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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A11366	The tvvo most vvorthy and notable histories which remaine vnmained to posterity (viz:) the conspiracie of Cateline, vndertaken against the gouernment of the Senate of Rome, and the vvarre which Iugurth for many yeares maintained against the same state. Both written by C.C. Salustius.; Bellum Catilinae. English	Sallust, 86-34 B.C.; Sallust, 86-34 B.C. Bellum Jugurthinum. English. aut; Heywood, Thomas, d. 1641.	1609 (1609)	STC 21625; ESTC S116620	153,941	206

euery one to be his own iudge for censure is a gifte of art and experience but to moderate his opinion by coherence comparisons infallible reasons which if they be not allowed by the maior partie let him neuer be ashamed to change his determination For as those which will spend their verdicts vpon Pictures their dimensions lineaments colours wherin the skilfullest eie is often cozened and deceiued ought not to bee ignoraunt of Symmetry to giue true iudgement So is it necessarie for him that will distinguish betweene the sufficiency and insufficiencie of Historie not onelie to bee well read in the Arts but also much conuersant in humaine occurrances Of Writers in this kind there are three sorts the first whereof being wel qualified by nature but better by learning haue bin called vnto Magistracie The second sort haue wanted learning and yet proued verie sufficient by the adiuncts of Nature and experience and the letter being somewhat helped by Nature and wanting experimentall imploiment haue notwithstanding by their industrie and integritie in their collection of Historie euen equalled those who haue spent the greatest portions of their daies in the Counsell-house of Princes Of euery one of these you shall find infinite variety so much the greater by how much euerie one sauoureth of more or lesse integrity learning and experience The best are those which are best seene in all these and free from passion I adde passion because it is harde for an vpright conscience discoursing of an euill subiect to abstaine from hard language or on the other side to attribute vnto good actions a moderate commendation For the inserting medestly in praise of the good and dispraise of the wicked hath giuen no smal ocasion for the amplifying of Historie Whereof ●f good Authors ought to be noted what shall we say of Euill No slight consideration must therefore be taken whether our Historiographer hath written of himselfe or of others of Fellow-Citizens or Strangers of Friends or Enemies of Militarie discipline or Ciuill Gouernement of his Equals or Inferiours and lastly of his owne time or of sore-passed ages For iudgement in this imployment Secretaries Priuy-Counsellors and Presidents in Courtes of Iustice are verie sufficient for by these three the state is ballanced but more sufficient is he● who alone sitteth at the Helm but most of al he that adioyneth much reading of Law and Historie to dailie experience To the perfection whereof two things are most requisite Bookes and Trauaile without the former whereof the difficile management of imployment in any kind is hardly attained to and the date of mans life is ouer●short to compasse it by trauaile and wandering obseruation as of olde time did Licurgus Solon and Vlisses The last of whom Homer pronounced wise For that he had seene the maners of many people and the customes of diuers Citties In these daies many dote vpon sight of strange countries the Natures of liuing Creatures and plants the Fabrickes of Palaces and Pyramides with the ouerworne sculptures of Ancient coines but the misteries of publicke Gouernment and their alterations they neuer regard Next vnto Bookes of humanitie and experiments of Trauaile I commend insight in Lawe For those that are to determine suits and contentions saith Arcadius knowe all sortes of misdemeanors and not misdemeanors onely but their contraries without the indifferent apprehension whereof the one and the other cannot be pried into and preuented For in discerning between good and euil consisteth the fulnesse of human wisedome Whereuppon wee are to gather that of all sorts of Historiographers those are worst to bee liked of which with impure handes as the Prouerbe is presume to write of History being both vnexperienced in affaires of importance and veterly vnlearned Of these is my chiefest Caue at in choise of Historie The next to beware of is a rayling or a passionate Writer for you shall not find all Authors free from this humor and him suspect of flattery by praising himselfe his fauourites and Country men and bitterly taunting his opposites or enemies But when you meet with an Authour who giueth his enemy his due commendation read him with trust and beleefe and the rather if he bee a stranger to both parties esteeme him as litigious persons do of Vmpiers in Abitrementes voyd of partiality For it is aparant that Dionisius Hallicarnasseus a man of no eminent place in Gouernment wrote the History of the Romans with better faith and more vprightnesse then Fabius Salust or Cato men aduanced to wealth and honour in their Common-weales For Polibius a Graecian in many places doth tax Fabius Philenus of falshood the one a Roman the other a Carthaginian and both writing vpon the Punicke warres the one giuing all the honour to the Romans the other to the Carthaginians These are the words of Polibius Philenus avoucheth that the Carthaginians behaued themselues valiantly and the Romans baselie and cowardly But Fabius by the censure of Polibius was a man of approued honesty wisedom to whom the proiects of the Romans nor the counterplots of the enemy were hidden or vnreuealed Yet both Orator like were very wary to say or do any thing to their own irreputations But let not any thinke that in an History he can discharge both the part of an Orator Historiographer For I cannot allow of those writings which in praises and flattery are copious in reprehension of vices briefe and penurious this maxime being most iustifiable that euen the man of best discretion and vprightnesse committeth manifold errors Wherein Equinard and Acciolus haue so magnified Carolus Magnus Eusebius Constancie Nebrensis Ferdinand Iouius Cosmo Medices Phillostratus Apollonius Procopius Bellisarius Staphilus and Leua Charles the fift that heerein they haue rather merited the sirnames of Orators then of Historiographers And therefore let the iudicious Censurer suspend his iudgement not by the scale of Friends and Countreymen but by the verdict of enemies also Against Phillip Comines in praising of Lewes the XI let him oppose Meir and not Meir onely but Paulus Aemilius because the one is excessiue in commending the other as farre gone in discommending the third in a meane Meir tearmeth him periurious and fratricide whose desire was aboue al things without regard of the Lawes of God or man to become sole Tyrant of the state The same Author calleth Comines himselfe Traitor and Fugitiue And therefore in these alterations I wish neither of them to be belieued because the one was highly aduanced and inriched by the King the other a professed enemy and had his p●n deeplier dipped in gall then was seeming for an Historiographer Aemilius was neither friende nor foe for he was of Verona and wrote grauely and modestly in these words The Duke saith he did enuy the King accusing him with the death of his Brother to haue corrupted his Brothers children and to work them to poison their Father Hee affirmes nothing rashly he omitted not repugnant reports They wrote in the life

like For whereas the Latines neglected things triuiall as Sacrifices Playes Triumphs Ensignes of Magistracies the generall gouernment of the state Subsidies Auguries Parliaments and the difficile diuision of the people into wards and Tribes Lastly the potencie of the Senat the priuiledges of the Commons the Authoritie of Magistrates and the power of the people be in my iudgement hath best performed them of anie man liuing And to make them the more easie to bee vnderstood hee hath compared the customes of the Greeks with the Lawes of the Latines deriuing the priuiledges of Clyents which Romulus instituted and which Caesar noteth to be common amongst the Gals from the Athenians and Thessalians The Roman Dictator to be of equall power to the Haumoste of the Lacedemonians to the Archon of the Thessalians and the Aesynmet of the Mytilens yea had it not hin for this mans labours the Lawes of Romulus Numa and Seruius together with the Original discent of the Romans had bin long since buried in forgetfulnesse through the pride of the Romans who accounted omitted these remembrances as base vulgar A fault almost common with al Authors as if they were as well knowne to strangers as to Natiues The like diligence almost vsed Plutarch in his Roman Antiquities Plutarch what censure is to be giuen of him I thinke euerie man knoweth For seeing he was the Schoole-maister of that excellent Prince Traian an ancient Courtier and at last Gouernour of Istria there is no question to be made but he ioyned practise and experience to his great wisedome Hee wrote the Historie of the two most famous people of the world not methodically and in order but abruptly and by way of Comparison All that I admire in him is his so free opinion in al matters that to me he seemeth rather a censurer of Princes then an Historiographer yet with this submission to his worth that if any man may be thought a fit Vmpire in businesse of such weight I hold him to be Plutarch or no man For vvhat could be vnknovvne to a man of so high a reach so deepe a iudgement Which are verie remarqueable in his most graue disputations of a Republicke and his profound Philosophie The Originall occasions of wars their openings their progressions ouerthrowes and victories he handleth like an excellent Commander And sometimes he discendeth to matters of meanest moment euen of houshold affaires as is that remembraunce of Cato the Censor who of purpose set enmitie betweene his seruants Least by their ouermuch licentiousnesse they should busie their braines about proiects of farre worse consequence The like he remēbreth of Pericles who accustomed to sell to the vtmost aduantage the reuenues of his domaines and to buy by the penny his daily prouision Oftentimes hee relateth thinges incredible and meerely fabulous but he vseth the worde Phasi to forewarne rash beleefe As in the life of Licurgus he writeth That a Lacedemonian Lad suffered the Rack euen to death rather then he would reueale the theft of a Fox And that Agesilaus was amerced by the Ephori for populer dependancy That he sometimes committed an ouer-sight in the Antiquity of the Romans for that being a Graecian and not perfectly vnderstanding the Latine tongue as himselfe confesseth in the life of Demosthenes he is to be borne withall As where he writeth that in Iudgements Gracchus by the Law Sempronia equalled the Gentlemen with the Senators when as by the same Law that prerogatiue was taken from the Senate and absolutely transferred to the Gentlemen as Velleius Appian Asconius Tacitus and Florus testifie It is apparant that he mistook Legem liuiam pro Sempronia and Gracchus for Drusus The like fault he committed in valewing the Drachma with the Roman Denarius and the Mina with Libra in the liues of Fabius and Anthony which Budeus f●llowing soone slipped into error As hee could not choose the quotient being false c. Dio For Dio who can make question of his excellency and sufficiency beeing a man that spent his whole time in affaires of the state and running through all the degrees of Office was twice chosen Consull and after that Proconsull wherein he gouerned the Prouinces worthily no doubt ioyned experience to his great learning He it was that collected the order of their Dyets their Magistracies the course of their proceeding● in law the inauguration of their Princes and the policies of their state Yet seemeth he to striue of purpose to maintaine the factions of Caesar and Anthony against Pompey and Cicero And those prodegies which hapned in the borders of the Marconrani he attributeth to Arnulphus the Egiptian not to the Christians whereat Turtullian Eusebius Orosius Iustine Paulus Diaconus and Marcus Aurelius himselfe contested in his letters to the Senat. Many are of opinion that Diodorus was matcheable vnto him Diodorus many that he deserueth precedencie for my part I see no such reason either for phrase thē which nothing could be penned more vulgar or for method of History That whereof he meaneth to relate he disposeth of truely orderly and bri●fely in the beginning of euery booke The proofe whereof you may find in his first booke wherein he diuideth his whole worke into fortie Bookes and in six includeth all the former time before the Troian war The eleuen following beginning at the Troian warre end with the death of Alexander the last four and twenty discend to the wars of the Gals The which computation amounteth to about one thousand one hundred and thirty yeares besides the reports before the Troian war which the Ancients deemed fabulous From whence to the return of the Heraclidae according to the account of Apollodorus he numbreth XC yeares from thence to the first Olimpiad CCCXXVIII from the first Olimpiad to the war of the Gals DCCXXX Likewise he only of al the Ancient adi●ynd vnto his history the times wherin the most eminent Philosophers Poets and Historiographers flourished As in his fourteenth Book he witness●th that Ctesias began his history at Ninus Lysiades being Archon He also collected together six bookes of this Author concerning the Empire of the Assyrians and as many of the Persians for the most part generallie discenting from Herodotus Whose Authorities Plutarch Pausanias Athenaeus and almost all the Greeke Authors do also follow To vs is nothing remaining but an Epitome Thucidides Thucidides he saith began his history Charites being Archon Q. Furius and M. Papirius Consuls viz. from the restoring of the Heraclidae to the taking of Perinthus Theopōpus Theopompus began at the first year of Phillip King of Macedon Calimedes being Archō in the hundred fiue Olimpiad C. Genutius L. Aemilius being Consuls And for that which Diodorus reprehendeth in Theopomp for the same may another reprehend Diodore Of eight and fiftie Bookes saith he since are suspitious So saith Viues of sorty of Diodors we haue scarse twelue remaining fiue whereof are stuffed with such idle matter That nothing was euer written more fabulous

Kings attired in most base apparell accompanied Cassius to Rome where being arriued although his minde was nothing deiected in regard of comfort receiued from those his patrons by whose greatnesse and conniuence he had already waded through the scandals before spoken of yet by bribery he prepareth to preoccupy C Bebius the other Tribune of the people by whose opposition gained he made ful acount against iust obiections or iniurious accusations to bee strongly guarded Qu●rum auxilio fretus ea scelera perpetrare ausus est 3 C Memmius summoneth the assembly a party most malicious against Iugurth Some giue aduice to commit him to prison Others to punish him as a professed enemy more maiorum vnlesse he would disclose his accouncellers and countenancers in the Action Quia contra ius gentium esset fide publica interposita supplicium sumi de eo qui sponte sua venerat But Memmius more respecting the publicke honour then priuate furie by milde perswasions lenifieth their fiercenesse asswageth their swolne courages and lastly protesteth that for his part hee will preserue the publicke faith ingaged in highest purity After silence proclaimed and Iugurth at the barre he thus began to expostulate He made a recitall of his offences practised at Rome and committed in Numidia hee published his impieties against his Father and brethrene by whose counsell and by the corruption of what Ministers he was incouraged to execution Of the particulars whereof although the Roman people were fully instructed yet their desire was to haue them giuen in euidence out of his own mouth If he spake truth vpon the faith and clemency of the Roman people the greater would be his hopes but if he consealed them it would proue dangerous to his fauourites and desperat to himselfe and his future fortunes 4. Assoone as Memmius had ended his speech Iugurth commanded to reply C. Bebius the other Tribune whō as we told you before Iugurth had corrupted inioyned him to silence wherat the present Commons being vehemently moued began to be clamorous to bend the browe to threaten force and to make vse of al those insolencies which a popular passion for the instant accounselleth Notwithstanding impudency preuailed and the people standing there but for Ciphers at last departed Iugurth Bestia and the residue which the information concerned and terrified began now to take courage CHAP. 9. 1. Massiua incited by Albinus studieth to become King of Numidia 2. Iugurth procureth his death And returneth into Affrique AT the same season a certaine Numidian called Massiua the sonne of Gulussa the Nephew of Massinissa vpon the dissention of the Kinges taking party against Iugurth after the yeelding vppe of Cirtha and the murder of Adherbal retired to Rome This mā Sp. Albinus who the yeare ensuing after Bestia was Consul with Q. Minutius Ruffus for that he was of the blood of Masinissa accounselled to become humble suter vnto the Lords of the Senate for the kingdome of Numidia and the rather for that a general enuy did prosecute Iugurth for his manifold impieties The old couetous Consull was farre more desirous to bee in action to manage armes rather then to end his daies in peace and quiet Numidia by lot fell to Albinus Macedonia to Minutius 2 Massiua no sooner made open profession of his determination but Iugurth in his mind reuoluing the instability and weake assistance of his Patrons of whom one was attached in conscience another mindfull of his good name and all affraide of the people commandeth Bomilchar his inward and trustiest friend for money his ordinary refuge to procure some Ruffians to murder the Numidian But how a Ne si res palam fiat contra fidem publicam fecisse iudicatur in most secret and insuspicious manner if it could not be cleanly so effected then to dispatch it any wayes b Siue ●lam siue palam no matter howe Bomilchar swift to shedde blood obeyeth and procureth fellowes Crafts-maisters in such like seruice to watch first his gooing abroad and comming home secondly the places of his resort and lastly his times of abode Vpon the next oportunity he conducteth these his Mercinarie murderers to lie in waight One of the crew thus resolued for blood more rash then c Quia non pros●●xerat sibi de fuga aduised incountreth Massina and runneth him through The varlet is apprehended and at the instances of many but especially of Albinus the Consull is dealt with to appeach his Abettors Vpon confession it is thought best that Bomilchar bee rather brought to his triall vppon equity then dismis●ed without punishment by the law of Nations Quia Iugurtha venit Romam fide publica interposuta sic quod iure gentium liceret ei impune cum ●uit redire because he acompanied Iugurth to Rome vnder the protection of the publicke faith As for Iugurth himselfe of all men best acquainted with the drift of this murder he neuer giueth ouer to deny and contest the fact before he clearely perceiued that enuy ouerswayed grac● and Gold Whereupon being put to his plunge although in the former information he had deliuered fifty of his friendes for e Vat dictus est qui iniudicio sp●● et pro alio pledges yet being more in loue with a kingdome then carefull for the redemption of his sureties he conueyeth Bomilcar secretly into Numidia mistrusting that the feare of his appearance should disquiet the residue of his associates if punishment were executed vppon him Within a few daies after hee himselfe followed beeing commanded by the Senate to depart out of Italy As he went out of Rome it is reported that without word speaking he often looked behinde him and at last brake out into these speeches Farewell faire Citty exposed to sale suddaine ruine if thou couldst find an able Chapman CHAP. 10. 1. Albinus hasteneth into Affrick 2. deluded by Iugurth 3. Aulus is left Lieutenant of the Army 4. routed by Iugurth THe warre is renewed and Albinus taking order for victuales wages and all other ammonitions necessary for all Souldiers hasteneth their transportation into Affrique Himselfe followeth with speede in hope eyther by Armes or composition to finish this Warre before the time of Elections which now grew on apace 2. Iugurth on the contrary drew all thinges out at length somtime pretending one excuse of delay sometimes another Hee protesteth composition and againe falleth off by interlacing of feares and doubtes Now hee retireth and presently not to discourage his fellowes he maketh a stand and dareth his enemy and so sometime by seeming to accept the battell and sometimes by motioning treaties of accord at all times hee deludeth the expectations of the Consull Some were of opinion that Albinus was no Stranger to these driftes of Iugurth for considering his hast they could not be brought to beleeue but the Warre was prolonged more by the default of the Consull then by the cunning of Iugurth Well the season was spent