Head at a Horses tail without any Compassion shown by the People in regard they said ten Kings and a vast number of Men had dy'd by her wicked Machinations I 'm apt to believe this is all a mistake in those Authors who have attributed the Crimes of Fredegunda to Brunechilda for St. Gregory writ a Letter to her full of her Praises besides there are many Churches in France built by her and many Captives were redeemed Much more might be said both for and against her but it is not our business to reconcile the different Opinions of Historians in a matter of so small moment to the History in hand After the Death of Athanagildus who deceased at Toledo as was said before Liuva so his Name is writ upon ancient Coins a powerful Man who till then had been Viceroy of Gallia Gothica was Proclaimed King of Narbonne This was in the second Year of the Emperor Justin the Younger who was the first that sent Longinus with the Title of Exarchus to Govern Italy Liuva began his Reign in the Year 567. Nothing of Note is found in History of this King save that in the second Year of his Reign he declared Leuvigildus his Brother his Companion in the Kingdom with equal Power to himself He continued in Gallia Gothica as being the place he had most been used to and D. Lucas de Tuy says he Reigned in France 7 Years before he was King of Spain All the other Provinces that were under the Dominion of the Goths he left to his Brother's charge hoping by his care they would be restored to their former Grandeur For at that time they were at War with the Romans who possess'd a great part of Spain and maintained it not only with their own Power but the Assistance of many Goths who put themselves under their Protection Leuvigildus had two Sons by his Wife Theodosia the Daughter of Severianus Duke and Governour of the Province of Carthagena their Names were Ermenegildus and Recaredus After the Death of Theodosia Leuvigildus Marry'd Gosuinda the Widow of Athanagildus at the same time that he was called by his Brother to be his Associate in the Kingdom As soon as he came to the Crown being a Man of great Courage he made War upon the Romans They came to a Battle among the Bastetani where now stands the City Baça the Romans were Defeated and by that means expelled the whole Province The Country about Malaga was laid waste with Fire and Sword Medina Sidonia near the Streights Mouth was taken by Night being betrayed by Framidancus Cordova was in Rebellion and would own no Superior since the Defeat of King Agila Thither Leuvigildus marched and brought it under with many other Places in the Neighbourhood and great destruction of People and the Country The Neighbourhood of Sabaria not knowing in what part of Spain it lay was also Ravaged and spoiled Whilst Leuvigildus was thus employed his Brother Liuva dy'd in France in the Year 572. Having Reign'd but 5 Years some say only 3. All the Province of Andaluzia being brought under and the Romans totally expelled Leuvigildus returned towards Biscay where he took Amaya by Assault others call it Aregia and others Varegia a City as is supposed betwixt Burgos and Leon. All the rest of that Country was pillaged and spoiled and many that were in Arms killed Hence he passed over into Aquitain where he took Aspidius who was Revolted in the City Agen with his Wife Children and Riches The same Year that Liuva dy'd Myrus or as others call him Ariamirus was King of the Suevians by Succession his Father dying two Years before At the same time was held the second Council of Braga by which the Suevians were confirmed in the Catholick Religion Leuvigildus having quieted the Affairs of Aquitain returned into Spain with a resolution to destroy the Kingdom of the Suevians which had lasted so many Years Mirus fearing the Power of the Goths who began to break into Galicia sent Embassadors to sue for Peace but could only obtain a Cessation of Arms for some time The Goth was the more willing to condescend because he had no just Cause to make War upon the Suevians unless their change of Religion for the better as also for that he was to oppose a Roman Army sent by Justin the Emperor upon the Frontiers of Spain At first Leuvigildus marching thro' the Mountains of Orospeda which rise at the foot of Moncayo and passing by Molina Cuenca and Segura end near Cadiz subdued certain Mountain People who confiding in the strength of the Country refused to obey him Thus the Power of the Goths was increased and that of the Romans diminished for they had left them only a small Tract of Land near the Sea as I suppose the Mediterranean Before Leuvigildus undertook this War to take away the Custom the great ones had instituted of chusing their Kings and to secure the Succession in his own Family he declared his two Sons Ermenegildus and Recaredus his Companions in the Royal Authority and to this purpose divided the Kingdom into three parts To Ermenegildus he assigned Sevil tho Gregory of Tours says It was Merida To the City Reccopolis he gave that Name being the first Founder in honour of his Son Recaredus this was in that place where the River Guadiela falls into Tagus not far from Pastrana as the Moor Rasis testifies This City was Founded in the Year 577. Others will have it that Reccopolis was in Celtiberia and is the same with Almonacir commonly called Zorita Leuvigildus chose the City Toledo for to keep his own Court in and so did the Kings of the Goths his Successors whereas till then it had been kept at Sevil. From this beginning that City by degrees came to be the Metropolitan See of all Spain as shall appear in its place Pope Benedict Successor of John III. now Governed the Church and Tiberius II. the Roman Empire About this same time Mirus King of the Suevians made War upon the People of Rioja upon what occasion is not known but it appears that he overcame and subdued them These People were formerly called Ruccones at least the Archbishop D. Rodrigo calls them so The Country is fruitful and pleasant so proper to bear Corn it often yields twenty for one CHAP. VIII Ermenegildus Son to Leuvigildus Marries the Lady Ingundis is Converted to the Catholick Faith is Besieg'd by his Father in Sevil taken Prisoner and put to Death by him INgundis Daughter to Sigibert King of Lorrain and Brunechilda his Queen was Married to Ermenegildus in the Year 579. She was Grandchild to Athanagildus and Gosuinda by these means those two Royal Families were United and Levuigildus thought thereby to secure the Kingdom to his Posterity Ingundis came out of France with a great Retinue Her Grandmother Gosuinda for some time used her with all possible kindness in hopes to prevail with her to forsake
not ceas'd His Nobles were Mutinous and there was a report that the Moors of Africk made greater Preparations against Spain than they had ever done before Yet Peter Martinez the Admiral the last Year had taken Cadiz from the Moors by surprize There was some difficulty in maintaining that Island and therefore it was restor'd to the King of Morocco whose it was before by that means to oblige him King Alonso of Portugal sent his Son Denis then but 8 years old to his Grandfather the King of Castile to obtain of him that Portugal might be independant he quitting his Claim to any Homage from that Crown This was propos'd in an Assembly of the Nobility and oppos'd by none but D. Nun̄o Gonzalez de Lara the chief of the Malecontents Nevertheless the King carry'd it and Portugal was made Independant D. Nun̄o worse offended than before conspir'd against the King with D. Lope de Haro and Prince Philip the King's Brother Finding themselves too weak to carry on a Rebellion they sollicited Prince Henry who then govern'd Navarre to joyn with them but he excus'd himself with the absence of the King his Brother Being disappointed there those great Men sollicited the Kings of Portugal and Granada and even the Emperor of Morocco to joyn with them in making War upon Castile King Alonso was a Man of great sence but more fit for a Scholler than a King for whilst he Study'd the Heavens and Stars he lost the Earth and his Kingdom Understanding what was in hand by the information of Fernan Perez whom the Conspirators endeavour'd to engage to their Party he was much surpriz'd and apply'd his Thoughts to prevent the Mischiefs that threatned To this effect from Murcia where he then was he sent Henry de Arana his Embassador to endeavour some Accommodation with those Nobles who had then assembled themselves at Palencia to prepare for War He with the Queen went to Valencia to Confer with the King of Aragon That Prince like a wise Man having forseen the Storm that threatned Castile had at Burgos advis'd King Alonso not to proceed in making himself odious to his Subjects and that if he could not reconcile the Nobility he should gain the Commonalty and Prelates with whose assistance he might baffle all the designs of the others At this Conference nothing of moment was done King Alonso nevertheless was forc'd the next Year to return to Alicant to see the King his Father-in-law and desire he would withhold the Nobles of Aragon from joyning with the Rebels of Castile as they intended to do He also ask'd his advice for that the King of Granada made War upon Guadix and Malaga which Affair he ought first to take in hand King Jayme advis'd to observe the Treaty made with the Moors but that avail'd nothing for the King of Granada invited by the Rebels entred the Christian Territories burning and destroying all before him A Body of African Horse sent by Jacob Abenjoseph King of Morocco followed him Hereupon King Alonso orders his Son Ferdinand then at Sevil with all the Force he could make to oppose the Moors He himself went to Burgos to try if there were any means left to reduce the Rebels In that City the Cortes or Parliament met all those Mutiniers being summoned upon security of their Persons and for their greater safety the Hospital Royal without the City was appointed for that Assembly After several Conferences they were further from any Accommodation than before Their Passions swel'd to that height that many renouncing their Allegiance went away to Granada in the Year 1272. D. Nun̄o de Lara D. Lope de Haro and Prince Philip were the chief of the Conspirators Next to these Ferdinand de Castro Lope de Mendoça Giles de Roa Roderick de Saldan̄a besides a vast number of inferior Persons At their departure they burnt Towns and wasted the Country in token of their malice The King made hast to Toledo thence to Almagro and despairing of reducing the Rebels endeavoured to appease the King of Granada It this did not succeed he resolved to make War upon him with the greatest Force he could gather Whilst these things were acting in Castile Philip King of France Son to S. Luis added Poitiers and Toulouze to his Crown by Inheritance Not long after he expelled Roger Bernard Earl of Faux because he would not stand to Judgment This had like to have caus'd a War betwixt France and Aragon because that Earldom was a Feof of the latter The wisdom of King Jayme prevented it for he persuaded the Earl to submit himself to the King of France and so the dispute ended There were some apprehensions of Troubles within the Kingdom Peter the King 's eldest Son being offended at Ferdinand Sanchez his Bastard Brother for that in his return from the Holy-Land he had been nobly entertain'd by Charles King of Sicily and he suspected they had contriv'd something prejudicial to the Kingdom Ferdinand was at Burriana thither Peter came with a number of Soldiers and Ransack'd the whole House Mean while Ferdinand and his Wife Aldonça made their escape From this beginning greater Troubles arose the Nobility being divided between the two Brothers with such heat that Ferdinand's Party doubted not to raise War against the King himself All the Effect was that the Viscount of Cardona and other great Men lost their Estates Ferdinand Sanchez being taken by his Brother in the Castle of Pomar was Strangled and cast into the River Cinga The Head being taken off the other Conspirators were soon subdued But the Death of Fernan Sanchez hap'ned three Years later He left a young Son from whom the Family of Castro in Aragon descends To Roger Lauria King Jayme gave an Estate in Valencia because he had accompany'd his Daughter-in-law from the furthest parts of Italy This Gentleman proved a great Commander especially by Sea A Truce was concluded for many Years with Henry now King of Navarre his Brother Theobald dying without Issue The King of Aragon pretended a Right to Navarre but finding his own Subjects inclinable to Rebel thought good to agree with the Foreigners lest they should joyn with his People against him CHAP. X. Rodulphus of Ausburg chosen Emperor Henry King of Navarre dies his Daughter Joanna Inherits Alonso King of Castile agrees with his Nobles then goes into France to plead for the Empire before the Pope and returns re infecta KIng Alonso ardently desired to go over into Germany to take possession of the Empire and the more for that Richard his Competitor being dead the Electors were about choosing another This moved him to prepare for that Journey The wiser sort said it were better to settle the Kingdom at home Vain Men advised to carry an Army to subdue all that should oppose him in Germany Being resolved upon this Expedition he determined at any rate to Compound with the Moors of Granada and his own Nobles Mean while
finish'd the Famous Structure of St. Laurence the Royal which had been Thirty Years in hand since King Philip began to build it near a Village called the Escuriall in the Territory of Segovia It consists of a Monastery of the Order of S. Hierome a Colledge and a Palace for the Kings to divert themselves in Summer The Work is truly Majestick equal to any of the former memorable Structures and may well be accounted the Eighth Wonder Anno 1590. This Year was remarkable for the death of two Popes Sixtus who died the 28th of August and Vrban the Seventh who lived but twelve days after his Exaltation to the Papacy Neither did the Pope's Gregory the Fourteenth and Innocent the Ninth sit above a few Months in S. Peter's Chair till at last Clement the Eighth was elected who held it longer and without reproach Autumn this Year was very sickly Many People perished in Spain but the greatest Mortality was in the Country either for want of Medicines or that there was less to oppose the Infection of the Air. Among the rest Dr. John Calderon a Famous Divine and Canon of Toledo fell sick in a pleasant place whither he retired to pass the heat of the Summer Anno 1591. Antony Perez once the King's Secretary and in great Favour with him after he had bin Prisoner the space of 12 Years fled from the Prison in Madrid in April the foregoing Year He went into Aragon there to deliver himself up to the Great Justice of that Kingdom and answer for the death of Secretary Escobedo whom he caused to be killed one Night as he was going from Court together with other things laid to his Charge The Joy some People conceived at his flight was soon changed into Tears On the 24th of May this Year the Prisoner was remov'd from the Great Justice his Prison to that of the Inquisition The Rabble mutinying and taking up Arms with cries of Liberty assaulted the House of D. In̄igo de Mendoça Marquis of Almenara the Lieutenant They had before conceiv'd Malice against him and now murder'd him With the same Fury they ran next to the Prison of the Inquisition which they broke open and restor'd Antony Perez to the Prison where he was before In pursuance hereof on the 24th of September the People rose again because it was design'd to carry back the Prisoner to the Inquisition and breaking the Prison set him at Liberty In this Tumult some were killed and wounded Antony Perez fled to France where he died some Years after The Rebellious Citizens soon paid for their Rebellion for D. Alonso de Vargas an old Low Country Soldier was sent thither with an Army who reduc'd the City and put to death many of the Mutiniers among whom was D. John de Lamuza the Great Justice for that he appear'd in Arms against the King D. James de Heredia and D. John de Luna two of the chief Incendiaries were beheaded with many more The Duke of Villahermosa and Count de Aranda were taken and sent Prisoners to Castile where they died not long after in Prison but were afterwards acquitted of the Treason In order to settle the Affairs of that Kingdom the Cortes met at Taraçona at which D. Andrew de Bobadilla Archbishop of Zaragoça presided Anno 1592. The King himself by the way of Valladolid Burgos aad Pamplona went thither at the end of this Year With him were the Princess Elizabeth and her Brother Prince Philip who at Pamplona and Taraçona was sworn Heir of those Crowns Thus the Tumults in Aragon were appeas'd almost two Years after they commenc'd many of the Offenders being punish'd and Garisons put into Zaragoça and other places After the Cortes were held at Taraçona all Men submitted themselves being terrified with the Punishment of others and their own Losses For tho the Fury of the Multitude be great the Power of the King is greater and doubtless when Kings are resolute all the vain efforts of a tumultuous People are easy to be quelled and end in their own Destruction Anno 1593. King Henry of Navarre seemed now inclined to embrace the Catholick Religion and desired to be absolv'd of the Ecclesiastical Censures The Duke of Nemours sent by him to Rome to this effect used his utmost Endeavours to obtain it of the Pope who appear'd very rigid and much blamed the Archbishop of Bourges who had absolved him in France fearing his Conversion was only feigned but the contrary appear'd afterwards King Philip by his Agents now labour'd hard in France that the King of Navarre for his Religion might be excluded the Succession and he himself elected in his stead but that failing he proposed Archduke Ernestus the Emperor's Brother or any of the Princes of the House of Lorrain offering his Daughter Elizabeth in Marriage and many great Sums of Money with considerable Forces to support them All this fell to nothing King Henry being converted and by the unanimous Consent of all the States after many Difficulties proclaimed King Anno 1594. At Rome the Pope on the 17th of April Canonized S. Hyacinthus a Polander of the Order of S. Dominick At Madrid on the 22th of November died D. Gaspar de Quiroga Archbishop of Toledo and Cardinal aged 83 Years He was buried in a Monastery of the Order of S. Augustin in a Town of Madrigal where he was born He was an upright Man and of very good Parts but there is none free from some Fault His Revenue being very great and his Expence small he heaped up much Money and having made no Will the Pope order'd it to be equally divided into three Parts the one for pious Uses another for himself and the third for the King Albertus the Archduke and Cardinal succeeded him in the Archbishorick but afterwards having obtain'd the Pope's Dispensation by the King his Unkle's Order he quitted all his Church Preferments and Married This Year Javarin a very strong Town in Hungary was besieged and taken by the Turks Anno 1595. At the beginning of this Year died in Flanders the Archduke Ernestus who governed that Country for the King his Unkle On the third of April Albertus the Archduke his Brother took possession of the Archbishoprick of Toledo He never went to his Church or was consecrated because the King his Unkle gave him the Government of the Netherlands for which he set out from Madrid in August Garcia de Loaysa was left to govern the Bishoprick and three Years after the Archduke resigning it succeeded him in that Dignity The Government of the Low Countries upon the death of Ernestus the Archduke was some time in the Hands of D. Peter Enriquez de Toledo Earl of Fuentes a notable Soldier He on the 3d. of October after a tedious Siege took Cambray from the French who attempted three times to relieve it and were as often repulsed The Pope on the 25th of November made Valladolid a Bishops See and the King
Alonso of Portugal takes the Title of King His Wars with the Moors War betwixt the Christian Princes and Peace concluded Baeça and Almeria taken by the King of Castile and Lisbon by him of Portugal p. 169 The Eleventh BOOK Chap. I. THE coming into Spain of the Moors call'd Almohades The Death of D. Garcia King of Navarre by a fall from his Horse his Son Sancho succeeds him King Alonso and his Daughter both Marry'd Many Places taken from the Moors p. 171 Chap. II. King Luis the Younger of France comes into Spain Alonso of Castile and Leon call'd the Emperor dies His Sons Sancho and Ferdinand inherit the Crowns of Castile and Leon. Original of the Knights of Calatrava p. 174 Chap. III. The Death of Sancho King of Castile The great Commotions that ensu'd The Death of Raymund Prince of Aragon his Issue Alonso his eldest Son succeeds in his Dominions p. 176 Chap. IV. Alonso the young King of Castile takes upon him the Government recovers most of his Dominions joyns in League with the Aragonian and Marries Ellenor the Daughter to Henry II. King of England Some Actions of Ferdinand King of Leon. p. 178 Chap. V. The League made against Peter Ruiz de Açagra The Original of the Knights of Santiago The taking of Cuenca by the Christians Increase of the Knights of Santiago or S. James the Apostle Several Places in Navarre taken by the Castilians p. 180 Chap. VI. Rebellion in the Kingdom of Leon suppress'd Alonso King of Portugal taken by Ferdinard of Leon and set at liberty Being Besieg'd in Santarem by the Moors is reliev'd by him He Vanquishes the Infidels Actions of his Son Sancho p. 182 Chap. VII The Death of the Kings of Leon and Portugal Alliances betwixt the Kings of Spain The Defeat of the Christians at Alarcos Sancho the Wise King of Navarre dies Sancho I. King of Portugal Alonso IX of Leon. p. 183 Chap. VIII King Alonso of Aragon dies and his Son Peter succeeds him The King of Leon Divorc'd Castilians and Aragonians over-run Navarre Alonso King of Castile 's two Daughters Marry'd to the Kings of England and Leon. Plague and Famine in Spain p. 186 Chap. IX The Marriage of the King of Aragon and Death of some Persons of Note Peace concluded and Alliance betwixt all the Christian Kings of Spain The beginning of the War with the Moors A vast Multitude of Foreigners comes to the Assistance of the Christian Kings of Spain p. 187 Chap. X. The further Progress of the Christian Army which obtains a most signal Victory over the Infidels of whom 200000 are slain and this call'd the Battle of Navas de Tolosa Many Towns taken after this Success p. 189 The Twelfth BOOK Chap. I. THE Original and Growth of the Heresie of the Albigenses which spread all over France and some part of Spain Preaching against them unsuccessful War is resolv'd upon p. 191 Chap. II. The Death of Peter King of Aragon and of Alonso King of Castile Simon Earl of Montfort General of the Catholicks Overthrows the Hereticks and takes the Towns they had possessed themselves of p. 193 Chap. III. Disorders in Castile and Aragon under the two Infant Kings Sancho King of Navarre altogether decripid The Lateran General Council Honours done there to the Archbishop of Toledo p. 195 Chap. IV. The Family of Lara take the Government of Castile into their Hands They commit many Insolencies and oppress the Nobility Young King Henry Marry'd and Divorc'd The King of Aragon escapes from his Keepers p. 197 Chap. V. Great Disorders in Castile rais'd by the Family of Lara Young King Henry kill'd by the fall of a Tile Ferdinand Prince of Leon succeeds his Mother Berengaria renouncing her Right Orders of S. Dominick S. Francis and La Merced Instituted p. 198 Chap. VI. The Marriages of two Kings Ferdinand of Castile and Jayme of Aragon King Ferdinand quells many Commotions Death of the Kings of France and Portugal p. 200 Chap. VII King Ferdinand of Castile 's great Success against the Moors King Jayme of Aragon seiz'd by some Rebellious Nobles makes his escapes and commences War against the Rebels p. 202 Chap. VIII The War with the Moors renew'd The Island of Majorca Conquer'd by the Aragonians The Popes Legate disanuls the Marriage of King Jayme on account of Consanguinity Raymund Earl of Toulouze a Heretick reduc'd p. 204 Chap. IX Alonso King of Leon defeats the Moors takes Merida and Badajoz and dies Crowns of Castile and Leon united under Ferdinand Sancho King of Navarre dies Theobald succeeds him Interviews of several Kings p. 205 Chap. X. The beginning progress and end of the War against Cordova with the Conquest of that Noble City p. 206 Chap. XI A Moorish King Baptiz'd Description of Valencia its Siege and Surrender to the King of Aragon who is wounded before it Theobald King of Navarre goes with others to the Holy-War p. 207 The Thirteenth BOOK Chap. I. THE taking of many Towns by the Christians The Kingdom of Murcia surrendred to King Ferdinand His Marriage Salamanca made an Vniversity 20000 Moors defeated by the Christians p. 208 Chap. II. A defeat of the Christians who recover and are successful take Jaen and many other Places The King of Granada made Tributary King Sancho II. of Portugal expell'd by his Rebellious Subjects p. 209 Chap. III. The beginning of the War against Sevil. Aragon under a General Interdict The Siege and Surrender of Sevil. Carmona and several other Places p. 210 Chap. IV. S. Luis King of France sends Presents to the Church of Toledo and makes an unfortunate Expedition to the Holy-Land Aragon embroyl'd King Ferdinand of Castile after gaining much from the Moors dies p. 211 Chap. V. The beginning of the Reign of King Alonso he is chosen Emperor by part of the Electors and Richard Duke of Cornwal by the rest Theobald I. King of Navarre dies his Son Theobald II. succeeds him p. 212 Chap. VI. Aragon and Castile at variance and reconcil'd Sancho King of Portugal dies in Exile Death of the Queen and Prince of Aragon Portugal under an Interdict Marriages of the King of of Navarre and Prince of Aragon p. 213 Chap. VII The Family of the Merines obtains the Empire of Africk The War against the Moors renew'd in Spain Cuidad Rodrigo built Troubles in Aragon The City Murcia taken and the King of Granada made Tributary p. 214 Chap. VIII The Kingdom of the Normans in Sicily extinguish'd by the French The Empress of Constantinople comes into Spain and Jayme King of Aragon to Toledo p. 215 Chap. IX The King of Aragon 's Expedition for the Holy-Land The Kings of France and Navarre and the eldest Son of the King of England move upon the same Enterprize The Nobles of Castile revolt Troubles in Aragon p. 216 Chap. X. Rodulphus of Ausburg chosen Emperor Henry King of Navarre dies His Daughter Joanna Inherits Alonso King of Castile agrees with his Nobles then goes into France
Walls They likewise mention Metropolitans before called Bishops of the first Chair To return to Constantine he Rebuilt the City Bizantium destroyed by the Emperor Severus and removed the Imperial Court thither calling it of his own Name Constantinople He instituted four Praefecti Pretorii two to command in the East and two in the West one of these over Italy the other over France and Spain the Residence of the latter was in France and under him a Vicar Governed Spain Constantine having settled all things to his mind dy'd in the Year of our Lord 337. having Reigned 30 Years 9 Months and 27 Day His putting to Death his Son Crispus and Wife Fausta gave occasion to some to slander this great Monarch and many other Calumnies have been raised to deface the memory of his glorious Actions But many Learned Pens have writ of him in particular and it belongs not to us to enlarge upon this Subject CHAP. VII The Reigns of the Emperors Constantine Constantius and Constans Julian the Apostate Jovianus Valentinian and Valens COnstantine left three Sons by his second Wife to wit Constantine Constantius and Constans all three at several times during his Life named Caesars and at his Death he divided the Empire among them in this manner To Constantine the eldest he assigned the West beyond the Aples to Constantius the second Son the East and to Constans the youngest Italy Africk and Sclavonia The same he confirmed by his last Will and Testament and ordered moreover that Dalmatius Cousin-germain to the Emperors should have the Title of Caesar in the East Him Constantius caused tobe killed in a Mutiny of the Soldiers in the first year of his Reign Constantine the Eldest of the three Brothers the third year after the Death of his Father was Treacherously slain near Aquileia having marched so far in order to deprive his Brother Constans of the Empire upon pretence it all belonged to him and that he had been wronged in the distribution of the Provinces Some have writ that Constantine was an Arian but the contrary appears in that through his means his Brother Constantius recalled St. Athanasius from banishment The Emperor Constans was a great support to the Catholicks and they soon found a great miss of him for he ended his days on the way to Spain at the City Erna in the county of Roussillon He was killed by Magnentius who was in Rebellion and possessed of France and Spain Constantius resolving to revenge the Death of his Brother before he set out named Gallus his Cousin Caesar Both Armies met near the City Murcia in Sclavonia where they came to a battle which proved very bloody for of the usurpers side 24000 Men were killed and 30000 of Constantius yet he got the day but the forces of the Empire where much weakned by so great a slaughter The Tyrant after the Fight fled to Lions in France there he and his Brother Decentius by him appointed Caesar despairing of making head again killed themselves By this Victory all the Provinces of the Empire were again brought under one Monarch Nevertheless the Germans broke into France doing great harm there The Emperor besides his other faults was jealous of all Men and gave ear to Court-Whisperers the Plague of all Courts whereby he had been prevailed upon some time before in the East to kill his Cousin Gallus Notwithstanding that he might at once oppose the Persians and quiet France he took Gallus his own Brother Julian out of a Monastery and declared him Caesar and to bind him the faster to his interest marryed him to his Sister Helen Julian was sent into France whilst the Emperor prepared for the War against the Persians At this time St. Athanasius for fear of being kill'd absented himself again and lay hid till the death of Constantius which hap'ned in this manner The event of the Persian War was unfortunate and met with several disasters at which the Emperor was highly concerned At the same time the Soldiers in France pleased with the conduct of Julian saluted him Emperor at Paris This was a fresh cause of grief to Constantius who resolved to march against him but was prevented by death which overtook him at Antioch There he was baptized after the manner of the Arians either that he had deferred it till then or that he was rebaptiz'd at they also used His death hap'ned on the 3d of November 361. In Spain about the same time certain Pages bringing Lights at night came in saying Let us Conquer Let us Conquer whence it may be supposed the Custom of saluting one another when lights are brought in had its Original among us A certain Roman that was present imagining this word had carryed some farther meaning drew his Sword and kill'd the Master of the House with all his Family This Ammianus Marcellinus relates without any other Circumstance About this time also Flourished Clemens Prudentius a Soldier and Lawyer in his Youth in his riper years a Poet famous for the verses he writ in praise of the Holy Martyrs Also Juvencus a Spanish Priest writ the like of Christ in Heroick verse and Pacianus Bishop of Barcelona employed his Talent in writning against the Novatians The Emperor Constantius left never a Son and therefore appointed him he would have Persecuted whilst living his Successor at his death that is his Cousin Julian a Man of Learning and good natural endowments that might have been compared to the best of Emperors had he still adhered to the true Religion and not suffered himself to be perverted by his Master Libahus so as to forsake Christianity by which he got the name of Apostate As soon as possest of the Empire to gain the good will of all Men he gave full Liberty to every one to follow the Religion they pleased He revoked the Sentence of banishment that had passed against Catholicks excepting Athanasius whom because after the death of Constantius he returned to his Church he ordered to be apprehended and so forced him again to abscond To the Jews he gave Liberty to rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem but such Flames issued out of the foundations they were oblig'd to desist The Gentiles were permitted to open their Temples shut up since the time of Constantine His hatred to the Christians was great yet he thought better to weaken them by Policy than open force and therefore forbid their being admitted to any places of honour or trust or their Childrens to be taught in the Greek Schools which stirred up many Christians to write Learnedly in Verse and Prose particularly the two Apollinarii Father and Son Persons of great Learning This Emperors end was suitable to his beginning He undertook the War against the Persians was at first successful but thereupon advanced so far that all his Army was in danger of perishing and he himself slain with a Dart as some say accidentally thrown by his own Men or
the Divine decrees so it hap'ned this great Man by his Wife Termancia left two Sons Theodosius the Great and Honorius At the same time vast Multitudes of the Goths broke into the Imperial Provinces under the Command of Fridigernus and Athanaricus Discord arising betwixt them as is usual among Persons in equal power Valens made his use of one party to overcome the other To those that follow'd Athanaricus by contract he gave the Province of Mesia to plant in upon condition they should be baptized which they did but after the manner of the Arrians Then it was that Vlfila a Bishop among that People invented the Gothick Characters differing from the Latin and Translated the holy Scripture into their Language This agreement nor the late defeat were not of force to restrain that furious and Warlike people but they broke into Thracia Valens coming to oppose them was overthrown and himself slain for retiring into a cottage and refusing to surrender they set fire to it and he was burnt in it This hap'ned four Years after the Death of his Brother Valentinidn Valens left never a Son and had well deserved this misfortune for Persecuting the Catholicks and refusing to wait for his Nephew Gratianus who was marching to his Assistance Fridigernus was Commander of these Goths who after his defeat had gathered New forces with hopes of revenging the affront he and his People had received CHAP. VIII The Reighs of the Emperors Gratianus Valentinian Theodosius Arcadius and Honorius BEfore his Death the Emperor Valentinian had declar'd his Son Gratianus Caesar and appointed him his Heir and Successor in his last Will which was punctually obeyed only the Army would have his Brother Valentinian be his Companion in the Empire and such he was declar'd tho' then but very Young The Victory obtain'd by the Goths over Valens made them so insolent that all the East was in danger of being lost It was requisite to find out some Person of extraordinary valour and conduct to whom the charge of curbing them should be committed as General Such was Theodosius who after the death of his Father liv'd retir'd at Italica the place of his Birth in the farthest part of Spain Thence as soon as called upon he came and taking upon him the Command checked the forwardness of the Goths and humbled their Pride which had carryed them so far as to lay siege to Constantinople then the head of the World In conclusion he press'd them so hard they were forced to sue for Peace and had lands allotted them to plant in delivering up Athanaricus the Son of Fridigernus as an Hostage for performance of Articles on their part Great was the honour Theodosius gain'd by this action and so great the satisfaction of Gratianus that he thought as a reward of his good service and for the security of the East he could do no less than Constitute him a third Emperor Besides his worth and other good qualities in which he surpassed all Men he was very Religious as appears by a Law by him Establish'd in his first and Gratianus his fifth Consulship which Commands all Persons to follow the Doctrine of Pope Damasus and Peter Bishop of Alexandria Three years after which was of Christ 383 on the 16th of January Theodosius named Arcadius his Eldest Son his Companion in the Empire It hap'ned that Amphilochus Bishop of Iconium in Lycaonia visited the Emperor Theodosius at such time as his Son and Companion in the Empire was sitting by his side The Bishop designedly made his obeysance to Theodosius without taking notice of Arcadius Being asked the cause of that oversight or distrespect he answer'd Do not wonder at it O Emperor for you do the same with God since you permit the Arrians to despise his Son At the same time was also held a Council at Constantinople reckoned the second of the General Councils There Theodosius by his Face knew Meletius Bishop of Antioch tho' he had never seen him in his life but only in a Dream thought he put a Crown upon his Head Constantinople was then in Disorder and without a Bishop because Gregory Nazianzen on account that some bore him ill-will had of his own accord resigned that Church The Emperor caused Nectarius a Senator not yet Baptized to be chosen Bishop In this Council all Heresies were Condemned particularly that of Macedonius who had been Bishop of Constantinople and held a false Opinion concerning the Holy Ghost saying He was a Creature Pope Damasus approved all the Decrees of this Council and more especially their Creed in which as I find it in the Council Forojuliense they expresly declare that the Holy Ghost proceeds from the Father and the Son Damasus ordained this Creed should be used in the Mass in stead of the Nicene He dy'd the Year after this Council was Celebrated and Siricius Succeeded him France and Spain were in Rebellion for Clemens Maximus by Birth a Spaniard after stiling himself Emperor in Britany had seized those Provinces Gratian the Emperor marched against him They came to a Battle near Paris where the Tyrant got the Victory and Gratian at Lions whither he fled after the Fight was murdered by the Treachery of Andragacius He Reigned 7 Years 9 Months and 9 Days after the Death of his Father left no Children and was the first of the Roman Emperors that would not accept of the Pontifical Stole which was offered to them as High-Priests by the Romans when Pagans Leta the Wife of Gratian and Pisamena his Mother-in-law lived in Rome with the state of Queens till that City was destroyed on Revenues assigned them by Theodosius in acknowledgment of the Empire he had received from Gratian. At the same time Spain suffered in point of Religion for Priscillianus raked up the embers that had remained of the Gnosticks since Mark the Disciple of Basilides as was said before sowed his false Doctrine Priscillian was a Noble and Powerful Man Born in Galicia had good Natural Parts was watchful and could endure Hunger and Thirst but had other Vices which blemished all for he was proud and unsettled and his Learning made him bold By these means he drew over to his Party two Bishops whose Names were Instancius and Salvianus Idacius Bishop of Merida opposed them at the instance of Algidinus Bishop of Cordova The harshness of these Men caused the sore to rankle which if gently handled might perhaps have been healed Recourse was had to the last Remedy which was to Cite the Hereticks to appear before a Synod at Zaragoca there to answer for themselves They appeared not whereupon the Bishops Instancius and Salvianus as also Elpidius and Priscillianus who were Lay-men and with them Algidinus Bishop of Cordova who of an Enemy was become an Asserter of their Doctrine were all Excommunicated Itacius Sostubensis as Severus Sulpicius has it but it should be Ossonovensis that is Bishop of Estombar in Portugal had the charge of
Leon that had been ruined by the Moors and in it erected a Church Dedicated to S. John the Baptist Thither the Bodies of his Father D. Bermudo and the other Kings of Leon were translated which before had been carryed about for fear of the Moors The Monastery of S. Pelagius was also rebuilt in which Da. Constança the King's Sister who had Consecrated her Virginity to God lived long It has been above related how D. Vela studyed and contrived his revenge upon the Earls of Castile for wrongs and injuries he pretended to have received from them D. Sancho the Earl not only pardoned but restored to their Father's Honours three Sons of D. Vela which were Roderick James and Inigo Yet they soon fell to their wonted Treachery and leaving the Earl went over to D. Alonso the King of Leon because there was little hope to be placed in the Moors by reason of their distractions and the change of so many Princes among them D. Alonso received them Friendly and gave them a considerable Estate at the Foot of the Mountains Thus they seemed to be setled and quiet but they only waited an opportunity to make their disloyalty the more Notorious as appeared soon after and we shall shortly show King Alonso desiring to extend his Dominions broke into Lusitania and laid Siege to Viseo It happ'ned he went out without his Armour and approaching too near the Town they threw a Dart at him from the Wall and killed him Upon this misfortune his Army quitted the Siege and the Bishops that went with him to the War Accompanyed the Dead Body to Leon where it was buryed in the Church of St. John which he had built for to fix the Tombs of his Forefathers His Death hap'ned in the Year of Grace 1028. He left one Son called D. Bermudo who succeeded in the Throne and a Daughter Named Da. Sancha In his time flourished in Sanctity of Life the Bishops Froylanus of Leon and Atilanus of Zamora Froylanus was born at Lugo Atilanus at Tarragona both Monks of St. Benedict and taken out of their Monasteries to be prefered to those Bishopricks A Son of D. Ramon called D. Berenguel and Sirnamed Borello from his Grandfather was now Earl of Barcelona and better known for his Idle Life than any Virtuous action Bernard Tallaferre Earl of Besalu made some amends for the neglect of that Prince by Valiantly opposing the Moors He being drowned in the River Rhosne in France his place was supplyed by Wifredus Earl of Cerdagne who so curbed the insolency of the Moors that they ceased making any further incursions into those parts D. Berenguel at his Death left three Sons D. Ramon Earl of Barcelona D. Guillen Earl of Manresa by his Father's Will and D. Sancho a Monk of the Order of St. Benedict D. Bermudo the Third tho' very young when his Father dyed was Crown'd King in the presence of all the Nobility and Clergy in the Year 1028. The same Year dy'd D. Sancho Earl of Castile having govern'd that Province 22 Years In the Monastery of On̄a which as was said he built from the ground are still to be seen Three Tombs on the left hand of the High Altar with Inscriptions one of D. Sancho another of his Wife and the third of D. Garcia his Son who succeeded him in that Earldom His Virtues made all Men conceive early hopes of him but all vanish'd and was blasted in the Bud for he was treacherously kill'd in the very first Year of his Government by those who had least reason so to do and in the midst of his Marriage Solemnity D. Garcia had two Sisters D. Nun̄a and Da Teresa Da Nun̄a was Marry'd to D. Sancho King of Navarre who had by her at this time D. Garcia D. Ferdinand and D. Gonçalo Da Teresa was Wife to D. Bermudo King of Leon and of her was born D. Alonso who dy'd a Child D. Garcia Earl of Castile tho' but 13 Years of Age was Contracted to Da Sancha Sister to King Bermudo by this means to bind their interests the faster together and unite them against the common Enemy The City Leon was the place appointed for Celebrating the Nuptials D. Garcia went with a mighty train of People of note as well his own Subjects as those of the King of Navarre King Sancho himself with his Sons D. Ferdinand and D. Garcia for the greater honour bore him Company with such a Retinue as appear'd like a good Army By the way they took Monçon and some other Towns from the Earl Fernan Gutierrez who despising the new Princes Youth was in Rebellion yet because he submitted without making any considerable opposition he obtain'd Pardon They made but small Journeys by reason of the great number of People D. Garcia desiring to see his Bride left the King of Navarre at Sahagun and he with a small Retinue not suspecting any thing put forward This seemed a good opportunity to the Sons of D. Vela to revenge the wrongs they pretended had been done them by the Earl D. Sancho They were Men of Experience in mischief and subtle and therefore communicated their design to other wicked Persons like themselves Having laid their Plot they went out to meet their Prince who little suspected them kneeling they Kissed his Hand as was usual and showing Tokens of Repentance begged pardon of their Crimes Who could have thought that after obtaining Forgiveness they would not have strove by fresh Services to appear worthy of it On the contrary they hastned to Murder that Innocent Prince He went to hear Mass at the Church of St. Saviour and at the very Church door the Traytors assaulted him with their drawn Swords Roderick the Eldest of the Brothers notwithstanding he was his Godfather gave him the first wound then the others seconded it till he fell down Dead Da. Sancha now a Widow before she was marryed fainted away at this dismal News and as soon as she came to herself ran to the place where imbracing the dead Body she wasted herself in Sighs and Tears The Body was deposited in the Church of S. John and thence afterwards translated to the Monastery of On̄a In both places his Sepulcher is to be seen to this Day This accident changed the whole Face of affairs in Spain D. Sancho the King of Navarre who lay in the Suburbs of Leon in Tents after the manner of a Camp inherited the Earldom of Castile to which he gave the Title of a Kingdom whereby his power began to be terrible to the King of Leon. The Traitors fled and got into Monçon hoping perhaps that Fernan Gutierrez offended at the late Earl and the King of Navarre for the Towns they had taken from him would joyn them But by the industry of King Sancho they were taken and burnt King Bermudo warned by his Father's Death was inclinable to Peace and being made sensible of the inconstancy of human Affairs by the misfortune of the
ground begging a happy death and tho' the disease increased stayed at Matins heard Mass and received The Day following he returned to the Church of S. Isidorus and three days after Dyed This is what the Archbishop D. Roderick and D. Lucas de Tuy write yet others say he dyed at Cabeçon a Town near Valladolid neither do Authors agree in the time of his death King Ferdinand's Life was so holy that his Feast is Celebrated at Leon as a Saint He built many Churches and repaired others Queen Sancha was not inferior to her Husband in Vertue she dyed two Years after him and was buryed by the King in the Church of S. Isidorus Garibay says King Ferdinand dyed in the Year 1067 and quotes many Authors who all vary in the time as they do in the place of his death so that these things are very uncertain King Ferdinand by his last Will divided his Kingdoms among his Three Sons To D. Sancho the Eldest he left Castile extending from the Rivèr Ebro till that of Pisuerga for all that was taken upon the death of D. Garcia was added to Castile The Kingdom of Leon fell to D. Alonso with the Territory of Campos and that part of Asturias that reaches to the River Deva running by Oviedo as also some Towns in Galicia D. Garcia the Youngest had the remaining part of Galicia and as much of Portugal as had been recovered from the Moors All three called themselves Kings Besides King Ferdinand left the City Zamora to his Daughter D. Vrraca and that of Toro to D. Elvira These Cities were then called Infantado which is as much as the Principality signifying thereby the Estate left for support of the Younger Children Spain being divided it was impossible it should enjoy Peace all People were in suspence expecting great revolutions upon the King's death To prevent these misfortunes many of the Nobility had endeavoured to disswade him from this Resolution and the matter had been handled in Parliament Arias Gonzalo an Ancient Wise and Experienced Man had stirred most in this affair but Fatherly Love suffered not his Prudent advice to take place D. Sancho became the Throne as being a Comely and Graceful Youth better versed in War than in State affairs and therefore called the Strong Pelagius Ovetensis says he was very Beautiful and Expert in Martial affairs He was naturally Mild and Affable if not provoked or incensed by false Friends Upon the death of his Father he openly complained of the wrong had been done him by dividing the Kingdom Yet his Mother whilst she lived restrained him from falling upon his Brothers especially for that after the King's death the Crown of Leon devolved upon her as being her own Dower D. Sancho Reigned 6 Years 8 Months and 25 Days At the beginning of his Reign he had War with the Moors and soon after with the King of Aragon King Ramiro of Aragon desiring to enlarge his Territories laboured successfully to expel the remainder of the Moors out of that Kingdom He obliged Almugdadi King of Zaragoça and Almudafar King of Lerida to become tributary and overthrew the King of Huesca Those about Zaragoça having been subdued by King Ferdinand were become tributary to him but now upon the change of Kings and relying on the assistance of D. Ramiro they resolved to fall off King Sancho having speedily gathered an Army marched against them Those of Toledo immediately submitted but the Aragonians stood out Hereupon having wasted all the Country he layed Siege to Zaragoça and press'd it so vigorously it was surrendred to him upon Condition he should be obliged to support the City against all Enemies as well Christians as Moors This Capitulation seem'd directly levell'd against the King of Aragon D. Sancho was offended that the King of Aragon join'd with the Navarrois who often made Inroads upon the Dominions of Castile and besides that he receiv'd Tribute from those Aragonians that were his Subjects The Aragonians had then laid Siege to the Castle of Grados built by the Moors on the Banks of the River Esera to curb the Christians King Sancho in pursuance of his Capitulation with the Moors marched to raise that Siege The Army of Aragon being surpriz'd and attack'd in Front and Rear by the Christians and Insidels was easily routed some fled others were kill'd amongst which number was the King himself This was much about the Year 1067. D. Ramiro of Aragon had Reign'd 31 Years his Body was Bury'd in the Church of St. John de la Pen̄a where many of his Predecessors lay D. Sancho Ramirez his Son succeeded in the Throne at the Age of 18. a Prince not unlike to his Father in Virtue In this Princes time and in the Year of Grace 1068. Guinard Earl of Russillon built the Town of Perpignan on the Borders of France not far from the antient City Russillon the name of Perpignan was taken from one Bernard Perpignan who kept two Inns in that place This King Sancho is said to have abrogated the Laws of the Goths as the Catalonians had done before and established the Imperial Civil Law He was Married to D. Felicia Daughter to Armengaud Earl of Vrgel by whom he had three Sons D. Peter D. Alonso and D. Ramiro who were all successively Kings of Aragon A Bastard Son of his called D. Garcia was afterwards Bishop of Jaca At the same time there Reign'd in Spain three Kings who were Cousin-Germans tho' not equal in power yet all alike in the manner of their Death D. Sancho King of Castile was the greatest he had blemish'd the beginning of his Reign by killing his Uncle King Ramiro and growing fierce with Success was daily driving at greater mischiefs his strength being terrible to the others D. Sancho King of Navarre maintain'd his small Kingdom by making a League with him of Aragon to secure both against Castile He of Castile understanding their design thought to be beforehand with them and broke into Navarre without stoping till he came in sight of Viana There the two Kings met him and they came to a Battle in which the Castilians were defeated and their King having lost many Men return'd into his own Country The Victors resolving to make use of their Success broke into the Territories of Rioja and Briviesca where they recovered all that King Ferdinand had taken Thus were those three Princes destroying one another without reflecting upon what they might expect from the Moors The King of Castile could not at that time take revenge of his Cousins being ingaged in a new War against his Brothers He was ambitious rash and hot and pretended a right to all that had been his Fathers and did not want other grounds to raise a Quarrel upon His Brothers tho' weak could not be perswaded to Unite their Forces against their common Enemy D. Sancho having gathered a powerful Army resolved to carry on his designs On the other side D. Alonso whom that
some security for their Impartial Administration of the Government but no Bonds can contain Ambitious Spirits As soon as they were put into Power D. Alvaro the eldest of the three Brothers departed from Burgos where this Act of Renunciation was perform'd The first thing he did was to Banish certain Noblemen then he seized upon all publick Revenues and spar'd not those of the Church From lay Patrons who had the right of presenting to Benefices he took that Priviledge upon pretence of restoring the immunities of the Church He did all things by open force without any regard to the Laws or good of the Publick His Extravagancies were such as oblig'd Roderick Dean of Toledo and the Archbishop's Vicar to Excommunicate him This check drew him back a little and he made some reparation of damages yet his Mind was not alter'd He summoned the Cortes or Parliament to Valladolid whether resorted for the most part such as were of his Faction who in the name of the whole Kingdom only study'd to secure him the Government Many of the Nobility were offended that D. Alvaro should thus Usurp all the Power Particularly Lope de Haro Son to James de Haro and D. Gonzalo Ruiz Giron the Lord High-Steward resented this disorderly proceeding and having consulted together had recourse to Queen Berengaria complaining against her for resigning the Government and advising to reassume it before all things were brought to destruction Their words mov'd the Queen yet being a Woman she durst not oppose so great a Power as theirs was who had the Command of all the Forces in the Kingdom Therefore fearing least Violent Councils might produce greater mischiefs she thought it the best expedient to put the Three Brothers of Lara in Mind of the Oath they had taken when they entred upon the Goverment which they had much infringed This Admonition only served the more to provoke D. Alvaro who thereupon not only seiz'd upon the Queen's Lands but Commanded her to depart the Kingdom The Queen to prevent further mischief with her Sister Ellenor retired to the strong Castle of Otella near Palencia Many of the Nobility declar'd for her and continued firm till the Death of the King her Brother All this tended to an open breach and to increase the Division the Office of High-Steward was taken from D. Gonçalo Giron and given to Ferdinand de Lara D. Alvaro's Brother The King tho' young lik'd not these proceedings and studied how to make his escape to his Sister but it was in vain for D. Alvaro kept strict watch upon him Besides the more to gain his Favour he allured him with pleasures and talk'd of Marrying him To this purpose Embassadors were sent to conclude a Match for him with Malfada Sister to King Alonso of Portugal The Nuptials were Celebrated at Palencia Queen Berengaria was much concern'd at it because the King was so Young Therefore she writ to the Pope informing him how near of Kin the Marry'd Couple were The Pope upon this information appointed Tello Bishop of Palencia and Maurice of Burgos Commissioners to examine that affair and in case they found it as the Queen said to disannul the Marriage As soon as the Bishops received the Pope's Bull they examined the affair and finding the Kindred to be as had been said order'd them to be divorc'd Thus the Bride still a Virgin as is believ'd return'd to Portugal where in the Monastery of Rucha built by herself she spent the rest of her Life much afflicted not only for that disgrace but because D. Alvaro had presumed to offer to Marry her himself This in Castile in the Year of Grace 1216. in which dy'd Pope Innocent III. inferior to few of his Predecessors for Piety and Learning Honorius III. a Native of Rome succeeded him in whose time dy'd in that City Mary Queen of Aragon Mother to King Jaime Her Body was bury'd in the Vatican near the Tomb of St. Petronila In her Will she recommended her Son and Kingdom to the Pope as Universal Father That Kingdom being divided into Factions and the King being so Young stood in need of such Protection which that Pope afforded it as long as he liv'd At this time Raymund Earl of Provence being invited by his Subjects made his escape from the Castle of Monçon where he was kept as a Prisoner with the King of Aragon and getting safe into his Country appeased many differences that were among the Nobility for want of a Head every one striving to have a hand in the Government Thomas Earl of Maurienne of the House of Savoy had a Daughter called Beatrix who was Marry'd to this Raymund Earl of Provence By her he had Four Daughters three of them Marry'd to Kings and the fourth to an Emperor Raymund's Escape was the cause the King of Aragon was set at Liberty William Monredon Master of the Templers fear'd the King might in like manner be taken from him and then others would reap the benefit of setting him at Liberty whilst he should undergo the blame of having kept him confin'd He therefore consulted with Peter de Açagra Lord of Albaracin and with Peter Ahones both Men in great Power who joyn'd with themselves Aspargus Archbishop of Tarragona and William of Taraçona These in the Month of September resolved to set the King at Liberty and commit the Government of the Kingdom to him notwithstanding he was but Nine Year of Age and took an Oath to bind themselves to the performance hereof This was not done so privately but that Sancho the King's Unkle who then governed the Kingdom had notice of it and in a rage threatned to wash the way the King was to go with Blood With this resolution he march'd with a good Body of Men to Selga a Town on the road the King was to take This being known affrighted the King so that tho' in that tender Age he put on a Coat of Mail to fight if there were occasion D. Sancho tho' he could not have failed of success there being so small a Number with the King durst not attack them and the King having escap'd that danger went on to Huesca and thence to Zaragoca There and in all places he was received with great Joy all Men hoping his Liberty would put an end to the publick Calamities For the establishing of good Order it was requisite to raise Money the Revenues being wasted in the late troubles This want was supply'd by the Catalonians who raised the Tax called Bovaticum because it is laid on Oxen and other Cattle It is rare that this Tax is laid and notwithstanding King Peter had levy'd it three times yet it was now granted to his Son Jaime in the Year of Grace 1217. By these Means a sufficient Fund of Money was Furnished to supply the King's Wants and raise Forces to quell any Insurrection CHAP. V. Great disorders in Castile raised by the Family of Lara Young King Henry killed by the
time they had acknowledged a certain dependance tho' it was only in form To make this Alliance the firmer a match was concluded betwixt Philip the King of France his eldest Son and Elizabeth the King of Aragon's Youngest Daughter he giving her the Towns of Carcassonne and Bezieres for a Portion This Year there hap'ned extraordinary Floods which continued from August till the 26th of December the Rivers swelling beyond their Banks and doing infinite harm Many Bridges were carry'd away and among them that at Toledo called of Alcantara But the following Year it was rebuilt as appears by the Inscription on the first Arch of the Bridge Spain was now somewhat quiet considering how many diffierent Princes ruled it Yet some misfortunes hap'ned D. Violante Queen of Aragon and her Son-in-Law Alonso dy'd The King's extravagancies seem'd to have shortned both thier Lives Prince Alonso was troubled that his Father showed him no affection at present and by dividing his Dominions had lessen'd his Inheritance for the future This was not only grievous to the Prince but to all the Nobility who publickly espous'd his quarrel and the King not long before his Sons Death to pacify them deliver'd up Valencia to him ordaining it should be always annex'd to the Crown of Aragon The Queen was offended that D. Teresa Vidaura after she had been some time laid aside was now again so great with the King that he did nothing without her He was so infatuated that he kept her as well before as after the Queen's Death with all the State due to a Queen She twice Challeng'd the King for promise of Marriage before the Pope By her the King had Peter Lord of Ayerve and Jaime Lord of Exeriça Queen Violante was bury'd at Valbuena in Catalonia Prince Alonso in the Cathedral of Valencia Zurita a Noble Historian of Aragon writes he was interred in the Monastery of Viruela of Cistercians Theobald King of Navarre after the Death of his Mother valiantly maintained the Earldom of Champagne against many Princes of France who sought to make themselves Masters of it This done he Marry'd Elizabeth the Youngest Daughter of Luis King of France The Nuptials were Celebrated at Melun but prov'd not Fortunate in the end by reason of the Queen's Barrenness This King had a Bastard Daughter by D. Marquesa de Rada and marry'd her to Peter the King of Aragon's Bastard Son Maud Countess of Bologne understanding the Death of King Sancho of Portugal went thither by Sea to plead her right of Marriage with Alonso the present King and try whether he could be moved to do her justice She came to Cascaes not far from Lisbon but the King being nothing concern'd at her misfortunes or at a Letter she sent him was forc'd to return without seeing him The King boasted he would Marry again the next Day if he thought it were for the good of his Kingdom Maud went herself to complain of the wrong done her to S. Luis then King of France and sent Embassadors to the Pope That King was too far from Portugal to relieve her The Pope sent to warn King Alonso of the wrong he offered that Lady and how hainous an offence it was to God but he gave no Ear to his advice At length he refusing to obey the Pope excommunicated him and laid an interdict on the whole Kingdom which is said to have lasted 12 Years because that King would not mend nor the succeeding Popes abate any thing of their rigour In other cases King Alonso was of a good Temper and a great Lover of Justice He clear'd the Kingdom of Robbers which were grown Numerous through the ill Government of King Sancho He also establish'd wholesome Laws and carry'd an even hand between the Nobility and Commonalty In War-like Affairs his Government was not inferior to the Civil for he enlarg'd his Dominions taking from the Moors Faro Algezira Albufera and other Towns in the Territory of Silves Castro Estremoz and Portalegre were founded by him and the City Beja ruin'd by the Wars was rebuilt In Lisbon there is a stately Convent of Dominicans built by him and another of poor Clares at Santarem His Liberality towards the poor was such that having exhausted his Treasures he often Pawn'd his Jewels to relieve them At this time the fame of King Alonso of Castile his Learning being spread throughout the World there came to him Embassadors from the Soldan of Aegypt bringing presents of rich Germents Carpets and Tapistry as also several strange Beasts never before seen in Spain This was in the Year 1260. This same Year a Town of Guipuscoa then called Arrasata chang'd its name for that of Mondragon as appears by a Charter of King Alonso the ancientest extant in Spanish for he was the first King of Spain that caused all Publick Acts to be writ in Spanish whereas before they were all in Latin On the 27th of October 1261. dy'd D. Sancho Archbishop of Toledo Pascualis or Pascasius Dean of that Church who had carry'd the Cross before Roderick the Archbishop at the Battle of Nabas de Tolosa succeeded him Doubtless he was very old and dy'd only Elect in June following His Tomb is in the Chapel of St. Lucy in that Cathedral Frederick the Emperor dying his Son Conrade succeeded him who also four Years after ended his days in Sicily either of a natural Death or as some would have it poison'd by his Bastard Brother Manfredus This Manfredus notwithstanding Conrade had appointed a Son then a Child which he left in Germany to succeed in all his Dominions by force of Arms possess'd himself of Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples The Popes whose feof those Countries were admonish'd him to desist but he taking no notice of the Ecclesiastical Censures made War in Tuscany where the Guelphs a Faction that favoured the Pope were very powerful and overthrowing them soon became absolute Master of that Province The Pope us'd all possible means to overturn that new Kingdom Charles Earl of Anjou and Brother to Luis King of France was invited into Italy upon hope given him of being made King of Sicily On the other side Manfredus sought to obtain aid from all parts and therefore had recourse in the first place to Jayme King of Aragon offering his Daughter Constance for Wife to his eldest Son Peter This match was not displeasing to the Aragonians for besides 120000 Ducats that he offer'd down with her she was Heiress to the Kingdom of Sicily Manfredus having no Heirs Male All points being agreed upon he sent F. Raymund de Pen̄afuerte of the Order of S. Dominick Embassador to the Pope to indeavour to compose the differences betwixt him and Manfredus The Pope gave no manner of Ear to F. Raymund but utter'd threatning Speeches against Manfredus accusing him of many Crimes and affirming he would never Treat with him unless he laid down Arms and came submissively to him At the same
Relief and a solemn Embassy was sent thither The Embassadors having laid down the miserable Condition of their King made humble suit for assistance and all the Nobles of France unanimously agreed the King ought to be supported It was resolv'd 2000 Horse should be sent into Castile under Luis de Bourbon the King's Uncle by the Mothers side and 100000 Florines for their pay They promis'd if this relief prov'd too small that the King himself would March in Person with all the Power of France and esponse the Quarrel of Castile Pope Clement from Avignon wrote a letter to King John comforting him in his Adversity Peter Earl of Trastamara the King's Cousin who deserted from his Army to Coimbra and thence went over into France being pardon'd return'd now into Castile These Helps were small but the slowness of the English prov'd the safety of Castile The King of Portugal besieg'd Coria but could not take it because some fresh Forces got into it therefore he return'd Home with much Booty The Corses met again at Segovia in order to lay Taxes for raising of Mony Here the King Publish'd a Manifesto to prove his Title to the Crown against the Duke of Lancaster But what just Title could the Son of a Bastard have where there were so many of the True Line living The Duke of Lancaster accepted of the Offers made by the Portugues He endeavour'd to obtain passage through Aragon and the King of Castile to hinder it Both parties sent their Embassadors to that King upon this account Passage being refus'd the Duke came over from England into Spain by Sea and landed at Coruna on the 26th of July In that Port he took 6 Galleys of Castile Fernan Perez de Andrada Governour of the Town defended it with such bravery it was not taken The English were only 1500 Horse and the like number of expert Archers a small Body but might have done great Harm had they immediately joyn'd the Portugueses The time they lost before Corun̄a gave a great Advantage to their Enemies Nevertheless they took several Towns in Galicia and even the City of Santiago the Metropolis of that Kingdom Some Men of Note of that Country went over to the English The Duke of Laucaster at length sail'd for Portugal and Anchor'd at the Mouth of the River Duero The King and Duke met at Porto With the Duke came his Wife Constance his Daughter Catherine and Philippa and Elizabeth two Daughters by his first Wife It was resolv'd they should joyn their Forces That the Duke should have the Kingdom of Castile and the Portugues certain Cities and Towns They agree'd the new King should marry the Dukes Daughter Philippa in Case the Pope would dispense with his Vow of Chastity as Master of Avis The King of Castile was at Zamora making Preparations to defend himself and gathering the Forces that came from France and Castile He publish'd an Edict by which all were ennobl'd who should serve two Months with Horse and Arms at their own Cost and Charge D. John Garcia Manrique Arch-bishop of Sevil was sent with a good Body of Men to secure Leon. All things succeeded better than was expected The third part of the English not us'd to that Climate was consum'd by Sickness Besides many ranging the Country disorderly were cut off by the Boors Thus nothing remarkable was done that Summer only some Messages pass'd betwixt the Kings The Duke sent to challenge the King of Castile and require him to resign up that Crown to him The King also sent Persons of Note to justify his Title but underhand to propose a Match betwixt his Son and Heir Henry and the Dukes Daughter by the Lady Constance This Proposal was no way displeasing to the Duke yet in publick he answer'd He would hear of no Terms but delivering up the Kingdom Near about this time tho far remote as to Place dy'd three Kings On the 4th of June Charles King of Naples was kill'd in Hungary his Head being cloven with a Partesan On the first of January following which began the Year 1387. Charles the IId King of Navarre ended his Days at Pamplona Some say it was the Year before His Body was buried in the Cathedral of that City Four Days after Peter the IVth King of Aragon departed this Life at Barcelona He liv'd 75 Years and reign'd 51 wanting 19 Days Of Stature he was small not Healthy very quick a great lover of Honour and of making a show of Majesty in so much that he was call'd Peter the Ceremonious He maintain'd War against powerful Princes without Foreign Aids only by his own Valour and Conduct was a lover of learned Men and particularly addicted to Astrology and Chimistry His Body was first bury'd at Barcelona and thence translated to Poplete as he had ordain'd Charles King of Naples upon the death of Luis King of Hungary had that Crown offer'd him by the Nobility he went thither and being entertain'd at Dinner by the Queen was murder'd by her Order He left a Son and a Daughter which were Ladislaus and Joanna they both reigned in Naples successively and the one being a Child the other unfit for Government they were the cause of Bloody Wars in Italy The King of Navarre had long been troubled with a Leaprousy It was commonly reported he was burnt to death for that by the Advice of Phisitians he us'd to be wrap'd in Cloaths dip'd in Brimstone on which a Spark of Fire accidentally falling is said to have consumed the Bed and Him This was the more easily believed because he was Cruel Covetous and Lascivious Joanna his youngest Daughter was Married to John de Montforte Duke of Britany who had by her four Sons and three Daughters Charles the Son of him Deceased Friend and Brother-in-Law to the King of Castile inherited the Crown of Navarre He return'd out of Castile and in the Cortes caus'd Pope Clement to be own'd as had been done in Castile for till then Navarre as well as Aragon had stood Neuter This was thought to be done rather to please the French and Castilians than out of respect to Justice The King of Castile to oblige the new King withdrew his Garrisons out of several Towns in Navarre which he held by Contract and forgave him a great Summ of Mony his Father ow'd Thus the new King was encourag'd to attempt the recovery of many Towns taken from his Father in Normandy by the French and English and sent Embassadors to them accordingly This King was mild liberal and generous whence he came to be call'd the Noble By his Wife the Lady Ellenor he had the Princesses Joanna Mary Blanch Beatrix and Elizabeth his Sons Charles and Luis died Young Illegitimate Godfrey Marques of Cortes the Founder of that Family and Joanna marry'd to In̄igo de Zuniga In Aragon King John was Crown'd after the death of his Father He was a meek Prince if not provok'd He could not be present at the
laid aside the Government of the Kingdom was committed to the Duke of Benavente the Marques de Villena the Earl of Trastamara the Archbishops of Toledo and Santiago and the Masters of Santiago and Calatrava Of the 16 Representatives of Cities eight were appointed by turns for three Months at a time to joyn with the others The Majority of Votes among them to be of Force in any Affair The Arch-bishop lik'd not this Method thinking his Share in the Government too little tho he pleaded the greatness of the Number would cause Confusion yet he was forc'd to yield to the Importunities and Threats of the Nobility A certain sort of base Mony call'd Agnus Dei's was here regulated how it should pass The Archbishop of Toledo kept the Earl of Gijon Prisoner but fearing some Change of times labour'd to be discharg'd of him He was therefore remov'd to Monterrey and committed to the care of the Master of Santiago till his Case was adjudg'd At Sevil and Cordova the Rabble in a riotous manner fell upon the Jews plunder'd their Houses and offer'd them many Injuries the Magistrates not being able to prevent it Ferdinand Martinez Arch-deacon of Ecija with seditious Speeches made in the Streets stirr'd up the People This Example was follow'd in sundry parts of Spain On the 5th of August the following Year the like was done at Toledo LogronÌ„o Valencia and Barcelona Many Jews to save themselves pretended to turn Christians but this happen'd later CHAP. IX The Contentions betwixt the Nobility of Castile about the Government They agree on a Settlement then alter it The Affairs of the Moors at Granada Warrenew'd with Portugal King Charles the VIth of France rus distracted IT was the Custom of the States of the Kingdom to meet in a certain Church of Madrid The Duke of Benavente and Earl of Trastamara came arm'd into that Assembly leaving Guards about the Church as if it were besieg'd The Arch-bishop of Toledo was so affronted at this Action that he left the Court and went away to Talavera from which place by his Letters he stirr'd up the People to rise in Arms and deliver the Kingdom from those who under the Title of Governours were become Tyrants These same Complaints he sent to Pope Clement and to the Kings of France and Aragon Soon after the Duke of Benavente being disgusted withdrew to his Town of Benavente without taking his leave of the King He presently joyn'd with the Arch-bishop of Toledo and the Marques de Villena tho then absent being out of Castile sided with them Those that remain'd of the Governours sent abroad their Letters requiring all such as were Members to be present at the Cortes They excus'd themselves upon several accounts Pope Clement sent F. Dominick of the Order of Preachers and Bishop of Ponce his Nuncio with two Letters the one directed to the King the other to the Governours Both of them tended to express his Sorrow for the Death of King John and exhorted them to Unity in then Proceedings The Nuncio labour'd to reconcile the Nobles but all in Vain Embassadors came from France and Aragon to the same Effect all they could do was to renew the former Alliances From Navarre also came Embassadors to condole upon the King's Death with Orders to endeavour Queen Ellener should return to her Husband promising her all manner of kind Entertainment The Queen excus'd herself and the young King could not have more Power over his Aunt than her Brother had Mean while the Arch-bishop of Toledo gather'd Forces upon pretence of freeing the Kingdom from slavery but it was generally look'd upon as only the effect of his Ambition Endeavours for an Accommodation betwixt the Nobles were us'd but to as little Purpose as before The Citizens that had a share in the Government not thinking themselves safe at Madrid remov'd with the King to Segovin The Earl of Trastamara one of the Governours aspir'd to be Constable of Gustile pretending the late King had signify'd he design'd him that Honour It was not thought convenient to incense the Marques de Villena who was then in possession of it therefore 60000 Maravedies of the Marques his Sallery were assign'd him yearly for the present with a promise of the Place in case the Marques would not comply Besides those mention'd there joyn'd with the Arch-bishop of Toledo the Master of Alcantara and James Mendoça from whom the Dukes del Infantado are descended They gather'd 1500 Horse and 3500 Foot With this Force they march'd to Valladolid where the King was and encamp'd on the Banks of the River Pisuerga which runs by that City and soon after falls into the River Duerâ—â— Ellenor Queen of Navarre after much Labour spent therein prevail'd with the two parties to have a Conference Deputies met accordingly at the Town of Perales Thither came the Queen and Pope's Nuncio as Mediators The chief Dispute was whether King John's Will ought to be valid or not The Arch-bishop of Saniago cunningly demanded of him of Toledo whether he should have that Will allow'd in all its Articles He of Toledo made some hesitation fearing to be entrapp'd and particularly to disoblige the Duke of Benavente who was not nam'd in it At last he answer'd craftily he would provided the Duke of Benavente the Earl of Trastamara and the Master of Santiago might be added to the number of Governours it being so requisit for the publick Peace The other Party tho against their Wills as fearing to provoke those great Men consented It was agreed the Cortes should meet at Burgos to ratify what they had resolv'd upon mean while considerable Hostages were given on both sides Thus those Commotions ceas'd for that time By this new settlement the Arch-bishop of Toledo became so powerful it was fear'd he alone would sway more than all the rest in the Government Therefore the Arch-bishop of Santiago and his Associates thought it convenient to procure the Releasment of the Earl of Gijon that he might be a Foil to the Other Accordingly they took him out of Prison and brought him to Kiss the King's Hand who order'd him to be restor'd to his Estate The Cortes met at Burgos of had been agreed The settlement made being brought upon the Stage the Arch-bishop of Santiago said he would not stand to it unless the Earl of Gijon were admited as well as the other three Noblemen since he was inferiour to none of them for Birth or Estate It troubl'd the Arch-bishop of Toledo to be taken in his own Snare and the Case came to be hotly debated so that to prevent further Mischief it was consented to by both Parties that it should be left to Arbitration D. Gonzalo Bishop of Segovia and Alvar Martinez both well vers'd in the Civil and Canon Law were appointed Judges They could not agree but continu'd divided till the beginning of the Year 1392 when at last it was decree'd the Earl should be admitted The
June 1409 they elected a third Pope who was Peter Philargus a Native of Candia of the Order of Fryers Minors and Archbishop of Milan In his Papacy he took the Name of Alexander the Vth. His Reign was short and extended not to a Year This which was looked upon as a Remedy only serv'd to increase the Disease for instead of two now there were three Popes each pretending to be the Right So weak is all humane Policy CHAP. IX The Death of Martin King of Sicily Several pretenders to the Crown of Aragon Their several Claims Martin King of Aragon prefers that of his 〈◊〉 Prince Ferdinand of Castile tho unjust PRince Ferdinand govern'd the Kingdom of Castile prudently yet let slip no Opportunity of advancing his Family and increasing his Estate For this reason some Persons spar'd not to set the Queen against him which was easy as she was a Woman and naturally Jealous There is nothing more uncertain than the favour of Princes They said the excessive Power of Prince Ferdinand might prove dangerous to the Crown for that too much Grandeur is seldom attended with Loyalty James Lopez de ZunÌ„iga and John de Velasco whose Interest was great at Court were the Men that chiefly heightned these Jealousies Frederick â—â—rl of Trastamara the Son of Peter Constable of Castile advis'd the Prince to secure them but they having notice of the Design fled The Queen when she knew it was offended and grew more suspicious than before saying that Affront was offer'd to her and design'd to deprive her of their Advice and Assistance Besides the other Blessings which Heaven and Nature had plentifully bestow'd on Prince Ferdinand in which no Prince of that Age surpass'd him he had a numerous Issue viz. 5 Sons Alonso John Henry Sancho and Peter call'd afterwards the Princes of Aragon and two Daughters Mary and Ellenor About this time dy'd Ferdinand Rodriguez de Villalobos Master of the Order of Alcantara and Prince Ferdinand obtain'd that Honour for his fourth Son Sancho the Pope dispensing with his Age. Henry the third Son was in the like manner soon after made Master of the Order of Santiago upon the Death of Laurence Suarez de Figueroa Many were offended that the Prince not content with the Government bestow'd all Perferments upon his Sons At this time the Duke of Austria and Earl of Luxembourg sent to offer Supplies of Men to carry on the War of Granada Charles Duke of Orleans promis'd 1000 French Horse and made suit to have to Wife Queen Beatrix the Widow of King John the Ist of Castile who had the right to the Crown of Portugal Neither was his offer accepted of nor his Request granted for the Queen would not marry again or leave Spain and the Truce was continued for 5 Months longer at the suit of Joseph King of Granada Yet soon after the Moors making an Attempt upon Priego gave a sufficient occasion to the Christians to break with them but the King of Granada â—ent to excuse that Action as done without his Consent and offering to make Reparation of Damages such as Judges appointed on both sides should decree This year betwixt Salamanca and Cuidad Rodrigo was found an Image of our Blessed Lady held in great Veneration and call'd De la PenÌ„a de Françia very famous for a Monastery of Dominicans built in that Place and for the great Concourse of People that resorts thither The same year was unfortunate to the Aragonians to the Death of Martin King of Sicily only Son and Heir to the King of Aragon who departed this Life at Caller in Sardinia on the 25th of July in the flower of his Age and the promising hopes conceiv'd of him His Father had sent him into that Island to suppress Brancaleon Doria and Aymerick Viscount Narbonne who having marry'd two Daughters of Marianus Judge of Arborea lay'd claim to and endeavour'd to possess themselves of it They were grown strong because the Power of the Aragonians was small and the Islanders rather favour'd them than Strangers The King 's coming chang'd the Face of Affairs Both Parties assembl'd their Forces and met near a Town call'd Luri There they engag'd the Isanders were overthrown and Brancaleon their General taken Death prevented the Kingdom making his Advantage of that Victory and putting an end to the War But Peter de Torrellas the Mareschal that Prince's Favourite and some other Men of Note with the Forces that remain'd for some time made good the Aragonian Party The King's Body was bury'd in the Cathedral of Caller By his Wife Blanch he had one Son who dy'd not long before him He had also two Bastard Sons by two Sicilian Women one was 〈…〉 whose Mothers Name was Teresa and by Agathusa he had the Lady Violante afterwards marry'd to the Earl of Niebla It was reported the Cause of his Death was his too much Familiarity with a young Woman of Sardinia before he was perfectly recover'd of a Sickness he had In his Will he constituted his Father Heir of the Kingdom of Sicily and ordain'd his Wife 〈◊〉 Blanch should continue in the Government thereof as he left her at his Departure then â—â— Several Persons of Note were nam'd to be assisting to her with their Advice The loss of this Prince was much lamented throughout the Kingdom of Aragon and many contests arose about the Right of Succession It is in vain to relate how grievous this Misfortune was to his Father every one may judgeâ—â— himself Yet he monerated his Sorrow and having perform'd the Funeral Rights to 〈…〉 apply'd himself to setling of the Kingdom His Favourites advis'd him to marry 〈…〉 was 〈…〉 might have Children and by that means settle the 〈…〉 prevent many Mischiefs which must otherwise follow He approv'd of theâ—◠〈…〉 beautiful Lady and of the Blood Royal of Aragon The Marriage was solemniz'd at Burcelona on the 17th of September The King was but 5â— years of Age but sickle and extreamly fat those very Medicines or Provocatives he made use of for getting of Children wasted him inwardly and hasten'd his Death Luis Duke of Anjou being inform'd of the Death of the King of Sicily was the first that reassum'd his Hopes of inheriting that Crown He sent the Bishop of Conserans to desire the King to declare his Son Luis whom he had by the Lady Violante Daughter to King John 〈◊〉 to the Crown as being the next of Blood the eldest Sister Joanna being dead two years before He also ask'd leave for the Mother to come to Aragon to breed up her Son according to the Custom of the Country It was look'd upon as an ill Omen that the King during the Solemnity of his Marriage should he pressed to declare an Heir The People thought the Earl of Vrgel to have a better Right but it was only to please their own Inclin'd out for all Nations would rather have a King of their own Country than a Stranger The Earl's
to speak to the King He asked of him whether it was his Will that he should succeed him who had the best Title The King bow'd his Head to denote he comented to what was said To other Questions which were put to him he return'd no manner â—â— Answer In him ended the Male-Line of the Earls of Barcelona whilst had continu'd 〈…〉 then in Aragon the space of 600 Years The good Fortune 〈…〉 an Eclipse Many lifted up themselves to 〈…〉 Crown 〈…〉 that 〈…〉 if we may so call it Upon such occasions 〈…〉 of great Moment Prince Ferdinand for whom Heaven had reserv'd that Crown was 〈…〉 with the War in Andaluzia He made a publick Act of accepting of the Inheritance and Crown which no Body offer'd him and at the same time sent Ferdinand 〈…〉 and D. John Gonçalez de Azevedoâ— Men of address and parts his 〈…〉 his Interest in Aragon He himself would not quit the Siege being in hopes 〈…〉 Master of the City very speedily and his hope was increas'd by a skirmish which 〈…〉 hear Archidona betwixt a Party of his and the Moors who were worsted Of which Action and the manner how it came to pass it will not be amiss to give a full Accounts taken out of the Learned History which Laurence Valla wrote of the Life and 〈…〉 of his Prince Ferdinand afterwards King of Aragon The Christians made themselves Masters of several Towns as Goza Sebar Alzana and Mara some were taken by Storm others terrify'd with their Example surrendred The Moors fear'd lest the same fate should befall Archâ—dona a considerable Town two Leagues distant from Antequera To secure this Place the wâ—nt into it a strong Garrison with store of Provisions and Ammunition This done they wasted all the Neighbouring Country and destroy'd or carry'd away all sorts of Provisions that the Army which lay before Antequera might be reduc'd to want They had more Horse than the Christians which facilitated their carrying on their Designs Being inform'd that our Horses were every day carry'd to Grass down to the River Corza which runs near that Place with only a small Guard they resolv'd to surprize and drive them away A Centinel that stood on a Hill call'd PenÌ„a de los Endâ—â—rades or the Lover's Rock made a Smoak to give notice of the Danger the Horses and Vivandiers were in unless reliev'd in time The Christians immediately march'd out of their Trenches and charg'd the Infidels so vigorously that they oblig'd them to retire towards Archidona They were too hard press'd to get into the Town in sight whereof above 2000 were kill'd many taken and the rest entirely dispers'd and routed Of the Christians only two were slain and a few ounded On account of this Victory we may give the Reason why that Hill is call'd The Lover's Rock since this Action happen'd so near â—â— it The Hill stands betwixt Archidona and Antequera A certain Christian youth was a Slave among the Moors He was so well accomplish'd so industrious obliging and careful of his Business that his Master trusted him with all his Affairs both at home and abroad A Daughter the Moor had fell in Love with the Youth She being marriageable and he a Slave their Amours were hard to conceal and dangerous if discover'd for if her Father and his Master had understood any thing of that Affair it would cost them their Lives They 〈◊〉 to make their Escape to the Country of the Christians which was most agreeable to the Youth as returning home and perhaps not so much to her unless she design'd to become a Christian which I scarce believe They set out very privately and travell'd as far as the Hill we now speak of where the young Woman sat down to rest They had not been long there before they discover'd the Father who pursu'd them with a party of Horse What could be done in that Case They resolv'd to climb up to the top of the Rock which was but a poor Defence The Father with a stern Countenance commanded them to come down threatning if they refus'd to put them to a cruel Death Those who came with him advis'd the same saying it was the only way left them to obtain Pardon and move him to Compassion by coming down and casting themselves at his Feet They refus'd to obey and the Moors alighting off their Horses attempted to climb the Rock but the young Man kept them down with Stones and Staves the only Weapons the Place and his Despair furnish'd him with The Father perceiving their Resolution sent to the next Town for some Cross bow-men to shoot them and they seeing no way to escape resolv'd Death should free than from the Reproaches and Torments they fear'd It is needless to repeat the lowing Expressions that pass'd betwixt them but in conclusion embracing one another they cast thmselves off the Rooâ— on that side where the stern Father stood looking on them Thus they dy'd before they came to the Bottom moving the beholders to Compassion with that dismal Spectacle and there against the Father's Will they were bury'd in the same manner as they fell A happy End had it been for the sake of Religion and Virtue and not to satisfy their inordinate Desires Let us return to the Siege of Antequera where after the Fight of Archidona they ceas'd not with their Artillery to batter the Walls and made several Breaches the Besieged by Night making up all that was beaten down in the Day Thus much Labour was spent and yet the Siege advanc'd but slowly Prince Ferdinand observ'd that all the top of one of the Towers was quite beaten down that he judg'd a proper Place to be assaulted and order'd scaling Ladders to be apply'd and the Souldiers to mount His Commands were resolutely put in Execution tho with great Danger and Difficulty for the Moors defended the Place with extraordinary bravery At last the Christians mounted and oblig'd the Moors to retire into the Castle hoping to maintain themselves there or at least to obtain advantagious Conditions Next day there arose a Dispute among the Souldiers about who was the first that mounted the Wall Many claim'd that Honour and it was hard to decide every one having Friends Relations or Country Men to back his Pretensions It was 〈◊〉 some mutiny might be rais'd on that Account The Judges appointed to decide this Controversy gave their Judgment that Gutierre de Torres Sancho Gonçalez Serva 〈◊〉 and Baeça were the first who attempted to mount but that John Biscaino who was kill'd upon the Tower got before them all and after him John de S. Vincente had the chief Honour assign'd him The Prince commended and rewarded them all as they well desery'd for taking so considerable a Place Antequera was entred on the 6th of September Those who retir'd to the Castle surrendred eight days after having capitulated for their Persons and Goods and weâ—â— conducted to Archidona The Victors gave thanks to
20 Days Of Disposition he was Robust and of Spirit Lively The latter part of his Life was stained with a leud Appetite tho he was past acting for he fixed his Affection upon a handsome young Woman called Frances Rose whom he design'd to have formerly Married to that D. Jayme de Aragon who was Executed at Barcelona In his Will made 10 Years before his Death he ordained several godly Works to be performed Particularly the Erecting Two Monasteries of the Order of St. Hierome which are famous at this time One of them is St. Engracia at Zaragoça the other St. Mary de Belpuch in Catalonia his Son exactly performing all that he had ordained He also ordered that the Grandsons of his Son Ferdinand tho' by a Daughter should Inherit the Crown of Aragon and take place of their Mothers CHAP. VIII Elenor Queen of Navarre The troubles of that Kingdom and her Death The Countess of Medellin raises Tumults in Castile Portugueses overthrown by the Castilians Heretical Opinions Started and Condemned in Spain King Ferdinand goes into Aragon BY the Death of the King of Aragon his Dominions were divided Aragon fell to King Ferdinand and Navarre to the Princess Elenor in the Right of her Mother She had been 7 Years a Widow and consequently exposed to great Misfortunes That Kingdom was still divided betwixt the old Factions The Biamonteses Enemies to the new Queen were most prevalent These troubles seemed to be a Judgment for the Murders committed upon Charles Prince of Viana the Princess Blanch his Sister and the Bishop of Pamplona Queen Ellenor Reigned not a whole Month. She was more Fortunate in her Issue than in her Life for she had 4 Sons Gaston John Peter and James and 5 Daughters Mary Joanna Marguerite Catherine and Ellenor we shall briefly speak of them all great Families being descended from them Gaston died as was said before and left two Children Francis Phebus and Catherine who both Reigned in Navarre successively John was Lord of Narbonne which he bought of his Father and had Issue Gaston and Germana Gaston was killed at the Battle of Ravenna where he was General for Luis the 12th of France Germana Married King Firdinand after the death of his first Wife Peter applied himself to learning and piety and Pope Sixtus made him a Cardinal James followed the War and was never Married Mary the Eldest Daughter was Married to William Marquess of Monferrat Joanna to John Earl of Armagnac Margaret to Francis Duke of Britany and had Issue Ann and Elizabeth Ann the Heiress being Married first to Charles the 8th and after his death to Luis the 12th of France joined that Dukedom and Kingdom Catherine 4th Daughter to Queen Ellenor Married Gaston de Faux Earl of Candale and brought forth 2 Sons and a Daughter called Anne Married to Ladislaus King of Hungary Ellenor the Youngest Daughter died a Maid Queen Ellenor died on the 12th of February at Tudela where she began her Reign In her Will she Ordained out of her own Money a Monastery of Franciscans should be Built at Tafalla and that her Body should be Buried there and the Bones of her Mother Queen Blanch be also Translated thither from the Monastery of Nuestra SenÌ„ora de Nieva in Old Castile where they were deposited The Revenue was so exhausted that she was forced to Sell her Jewels to Live Francis Phebus so called for his extraordinary Beauty being but 11 Years of Age succeeded her His Mother the Lady Magdalen and his Uncle Peter the Cardinal had the Administration of the Government till he came to Years and discharged their Trust Prudently in those difficult Times The late Queen during her Troubles had no help from her Brother the King of Castile therefore she made no mention of him in her Will but directed the Governors to Adhere to France as they did which was the Cause they soon lost that Kingdom Thus much of Navarre In Castile some new Oppinions in matters of Religion were broached One Peter Oxomensis a Professor of Divinity at Salamanca was the Author By Order of Pope Sixtus the Archbishop of Toledo assembled several Persons of great Learning at Alcala where he Refided who all Condemned those new Opinions and the Author was Excommunicated unless he recanted Sentence was given on the 24th of May and soon after Pope Sixtus confirmed it by his Bull. John Prexanus a famous Divine in that Age. afterwards Bishop of Cuidad Rodrigo wrote a Book against the said Peter The Marquisate of Villena was now the Seat of War for the Marquess because Covenants were not performed with him had recourse to Arms and relieved the Town of Chinchilla besieged by the King's Forces Peter Ruiz de Alarcon who Commanded a Party of the King 's was defeated near Alberca by Peter de Baeça and D. George Manrique who in another Skirmish with Peter de Baeça was Wounded of which hurt he afterwards died A great pitty that so ripe a Wit should be so soon cut off Hereupon the Marquess was liable as having been in Arms against the King's Forces He excused himself laying the blame upon the Insolency of those Officers who forced him to do so and pleaded he had no dealings either with the King of Portugal or Archbishop of Toledo These excuses whether True or Counterfeit prevented any farther proceedings against him In this War there happned an extraordinary accident worth Relating The King's Party had hanged 6 of the Prisoners they took In revenge John Berrio an Officer of the Marquess ordered as many of those he had taken to be put to death in the same manner The Prisoners cast Lots and among the rest it fell to the share of one of 2 Brothers that were Prisoners who had a Wife and Children to die The other Brother who was a Batchellor begged to be put to death in his place and so it was done after they had both long and with many Tears contended about it King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth received the News of King John's Death and their own Accession to the Crown of Aragon in Estremadura where they were quelling the Tumults raised by the Countess of Medellin and D. Alonso de Mâ—nrey The Countess had a Spirit above a Woman for she kept her own Son D. John Portocarrero some years a Prisoner and at last turned him out of Doors which was the cause she was in Arms fearing lest she should be obliged to restore the Earldom to her Son who laid Claim to it as his Father's Inheritance She also designed to keep the City Merida in which she had a Garison D. Alonso was digusted that the Mastership of Alcantara was taken from him and given to D. John de ZunÌ„iga upon which Pretence he seized several Towns belonging to that Military Order The King provided for the War with Portugal which it was feared would prove more bloody than before yet both Parties being exhausted a Treaty was proposed This was the more Welcome to
Governor having consulted his King who was at Guadix tho' he might have held out much longer surrendred the City when least the Christians expected it On the 4th of December the Capitulation was Signed and the day following the King and Queen entred the City in triumphant manner James de Mendoza Lieutenant of Caçorla and Brother to the Cardinal of Spain was made Governor This struck such a Terror into the Moores that many Towns surrendred gave Hostages and furnished Corn and all other necessaries Among these the chiefest were Taverna and Seron What is more wonderful the Cities Guadix and Almeria either of which might have endured a long Siege submitted of their own accord King Albohardil himself consented to it and came out of Almeria to meet King Ferdinand in the Camp by whom he was splendidly entertained Besides Two strong Castles upon the Sea Coast were taken the one called Almun̄ecar in which the Treasures of the Moorish Kings used to be kept The other was Solobren̄a where the Brothers and Sons of the Kings used to be kept in the nature or Prisoners Francis Ramirez General of the Artillery who had behaved himself bravely upon several occasions was appointed Governor of that Castle After performing such great Actions a Review of the Army was taken on the last day of December preceding the Year 1490 and it appeared by the Muster Rolls 20000 Men were lost 3000 of them killed by the Moores the rest consumed by Sickness Many of the meaner sort were frozen to death King Ferdinand let slip no Opportunity of pulling down the tottering Kingdom of the Moors Gutierre de Cardenas Chief Commendary of Leon who did great Service during this War concluded the Treaty with the unfortunate Moorish King By Virtue of this Capitulation he had the Town of Fandaraa on the Mountains of Granada with all its Dependencies amounting to the Yearly Value of 10000 Ducats allowed him for his Maintenance A small Recompence for a Kingdom but good enough for him who began his Reign with the Murder of his Brother The new conquered Moors were allowed to keep their Lands and Possessions but not to live within Cities lest they should have the Power of Fortifying themselves and Rebelling for which cause they were all disarmed These Conditions were proclaimed at Guadix This done the King and Queen went away to Ecija and thence to Sevil. All Places by the way received them as if they had dropped from Heaven Foreign Princes moved by the Fame of these great Actions sent to Congratulate with them and seek their Friendship The King of Portugal in Prosecution of what had been before Treated desired to Marry his Son Alonso to the Princess Elizabeth as a sure Bond of Friendship between the two Crowns He sent Ambassadors to this purpose and the Match was agreed upon at Sevil on the 18th of April There was great Rejoicing on this account in both Kingdoms but less in Portugal because the following Month the Princess Joanna Sister to that King died at Aveiro unmarried Neither was the Joy of Castile lasting tho' the Princess from Constantina set out for Portugal upon the 11th of November A great number of Nobility bore her Company and she was delivered up on the Banks of the River Caya which runs between Badajoz and Elvas The Chief of the Portugueses that came to receive her was Duke Emanuel who afterwards married that Princess and inherited the Crown The King of Portugal and his Son came to Estremez and the more to honour the Bride seated her between them the King being on the left hand There they were married on the 24th of November by the Archbishop of Braga Primate of all Portugal The Rejoicing continued for half a year at Ebora and Santarem whither the Prince and Princess went All this Joy was turned into Sorrow by an unthought-of Accident The King going out to take the Air on the Banks of the River Tagus Prince Alonso who was with him had a mind to run a Race with John de Meneses In the Course the Horse stumbled and falling so bruised the Prince that he soon died It is needless to represent the greatness of his Parents and Wife's Grief His Body was buried with the usual Pomp among his Ancestors The Princess Elizabeth no sooner a Wife than a Widow returned to Castile in a Mourning Litter Grief cast the King of Portugal into a lingring Disease of which he died 4 years after He founded the Royal Hospital at Lisbon and laid the first Stone of it He left no Issue Male lawfully begotten only D. George whom he had by the Lady Ann de Mendoça and whom tho' but a Child he left Master of Avis and Santiago in Portugal After his Death a new Line of Kings began Emanuel Cousin German to the deceased King and Son to Ferdinand Duke of Viseo inherited the Crown John III. was Son to this King and Prince John his Grandson who dying young inherited not the Crown Therefore King Sebastian Son to the Prince succeeded He being killed by the Moors in Africk left the Kingdom of Portugal first to Cardinal Henry his Great Uncle and after him to Philip II. King of Castile who was also Nephew to the Cardinal and Grandson to King Emanuel by his Mother Elizabeth the Empress Let us leave this and return to the War of Granada King Ferdinand earnestly desired to put an end to the War with the Moors which was so well advanced Besides the Strength of the City Granada and that it was abundantly furnished with all Necessaries another greater Difficulty perplexed the King which was That his Word was engaged to King Boabdil that neither he nor his should be prejudiced by him An Opportunity offered it self of subduing that City without breach of Faith The Citizens without regarding the Danger that threatned them from abroad besieged their King in the Castle of Albaycin and pressed him so hard that scarce any hope was left of saving himself The furious Multitude threatned never to desist till they had his Life It was not reasonable to forsake that unhappy Prince when he begged Relief At the same time the Soldan of Egypt threatned That if King Ferdinand did not give over persecuting the Moors he would put to Death all the Christians in Egypt and Syria F. Anthony Millan Guardian of the Franciscan Convent at Jerusalem sent by the Soldan with this Message by the way visited the King of Naples and coming thence into Spain delivered his Embassy bringing also a Letter from the King of Naples who was supposed to be a greater Friend to the Moors than became a Christian Prince He advised King Ferdinand since the Moors had done him no Wrong not to oppress them only upon account of Religion which might occasion greater Harms King Ferdinand was no way discouraged at the Threats of the Soldan nor approved of the King of Naples his Advice Yet after the War was ended he sent Peter Martyr his
Kingdoms to come over with all the Forces he could make which he did with those that came from Tripoli and some other Horse D. Raymund de Cardona from Ancona repaired to Naples to recruit his Army and make the other necessary Preparations Before the Battel was fought Pope Julius provided for the celebrating the Lateran Council at the time appointed In order to it he appointed 8 Cardinals and some other Persons to attend that Affair and reform the City of Rome and his own Court that the foreign Prelates might not be scandalized at any Disorders He pressed the Bishops of Naples Sicily and Spain but particularly the Archbishops of Toledo and Sevil to repair to the Council that so he might bear down the Assembly at Pisa under the Schismatick Cardinals They about this time removed from Pisa to Milan and encouraged by the Success of the French published their Declaration against the Pope It contained That whereas they had often intreated him to come to the Council or at least not to obstruct the Sitting o' it and that instead of so doing he had caused much innocent Blood to be shed and there was no hope of his forsaking his Vices therefore they suspended him from Spiritual or Temporal Jurisdiction which they adjudged to the Council according to the Decrees of the Eleventh Session of the Council of Bosle and the Fourth and Fifth of the Council of Constance This Declaration was set up in the Churches of Milan Florence Genoa Verondâ— and Bolonia A Buisness that scandalized the whole World and made the Pope the more earnest to open the Council of S. John Lateran At length it was opened on the 10th of May. There were present the Cardinals of Rome many Prelates from several Parts and the Pope himself presided Egidius de Viterbo General of the Order of S. Augustin made a Learned Speech upon the Subject of their being there Assembled CHAP. IV. The War in Navarre King Ferdinand possesses himself of that Kingdom The Affairs of Italy The Great Captain stopped from going thither THE Truce betwixt the Emperor and Venetians and the Negociation of the Cardinal of Sion was the cause that on the 19th of May 16000 Swiss were come to Valcamonica and brought with them 18 Field Pieces Besides these 6000 came by the way of Novara and 2000 by Bergamo The Baron of Altsaxe was their General and with him came Matthew Cardinal of Sion Most of the French Forces abandoned Italy On the 27th of May above 20000 Swiss came to Verona which they easily took the French quitting both City and Castle Here Paul Capelo with 700 Men at Arms 800 Light-Horse and 4000 Foot of the Republick joined the Swiss They together pursued the French Army who retired to Aste on the utmost Borders of Milan the Sieur de la Palisse resolving to abandon Lombardy being terrified that the Germans had forsaken him Cremona Milan and almost all the Cities submitted themselves to this powerful Army and Ravenna was delivered to the Pope The Spaniards were for restoring that Dukedom to Maximilian Sforcia The Schismatick Cardinals fled into France Parma and Plasencia submitted to the Pope In Spain the Differences continued betwixt the Kings of Aragon and Navarre and the latter was fearful since the death of the Duke of Nemours that the other would pretend to that Kingdom in right of Queen Germana The French Ambassador in Navarre assured that King That his Master would stand by him with all his Forces and offered to give his youngest Daughter in marriage to the Prince of Viana These Promises so prevailed with that King that he entred into a League with France which proved his ruin Mean while the Marquess of Dorset with the English Fleet in which were 5000 Archers came to Passage a Port in Guipuscoa D. Frederick de Portugal Bishop of Siguença who was at S. Sebastian by the King's Order to furnish the English with all Necessaries went to welcome him A good Force was gathering in Castile to join with the English under the Command of the Duke of Alva King Ferdinand's Design was first to invade Navarre that he might leave aâ— safe behind He summoned the Corles of Aragon to meet at Monçon appointing Queen Germana to preside and ordered all the Forces of the Kingdom to be got together because he intented to Command in Person The Cortes agreed to maintain 200 Men at Arms and 300 Light Horse for the space of 2 Years and 8 Months The King of Navarre to divert this Storm sent his Mareschal Peter of Navarre to make some Composition The Catholick King resolved to besiege Pamplona and would have the Marquess of Dorset join with him but he excused himself saying he had no Orders to make War upon the King of Navarre and complained that the King's Forces were not ready to invade Guienne He said at first it had been easie to take Bayonne it being unprovided which now would be very difficult they having had time to prepare for their Defence The Duke of Alva waited for Orders at Vitoria His Forces which consisted of 1000 Men at Arms 1500 Light-Horse and 6000 Foot Quartered in Alava Rioja and Guipuzcoa Orders were brought the Duke to march to Pamplona and accordingly he entred the Kingdom of Navarre upon the 21st of July D. Luis de Biamonte who was banished Navarre led the Van. The Queen was gone to Bearne and the King was at Pamplona but no hopes being left of defending it retired to Lumbieâ—â—e Pamplona immediately surrendered to the Duke and all other Places were for doing the same Upon this King John sent Three Commissioners to the Duke who resigned up the whole Kingdom to King Ferdinand to be held in trust and consented to deliver up the Prince of Viana the King's Son King John withdrew over the Mountains All Places submitted except Estela and Val d' Ezua in the Mountain The French who came to succour King John were now in Bearne The Catholick King came to LogronÌ„o D. Antony d' AcunÌ„a Bishop of Zamora had been at Pamplona in the behalf of the See Apostolick to require King John not to side with the Enemies of the Church and was now sent to Bearne to advise that King not to deviate from the late Articles agreed upon He was taken at Salvatierra and delivered up to the Duke of Longueville the French General and Governour of Guienne who afterwards sent him back to carry on the Treaty of Peace he leaving Three Nephews Hostages for his Return Navarre submitting so easily made the French jealous of some Treachery to remove which Suspicion King John put Salvatierra into their hands and went himself to the King of France He had resolved with all his Forces to secure Guienne and on the other side King Ferdinand was making sure of Navarre He made all the Country Swear Allegiance to him as to their King pretending King John had broke the Capitulation Tudela submitted not till the Archbishop of Zaragoça
under the Crown of Castile The King of France highly offended at this Disappointment to revenge it sent a new Army into Biscay under the Command of the Admiral of France who took Fuenterabia a strong Town upon the Frontiers Several Rencounters happened betwixt our Forces and those of the Enemy but at length the Town was recovered Beatrix youngest Daughter to the King of Portugal contracted to Charles Duke of Savoy was carried to her Husband in a Fleet fitted out for that purpose The Publick Joy for this Marriage was not lasting for that the King of Portugal died in December His Body was buried in the Monastery of Bethlem built by himself near Lisbon and appointed the burial Place of Kings King John the Third of the Name his Son succeeded him On the 2d of December died at Rome Pope Leo whose Memory was Reverenced for that he had restored the Peace of Italy favoured Learning and much restored the University of Rome by bringing to it Professors of all Sciences from other Parts with great Expence Nevertheless he is blamed as having been given to his Pleasures more than became his high Dignity and for immoderately extolling his Kindred first his Brother Julian and after his Death Laurence his Nephew Son to Peter his other Brother To raise them he designed to deprive the Duke of Vrbin of his Dominions but the Death of both the Brother and the Nephew prevented the execution of his Designs Pope Leo was of the House of Medicis whose Genealogy â—s this which follows The Great Cosmo de Mediois who lived in Florence 100 Years before this had a Son called Peter and by him two Grandsons Laurence and Julian Laurence had three Sons Peter John the present Pope Leo and Julian Julian had a natural Son born after his Father's Death and called Julius who came to be Pope and was called Clement the Seventh Peter Brother to Pope Leo had a Son called Laurence the Younger who was General of his Unkle the Pope's Forces He by a Mistriss had Alexander afterwards Duke of Florence by his Wife Magdalen of Bolonia left Catharine who came to be Queen of France whereby the House of Medicis is related to many Royal Families The second Julian Brother to Pope Leo had a Son called Hypolito who was afterwards a Cardinal his Unkle Pope Clement giving him the Cap. Anno 1522. On the 10th of January Cardinal Adrian tho a Fleming and at that time absent was by the Conclave chosen Pope At that time he was employed in the Government of Spain The News of his promotion was brought to him at Vitoria where he then was to give Orders for carrying on the War against France and recovering of Fuenterabia Immediately he hasted away in order to pass over into Italy yet he came not to Rome till the Summer was well advanced His Papacy was short as not exceeding twenty Months but his Learning Wisdom and Virtue were very great He changed not his Name but was called Adrian the 6th By him St. Antony Archbishop of Florence and Benon Bishop of Misna were Canonised On the 3d of February the Royalists under the Conduct of the Archbishop of Bari overcame the Rebels who were possessed of the City Toledo and so those Tumults ended Charles the Emperor leaving his Brother Ferdinand in January with the Title of Vicar of the Empire set out for Spain to settle the Kingdom and put an end to the Troubles of it He arrived with his Fleet at Santaren on the 16th of July Christiern King of Denmark had married Elizabeth Sister to the new Emperor His Uncle Frederick usurped the Kingdom whereby he was obliged to retire into Flanders where he continued in Banishment the space of 10 Years which was as long as he lived He left two Daughters lawfully begotten which were Elizabeth and Christiern the first was married to Alonso Duke of Lorrain the other to Francis Sforcia Duke of Milan Anno 1523. Pope Adrian granted to the Emperor Charles and his Successors Kings of Spain the full Authority of electing and presenting the Bishops within their Dominions His Bull was passed on the 6th of September He also for ever granted them to hold the Administration of the three military Orders which other Popes had only granted for a time The Pope died at Rome on the 12th of the same Month oppressed with Care and Grief for that the Turks had the Year before possessed themselves of the Island of Rhodes after it had endured a Siege of Eight Months During the vacancy of the Papal Chair died at Rome Cardinal Bernardin de Carvajal who had been Bishop first of Astorga then of Badajoz of Carthagena of Siguença and lastly of Plansencia D. Gutierre de Carvajal Bishop of Plasencia was Nephew to the Cardinal who resigned that See up to him This Year also died F. James Deza Master to Prince John successively Bishop of Salamanca Jaen and Sevil Inquisitor General and Elect of Toledo On the 20th of December Cardinal Julius de Medicis Cousin-German to Pope Leo the Tenth was chosen Pope in the place of Adrian deceased and took the Name of Clement the Seventh He governed the Church ten Years 10 Months and 7 Days He confirmed the Order of the Theatins calling it the Congregation of Divine-Love It was instituted by Peter Garrafa Bishop of Theatinum and other pious Persons Their Habit differs not from that of the other Clergy their Life is retired free from worldly Business and employed in singing the Canonical Hours Anno 1524. The French who had entred the Dutchy of Milan and made themselves Masters of a great part of it were this Year almost enclosed by the Imperial Army under the Command of the Duke of Bourbon who took most of the Places from whence the Army was supplied and by that means brought them into great Distress for want of Provisions This obliged the Admiral of France General of those Forces to endeavour to make a retreat but the Imperialists were so close upon him that he was forced to fight his Army was wholly overthrown and only a small part of it returned home by the way of Turin This Victory encouraged the Duke of Bourbon and Marquis of Pescara to lay Siege to Marseilles where when they had lain six Weeks hearing that the French King was coming with a powerful Army they sent away their heavy Cannon by Sea and retired with great precipitation The King not to lose this Advantage hastned to pass the Mountains and soon possessed himself of the Cities of Milan and other Places and then laid Siege to Pavia Anno 1525. King John of Portugal married Charlotte Sister to Charles the Emperor The Nuptial Solemnities were performed with much Majesty at Estremoz on the 5th of February This Lady had many Children which were Alonso Mary Catharine Beatrix Emanuel Philip John and Antony Of all these only Prince John and the Princess Mary lived to be marriagable and even
Brother who call'd himself Hercules He after having imbroil'd France making himself Head of the Hereticks repair'd to the Low Countries and there at his first coming possessed himself of Cambray which till then continued Loyal This was not all for the following Year he went to Antwerp and there caused himself to be declar'd Duke of Brabant which was but a meer shadow the Prince of Orange having all the Power His Authority lasted not long being at the same time disappointed of Marrying the Queen of England Anno 1582. At Antwerp a youth a Biscainer call'd John de Xauregui resolv'd to kill the Prince of Orange To this intent one day after dinner he fired a Musket at him yet killed him not but gave him a dangerous Wound in the Cheek The young Man was presently torn to pieces and all that knew of the design executed A Burgundian managed his Business more successfully for being admitted into the Prince's Family he soon after killed him in Holland At Toledo was held a Provincial Synod in which were 7 Bishops and 2 Abbots and D. Gaspar de Quiroga Archbishop of Toledo presided the Marquis de Velada assisted at it in the King's Name This Year Pope Gregory cut off 10 days in October to reduce the Solsticies and Equinoxes to their former place Besides the Golden Number was taken from the Calendar and in its place was substituted the Epact all to regulate the Observation of Times for the future better than it was before Mary the Empress came to Spain and went to Lisbon where the King her Brother was settling the Affairs of that Kingdom and with him Cardinal Albertus Son to the Empress a Prince of extraordinary Parts Antony who called himself King of Portugal after he was overthrown fled into France and having gathered a Fleet there sailed over to the Islands Terceras otherwise called Açores which still held out for him Near the Island of S. Michael he was vanquished in a Sea Fight by D. Alvaro Baçan Marquis of Santa Cruz. Philip Strozzi one of the Admirals of the French Fleet was killed the Count de Brissac the other Admiral together with Antony the pretended King saved themselves by flight All the Prisoners of Note to the number of 80 and many others the Marquis put to death the King of France consenting to it Nevertheless the People of Tercera would not submit Anno 1583. This Year the Marquis return'd and fully subdu'd them D. Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo Duke of Alva departed this Life at Lisbon aged 74 Years Soon after him died there also Sancho de Avila of the kick of a Horse on the 8th of June He was of the House of Velada and born at Avila Prince James Son to King Philip deceased at Madrid on the 1st of February for which reason the Three Estates in Portugal swore his Brother Prince Philip Heir to that Crown This Parliament being dissolv'd and Cardinal Albertus the King's Nephew constituted Governour of Portugal King Philip return'd to Castile to provide for the necessary Affairs there Anno 1584. The Duke of Alençon having obtain'd his Brother's Pardon return'd into France after he had been in England and Flanders but going from Paris soon died either of Sickness or Poisoned as some would have it Death put an end to his aspiring Thoughts which had compassed the Sovereignty of England France and Flanders The Prince of Orange was killed with a Musket-shot on the 10th of June by a young Burgundian call'd Baltasar who had entred into his Service to that purpose Such was the death of the Author of so many Mischiefs but this did not pacify the Flemmings King Philip had by his Wife Queen Elizabeth two Daughters Elizabeth and Catherine It was reported the eldest was kept for her Cousin the Emperor Rodulphus The youngest was contracted to Charles Duke of Savoy Zaragoça the principal City of Aragon was the place appointed for celebrating of the Nuptials Before the King set forward upon this Journey the Three Estates of Castile at Madrid swore Prince Philip Heir to the Crown This Ceremony was perform'd on the 11th of November being Sunday and the day of S. Martin in the Monastery of S. Hierome near that Town Quiroga Cardinal of Toledo sang the Mass Anno 1585. This Solemnity being performed the King set out for Zaragoca in very rough Weather the Winter Season not being yet past Thither came also the Duke of Savoy by Sea and was received with great Honour by the King his Father-in-Law The Marriage was celebrated with great Pomp and Ostentation on the 18th of March News was brought not long after that Pope Gregory being very aged and famous for his great Wisdom departed this Life at Rome the 12th of April In May following Cardinal Felix Montalto who had first bin General of the Recolet Franciscans then Bishop and afterwards Cardinal was lastly promoted to S. Peter's Chair He took the Name of Sixtus the Fifth governed the Church five Years and four Months and had many good Qualities but as there is no Man without a fault he is blamed for being too severe and covetous and for promoting of his Kinsmen more than was justifiable He Canonized S. James of Alcala a Franciscan whose Body is kept and Honour'd in the Monastery of that Order at Alcala The Prince of Parma made War against the Rebels in the Low Countries and having recover'd Gent and many other Places after a long and streight Siege he kept upon Antwerp forced it to surrender in August This Siege was very famous for the many extraordinary Devices used on both sides as also for the obstinacy of the Defendants but the Conduct of the General and Valour of the Spaniards overcame all Difficulties King Philip accompanied the new-Married Couple as far as Barcelona whence they sailed for Italy In his return at Monçon he held the Cortes or Parliament of Aragon which sate long many difficulties arising among them The violent heat of Summer and Autumn which proved sickly was the cause that many died there especially of the Strangers and Courtiers At last this Parliament swore Prince Philip Heir of all those Domimions Pope Sixtus at his first Accession to the Papacy published his Bull in which he declared Henry King of Navarre a Heretick and Excommunicated and deprived him of the Right of Inheriting the Kingdom of France as he did also Henry Prince of Conde his Cousin-German in case King Henry Brother-in-Law to him of Navarre died without Issue which was likely because till then the Queen had never been with-Child Anno 1586. Nevertheless the King of France labour'd to secure the Succession to the King of Navarre without regarding the Pope's Threats whereupon many of the French Nobility conspir'd to raise a Rebellion under the Colour of Religion The Ringleader was the Duke of Guise which much perplexed the King seeing three powerful Factions on foot which he feared would again
being a Stranger had many Enemies at Court by Reason of his too great Authority and Power Particularly D. John of Austria by Letter ceased not to press the Queen to remove him from Court and She to give satisfaction to all that were discontented upon his Account complyed giving him a most honourable Discharge in such manner as if it had been granted at his own Suit and the Choice of being Ambassador either at Vienna or Rome He departed the Court on the 26th Day of February to the great Joy of many Had he made this Retreat voluntarily and of his free Choice he had gone off with Honour but staying to be thrust out went away hated and in disgrace The Translation of S. Isidorus the Patron of Madrid to a Rich Chappel built for that purpose was performed with all Pomp and Magnificence The Feast of the Canonization of S. Peter de Alcantara the Reformer of the Franciscans was celebrated by that Order during the space of 16 Days With him was also Canonized S. Magdalen of Pazzis a Carmelite Nun born at Florence This Year at the Sollicitation of the Pope a League was concluded among several Christian Princes for the Defence of Candia against the Turks Also another in Flanders betwixt the English Swedes and Hollanders for the Defence of the low Countreys The Count de Oropesa President of the Council of Orders was preferred to that of Italy The Duke of Ossuna was appointed Governour of Milan and the Duke of Sessa of Catalonia D. Ambrosio Spinola Archbishop of Santiago was Translated to the Archbishoprick of Sevil. The Count de Medellin was made President of Orders and his Place of Master of the Horse was given to the Marquess de Caslel Rodrigo Three new Counsellors of State were created which were the Constable of Castile who then governed the Low Countreys the Marquess de Astorga Ambassador at Rome and the Admiral of Castile The most sumptuous Palace begun at Barcelona by the Marquess de Castel Rodrigo one of the most Beautiful Structures in all Europe was this Year finished by the Duke of Ossuna He also raised the Citadel at Palamos a most important Sea-Port on the Coast of Catalonia and a great Inlet into that Principality FINIS THE INDEX TO Mariana's History of Spain A. ABdalasis Son to Muza his Actions Pag. 100 He marries the Widow of King Roderick 101 Abdalla dies Abderhaman succeeds him 116 Abderhaman first Moorish King in Spain 107 His Death 113 Abderhaman calls himself King of Murcia 132 Abderhaman inthron'd by the Abenhumeyas 133 Abides his Birth Education and Reign 9 Accommodation betwixt Castile and Leon. 151 Accord betwixt Castile Portugal and Aragon and Portugal 254 Betwixt Castile and Aragon 346 Betwixt France and Spain 480 Betwixt the two Kings Ferdinand and Philip 514 Betwixt the Emperor and King Ferdinand 536 Actions on the Frontiers of Castile and Portugal 433 In Navarre 554 Acts of the Cortes of Castile 305 At Madrid 254 Act of Justice 173 Adrian the Emperor reigns 21 years 56 Aelius reigns 22 years 56 Aemilianus reigns 4 months 58 Affairs of the Infidels 106 and 107 Of Aragon 202 Of Navarre 240 Of Aragon and Sardinia 288 Of Aragon unsuccessful at Naples 345 Of Naples 371 Of Portugal 375 Of Britany in France 460 Of Naples settled 527 Afranius 45 Agila reigns is kill'd having reign'd 5 years and 3 months 76 Agreement betwixt King John of Castile and his Rebels 365 Betwixt the Duke of Milan and French King 470 Betwixt King Ferdinand and the King of England 541 Alans and Vandals call'd in by Stilico 67 Alans who they were 67 They come into Spain 68 Their Progress 69 They and the Silingi subdu'd by the Goths 69 Alaricus proclaim'd King 74 Albarazin taken by the King of Aragon 226 Alcala de Henares made an University 234 Alcazar in Africk taken by the Portugueses 385 Alexander Severus reigns 13 years 57 Alexandet the 5th chosen Pope 328 Dies 330 Alexander the 6th Pope 332 Algezira besieg'd 263 Siege continu'd 264 Surrender'd 264 Alhaca the Moor dies Abderhaman the 2d succeeds him 111 Alhama taken by the Christians 440 In vain besieg'd by the Moors 441 Aljubarrota famous Battel Pag. 303 Alliance betwixt Portugal and Aragon 289 All Spain in Peace except Castile 418 Almenon the Moorish King of Toledo and Ramon Earl of Barcelona die 148 Almeria taken 171 Almohades a Family of Moors invade Spain 172 Almoravides the Moorish ruling Family come into Spain 153 Alonso the first King of Oviedo takes many Towns 106 His Death 106 Alonso the 2d King of Oviedo 108 Is expell'd by Mauregatus 108 Is restor'd His Sister debauch'd by a Count. 109 Alonso the 3d call'd the Great 114 Expell'd and recovers his Kingdome 114 His publick words His Son rebels He resigns the Crown His Death 116 Alonso the 4th calls himself King of Leon. 121 Becomes a Monk and leaves the Crown to his Brother Ramiro 122 Alonso the 5th King of Leon under the Tuition of the Earl of Galicia and his Wife 131 His Actions Is kill'd at the Siege of Viseo 134 Alonso the 6th King of Leon flies to the Moors 144 Returns from among the Moors and resumes the Crown Imprisons his Brother Garcia Takes an Oath for the Crown of Castile Aids the Moorish King of Toledo 146 Stiles himself Emperour 151 His Wife and Issue 153 His Forces overthrown by the Moors and a second time Marries his 3 Daughters to Strangers 154 His Works of Piety 158 His Death 159 Alonso the 7th proclaim'd King of Castile 162 Aspires to the Crowns of Aragon and Navarre 167 Invades them Stiles himself Emperour 168 He and his Daughter both married 173 Breaks into Andaluzia and dies 175 Alonso the 8th the young King of Castile secur'd by some Nobles 177 Receiv'd as King by his People 178 Toledo declares for him 178 Is overthrown by the Rebels 178 Assembles the Cortes or Parliament 179 Meets the King of Aragon 179 Concludes a League with him 179 Marries Ellenor the Daughter of King Henry the 2d of England 179 Invades Leon. 181 Overthrown by the Infidels 185 His two Daughters marry'd to the Kings of France and Leon. 187 His Death 195 Alonso the 9th Is divorced 186 Overthrows the Moors and takes Merida and Badajoz Fol. 205. p. 2 His Death Ibid Alonso the 10th 212 Chosen Emperour by part of the Electors and Richard Duke of Cornwal by the rest Fol. 212 p. 2 His Qualities 213 Aspires to the Empire 216 His Progress Meets the Pope in France Returns home Fol. 216 p. 2 Curses and disinherits his Son Sancho 222 Dies 225 Alonso the 11th his Birth 245 Is proclaim'd King being under 13 Months old Is kept by the Citizens of Avila 246 Enters upon the Government 251 Dies 268 Alonso the 1st King of Aragon 159 Is belov'd of all Men. 160 Is kill'd by the Moors 167 Leaves his Dominions to the Templers and other Knights 167 Alonso the 2d King of Aragon 178