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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A58845	The royal politician represented in one hundred emblems written in Spanish by Don Diego Saavedra Faxardo ... ; with a large preface, containing an account of the author, his works, and the usefulness thereof ; done into English from the original, by Sir Ja. Astry.; Idea de un príncipe político-cristiano. English	Saavedra Fajardo, Diego de, 1584-1648.; Astry, James, Sir.	1700 (1700)	Wing S211; ESTC R21588	533,202	785

mute History of the Royal Race 24 Quomodo imaginibus suis noscuntur quas nec victor quidem abolevit ●ic partem memoriae apud scriptores retinent Tac. Annal. l. 4. The Obsequies of David and Solomon were celebrated with extraordinary Pomp and Splendour In the Funerals of private Persons great Care is required because Superstitions prejudicial to Religion are easily introduced the Imagination being deluded in what is hoped or feared from the Deceased and for that Funeral Charges are things which happen every day and concern many it is absolutely necessary they should be moderated Sorrow and Vain-glory being apt to raise them too high Plato set a certain Rate upon the Building of Sepulchres as did Solon also and after them the Romans King Philip II. made a Law to regulate the Abuses and Excesses of Funerals and Monuments saying That what was laid out superfluously upon them were better given to pious Uses and to pray for the Souls of the Deceased Thus far Your Highness has seen the Birth Death and Burial of the Prince whom these Emblems form being as it were present at the Building of this Politick Edifice from the very Foundation to the last Stone And now that your Highness may with more ease take a Review of the whole Fabrick I have thought convenient to subjoin here a kind of Platform thereof or Looking-Glass wherein it may be represented as a greater City is in a lesser This shall be King Ferdinand the Catholick one of Your Royal Highnesses's Ancestors in whose glorious Reign all the Arts both of Peace and War flourished and Accidents both of prosperous and adverse Fortune occurred The Infancy of this Great King was ripe and vigorous his Youth employed in Military Exercises and what art and Industry could not perfect in him Experience supplied His very Leisure was Employment and his Diversions Attention of Mind He was absolute Master of his Passions following more the Dictates of Policy than his own Natural inclinations He own'd his Grandeur to be from God only and gloried in his own Actions not those of his Ancestors He look'd on Sovereignty rather as a Charge than a Succession He qu●e●ed his Realms by Dil●gence and Personal Presence rais'd his Monarchy by Valour and Prudence ●stabllsh'd it by Religion and Justice supported it by Love and Respect embellish'd it with Arts and Sciences enrich'd it by Trade and Husbandry and eterniz'd it by Maxims and Institutions truly Politick He was a King as well of his Court as Kingdoms and Master as well as Home as Abroad He temper'd his Liberality with Frugality Affab●lity with Authority Modesty with Gravity and Clemency with Justice By punishing some few he terrified many and by rewarding others he encourag'd the Hopes of all Personal Affronts he easily pardon'd but those which struck at the Royal Dignity he never forgave The Injuries done to his Subjects he reveng'd as his own behaving himself always as a Father to them He valu'd his Glory more than his Dominion but was neither puft up by Prosperity nor dejected by Adversity In the one he fortify'd himself against the other and when Fortune frown'd he us'd all his Industry to retrieve her Favour He made use of Time not Time of him and though he submitted to Necessity he made it subservient to his own Advantage His Conduct render'd him both belov'd and fear'd of all He gave Audience with readiness Hearing that he might know and asking Questions for his more certain Information He trusted not his Enemies and was reserv'd even with his Friends His Friendship was Conv●niency his Kindred Reason of State his Confidence vigilant his Diffidence considerate his Providence Assurance his Jealousy Circumspection his Malice a Defence and his Dissimulation a Refuge He deceived none yet others were deceived by the Ambiguity of his Words and Treaties which he knew how to manage with so much Artifice when it was necessary to baffle Malice with Prudence as to be able to extricate himself without violating the Publick Faith Neither Falshood dared attack his Majesty nor Flattery his Knowledge He made his Ministers serviceable to him without making them Favourites and suffer'd himself to be counsel'd not govern'd by them What he could do himself he committed not to others He took Time for Consultation but was very Expeditious in Execution In his Resolutions the Effects were seen sooner than the Causes He conceal'd his Designs from his Embassadors when he desir'd that being deceiv'd themselves they should more effectually persuade others the contrary He knew how to rule with his Queen and obey his Son-in-Law He imposed Taxes through Necessity not out of Avarice and Luxury and what he then took from the Church he afterwards restor'd respecting the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction and maintaining the Regal He kept no fixed Court but like the Sun mov'd continually about the Orbs of his Realms He manag'd Peace with Moderation and Integrity and prosecuted War with Force and Stratagem neither desiring the one nor refusing the other Whatsoever his Foot was fixed on his Arm and Conduct join'd in the Defecne thereof encreasing his Strength by the Spoils of his Enemies He did as much by his Negotiations as by his Arms never committing to the Sword what he could conquer by Address he plac'd the Ostentation of his Grandeur and Pomp in the Bravery of his Battalions He was always present in time of War within his Kingdoms The same Orders which he gave he observ'd himself and made Leagues so as to remain Arbiter not subject He was neither exalted when Conqueror nor when beaten dispirited He Sign'd Treaties of Peace under the Shield In a word He liv'd to all the World and dy'd to himself yet always remaining in the memory of Men as an absolute Pattern for Princes and Immortalizing himself in the Desire of his Subjects THis naked Skull of Death the dismal Sc●●e Which now the simple Spider measures o're WIth its slight Web which baffled heretofore The nicest Subteilties of Humane Brain Once wore a 〈◊〉 and triumphant stood As Monarch of the 〈◊〉 of Peace and War His Smiles gave Life his Anger dire Despair And all the World depended on its Nod. What oncee gave proudly Laws to War and Peace Spiders and Ear-wigs do now possess Why then this Pride O Princes since the Grave Makes no Distinction 'twixt the Base and Brave Betwixt the mighty Prince and wretched Slave On the Author and his Book in Allusion to the EMBLEM WHither so fast vain Man 'fore out of breath Stop and behold this lively Scene of Death The Head thou seest was Great Saavedra's once A greater Name no Rhetorick can pronounce Here Piety with Policy were join'd Here Honour Sence and Learning were combin'd False Machiavilian Notions to convince And form at oncea Wise and Vertuous Prince Where now alas Worms having eat it bare The Death-watch Spiders spread their curious Hair And with their Bowels nobly re-interr Scepters and Crowns here tumbled down you see A trifling Lose to one so Great as He But since this Work remains the World may cry Death where 's thy Sting Grave where 's thy Victory FINIS

Care of the Publick Repose has raised the Walls of Cities so much above the reach of Men that they might not scale them but however many Soldiers at once closing their Shields and mutually joining and agreeing to lift one another up have got above their Battlements and stormed them All the Works of Nature are preserved by Amity and Concord and when this fails they decay and die The cause of Death being no other than a Discord of the Part whereon Life depends The very same happens in Commonwealths as common Consent made them a Society so a Dissention between the greatest or most powerful part dissolves again and dissociates or else new models them That City which by Concord was but one without it becomes two nay sometimes three or four for want of that Body of Love whereby its Inhabitants made one Body This Division engenders Hatred whence Revenge arises and from that a disrespect of Laws without the Authority of which Justice loses its force and where that fails Arms are taken up and a Civil War breaking out the Order of the State which wholly consists in Unity is confounded 2 Wisdom 18. 9. The Bees no sooner fall out but their Commonwealth is destroyed The Ancients to represent Discord painted a Woman tearing her Cloaths Et scissâ gaudens vadit discordia pallâ * Virg Now if it has the same effect between Citizens how will they be able to unite for their Common Defence and Interest How will they have God on their side who is Peace it self and so great a Lover of it that as Iob says with it he maintains his Heavenly Monarchy 3 He maketh peace in high-places Plato used to say Nothing was so pernicious to Commonwealths as Division Concord is the Ornament of a City its Walls and Guard even Malice it self cannot stand long without it Domestick Dissentions are so many Victories for the Enemy 4 Nostris illi dissentionibus discordiis clari vitia ●ostium in gloria● exercitus sui vertunt Tac. in Vit. Ag●ic as those of the Britains Galgacus said were to the Romans 5 Conversis ad civile bellum animis externa sine cura ●abentur Tac. Hist. l. 1. But notwithstanding these and other Reasons some Politicians assert That it is necessary for the Preservation of a State to sow Discords among the People and to this end alledges for an Example the Bees in whose Hives is always heard a kind of Murmurring and Dissention But alas this is so far from strengthning that it rather overthrows their Opinion for that Humming is not a Dissonance as I may say of Wills but a Harmony of Voices whereby these Creatures as it were encourage and stir up each other to the Labours of making Honey as Mariners do when they Hoise Sail. Nor is the Argument drawn from the contrariety of the four Humours in living Bodies of any force for 't is rather from this Conflict of theirs that proceed Diseases and Shortness of Life that which is Prdominant at last getting the Victory Hence Vegetables because without that contrariety endure longer What differs from and is at variance with it self must of necessity suffer and what suffers can never be lasting Who when a Republick is divided can keep the Flame of Dissentions within certain Bounds Who will afterwards quench it when All are involved in them The more Powerful Faction will now oppress the Weaker and that to Defend this to Revenge it self make use of Foreign Forces and so enslave the Commonwealth or else introduce a new Form of Government which will almost always be Tyrannical as several Instances witness It is not the Prince's Duty to distract the Minds of his Subjects but rather to keep them loving and amicable and besides 't is impossible they should conspire to love and obey him who are divided amongst themselves or consider not whence their Evil comes As often therefore as the Prince himself is the cause of Discord Divine Providence as it abominably 6 And a seventh doth my heart abhorr he that soweth discord among brethren Prov. 6. 14. detests it permits those very Means he thought to preserve himself by to be the Instruments of his Ruine For when the Parties come to know it they despise and abhorr him as the first Author and Promoter of their Differences King Italus gained the Affection and Applause of the Germans by never fomenting Dissentions and carrying himself alike to all For these then and such like Reasons the Prince should beware of letting Discords take root and rather strive to encourage the Union of his State which will easily be maintained if he look carefully to the Observance of the Laws the Unity of Religion Plenty of Corn and Provision to the equal Distribution of Favours and Gratuities to the Maintaining of Privileges if he take care that the Common People be employed in Mechanick Arts the Nobility in Publick Government Arms and Literature to prohibit Cabals and Clandestine Meetings to keep the Great Ones Frugal and Modest and the Inferiours Peaceable to restrain Privileged Persons and those who pretend to be exempt from Duties in a word if he see that Riches be reduced to a Mediocrity and Poverty remedied For from the Reformation and Regulating these results good Government and where that is there Peace and Concord ever flourish There is but one Case wherein it seems convenient and warrantable to kindle Discords in Kingdoms and that is when they are already troubled with Seditions and Intestine Broils for then to distract them into Factions will be a means to weaken the Power of the Bad the only end in that being to render Peace to the Good And it is a piece of Self-Preservation not to let Disturbers be at quiet inasmuch as the Concord of Ill Men is to the Prejudice of the Good as 't is to be wish'd that these may live Peaceably so it is that those may be in Discord For Good Men always come by the worst when Bad Men are united 7 Concordi● malorum contraria est bonorum sicut optandum est ut boni pacem habeant ad invicem ita optandum est ut mali sint discordes Impeditur enim iter bono um si unitas non dividatur malorum S. Isid. The Discord we condemn as pernicious to Common-wealths is that which arises from Hatred and Enmity not that Contention which has place between several Conditions and Members of the same Commonwealth as between the Lords and Commons the Soldiers and Tradesmen For that Contrariety or rather Emulation by the very diversity of Natures and Ends keeps up a Distinction in the Degrees and Spheres of the State and supports it nor are there Seditions but when the States combine together and make every private Person 's the Common Interest just as from the commixtion of the Elements and the meeting of Rivers and Streams proceed Storms and Inundations It concerns the Prince therefore to employ all his Care

Peace Now Caesar 's Grandeur Caesar 's Glories reign His Conqu'ring Arm sheathing his Sword again * Propert. Nothing in the World is more an Enemy to Possession than War It is a wicked as well as foolish Doctrine which teaches that Seeds of Hatred should be nourished that Matter for War may be furnished whenever it shall be thought fit 12 Semina odiorum jacienda omne scelus externum habendum cum laetitia Tac. Annal. l. 12. He always lives in War who has it always in his Thoughts The Advice of the Holy Spirit is much more wholsom Seek Peace and pursue it 13 Psal. 34. 14. When a Peace is once Concluded the Laws of God and Man oblige to a faithful Observance of it even although transacted with one's Predecessors without any Distinction between the Government of One and Many both the Kingdom and Commonwealth for the Benefit and upon the Faith of which the Contract was made being always the same and never dying Time and Common Consent have Passed what was once Agreed upon into a Law Nor is Force or Necessity a sufficient Excuse for making War For if the Publick Faith might be violated for these things there would be no Capitulation no Treaty of Peace but might be broken under the same colour Francis I. was blamed for declaring War against Charles V. contrary to the Agreement made during his Imprisonment under pretence of Constraint By such Artifices and Equivocal Negotiations it comes to pass that none at all are firm so that to establish them it is necessary to demand Hostages or detain some considerable Place things which embarrass a Peace and fatigue the World with perpetual Wars The Prince then being free from the Toils and Dangers of War should apply himself wholly to the Arts of Peace according to Tasso Learning and Arts promote throughout your Realm Divert your Subjects Minds with Plays and Balls With equal Iustice punish and reward And out of Danger stand upon your Guard Yet not without reflecting how soon War may possibly disturb his Rest. Let not his Eye quit the Arms his Hand has laid down nor those old Medals influence him upon the Reverse of which Peace was described burning Shields with a Torch This was far from being a prudent Emblem for there is nothing so necessary after War as the preserving of Arms to keep Violence from making any attempt against Peace None but God alone could when he gave it to his People break the Bow as the Psalmist expresseth it cut the Spear in sunder and 〈◊〉 the Chariots in the fire 14 Psal. 46. 9. forasmuch as he being the Arbiter of War needs not Arms to maintain Peace withal But among Men there can be no Peace where Ambition is not restrained by Fear or Force This gave Occasion to the Invention of Arms which Defence found out before Offence The Plough marked out the Walls before the Streets were disposed and almost at the same time Tents were pitched and Houses built The Publick Repose would never be secure did not Care armed guard its Sleep A State unprovided with Arms awakens the Enemy and invites War Never had the Alps heard the Echo's of so many Trumpets had the Cities of the Milanese been better fortify'd This State is as it were an Outwork to all the Kingdoms of the Spanish Monarchy and each ought for its own Security to contribute to its Strength which joined with the Power of the Sea would render the Monarchy firm and unshaken Mens Hearts were they of Adamant could not supply the Defect of Walls King Witiza by demolishing these made the Moors so bold as to invade Spain when those Banks were gone which till then had stopt their Inundations 15 Mar. Hist. Hisp. Augustus was not guilty of this Negligence in that long Peace he enjoyed but appointed a Publick Treasury as a Provision against a War Except Forces be Exercised in Time of Peace and the Mind disciplin'd in the Arts of War it will not easily be done when Danger of Invasion shall have put all Men in a Consternation and they be more intent on flying and saving what they have than on their Defence There is no greater Stratagem than to leave a Kingdom to its own Idleness When Military Exercise fails Valour does the same Nature produces in all Parts great Souls which either Occasion discovers or want of Business burieth Past Ages have not furnish'd braver Men in Greece and Rome than are at this day born but they then appeared so Heroical because Desire of Rule made them use themselves to Arms. Let not a Prince be discouraged at the Sluggishness of his Subjects Discipline will fit them either to preserve Peace or to maintain War Let him keep them always employed in the Exercise of Arms for he that desires Peace must prevent War EMBLEM C. IT is a short breathing between the Cradle and the Tomb short I say yet 〈◊〉 of occasioning considerable Evils if ill employed Often does a Commonwealth lament whole Ages the Errour of one Moment On this Point turns the Fall or Rise of Empires One bad Counsel in a Minute throws down what has cost Valour and Prudence many Years to build 1 〈…〉 Ta● Annal. l. 5. And therefore it is not enough in this Amphitheater of Life to have run well if the Course be not equal to the End He only receives the Crown who has lawfully touch'd the last Goal of Death The Foundation of Houses consists in the first Stones that of Renown in the last except they be Glorious it soon falls and is buried in Oblivion The Cradle does not flourish until the Tomb has first and then even the Briars of past Vices turn to Flowers for Fame is the last Spirit of our Actions which thence receive their Beauty and Lustre a thing never seen in an infamous Old Age that rather effacing the Glory of Youth as it happened to 2 Cesserunt que prim● postremis bo●a● juventae senectus flagitios●●●●teravit Tac. Annal. 1. 6. Vitellius The most perfect Stroaks of the Pencil or Chizel are not esteemed if the whole Work remain imperfect And if ever Fragments were regarded it was for being the Reliques of a once perfect Statue Envy or Flattery while Life lasts give different Forms to Actions but Fame unbyass'd by those Passions pronounces after Death true and just Sentences which the Tribunal of Posterity confirms 3 S●●m ●uique decus posteritas rependit Tac. Annal. 1. 4. Some Princes are sensible enough of how great Consequence it is to Crown their Life with Vertues but they are mistaken in thinking to supply that by leaving them described in Epitaphs and represented in Statues not considering that they blush to accompany him in Death whom they had not accompanied while alive and that the Marbles are as it were in Indignation to see the Counterfeit-Glory of a Tyrant inscribed on them but seem to soften to facilitate the engraving of that

12 Senectutem Tiberii ut inermem despicient Tac. Hist. l. 6. The Authority of a decrepid Prince is lost and his Orders 〈…〉 not taken for his own as it was 〈◊〉 of those of 〈◊〉 13 〈◊〉 Principe i●●●to exitium d●mui ejus i●tendi 〈◊〉 〈…〉 l. 5. He is hated by the 〈◊〉 who look upon him as an unprofitable Instrument the Source of all the Evils the Government suffers And as Love is in a manner bred by interest and brought up by Hope all make slight of him inasmuch as he is not ●ble to give much who hath but a little while to live His Empire is accounted precarious and short lived as that of Galba was 14 Precarium sibi imperium brevi transi●●●●● Tac. Hist. l. 1. and the Ministers like the Goss-Hawks of Norway that they may get the day lay their Pounces upon the Publick Trea●ures selling Places and Favours as the Servants of the same Emperor did 15 〈◊〉 afferebant ve●alia c●nct● prap●●●mses libe●● 〈…〉 Tac. Hist. l. 1. When therefore the Age is come to this pass the Prince has more need of Instructions to make him sensible of his inability and resign the weight of the Government to his Successor than of Precepts to continue it to himself Let not Ambition delude him by the Representation of his post Character and Applause for Men consider not the Prince as he was but as he now is Nor is it enough to have once made himself feared if he cannot do it now nor to have governed well heretofore if he neither is able nor knows how to govern well still Dominion is like the Sea which immediately casts on Shore all unprofitable Carkasses The Prince is esteemed for the Form of the Soul with which he Ordains Commands Rewards and Punishes so that when Age comes to discompose that Form the Esteem vanishes a●d therefore it will be prudent to acknowledge the Injuries and Contempts of Age in time and so slip from them before they arrive If the Prince and Business must part it is better that he bid the first adieu 'T is a glorious Action to submit to own one's Frailty and voluntarily divest one's self of Grandeur before Death takes it away by Force lest it should be said that he died unknown by himself who lived known by all Men. He should consider that his Royal Scepter is like the Herb of the same Name which in a little time turns to Worms 16 Theophr l. de Plant. and that if the whole Globe of the Earth be no more than a Point in comparison of the Heavens What will one Monarchy one Kingdom be And though this were never so large yet he can have no more of it than a Place to bury him in 17 My breath is corrupt my days are exti●●● the graves are ready for me Io● 17. 1. or as Saladin said a Shrowd without carrying away with him any other Glory The Prince is not to live always for the Commonwealth he should reserve some Time to himself and endeavour that at the setting of his Life the Horizon of Death may be cleared from the Vapours of Ambition and the Clouds of Passion and Interest as is expressed by the Sun in this Emblem taken from the Sepulchre of Ioshua upon which a Representation of that Planet was raised with this difference only that there it was put in memory of its standing still at the Voice of this Great Captain 18 And the sun stood still and the moon stayed Ios● 10. 13. here to signifie that as a Clear and Fair Evening is an infallible Sign of the Serenity of the next Morning so a Reign ended in Sanctity and Happiness portends that he who is a to succeed will be also happy for a Reward to the Vertue and by the irresistible Efficacy of this last Example The Art of Living and Dying well that glorious Retirement of the Emperor Charles Va. May teach who so far laid aside all Publick Cares that he never so much as enquired after the State of his Monarchy but brought his great Soul otherwise made for brave Atchievements to the dressing of a Garden or to divert the Hours after his Spiritual Exercise performed at some Ingenious Art or other But if there are any Disputes or Revolutions to be apprehended upon account of the Succession it will be Prudence in the Persons present at the King's Death to keep it secret and make that and the Possession of the Successor publick at one time For in such Cases the People are like a Colt not broke which suffers not the Saddle unless it 〈…〉 sees it Th●● Livi● concealed the 〈◊〉 untill 〈◊〉 was setled in his 〈◊〉 19 Sim●l exce●●i●●e Augustum rer●m pot●ri Neronem ●ama e●dem ●●lit Tac. Annal. l. 1. as Agrippin● did that of Claudius with so much Di●●imulation that even after his Decease a Senate was convened in his Name and Prayers offered for his Health till Time was gained to contrive Nero's Succession 20 Dum res firmando Nero●●● i●p●rio 〈◊〉 Tac. Annal. l. 12. The Death of the Prince being made known neither Piety nor Prudence dissuade from Tears and Demonstrations of Sorrow The Holy Ghost far from forbidding recommends th●em 21 My son pour forth tears over the dead E●clus 38. 16. All the People of Israel lamented the Death of Abner and David followed his Corps to the Grave 22 Mourn before Abner and king David himself followd the bier 2 S●m 3. 31. For though there want not Christian Considerations to comfort us and though there hath been heretofore a Nation which less enlightned with the Rays of Immortality received those with Tears who came into the World and took leave of them that went out of it with Rejoycings yet these Reasons stand good only on their side who are gone to a better Life but are not for those who are left alone and deprived of their Services and Conversation Even our Saviour Christ going to raise Lazarus wept over his Sepulchre 23 Jesus wept Io● 11. 35. These last Expressions of Grief must not be denied the Tenderness and Resentments of Nature They are the Scales wherein the Merit of the deceas'd Prince is weighed and whereby may be known what Value his Subjects had for him in a word the Touch-stone on which their Love and Obedience is tried which strengthens the Links of Subjection and gives Heart to the Successor Yet for all this the People must not be obliged to an expensive Mourning for fear their Prince's Death should turn to a burthensom Tax Not however that Funeral Pomp and magnificent Tombs adorned with Statues and costly Imbossed Works are to be look'd on as a meer Vanity of Princes they are rather a generous piece of Piety which marks out the last Bounds of Humane Greatness and shews in the Magnificence wherewith their Ashes are honoured what Respect is owing to Majesty Sepulchres being no other than a kind of