seriously considers the incertainty and instability of Humane Affairs must needs be struck with great admiration for he 'll find that nothing which amongst Men is accounted Good is purely such nor any thing that is esteemed Bad is perfectly or absolutely evil without some ingredient of Profit and Advantage Which Lesson we may learn from what is before Related if we ponder and digest things well For the Expedition of Xerxes the King of Persia into Greece by reason of his vast Army terrify'd the Grecians to the highest degree who were by that War in great danger to be brought into absolute Slavery and might justly fear that Greece was likely to fall into the same condition with the Greek Cities in Asia who were not long before brought under the power of the Persians But beyond all expectation the event of this War was wonderful for the Grecians were not only deliver'd from this threatning Storm but by that occasion gain'd an everlasting Renown and every City in Greece thereby abounded with so much Wealth that their suddain Turn of Fortune into such a height of Prosperity was admir'd by all For Fifty Years together from that time Greece flourished in all Felicity in which time by the Wealth that abounded amongst them all good Arts were highly improv'd and excellent Artists are recorded to have flourished in this Age amongst whom was Phidias that famous Statuary and several other Arts and Sciences Phidias the Statuary then advanced to an extraordinary degree But the great honour of Greece was Philosophy and Oratory and chiefly among the Athenians Those that were eminent for Philosophy were Socrates Plato and Aristotle For Oratory Pericles Isocrates and his Scholars There were others no less famous for Military Discipline and excellent Commanders as Miltiades Themistocles Aristides Cimon Mironides and many others of whom it would be too tedious to give a particular account For the Athenian Name was highly honoured almost through all parts of the World for they so enlarged their Dominion that by their own strength without the help of the Lacedemonians P. 292. and them of Peloponesus they routed the mighty Armies of the Persians both by Sea and Land and did so weaken that great Empire that they compell'd it upon Treaties to set free all the Grecian Cities in Asia The particulars whereof are distinctly and at large related in the former Book and in this we have at present in hand And now we are come to
Samians who approached their City easily reduced it and there established a Democracy And having impos'd a Mulct of Eighty Talents upon them and receiv'd as many Youths for Hostages he committed them to the care and custody of the Lemnians and so having in a short time finish'd with good success all for which he was sent he return'd to Athens After this a grievous Sedition happen'd in Samos some being for the Democracy Seditions in Samos others endeavouring to set up an Aristocracy whereby the City was in a mighty popular Tumult They who were against the Democracy went over to Sardis in Asia to Pissuthines the Persian Governor to desire aid who lends them Seven Hundred Soldiers hoping by this means to bring Samos under his power P. 302. The Samians with this aid loosing from Asia in the Night stole secretly upon the City and by the help of their Accomplices enter'd and surpriz'd it and being thus easily possess'd forthwith eject all of the contrary Faction Then having stollen and carry'd away the Hostages out of Lemnos and strengthen'd Samos with Garrisons they declare themselves open Enemies against the Athenians who again send against them Pericles with Sixty Sail who overcame them in a Sea Fight though they had Seventy Sail. Upon this with the help of Twenty Five Ships which join'd him from Chios and Mitylene he besieg'd Samos and some few Days after leaving part of his Forces to maintain the Siege with the rest he made against the Phenician Fleet which the Persians sent to the aid of the Samians The Samians taking advantage of the opportunity of his departure suddenly set upon the rest of his Fleet and routed them with which success they grew very proud and haughty But Pericles hearing of the ruin of his Fleet left behind return'd without delay and got together a strong and numerous Navy fully resolving utterly to ruin the Enemy's Fleet And being speedily supplied by the Athenians with Threescore Ships and with Thirty from Chios and Mitylene he renew'd the Siege both by Sea and Land wearying the City with continual Assaults He was the first that made use of those warlike Engines call'd Battering Rams and Scorpions by the assistance and ingenuity Battering-Rams and Scorpions Ant. Chr. 439. of Artemon the Lacedemonian And by his fierce and violent Assaults battering down the Walls with his Engines the City fell into his Hands And after he had put to Death the Authors of the defection he caus'd the Samians to pay Two Hundred Talents in Compensation for the charge of the War He carry'd away likewise all their Ships and demolish'd the Walls and when he had restored the Democracy return'd into his own Country To this time the Thirty Years Truce between the Athenians and the Lacedemonians continued unviolated And with these things was this Year remarkable When Myrichides govern'd the state of Athens Lucius Julius and Marcus Geganius Olym. 85. 1. An. Mu. 3531. Ant. Chr. 438. were Roman Consuls The Eleans then celebrated the Eighty Fifth Olympiad in which Crisus of Himera was the Second Victor In these times in Sicily Ducetius formerly Prince of the Siculi planted the Country of the Callatines and having setled there many Colonies began at length to take upon him the Sovereign power over the Siculi But falling sick both his Life and his Designs Ducetius dies vanish'd together The Syracusians now being Lords of all the Cities of Sicily except Trinacria War between the Syracusians and Trinacrians resolv'd to gain that likewise by force of Arms for they were exceedingly jealous of the Trinacrians because they were very rich lest they should at any time after gain the Sovereignty of the * Sicilians Siculi to whom they were related as Kindred This City both then and ever had many valiant Men amongst them and upon that account was ever esteem'd the principal City of the Siculi for it was full of good Commanders Men of brave and daring Spirits The Syracusians therefore gathered together all their Forces both from Syracuse and from among their Confederates and march'd against the Trinacrians who being destitute of all assistance by reason the rest of the Cities were subject to Syracuse were in a bloody Battel hard put to it and after a resolute and valiant opposition all gallantly dy'd upon the spot For those that were wounded rather than to undergo the disgrace of being Captives dispatched themselves They of Syracuse having obtain'd this Victory over a People never before subdu'd P. 303. made all the Inhabitants Captives and raz'd the City to the Ground The richest of the Spoils they sent to Delphos as a grateful Offering to the Gods CHAP. VI. The Corinthian War against Corcyra Potidea revolts from the Athenians Quarrels in Thurium Meton's Year Heraclea in Italy built Potidea besieg'd by Phormio GLaucides the Chief Magistrate of Athens Titus Quintus and Agrippa Furius Olym. 85. 2. An. M. 3533. Ant. Ch. 437. Consuls of Rome The Syracusians being Victorious as is before related fell a building of Ships of Three Oars upon a Bank and doubling the number of their Horse busi'd themselves in raising a Land-Army And that they might raise and get together a great Treasure and Fond of Money they exacted larger Contributions from their Subjects and this they did with a Design to subject all Sicily by degrees to their Dominion Whilst these things were in doing the Corinthian War as it 's call'd broke The Corinthian War forth upon the following occasion The Epidamnians the Inhabitants of the Coasts of the Adriatick Sea being Colonies brought from Corcyra and Corinth were greatly distress'd with Tumults and Seditions amongst themselves where the stronger Party cast many of the contrary Faction out of the City whereupon the Exiles join'd together and calling the Illyrians to their Assistance and Confederacy they made against Epidamnum with a great Fleet And being the Barbarians were very strong they easily possess'd themselves of the Country and besieged the City They of Epidamnum not able to resist so great a Force Ant. Chr. 437. sent to Corcyra for aid who were of the same Stock and Kindred but being disregarded by them they made their Application to the Corinthians owning that City to be their only Metropolis and desired a Supply of more Citizens in the room of those that were ejected The Corinthians partly out of pity to them of Epidamnum and partly out of an old grudge they bore them of Corcyra for that they only of all the Colonies brought from them thither neglected to send to them as their Metropolis the usual Offerings decreed Aid to be sent to them of Epidamnum And accordingly they sent both a new Supply of Citizens and a Guard of Souldiers sufficient for the defence of the City The Corcyreans much inrag'd at this fitted out a Fleet of Fifty Sail against them The Admiral of which Fleet after his arrival commanded them of Epidamnum to receive the Exiles And then
and many taken Prisoners and the Romans carry'd away great Spoil After this Slaughter the Aequi submitted to the mercy of the Romans Posthumius having thus bravely manag'd the War according to Custom triumph'd A thing something incredible is reported to be done by this Posthumius to wit that he put his own Son to Posthumius put his own Son to death Death for that in the Battel out of a spritely heat of Youth pressing on upon the Enemy he left his Post assign'd him by his Father This Year ended †Or rather Iparchus Olymp. 89. 1. An. Mu. 3548. Ant. Chr. 425. Nicias invades Melus Isarchus was chief Magistrate at Athens and at Rome Titus Quintius and Caius Julius were Consuls at which time the Eighty Ninth Olympiad was celebrated at Elis in which Symmachus was again Victor At this time the Athenians made Nicias Admiral of their Fleet who with Threescore Sail and Three Thousand Men at Arms under his Command was ordered to invade the Lacedemonian Confederates Whereupon he forthwith made up to the Island Melus spoil'd the Country and besieged the City many days For this only of all the Islands of the Cyclades stood firm and constant to the Lacedemonians because they were a Colony from Sparta Nicias knowing he was not in a condition able to storm the Place which made a resolute Defence pass'd to Oropus in Beotia and leaving his Fleet there march'd with his Forces into Tanagria where he was join'd with new Supplies from Athens under the Command Spoils Tanagria of Hipponicus the Son of Callias Both these together proceeded in wasting and spoiling the Country Hereupon the Thebans came out against them and fought them but the Athenians routed them with a great Slaughter When all was over Hipponicus with his Forces return'd to Athens and Nicias to the Fleet who sailing along the Coasts of Locris wasts and destroys many Places upon the Sea-shoar Here Forty Ships came up to him from the Confederates which with those he had before made up a Navy of an Hundred Sail he had likewise a brave Army of Land Soldiers with which he made for Corinth and landing his Men engaged with the Army of the Corinthians beat them twice and after Nicias routs the Corinthians and invades Cythera the Slaughter of many of his Enemies erected a Trophy In this Fight there were kill'd only Eight of the Athenians but Three Hundred of the Corinthians Thence he sail'd toward * A Town near Corinth Cremmion spoil'd the Country and took the Castle by Assault Presently after he marches back Fortifying the Castle in †In Laconia Ant. Chr. 425. Methone by the way and having put in a strong Garrison wasted the Country adjoining and at length spoiling and harrasing all along upon the Sea-Coast return'd to Athens Not long after the Athenians sent forth Threescore Sail and Two Thousand Men at Arms against * An Island on the South-East side of Laconia Cythera under the command of Nicias and some others When he had landed his Men in the Island the City after a short Siege surrendred and leaving there a good Garrison for the defence P. 320. of the Island he passed over to Pelōponesus and spoil'd the Country upon the Sea-Coasts and took †In Peloponesus now call'd Cerigo belonging to the Venetians Thyre situated between the Consines of Laconia and Argos by Assault and demolish'd the Walls and made all the Inhabitants Captives But the Aeginetes who inhabited there and Tantalus the Governor of the Castle he sent Prisoners to Athens where they were detain'd with other Prisoners Whilst these things were acting the Megareans now tir'd out with the War they had both with the Athenians and their Exiles after many Messages backwards and forwards between the two Cities some of the Citizens of Megara incens'd against the Exiles promis'd the Athenian Commanders to betray the City To that end Hippocrates and Demosthenes the Athenian Generals by Compact with them of Megara sent in the Night Six Hundred Souldiers to the City whom the Traitors let in within the Walls But the Treachery being discover'd the Ant. Chr. 425. Magara betray'd to the Athenians People were divided into Two Factions one sided with the Athenians and the other with the Lacedemonians In the mean time one of his own accord made Proclamation that whosoever would might join with the Megareans and Athethenians The Lacedemonians thus deserted by them of Megara the Watch which was all along upon the Walls left their station and fled into the Arsinal call'd Nicea where the Megareans kept all their Naval Stores and Provisions But the Athenians intrench'd round and besieg'd the Castle and a little time after sending for Workmen from Athens compass'd in Nicea with a Wall Upon this the Peloponesians fearing they should all be put to the Sword if the Place were taken by Storm delivered up Nicea upon Conditions to the Athenians Thus stood the Affairs of Megara at this time But Brasidas with a great Army rais'd in Sparta and other Parts of Peloponesus marcht to Megara and drave the Athenians surprized with this suddain and unexpected approach out of Nicea and reduc'd the City to its former obedience Recover'd by Brasidas The Acts of Brasidas to the Lacedemonians Then he marched through Thessaly and came to Dion in Macedonia Thence going on to Acanthus he assisted the Chalcedeans and partly by Threats and partly by fair and plausible Arguments wrought upon the chief City of the Acanthians to desert the Athenians Afterwards he brought over many other of the Thracians to join as Confederates with the Lacedemonians and henceforward desiring to carry on the War with more Vigour sent for Soldiers out of Lacedemon to strengthen his Army The Spartans hereupon sent to him a Thousand of the best Souldiers amongst the * The Descendents of Slaves Ant. Chr. 425. Helots whom they had long before design'd to root out hoping most of them would be cut off in the War And there was another vile act of cruelty committed by them by which they determin'd utterly to destroy all the Helots For they made a Proclamation that whosoever of the Helots had done any service for Sparta should be made Free and to that end they should send in their Names When Two Thousand had writ their Names they order'd the most powerful and chief of the Citizens to cut all the Helots Throats in their several Houses For they were in great dread of them lest when they saw an opportunity they should join with their Enemies and so be instrumental to the ruin of Sparta However when these Helots with some other supplies from their Confederates join'd with Brasidas his Army was very Strong And thus strengthen'd he March'd P. 321. his Forces to Amphipolis Aristogoras the Milesian was the first that brought Colonies into the City when he fled from Darius the King of Persia But after Aristogoras his Death the Inhabitants were
and Symmachus to lead the Army against Aristides and Symmachus sent into Lesbos against the Exiles of Mitylene them who having passed over the Forces into Lesbos after some few Assaults took Antandrus and put part of the Exiles to the Sword and expelled the rest out of the City And after they had strenghned the Place with a Garrison they departed from Lesbos After this Lamachus with Ten Ships under his Command Sail'd for Pontus and lay with his Fleet at Heraclea and near the River Cacheta lost all his Ships For abundance of Rain falling the Rain by the violence of the Stream dash'd in Pieces all the Vessels against the Rocks lying upon the Shoar Hereupon the Athenians made a Truce with the Lacedemonians P. 323. A Truce propounded and made for a Year for a Year upon these Conditions that all that was then under the Power and Government of each other should so remain on both sides And after several Debates and Consultations it was Judged to be the wisest course to put an end to the War and those destructive Contentions between themselves for ever after That which chiefly mov'd the Lacedemonians was the earnest desire they had to release those who were taken in the Island Sphacteria Thus far the Truce went on but they could not agree concerning Scione though all other things were consented to on both sides The Contention was so hot that all Ant. Chr. 424. War continu'd further overtures of Peace were at an end and the War was still carry'd on upon the Account of Scione About this time the City Menda fell off to the Lacedemonians which caused Menda revolts to the Lacedemonians a greater heat and resolution for the keeping of Scione To this end Brasidas remov'd all the Women and Children and their best Goods out of Scione and Menda and put strong Garrisons into them The Athenians were so enraged at this that they made a Decree to put all the Sciones to the Sword when ever they took the City To that end they sent Nicias and Nicostrates with Fifty Sail against them Menda retaken They first set upon Menda which they took by the Treachery of some within Then they Besieg'd Scione compassing it round with a Wall and press'd upon Scione besieg'd by the Athenians it with continual Assaults But the Garrison in Scione being very strong and well provided with all things necessary easily defended themselves and from the top of the Walls greatly gall'd the Besiegers And these were the things done this Year The Year following Alceus governing at Athens and Opicter Lucretius and Olymp. 89. 3. Ant. Ch. 423. Lucius Sergius * Fidenas Fideniates Roman Consuls the Athenians cast the Delians out of the Island and took the City into their own Hands because they kept secret correspondence as they alledg'd with the Lacedemonians Being thus expuls'd Pharnaces the Persian Lord Lieutenant gave them the City †Or Adrametum a City in Mysia in the Lesser Asia Adramyttium to inhabit The Athenians at the same time sent forth Cleon with a great Body of Foot unto the Coasts of Thrace who arriving at Scione shipt part of them that lay before the Town and sail'd with them to Torona For he had intelligence that Brasidas was gone from those Parts and had left but few Soldiers at Torona To which Place he approached as close as he could and besieged it both by Sea and Land at length he took it by Storm and made the Women and Children Captives the Souldiers he bound in Chains and sent them to Athens having left at Torona a small Garrison he march'd with the rest of his Forces to the River Strymon in Thrace and thence to the City Scione which is distant Thirty Stages from the City Amphipolis which he fiercely assaulted But here having intelligence that Brasidas incamp'd with his Army at Amphipolis he makes against him with a swift March who being inform'd of the approach of the Enemy sets forth in Battalia to meet the Athenians whereupon they presently join'd Battel the Victory continuing very doubtful for some time where it would fall both sides bravely behaving themselves In the mean time the Generals The Battel of Amphipolis where the Generals on both sides were kill'd P. 324. fought with that Resolution as if each would gain the Victory with his own Hands and the Officers themselves with undaunted Courage rush'd into the heat of the Battel insomuch as many brave Men on both sides breathed out their last At length Brasidas fell in the Bed of Honour amongst Heaps of his Enemies slain by his own Hand Cleon likewise was slain in the thickest of the Combatants And now both Armies were at a stand and in a Consternation at the loss of their Generals but at length the Lacedemonians got the day and set up a Trophy And the Athenians upon a Truce made bury'd their Dead and sail'd back to Athens When some who return'd to Lacedemon gave an account of the Victory and Death of Brasidas it is reported that his Mother Ant. Chr. 423. asked how he behaved himself in the Battel To whom Answer was made That he went beyond all the Lacedemonians Upon which she replied Her Son Brasidas was an Honest and Good Man but much inferiour to many other Spartans in Valour What she said being nois'd through the City the Ephori decreed her publick Honours because she prefer'd the Glory of her Country before the particular praise of her Son After this Battel the Athenians determin'd to make Peace concluded Peace with the Lacedemonians for Fifty Years and did so upon these Conditions that the Prisoners on both sides should be discharg'd and that the Cities taken in the War should be restored And so the Peloponesian War that had now continu'd Ten Years of the Peloponesian War Ten Years was in this manner ended at this time CHAP. VIII The continuance of the Peloponesian War The War by the Romans against the Fidinates for putting their Ambassadors to death The Quarrels between the Aegistines and the Seluntines in Sicily The Expedition of the Athenians against Sicily under Nicias being the Sixteenth Year of the Peloponesian War ARiston was Archon at Athens when the Romans committed the Consulship Olymp. 89. 4. Ant. Chr. 422. New Commotions to Titus Quintius and Aulus Cornelius Cossus The Peloponesian War was scarcely ended when new Commotions and Dissentions broke out afresh occasion'd as follows The Athenians and Spartans with the common Consent of all their Confederates had enter'd into Terms of Truce and Peace But in the mean time they privately confederated in a League Offensive and Defensive without taking in the Cities that had sided with either Party which rais'd a suspicion as if there was a Design laid by this secret Association to inslave all The Cities confederate both against Athens and Sparta Ant. Chr. 422. Greece And therefore the chiefest Cities in Greece sent one to another
For whereas they might before have easily made Theramenes and the rest of his Party their Patrons and Advocats in the Accusations laid against them being Men that were excellent Speakers and of great Interest and that which was most considerable were best acquainted with every thing that was done in the Battle Now on the contrary they had so Ant. Chr. 403. far disoblig'd 'em that they became their most bitter Enemies and Prosecutors For when the Letters were read to the People they were presently all on fire against Theramenes But he having clear'd himself their Rage was all turn'd again upon the other Officers The People therefore assign'd 'em a Day to be heard and order'd the Forces to be deliver'd over to Conon whom they exempted from this Bill all the rest they commanded by an Absolute Decree forthwith to return Among whom Aristogenes and Protomachus fearing the Rage of the People fled But Thrasyllus Calliades Lysias Pericles and Aristocrates return'd to Athens with agreat number of Ships upon this Confidence that by the Mediation of those they had brought along with them who were very many they should be acquit But after the Assembly came together the People yielded a quick Ear to the Accusations and whatever the * The Orators or Counsel for the People Demagogues said it was well taken but when the Accus'd began to speak a Tumult arose and they could not be heard in their own Defence And besides the Relations of them that were kill'd did no little further their Ruin who came weeping and wailing into the Senate earnestly desiring that the Commanders might suffer for their Neglect The Brave Athenian Officers put to Death by the People in not Burying them who had valiantly lost their Lives for their Country At length the Friends of the Dead and those that prosecuted with Theramenes of whom many were then present prevail'd And thereupon the Commanders were condemn'd to die and their Estates to be conficate Sentence being thus given just as they were leading to Execution by the ‖ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sheriffs Lictors Diomedon one of them an Excellent Souldier and reputed a Just Man and Eminent in all other Virtuous Qualifications stood up and Silence being made through the whole Assembly thus began Ye Men The Speech of Diomedon of Athens we heartily wish that the Sentence now pronounc'd against us may issue in the Prosperity and Happiness of this City But since Fortune has prevented us Ant. Ch. 403. from paying our Vows and giving Thanks to the Gods for the Victory 't is most just and fit You should perform it See therefore that Ye do it to Jove to Apollo and P. 387. the Glorious Goddesses for by Prayers to them we have overcome the Enemy When he had said this he was hurry'd away with the rest to Execution many of the Best of the Citizens bemoaning his Fate with Tears For he who now went to suffer never in the least complain'd of the Hardness of his Case but only advis'd his Countrymen who then acted so wickedly to make their Addresses to the Gods which was a clear Indication of a Man of a Pious and Generous Spirit little deserving such base and unworthy Usage In short the Eleven Commanders were all put to Death by the Officers appointed by Law tho' they had never done the City the least Injury but on the contrary benefited their Country by a Victory gain'd in a Sea-Fight the Greatest that was ever fought by Grecians against Grecians and besides were Men whose Valour had been remarkable in several Battles and who had had Statues before erected in Memory of their Victories The People were then so desperately mad and Ant. Ch. 403. enrag'd by the Orators beyond all Bounds of Justice that they gratify'd their Anger and Revenge upon Men that were not only Innocent but deserv'd rather Honour and Rewards But not long after both the Accusers that stir'd up the People and the People themselves who gave Credit to their Criminations sorely Repented of what was done as if God himself had taken Revenge of them for the Fact For they that were so willing to be deluded by these Malicious Instigations not long after receiv'd the Reward of their Folly when not One but thirty Domineering Masters were by force set over them Then was Callixeus he that gave Sentence of Death against the Accus'd upon this Change of the People charg'd as one that had deceiv'd them and without being admitted to any Defence was Committed and carry'd to the Common-Goal but by the help of some Friends breaking through the Walls he fled to the Enemy at Deoelea so that by the Avoiding of Death at this time he was pointed at as it were by the Finger for his Notorious Wickedness not only at Athens but amongst all the other Grecians abroad all the Days of his Life after These are almost all the Things that are reported to be done this Year Amongst Philistus the Historian the Writers Philistus concludes the First Part of the Affairs of Sicily with this Year and with the Taking of Agrigentum comprehending in seven Volumes the History of above Eight hundred Years He begins the other Part where the former ended and proceeds in his Relations contain'd in four Books About this Time died Sophocles the Death of Sophocles Tragedian the Son of Theophilus ninety Years of Age. He gain'd eighteen Victories upon the Stage It 's reported of him That when he Acted his last Tragedy and Euripides came off Conqueror he fell into so violent a Laughter that he fell down dead Appollodorus Ant. Chr. 403. a Writer of Chronicles reports that Euripides likewise died this Year But others relate That being entertain'd with Archelaus King of Macedonia once walking abroad into the Fields some Dogs met him by whom he was torn in pieces and so miserably perish'd a little before this Year CHAP. XV. Lysander made Sole Admiral of the Lacedemonian Fleet. He takes Caramium The Ruin of the Athenian Fleet at Aegos Potamos Athens taken by Lysander The End of the Peloponesian War THE Year next before being ended Alexias was made Archon of Athens this Year Olymp. 93. 4. and at Rome three Military Tribunes again executed the Places of Consuls Caius Julius Publius Cornelius and Caius Servilius During their Magistracy after the Commanders An. M. 3567. were put to Death the Athenians made Philocles General of the Army and Ant. Chr. 403. delivering the Fleet to him sent him away to Conon Commissioning them with a Philocles and Conon joyntly Commission'd Joynt-Power in the Management of the War When he came to Conon at Samos he Man'd all the Ships to the number of an hundred seventy three Twenty of these he left there and with the rest he and Conon set Sail for the Hellespont Lysander in the mean time High-Admiral of the Lacedemonian Fleet with 35 Sail P. 388. which he had got
by Peace made Ant. Ch. 361. reason of the implacable Hatred they bore the Messineans would not subscribe the Articles of Peace And therefore they of all the Grecians were the only Men that swore not to the League As to the Writers in this year Xenophon the Athenian concludes his History of the Wars of Greece with the death of Epaminondas Anaximenes likewise Xenophon ' s History ends Anaximenes of Lampsacus writ the First Part of his History of the Grecian Affairs * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from the Origin of the Gods and the First Being of Mankind to the Battle of Mantinea and the death of Epaminondas containing almost all the Affairs both of the Grecians and Barbarians in Twelve Volumes Lastly Philistus who writ the History of Dionysius the younger in Two Books ends them here CHAP. XI A Defection from the Persians in Asia Tachos King of Aegypt declares War against the Persians The War between Tachos and his Son Nectabanus The Death of Artaxerxes Mnemon Agesilaus Routs the Aegyptians that pursu'd him and restores Tachos to his Kingdom Stirs again in Greece after the Battle of Mantinea between the Megalopolitans and the Neighbouring Towns Peparethos Besieg'd by Alexander of Pherea He Routs Leosthenes at Sea Charietes the Athenian Admiral his Villanies THIS Year Molon was Lord Chancellor of Athens and Lucius Genucius and Quintus Olymp. 1â—4 3. Ant. Ch. 360. Servilius Roman Consuls In their times the Inhabitants of the Sea Coasts of Asia made a defection from the Persians and some of the Governors of the Provinces and Chief Commanders began new Broils and rose up in Arms against Artaxerxes Tachos likewise King of Aegypt declar'd War against the Persians and imploy'd Tachos the Aegyptian King declares War against the Persians himself in Building of Ships and raising of Land Forces he brought over also the Lacedemonians to join with him and hir'd many Soldiers out of the Cities of Greece For the Spartans bore a grudge against Artaxerxes because he had order'd the Messinians to be comprehended in the publick League among the Grecians This great Conspiracy caus'd the Persian King likewise to bestir himself to raise Forces For he was to ingage in a War with the King of Aegypt the Grecian Cities in Asia the Lacedemonians and their Confederates and the Lord Lieutenants and Chief Commanders of The Persian Lord Licutenants Conspire against Artaxerxes Ant. Ch. 360. P. 505. the Sea Coasts all at one and the same time Among these Ariobarzanes Lord Lieutenant of Phrygia was Chiefest who had possess'd himself of the Kingdom of Mithridates after his Death With him join'd Mausolus Prince of Caria who had many considerable Towns and Castles under his Command the Metropolis of which was Halicarnassus wherein was a most stately Citadel the Royal Seat or Palace of Caria and with these were Confederated Orontes Governor of Mysia and Autophrodates of Lydia and of the Ionian Nation the Lycians Pisidians Pamphylians and Cilicians and besides them the Syrians and Phenicians and almost all that border'd upon the Asiatick Sea by this great defection the King lost one half of his Revenues and what remain'd was not sufficient to defray the necessary charges of the War They who fell off from the King made Orontes General of the Army who after he had receiv'd the Command and Moneys enough to pay Twenty thousand hir'd Soldiers for one whole Year betray'd the Confederates that had so intrusted him For Orontes betrays all the Confederates being corrupted with large Bribes and promis'd to be the only Governour of all the Provinces bordering upon the Sea if he would deliver up the Rebels into the power of the King he was wrought upon and in the execution of his Treachery he first Seiz'd upon them that brought him the Money and sent them Prisoners to the King and then betray'd several Cities and Companies of hir'd Soldiers to such Lieutenants as the King had sent into those parts The like Treachery happen'd in Capadocia which was accompany'd with something more than ordinary remarkable Artabazus the King of Persia's General had invaded Capadocia with a great Army whom Datamis the Governour of that Province oppos'd with a strong Body of Horse and Twenty thousand Foot of Mercenaries The Father in Law of Datamis and General of his Horse to ingratiate himself with the King and provide for his own safety stole away in the Night with the Horse to Artabazus having so agreed with him the Day before Datamis encouraging his Mercenaries to be faithful to him by promises to Reward them liberally with all speed March'd after these Treacherous Rascals and overtook them just as they were Ant. Ch. 360 The treachery of Mithrobarzanes against Datamis in Cappadocia joyning the Enemy Upon which the Soldiers of Artabazus likewise fell upon these Runnagate Horse and kill'd all before them For Artabazus at the first being Ignorant not knowing the meaning of the thing thought that he who had betray'd Datamis was now acting a new piece of Treason therefore he Commanded his Soldiers to fall upon the Horse that were advancing towards them and not spare a Man So that Mithrobarzanes for that was the Traytor 's Name being got between them that took him for a Traytor and those that pursu'd him as one that they knew was really such was in an inextricable Labyrinth Being therefore in this strait and having no time The strait he was brought into now further to Consider he made it his business to defend himself with all the Resolution imaginable and so ply'd both parties that he made a great slaughter amongst ' em At length Ten thousand Men and upwards being kill'd Datamis put the rest to Flight and Cut off in the pursuit great numbers of them and at length caus'd the Trumpet to sound a Retreat and call'd off his Men. Some of the Horsemen that surviv'd return'd to Datamis and begg'd for pardon the rest wander'd about and knew not whither to turn themselves But Datamis caus'd his Army to surround Five hundred of those Traytors and to dart them to Death And tho' he had formerly gain'd the reputation of an excellent Soldier yet now by this instance of his Valour and prudent Conduct his Name grew much more famous than before Artaxerxes the King being inform'd of this Stratagem made all the haste he could to be rid of Datamis and within a short time after cut him off by an Ambuscade Whilst these things were in acting Rheomithres was sent by the Rebels into Aegypt to Ant. Ch. 360 Tacho the King and having receiv'd Five hundred Talents and Fifty Sail of Men of War he return'd to Leucas in Asia and sending for many of the revolting Lords and Officers to come to him thither he laid hold of them and sent them all away Prisoners to the King and by this piece of Treachery regain'd the King's favour who was formerly much displeas'd with him Now Tacho King of
fought which continu'd Ant. Ch. 336. a long time with great Slaughter on both sides uncertain which way Victory would incline until Alexander earnest to give an Indication of his Valour to his Father charg'd with a more than ordinary Heat and Vigour and being assisted with many stout and brave Men was the first that broke through the main Body of the Enemy next to him with the slaughter of many and bore down all before him And when those that seconded him did the like then the Regiments next to the Former were broke to pieces At length the Earth being strew'd with heaps of Dead Carkasses those with Alexander first put the Wing oppos'd to them to flight The King himself likewise in the Head of this Regiment fought with no less Courage and Resolution and that the Glory of the Victory might not be attributed to his Son he forc'd the Enemy oppos'd to him to give ground and at length put them to a total Rout and so was the chief Instrument of the Victory There were above a Thousand Athenians killed in this Battel and no fewer than Two thousand taken Prisoners A great Number likewise of the Boeotians were slain and many fell into the Hands of the Enemy After the Battel Philip set up a Trophy and having given Liberty for the burying of the Dead he Sacrific'd to the Gods for the Victory and distributed Rewards to the Soldiers who had signaliz'd their Valour according as every one had deserv'd Some report that Philip having appointed a Wanton and Luxurious Banquet with his Friends in Ostentation of his Victory in his Cups passing through the Throng of the Prisoners most contumeliously taunted the miserable Wretches with their Misfortune Ant. Ch. 336. Whereupon Demades the Orator one of the Captives spoke boldly to him and fram'd Demades rebukes Philip. a Discourse in order to curb the Pride and Petulancy of the King in Words to this effect Since Fortune O King has represented thee like Agamemnon art thou not asham'd to act a part of Thersites With this sharp Reproof they say Philip was so startled that he wholly chang'd his former Course and not only laid aside the Coronets and all other Badges of Pride and Wantonness that attended his Festivals but with Admiration releas'd Philip reform'd the Man that had reprehended him and advanc'd him to Places of Honour In conclusion he became so far Complaisant and moulded into the Civilities of Athens through his Converse with Demades that he releas'd all the Captives without Ransom And remitting his Pride and Haughtiness the constant Attendant upon Victory he sent Ambassadors to Athens and renew'd the Peace with them And placing a Garison in Thebes made Peace likewise with the Boeotians After this Overthrow the Athenians put to Death Lysides the General of the Army upon the Accusation of Lycurgus who was the most highly preferr'd of any of the Orators of that Age he had executed the Office of Lord-Treasurer of the City with great Commendation for the space of Twelve years and all his Life long had been in great Reputation for his Virtue and Honesty But a most bitter Accuser The Excellency and Sharpness of whose Speech if any desire to know he may best judge by his words us'd against Lycides which follow O Lycides thou wast the General of the Army and tho' a Thousand Citizens are The Speech of Lycurgus slain two Thousand taken Prisoners a Trophy erected to the Dishonour of this City and all Greece inslav'd and all this done thou being Captain and General yet dar'st Live and view the Light of the Sun and blushest not to shew thy Face in the Forum thou who art born the Monument of thy Country's Shame and Dishonour A thing very remarkable hapned at this time For when this Battel was fought at Cheronea the same Day and Hour another was fought in Italy between the Tarentines and Lycanians A Battel in Italy and at Cheronea one and the same day in which Archidamus the King of Lacedaemon was slain who had reign'd Three and twenty years Agis his Son succeeded him and Govern'd nine years About that time likewise dy'd Timotheus Prince of Heraclea in Pontus in the Fifteenth year of his Principality whose Brother Dionysius succeeded and reign'd Two and thirty years Phrynichus bore the Office of chief Magistrate of Athens and Titus Manlius Torquatus and Olymp. 110. 4. Ant. Ch. 335. An. M. 3608. Publius Decius were invested with the Consular Dignity at Rome when Philip bearing his Crest high upon the account of his Victory at Cheronea and having struck a Terror into the most Eminent Cities of Greece made it his great Business to be chosen Generalissimo of all Greece It being therefore nois'd abroad that he would make War upon the Persians for the Advantage of the Graecians and that he would revenge the Impiety by them committed against the Sacreds of the Gods he presently wan the Hearts of the Graecians He was very Liberal and Courteous likewise to all both private Men and Communities and publish'd to the Cities that he had a Desire to Consult with them concerning Matters relating to the Publick Good Whereupon a General Council was call'd and Ant. Ch. 335. held at Corinth where he declar'd his Design to make War upon the Persians and what probable grounds there were of Success and therefore desir'd the Council to join with him as Confederates in the War At length he was created General of all Greece with absolute Power and thereupon Philip made General of Greece he made mighty preparation for that Expedition and having order'd what Quota of Men every City should send forth he return'd into Macedonia And thus stood the Affairs and Concerns of Philip. In Sicily Timoleon after he had settl'd all things in right and due Order in Syracuse Timoleon dies dy'd having govern'd Eight years The Syracusians who highly honour'd him for the many great Services done to their Country bury'd him in great State and Pomp and when the Body was to be brought forth great multitudes were got together and the Syracusians publish'd a Decree that Two hundred * A Mina is 3 l. 2 s. 6 d. Mina's should be expended upon the Charge of his Funeral and that his Memory should be honour'd yearly for ever with Musick Horse-Coursing and Gymnick Sports for that he had subdu'd the Barbarians planted Colonies in the greatest Greek City in Sicily and rescu'd the Sicilians from Slavery About this time * King of Pontus Ariorarxanes dy'd in the Twenty sixth year of his Reign and was succeeded by Methridates who Reign'd Five and thirty Years At the same time the Romans fought with the Latins and Campanians near the City Suessa and routed them and confiscated part of their Lands And Manlius the Consul who gain'd the Day triumph'd for the Victory CHAP. XV. Philip consults the Oracle at Delphos Marries his Daughter Cleopatra to the King of Epirus Encourag'd to
King and the Enemy and receiv'd all the Darts upon his own Body that were cast at him and so dy'd upon the Spot The manner of his Death being nois'd abroad Attalus one of the Courtiers and in great esteem with the King invited the other Pausianas to a Feast and after he had made him drunk expos'd his Body thus over-charg'd with Wine to be †By Sodomy abus'd by the Filthy Lusts of a Company of base * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Mule-tenders or Ostlers Sordid Fellows When he was Sober he was highly enrag'd at the abominable Abuse and complain'd against Attalus to the King who though he was much offended at the Wickedness of the Fact yet by reason of his Relation to him and that he had present occasion to make use of him in his Service he would not punish him For he was Uncle to Cleopatra whom the King had marry'd as his Second Wife and was design'd General of the Army sent before into Asia being a very stout and valiant Man To pacify therefore Pausanias whose Spirit was highly Exasperated for the intolerable Injury offer'd him he bestow'd on him many rich Gifts and advanc'd him to a more Honourable Post in his Guards But Pausanias's Anger was implacable and therefore determin'd not only to revenge himself upon the Author of this Abuse but upon him that wav'd doing him Justice by the inflicting of Punishment And Hermocrates the Sophist greatly confirm'd him in this his Resolution For Pausanias conversing with him and in Discourse asking him by what means a Man might make himself most famous The Philosopher answer'd by killing him that has done the greatest things for whenever he is nam'd then he likewise that kill'd him will be sure to be remember'd Pausanias making use of this Answer as an incentive to his Rage the Restlessness of his disturb'd Spirit would admit of no further delay but laid his Design in the time of the Festivals in this manner He first plac'd Horses at the Gates of the City then he himself return'd and stood at the Entrance into the Theatre with a Gallick Sword hid secretly under his Coat Philip commanded his Friends that came along with him to go before him into the Theatre and his Guard were at a considerable distance from him Whereupon the Traytor perceiving that the King was Justin Lib. 8 9 alone ran him into the side through the Body and laid him dead at his Feet and forthwith fled to the Horses that were prepar'd for him at the Gates Hereupon presently some of the Life-Guard ran in to the Body others pursu'd the Assassinate amongst whom were Leonnatus Perdiccas and Attalus Pausanias made so swiftly away and nimbly mounted his Horse that he had certainly escap'd but that a Branch of a Vine caught hold of the Heel of his Shoe and so entangl'd him that down he fell Upon which Perdiccas with his Fellows fell upon him as he was endeavouring to rise and after many Wounds given him there slew him And thus Philip the most Potent of all the Kings in Europe in that Age and who for the Greatness of his Dominion associated himself for Majesty into the number of the Twelve Gods came to his end after he had Reign'd about Four and twenty Years This King from very small Beginnings gain'd the largest Dominion in Greece and is judg'd to have enlarg'd the Bounds of his Kingdom not so much by Arms as by his fair Tongue and his complaisant and courteous Demeanour towards all he had to deal with For it is reported That Philip himself would often boast more of his Military Art and Policy and of the gaining of his Enemies by fair Words than in the Strength and Valour of his Soldiers For he was us'd to say That the Honour of winning of Battels was common and due to the rest of the Army with himself but the Praise and Commendation due to Affability and a pleasant Converse was peculiar to himself alone And thus being now come to the Death of Philip we shall end this Book as we at first design'd The following we shall begin with the Succession of Alexander into his Father's Kingdom and endeavour to comprehend all his Actions in one Book BOOK XVII THE former Book being the Sixteenth of our History began with the PREFACE Reign of Philip the Son of Amyntas and comprehended not only the Things done by him to the very Day of his Death but the Actions and Affairs of other Kings Cities and Countries during the space of Four and twenty Years Being now in this to declare what follow'd we shall begin with the Reign of Alexander and in treating of the Actions of this Prince from the Beginning to the End we shall take along with us the most remarkable Things done through all Parts of the World And the Relations we conceive will be the better remembred if Things be methodically digested as it were into distinct Heads so as that the Beginning and End may as by one Thread be knit one to the other For this King did great Things in a very short time and excell'd all the Princes that ever were before him in his wonderful Atchievements effected by his own Valour and Policy For he Conquer'd a great Part of Europe and almost all Asia within the space of Twelve Years So that his Fame was deservedly advanc'd to that degree that in Glory he surmounted all the Heroes and Semigods But we need not we judge in a Preface anticipate any of the worthy Actions of this King for the particular Relations themselves will sufficiently evidence his Greatness and the Fame and Glory of his Name Alexander therefore descended from Hercules on the Father's side and from Achilles on the Mother's seem'd to derive his Valoâ—r as well as his Person from such Famous Ancestors The Time thus stated for this present Relation we return to the Course of our History CHAP. I. Conspiracies of the Cities against Alexander The Athenians send Ambassadors to Alexander to beg Pardon He 's made General by the Amphictyons Attalus kill'd by Alexander's Command The Wickedness of Bagoas Darius commended Raises Forces A Description of Mount Ida. Alexander invades the Illyrians and others Thebes besieg'd by Alexander and raz'd The Miseries of Thebes Prodigies Alexander demands Demosthenes and others to be deliver'd up to him by the Athenians Their Answer He returns into Macedonia and Feasts his Soldiers WHEN Evaenetus was Lord Chancellor in Athens and Lucius Furius and Olymp. 111. 2. Ant. Ch. 333. An. M. 361. Caius * Maenius Manlius were Roman Consuls Alexander ascended the Throne and in the first place executed Justice upon the Murtherers of his Father And when he had with great care celebrated his Funerals he set in order the Concerns of the Kingdom much better than most expected For being very young and upon that account despis'd he sought first to win the Common People by fair Words and courteous Addresses Amongst others he told them
by Instruments hoist up and so let down into these Vaults In this Citadel were many stately Lodgings both for the King and his Soldiers of excellent Workmanship and Treasury Chambers most commodiously contriv'd for the laying up of Money Here Alexander made a sumptuous Feast for the Entertainment of his Friends in Commemoration Alexander Feasts at Persepolis of his Victory and offer'd magnificent Sacrifices to the Gods At this Feast were entertain'd Whores who prostituted their Bodies for Hire where the Cups went so high and the Reins so let loose to Drunkenness and Debauchery that many were both drunk and mad Among the rest at that time there was a Curtesan call'd Thais an Athenian that said Alexander would perform the most glorious Act of any that ever he did if while he was Feasting with them he would burn the Palace and so the Glory and Renown of Persia might be said to be brought to nothing in a moment by the Hands of Women This spreading abroad and coming to the Ears of the young Men who commonly make little use of Reason when Drink is in their Heads presently one crys Ant. Ch. 328. out Come on bring us Fire-brands and so incites the rest to Fire the Citadel to revenge that Impiety the Persians had committed in destroying the Temples of the Grecians At this others with joy set up a shout but said That so brave an Exploit belong'd only to Alexander to perform The King stirr'd up at these Words embrac'd the Motion upon which as many as were present left their Cups and leap'd from the Table and said That they would now celebrate a victorious Festival to Bacchus Hereupon multitudes of Firebrands were presently got together and all the Women that play'd on Musical Instruments which were at the Feast were call'd for and then the King with Songs Pipes and Flutes bravely led the way to this noble Expedition contriv'd and manag'd by this Whore Thais who next after the King threw the first Firebrand into the Palace This President was presently follow'd by the rest so that in a very short time the whole Fabrick by the Violence of the Fire was consum'd to Ashes Persepolis burnt It 's very observable and not without just admiration that the Sacrilege and Impiety of Xerxes King of Persia exercised in his destroying the Citadel of Athens should so many years after be reveng'd in the same kind by one Curtesan only of that City that was so injur'd After these things thus done Alexander marches against the rest of the Persian Cities and having taken in some by Force and others surrender'd upon the Fame and Report of his Lâ—nity and Moderation he made after Darius who had begun to raise Forces out Ant. Ch. 328. of Bactria and other Provinces but being prevented by the March of the Enemy he made away with all speed out of Bactria with Thirty thousand Persians and Mercenary Greeks and in his return was treacherously Murther'd by Bessus the Lord-Lieutenant of Bactria He was scarce dead when Alexander with a Party of Light Horse came up to Darius murder'd the Place where he lay and there finding him caus'd him to be honourably interr'd But some do report that Alexander finding him yet alive Darius complain'd of his sad Misfortune and desir'd him that he would see his Death reveng'd which Alexander faithfully promis'd He forthwith indeed pursu'd Bessus but he being a long way before him escap'd into Bactria so that considering it was not possible to overtake him he march'd back This was the State of Affairs in Asia In Europe the Lacedaemonians being routed in a great Battel by Antipater were forc'd to send Ambassadors to him who put them off till the meeting of the General Assembly of Greece which afterwards met at Corinth where after many things were Banded and Disputed on both sides the Matter was at length left to the Decision of Alexander Hereupon Antipater receiv'd the chiefest of the Nobility of Sparta as Hostages and the Lacedaemonians sent Ambassadors into Asia to beg Pardon for their late Revolt CHAP. VIII Bessus stirs up the Bactrians Alexander discharges the Greek Auxiliaries with Rewards The River Stiboetes He enters Hircania Its Richness Enters the Mardis Country Loses his brave Horse but is restor'd Thalestris the Amazon Queen meets him He falls into the Effeminacy of the Persians Enters Drangina A Plot against Alexander Philotas and others put to Death Marches against the Arimispi Subdues Arachosia WHen this Year ended Cephisophon executed the Office of Chief Magistrate at Olymp p. 112. 4. Ant. Ch. 327. An. M. 3621. Athens and Caius Valerius and Marcus Claudius were created Roman Consuls At that time Bessus with Naâ—arzanes and Barxaentes and many others after the Death of Darius having escap'd the hands of Alexander came into Bactria And in regard he was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of this Country by Darius and upon that account was Bessus stirs up the Bactrians 〈◊〉 is own'd as King well known by the Inhabitants he persuaded the People to stand up for their Liberty and told them That the Situation and Condition of their Country was such being full of difficult Passes and very Populous that they had an extraordinary advantage to succeed in the Attempt and promised that he himself would take upon him the whole Management of the War Hereupon he so far prevail'd that he got a considerable Number to join with him and to own him for King Then he Listed Men prepar'd Arms and procur'd whatever was necessary for the present State of his Affairs In the mean time Alexander perceiving that the Macedonians had a design to end the War with the Death of Darius and to return to their own Country he call'd them together and so courted them by an Oration fitted for the purpose that he prevail'd with them readily to go on with the Expeditions that then yet remain'd Then he call'd together all the Greek Auxiliaries and having highly commended them for their Valour bestow'd upon every Horseman as a Reward a Talent and every Footman Ten * Ten Minas 31 l. 5 s. Alexander discharges the Greek Auxiliaries and rewards them Ant. Ch. 327. Minas and discharg'd them from further Service in the Army And over and besides he paid to every one of them what was due to them for their common Pay and gave them likewise sufficient Provision to carry them into their own Country and to every one that was willing still to continue in the Army he gave Three Talents He gave indeed large Rewards to the Soldiers being naturally of a generous Disposition and besides in pursuing Darius had possess'd himself of a vast Treasure For he had receiv'd Eight thousand Talents out of the Treasures and besides what he gave to the Soldiers he rais'd Thirteen thousand Talents by sale of the Cups Flaggons and Furniture And it was believ'd that what was stollen and taken away by force was much more Having done this he march'd with his
likewise Purple Gowns upon his Friends and cloath'd all his Horsemen in the Persian Habit. He began likewise to carry his Concubines along with him from place to place as Darius us'd to do who had almost as many as the Days in the Year and were the greatest Beauties that could be found throughout all Asia These stood round the King's Bed every Night that he might take his choice of whom he pleas'd to lie with him However for the most part he follow'd the ancient Customs of his Ancestors and us'd the other but seldom lest he should offend the Macedonians and when some notwithstanding complain'd of the King he stopp'd their Mouths with Gifts and Bribes About this time Intelligence was brought him that Satibarzanes one of Darius his Lord Lieutenants had kill'd all the Soldiers he had committed to his Charge and was join'd in Conspiracy with Bessus to make War upon the Macedonians whereupon he march'd out against him Satibarzanes had got all his Forces together into Chrotacana a most Noble City in those Parts and naturally fortify'd but as soon as the King came in sight being terrify'd with the Greatness of the King's Army and the Valour of the Macedonians which was now cry'd up all the World over he hasted away with Two thousand Horse to Bessus to procure help from him with all speed The rest of his Forces he ordered to make to a Ant. Ch. 327. Mountain near at hand which was full of straight Passes and where they might lye close and secure when they durst not Engage with the Enemy in the open Field Upon this the King was so intent and diligent as he always was that though they had shelter'd themselves in a large Rock and naturally strong yet he reduc'd the Besieg'd to those streights as that he forc'd them to Surrender themselves Afterwards having reduc'd all the Cities in this Province in the space of Thirty days he left Hircania and came to the Royal City of * Drangina where he Encamp'd and refresh'd In the Province of Drangiana â—n Persia his Army About tâ—is time a most wicked Plot was laid against Alexander very unworthy the A Plot against Alexander Goodness of his Disposition For one of the King's Friends call'd Dimnus blaming the King for something he had done and thereupon become Enrag'd at him contriv'd to Assassinate him This Man had a Catamite call'd Nicomachus whom he dearly lov'd him he went about to persuade to join with him in this Wicked Design But being a very young Youth he discover'd the whole Business to his Brother Cebalinus who fearing lest some other should be before him in the Discovery resolv'd to make the first Discovery to the King Thereupon he goes to the Court and first meets Philotas and acquaints him with what he had heard and intreats him to inform the King what was hatching out of hand Philocas whether through Covetousness or that he was one of the Conspirators it 's not certain minded not to make the Discovery of what had been imparted to him For though he went in to the King and had a long Discourse with him of divers matters Ant. Ch 327. yet he told him nothing of what Cebalinus had related to him But when he came out told Cebalinus that he had not had as yet a fit Opportunity for opening of the Matter to the King but that the next Day he would take him aside by himself and discover all that Cebalinus had made known to him Philotas neglecting the Business the next Day also Cebalinus was afraid lest if it should be discover'd by some other Person and so he himself should be in great danger Therefore he wav'd Philotas and goes to one of the King's Pages and tells him the whole Plot wishing him forthwith to acquaint the King and then withdraws himself into the Armory and there lay private The Page took the Opportunity when the King was in the Bath and related to him the whole Matter told him by Cebalinus and that he then lay hid and secret in the Armory At this the King was greatly staâ—tled and forthwith order'd Dimnus to be seiz'd and now fully inform'd of the Conspiracy sent for Cebalinus and Philotas When every thing after strict Examination was fully discover'd Dimnus stabb'd himself Philotas confess'd his Neglect in not making the Discovery but utterly deny'd that he had any hand in the Conspiracy The King hereupon committed the Examination of the Business to the Judgment of the Macedonians who after many Arguments and Debates Pro and Con condemn'd Philotas and the rest of the Conspirators to die amongst whom was Parmenio who was ever thought to have been one of the King 's most faithful Friends And though he was not Ant. Ch. 327. then present himself yet it was suspected that he manag'd the Business by his Son Philotas Philotas therefore being put upon the Rack confess'd the whole Plot and so he and the other Conspirators were put to Death according to the manner of their Philotas put to Death own Country Alexander Lyncestes also who was before accus'd of a Conspiracy against the King suffer'd in the same manner He had been now three years in custody but his Trial was deferr'd to that time for the sake of Antigonus who had a great kindness for him and between whom there was a particular Friendship and Familiarity But being then brought before the Macedonian Senate and having nothing by way of Plea to say for himself he was Executed with the rest Then Alexander dispatch'd some away upon Dromadary Camels to prevent the Report of Philotas his Punishment and by that means caus'd Parmenio the Father of Philotas to be seiz'd unawares and put to Death he was then Governor of Media and was intrusted with the King's Treasures in Ecbatana which amounted to an Hundred and Fourscore thousand Talents About the same time he sever'd from the rest of his Army all such as had given out harsh Expressions against him and grumbl'd at the Death of Parmenio and all those who had written false and scandalous Letters to their Friends in Macedonia relating to the King's Affairs All these he cast into one Company or Regiment which he call'd the * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Unruly Company lest by their unseasonable Jangling and Prating they should corrupt the rest of the Macedonians After these things thus done and that he had settl'd his Affairs in Drangina he march'd against the Arimaspi as they were anciently call'd but now * Benefactors Evergetae which Name was given them upon the following account Cyrus who was the first that translated the Empire from the Medes to the Persians in a certain Expedition he had undertaken being brought into great Extremity in a barren Country for want of Provision insomuch as the Ant Ch. 327. Soldiers to satisfy their Hunger were forc'd to eat the Flesh one of another the Arimispi at that time brought to his Army Thirty thousand Carts
the things done by Alexander to the time of his Death This present Book relating the Actions of those who succeeded ends with the Year next before the Reign of Agathocles which makes an History of Seven Years CHAP. I. Quarrels about a Successor to Alexander Arideus made King The Provinces divided amongst the Chief Commanders Matters contain'd in Alexander's Note-Books Meleager executed by Perdiccas The Grecians revolt A Description of Asia Pithon sent against the revolting Grecians who were all cut off The Lamian War The cause of it Alexander's Epistle to the Exiles Leosthenes the Athenian General Lamia besieg'd Leosthenes kill'd Antiphilus plac'd in his room WHen Cephisodorus was Chief Magistrate of Athens the Romans created Olymp. 114. 2. Ant. Ch. 321. Lucius Furius and Decius Jovius Consuls About which time Alexander being now dead without Issue and so the Government without a Head there arose great Dissentions and Differences about the Empire For the * The Macedonian Phalanx Foot were for setting up of †Arideus the Son of Philip by one Philima of Larissa a Strumpet Justin l. 13. c. 2. Plut. Arideus the Son of Philip a weak-spirited Man labouring under many natural Infirmities But the Chiefest of the Nobility and Esquires of the Body met together in Council and being join'd with the Squadron of Horse call'd the Social they resolv'd to try it out with the Macedonian Phalanx Therefore they sent the most eminent Commanders among whom Meleager was the Chief to the Foot to require them to observe Commands But Meleager who was the most Eminent Man of the Phalanx as soon as he came to the Battalion which was of the greatest Account and Esteem in the Army he said nothing at all of the Business for which they were sent but on the contrary highly commended them for their Choice and stirr'd them up against the Opposers Whereupon the Macedonians created Meleager their Captain and with their Arms made out against the contrary Party Ant. Ch. 321. Those of the King's Life-guard and Esquires of the Body march'd likewise out of Babylon in order to fight but the most Interested and Popular Men amongst them endeavour'd all they could to make Peace on both sides Upon which it was presently agreed Arideus made King that Arideus the Son of Philip should be made King and call'd Philip and that Perdiccas to whom the late King when he was upon the point of death deliver'd his Ring should be invested with the * Lord Protecter Executive Power of the Kingdom and order'd that the Esquires of the Body and the Chief Commanders should govern the Provinces and all be observant to the Commands of the King and Perdiccas Arideus being thus made King he call'd together a General Council of the chief Commanders The Provinces divided and to Ptolomeus Lagus he committed the Government of Aegypt to Laomedon of Mitylene Syria to Philotas Cilicia to Python Media to Eumenes Cappadocia and Paphlagonia and the bordering Countries which were never entred by Alexander all the time of his Wars with Darius through want of convenient Opportunity To Antigonus he assign'd the Command of Lycia and the greater Phrygia to Cassander Caria to * Meleager for Menander Ush Ann 290 Arrian lib. 3. p. 56. Meleager Lydia to Leonatus Phrygia all along the Coast of the Hellespont And in this manner were the Provinces divided In Europe Thrace with the Nations bordering upon the Sea of Pontus were committed to Lysimachus and Macedonia with those bordering upon it to Antipater As for the rest of the Asian Provinces it was thought most adviseable not to alter but to leave them under the Government of the former Lord Lieutenants The Province next adjoining was intrusted with Taxilis and the Kings bordering upon him But the Province adjoining to Mount Caucasus call'd Parapamisus was assign'd to Oxiertes Ant. Ch. 321. King of the Bactrians whose Daughter Rhoxana Alexander had marry'd Arachesia and Gedrosia to Sybirtius Ariana and Drangina to Stasanoris of Solos Bactriana and * Sardiana for Sogdiana Sardiana were allotted to Philip Parthia and Hyrcania to Phrataphernes Persia to Peucestes Carmania to Tlepolemus Media to Atrapas The Province of Babylon to Archon and Mesopotamia to Arcesilaus Seleucus he created General of the brave Brigade of the Social Horse Hephestion was the first Commander of that Brigade then Perdiccas and the third was this Seleucus He order'd that Taxiles and Porus should enjoy the absolute Authority within their own Kingdoms as Alexander himself had before appointed The care of the * The laying of the Body to sleep at rest Funeral and of preparing a Chariot to convey the King's Body to Hammon was committed to Arideus But as for Craterus the most Noble of Alexander's Captains he was some time before sent by Alexander with Ten thousand of the old Soldiers that were discharg'd from further Service in the Persian War into Cilicia to put in Execution some Instructions in writing given him by the King which after the King's Death his Successors determin'd should be no further proceeded in For Perdiccas finding in the King's Commentaries not only the vast Sums of Money intended to be expended in the Funeral of Hephestion but likewise many other things of extraordinary Cost and Charge design'd by the King he judg'd it far more advisable to let them alone But lest he should seem to take too much upon him Ant. Ch. 321. and by his private Judgment to detract from Alexander's Wisdom and Discretion he referr'd all these Matters to the determination of a General Council of the Macedonians The Chief and the most considerable Heads of the King's purposes contain'd in his * Commentaries Books of Remembrance were these That a Thousand long Ships larger than those of three Tire of Oars should be built in Phaenicia Syria Cilicia and Cyprus in order to an Invasion Things set down in Alexander's Commentaries upon the Carthaginians and others inhabiting the Sea Coasts of Africa and Spain with all Islands adjoyning as far as Sicily 2. That a Plain and Easie way should be made straight along through the Sea Coasts of Africa to Hercules his Pillars 3. That Six magnificent Temples should be built and that Fifteen hundred Talents should be expended in the Cost of each of them 4. That Arsenals and Ports should be made in Places convenient and fit for the Reception of so great a Navy 5. That the new Cities should be planted with Colonies and that People should be transplanted out of Asia into Europe and others out of Europe into Asia to the end that by Intermarriages and mutual Affinities he might establish Peace and Concord between the two main Continents of the World Some of the Temples before-mention'd were to be built in Delos Delphos and Dodona Some in Macedonia as the Temple of Jupiter in Dio Diana's Temple in Amphipolis another to Minerva in * Corsica Ant. Ch. 321. Cyrnus To which Goddess he
follow after him both because his Army was in want of Provision and in other ill Circumstances as likewise for that he had a great desire to inter his Dead in the most solemn manner he possibly could Upon which occasion here sell out a strange Accident at this time very unusual and dissonant from the Laws of the Grecians For there was one Ceteus who commanded them The Story of Ceteus his two Wives that came out of India and fought with great Resolution but di'd in this Battel He left two Wives behind him who follow'd him all along during the Campagne One he had but lately marry'd the other had been his Wife for some years before and both lov'd their Husband exceedingly It had been an ancient Custom in India for Men and Women to marry themselves with their own mutual Liking without consulting the Advice of their Parents And in regard that in those former times young People would rashly marry one another and often repent afterwards as being deceiv'd in their Choice many Wives were corrupted and through their inordinate Lusts fell in Love with other Men and because they could not with their Credit and Reputation leave them they first chose they would often poison their Husbands to the more ready effecting of which the Country did not a little contribute by bearing many and divers sorts of Poisonous Plants some of which never so little bruis'd either in Meat or Drink do certainly kill the Party This wicked Art growing still more and more to Perfection and many being destroy'd by this Means and though several were punish'd for these Pieces of Villany yet other would not be reclaim'd nor restrain'd from the like Practices another Law therefore was made That Wives should be burnt together with their dead Husbands except they were with Child or had born Children and that she who would not observe the Common Law of the Land should remain a Widow and as one convicted of that Impiety should be excluded from all sacred Rites and all other Benefit and Privilege of the Laws This being thus establish'd hence-forward this Wickedness of the Wives was chang'd into a contrary P. 689. Ant. Ch. 314. Practice For being that every Wife to avoid that insufferable Disgrace was voluntarily to Die they became not only careful to preserve the Health and provide for the Well-being of their Husbands as that which was likewise their own Preservation but the Wives strove one with another as who should gain the highest pitch of Honour and Reputation An Example of which sell out at this time For although by the Law one only was to be burnt with the Husband yet at the Funeral of Cetius both strove which should die as for some Honourable Reward of their Virtue Whereupon the Matter was brought before the Generals for their Decision The Younger declar'd That the other was with Child and therefore her Death could not satisfy the Law The Elder pleaded That it was a greater Piece of Justice that she who was before the other in Years should be preferr'd before her in Honour For in all other Cases the constant Rule is to yield more Honour and Respect to the Elder than to the Younger The Captains being inform'd by the Midwives that the Elder was with Child preferr'd the Younger before the other Upon which she lost her Cause went out weeping and wailing renting her Vail in pieces and tearing her Hair as if some sad and dreadful News had been told her The other rejoicing in the Victory made forthwith to the Funeral Pile crown'd by the Women of her House with Attires call'd * Attires Women us'd to wear with Labels hanging down Mitres and by her Kindred brought forth most richly adorn'd as to some Nuptial Festival setting forth her Praises all along as they went in Songs fitted for that occasion As soon as she came to the Pile she threw off her Attire and distributed them amongst Ant. Ch 14. her Servants and Friends leaving these behind her as tokens of Remembrances for them that loved her Her Attire was multitudes of Rings upon her Fingers set with all manner of precious Stones of divers Colours Upon her Head were a great number of little Golden Stars between which were plac'd sparkling Stones of all sorts About her Neck she wore abundance of Jewels some small others large increasing by degrees in bigness as they were put on one after another At length she took leave of all her Family and Servants and then her Brother plac'd her upon the Pile and to the great Admiration of the People who flock'd thither to see the Sight with an Heroick Courage she there ended her Life The whole Army solemnly in their Arms march'd thrice round the Pile before it was kindled She in the mean time disposing of her self towards her Husband's Body discover'd not by any Screeks or otherwise that she was at all daunted at the Noise of the Crackling Flames so that the Spectators were affected some with Pity and others with Admiration and extraordinary Commendation of her Resolution However there are some who condemn this Law as Cruel and Inhumane After the Funeral was over Eumenes march'd from Patetacine to Gabiene which being Eumenes marches to Gabiene Ant. Ch. 314. yet untouch'd was in a condition to supply the Army with all Things necessary which was distant from Antigonus his Army going through the Countries inhabited Five and twenty Days Journey but passing through the Desarts where there 's no Water 't is but Nine Days Journey Being thus far distant one from another he there winter'd and so gave his Army time to refresh themselves As for the Affairs of Europe Cassander while he lay at the Siege of Tegea hearing of Cassander marches into Macedonia the return of Olympias into Macedonia and of the Death of Eurydice and King Philip and what was done to the Sepulchre of Jollas his Brother agreed with the Taegeans and march'd with his Army into Macedonia leaving his Consederates in great Trouble and Perplexity For Alexander the Son of Polysperchon was then entred Peloponnesus and ready P. 690. to set upon the Cities with a great Army And the Aetolians to ingratiate themselves with Olympias and Polsyperchon seiz'd upon the straight Passes at Pylas and block'd up the Passage to stop Cassander in his march But he perceiving that it was very difficult for him to force his way through those narrow Streights by the help of some Ships and several Boats out of Eubea and Locris pass'd over into Thessaly And hearing that Polysperchon lay with his Army in Perrhabea he order'd away Callas his General with some Forces to fight him In the mean time Dinias being sent away to secure the * Strights of Perrhabea Streights possess'd himself of those Passes before the Forces of Olympias could reach them As soon as Olympias heard that Cassander was entring Macedonia with a great Army she created Aristonous General and commanded him to
according to what he might justly expect revolted and join'd with Cassander He had left one Phaenix one of his Confederates President of the Province adjoining to the Hellespont and sent over some Soldiers to him wishing him to take care of the Castles and Cities there and for the future not regard any Orders that came from Antigonus It was generally agreed by Alexander's Captains as part of their Articles among themselves that the Greek Cities should be all restor'd to their ancient Liberties Therefore Ptolemy King of Egypt charging Antigonus that he had put Garisons into several Greek Towns and Cities prepar'd to make War upon him And sent Leonides a Captain of his own into Cilicia Aspera and there possess'd himself of certain Cities and Places belonging to Antigonus and moreover sent his Agent to some Cities appertaining to Cassander and Lysimachus that they would follow his Advice and not suffer Antigonus to grow too fast in Power And as for Antigonus he sent his younger Son Philip to make War upon Phaenix and Ant. Ch. 308. others who had revolted from him in Hellespont but his Son Demetrius he sent into Cilicia who putting in Execution what he had in Command routed the Captains of Ptolemy that were there and recover'd the Cities While these things were doing Polysperchon then residing in Peloponnesus still affecting Polysperchon seeks to restore Hercules the Government of Macedon cry'd out against Cassander and sent for Hercules a Son of * The Great Alexander begotten upon Barfine out of Pergamus now of the Age of Seventeen years and sent up and down to those who were his own Friends and Enemies to Cassander to help to set this young Man unto his Father's Kingdom He sollicited likewise by his Letters the Aetolians to assist him in his present Design promising that they should find more Grace and Favour at his hands than at any time before if they would help him to restore the young Lad to his Father's Throne All things going on according to his Heart's desire and the Aetolians complying with his request many others came flocking in to restore the New King so that there were got together above Twenty thousand Foot and no less than a Thousand Horse And P. 743. thus setting himself with all his might to the Work he rais'd what Money he could and sent some to sollicit his Friends in Macedonia to assist him In the mean time Ptolemy of Aegypt having all Cyprus under his Command and finding The miserable Destruction of Nicocles and his Family in Cyprus Ant. Ch. 308. that Nicocles the King of Paphos held Correspondence under-hand with Antigonus sent two Confidents of his own Argaus and Callicrates with Instructions to make away Nicocles for he was much afraid lest some others also should fall off as he had perceiv'd many others had done before Wherefore passing into Cyprus and taking with them a certain Number of Soldiers from Menelaus who commanded the Army there they beset the House of Nicocles and then telling him what the King's Pleasure was advis'd him to dispose of himself for another World He at first went to clear himself of what was laid to his Charge but when he saw that no Man hearkned to what he said drew his Sword and slew himself Axiothea his Wife hearing of her Husband's Death took her Daughters who were all Young and Virgins and cut their Throats that they might not fall into any of the Enemy's hands and was earnest with the Wives of Nicocles his Brothers to accompany her in her own Death whereas Ptolemy had given no order concerning any of them save only to preserve them The King's Palace therefore thus fill'd with the sudden and unexpected Slaughters and dreadful Spectacles so affected the Brothers of Nicocles that they shut every Man his own Door upon him and set fire on their Houses and slew themselves so the whole Race of the Kings of Paphos came to a Tragick and Lamentable End Having given an Account of those Affairs we before promis'd we shall now proceed to those that follow next in order About this time in * In the Cimmerian Bosphorus near Pontus Euxinus or in Taurica Chersonesus Pontus after the Death of Parysadas King of the Cimmerian Bosphorus his Sons Eumelus Satyrus and Prytanis contended one with another for the Kingdom Satyrus the Eldest was appointed Successor by his Father who reign'd Eight and Thirty Years Eumelus compacting with some of the Natives adjoining rais'd an Army and laid claim to the Kingdom against his Elder Brother of which Satyrus being inform'd went against him with a great Army and passing the River Thapsus when he came near his Camp with his Carts and Wagons wherein he had brought an infinite quantity of Provision Ant. Ch. 308. and ranging afterwards his Army in the Field after the manner of the Scythian Kings he led the main Battel himself He had not in his Army above * A Thousand in the Margent Two thousand Greeks and as many Thracians all the rest were Scythians which came to assist him to the number of Twenty thousand and no less than Ten thousand Horse Eumelus was assisted by Ariophames King of Thrace with Twenty thousand Horse and Two and twenty thousand Foot Between these Forces a bloody Battel was fought wherein Satyrus who had with him a choice Party of brave Horse encountred first with Ariopharnes in a Skirmish of Horse who likewise commanded the middle Battel opposite to Satyrus many fell on both sides at length he forc'd his way through and put the Barbarian King to flight and being the first in the pursuit put every Man to the Sword that was in his way But when he heard that his Brother Eumelus in the right Wing had routed the Mercenaries he left off the Pursuit and made up to the Succor of those that fled and regain'd the day and utterly broke and routed the whole Army putting them all to flight so that he gave a clear Testimony that he justly deserv'd to Wear the Crown as well upon the Account of his Valour as upon the Privilege of his Birth Ariopharnes and Eumelus thus beaten fled into the * Ariopharnes his Palace P. 744. Ant. Ch. 308. King's Palace which was inviron'd with the River Thasis of an exceeding depth so that the Place was of difficult approach it was surrounded likewise with steep Rocks and thick Woods into which there were only two Entrances made by Art One leading straight to the Palace defended with high Towers and Bulwarks the other on the other side was made in the Fens guarded with Forts and Towers of Timber rais'd upon Pillars over the Water The Place being very strong Satyrus first wasted the Enemy's Country and burnt their Towns whence he carry'd a vast Number of Prisoners and abundance of Spoil Afterwards he attempted to force his way through the Passes but losing many of his Men at the Bulwarks and Towers he was forc'd to
Retreat But making an Attack upon that side towards the Fenns he took the Timber-Forts which he demolish'd and then pass'd the River Upon which he began to fell a Wood through which he must needs pass to the Palace and while these attempts were carrying on in great Earnestness King Ariopharnes fearing lest the Castle should be taken by Storm valiantly fell upon them perceiving there were no hopes of safety remaining but in an absolute Victory He plac'd likewise Archers on both sides the Passage by whom he sore gall'd the Fellers of the Wood because they could neither see the Arrows before they pierc'd them nor come at the Archers nor return the like upon them by reason of the thick and close standing of the Trees However Satyrus his Soldiers continu'd falling the Wood and opening a Way to the Palace for three Days together though with great Toil and Hazard the Fourth day they came under the Wall But being worsted through showers of Arrows and straightness of the Places they sustain'd very great loss For Meniscus who led the Mercenary Companies having got Ant. Ch. 308. in at a Passage though he Fought very manfully was nevertheless being over-laid with the Multitude within forc'd to retreat Whom Satyrus seeing in such imminent Danger came up to him with seasonable Relief and bearing up against the Enemy's Charge was run through the Arm with a Spear which was so sore that it forc'd him to retire to his Camp and the next Night died of the Wound having reign'd scarce nine Months after the Death of Parasydas his Father Hereupon Meniscus Captain of the Mercenaries breaking up the Siege drew off the Army to a City call'd Gargaza and from thence carry'd the King's Body down the River to a City call'd Pantacapeum to his Brother Prytanis who having magnificently bury'd it and laid up the Reliques in the King's Sepulchre went presently to Gargaza and there took into his hands the Army together with the Kingdom Hereupon came the Agents of Eumelus to him to treat concerning the parting of the Kingdom between them two which he would not hearken to Leaving therefore a strong Garison at Gargara he return'd to Pantacapeum there to settle the Affairs of his Kingdom But a while after Eumelus by the help of some Babarians possess'd himself of Gargara and sundry other Towns and Castles Whereupon Prytanis march'd with an Army against him but was overthrown in a Battel by his Brother and being shut up within a Neck of Land near the Lough of Meotis was forc'd to render himself upon Ant. Ch. 308. Conditions which were to give up all his Army and depart the Kingdom Nevertheless when Prytanis return'd to Pantacapeum which is the Place where the Kings of Bosphorus keep the standing Court he there endeavour'd again to recover his Kingdom but being foil'd there again he fled to a Place call'd the Gardens and was there slain Eumelus after the Death of his Brother to confirm himself in the Kingdom put to Death all the Friends Wives and Children of both his Brothers Satyrus and Prytanis only Parisades Satyrus his Son being but a very Youth escap'd his Hands for by the P. 745. benefit of a swift Horse he got away out of the City to Agarus King of the Scythians But when Eumelus saw that the People repin'd at the loss of their Friends whom he had murder'd he call'd them all together and there excus'd himself and restor'd to them their ancient form of Government and to the Citizens of Pantacapeum their former Immunities and promis'd to discharge them of all kind of Tributes sparing for no fair words which might reconcile the Hearts of the People to him by which means having regain'd their good Opinions he held a just and moderate Hand over them and grew afterwards into no small admiration for all kind of Virtue among them For he omitted not to oblige the Byzantians and Sinopians and the rest of the Grecian Inhabitants of Pontus by all the demonstrations of Kindness imaginable For when the Collantians were besieg'd by Lysimachus and were brought to great distress through want of Provision he entertain'd a Thousand of them who left the Place for want of Bread and not only granted them a safe Protection but allotted them Habitations within the City And divided likewise a Place Ant. Ch. 308. call'd Psoa with the Territory thereunto belonging among them by Lot And for the Benefit of the Merchants that Traded to Pontus he made War upon the Barbarous piratical Heniochians and them of Taurus with the Acheans and scowr'd and cleans'd the Seas of them So that his Name was advanc'd to the Skies as the Fruit of his Generosity not only in his own Kingdom but almost all the World over while the Merchants every where publish'd the Greatness and Braveness of his Spirit Moreover he much enlarg'd his Dominion by the addition of a considerable Part of the Barbarians Country bordering upon him and advanc'd the Fame and Reputation of his Kingdom above whatever it was before In conclusion he had a Design to have brought under all the neighbouring Nations and had certainly effected in short time what he had so design'd if he had not been prevented by Death For after he had reign'd five Years and as many Months he ended his days by a sudden and unusual Accident For returning home out of Scythia with a great desire to be present at a certain Sacrifice and making towards his Palace in a * Running upon Four Wheels The sad Death of Eumelus Chariot with four Horses cover'd over with a Canopy the Horses took a Fright at the Canopy and violently ran away with him the Coachman not being able to stop them in their Carreer Upon which Eumelus fearing lest he should be born away headlong down some steep Rock threw himself out but his Sword entangling in one of the Wheels he was hurry'd away with the violent Motion of the Chariot and kill'd forthwith It 's reported there were some Predictions concerning the Death of Eumelus and his Ant. Ch. 308. Brother Satyrus though something Foolish and Vain yet credited by the Inhabitants For they say that the Oracle warn'd Satyrus to be aware of one Musculus lest he should kill him and that for that reason he would not suffer any of that name whether Bond or Free to abide within his Dominions and that upon that account he was afraid both of House and Field * Musculus is little Mouse 〈◊〉 Mice Mice and continually charg'd the Children to kill 'em and stop up their Holes At length when he had done all that possibly he could to avoid his Fate he was at last kill'd by a Wound in the Muscle of his Arm. And as for Eumelus that he was charg'd by the Oracle to take heed of a Moving House and therefore that he durst not go into his House before his Servants had made a diligent Search to see that both the Roof and Foundation
succinct an Account as we can tracing the Steps of Homer Hesiod and Orpheus George Monachus or the Monk who writ in Greek a Chronical History Out of the History of Diodorus concerning the Corinthian Kingdom HAving given an Account of these Things it remains we should now speak of Corinth and Sicyon how they were planted and inhabited by the Doreans for almost all the Nations in Peloponnesus except the Arcadians were removed from their ancient Seats at the time of the return of the Heraclidae who leaving out Corinth in the Division sent Messengers to Aletes and gave him the said Province together with the neighbouring Territory This Man became very famous and enlarg'd Corinth where he reign'd 38 years After his Death the eldest and next of Kin ever succeeded in the Kingdom down to the Reign of Cypsellus 427 years after the return of the Heraclidae The first that reign'd at Corinth after Aletes was Ixion who held the Kingdom 38 years After whom Agesilaus reign'd 37 years and after them Prumnes 35 years and his Son Bacches as long who was the most famous and renown'd of any of his Ancestors so that those that reign'd after him were not call'd Heraclidae but Bacchidae After Bacches Agelas enjoy'd the Throne 30 years Eudamus 25 Aristomedes 35 who after his Death left behind him a Son call'd Telestes a little Child who was depriv'd of his Father's Kingdom by Agemon his Uncle and Guardian who reign'd 16 years After him Alexander came to the Crown and enjoy'd it 25 years and was then kill'd by Telestes who had been before depriv'd of the Kingdom of his Ancestors which he now regain'd and possess'd it 12 years and then was murder'd by some of his own Kindred and Automenes reign'd in his stead One year after which the Bacchidae the Posterity of Hercules enjoy'd the Kingdom for above 200 years and all govern'd together with equal Authority but every year they created one among themselves Prytanis who had the Power of a Monarch for 90 years till the time of the Reign of Cypsellus who put an end to that sort of Government These therefore are the Kings of Corinth Bacches reign'd 35 years The same George of the Original of the Romans A Fragment out of the 7th Book of Diodorus Siculus SOme Writers have erroniously held that Romulus who built Rome was the Son of Aeneas But this cannot possibly be true since there were many Kings that reign'd in course between Aeneas and Romulus the City being built the 2d Year of the 7th Olympiad which was above 430 years after the Trojan War For Aeneas gain'd the Kingdom of the Latines 3 years after the Destruction of Troy and reign'd only 3 years and after his Death was ador'd as a God Ascanius his Son succeeded him and built Alba call'd at this day Longa. He gave the City this Name from the River which was then call'd Alba and now Tiber But Fabius who writ an History of the Roman Affairs speaks otherwise of the naming of this City For he tells a Story how Aeneas was foretold by the Oracle that a Four-footed Beast should shew him the way to the Place where a new City should be built which came thus to pass Being about to sacrifice a * Alba is White White Sow then big with Young made her escape and ran away to a Hill whither she was pursu'd and there she brought forth 30 Pigs Aeneas wondring at the Accident and calling to mind the Answer of the Oracle forthwith went about to settle Inhabitants in the Place but being warn'd by a Vision in the Night to desist and not to build till after 30 years then next ensuing he left off his Design till the number of Years was compleated The Eclogs or Fragments of Diodorus Siculus out of the 21 st 22 d 23 d 24 th 25 th and 26 th Books that are now lost Out of the 21st Book 1. ALL Vice is to be avoided by every Wise Man but especially Covetousness For this through hopes and desire of Gain prompts many to acts of Injustice and so becomes the occasion of the greatest Mischiefs to Mankind For being * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Olymp. 119. 4. Ant. Ch. 299. in the * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 very highest Sphere of Wickedness it involves not only mean Men but even Kings themselves in extream Calamities For Antigonus King of Asia as an Example of this Truth out of his insatiable desire beginning a War against Four other Kings who join'd against him viz. Ptolemy Lagus King of Aegypt Seleucus King of Babylon Lysimachus of Thrace and Cassander the Son of Antipater King of Macedonia perish'd in Battle * At Issus in Phrygia Plut. in Pyrrhus Anian lib. 7. being shot through the Body with Multitudes of Darts and Arrows tho' afterwards Bury'd in a Royal manner and his Son Demetrius with his Mother Stratonice who were then in Cilicia were forc'd to sail away with all the Wealth they had to Salamis in Cyprus that remaining still in the hands of Demetrius 2. Agathocles King of Sicily burnt all the Macedonian Fleet and so freed Corcyra when Agathocles frees Corcyra it was Besieg'd by Cassander both by Sea and Land and very near and likely to be taken Oh the many uncertainties of War For Folly and Fraud many times effect as great things as true Valour and Courage 3. Agathocles being return'd to the rest of his Army from Corcyra when he heard that the Ligurians and Tyrrhenians who were his Mercenary Soldiers had assisted those Agathocles King of Sicily puts 2000 Mercenaries to the Sword who kill'd his Son Archagathus in his absence put them all to the Sword to the number of Two thousand Upon which Account the Brutii deserting him he resolv'd to Besiege their City call'd * Aetini People of Sicily Agathocles takes Crotona in Italy Aethas But the Barbarians in great numbers falling upon him suddainly in the Night cut off Four thousand of his Men and so he return'd to Syracuse 4. Agathocles rigg'd out a great Fleet and sail'd into Italy and having a design to march his Army to Crotona he sent a Messenger before to Menedemus King of Crotona who was his particular Friend not to be afraid of his Motion which was meerly to deceive him and purposing to Besiege the Place he gave out that he was sending away his Daughter Lanassa with a Royal Fleet to Epirus to Marry her And by this Fraud he came upon them when they were unprovided and never suspected him Thereupon applying himself with all earnestness to the Siege he block'd up the Place by a Wall drawn from Sea to Sea And having by his Mines and Batteries ruin'd the greatest House of the Town the Crotoneans out of fear open'd their Gates and receiv'd his Army into the City who breaking in like a Flood first rifl'd all the Houses and then put all the Men to the Sword He likewise made a League with the
of Agrigentum in a Dream had a representation pointing out to him his own Death He thought he saw as he was Hunting the Bore that a Sow fiercely made up upon him and struck him on the side with her Teeth which so pierc'd him that he Dy'd 6. Hicetas after he had Reign'd nine Years at Syracuse was depriv'd of his Kingdom by Thynion the Son of Mameus 7. Thynion and Softratus the Successors of Hicetas sent again for King Pyrrus into Sicily 8. The Mamertines who treacherously Murder'd the Messinians having entred into a League with the Carthaginians in a Senate decreed to hinder Pyrrhus from Landing in The War between the Romans and Pyrrhus bâ—gan the 124 Olym. 4. Ant. Ch. 279. Sicily But Tyndarion Tyrant of Tauromenia sided with him and was ready to receive into the City those Forces that joyn'd with him 9. The Carthaginians entred into a League with the Romans and took a-board 500 Men into their own Ships and Sail'd over to Rhegium and began to assault the Place but at length rais'd their Siege and having set on fire all the Timber and other Materials there prepar'd for Shipping they made to Sea and there lay to observe the motion of Pyrrhus When Thynio had the Command of the * Island and Sostratus lorded it over the Syracusians having each an Army of 10000 Men they broke out into War one against another This Island was part of the City Syracuse but being tyr'd out they both sent Ambassadors to Pyrrhus 11. Pyrrhus Warr'd in Italy 2 Years and 4 Months and whilst he was preparing for his departure the Carthaginians closely besieg'd the Syracusians both by Sea and Land They had a Fleet of 100 Sail that lay in the great Haven and a Land Army of 50000 Men that Encamp'd near the Walls and with these they penn'd up the Syracusians within the City and Wasting and Harrassing the Country round about they even turn'd it into a desolate Wilderness The Syracusians therefore wearied out with the War depended only upon Pyrrhus in regard he had Marry'd Lanassa the Daughter of Agathocles of whom he had begotten Alexander Upon which account they sent every Day one Messenger after another to him whereupon Shipping his Men Elephants and other Provisions he loos'd from Tarentum and arriv'd the 10th Day at Locris Thence he Sail'd after his Landing in Sâ—â—lly to Tauromenium and there being joyn'd with Tyndario Prince of that Pyâ—â—hus comes into Sicily City and Inforc'd by him with more Soldiers he made from thence and came to Catana where being Magnificently receiv'd by the Inhabitants and loaden with golden Crowns he landed his Men with which he March'd straight towards Syracuse His Marches to Syracuse Fleet ready prepar'd for an Engagement Sailing with him all along upon the Coast When he came near to Syracuse the Carthaginians because they had sent away 30 of their Vessels for necessary Provisions durst not venture a Battle with those that remain'd so that Pyrrhus came to Syracuse without any opposition The * Part of the 〈◊〉 Island being kept by Thynio and the rest of the City by the Syracusians and Sosistrates For he had under his Command Agrigentum and many other Cities and above 10000 Soldiers And having then reconcil'd Thynio and Sosistratas and the Syracusians and brought them all to a right understanding among themselves he was thereupon highly Esteem'd and Applauded The King receiv'd Weapons Engines and other Furniture and Provisions which was in the City and 120 Deck'd Ships and 20 open Vessels * But the Palace belonged to Enneres Something here wanting for it seems to have no coherence with what is precedent or subsequent The whole Navy therefore with those he brought along with him consisted of 200 Sail. Whilst he was thus imploy'd Ambassadors came from the Leontines sent to him from Heraclidas the Governor with promise to deliver up the City into his hands with the Garisons and 4000 Foot and 500 Horse There were then many others at Syracuse who promis'd to deliver up their Cities to Pyrrhus and to join with him in the War He receiv'd them all Graciously and sent them back to their several Countries hoping now shortly to be Lord of Lybia 12 The Port of Corinth is call'd Lechoeum 13. Brennus King of the Gauls made an inroad into Macedonia with an Hundred and forty thousand Targateers and Ten thousand Horse and with a great multitude of other foreign Rabble and many Merchants together with Two thousand Carts and Carriages He made great havock and slaughter with a design to ruine them utterly at last he broke About 〈◊〉 〈…〉 cond Olymp 125. Ant. Ch 279. Vid. Justin lib. 24. C. 6 7 8. The Gauls make an inroad into Macedonia into Greece and fully propos'd to rifle the Temple at Delphos By frequent Engagements he lost * A Myriad is Ten thousand Brennus kill himself The Gauls all perish The Acts of Pyrrhus in Sicily Myriads of his Men and he himself receiv'd Three desperate wounds Being near his end he call'd his Army together and made a Speech to the Gauls and advis'd them to kill both him and all the rest of the wounded Men and to burn all their Carriages and return home with all speed and make Cichorius their King Brennus at length after he had swill'd down abundance of Wine ran himself through the Body Cichorius as soon as he had buried Brennus knock'd all the wounded Men on the Head that were like to be starv'd with Hunger and perish by the Cold to the number of Twenty thousand and return'd with the rest the same way they came But the Grecians that lay in ambush in the strait and narrow passages cut off all their Rear and took all their Bag and Baggage marching forward to Thermopilae they left there behind them Twenty thousand more for want of Food at length as they were passing through the Country of the Dardanians they all perish'd and not one Man return'd to his own Country 14. But Pyrrhus when he had settled all things in Syracuse and Leontinum march'd with his Army towards Agrigentum and while he was in his March he was told by some that came off Shipboard that they had driven out the Carthaginian Garison that Phintias might not Govern them and promis'd they would deliver the City into his hands and join with him as Confederates in the War Having therefore receiv'd the Forces he marcht straight to Agrigentum and receiv'd the City and Soldiers from Sosistratus to the number of 8000 Foot and 800 Horse nothing inferior to the Epirots And now he took into his protection 30 Cities which were under the Command of Sosistratus Afterwards he sent to Syracuse for the Engines of Battery and all the Arms and Darts and when they were brought to him he marched into the Territories of the Carthaginians having an Army with him of 30000 Foot and 1500 Horse and some Elephants And First he took in Heraclea a
tho' he March'd from place to place with very great Armies yet he never wanted either Money or Provision And that which is most remarkable is that the Foreigners and Mercenary Soldiers lov'd him as well if not more than they did who were his own Country Men. Keeping therefore his Army in exact discipline he perform'd the greater and more renown'd Actions For he made War upon the most potent Nations and wasted and harrass'd almost all Italy for the space of Seventeen years He was so Victorious in every Battle he Fought and made such terrible Slaughters among them that were reputed the Lords of the World that by reason of the Multitudes that were cut off by him none durst look him in the Face to Engage him in Battle He laid likewise many Cities in Ashes which he took by Storm and almost depopulated Italy that was before full of People all which as they were accomplish'd by the Strength and Wealth of his own fellow Citizens so likewise by great numbers of Foreign Auxiliaries and Confederates those that by their Unanimousness were unconquerable he overcame by Policy and Warlike Stratagems and so made it evident that as the Soal governs the Actions of the Body so a General rules and directs all to a right end in an Army 37. P. Scipio when he was but very young perform'd great and wonderful things in Spain beyond all Mens expectations and having beaten the Carthaginians deliver'd his Scipio Country from imminent Perils and compell'd Hannibal who was not to be overcome by force of Arms to leave Italy without fighting a stroke and at last by his Valour and Military Conduct overcame Hannibal in a great Battle and brought Carthage to stoop to the Roman Yoke 38. Leocritus General of King Pharnaces after he had often assaulted the City Pius at Leocritus Pharnaces his General length forc'd the Mercenary Soldiers who defended the place to surrender the Town upon Condition That they should be safely conducted to what place soever they pleas'd to go who when they were march'd out of the City and brought on their way according * Pius rather Teios Ush An. 403. before Ch. 180. to the Capitulation Leocritus who was ordered by Pharnaces to put them all to the Sword because they had formerly incens'd him against the Faith of the Articles as they were upon their march fell upon them and with Darts slew them every Man 39. Seleucus having rais'd a great Army and on his march to assist Pharnaces was Seleucus now ready to pass over Mount Taurus but recollecting and calling to mind the League the Romans had made with his Father by which it was not lawful 40. But they who had committed such a notorious Wicked Fact and had Murder'd Demetrius escap'd not Divine Vengeance For those who contriv'd the false Accusations Demetrius the Son of Philip King of Macedon the Father of Perseus See Livy lib. 40. This Cruelty of the Father upon his Son by his Brother Perseus his Contrivance Olymp. 149 Tiberius Gracchus Paulus Aemilius from Rome within a while after incurred the Displeasure of the King and were put to Death and for Philip himself he was restless all the days of his Life and so much troubled in Conscience for the Murder of so hopeful a Son that he liv'd not two years after but pin'd away with extremity of Grief And Perseus the Author and Contriver of the whole being conquer'd by the Romans and flying to Samothracia by reason of the wickedness of the Fact executed by him in the Murder of his Brother could find no sanctuary in that holy Temple 41. Tiberius Gracchus being sent Lieutenant General into Spain vigorously manag'd the War for tho' he was very young yet for Valour and Prudence he excell'd his equals in age and gave such evident signs of doing great things that he was admir'd by all 42. Paulus Aemilius the Consul and Patron of the Macedonians was a Man Eminent for Nobleness of Birth Prudence and Comliness of Person and therefore all Marks of Honour were conferr'd upon him by the Romans his Countreymen Every one eccho'd forth his Praise while he was alive and after his Death his Fame and Renown together with Profit and Advantage by his Valour procur'd to the Commonwealth surviv'd him 43. Antiochus now newly advanc'd to the Throne of Syria began a new Course of Life unusual with other Kings and Princes For first he would privately steal out of his Antiochus the Third Palace unknown to any of his Attendants and walk up and down in the City calling one or another to him where he came as he thought fit Then he took a Pride in being Familiar and drinking with Ordinary Fellows and Mean and Poor Travellers and Strangers and if perchance he discern'd any young Men were met together at a set time to celebrate a Festival he would presently clap himself down amongst them with his Cup in his Hand and be one of the Quire so that many were often so startled with the strangeness of the thing that they would run away and others through fear struck into amaze not able to say a Word Lastly he would lay aside his Royal Robes and put on a Roman * Called Tebenna Gown and in imitation of the Candidates at Rome that were seeking for Preferments would salute and hug every Ordinary Fellow he met in the Street and sometime desiring they would make choice of him to be Aedile and other times to be a Tribune of the People Having at length obtain'd the Office he desir'd he would seat himself upon an Ivory Tribunal and after the Roman manner hear Causes and was so earnest and diligent in the Decision of Controversies both between Foreigners and Citizens that the most Prudent and Serious amongst them knew not what to think of him what he aim'd at or design'd for some gave a favourable Construction of it others accounted it Folly and some no other than downright Madness 44. After Eumenes was way-laid and news came to Pergamus that he was dead Atta Eumenes Attalus Ush An 412. lus something too rashly hand over head on a sudden Marry'd the Queen but Eumenes returning a little time after took no notice of it but embrac'd his Brother and carried with the same Respect towards him as he did before 45. Cotys King of Thrace was Valiant in War and Prudent in his Counsels and highly Cotys to be commended for his Care and Diligence in all other Respects besides all which he was of singular Temperance and Sobriety and that which was most remarkable for his Honour and Commendation was That he was altogether free from the Natural Vices of the Thracians 46. Perseus having taken Chalestrus by Storm put all that were able to bear Arms to Perseus the Sword and whereas Five hundred of the Garrison Soldiers got into a Fort and Treated for their Lives the King upon laying down their Arms gave them Quarter and liberty to be
rag'd notwithstanding in Slaughters Banishments and Confiscations far exceeding his Father in Cruelty For he was far from Royal Clemency and Kindness but exercising a Tyrannical and Arbitrary Power oppress'd his Subjects with most grievous and unsufferable Calamities in somuch as the Kings of this Family for their oppressions were hated by all and those of the * Of Alexander Balas who pretended to be the Son of Antiochus Epiphanes Josephus lib. 13. c. 3. 1 Mac. 101. Ush An. 465. other as much belov'd for their Moderation and Clemency so that thro' the mutual Plots and circumventing Contrivances of the Heads of both these Families one against another Syria was continually full of Stirs and Commotions and the common People themselves through the Flattery and fair Promises of those Kings that sought to succeed the other were so led aside as that they still delighted in Change 97. The * Of Aradus Island Aradians growing high Crested and Insolent abus'd the * Of Marathum in Phaenicia Ush An. 471. Before Ch. 140. Diodor. Sicul. Legat. 29. Strabo lib. 16. P. 753. Marathenian Ambassadors who crying out against their Impiety challeng'd the Sacred regard that ought to be had to Suppliants and the Security and Protection due to Ambassadors upon which some of the audacious young Fellows presently knockt them on the Head Then these Murderers and their Co-partners got together in a general Assembly and adding one piece of Wickedness to another contriv'd an Impious and Vile design against the Marathenians for taking the Rings off the Fingers of them that were Murder'd they writ Letters to the Marathenians as from the Ambassadors by which they inform'd them that the Aradians would within a short time send them Aid to the end that the Marathenians might receive the Aradian Soldiers into their City and so be Surpriz'd thinking they were really and without Fraud sent to them as Auxiliaries But the Aradians fail'd in their wicked Design for when they had laid an Embargo upon all the Ships that none might discover their Treachery to the Marathenians a certain Seamen a Neigbour to the Marathenians commiserating their Condition and being acustom'd to Sail in the Neighbouring Sea took a Ship and in the Night pass'd over that narrow Cut about Eight Furlongs in Breadth and discover'd the Fraud of the Aradians to the Marathenians the Aradians therefore when they understood their Plot was discover'd forbore sending the Letters 98. Ptolemy Physcon the Brother of Philometer began his Reign most wickedly for Ptolemy Physco Valesius Fragm cited by Ush An. 493. c. 475. His Mercenaries set his Palace on Fire Justin Lib. 38. Orosius lib. 5. c. 10. charging many with Plots against his Life he put them all to death with most cruel Torments others for pretended Crimes invented by himself he Banish'd and Confiscated their Estates by which cruelties in a short time his Subjects were so inrag'd that they all hated him Mortally however he Reign'd Fifteen Years 99. Viriathus when at his Marriage many Gold and Silver Cups and all sorts of rich Carpets of exquisite Workmanship were set forth to grace the Solemnity he held them all upon the point of a Lance not with admiration of such rich and splendid Furniture but rather in scorn and contempt After when he had upon this occasion spoken many things with much Wisdom and Prudence he concluded with many Emphatical expressions and with this one very remarkable * Here 's something wanting for by this saying he signifi'd that it was the greatest Imprudence imaginable to trust in Goods of Fortune which are so uncertain especially since it was then apparent that all those highly esteem'd riches of his Father in Law were liable to be a prey to him that might carry them away upon his Spears point further he added that his Father in Law ought rather to thank him for that nothing of his own was given by his Father in Law to him who was Lord and owner of all Virathus therefore at that time neither washt nor sat down altho' he was earnestly intreated so to do And whereas the Table was plentifully furnish'd with rich Dishes of Meat he only distributed some Bread and Flesh amongst them that came along with him After he had a little more than tasted the Meat himself he order'd his Bride to be brought to him and having Sacrific'd after the manner of the Spaniards he mounted her on Horseback and forthwith carry'd her away to his Appartments in the Mountains For he accounted Sobriety and Temperance the greatest Riches and the Liberty of his Country gain'd by Valour the surest Possession In his Leagues and Treaties he was very careful and exactly faithful to his Word and spoke plainly and sincerely what he intended instructed therein without any other Arts by his own natural Principles of honesty and fair dealing 100. Demetrius while he staid at Laodicea spent his time in Banquetting and such Demetrius Nicator Ush An. 476. Before Ch. 144. like Luxury and yet exercis'd his Tyranny upon many in the mean time not at all better'd by his Afflictions 101. The Cnotians contended for the Sovereignty of the Island which they alledg'd belong'd to them both upon the account of the Ancient Dignity of the City and the Glory and Renown of their Ancestors in the Heroick times For some say that Jupiter was brought up amongst them and that Minos who had the Dominion of the Seas was bred up by Jupiter at Cnossius and excell'd all other Men in Virtuous Accomplishments 102. But in Egypt King Ptolemy for his Cruelty was hated of all his Subjects For his Manners were not to be compar'd with his Brother Philometer's for he was of a mild Ptolemy Physco and gentle Nature but the other fierce and cruel and therefore the People long'd for a Change and earnestly waited for a fit opportunity to Revolt 103. At the time when Ptolemy after the Solemn manner of the Aegyptians was Inthron'd at Memphis his Queen Cleopatra was deliver'd of a Son at which he exceedingly Ptolemy rejoic'd and call'd him Memphites because he was Born in the City Memphis at the time of his Solemn Inauguration But while he was Celebrating his Son's Birth day he forgot not his usual Cruelty for he order'd some of Cyrene who had brought him into Aegypt to be put to death because they rebuk'd him something too freely upon the account of the Strumpet Irene 104. After Diegylis King of Thrace came to the Throne he was so puft up with his prosperity that he began to Rule over his People not as his Subjects and Friends but to Diegylis his Cruelty Domineer over them as so many Slaves and Bondmen For he put many good and honest Thracians by Tortures to death and abus'd with the highest marks of disgracemany others For he spar'd neither Woman nor Boy that were handsom and beautiful and stuck not at stripping Men out of all they had by force and and strong
of the Rock Arrianus lib. IV. AFterwards at the beginning of the Spring he Marcht to a Rock to which he heard many of the Sogdians fled and here it was said that the Wife and Daughters of * Curtius calls him Arimares lib. 7. c. 11. â—or by Strabo Oxyartes had plac'd his 〈◊〉 in Sâ—â—mithres Rich in Bactria where Alexander Married â—â—xana one of 〈◊〉 Strabo 〈◊〉 11â— 517. Oxyartes had sheltred themselves For Oxyartes plac'd them here as in a Hold that was Inexpugnable he himself being one that had revolted from Alexander And the King was the more earnest for that this Rock being taken there appeared no Fort left in Sogdia that cou'd incourage them to a Defection When he came to the Rock he found it steep and inaccessable on every side and that the Barbarians had brought in Provision for a long Siege and that the depth of the Snow as it made the Approach of the Maceâ—â—mians more difficult so it furnisht the Barbarians with plenty of Water However Alexander resolv'd to assault the Rock The Proud and Contemptuous answer likewise of the Barbarians stirr'd up Rage and Ambition in Alexander at one and the same time For whereas at a Parly with them he promis'd them that if they would Surrender they should all have liberty to return safely home they barbarously scoffed at him and bid him seek some Soldiers that had Wings who might so take the Rock for they feared no other Mortals Upon which Alexander commanded Proclamation to be made by an Herald that he would bestow 12 Talents as a reward upon him that should first mount the Rock and so the second and the third in their due order should every one receive a reward till it came to the last that ascended the Rock who should receive 300 Daricks the hopes of which reward stirr'd up the Macedonians who were eager before to fall upon them of their own accord Three hundred therefore of those that were accustom'd to climb Rocks being drawn out they furnish'd themselves with Cramp-Irons wherewith they fastned their Tents that they might fix them in the Snow where it was hard Frozen and in other parts of the Rock where there was no Snow and to them they tied strong Cords and in the Night made to that part of the Rock that was steepest and highest and therefore as they conceiv'd least guarded and with the Cramps some fastned in the Rock and others in the Snow that was frozen they scrambled up from place to place 'till they gain'd the Top But of these 30 perish'd in endeavouring to get up so that their Bodies could not be found to be buried being lost in the depth of the Snow the rest about break of day recovered the top and by shaking of the Linnen Cloaths gave notice to the Army that they had gain'd the place for that sign Alexander had commanded them Upon which a Trumpeter was forthwith sent out with command to the Barbarians that they should without any further delay surrender themselves for that he had now found Soldiers that had Wings who had possessed themselves of the top of the Rock and at the same time the Soldiers that had gain'd the Rock presented themselves in view to the Barbarians who being amaz'd at such an unexpected sight supposing them to be more and better arm'd than indeed they were gave up themselves the sight of a few Macedonians was so terrible to ' em There were there taken Prisoners many of the Wives and Children of the Barbarians and amongst them the Wife and Daughters of Oxyartes Oxyartes's Son likewise was about the Age of Nine Years 7. Of the Hunting in Basistis and the multitude of Wild Beasts there Curtius lib. VII c. 1. HAving given a gracious Audience to the Ambassadors he there stayed waiting for Hephestion and Artabazus who being afterwards join'd him he came into the Country call'd Bazaria Of the riches of the Barbarians in those Places there can be no greater argument than the multitude of stately wild Beasts that range in large Woods and Forrests in that Country They frequent spacious Woods pleasantly water'd with many refreshing springs They are Wall'd round in which are built Towers for Stands to view the hunting of the Beasts One of these Chases had remain'd free and untouch'd for the space of Four generations which Alexander entring with his Army he commanded the Game in all parts as he came to be rouz'd amongst which when a Lyon of a vast Bigness met and set upon the King Lâ—simachus who afterwards was * oâ— Thraâ—â— King happening to be next to Alexander offered to make at the Beast with his hunting Spear the King put him by and bid him be gone adding that the Lyon might be kill'd by himself as well as by Lysimachus This Lysimachus had before in a hunting in Syria kill'd an exceeding great Lyon with his own hand but he had been even at the point of Death his lest shoulder having been in that Encounter rent and torn even to the very Bone The King twitting him with this shew'd more of Valour afterwards in action than he did before in this expression for he not only stood the Beast but kill'd him at one blow The story that was foolishly spread abroad that the King gave up Lysimachus to be devoured by a Lyon rose I believe from this accident before related But the Macedonians though the King was thus happily delivered yet according to the Custom of their Country establish'd a Decree that he should not hunt on Foot without a Guard of his Captains and Friends The King having kill'd Four thousand brave wild Beasts feasted with his whole Army in the Forrest 1. Of his Offence against Bacchus and the Murder of Clitus in his Cups Arrianus lib. IV. TO declare in this place the death of Clitus and the foul act of Alexander in that matter though it happned some little time after yet I judge it not altogether out of course The Macedonians it s said have a certain day sacred to Bacchus and Alexander was accustomed to sacrifice to Bacchus every year upon that day but at that time he neglected Bacchus and sacrific'd to Custor and Pollux and from that time he appointed Sacrifice to them with Feasting always at that day And whereas now the Company had been a considerable time quaffing and carouzing for Alexander had now learn'd to imitate the Barbarians in his Cups and all were heated with Wine a discourse happned concerning the * Castor and Pollux Discorides how to derive their Original from Jupiter and set aside that of Tyndarus some who were present to flatter the King which sort of Creatures are ever Pernicious both to the Persons and Concerns of Kings and are ever at hand deliver'd their Judgment that Castor and Pollux were not in the least respect to be compar'd to Alexander and his brave and noble Actions Others in their Cups did not spare Hercules himself but said that Envy was the cause that
Amyntas King of Macedon 283 r. 312 Driven out of his Kingdom 397 r. 444 His War with the Olynthians 416 r. 467 His Death 433 r. 488 Andromachus the builder of Tauromenium in Sicily 480 r. 513 Antigenes Colonel of the Argyraspides 601 r. 661 Burnt alive by Antigonus 626 r. 694 Antigonus his share in the Provinces 574 r. 628 Most Active of all Alexanders Captains 584 r. 640 Joins with others against Perdiccas ibid. His first Expedition against Eumenes 591 r. 649 His other Acts 592 593 c. r. 650 r. 651 654 655 656 661 666 His second Expedition against Eumenes 605 614 615 r 666 679 680 His other Expedition against Eumenes 618 r. 683 A Battel between him and Eumenes 620 r. 686 His last Battel with Eumenes and his Victory 626 r. 693 He robs the Treasuries at Susa 629 r. 697 His Quarrel with Seleucus 633 r. 701 Besieges Tyre and takes it 635 r. 704 His other Acts 639 641 643 648 r. 709 712 714 720 His Expedition against the Nabathaeans 649 r. 722 Builds Antigonia 677 r. 758 His Expedition into Egypt unsuccessfull 688 r. 770 His War with the Rhodians 690 r. 774 Antipater Macedonia alotted to him 574 r. 628 The Lamian War with the Athenians 578 r. 633 Conquers the Athenians and changes their Government 581 r. 637 Aorni the Rocks of Aornus described 558 r. 607 Apes the Indian Apes 610 r. 562 Worship'd in Africa 635 r. 704 Apollonides forc'd to abdicate the Government of Agrigentum by Timoleon 514 r. 553 Apollo the besieged Tyrians bind Apollo in Golden Chains 541 r. 587 Alexander M. releases him ibid. Apology Eumenes his story or parable of the Lyon wooing a Virgin 618 r. 684 Apothegms of Agesilaus 448 r. 506 Of Alcibiades 277 544 r. 306 591 Of Antipater 612 r. 676 Of the Athenians to Mardonius 230 r. 257 To them that fled from the Battel at Syracuse 307 r. 339 Of the Mother of Brasidias 293 r. 324 Of Callicratides 348 r. 384 Of Charonidas 270 r. 299 Of Demades 516 r. 555 Of Demaratus 218 r. 245 Of Diomedon 360 r 386 Of Dionysius 479 r. 512 His Apothegmatick Letter to the sacrilegious Athenians 504 r. 541 Of Dionysius his Friends in perswading him not to leave the Government 689 r. 773 Of Epaminondas 430 445 618 r. 485 503 684 Of Gellias 340 r. 375 Of the Greeks 216 r. 243 Of Heloris 360 r. 399 Of Hephestion 571 r. 623 Of Hermocrates 519 r. 559 Of the Lacedemonian Ambassadors 288 r. 318 Of Leonidas 217 r. 244 245 Of Megaclis 689 r. 773 Of Myronidas 257 r. 284 Of Pharnabazus 425 r. 478 Of Philoxenus of Dionysius his Verses 411 r. 461 Of Proxenus 369 r. 409 Of Ptolemy 647 r. 718 Of Socrates the General of Cyrus 369 r. 410 Of Sophilus 368 r. 409 Of Thessalion 497 r. 533 Of Thrasibulus to the 30 Tyrants 373 r. 414 Appius Claudius his Works 672 r 571 Arbela the Battel at Arbela by Alexander with Darius 545 548 r. 592 596 Arcadians their Sedition and War with the Exiles and Lacedemonians r. 488 Their other Acts 434 436 443 524 r. 489 492 500 563 Their other War with the Lacedemonians and Rout 410 r. 459 Their War with the Eleans 440 r. 497 Archenactidae Kings of the Cimmerian Bosphorus 275 r. 303 Archagathus Son of Agathocles kills Lyciscus in Africa 670 r. 749 The Mutiny that arose thereupon ibid. Against Agathocles 684 r. 768 Archagathus kill'd by the Souldiers with his Brother 686 r. 769 Archelaus King of Macedon 323 r. 356 His Death 374 r. 416 Archidamus King of his Prudence in the Earthquake and the War 248 r. 274 His Acts 280 282 284 r. 308 311 313 Archidamus Son of Agesilaus his Acts 488 508 r. 523 545 Archeus King of Macedonia 397 474 r. 444 550 Arginusae 348 r. 384 The Sea-Fight at the Islands of Arginusae between the Athenians and the Spartans ibid. Argivi their War with the Mycenians 249 r. 275 With the Lacedemonians 319 r. 352 The lamentable Sedition at Argos 296 r. 327 Another dreadful Sedition at Argos call'd the Scytalisme 432 r. 487 Another War with the Lacedemonians 493 r. 528 Another Sedition 635 r. 705 Argyraspides their age and Valour 625 626 r. 693 694 Their treachery towards Eumenes and their just Punishment 628 629 r. 696 697 Aristides the Athenian General at Platea against Mardonius 231 r. 258 His eminent Justice 239 r 266 Aristophanes his Verses of Pericles 274 r. 307 Aristotiles the Philosopher one of the Learnedst Grecians 263 r. 291 Armenia r. 330 The Snowy Mountains the danger of the Grecians there 370 r. 411 Arridaeus made King in the room of Alexander M. is murder'd by Olympias 612 r. 676 His royal Burial 630 r. 699 Arses King of Persia murder'd by Bagoas together with his Children 603 r. 564 Artabanus murders Xerxes 251 r. 278 Is kill'd upon his Attempt to murder Artaxerxes ibid. Artabazus the Persian General against Datames 447 r. 505 Rebels against the Persian King 462 r. 527 Is restor'd to the Kings favour by Mentor 502 r. 538 Artaxerxes succeeds Xerxes 251 r. 278 His War with the Egyptians 253 c. r. 280 281 282 With the Athenians at Cyprus 265 r. 292 His other Acts 266 r. 293 His Peace with the Lacedemonians 273 r. 301 His Death 289 r. 319 Artaxerxes II. Mnemon succeeded Darius the second 353 r. 389 His War with the King of Egypt and the Grecians 446 r. 504 War with his Brother Cyrus 365 367 368 r. 405 407 408 His War with Evagoras 399 410 r. 447 459 His Death 482 r. 506 Asia the Description 575 r. 629 Astrology Meton's Circle of 19 years call'd Enneadeceterides 277 r. 305 Asphaltes the Lake Asphaltes 651 r. 724 The Description of Pitch and how it 's gather'd 652 r. 725 Atalanta Vid. Island Athenians their City burnt by Xerxes 223 r. 250 Their Walls rebuilt by the Policy of Themistocles 236 r. 263 Gain the Dominion of the Sea 239 r. 266 Aid the Rebels in Egypt and overcome the Persians 252 253 r. 279 280 Their War with the Corinthians and Egeans 253 255 r. 282 283 Their remarkable Victory at Tanagra over the Thebans 257 r. 284 Their flourishing Condition after the War with Xerxes 263 264 r. 291 292 The Peloponnesian War 277 r. 305 c. Their Expedition into Sicily 284 285 r. 313 314 Their Fight and Rout in the Battel with the Beotians 290 r. 321 Their Expedition into Thrace against Brasidias 292 r. 323 Their Cruelty with the Scyonians ibid. Their second Expedition into Sicily 300 227 r. 328 332 They besiege Syracuse 302 r. 334 Their Victory at Sea 303 r. 335 Beaten at Sea 307 r. 339 Their Ruin in Sicily 307 r. 340 And their misery there 314 r. 347 The Government of 400 in Athens 315 r. 348 Are overcome by the Lacedemonians ibid. Their Victory against Callicratides 349 r. 385 Their unjust Judgment against their Captains 350 r. 386 Their Ruin at Egos Potamos 352
Situation 578 r. 630 Cimon His Acts in Thrace Asia and Victories both by Sea and Land 246 247 248 264 r. 272 273 274 292 His Death 265 r. 293 Clearchus the Peloponnesian General his Acts 324 362 366 368 369 r. 357 401 406 408 409 Cleombrotus King of Sparta 430 r. 484 His Acts and Death at the Battel of Leuctra 432 r. 486 Cleomenes King of Sparta reign'd 60 years 10 months 668 r. 747 Cleon his Cruelty 285 r. 314 His Death 292 r. 323 Cleopatra the Sister of Alexander M. marry'd to Alexander King of Epirus 517 r. 557 Murder'd by Cassander 673 r. 753 Concubines how they were us'd to be convey'd to the Persian Kings 247 r. 271 Conon the Athenian General in Corcyra 323 r. 356 His Sea-Fight with the Spartans 337 375 392 394 r. 372 417 438 441 He builds the Walls of Athens and is cast into Prison 395 r. 442 Corcyrians their War with the Corinthians and Victory 275 r. 303 A dreadful Sedition amongst them 322 r. 355 Their other Acts 643 701 r. 714 787 Corinthians their unhappy War with the Me gareans 256 r. 283 With the Corcyreans 275 r. 303 Their Sedition 395 r. 442 Another Sedition ibid. Another Sedition 424 r. 477 They help Dion the Syracusian 513 r. 480 The Assembly of the Greeks at Corinth about the Persian War ibid. Cheronea A great Battel there between the Athenians and the Thebans 265 r. 293 Craterus Alexander M. his special Friend 570 r. 622 Assists Antipater at Lamia 581 r. 636 Against the Etolians 585 r. 641 His Expedition against Eumenes 578 r. 633 His Death 587 r. 644 His Burial 634 r. 703 Crotoniats they destroy the Sybarites 266 r. 294 Their War against Dionysius 397 r. 444 Crucifixion Daimenes crucifi'd by Dionysius 382 r. 425 Cruelty prevented by a prudent Speech 286 r. 315 Of the Spartans upon the Plataeans ibid. Of the Carthaginians in the Sacking of Selinunt 327 r. 361 Of the Persians towards the Grecians 550 r. 599 Of Antigonus upon the dead Body of Alcetas Of Olympias upon Arrhidaeus and Eurydices 612 r. 676 Ctesias the Historian Where he ends his History 379 r. 421 Cyprus the War with Evagoras by the Persians 399 r. 447 The War between Demetrius and Ptolemy for this Island 675 r. 757 Recover'd by Demetrius 680 r. 761 Cyreneans a lamentable Sedition at Cyrene 374 r. 415 Their War with Thimbro 582 r. 638 Are reduc'd by Ptolemy's General 644 r. 715 March to assist Agathocles 673 r. 753 Cyrus the Elder his courteous Behaviour 308 r. 341 Cyrus the Younger his War against his Brother Artaxerxes 362 365 366 r. 401 405 406 His Battel with the Persians and Death 368 r. 408 The Valour of his Captains after his Death 361 r. 400 D. Darius his Warlike Preparations against the Grecians 215 r. 242 Darius the Son of Xerxes murder'd by his Brother 251 r. 278 Darius King of Persia 291 r. 322 Darius the last made King by Bagoas 522 r 564 565 His Preparations against Alexander M. ibid. The Battel at Granicum 530 r. 573 His first Expedition against Alexander M. 534 r. 578 His second Expedition 544 r. 590 The Fight at Arbela 545 r. 592 Kill'd by Bissus 552 r. 601 Alexander M. marries his Daughter 568 r. 618 Decalia The Decalian War 303 r. 335 Delphos How the Oracle was first discover'd 488 r. 523 Why an old Woman was Priestess ibid. The vast Sum robb'd out of the Temple 402 r. 450 The Robbers punish'd by the Gods 505 r. 542 Demetrius Governor of Syria by his Father Antigonus 636 r. 709 His Expedition against Ptolemy 644 r. 715 His War with Ptolemy and Seleucus Fight and Flight 646 r. 717 His Beauty 644 r. 715 His Expedition against the Nabathaeans 652 r. 725 Into Babylonia 644 r. 715 Honour'd at Athens 646 r. 757 His Expedition against Cyprus 677 r. 757 His great Engines in Cyprus 677 r. 758 His Preparations to fight Ptolemy 678 r. 759 His Victory 679 r. 760 The great Damage of his Fleet at Gaza 640 r. 711 His War with the Rhodians 690 691 r. 774 775 A Description of his Engine Helepolis 694 r. 779 His War with Cassander 699 r. 785 His Acts in Asia 704 r. 791 Demosthenes the Athenian General his Acts 287 290 291 r. 317 321 322 General in Sicily 304 r. 336 Is taken 308 r. 341 Put to Death 314 r. 347 Demosthenes the Orator 503 515. r. 539 554 Stirs up the Athenians against Philip ibid. His Banishment 579 r. 634 Deucetius the Sicilian General 254 r. 281 Builds Menaeus His War with the Agragentines and Syracusians 353 r. 389 Builds Callatina 274 r. 302 Dimnus a Plotter to kill Alexander M. Kill'd by the King 's own hand 554 r. 604 Diocles. Vid. Laws Diodorus the Sicilian his History How many it comprehended from the Ruine of Troy to Agathocles 607 r. 670 And to the Death of Antigonus 657 r. 733 Diomedon the Athenian General his Speech when he was most unjustly led to Execution 305 r. 386 Dion his Preparations for War with Dionysius 479 480 481 r. 512 513 515 His Fight with Dionysius 482 r. 516 His Honours at Syracuse 485 r. 520 521 Dionysius the Tyrant of Sicily his Rise 344 345 346 r. 380 381 382 Declares himself Monarch 347 r. 383 His Horsemen rebel spoil the Palace and abuse his Wife 355 r. 392 Oppos'd by the Syracusians 359 r. 398 Disswaded from Abdicating the Government 360 r. 399 Restor'd to his Government in Syracuse 361 r. 400 Walls Epipole with wonderful Dispatch 365 366 r. 404 405 His Prepartions for the War against the Carthaginians 376 378 r. 418 420 Theodorus his Speech against Dionysius in his presence before the Syracusian Assembly 386 r. 431 His attempt upon Rhegium 397 400 r. 444 448 A new War with the Carthaginians 399 r. 446 His Poems exploded at the Olympick Games 404 r. 452 His Cruelty to the Rhegians 405 r. 453 He sells Plato 411 r. 461 His other Acts 413 414 415 437 r. 464 465 466 493 Dies of a Surfeit 439 440 r. 495 496 His Letter to the sacrilegious Athenians 504 r. 541 Dionysius the younger his War with Dion 481 532 r. 515 576 Is Conquer'd ibid. Reigns again in Syracuse 509 r. 546 Abdicates the Government and lives a private life ibid. Dioxippus the Athenian his famous Victory in a Duel over Charogus the Macedonian his sad Misfortune and miserable Death 566 r. 615 Drangina Conquer'd by Alexander M. 554 r. 704 The Province of Stasanor 574 r. 628 Duel between Coragus the Macedonian and Dioxippus the Athenian 566 568 r. 615 618 Of Darius with Cadusius E. Erygius's Combat with Sartibarzenes 556 r. 606 Eumenes with Neoptolemus 587 r. 644 Earthquakes at Sparta 244 r. 270 At Rhages 627 r. 695 God the Cause of Earthquakes 418 r. 48â— Eleans their Commigration 243 r. 269 Their War with the Lacedemonians 365 r. 404 With the Arcadians and Pisatae 440 r. 497 Join with the Athenians in the
ejected by the Thracians call'd Edones Two and Thirty Years after the Athenians sent thither a Colony of Ten Thousand Men. But these being destroy'd by the Thracians at Drabiscum two Years after the Thracians recover'd the City under Apion their General This City subject to so frequent changes of War Brasidas made it his business to subdue To this end marching thither with a great Army he encamp'd at the Bridge near to the City and presently possess'd himself of the Suburbs The next day they of Ant. Chr. 425. Amphipolis being greatly terrify'd surrendred the Place upon conditions that all that would might leave the City and take their effects with them And soon after he took in many other neighbouring Cities amongst which the chief were Sime and Galepsus both Colonies of the Thracians and Myrcinus a Town of the Edones He likewise fell a building new Ships at the River Strymon and sent for fresh Supplies from Lacedemonia and other Confederates He also caus'd great store of Arms to be made by which he arm'd the new rais'd Men and furnish'd himself with Darts Weapons and all other Provisions And being thus compleatly provided he march'd from Amphipolis and encamp'd at a Place call'd * The Sea Shoar Acte Here were Five of the Towns partly inhabited by Grecians of Andros and partly by a mixt multitude of Barbarians descended from the †Iberians a People of Macedonia near the River Stremon Said to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of Two Tongues Bissalte People of a double Tongue Having brought these under his Power he fell upon Toron built by the Chalcideans but then in the power of the Athenians Here by the Treachery of some of the Inhabitants in the Night he was let into the Town and so won Toron And thus far the Expedition of Brasidas prosper'd this Year In the mean time there was a Battel fought by the Athenians A Battel by the Athenians with the Beotians at Delium at Delium in Beotia with the Beotians upon the accounts following The then present Government in Beotia was displeasing to some who desir'd to set up a Democracy in the Cities These Malecontents Ant. Ch. 425. discovered their Designs to the Athenian Generals Hippocrates and Demosthenes and engaged to deliver up the Cities in Beotia This was a very welcome Overture to the Commanders And that the Business might the better be effected they divided the Army and Demosthenes with the greater part made an incursion into Beotia But the Beotians being well prepared having had notice of the Treachery he marcht back without doing any thing Hippocrates in the mean time invaded Delium possessed himself of the Place and to prevent the March of the Beotians that way fortify'd Delium with a Wall which lies near to Oropia and the Borders of Beotia lying towards the Mountains But Pantoedas the Beotian General gathered out of all the Cities of Beotia the best and choicest Souldiers and with a great Army and a swift March made for Delium for he had with him little less than Twenty Thousand Foot and a Thousand Horse The Athenians on the other side were more in number but not so well arm'd for coming hastily and suddenly out of the City many were ill furnished both as to Arms and other Necessaries This was the condition of The manner of the Fight at Delium P. 322. Ant. Chr. 425. both Armies yet very hot and eager on both sides to fight In the Army of the Beotians the Thebans were in the Right Wing the Orchomeans in the Left and the Beotians in the main Body Those that were call'd Heniochans and Paraebates that is the Charioteers or those that fought in Chariots were plac'd in the Front these were the best Souldiers in number Three Hundred The Athenians were forc'd to join Battel before they were perfectly drawn up in Battalia but it was fought with great Courage and Resolution on both sides The Athenian Horse charg'd with that Bravery that in the beginning they put the Enemies Horse to flight Then the Foot engaged and that part of the Athenian Army that opposed the Thebans by the violence of the Enemy's Charge were quite broken in pieces and routed But the rest of the Athenians chas'd all the other Beotians and pursu'd them a long way with a great Slaughter On the other side the Thebans being strong Bodied Men left the chase of their Enemies and fell upon the other Pursuers hew'd them down dispers'd and utterly routed them and thus the Thebans highly advanc'd their Reputation by this signal Victory As for the Athenians some of them fled to Oropus others to Delium some made to their Ships and the rest fled every way as their Lot and Fortune led them till Night put an end to the Pursuit There were not Ant. Chr. 425. above Five Hundred of the Beotians kill'd but many more of the Athenians and if Night had not come on most of them had been cut off but that sav'd them and gave a check to the fury of the Conquerors Yet the number of the Slain was so great that with the Price of the Spoils the Thebans built a great Walk or Gallery in the Forum and adorn'd it with many * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Statues of Brass and even cover'd over the Temples with Brass and the publick Buildings in the Market Place with the Arms and Shields of their Enemies And with the Riches got in this Fight they set up Sports and Shews at Delium After this Victory the Beotians assaulted Delium with that fury that the greater part of the Garrison were kill'd in defending the Place Two Hundred only were taken the rest escaped to their Ships and with other Inhabitants came to Athens Into this Disaster fell the Athenians by their crafty Designs against the Beotians In Asia Xerxes the Persian King died after he had reigned one Year some say only Two Months To him succeeded Sogdianus for the space only of Seven Months who being kill'd Darius injoy'd the Kingdom Nineteen Years With Darius Nothus begins to Reign this Year Antiochus of Syracuse the noble Writer of the Affairs of Sicily ends his History beginning at King Cocalus and consisting of Nine Books When Amyntas was chief Magistrate of Athens Caius Papirius and Lucius Olymp. 89. 2. Scione a City in Thrace Ant. Ch. 424. Julius were Roman Consuls In their time the Scioneans now slighting the Athenians by reason of the late Defeat given them made a defection to the Lacedemonians and gave up their City into the protection of Brasidas then General of the Army in Thrace And those who escap'd out of Lesbos after the taking of Mitylene by the Athenians who were no small Number some time before contriving how to return into their Country join'd together and possess'd themselves of Antandrus from whence taking their opportunity they issued forth and set upon the Garrison at Mitylene At which the Athenians being incens'd command was given to Aristides
govern according to their own Laws And now Lacedaemon being at leisure and at Peace with all her Neighbours prepares for War against them of Messina Some of them then held a Castle in Cephalenia others inhabited in Naupachus within the Country of the Locrians call'd Hesperians formerly given to them by the Athenians But they cast them out of both and restored the Castle to the Cephalenians and the other to the Locrians The miserable Messinians through the ancient hatred of the Lacedaemonians were expell'd every where and were forced to leave Greece marching away with their Arms some sail'd to Sicily and Listed themselves Soldiers under Dionysius others to the number of Three thousand made to * A City in Lybia in Africa Cyrene and join'd with other Exiles there For at that time a great Sedition was among the Cyrenians after Aristo with some others had possess'd themselves of the City by whom Five hundred of the principal Men of the City on a sudden were slain upon which all the Persons of Quality fled out of the Town Hereupon the Exiles of Cyrene join'd with the Messinians and march'd in a Body against them who kept the City The Parties engag'd and in the Fight a great slaughter was made of the Cyrenians and almost all the Messinians were cut off After the Fight Messengers were sent to and fro and the matter at length was compos'd by the Cyrenians among themselves who engag'd by solemn Oath one to another That all Injuries should be afterwards for ever forgotten so that they liv'd together from that time peaceably in the Government of their Common wealth About this time the Romans sent Colonies to them call'd * Velitrae Ventras The Year ended Laches was made Lord-Chancellor of Athens At Rome the Consular Ann. M. 3572. Olym 95. Ant. Ch. 398. Dignity was given again to Military Tribunes Manlius Claudius * Livy says Marcus Emilius Appius Claudius Marcus Quintilius Lucius Julius Marcus Posthumius and Lucius Valerius Marcus Quintius Lucius Julius Marcus Furius and Lucius Valerius Then was celebrated the Ninety Fifth Olympiad in which Minos the Athenian was Victor At the same time Artaxerxes King of Asia after the Defeat of Cyrus sent * Pharnabazus is here put for Tissaphernes Ush An. 169. Tissaphernes to take into his Care and Charge all the Governments on the Sea Coasts upon which the Provinces and Cities which had sided with Cyrus were greatly terrify'd lest they should be punish'd for what they had done against the King And therefore sought to qualify Tissaphernes by their Messengers and every one to the utmost of his Power endeavour'd to procure his Favour But Tamos the Chiefest of them Lord-Lieutenant of Ionia put his Wealth and all his Children on board except one call'd Gaus who was afterwards the King of Persia's General out of fear of Tissaphernes and sail'd into Aegypt for Protection to Psmammiticus the King Descended from the ancient Psammiticus whom he had formerly oblig'd by several good Offices and therefore hop'd he should find there shelter and safe Harbour to secure him from the impending Storm of the King 's Wrath. But Psammiticus neither valuing former Benefits nor regarding the Law of Nations to them in distress out of Covetousness to gain the Money and the Ships cut the Throat of his Friend and Suppliant and of all his Children The Cruelty of the King of Aegypt In the mean time the Graecian Cities throughout Asia hearing of the Descent of Tissaphernes sent Ambassadors to the Lacedaemonians and earnestly intreated them that they would not suffer them to be utterly destroy'd by the Barharians Upon this they promis'd forthwith to send them Aid and by their Ambassadors sollicited Tissaphernos that he would not invade the Graecian Cities with his Army However regardless of their Ambassadors P. 416. he set upon the Cumeans in the first place and wasted and spoil'd the Country round about and took a vast Number of Prisoners And afterwards besieged the City but by reason of Winter coming on he could not take it and therefore after he had receiv'd a great Sum of Money for the Redemption of the Captives he rais'd his Siege Ant. Ch. 398. The Lacedaemonians in defence of the Greek Cities made Thimbro General in the War against the King and gave him the Command of a Thousand Spartans with Orders to War between the Lacedaemenians and Persians raise as many Men more from among their Confederates as he thought fit for the present Service Upon which Thimbro goes to Corinth and mustering the Aid he had got together from several places he passes over to Ephesus with no more than Five thousand Men After he had raised Two thousand more from the Confederate Cities and other places having with him not above Seven thousand Men he march'd an * About Fifteen Miles Hundred and twenty Stages and took Magnesia at the first Assault a City within the Government of Tissaphernes Then he came to Trallis a Town in Ionia and determin'd to Besiege it but not being able to effect any thing to purpose there by reason of the strength of the place he return'd to Magnesia This place was then unwall'd therefore fearing lest Tissaphernes should retake it after he was gone he remov'd it higher to the next Hill call'd Thorax From whence he made several incursions upon the Enemy and loaded his Soldiers with variety of Plunder But hearing that Tissaphernes was near at hand with a great Body of Horse he forthwith retir'd to Ephesus About this time part of those Soldiers that went along with Cyrus against his Brother return'd into Greece every one to their own Country Others the greater part of them that were always accustomed to Military Employment to the number almost of Five thousand chose Xenophon for their General who with those Forces made an Expedition against the Thracians who inhabited * A Promontory in Pontus Salmidessus This is a long Creek lying shooting out along the Left side of Pontus well known for the many Ship-wracks that have been there by reason whereof the Thracians near those parts use to seize upon the Merchants that have escap'd to Shore and carry them away as Captives Xenophon therefore with his Forces breaks into their Country overcomes them in Battle and burns many of their Towns and Villages From hence they are sent for by Thimbro with promise Ant. Ch. 398. of being well paid upon which they march'd to him being very eager to assist the Lacedemonians against the Persians During these Actions Dionysius in Sicily builds a Town at the foot of Aetna and from a certain famous Temple calls it Adranus In Macedonia King Archilaus when he Dionysius builds Adranus in Sicily was Hunting was kill'd by Craterus whom he dearly lov'd after he had Reign'd Seven years and his Son Orestes yet a Child succeeded him After the death of Archelaus Aetropus the Tutor and Guardian of Orestes Govern'd the Kingdom for the
space of Six years At the same time in Athens Socrates the Philosopher accus'd by Anytus Socrates condemn'd and Melitus of Atheism and corrupting the Youth was condemn ' to dye and after executed by drinking of a Cup of Poison Of which wicked Action the People in a short time after repented when in vain they could have wish'd that Excellent and worthy Man alive again therefore they turn'd all their Fury upon his Accusers and kill'd them without staying for any Formalities of Law When the Year was ended Aristocrates bore the Office of Archon at Athens for the Year ensuing And at Rome Six Military Tribunes were invested with Consular Dignity An. M. 3573. Olymp. 95. 2. Ant. Ch. 397. P. 417. Caius Servilius Lucius Virginius Quintus Sulpitius Aulus * Manlius Manlius †Capitus * Quintus Servilius Clodius and * Marcus Sergius Marcus Ancus During their Magistracy the Lacedaemonians understanding that the Affairs of the War were ill managed by Thimbro sent Dercyllidas General into Asia Upon his arrival he forthwith march'd with the Forces against the Cities of * Capitolinus Troas and in a trice took * For Larissa Arisba Hamaxitus and Colone afterwards Ilium Cebrene and all the rest of the Cities in the Territory of Troas some by Tricks and Surprize and others by Storm After this he and * Tissaphernes A Sedition at Heraclea Pharnabazus agreed upon a Truce for eight Months and in the mean time he fell upon the Thracians in Bythinia and wasted their Country and then drew his Army into Winter-Quarters At that time a great Sedition broke out in Heraclea in Thrachinia and thereupon the Lacedaemonians sent Eripidas to compose the Differences who when he came there procur'd a Council to be call'd and having beset the Senate round with arm'd Men seiz'd the Authors and put all to death to the number of Five hundred Men. He likewise march'd with an Army against the Inhabitants of Oetas who had made a Defection and after many Hardships he had reduc'd them unto he forc'd them out of those Places and the greatest part of them with their Wives and Children fled into Thessaly and five Years after were transplanted into Boeotia During these Affairs the Thracians in great Bodies made an Irruption into the * The Chersonese is an Istmos near the Hellespont containing 37 Furlongs i. e. above Four Miles from one Sea to another Xenoph. Hell Lib. 3. Chersonese of Thrace wasting and ravaging the Country every where where they possess'd themselves of all the fenced Cities Upon this they of the Chersonese sent for Dercyllidas the Lacedaemonian out of Asia who transported his Army thither and drave the Thracians out of the Country and drawing a Wall cross from one Sea to the other fortify'd the Chersonese so as that by this means he prevented the Incursions of the Thracians for the time to come and so he return'd with his Forces into Asia after he had been bountifully Ant. Ch. 397. rewarded for his Services During the time of the Truce * Tissaphernes Conon made Admiral by the Persians Pharnabozus went up to the King and he and others persuaded him to equip a Navy and make Conon the Athenian Admiral for he was a very skilful and expert Soldier the best that was then in Cyprus with King Evagorus Pharnabazus having wrought upon the King and receiv'd Five hundred Talents for that purpose forthwith made it his business to set forth a Fleet and after he had sounded Conon concerning his acceptance of Chief Command at Sea he created him Admiral making him many great and fair Promises in the King's Name Hereupon Conon accepts the Place in hopes not only to recover the Sovereignty of the Seas for his Country by subduing the Lacedemonians but to advance his own Reputation by the success of his Arms. But in regard the whole Fleet was not as yet ready he sailed away only with Forty Sail into Cilicia and there prepared himself for the War Pharnabazus likewise and Tissaphernes having rais'd Men out of their several Provinces The Persians and Lacedemonians make a Truce near Ephesus Ant. Ch. 397. march'd forth and made their way towards Ephesus because the Enemies Forces lay there There were with them under their Command Twenty thousand Foot and Ten thousand Horse Dereyllidas the Lacedemonian hearing of the Enemies march drew forth his Army having no more than Seven thousand Men but when the Armies drew near one to another a Truce was agreed upon and a certain time prefixt within which Pharnabazus might send the Articles to the King to know his pleasure whether he would have Peace or War and that Dereyllidas might inform the Spartans how Affairs stood in the mean time And upon these terms the Armies drew off into their several Quarters CHAP. VII The War between the Rhegians and Dionysius He prepares to make War upon the Carthaginians Most of the Cities submit to Dionysius He returns to the Siege of Motya It 's taken Forces sent from Carthage against Dionysius A Sea-fight between the Carthaginians and the Sicilians Syracuse Besieg'd The Speech of Theodorus against Dionysius A grievous Plague in the Carthaginian Army A great destruction of the Carthaginian Fleet in the Harbour of Syracuse The miserable condition of Imilco in his own Country The Troubles of the Carthaginians THE Rhegians formerly a Colony of the Chalcideans were now uneasie under the growing Power of Dionysius for he had enslav'd the Naxians and Gataneans who were P. 418. The Rhegians jealous of Dionysius of their own Blood and Nation and the Rhegians seeing that they themselves were in the same common danger with those already express'd were in a great Consternation lest they should all be brought under the same Calamity Therefore they judg'd it most advisable and highly to concern them to make War upon him while they had an opportunity before the Tyrant grew too strong Those that were banish'd from Syracuse by Dionysius join'd in this War being furnish'd with all things necessary for that purpose by the Rhegians for there was a great multitude of them at that time at * A City in Italy Rhegium who being press'd by the Rhegians with the necessity and advantage they were likely to reap by the War resolv'd to make use of the first opportunity To that end Officers were at length chosen and with them they sent Six thousand Foot and Six hundred Horse with Fifty Crabyes when they were landed they sollicited the Messenian Commanders to join with them telling them it would be a most dishonourable thing if they should suffer The Rhegians invade Sicily a Grecian City and next to them to be utterly destroy'd by a Tyrant The Officers being thus persuaded led forth the Soldiers without the order of the State The number was Four thousand Foot and Four hundred Horse and with them Thirty Gallies Before they had march'd to the utmost borders of Messina