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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A42518	A short history of monastical orders in which the primitive institution of monks, their tempers, habits, rules, and the condition they are in at present, are treated of / by Gabriel d'Emillianne.	Gavin, Antonio, fl. 1726.	1693 (1693)	Wing G394; ESTC R8086	141,685	356

of his Disciples who condemn Marriage despise married Priests who fast on Sundays and cannot abide those that eat Flesh who instead of cloathing themselves as the others do have invented a new and extraordinary Habit and brought in a world of other Novelties They say that a great many Women deceived by their Discourses and infected with their Errors have separated themselves from their Husbands and not being able afterwards to keep themselves Chaste have committed Adulteries 'T is farther said that some of them have cut their Hair and put themselves in Mens Apparel The Bishops about Gangres the metropolitan City of Paphlagonia being assembled together have excommunicated those who were the followers of such Maxims unless they did recant Since that time they say Eustatius changed his Habit and did not appear cloathed otherwise than the other Priests being willing to shew that what he did was not out of Pride but out of a desire to attain greater perfection Thus far Sozomen of the Order of the Eustatiens CHAP. IV. Of the Progress and Propagation of these two Orders the Tabennisiens and the Eustatiens THE Devil was too much concerned in the establishment of Monastical Orders not to make it his business in that very beginning to promote them He made use of some Instruments of Wickedness to divulge that an Angel brought this Rule from Heaven to Pacomius in like manner as the Law of God was given to Moses upon two Tables of Stone But there is a great deal of difference betwixt these two Laws or Rules The Law given to the Israelites containeth nothing but what is well-becoming the Holiness of God who is the Author of it whereas Pacomius his Rules are in many particulars very defective not to say ridiculous For what virtue had those Garments made of Skins towards the repressing of Concupiscence Were they not rather very fit for the increasing of it What was the meaning of those Caps with red Nails likewise of those Veils which they were to have on their Heads at Meals In placing three in each Cell did not this give them an occasion to break their silence And that which seems to me yet more unreasonable the distinction they made between raw and imperfect Monks and the more perfect and great Wits was it not enough to discourage them which were marked but with an Iota and to puff up the others with a great deal of Pride who were esteemed worthy of the Letters Z and X How then can any one imagine that God could be the Author of such Whimsies which even Humane Prudence hath corrected in following Ages For indeed we do not find any such practices observed in the Cloisters now a days But it must be acknowledged that to give better credit to men's Inventions there is no way more effectual than boldly to give out that they come from Heaven Nevertheless this Order had so good success that Pacomius saw himself in a very short time Father of above nine thousand Monks who lived under his Rule as well in Deserts as Monasteries We do not find at this time any Monastery which follows that ancient Rule St. Hierom translated it into Latin and it is to be seen at the end of Cassian's Works Palladius also makes an abridgment of it in the Lauzaick History Pacomius lived at the beginning of the first Century and died in the year 405. I come now to speak of the Order of the Eustatiens which multiplied also considerably but withall apparently shews that the Monastical Life went not very far without becoming a source of Errors in the Church being already of it self a kind of Schism though under a pretence of greater Perfection Amongst the Errors wherewith the Eustatiens were charged were these That they condemned Marriage despised married Priests had their meetings in private Houses and had invented a new and unaccustomed sort of Garment This was the reason why the Bishops about Gangres assembled in a Provincial Council thundred with Anathema's against all the Monks of their Jurisdictions who adhered to such practices This shews plainly that Marriage was so far from being prohibited to Priests in those times that they were counted Hereticks who thought themselves obliged to Celibacy or would be distinguished by any Habit different from that of the Laicks or secular Clergy Eustatius humbled himself or at least feigned so to do left all his Practices and the Monastick Habit I leave now the Roman Catholicks to judge if their Monks be not guilty of such and greater Innovations and whether the Church of England had not great cause to cut them off from its Body having so good an Example of an Age which excepting some few Errors into which they were fallen did not in purity come behind that of the Apostles CHAP. V. Of the Order of St. Basil BASIL Priest of Caesarea in Cappadocia being persecuted by Eusebius his Bishop withdrew himself to a solitary place in Pontus where he applied his mind wholly to Pious Studies Great numbers of Solitaries having met with him there he undertook to instruct them and converted his Desert into a Learned School of Divinity and Philosophy being also very careful to bring them up in the practice of Christian Virtues Therefore he gave them Rules not much unlike to them which are prescribed in Colleges and well governed Accademies Notwithstanding that Rule which is commonly attributed to him is so different from St. Basil's stile and so variously related that there is ground enough to doubt whether he indeed wrote it In some Copies it hath but 35 Chapters in others 95 and again in some others even a 100. Gregory Nazianzen who was contemporary with him his Fellow-scholar and great Friend mentions not a word of it in the Elogy which he wrote of his Life and Death though he takes notice withall of several little Works of St. Basil of lesser moment than this Rule is However solitary Life is quite otherwise represented there than that Monkish one accompanied with Vows and a world of Superstitions amongst the Romanists now a-days This Rule is writ by way of Dialogue in which Basil answereth the demands of his Disciples and is so large that it makes alone a great Volume Therefore to give a less tedious draught of it to my Reader I thought fit to separate what is in it purely Monastick from the common Duties of Honesty or Christianity which belong to all men to the end that one may see what the Monastical Institutions have added to the Gospel I shall then for an example leave the First the Second and the Third Chapters which enjoyned them to love God with all their Hearts Soul and Strength and their Neighbour as themselves The fifteenth which commands that they should serve God with upright hearts and all fervency of affection the 75th which bids them to hate Sin and make Gods Law their delight and all the rest of that kind which containing the most eminent Duties of Christian Life ought not

poor Cottages and he could never bear that Monks should build stately Habitations Being gone one day to visit the Monastery of Muscet he told the Abbot severely Thou hast raised thee a Palace with an expense that might be sufficient to give a maintenance to a great many poor One might now justly make use of the same reproach to all the Abbies of this Order because there is never a one but is very stately built and that of Valombrosa it self is more like to a Royal Palace than to an Humble House for Monks So does this Order receive their condemnation from the Mouth of their own Founder These Monks were formerly cloathed as those of Camalduli and differed only in the Blew Colour which they wore They changed it afterwards into a Dark Violet and enlarged their Habits after the manner of the Monks of Cassin They are now very loose Livers and possess several Monasteries in Italy Of the Sylvestrin Order THE Congregation of Sylvestrins began to be established in the year 1269 at Montefano near Fabriano in Italy by Sylvester Gozolini Gentleman of Osimo in the Marsh of Ancona and Canon of the Cathedral Church of that Town who having been present by chance at the opening of a Sepulcher where he saw the frightful and stinking dead Body of one of his best Friends buried there some days ago he conceived so great a slight against this present Life that forsaking all worldly things he retired into a Solitude to apply all his thoughts to God Many persons did follow his example to whom he gave the Rule of St. Benet His Congregation was approved by the See of Rome while he was yet living After his Death which hapned in the year 1280 it was confirmed by several Popes and a great while after Sixtus the V. reformed many abuses that crept amongst them They are Cloathed like the old Monks of Valombrosa whose Rule they follow also They differ only in the Yellowish and Peach Colour which they wear This made me to insert them in this place Of the Order of Granmont THIS Order had its beginning from one Stephen born in the Province of Auvergne in France in the year 1076. This Gentleman was brought up by Milon Archbishop of Benevent after whose Death seeing he had lost his Fortune he resolved to lead a solitary Life and having visited many Hermitages that he might learn the Eremetical Trade he fixed at last his abode on the Mountain of Muret near Limoges which was all covered with Woods being then thirty years old He wrote there a Rule or rather a Rapsody consisting of several things got together from the Rule of St. Benet from that of Regular Canons and of what he could find most superstitious in the Hermits manner of Life which he proposed to his Disciples as an infallible way to Heaven It was confirmed by several Popes and afterwards by reason of its too great austerity moderated by Innocent the IV in the year 1247 and again by Clement the V. in the year 1309. So that what some Popes did approve as most holy some others did condemn as very rash and indiscreet This Stephen wore an Iron Cuirass on his Naked Body slept in a Wooden Coffin laid some feet deep into the ground without any Bed or Straw in the bottom of it He bent so often his Knees that the skin of them became hardned as that of a Camel and so often he kissed the Ground that it turned up his Nose After his Death the Monks which he left at Muret were chased thence by those of the Order of St. Austin and one Peter native of Limoges Disciple and Successor of Stephen having asked a Sign from Heaven to know where they should fix their abode they heard a Voice in the Air which said thrice at Granmont Granmont Granmont which is high a Mountain near to Muret. The Papists say it was the Voice of an Angel but it is more likely to be that of the Devil who is always very busie in establishing Superstition They made then their application to Henry the I. King of England who ordered a Church to be built for them there which was dedicated to the Virgin Mary and from this Mountain called Grandmont the whole Order took its name They are only spread in France They wear a harsh and pricking Tunick and over it a long Gown of thick Cloath Of the Order of the Carthusians THE Carthusian Order was instituted in the year 1080 according to some Authors and in the Opinion of some others in 1086. on the occasion as 't is said of a very strange accident A Professor of the University of Paris very commendable not only for his Doctrin but also for the apparent integrity of a Good Life died and as he was burying he sat upright on the Bier and cried with a lamentable Voice I am accused by the just Judgment of God Which putting all the Spectators into a strange fright the Enterment was deferred till the next day when the Dead cried again I am judged by the just judgment of God for which Cause they put off the Burial yet one day longer At last the third day being come in the presence of a great multitude of people who were assembled together the Dead again cried with a terrible Voice by the just Judgment of God am I Condemned One Bruno being present at this sight and taking occasion from this adventure to make a fine Discourse to the Assembly he concluded that it was impossible for them to be saved unless they renounced the World and retired themselves into the Deserts which he executed immediately with six of his Companions going into a frightful place called Chartreuse amongst the Mountains in the Diocese of Grenoble where he was assisted with all things by the Bishop of that place named Hugues who afterwards became one of his Disciples They built in that horrid Desert only habited by wild Beasts little Cells at some distance each from another where they lived in silence leading a very rigid Life They proposed to follow the Rule of St. Benet adding thereto several other great Austerities Hospinian hath related all their ancient Observances in nineteen Articles which are these following 1. To wear continually a Hair-Cloath on their naked Skin 2. Never to eat any Flesh-meat no not in case of a desperate Disease 3. Never to buy any Fish and to eat none except it be given to them 4. To eat only Bread made of Bran and to drink only Water mingled with a little Wine 5. To eat nothing on Sundays and Thursdays but Cheese and Eggs Tuesdays and Saturdays Pulse and only Bread and Water the other days of the Week 6. They ought themselves to prepare their own Victuals and to take their refection alone 7. The Christmas Week Easter and Whitsunday Holy-days with some few others are excepted from this observance in which they eat twice a day in common 8. They ought to remain in their Cells

cures the Beasts of all Diseases and to honour him in several places they keep at common charges a Hog which they call St. Anthony's Hog and for which they have great veneration Many others will have St. Anthony's Picture upon the Walls of their Houses hoping by that to be preserved from the Plague And the Italians who did not know the true signification of the Fire painted at his Side thought that he preserved Houses also from being burnt and they call upon him on such occasions As for the Anthonian Fryars they know so well to make use of the Power of their Saint Anthony that when they go a begging if one does refuse what they ask for they threaten immediately to make the Sacred Fire to fall upon him Therefore the poor Country People to avoid the Menaces and Witchcrafts of these Monks present them every year with a good fat Hog a-piece Some Cardinals and Prelates endeavoured to persuade Pope Paul the III. to abolish these wretched begging Fryars Quaestuarios istos Sancti Anthonii qui decipiunt Rusticos Simplices eosque innumeris superstitionibus implicent de medio tollendos esse But they could not compass their good design and these Monks do subsist yet to this day in several places though the Sickness of St. Anthony's Fire be now very rare Of the Order of Premontre NOrbert was born of a very great Family in the Country of Cleves where his Father was Earl of Gennap He begun the establishment of this Order in the year 1120 at a place which hath been called since Premontre in the Bishoprick of Laon framing a mixture of a Monastical and Canonical Life He followed chiefly the Rule of St. Austin and his Order was confirmed by Pope Honore the II. and Innocent the III. He was made afterwards Archbishop of Magdbourg and obtained for that See the Title of Primate of Germany The Monks of Premontre to get a greater esteem in the World published after the Death of their Founder that he had received his Rule curiously bound in Gold from the hand of St. Austin himself who appeared to him one Night and said thus to him Here is the Rule which I have written and if thy Brethren do observe it they like my Children need to fear nothing at all in the Day of Judgment These Impostors added moreover That an Angel shewed to him a Medow where he was to build his first Monastery which from thence was called Pre Montre that is the Shewed Medow Their Hypocrisie was so great in those beginnings that their Order spread it self into Siria Normandy Flanders England Spain and other Countries They wear a white Casock and a Rochet over it with a long white Cloak Pope Honorius the IV. having granted to the Fathers Carmelites the use of a white plaited Cloak those of Premontre complained of it as of a great scandal and wrong done to them This notwithstanding the Carmelites carried it in spight of their Teeth and under pretences of several Apparitions of the Virgin Mary kept their long white Cloaks The Abbots of several Orders and particularly those of St. Benet having obtained the Pope's permission to officiate in Pontificalibus with the Miter the Crosiers-stasf and the Ring as the Popish Bishops do the Abbots of the Order of Premontre refused to make use of these Marks of Vanity They agreed together in case any of them were raised to the Dignity of a Cardinal or to the Popedom it self never to leave their Religious Habit and that none of them should accept of any Dignity or Degree whatsoever without having first the licence of their General Chapter They made several other Regulations which they joined to the Rule of St. Austin This Order had moreover this peculiar to it That where-ever they sounded a Monastery for Men they had the cunning to build another for Women next to it But the infamous Correspondencies which they kept with them and the great Scandals that arose from thence moved Conradus Prior of Martello a very honesty Gentleman to use his utmost endeavours for the suppressing of those Female Monasteries They made then a Declaration in the year 1273 by which after having acknowledged that the Women were worse than the most venomous Aspicks and Dragons and that there was no malice comparable to theirs they resolved thence forwards not to look upon them but as upon so many mischievous Beasts and declared they would have no more to do with them Robert Bishop of Lincoln in England having undertaken to bring the same Reformation into the Monasteries of Premontre in his Diocese wrote concerning it to Innocentius the IV. but this Pope bribed with great sums of mony by the Monks would not consent to it The Bishop made bold to write to him a second time and had for Answer Brother thou hast discharged thy Conscience why art thou angry at my Condescention I have pardoned them is thy Eye bad because I am good This was a neat application of the Holy Scripture These Monks of Premontre did not apply their minds to study at the beginning of their Institution and therefore were tossed about by the other Monks as ignorant Fryars but now they have established Schools amongst them Of the Order of Gilbertines in England GIlbert was born in Lincolnshire deformed of Body but he made up this defect by the excellency of his Wit and a great application to his Studies Having been sent into France for his instruction he became there a great Master of Superstition and being returned into his own Country great numbers both of Men and Women flocked from all parts to him to hear his Doctrin He caused to be built for them in a short time thirteen Monasteries in which were reckoned 700 Monks and 1100 Women who lived together separated only by a Wall He begun his Order in the year 1148 and went into France again to inform Pope Eugenius the III. of his Statutes who approved them and his Order He returned into England very well satisfied with his negotiation and having made a Rapsody of the Rules of St. Austin and St. Benet he prescribed it to his Followers who for his Name were called Gilbertines This Hermaphrodite Order made up of both Sexes did very soon bring forth Fruits worthy of it self these holy Virgins having got almost all of them big Bellies which gave occasion to the following Verses Harum sunt quaedam steriles quaedam parientes Virgineoque tamen nomine cuncta tegunt Quae pastoralis baculi dotatur honore Illa quidem meliùs fertiliusque parit Vix etiam quaevis sterilis reperitur in illis Donec ejus aetas talia posse negat Tho' some are Barren Does yet others By Fryars help prove teeming Mothers When all to such Lewdness run All 's cover'd under Name of Nun. Th' Abbess in Honour as She ' excells Her Belly too more often swells If any She proves Barren still Age is in fault and not her will These Nuns