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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
death_n	wood_n	year_n	young_a	25	3	5.7204	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A70735	Africa being an accurate description of the regions of Ægypt, Barbary, Lybia, and Billedulgerid, the land of Negroes, Guinee, Æthiopia and the Abyssines : with all the adjacent islands, either in the Mediterranean, Atlantick, Southern or Oriental Sea, belonging thereunto : with the several denominations fo their coasts, harbors, creeks, rivers, lakes, cities, towns, castles, and villages, their customs, modes and manners, languages, religions and inexhaustible treasure : with their governments and policy, variety of trade and barter : and also of their wonderful plants, beasts, birds and serpents : collected and translated from most authentick authors and augmented with later observations : illustrated with notes and adorn'd with peculiar maps and proper sculptures / by John Ogilby, Esq. ...	Ogilby, John, 1600-1676.	1670 (1670)	Wing O163; Wing D241; ESTC R22824	857,918	802

of Copper which stick so close that it makes their Arms sore and sometimes come to ulcerate before they will lay them off Many of them wear as an Ornament the Guts of Beasts fresh and stinking drawn two or three times one through another about their Necks and the like about their Legs Some wear a sort of Roots gather'd from the bottoms of Rivers which in their Journeys through Woods where Lyons Leopards and Wolves frequent by the Fire side which they kindle at the Place where they stay all night for the driving away wild Beasts they chew into little bits and spit out of their Mouthes round about with firm perswasion that there is such vertue in them as no Beast can endure the smell of it When they go abroad they have usually an Ostrich Feather or a Staff with a wild Cats Tail ty'd to it in one Hand in stead of a Handkerchief to wipe their Eyes and Noses and beat away the Dust Sand and Flies and in the other Hand a sleight Javelin The Women never go abroad without a Leather Sack at their backs having at each end a Tuft or Tassel and fill'd with one trifle or another Their Weapons or Arms are Bowes and Arrows and small Darts three four or five Foot long having at one end a broad sharp Iron fixed which they handle and throw very dexterously They take great delight in our Bread for which they are willing to barter Cattel The Honey found in the Woods they eat up Wax an all and in stead of Physick administer to the Sick Cabbages Coleworts and Mustard-Leaves with a little beaten Lard boyl'd with it Their common Drink is Water Drink or Mille but they are very greedy of Brandy or Spanish Wine as also of Tobacco but quickly become Drunk with it They use no Trades Handicrafts or Arts with Bulrushes make Mats wherewith they cover their Houses they Forge the sharp Heads of their Lances being Iron in the doing whereof they use onely a Stone and Hammer making it malleable with Wood-Coals The Goringhaica's dwelling by the Cape Employment employ themselves in Fishing which they sell to the Netherlanders for Bread and Tobacco Most of the other have no skill therein nor any Vessels to go out to Sea so that in all Journeys they go by Land and on Foot In stead of Horses they have great Oxen who carry their Goods and Commodities from one place to another which they lead and guide with a Stick thrust through their Noses as with a Bridle The Cochoqua's or Saldanhars are a kind of Herdsmen and live by keeping of Cattel whereof they have above an hundred thousand Head all very fair besides as many Sheep The like do the Cariguriqua's and Hosaa's None amongst them all Sowe or Plant but onely the Heusaqua's When they perceive any wild Beasts in the Night whether Elephants Elans Rhinocerots Lyons Tygers Bucks or Horses then all the stoutest Men run forth and make a great noise to fright them away But if by day any devouring wild Beast appear then all that can carry Arms go forth every one provided with two or three Assagays or Lances and encompassing the same with extraordinary outcries and shoutings they let fly their Darts and Shoot as at a Mark to wound and kill him When a person falls in Love with a Maid he desires of his Father Marriage that he may Marry her who consenting he goes to the Father and Mother of the Maid entreating the same and when the Parents grant his Suit the Daughter receives and as a sign of her acceptance and in confirmation of the Marriage she puts about his Neck not a Gold Chain but a fat Cows Chitterling which he must wear till it drop off Then two of the fattest Sheep are sought out of the whole Flock and kill'd part of whose Flesh being boyl'd and part of it roasted none may eat but the Marry'd couple and their Parents and without this Ceremony the Marriage would not be accounted lawful The Skins cut in small pieces and the Hair taken off then beaten upon a Stone and so laid on hot Coals they eat with a very great appetite This pitiful Feast ended the solemnity of the Wedding is over As to their constancy in Love they are as in other places some quickly nauseating the ties of Marriage while others observe it with a most affectionate strictness For the manifesting of the constancy and true Love amongst some of these Salvages we will give you two remarkable Stories the one of a Widow which through excess of grief and sorrow for the death of her Husband leapt into a Pit full of Wood set it on fire and burnt her self to death the other of a young Maid which for grief threw her self down from a Rock because her Parents had caus'd her Lover to be severely whipt with Thorns for Lying with her against their consents Whether by the goodness of the Air or the natural strength of their Constitutions these People attain so great an age as generally they do remains a doubt but this is certain that most of them live to eighty ninety or a hundred and some to a hundred and ten twenty or more years They bury their Dead sitting in a deep Pit stark naked Funerals throwing the Earth upon their Heads with a great heap of Stones over all to preserve the Corps from being raked out of the Grave by wild Beasts When a Man or Woman dies Inheritance all the Friends to the third degree of Consanguinity must by an antient custom cut off the little Finger of their left Hand to be bury'd with the Dead in the Grave but if the Deceased had in his Life any Cattel and leaves some Relations to whom they might come by Inheritance they must cut off a Joynt from each little Finger before they can take the Cattel for the Sick cannot giveaway the least thing on his Death-bed from those to whom it falls by Inheritance As soon as any one falls sick those about him fetch one skill'd in Herbs who with a sharp two-edged Knife lets them blood on their Back then burns them on their Arms with a red hot Iron and drops thereon some Juyce of Herbs with new boyl'd sweet Milk And if this work not a Cure they give them over for Dead Those which rob in the Day if they be catcht in it are beaten by the King or Choeque himself with a Stick without other punishment but those which Rob in the Night receive upon discovery a more severe punishment in this manner inflicted The Offender is first for a whole day tied Hand and Foot being neither allowed Meat or Drink On the second day some of the Eldest go to the Coehque to ask if they shall proceed in the Execution which is done without any Condemnation or Tryal but not without sufficient Testimony whereupon the King with a great Train of People following him comes to a Tree where he commands the Offender to

Restauration being compell'd within eight years once more to fly to Spain for Assistance In which time of his absence his Son Amudas usurped the Kingdom putting to death his Father's Favourites and Friends but Muley Assez returning with some few Troops of Italians and the Garrison-Souldiers of Goletta soon routed the unnatural Rebel taking him with two other of his younger Sons Prisoners whose Eyes he immediately put out After a few years Abdimelech or Abdulmalech another of Muley Assez Sons fell foul with his Father forcing him once more to fly to his old Benefactor Charles the Emperor who maintained him the remainder of his life which was not long But Abdimelech enjoy'd his Usurpation onely one Moneth before he died and his Son Mahomet his Successor after four Moneths Reign was expell'd by his Uncle Amidas who held the Dominion till Uluzaly or Aluck Haly by some call'd Ochiali by order from the Grand Seignior in the Year Fifteen hundred sixty eight drove him from Tunis whereupon he fled to Goletta to the Spaniards At whose Suit in the Year Fifteen hundred and seventy Tunis was again overcome by Charles the Emperour Don Johan of Austria made himself Master of Tunis and of the whole Kingdom giving Mahomet the Brother of Amidas a Princely Allowance but set over Tunis as Lieutenant in behalf of the Emperor Gabriel Willon a Milanois and over Goletta Pedro Carrero a Spaniard In these continual Conflicts both the City and Castle were much weakened but Willon fortifi'd them anew with strong Ramparts and Palizadoes But the Turkish Emperor The Turks come against Tunis Morat or Amurath fearing this new Growth of the Spanish Kingdom in the Year Fifteen seventy four sent a Fleet of a hundred and sixty Gallies besides many other Ships Mann'd with forty thousand Turks and Moors the Conduct of the Admiral Occhially for Sea but the Land Army was committed to Sinan Bassa wherewith they besieg'd both Tunis and Goletta whereupon Don John who had the Supream Command of the Spanish Fleet endeavour'd to relieve the Besieged but to very little purpose for he had barely thirty Galleys whereof five and twenty were furnished in Spain with Warlike Provision and Souldiers and the Princes of Italy undertook for the Raising of the rest With these as we said he made an attempt but the Turk soon diverted both their Fury and Design and there shut them both up with a more close Siege than before Then raising Batteries by Land from thence without intermission they tore the Castle with their great Guns so that the Walls fell neither was the City or Goletta better able to resist such impetuous Thunder Tunis overcome by the Turks for all were taken and razed and the whole Kingdom wrested out of the Spaniards hands In the Overthrow of the City all the Christians were hewen to pieces except fourteen which were carri'd Captives to Constantinople Moreover the Conqueror demolished the Walls of Tunis and the Castle built by the Emperor Charles levell'd with the Ground erecting another of exceeding Strength to command the Haven From this time the Turks have always possessed Tunis in Peace and the Government thereof by Kings ended who had sway'd the Scepter there about three hundred and seventy years THE DOMINION and FORT OF GOLETTA THe Dominion of Goletta The Dominion of Goletta so call'd from the Fort lying on the Mouth of the Lake Goletta by Tunis containeth these Cities Marsa Napolis in Barbary Kammart Arriane and Carthago It is look'd upon as a Place of weighty Concernment being the Key of Tunis and Neighbour to Carthage Some hold it to be the Island Galatha or Galitha of Ptolomy and the Gorilon of Pliny but Sanutus and others make Goletta and Galatha to be two distinct Places The Name of Goletta cometh originally from the Italian word Gola signifying a Throat or according to Olivarius upon Mela from the Diminutive Goletta that is a Little Throat or as we term it a Gullet because this Fort is built upon the Neck or Throat of a Lake of that Name over which they pass in small Barques to Tunis so that in truth it is an Island The Mahumetans first built upon this Spot thereby giving a beginning to this Fort which the Turks afterwards having strengthened the Emperor Charles the Fifth after Overcome by Charles the Emperor together with Tunis took from them but at length regain'd by the Turks in the Year Fifteen hundred seventy four as before hath been more particularly related Since which time the Turks have besides the old one cast up two other Forts with two or three Redoubts between them and are as the Keys of their State in that Countrey Gramay says it contains a fair Haven fit for many Ships to harbour in with Store-houses for Merchandise a Custom-house two Mesquites and Prisons for Christian Slaves so that it seems much rather a City than a Fort. The first Fort appears surrounded with a double Wall flanked with Sconces and three great Works one within another encircling all to Command the Haven and City In the midst is a Well of fresh Water feeding a Stream which runs through the Fort. Little remains of the old Fort saving a Corner of a Bulwark Planted with ten Pieces of Ordnance where those of Tunis maintain forty Janizaries Marsa or Marca signifying in Arabick A small City Marmol says Marsa stands in the place where the Haven of the old City of Carthage was or according to Gramay opposite to it built after the destruction of Carthage by one Mehedi Kaliff of Cairavan It is adorned with a Royal Palace and some pleasant Places whether the Bashaws of Tunis in the Summer go to take their pleasure and keep their Court They say at present it boasts eight hundred Houses with a Mesquite and a Colledge built by Muley Mahomet Father of Muley Assez King of Tunis Nebel by the Moors call'd Nabis by the Africans antiently Napolis of Barbary Nebel is supposed to be that Colony which Ptolomy call'd Neapilis and by Strabo Leptis was built by the Romans at the Edge of the Midland-Sea three miles from Tunis on the East formerly well Inhabited but at this day Peopled onely with a few Families of Gardners and such like inferiour Persons Kammart another small City close by the Ruines of Carthage Kammart two miles Eastward of Tunis was formerly call'd Walachie as Aben Razid an African Writer affirms who also reports the Romans to have Founded it being encompassed with high Walls and very populous yet most of the Inhabitants Gardners who bring their Fruit and Herbs to sell at Tunis Arriane by Marmol call'd Abditane a small City a mile North of Tunis Arriane built by the Arian Gothes from whom and their Heresie it took the Name Leo. 5. D. which it hath hitherto kept without any alteration Lastly Arradez Arradez a very small Town in the way between Goletta and Tunis on the East This was formerly a

River De la Grace many Crocodiles breed which frequently coming on Land lye basking in the Sun but upon the sight or approach of men instantly as if afraid return into the Covert of the Water When the People which dwell on the Sea-Coasts are straitned of Provision by the scarcity of Harvest they supply themselves with Fish going with their Canoo's wherein three persons may sit out to Sea without regard of Wind or Weather ¶ LOcusts abound here in such prodigious numbers Insects flying over in June out of the North-East that they cover the Sky and darken the Sun devouring all the ripe Plants so that many In-land People starve to death and others for the preservation of their lives sell themselves to the Portugals for Slaves as it happen'd in the Year Sixteen hundred forty one Serpents breed here in too great abundance Serpents among which the most poisonous are of a Grass-green Colour others frequent the Dwellings of the People being very harmless and of great use in destroying Rats and Mice These the Negro's will not permit any to kill believing that their deceased Ancestors are metamorphosed into such and that it is fatal for any to hurt them When any is bitten with one of the venomous kind he immediately makes address to a Charmer who cures them by Inchantment But if the Witch be abroad he leaves a piece of Wood at his Door which upon touching effects the desire of the party infected Some will leap up at a man and twining round about his body girt him to death others suck the milk out of the Cows Udders and some are so prodigiously great that they can swallow a Buck whole Horns and all Here breeds a sort of Creatures call'd Leguanes which make good Food as also Efts or Lyzards which nesting in the Walls run over people when they sleep causing Boyls to rise in the places they touch Between Beyhourt Salt in the River of Zenega and the French Fort the whole ground in the bottom of the River Zenega is grown over with Salt which they break up in great pieces with Irons and dry it on the Land thus dried it grows very white and which is more that if all be taken up one day the next will afford the like quantity so that it is a perpetual Store-house of that necessary Commodity nor are the quantities small but sufficient to serve the whole Countrey whereinto 't is carried upon Camels The Profit arising hereby the King of Cayor hath bestowed on his Priests who for a Last of it which is a Camels Load take a Cape de Verde Garment and a Tub full of Mille. ¶ THe Inhabitants exceed in Blackness those that dwell on the Coast of Mina and Angola The kinds of the Inhabitants well set and keep themselves very clean by frequent Lotions and daily Washings but withall are sullen and stubborn The Men are of various dispositions and the Women light and unconstant of a craving humor affecting best where they find most advantage when they speak they thrust forward their Necks and utter their words in a furious tone In brief they are in general by nature very wanton thievish treacherous and lying esteeming it a credit ingeniously to betray unconstant beyond measure jealous and so voracious Gluttons that they may be said to devour rather than eat They have great propensity to and skill in Sorcery Their propersity to Sorcery so that they can charm Serpents as we hinted before whose venomous blood they take and mingling with the Seed of a Tree empoyson their Weapons with it whose effect is so mortal that who-ever is wounded therewith dies in half an hour They believe farther that they can bewitch any in such manner as to cause them to die of a languishing Disease The King of Ivala call'd Walla Silla as they report in eight or ten days can bring together if need require five thousand Men whereof about six hundred Horse a great many considering the whole Countrey doth not contain above fifty or sixty miles The Inhabitants of Camino are Warlike and keep themselves Neuters between the two Kings of Baool and Kayor by that means corresponding with both and suffering by neither ¶ THeir Houses are small and round running up to a Point like a Cap Their Houses within which are places raised about a Foot and a half from the Ground covered with a Matt whereon they sleep casting over them another Matt of Bull-rushes in stead of a Coverlet ¶ NEither the King of Zenega nor any other have any Wall'd Cities No Wall'd Cities in Zenega Fortifications or Palaces the best Habitations being onely round Structures made of Sticks fetcht out of the Woods about three Fathom above the Ground encompassed with a Fence of Reeds and covered with Straw having a low Door so that without stooping none can go in or out Their Houshold-stuff is onely Arms Axes to cut Wood Their Houshold-stuff an Iron Spade to throw up the Earth withall in stead of Ploughs and some Earthen Pots to which the Sea-Coasters adde Nets and other Necessaries belonging to Fishing ¶ THeir greatest Employment as to matter of getting a Livelihood Their Maintenance is Digging keeping of Cattel and Fishing some few follow Merchandizing while others busie themselves either at the Forge making Horse-shoes and Arms for the War or in Weaving in both which though their Masterpieces yet are they but mean Workmen In the Village Kandina all the Men are Fishers and the Women Merchants They live quiet but poorly and trouble themselves neither with pride They earnestly mind tilling of the Ground nor over-working themselves onely in Seed-time they go diligently to order the Ground and sow Mille whereof in three Moneths time they receive the Crop and if they prove negligent in that it turns to their great shame and disgrace for the greatest Men in the Countrey accompany their Labourers in the Field After the Mille is cut up and brought into the Barn Mille cut up how ordered by the Women the Women by stamping it in a wooden Mortar separate it from the Chaff then cleansing it in the Wind they put it in Straw Baskets of about three Fathoms wide and seven Refrisco one of the chiefest places for Trade on the Sea-Coast affords Salt-Hides but smaller and sleighter than Porto d' Ale Sanutus says that the Inhabitants about Cape de Verde Pasture so many Cattel that oftentimes whole Ships are fraighted with Hides from the Haven of Ale in exchange of other Commodities and that besides they have Ambergreece Gum-Arabick Leather Gold Silver Ivory Salt Civet and Wax In the Town of Geroep a Market is held every forty days where Cloathes Cotton Tobacco Slaves Horses Camels and other Beasts with all sort of Provisions for Food are bought The like is in Kamino where is also a continual Mart for Hides and Cloathes and commonly two Hides are given for a Bar of Iron But Christal Beads and

The accustomed Solemnity at the naming of their Children is done with a particular Ceremony viz. when the Childe is eight or ten dayes old on a set Day early in the morning the Person design'd to give the Name with a great company carrying Bowes and Arrows comes leaping and shouting with great hurliburly and noise which others in the Town hearing go out also with Bowes and Arrows Assagays or Javelins and Shields the company thus assembled they lay about them as if fighting with their Enemies After half an hours playing in that manner the Name-giver taking the Child from the Mother layeth it down upon a Shield in the midst of the Concourse and puts a little Bowe made for that purpose into its hand then he makes a Speech above half an hour long over the Child admonishing it to be as he is and to follow his example to be diligent in Tillage and Husbandry that he may get much Rice that he may give to every one to eat that ask it and thereby to get a praise-worthy Name not to covet after another Man's Wife nor to deceive or cheat or be treacherous whereby a Man says he shall come to scorn and contempt This solemnity being ended he brings the Child to the Mother again afterwards they must go a Hunting while others provide Wine after Noon they return home with the Beast they have caught of which boil'd with Rice they make a Feast and so with the Women make themselves merry and frolick the greatest part of the Night But the solemnity at naming a Daughter is not so great for a Woman with some few attendants fetch the Child out of the Mothers House and lay it upon a Mat amongst the rest putting a Stick in its Hand admonishing it to be diligent and industrious to wash it self clean for that cleanness is an ornament to a Woman to be chaste and modest not to ru● from one Man to another lest she cast away her own happiness to be ready to make and cook Dainties that her Husband may take a good liking to her and to associate constantly with him at all times so re-delivering it to the Mother the Ceremony concludes The Women keep from the Men as long as the Children cannot go or commonly till it attain the age of a year and a half for they believe unless the Child Suck so long it would be infected with some remarkable Infirmity ¶ THe Inhabitants are subject to many strange Sicknesses Strange Sicknesses unknown to us in Europe such as these following Ibatheba Ibatheba a kind of Murrain happening though not often among the Beasts who as they say are invisibly struck by splay-footed Dwarfs and Fairies which they call Thebano's that produceth a Botch out of which there falls commonly a piece of corrupt or dead Flesh This Distemper kills Elephants Buffles Hogs Dogs and many other Beasts sometimes also Men are infected but it seldom proves fatal to them The Bloody-Flux begun in Serre-Lions The Bloody-Flux in the Year Sixteen hundred twenty and six and spread it self through the whole Countrey raging with that violence and misery that caus'd a direful Mortality and swept away such vaste multitudes that for want of people the Rice-Tillage stood still above three years together every one more dreading the day of his Death than making Provision for the sustaining of such an uncertain Life The Meazels here do not seize upon Children onely The Meazels but general afflicts both old and young as an Epidemical Disease with such a fatality that few escape and therefore with them it is very much fear'd The Pain of the Head which the Physicians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but themselves Honde-doengh is frequent among them So also the Jydoeng or Pain in the Teeth Some languish under a continual Haemorragy or Bleeding till they almost insensibly expire which they say is effected by the Sovach or his Scholars Some have lost their Noses and Lips and others go with sore Arms and Feet as if totally infected with the Morbus Gallicus though it proves nothing but a natural course of the Climate for that it is not contagious to any that converse with them Some through anguish of spirit run raving up and down perfectly distracted others as if possest do many strange Feats contorting and writhing their Bodies Colga or Ideots a third are meer Ideots call'd Colga not so born but happening as they say by finding the Nest of a Fowl call'd Jouwa which not onely deprives them of Rationality but incapacitates them to Virility They are cur'd of this Disease by Witchcraft but with this Injunction they must never taste of any feather'd or flying Fowl Some having attained the full Perfection of Age are suddenly vex'd with a terrible Swelling in their Cods The swelling of the Cods and a Shrinking of their Virile Part without any possible means of Cure Who are most subject to this Disease Such as neighbour the Sea and the places adjacent are most subject to this Malady to wit the Inhabitants of Bolm Cilm and Bolmberre and among them such as sell and drink immoderately of the Palmito-Wine and therefore it may with reason enough be suppos'd this Disease grows by the use of that Wine but whether so or no we shall leave it to be determin'd by such whose Curiosity hath better inform'd their Experience ¶ WHen any man dies according to the course of Nature Eakotima that is the departure or Funeral or by Mischance presently all his Friends and Acquaintance meet and encompassing the Corpse sing Elegies and Epicediums wherein they set forth at large the Praises and Actions of the Deceased in several Languages every one chusing that wherein he thinks himself best skill'd and able with most Excellency to express his fancy for besides their own Quoian they can all speak the Timnian Hondrian Mendian Folgian Galaan and Gebbian Tongues For they account it a great Honour to have such a Funeral-Elegy compos'd and spoken in a high Strain and lofty Stile And if any that have no continual or publick Employment happen at such a time to neglect to shew his Love to his deceased Friend or Relation by such a Valedictory Gratulation all his surviving Kindred and Acquaintance will exclaim against him as one that merits not their kindness living who will not joyn to lament for them dead After the Funeral-Orations are finish'd the Corpse is washed the Hair pleated and the Body set upright supported with stayes at the Back and under the Arms. If it be a Man then they put a Bowe and Arrow into his hand and array him with his best Garment and his Friends bring Presents to the Funeral viz. one Needles another a Kettle or Bason the third a Garment a fourth Dishes and Earthen and Tin Cups The Corpse thus set up and drest some of his nearest Kinsmen come and play with Bowes and Arrows before him and that done kneel down with their backs turn'd to the

red Parakitoes Cranes Storks with red Bills and red Legs and half white and half black Feathers There are also Owls which they call Carjampemba that is Devils because their appearing presages ill luck This Region produces two sorts of Bees Bees one that Hive in the Woods in hollow Trees and the other in the Roofs of Houses The Pismires Pismires by them styl'd Ingingie are of four sorts the biggest have sharp stings with which they raise swellings upon men the other three are somewhat smaller Ensingie Eusingie is a little Beast with a Skin speckled black and grey The Entiengio a small Creature very curiously streak'd slender body'd with a fine Tail and Legs never comes upon the earth for the very touch thereof proves mortal to it therefore keeps in the Trees and hath always twenty black Hair'd Creatures call'd Embis attending that is ten before it and ten behind it This they take in Snares and when the ten first are taken the ten behind betake themselves to flight by which means the Animal bereav'd of its Life-guard at last is also taken The Skin of this little Beast bears such a value that the King onely may wear it unless perhaps by particular favour some great Lords may be admitted among which the Kings of Lovango Cakongo and Goy are taken in Some have reported In Congo are no Gold-Mines that about Saint Salvadore there are Gold-Mines but without any ground of probability because the Portuguese are greedy of Gold having convers'd so long in the Countrey would not have left them undiscover'd But they find many Copper-Mines in several places But of Copper especially in Pembo near the before-nam'd City whose Mettal shews so deep a tincture of yellow that reasonable Artists have mistaken for Gold but upon proof the errour becomes quickly rectifi'd The like Mines are found in Songo yielding better Copper than that of Pembo whereof in Lovando the Purple Armlets are commonly made which the Portuguese carry to Calabare Rio de Rey and other places In Bamba Silver-Mines and other saith Linschot there are Mines of Silver and other Mettals and in Sundo to the East-side of Crystal and Iron the last bearing the highest value because it makes Knives Swords and other Weapons Quarries of Stone they meet with frequently Stones as also Rocks of red Marble besides many precious Gemms as Jasper Porphirie Jacinth and the like The Inhabitants of Congo The kind of the Inhabitants known by the name of Macikongen are very black yet some few differ being onely a kind of Olive-Colour their Hair black curl'd their Bodies of a middle stature and well Set the whites of their Eyes of a Sea-green and their Lips not so thick as other Blacks wherein those of Congo differ from the other Blacks especially from those of Nubia and Guinee Although some of them be surly and proud Their condition yet in general they carry themselves very friendly towards strangers being of a mild conversation courteous affable and easie to be overcome with reason yet inclin'd to drink especially Spanish-Wine and Brandy Such as converse much with them discern a quickness of reason and understanding ordering their conceits and discourses so rationally that the most knowing Persons take great delight in their facetious humor In the Wars they shew little Courage for the most part going by the lose if the Portuguese give them no assistance for twenty Whites will put to flight a thousand Congoians These of Sango are a proud lazy and luxurious people but have a winning behavior and volubility of speech beyond those that dwell on the Northside of the River Zaire These of Bamba have the repute of the most Warlike and strongest of all in these parts for they are such men that can cut a Slave in two in the midst with a Sword or strike off the head of an Ox at a blow And which is more seeming incredible that one of their strongest men can with one Arm hold up a vessel of Wine which weighs three hundred and five and twenty pound weight till the Wine be drawn out at the Spigget They have all a native propensity to Stealing and what they so get They are inclin'd to stealing they drink out instantly with their best Companions in Wine one of which goes before the maker of this Feast and other Friends crying aloud Behold the King of Congo doing him that honour for the good Chear and Courtesie receiv'd from him that day In the ways from the Cities Saint Salvadore and Lovando Saint Paulo many discarded Noblemen fall'n into disfavor with the King keep in great Troops and Companies Robbing and Plundering all Travellers till restor'd again into the Princes Grace They much practice the villanous Art of Poysoning They are given to poyson one another whereby for the smallest trifle they execute a fatal revenge They are severely punish'd But those that use it had need have a care for if the Author or Contriver be detected he must die without mercy which severity they abate nothing of at present and for discovery so strict inquiry is made that it is very difficult to pass unknown by which means this inhumane Custom begins to decay Those of Sango wear Coats from the Navel to the Ankles and Mantles over the rest but the Women cover their Breasts They play at Cards for Pastime Their Play Staking little Horns or Shells reckon'd among them as current Money The Citizens of Congo maintain themselves chiefly by Merchandize Their maintainance but the Countrey people by Tilling of Land and keeping of Cattel Those about the River Zaire live by Fishing others by drawing of Tombe-Wine and some by Weaving When they travel from one place to another The Congoians do not ride on horseback but are carryed by men they ride not but are carry'd by men in Hammacks as the foregoing Plate sets forth or else sitting upon a kind of Biers made fast with a Cord to a Pole upon the shoulders of their Slaves or by hir'd people with an Umbrella overhead to prevent the scorching of the Sun wherefore those that will go speedily take with them many Slaves for their Journey that when the first grow weary he may be carry'd by the other They Marry and Betroth in Congo after the manner of the Christians but will not be circumscrib'd thereby from keeping every one as many Concubines as they can provide Clothes and Expences for When the young Maids in Congo dispose themselves for a double Estate they go into a dark house and Paint themselves red with Oyl and Takoel Wood of Majumba staying therein about a moneth and then chooseth out her eldest Free-man that hath been most diligent and serviceable to her and takes him to Husband When any Man or Woman among them dies they blame the Survivor The cause of the death of Man or Woman is laid upon the Survivor firmly believing such Persons cannot die by

split Quill at the end which being blowed yields a low sound Conney and Badger-Islands NOrthward of the Great Cape lie three Islands in the Sea viz. Conneys Badgers and Fransh Island The Conneys Island so called from the many Rabbits breeding in the Cliffs and on the Shore lieth before the Mouth of Table-Bay a League or thereabouts from the Land five Miles Southward from Badger-Isle It contains a Mile and a half in compass but more over-grown with Bushes than the Badger which receiv'd its name from the abundance of Rock-Badgers there found Neither of these have any fresh Water Spilber Voyage 1601. and although the Ground be sandy and full of Bushes yet they bear many good Herbs and Flowers and abound with Cattel The Conneys were first brought thither by the Dutch in the year One thousand six hundred and one The Sheep carried thither first by the English grow extraordinary fat and increase exceedingly so that some have been found whose Tails were five and twenty Inches thick and nineteen pound in weight with four and thirty pound of Swet about the Kidneys besides the Fat that came from their Flesh but the Meat gives no satisfaction in the eating by reason of the exceeding fatness There are many Pinguins and thousands of Meuwen and yet for all this plenty they both lie desolate and not inhabited A little Northerly lies the Fransh-Island equal in all things to the aforemention'd and as them without Inhabitants THE EMPIRE OF MONOMOTAPA THis Empire The Empire of Monomotapa by Joseph Barras call'd Benomotapa and by Sanutus Benomotaxa lies up within the Countrey before the Kingdom of Sofale near the Sea inclosed between Rio de Spirito Sancto or Magnice and the great River Quama both which by some are taken for two Branches of Zambere It spreads Southerly towards the Cape de Bona Esperanza Borders having in the North for Borders the Kingdom of Monimuge or Nimeamae and the River Quama in the East the Sea-coast of Sofala in the West and South the River Magnice and the neighboring Mountains Others Cluverius conterminates it in the East South and West with the great Ocean in the North with Congo the Abyssines and Zanguibar It s Length The bigness between the Lake Ro and the Ethiopick Sea together with the Mountains of the Moon Cluverius reckons to be four hundred Dutch Miles and the Breadth between the Head-Fountains of Nilus and the Cape of Good Hope three hundred Dutch Miles For all the little Kingdoms from the River Magnice to the Cape of Good Hope are said to acknowledge the Prince of Monomotapa for their Supreme Lord. But the whole Compass of this Countrey is accounted by many but seven hundred and thirty five French Miles The Imperial and Royal Court being the Chief City is call'd Banamatapa Chief City although by Vincent le Blank Madrogam lying six days Journey from a great House call'd Simbaoe or Zimbaoch and five Miles from Safale towards the West The Houses have almost sharp Roofs very large built of Wood or Earth Houses very finely and whited without and within The Palace of the Emperor carries a vast extent The Kings Palace having four Eminent Gates and very many large Chambers and other convenient Apartments guarded round about with Watch-Towers and within hung with Cotton Hangings of divers Colours wrought with Gold and richly Embossed as also overlaid with Tin gilt or as others say cover'd over with Plates of Gold and adorn'd with Ivory Candlesticks fastned with Silver Chains The Chairs gilt and painted with several Colours The four chiefest Gates of the Court richly Embossed and well defended by the Life-Guards of the Emperor whom they call Sequender The Emperor keeps a great Train of Servants who all attend in good order bowing of the Knee when they speak to him His Meat is serv'd up to his Table in Pourcelane round beset with Gold Branches Other Principal Cities are Zimbas a Mile and half from Sofale Tete where the Portuguese Jesuits have their Residence Sena c. Certain War-like Women like the ancient Amazons The Residence of the Amazones do possess a peculiar Territory appointed for them by the King although Sanutus appropriates to them a particular Kingdom upon the Borders of Damout and Gorage more towards the South Not far from Monomotapa is the Province of Chitambo The Kingdom of Chitambo wherein stands the City Tamburo This Kingdom hath the benefit of a temperate Air Air. and enrich'd with luxurious Valleys which though not Inhabited in all Places affords Provision of Cattel and Fruits sufficient to store both themselves and Neighbours nor is it destitute of pleasant Woods stor'd with variety of Fruit-Trees Plants and in some places abundance of Sugar-Canes that grow without Planting to the increase whereof the Rivers and Brooks that besprinkle the Countrey do not a little help The greatest Wealth of the Countrey consists in Oxen and Cowes Beasts with them more highly esteem'd than Gold or Silver They have no Horses nor other Beasts for Carriage besides Elephants which flock together by whole Herds in the Woods They shew a Beast call'd Alsinge resembling a Stag or Hart and Ostriches as big as Oxen. There grows upon Trees call'd Koskoma a Fruit of a Violet Colour and sweet in taste of which whoever eats plentifully it purges them so violently that a Bloody-Flux and at length Death follows upon it Here are found several Gold Mines in the Bowels of the Earth Gold Mines and also in some of their Rivers for which the Inhabitants dive in the Stream and take it up with the bottom from the Mud and so pick it out which Gold-diving they also practice in divers great Lakes spread far and near in this Kingdom for which cause the King of Monomotapa is not without reason call'd by the Portuguese The Golden King All the Inhabitants have short and black curl'd Hair The Constitution of the Inhabitants and as Linschot saith are of a middle Stature though Pigafet makes them a kind of Giants They are well set of a sound Body of Complexion black very apprehensive and quick of Understanding much addicted to War and apt to make Insurrections upon any trivial cause Their usual Food is salt Beef Milk and a little Verjuyce and Oyl of Sesamos Their Bread made of Rice Mille or of the Root Ignamees which they boyl in Basons The Drink of the Common People Milk but of the King and the Grandees Wine of Honey or Meath which they preserve in Ox-horns or Wine of Palm made delicious with Manna Amber and Musk. The King bestows every day in Perfumes two pound of Gold which certain Merchants furnish him with For the Torches and Lights which he uses are mix'd with sweet Odours which he causes to be born before him in the night being set in a richly Embroider'd Pavilion carry'd by four Noble-men follow'd by a great Train and cover'd over with a Canopy in

Clergy to the very Eteche and Bishops dwell in Cloysters in the Cities and in the Wildernesses they go bare-foot never eat Flesh nor drink Wine and do besides unusual severe Penance for besides Fasting they torment themselves terribly by being bound to a Cross and so set for a whole day broyling in the Sun Others go stark naked up to the neck into a cool Brook and stay there till they are half dead Some which they call The Clergy of Libela for a Penance carry two four-square pieces of Lead of fifty or sixty pound weight which hang before their Breasts and behind their Backs with which so about them they fall upon their Knees with their Foreheads upon the Ground so that many times their Heads swell and their Bodies grow all black and blue Others sit with a great Stone about their Necks which so bows down their Heads that they cannot look up to Heaven nor move themselves from the places where they are All the Abyssines Circumcision as well Clergy as Temporality are Circumcised the eighth day after their Birth and Baptiz'd the fortieth but the Daughters the sixtieth and afterwards in their sixth year are Re-baptiz'd with Fire in this manner They take a sharp Iron which cuts on both sides and making it red hot in the Fire set therewith upon the very tip of their Nose two Marks to distinguish them from Mahumetans who are also Circumcised The Water of Baptism they Consecrate with many Ceremonies and Benedictions with which they renew their Baptism every year upon the Day of the Three Kings because upon that day Christ was Baptized The Confession of their sins they say they have by Apostolical command which they make standing after which they receive Absolution Godignus avers that they neither make known the particulars nor the number of their sins but say onely in general Habessen Habessen which signifies I have sinn'd I have sinn'd They hold onely five mortal sins fixing upon the last Chapter of the Revelations which excludes out of the holy City Sorcerers Fornicators or Adulterers Murderers Idolaters and Lyars They acknowledge but five Commandments imply'd by Christ in these Negatives I have been hungry and ye have not fed me I have been thirsty and you have not given me drink I have been a stranger and you have not let me in I have been naked and you have not clothed me I have been sick and you have not visited me I have been in prison and you have not come to me Believing that Christ will say to Reprobates onely these words at the last Day They perform Mass daily yet no more but one in every Church and that usually in the Evening an hour and a half before the going down of the Sun except on Saturdays and Sundays They ordinarily bury their Dead with a Cross and Prayers reading over them the Gospel of St. John the next day give some Alms for the benefit of their Souls They Fast every Wednesday Damian Goez in remembrance of the Council of the Jews upon the Death of Christ which was held upon that day and every Friday in Commemoration of the Death of Christ eating nothing before the going down of the Sun observing besides with other Christians several other times of Abstinence Some of the Clergy in the Cloysters always eat Flesh because they lie far from the Sea and have no Lakes nor Rivers out of which to take Fish Others eat on Fasting-days but onely an Apple with Bread and Water or else some Herbs boyl'd without Oyl or Butter and some onely Bread and Water Such as eat Fish in some Places will touch nothing that hath any Bloud but content themselves with Grashoppers Oysters Lobsters and the like Also they use upon Fasting-days a Grain call'd Camfa and another Tebba both prepar'd and made ready like Mustard Most of the Abyssines have made defection from their antient Opinions acknowledging the Roman Church to have the true Doctrine and the Pope to be Christ's Vicar for in the time of Pope Clement the seventh Prester-John sent to acknowledge him High-Priest with promise of obedience to him and his Successors and all that have succeeded him have done the same till the Year Sixteen hundred and nine when the Prince of Narel Jacob infected with the Errors of Dioscorus and Eutiches got the Crown After him the Son of Zaga-Christ who in the Year Sixteen hundred thirty and three stept into the Throne embraced the same Opinions so that he put out of the City all those that acknowledged and obeyed the Pope But Cosme Son of King Haste Jacob about the Year Sixteen hundred and thirty caused in the Kingdom of Dambea near his Court a Church to be built after the European manner of cedar-Cedar-wood and Zaga-Christ his Brother and all his Family heard Mass openly in the Kingdom of Goyame And moreover being a singular Votary of the Catholick Religion established among others those Laws That no Clergy-man that is Marry'd may administer the Lords Supper upon pain of death That no temporal Person may have any more but one Wife and That none should draw near to the Lords Table before he had made satisfaction to all whom he had wronged In the Year Sixteen hundred and twenty in the Territory of Agoas a spacious Countrey and fruitful five thousand Souls were Baptiz'd by the Portuguese Jesuits The several states of the Countreys relating to Religion are as followeth In Tigre the Turks possess the Places lying near the Sea Peter Davity Estats du Grand Kegus but the Bowels of the Kingdom are fill'd with Idolaters mixed with Christians Those of Angote are Christians without mixture so those of Xoa and Amara Damut according to Sanutus contains a mixture Leka remains wholly Christian but Bagamedi hath some Christians and some Heathens so Dambea Mahumetans wholly possess the City of Aukaguerle But Dahali contains Christians Moors and Mahumetans Gecie Moors and Idolaters Ario and Fatigar wholly Christians Those of Zingaro and Roxa are Idolaters but they of Ronazegus all Christians Goyame comprehends Heathens and Christians but Marea Goroma Zeth Concho and Mahaola lie totally involved in Idolatry Sua hath Mahumetans and Christians Bora Calava and Aga in show Christians but in heart Idolaters Dubane and Xaucale Caffers a People without any Religion Xincho Aris Evara and Arbo none but Mahumetans Daraita all Christians and lastly Agoas are most Idolaters but some Christians who have many Monasteries and Convents both of Men and Women They have a great number of Churches Churches the first and principal of all is call'd Delia Libanos that is The Mountain of Liban in the Kingdom of Goyame wherein formerly the Kings of Abyssine us'd to be buried the second Marcoza Mariam that is The Misery of Mary in the same Kingdom the third Dima or St. Maries in Goroma the fourth Macana Celacen that is The Seat of the Trinity in Amara the fifth Laboca that is Mountain of Gold dedicated to St. Michael in

up and burn to make a Compost of their Ashes to inrich the Grounds intended for Planting of Rice The Fruit which it bears not till the third year is of the thickness of a small Bean whereof perhaps good Meal might be made This Plant yields no less profit to the Islanders then the Coco-Nuts do to the Indians for they make thereof Pots to boyl Rice in Pails or Vessels to fetch Water in Wine and Beer Flasks Knives Violins and Harps Rice-Measures Tobacco-pipes Tinder-boxes small Skiffs for two Men to sit in and row up and down in the Rivers Roofs of Houses Planks and Stairs and likewise Palanquins or Sedans wherein the Grandees of the Countrey are carried for which purpose it is bended in its growth to make these Chairs the easier Ampoufoutchy is a Wood extraordinary light white and easie to be wrought Of the Bark they make Ropes Amaze is a Tree thick in Body but shoots up aloft tapering like a Pyramide The Fruit contains a white Marrow with many hard Kernels within like the Seeds of a Pine-apple Tanevoule is a Tree whose Leaves grow round about the Branches without Stalks very long and narrow as if they were glew'd to them Onuvane a sort of knotty Cane like the Indian The Root they account good Meat and the Wood being Violet-colour Dyes Red. Besides these are many others found which are much like the European and seem to be one and the same The Countrey of Alfissack produces many Wild Grapes but the Inhabitants do not eat them being ignorant of their goodness Good Tobacco grows all over the Countrey and Hemp there call'd Ahetsmanga Ahetsboule which Flaccourt affirms both in Stalk Leaf and Seed not to differ from that of Europe This Hemp saith the same Flaccourt the Inhabitants plant with great diligence and the dry'd Leaf they take in stead of Tobacco which hath a stupifying quality causing Drowsiness Sleep and pleasant Dreams Those that are not us'd to take it like two or three days together as if they were distracted and therefore none but old Women and the Ombiassen that is the Soothsayers or Priests and Learned Men take of it In the East-Indies they have a like sort of Plant call'd Bangue and producing the same Effects but the Stalk is thrown away and useless Lastly There grows also Taikombelahe or Purslain Cabbage Radish Dill Turky-Wheat Toughes or Mustard-seed and Datura or Thorn-apple As this Island boasts so wonderful a fertility of Plants Beasts so it is also stor'd with great numbers of several kinds of Beasts Vermin Fowl and Fishes There are three sorts of Oxen some with Horns others without Horns and round Heads call'd Bouri and the third with hanging or loose Horns only fastned to the Skin All these have great Lumps of Fat behind in their Necks of which the Inhabitants make Suet and use it in stead of Butter In the Territory of Machicore many of those Beasts are found which in former times the Inhabitants say have been tame and indeed they resemble ours in Europe onely longer Legg'd and run through the Woods in great Herds There are many Kabrito's or Rams whose Females have Young commonly three times a year and four at each time Some of the Sheep have great long Tails of five and twenty Pound weight and nothing but clear Fat which they boyl and eat being excellent Food The Woods swarm with wild Hogs which do great hurt to the Rice-Fields The Flesh of these but chiefly of the Sows and young ones is esteemed a choyce Dainty The common Hogs makes very good and wholsom Pork for though one eats never so much of it he will not surfet perhaps by reason of their good feeding which consists most in Land-Turtles and their Eggs. There are another sort call'd Tendrak whose Flesh though not very pleasing to the Pallat yet the Inhabitants hold for a great Dainty They sleep six moneths under ground without eating and in that time shed their Bristles and other new ones appear in their places sharp like those of Hedghogs Fosse is a Creature preying upon Poultry they eat the Flesh thereof as wholsom Diet. Farassa a devouring Beast as big as a Fox with a great long Tail and Hair like a Woolf. The Dogs are very small with a long Snout short Ears like a Fox and such like Hair but of several colours Monkies or Baboons are of several sorts and amongst others great ones being white with Spots on their Ribs and Heads and a long Snout like a Fox fierce of nature like Tygers and make a great noyse in the Woods Another sort have gray Hairs are much smaller with flat Noses and easily made tame A third and the most common call'd Varii are gray and long Nos'd with great shaggy Tails These may be tam'd without difficulty if taken young or else they will starve themselves to death There are white Apes call'd Sifak with yellowish Heads white Tails and two Spots on their Sides are much bigger than the Varii and usually walk on their hindmost Legs and keep in the Woods in great companies There is yet another sort of gray Apes with Eyes shining like Fire and short Hair but not possible to be tam'd Fitsihi or gray Squirrels which commonly keep the Holes of hollow Trees and not easily caught Vondsira a small Vermine like a Weazle of a darkish colour greedily covets Honey and smells like Musk. There are many Civet-Cats which the People of Manahengha and others eat Tre-tre-tre or Tra-tra-tra a Beast as large as a Cow hath a round Head and a Man's Face and Feet like an Ape Flaccourt taketh it for the Tanacht described by Ambrose Paree It keeps for the most part alone by the Pool Lepomami The Inhabitants stand so much in fear of it that they flye the sight of it as that also runs away upon the appearance of a Man Antamba a great Beast with a round Head The Negro's report it as fierce and ravenous as a Leopard and that it devours both Men and Beasts yet seldom appears but keeps in the Mountains Mangerzahok a very great Beast with round Feet like a Horse and very long Ears Brays like an Ass why may we not suppose it to be a wild one Brehis a Beast with one single Horn in the Forehead as big as a Goats is very wild But there are neither Tygers Horses nor Lyons as some have Written Famokantratra Vermin a small Beast having Legs at the Tail above the Neck and on the outmost part of the Chin small Claws with which it hangs fast on the Barks of the Trees It holds the Mouth always open to receive Spiders Muggs and other Vermin whereon it feeds It gain'd the Name Flamokantratra that is Breast-hopper because it leaps upon the Breast of any that approach near the Tree where it sits and sticks so close and fast that the skin must be cut away with a Rasor to remove it for which reason the Inhabitants much fear it Camelions Valaau Rats