dilatations of the artery of the navell But when the mother is dead the lungs doe not execute their office and function therefore they cannot gather in the aire that compasseth the body by the mouth or aspera arteria into their owne substance or into the arteries that are dispersed throughout the body thereof by reason whereof it cannot send it unto the heart by the veiny artery which is called arteria venalis for if the heart want aire there cannot bee any in the great artery which is called arteria aorta whose function it is to draw it from the heart also by reason thereof it is wanting in the arteries of the wombe which are as it were the little conduits of that great artery whereinto the aire that is brought from the heart is derived and floweth in unto these little ones of all the body and likewise of the wombe Wherefore it must of necessity follow that the aire is wanting to the cotyledons of the secundines to the arterie of the infants navell the iliacke arteries also and therefore unto his heart and so unto all his body for the aire being drawne by the mothers lungs is accustomed to come to the infant by this continuation of passages Therefore because death maketh all the motions of the mothers body to cease it is farre better to open her body so soone as shee is dead beginning the incision at the cartelage Xiphoides or breast-blade and making it in a forme semicircular cutting the skinne muscles and peritonaeum not touching the guts then the wombe being lifted up must first be cut lest that otherwise the infant might perchance be touched or hurt with the knife You shall oftentimes finde the childe unmoveable as though hee were dead but not because he is dead indeed but by reason that he being destitute of the accesse of the spirits by the death of the mother hath contracted a great weakenesse yet you may know whether hee be dead indeed or not by handling the artery of the navell for it will beat and pant if he be alive otherwise not but if there be any life yet remaining in him shortly after he hath taken in the aire and is recreated with the accesse thereof he will move all his members and also all his whole body In so great a weakenesse or debility of the strength of the childe the secundine must not bee separated as yet from the childe by cutting the navell string but it must rather be laid close to the region of the belly thereof that thereby the heat if there be any jor remaining may bee stirred up againe But I cannot sufficiently marvaile at the insolency of those that affirme that they have seene women whose bellies and wombe have bin more than once cut and the infant taken out when it could no otherwise be gotten forth and yet notwithstanding alive which thing there is no man can perswade me can be done without the death of the mother by reason of the necessary greatnesse of the wound that must be made in the muscles of the belly and substance of the wombe for the wombe of a woman that is great with childe by reason that it swelleth and is distended with much blood must needs yeeld a great flux of blood which of necessity must be mortall And to conclude when that the wound or incision of the wombe is cicatrized it will not permit or suffer the womb to be dilated or extended to receive or beare a new birth For these and such like other causes this kinde of cure as desperate and dangerous is not in mine opinion to be used CHAP. XXXII Of superfoetation SUperfoetation is when a woman doth beare two or more children at one time in her wombe and they bee enclosed each in his severall secundine but those that are included in the same secundine are supposed to bee conceived at one and the same time of copulation by reason of the great and copious abundance of seed and these have no number of daies between their conception birth but all at once For as presently after meat the stomacke which is naturally of a good temper is contracted or drawn together about the meate to comprehend it on every side though small in quantity as it were by both hands so that it cannot rowle neither unto this or that side so the wombe is drawne together unto the conception about both the seeds as soone as they are brought into the capacity thereof and is so drawne in unto it on every side that it may come together into one body not permitting any portion thereof to goe into any other region or side so that by one time of copulation the seed that is mixed together cannot engender more children than one which are devided by their secundines And moreover because there are no such cells in the wombes of women as are supposed or rather knowne to bee in the wombs of beasts which therefore bring forth many at one conception or birth But now if any part of the womans wombe doth not apply and adjoine it selfe closely to the conception of the seed already received lest any thing should be given by nature for no purpose it must of necessity follow that it must be filled with aire which will alter and corrupt the seeds Therefore the generation of more than one infant at a time having every one his severall secundine is on this wise If a woman conceave by copulation with a man as this day and if that for a few daies after the conception the orifice of the wombe be not exactly shut but rather gape a little and if shee doe then use copulation againe so that at both these times of copulation there may be an effusion or perfect mixture of the fertile seed in the wombe there will follow a new conception or superfoetation For superfoetation is no other thing than a certaine second conception when the woman already with childe againe useth copulation with a man and so conceiveth againe according to the judgement of Hippocrates But there may be many causes alledged why the wombe which did joyne and close doth open and unlose it selfe againe For there bee some that suppose the wombe to be open at certaine times after the conception that there may be an issue out for certaine excrementall matters that are contained therein and therefore that the woman that hath so conceived already and shall then use copulation with a man againe shall also conceive againe Others say that the wombe of it selfe and of its own nature is very desirous of seed or copulation or else being heated or enflamed with the pleasant motion of the man moving her thereto doth at length unclose it selfe to receive the mans seed for like-wise it happeneth many times that the orifice of the stomack being shut after eating is presently unloosed again when other delicate meats are offered to be eaten even so may the wombe unclose it selfe againe at certain seasons
pierce the wombe so do they equally and in like manner penetrate the tunicle Chorion And it is carried this way being a passage not only necessary for the nutriment and conformation of the parts but also into the veines diversly woven and dispersed into the skin Chorion For thereby it commeth to passe that the seed it selfe boileth and as it were fermenteth or swelleth not onely through occasion of the place but also of the bloud and vitall spirits that flow unto it and then it riseth into the bubbles or bladders like unto the bubbles which are occasioned by the raine falling into a river or channell full of water These three bubbles or bladders are certain rude or new formes or concretions of the three principall entrals that is to say of the liver heart and braine All this former time it is called seed and by no other name but when those bubbles arise it is called an embrion or the rude forme of a body untill the perfect conformation of all the members on the fourth day after that the veine of the navell is formed it sucketh grosser bloud that is of a more fuller nutriment out of the Cotylidons And this bloud because it is more grosse easily congeales curdles in that place where it ought to prepare the liver fully absolutely made For then it is of a notable great bignesse above all the other parts therfore it is called parenchyma because it is but only a certain congealing or concretion of bloud brought together thither or in that place From the gibbous part thereof springeth the greater part or trunke of the hollow veine called commonly vena cava which doth disperse his small branches which are like unto haires into also the substance thereof and then it is divided into two branches whereof the one goeth upwards the other downwards unto all the particular parts of the body In the meane season the Arteries of the navell suck spirituous bloud out of the eminences or Cotylidons of the mothers arteries whereof that is to say of the more servent and spirituous bloud the heart is formed in the second bladder or bubble being endued with a more fleshy sound and thicke substance as it behooveth that vessell to bee which is the fountaine from whence the heate floweth and hath a continuall motion In this the vertue formative hath made two hollow places one on the right side another on the left In the right the root of the hollow veine is infixed or ingraffed carrying thither necessary nutriment for the heart in the left is formed the stamp or roote of an artery which presently doth divide it selfe into two branches the greater whereof goeth upwards to the upper parts and the wider unto the lower parts carrying unto all the parts of the body life and vitall heat CHAP. X. Of the third bubble or bladder wherein the head and the braine is formed THe farre greater portion of the seede goeth into this third bubble that is to say yeelding matter for the conformation of the braine and all the head For a greater quantity of seede ought to goe unto the conformation of the head and braine because these parts are not sanguine or bloudy as the heart and liver but in a manner without bloud bonie marrow cartilaginous nervous and membranous whose parts as the veines arteries nerves ligaments panicles and skinne are called spermaticke parts because they obtaine their first conformation almost of seede onely although that afterwards they are nourished with bloud as the other fleshy and musculous parts are But yet the bloud when it is come unto those parts degenerateth and turneth into a thing somewhat spermatick by vertue of the assimulative faculty of those parts All the other parts of the head forme and fashion themselves unto the forme of the braine when it is formed and those parts which are situated and placed about it for defence especially are hardened into bones The head as the seate of the senses and mansion of the minde and reason is situated in the highest place that from thence as it were from a lofty tower or turret it might rule and governe all the other members and their functions and actions that are under it for there the soule or life which is the rectresse or governesse is situated and from thence it floweth and is dispersed into all the whole body Nature hath framed these three principall entrals as proppes and sustentations for the weight of all the rest of the body for which matter also shee hath framed the bones The first bones that appeare to bee formed or are supposed to be conformed are the bones called ossa Illium connexed or united by spondils that are betweene them then all the other members are framed proportioned by their concavities hollownesses which generally are seaven that is to say two of the eares two of the nose one of the mouth and in the parts beneath the head one of the fundament and another of the yard or conduit of the bladder and furthermore in women one of the necke of the wombe without the which they can never bee made mothers or beare children When all these are finished nature that shee might polish her excellent worke in all sorts hath covered all the body and every member thereof with skinne Into this excellent work or Microcosmos so perfected God the author of nature and all things infuseth or ingrafteth a soule or life which St. Augustine proveth by this sentence of Moses If any man smite a woman with child so that there by she be delivered before her naturall time and the child bee dead being first formed in the wombe let him die the death but if the child hath not as yet obtained the full proportion and conformation of his body and members let him recompence it with mony Therefore it is not to bee thought that the life is derived propagated or taken from Adam or our parents as it were an haereditary thing distributed unto all mankinde by their parents but we must believe it to be immediately created of God even at the very instant time when the child is absolutely perfected in the lineaments of his body and so given unto it by him So therefore the rude lumpes of flesh called molae that engender in womens wombes and monsters of the like breeding and confused bignesse although by reason of a certaine quaking and shivering motion they seeme to have life yet they cannot bee supposed to bee endued with a life or a reasonable soule but they have their motion nutriment and increase wholly of the naturall and infixed faculty of the wombe and of the generative or procreative spirit that is engraffed naturally in the seed But even as the infant in the wombe obtaineth not perfect conformation before the thirtieth day so likewise it doth not move before the sixtieth day at which time it is most commonly not perceived by women by reason of the smallnesse of
is the cause of great paine and most bitter and cruell torment to the woman leaving behinde it weaknesse of body farre greater than if the childe were borne at the due time The causes of abortion or untimely birth whereof the the child is called an abortive are many as a great scouring a strangury joyned with heate and inflammation sharpe fretting of the guts a great and continuall cough exceeding vomiting vehement labour in running leaping and dauncing and by a great fall from on high carrying of a great burthen riding on a trotting horse or in a Coach by vehement often and ardent copulation with men or by a great blow or stroke on the belly For all these such like vehement and inordinate motions dissolve the ligaments of the wombe and so cause abortion or untimely birth Also whatsoever presseth or girdeth in the mothers belly and therewith also the wombe that is within it as are those Ivory or Whale-bone buskes which women weare on their bodies thereby to keepe downe their bellies by these and such like things the childe is letted or hindred from growing to his full strength so that by expression or as it were by compulsion hee is often forced to come forth before the legitimate and lawfull time Thundering the noyse of the shooting of great Ordnance the sound and vehement noyse of the ringing of Bells constraine women to fall in travell before their time especially women that are young whose bodies are soft slacke and tenderer than those that bee of riper yeares Long and great fasting a great fluxe of bloud especially when the infant is growne some what great but if it bee but two moneths old the danger is not so great because then hee needeth not so great quantity of nourishment also a long disease of the mother which consumeth the bloud causeth the childe to come forth being destitute of store of nourishment before the fit time Moreover fulnesse by reason of the eating great store of meates often maketh or causeth untimely birth because it depraveth the strength and presseth down the child as likewise the use of meats that are of an evill juice which they lust or long for But bathes because they relaxe the ligaments of the wombe and hot houses for that the fervent and choaking ayre is received into the body provoke the infant to strive to goe forth to take the cold ayre and so cause abortion What women soever being indifferently well in their bodies travell in the second or third moneth without any manifest cause those have the Cotylidones of their womb full of filth and matter and cannot hold up the infant by reason of the weight thereof but are broken Moreover sudden or continuall perturbations of the minde whether they bee through anger or feare may cause women to travell before their time and are accounted as the causes of abortions for that they cause great and vehement trouble in the body Those women that are like to travell before their time their dugs will wax little therefore when a woman is great with childe if her dugs suddenly wax small or slender it is a signe that shee will travell before her time the cause of such shrinking of the dugs is that the matter of the milke is drawne back into the wombe by reason that the infant wanteth nourishment to nourish and succour it withall Which scarcity the infant not long abiding striveth to goe forth to seek that abroad which he cannot have within for among the causes which do make the infant to come out of the womb those are most usually named with Hippocrates the necessity of a more large nutriment and aire Therfore if a woman that is with child have one of her dugs small if she have two children she is like to travell of one of them before the full and perfect time so that if the right dug be small it is a man child but if it be the left dug it is a female Women are in farre more paine when they bring forth their children before the time than if it were at the full and due time because that whatsoever is contrary to nature is troublesome painefull and also oftentimes dangerous If there be any errour committed at the first time of childe-birth it is commonly seene that it happeneth alwayes after at each time of child-birth Therefore to find out the causes of that errour you must take the counsell of some Physician and after his counsell endeavour to amend the same Truly this plaster following being applyed to the reines doth confirme the wombe and stay the infant therein â„ž ladaniÊ’ii galang â„¥ i. nucis moschat nucis cupressi boli armeni terrae sigill sanguin dracon balaust an Ê’ss acatiae psidiorum hypocistid an â„¥ i. mastich myrrhae an Ê’ii gummi arabic Ê’i terebinth venet Ê’ii picis naval â„¥ i. ss ceraequantum sufficit fiat emplast secundem artem spread it for your use upon leather if the part begin to itch let the plaster be taken away in stead thereof use unguent rosat or refrig Galen or this that followeth â„ž olei myrtini mastich cydonior an â„¥ i. hypocist boli armen sang dracon acatiae an Ê’i sant citrini â„¥ ss cerae quant suf make thereof an oyntment according unto art There are women that beare the child in their wombe ten or eleven whole moneths and such children have their conformation of much and large quantity of seede wherefore they will bee more bigge great and strong and therefore they require more time to come to their perfection and maturity for those fruits that are great will not bee so soone ripe as those that are small But children that are small and little of body do often come to their perfection and maturity in seven or nine months if all other things are correspondent in greatnesse and bignesse of body it happeneth for the most part that the woman with child is not delivered before the ninth moneth bee done or at the least wise in the same moneth But a male child will bee commonly borne at the beginning or a little before the beginning of the same moneth by reason of his engrafted heat which causeth maturity and ripenesse Furthermore the infant is sooner come to maturity and perfection in a hot woman than in a cold for it is the property of heat to ripen CHAP. XXXI How to preserve the infant being in the wombe when the mother is dead IF all the signes of death appeare in the woman that lieth in travell and cannot be delivered there must then be a Chirurgian ready and at hand which may open her body so soone as shee is dead whereby the infant may be preserved in safety neither can it bee supposed sufficient if the mothers mouth and privie parts bee held open for the infant being enclosed in his mothers wombe and compassed with the membranes cannot take his breath but by the contractions and
childs mouth Milke soon corrupted in a flegmatick stomack The mothers milke is most similiar for the child The disease of the nurse is participated unto the child Gel. lib. 12. ca. 1. The best age of a nurse The best habit of body in a autse Lib. de inf nutr Of what behaviour the nurse must bee Why the nurse must abstaine from copulation What dugs a nurse ought to have What is to bee observed in the milke The laudable consistence of milke Why the milke ought to be very white Why a woman that hath red hair or freckles on her face cannot be a good nurse Why that nurse that hath borne a man childe is to be preferted before another Why she cannot be a good nurse whose childe was born before the time Anger greatly hurteth the nurse The exercise of the arms is best for the nurse How the child should be placed in the cradle Why an arch of wickers must be made over the childes head lying in the cradle Why a squint-eyed nurse causeth the childe to be squint-eyed How children become left-handed Three laudable conditions of pappe How the meale must be prepared to make the pap withall Why the meale wherewith the pap must be made must first be boiled or baked 1. de sanit 〈◊〉 A cataplasme to relaxe the childs belly For the fretting of the guts in children For the ulcers of the nipples or teats What moderate crying worketh in the infant What immoderate crying causeth When children must be weaned Why children must not be weaned before their 〈◊〉 appeare How children must be weaned What children are strong and found of body An often cause of sudden crookednesse A most certaine sign of the child dead in the wombe When the child is dead in the wombe hee is more heavie than he was before being alive That which is alive will not suffer that which is dead Lib. de tumorib Why the belly of a woman will be more bigge when the child is dead within her than it was before when it was alive The signes of a woman that is weake After what sort the woman in travell must be placed when the child being dead in her wombe must be drawne out How she must be bound How the Chirurgion ought to prepare himselfe and his patient to the drawing out of the child from the wombe How the infant that is dead in the womb must be turned bound and drawne out A caution to avoid strangling of the infant in drawing out the body Why the child must not bee drawn out with his hands forwards A history To diminish the wind wherewith the infant being dead in the wombe swolleth is pufted up that he cannot be gotten out of the wombe How the head of the infant if it remaine in the wombe separated from the body may be drawne out Why the head being alone in the wombe is more difficult to be drawne out Cold an enemy to women in travell What accidents follow the taking of cold in a woman that is delivered of child Secundines must be laid to the region of the wombe whilest they be warme Uugaents for the woman in travell that the region of the belly may not be wtiakled The medicine called Tela Gualterina A powder for the fretting of the guts What must bee done when the groine is torne in child-birth To drive the milke downe-wards By what reason and which way cupping-glasses being fastened on the groine or above the navell do draw the milke out of the breasts Astringent fomentations for the privie parts A distilled liquor for to draw together the dug that are loose and slacke The causes of the difficult child-birth that are in the women that travelleth The pasâ—ions of â—…hinâ—â—r the â—â—th The causes of difficult child-birth that are in the infant The externall causes of difficult child-birth Which is an easie birth What causeth easinesse of child-birth What Abortion is What Effluxion is Women are in more paine by reason of the effluxion than at the true birth The causes of Abortion Girding of the belly may cause untimely birth How bathes hot houses cause untimely birth Hip. 53. 37 sect 5. Hipaph 45. se 5. Hip. aph 〈◊〉 se 5. Women are in more pain at the untimely birth than at the due time of birth The errour of the first child-birth continues afterwards A plaster staying the infant in the wombe What children are ten or eleven moneths in the wombe A male will bee borne sooner than a female Why it is not sufficient to preserve life in the childe to hold open the mouth and privie parts of the mother so soone as the is dead and the childe alive in her body How the body of the woman that death in travell must be cut open to save the childe How it may bee known whether the infant be â—…live of not What superfoetation is A womans wombe is not 〈◊〉 into divers cels The reason of superfoetation Lib. de superfoetationâ—… 〈◊〉 the womb 〈◊〉 the conception of the seed doth ma 〈◊〉 â—imes afterwards open Lib. 7. cap. 11. The reason of the name What a mola is Lib. de steril Cap. 7. lib. 4. de usu part How the mola is engendered The signes of a mola enclosed in the wombe By what faculty the wombe moveth How the motion of the mola differeth from the motion of the infant in the wombe The mola doth turne to each side of the wombe as the situation of the body is A history The description of a mola carried seventeene yeeres in the wombe A vaine or unprofitable conception The mola 〈…〉 the infant in the 〈…〉 it is fastened unto it There things that provoke the flowers forcibly due also 〈…〉 or wast the mola The Chirurgion all 〈…〉 of the mola A history Apostumes of divers kinds in the Mesenterium The accidents that come when the Mesentertum is separated from the bodies adjoyning The dropsie comming of a tumour of the Mesenterium Tom. 1. 〈◊〉 1. c. 1. Lib 6. part morb cap. 7. The Mesenterium is the sinke of the body The Scrophulaes in the Mesenterium A scirrhus of the wombe How the seed is unfertile How the cutting of the veines behind the eares maketh men barren The defaults of the yard The signe of the palsie in the yard Magick bands and enchanted knots The cause why the neck of the wombe is narrow The membrane called Hymen The cause of the fluxe of women Apb 36. sect 5. Gal. lib. 14. de usu par cap. 9. Arist in prob sect de ster quae 3. 4. The signes of a hot wombe The signes of a cold wombe The signes of a moyst wombe The signes of a dry wombe A meet time for conception Arist l. 7. de hist anim c. 2. c. 5. Lib. 7. cap. 14. Lib. 6. cap. 12. Lib. 7. de hist c. nim c. 1. c. 6. lib. 7. cap. 14. What is the falling downe of the wombe The causes 〈…〉 lib. 7. de histor 〈◊〉 cap. 〈◊〉
ends of the wedgebone in this forehead bone there is often found a great cavity under the upper part of the eye-browes filled with a glutinous grosse viscide and white matter or substance which is thought to helpe to elaborate the aire for the sense of smelling Chirurgions must take speciall notice of this cavity because when the head chances to be broken in that place it may happen that the fracture exceeds not the first table wherefore they being ignorant of this cavity and moved with a false perswasion that they see the braine they may thinke the bone wholy broken and to presse the Meninges whereupon they will dilate the wound apply a Trepan and other instruments to lift up the second table of the bone without any need at all and with the manifest danger of the life of the patient The third and fourth bones of the Skull are the Ossa parietalia or Bregmatis having the third place of density and thicknes although this density and thicknes be different in diverse places of them For on the upper part of the head or crowne where that substance turnes not to a bone in children untill they have all their teeth so that it feeles soft in touching and through it you may feele the beating of the braine these bones are very tender so that oft times they are no thicker than ones naile that so the moist and vapourous excrements of the braine shut up where the greater portion of the braine resides may have a freer passage by the Braines Diastole and Systole These two square bones are bounded above with the Sagittall suture below with the scaly on the forepart with the coronall and on the hinde part with the Lambdoides The fifth and sixth bone of the skull are the two Ossa petrosa stony or scaly bones which are next to the former in strength They are bounded with the false or bastard Suture and with part of the Lambdoides and wedgebone The seaventh is the Os sphenoides basilare or Cuneiforme that is the wedgebone It is called Basilare because it is as it were the Basis of the head To this the rest of the bones of the head are fitly fastened in their places This bone is bounded on each side with the bones of the forehead the stony bones and bones of the Nowle and pallate The figure represents a Batte and its processes her wings There is besides these another bone at the Basis of the forehead bone into which the mamillary processes end the Greekes call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latines Cribrosum and Spongiosum the Spongy bone because it hath many holes in it not perforated in a direct passage as in a sive but winding and anfractuous that the aire should not by the force of attraction presently leap or ascend into the braine and affect it with its qualityes before it be elaborated by its lingring in the way There are besides also sixe other little bones lying hid in the stony bones at the hole or Auditory passage on each side three that is to say the Ineus or Anvill the Malleolus or Hammer and the Stapes or stirrop because in their figure they represent these three things the use of these we will declare hereafter But also in some skuls there are found some divisions of bones as it were collected fragments to the bignesse almost of ones thumbe furnished and distinguished by their proper commissures or sutures which thing is very fit to be known to a Chyrurgion in the use of a Trepan Verily he may give a conjecture hereof whilest he separates the Pericranium from the skull for the pericranium is with greater difficulty pluckt away from the sutures because the Crassa meninx hath straiter connexion therewith by his nervous fibers sent forth in such places The Skuls in women are softer and thinner than in men and in children more than in women and in young men more then in men of a middle age Also the Aethiopians or Blackamoores as also all the people inhabiting to the South have their sculles more hard and composed with fewer sutures Therefore as it is written by Hippocrates such as have their Skulls the softer the Symptomes in fractures are more dangerous and to be feared in them But the skull by how much the softer it is by so much it more easily and readily yeilds to the perforating Trepan Moreover in some skuls there bee bunches standing out besides nature made either round or cornered which the Chirurgion must observe for two causes the first is for the better consideration of a blow or fracture For in these bunches or knots the solution of the continuity cannot be if it seeme to be stretched in length but that the wound must penetrate to the inner parts For in a round body there can be no long wound but it must be deepe by the weapon forced the deeper because as a round body touches a plaine but onely inpuncte in a prick or point so what-so-ever falls only lightly or superficially upon it onely touches a point thereof But on the contrary a long wound must be upon a plaine surface which may be but only superficiall Another cause is because such bunches change the figure and site of the Sutures And the Chirurgion must note that the skuls hath two tables in the midst whereof the Diploe is which is a spongy substance into which many veines and arteryes a certaine fleshynesse are inserted that the skull should not be so heavy and that it might have within it selfe provision for the life thereof and lastly that there might be freer passage out for the fuliginous vapours of the braine The upper table is thicker denser stronger and smoother than the lower For this as it is the slenderer so it is the more unequall that it may give place to the internall veines and arteryes which make a manifest impression into the second table on the inside thereof from which branches enter into the skull by the holes which containe the eyes Which thing fastens the Crassa meninx to the skull and is therefore very worthy to be observed For in great contusions when no fracture or fissure appeares in the skull by reason of the great concussion or shaking of the braine these vessels are often broken whence happens a flux of blood between the skull and membranes and lastly death But it is fit the Chirurgion take good heed to the tender and soft substance of the Diploe that when he comes to it having passed the first table he may carefully use his Trepan least by leaning too hard it run in too violently and hurt the membranes lying underneath it whence convulsion and death would follow To which danger I have found a remedy by the happy invention of a Trepan as I will hereafter more at large declare in handeling the wounds of the head CHAP. V. Of the Meninges that is the two membranes called Dura Mater and Pia Mater THe Crassa
alimentary juice to the braine wanting marrow that is blood to nourish it as we have formerly shewed in our Anatomie But from hence proceeds the effluxe of blood running betweene the scull and membraines or else betweene the membraines and braine the blood congealing there causeth vehement paine and the eyes become blinde vomitting is caused the mouth of the stomacke suffering together with the braine by reason of the Nerves of the sixt conjugation which runne from the braine thither and from thence are spread over all the capacitie of the ventricle whence becomming a partaker of the offence it contracts it selfe and is presently as it were overturned whence first these things that are conteined therein are expelled and then such as may flow or come thither from the neighbouring and communne parts as the Liver and Gall from all which choler by reason of its naturall levity and velocity is first expelled and that in greatest plenty and this is the true reason of that vomiting which is caused and usually followes upon fractures of the scull and concussions of the Braine Within a short while after inflammation seizes upon the membranes and braine it selfe which is caused by corrupt and putrid blood proceeding from the vessels broken by by the violence of the blow and so spread over the substance of the braine Such inflammation communicated to the heart and whole body by the continuation of the parts causes a feaver But a feaver by altering the braine causes Doting to which if stupidity succeed the Patient is in very ill case according to that of Hippocrates Stupidity and doting are ill in a wound or blow upon the head But if to these evills a sphacell and corruption of the braine ensue together with a 〈◊〉 difficulty of breathing by reason of the disturbance of the Animall facâ—… which from the braine imparts the power of moving to the muscles of the Chest the instruments of respiration then death must necessarily follow A great part of these accidents appeared in King Henry of happy memory a little before he dyed He having set in order the affaires of France and entred into amitie with the neighbouring Princes desirous to honour the marriages of his daughter and sister with the famous and noble exercise of Tilting and hee himselfe running in the Tilt-yard with a blunt lance received so great a stroake upon his brest that with the violence of the blow the visour of his helmet flew up and the trunchion of the broken Lance hit him above the left eye-brow and the musculous skinne of the fore-head was torne even to the lesser corner of the left eye many splinters of the same trunchion being strucke into the substance of the fore mentioned eye the bones being not touched or broken but the braine was so moved and shaken that he dyed the eleaventh day after the hurt His scull being opened after his death there was a great deale of blood found betweene the Dura and Pia Mater poured forth in the part opposite to the blow at the middle of the suture of the hinde part of the head and there appeared signes by the native colour turned yellow that the substance of the braine was corrupted as much as one might cover with ones thumbe Which things caused the death of the most Christian King and not onely the wounding of the eye as many have falsly thought For wee have seene many others who have not dyed of farre more greevous wounds in the eye The history of the Lord Saint Iohns is of late memory he in the Tilt-yarde made for that time before the Duke of Guises house was wounded with a splinter of a broken Lance of a fingers length and thicknesse through the visour of his Helmet it entring into the Orbe under the eye and peircing some three fingers bredth deepe into the head by my helpe and Gods favour hee recovered Valeranus and Duretus the Kings Physitions and Iames the Kings Chirurgion assisting me What shall I say of that great and very memorable wound of Prancis of Loraine the Duke of Guise He in the sight of the Citty of Bologne had his head so thrust thorough with a Lance that the point entring under his right eye by his nose came out at his necke betweene his eare and the vertebrae the head or Iron being broken and left in by the violence of the stroke which stuck there so firmely that it could not be drawn or plucked forth without a paire of Smiths pincers But although the strength violence of the blow was so great that it could not be without a fracture of the bones a tearing and breaking of the Nerves Veines Arteries and other parts yet the generous Prince by the favour of God recovered By which you may learne that many die of small wounds and other recover of great yea very large and desperate ones The cause of which events is chiefly and primarily to be attributed to God the author and preserver of mankinde but secondarily to the variety and condition of temperaments And thus much of the commotion or conclussion of the braine whereby it happens that although all the bone remaines perfectly whole yet some veines broken within by the stroake may cast forth some bloud upon the membranes of the braine which being there concreate may cause great paine by reason whereof it blindes the eyes if so be that the place can be found against which the paine is and when the skinne is opened the bone looke pale it must presently be cut out as Celsus hath written Now it remaines that we tell you how to make your prognostickes in all the forementioned fractures of the scull CHAP. X. Of Prognostickes to be made in fractures of the scull VVEE must not neglect any wounds in the head no not these which cut or bruise but onely the hairy scalpe but certainely much lesse these which are accompanied by a fracture in the scull for oft times all horride symptomes follow upon them and consequently death it selfe especially in bodies full of ill humors or of an ill habite such as are these which are affected with the Lues venerea leprosie dropsie Pthisicke and consumption for in these simple wounds are hardly or never cured for union in the cure of wounds but this is not performed unlesse by strength of nature and sufficient store of laudible blood but those which are sicke of hecticke feavers and consumptions want store of blood and those bodies which are repleate with ill humors and of an ill habite have no affluxe or plenty of laudible blood but all of them want the strength of nature the reason is almost the same in those also which are lately recovered of some disease Those wounds which are brused are more difficult to cure than those which are cut When the scul is broken than the continuity of the flesh lying over it must necessarily be hurt broken unlesse it be in a Resoâ—itus
The bones of children are more soft thin and replenished with a sanguine humidity than those of old men and therefore more subject to putrefaction Wherefore the wounds which happen to the bones of children though of themselves and their owne nature they may be more easily healed because they are more soft whereby it comes to passe that they may bee more easily agglutinated neither is there fit matter wanting for their agglutination by reason of the plenty of blood laudible both in consistence and quality than in old men whose bones are dryer and harder and so resist union which comes by mixture and their bloud is serous and consequently a more unfit bond of unitie and aggluâ—ination yet oft times through occasion of the symptomes which follow upon them that is putrefaction and corruption which sooner arise in a hot and moyst body and are more speedily encreased in a soft and tender they usually are more suspected and difficult to heale The Patient lives longer of a deadly fracture in the scull in Winter than in Summer for that the native heat is more vigorous in that time than in this besides also the humors putrifie sooner in Summer because unnaturall heat is then easily enflamed and more predominant as many have observed out of Hippocrates The Wounds of the braine and of the Meninges or membranes thereof are most commonly deadly because the action of the muscles of the chest and others serving for respiration is divers times disturbed intercepted whence death insues If a swelling happening upon a wound of the head presently vanish away it is an ill signe unlesse there be some good reason therefore as blood-letting purging or the use of resolving locall medicines as may be gathered by Hippocrates in his Aphorismes If a feaver ensue presently after the beginning of a wound of the head that is upon the fourth or seaventh day which usually happens you must judge it to bee occasioned by the generating of Pus or Matter as it is recited by Hippocrates Neither is such a feaver so much to be feared as that which happens after the seaventh day in which time it ought to be determinated but if it happen upon the tenth or foureteenth day with cold or shaking it is dangerous because it makes us conjecture that there is putrefaction in the braine the Meninges or scull through which occasion it may arise chiefely if other signes shall also concurre which may shew any putrifaction as if the wound shall be pallide and of a faint yellowish colour as flesh lookes after it is washed For as it is in Hippocrates Aphoris 2. sect 7. It is an ill signe if the flesh looke livide when the bone is affected for that colour portends the extinction of the heate through which occasion the lively or indifferently red colour of the part faints and dyes and the flesh there abouts is dissolved into a viscide Pus or filth Commonly another worse affect followes hereon wherein the wound becomming withered and dry lookes like salted flesh sends forth no matter is livide and blacke whence you may conjecture that the bone is corrupted especially if it become rough whereas it was formerly smooth and plaine for it is made rough when Caries or corruption invades it but as the Caries encreases it becomes livide and blacke sanious matter withall sweating out of the Diploe as I have observed in many all which are signes that the native heat is decayed and therefore death at hand but if such a feaver be occasioned from an Erysipelos which is either present or at hand it is usually lesse terrible But you shall know by these signes that the feaver is caused by an Erysipelas confluxe of cholericke matter if it keepe the forme of a Tertian if the fit take them with coldnes and end in a sweat if it be not terminated before the cholerike matter is either converted into Pus or else resolved if the lips of the wound be somwhat swollne as also all the face if the eyes be red and fiery if the necke and chappes bee so stiffe that he can scarse bend the one or open the other if there be great excesse of biting and pricking paine and heate and that farre greater than in a Phlegmon For such an Erysipelous disposition generated of thinne and hot blood chiefely assailes the face and that for two causes The first is by reason of the naturall levity of the cholericke humor the other because of the rarity of the skinne of these parts The cure of such an affect must be performed by two meanes that is evacuation and cooling with humectation If choler alone cause this tumor we must easily bee induced to let blood but we must purge him with medicines evacuating choler If it be an Erisipelas phlegmonodes you must draw blood from the Cephalicke veine of that side which is most affected alwayes using advise of a phisition Having used these generall meanes you must apply refrigerating and humecting things such as are the juice of Night-shade Housleeke Purslaine Lettuce Navell wort Water Lentill or Ducks-meate Gourdes a liniment made of two handfulls of Sorrel boiled in faire water then beaten and drawne through a searse with ointment of Roses or some vnguent Populeon added thereto will bee very commodious Such and the like remedies must be often and so long renued untill the unnaturall heat be extinguished But we must be carefull to abstaine from all unctuous and oyly thing because they may easily be enflamed and so increase the disease Next we must come to resolving medicines but it is good when anything comes from within to without but on the contrary it is ill when it returnes from without inwards as experience and the Authority of Hippocrates testifie If when the bone shall become purulent pustles shall breake out on the tongue by the dropping downe of the acride filth or matter by the holes of the pallate upon the tongue which lyes under Now when this symptome appeares few escape Also it is deadly when one becomes dumbe and stupid that is Apolecticke by a stroake or wound on the head for it is a signe that not onely the bone but also the braine it selfe is hurt But oft times the hurt of the Braine proceedes so farre that from corruption it turnes to a Sphacell in which case they all have not onely pustles on their tongues but some of them dye stupide and mute othersome with a convulsion of the opposite part neither as yet have I observed any which have dyed with either of these symptomes by reason of a wound in the head who have not had the substance of their braine tainted with a Sphacell as it hath appeared when their sculls haue beene opened after their death CHAP. XI Why when the braine is hurt by a wound of the head there may follow a Convulsion of the opposite part MAny have to this day enquired but as yet as farre as I know
it hath not bin sufficiently explained why a convulsion in wounds of the head seazes on the part opposite to the blow Therefore I have thought good to end that controversie in this place My reason is this that kinde of Symptome happens in the sound part by reason of emptinesse and drynesse but there is a twofold cause and that wholy in the wounded part of this emptinesse and drynesse of the sound or opposite part to wit paine and the concourse of the spirits and humors thither by the occasion of the wound and by reason of the paines drawing and natures violently sending helpe to the afflicted part The sound part exhausted by this meanes both of the spirits and humors easily falls into a Convulsion For thus Galen writes God the creatour of nature hath so knit together the triple spirituous substance of our bodies with that tye and league of concord by the productions of the passages to wit of Nerves Veines and Arteries that if one of these forsake any part the rest presently neglect it whereby it languisheth and by little and little dyes through defect of nourishment But if any object that nature hath made the body double for this purpose that when one part is hurt the other remaining safe and sound might suffice for life and necessity but I say this axiome hath no truth in the vessells and passages of the body For it hath not every where doubled the vessels for there is but one onely veine appointed for the nourishment of the braine and the membranes thereof which is that they call the Torcular by which when the left part is wounded it may exhaust the nourishment of the right and sound part and though that occasion cause it to have a convulsion by too much drynesse Verily it is true that when in the opposite parts the muscles of one kinde are equall in magnitude strength and number the resolution of one part makes the convulsion of the other by accident but it is not so in the braine For the two parts of the braine the right and left each by its selfe performes that which belongs thereto without the consent conspiratiou or commerce of the opposite part for otherwise it should follow that the Palsie properly so called that is of halfe the body which happens by resolution caused either by mollification or obstruction residing in either part of the braine should inferre together with it a Convulsion of the opposite part Which notwithstanding dayly experience convinces as false Wherefore wee must certainely thinke that in wounds of the head wherein the braine is hurt that inanition and want of nourishment are the causes that the sound and opposite part suffers a convulsion Francis Dalechampius in his French Chirurgiry renders another reason of this question That saith he the truth of this proposition may stand firme and ratified we must suppose that the convulsion of the opposite part mentioned by Hippocrates doth then onely happen when by reason of the greatnesse of the inflammation in the hurt part of the braine which hath already inferred corruption and a Gangraene to the braine and membranes thereof and within a short time is ready to cause a sphacell in the scull so that the disease must be terminated by death for in this defined state of the disease and these conditions the sense and motion must necessarily perish in the affected part as we see it happens in other Gangraenes through the extinction of the native heate Besides the passages of the animall spirit must necessarily bee so obstructed by the greatnesse of such an inflammation or phlegmon that it cannot flow from thence to the parts of the same side lying there under and to the neighbouring parts of the braine and if it should flow thither it will be unprofitable to carry the strength and facultie of sense and motion as that which is infected and changed by admixture of putred and Gangraenous vapours Whereby it cometh to passe that the wounded part destitute of sense is not stirred up to expell that which would be troublesome to it if it had sense wherefore neither are the Nerves thence arising seased upon or contracted by a Convulsion It further more comes to passe that because these same nerves are deprived of the presence and comfort of the animall spirit and in like manner the parts of the same side drawing from thence their sense and motion are possessed with a palsie for a palsie is caused either by cutting or obstruction of a Nerve or the madefaction or mollification thereof by a thinne and watry humor or so affected by some vehement distemper that it cannot receive the Animall spirit But for the opposite part and the convulsion thereof it is knowne and granted by all that a convulsion is caused either by repletion which shortens the Nerves by distending them into bredth or by inanition when as the native and primitive heate of the Nerves being wasted their proper substance becomming dry is wrinckled up and contracted or else it proceedes from the vellication and acrimonie of some vapour or sanious and biting humor or from vehemencie of paine So wee have knowne the falling sicknesse caused by a venenate exhalation carried from the foote to the braine Also wee know that a convulsion is caused in the puncture of the Nerves when as any acride and sanious humor is shut up therein the orifice thereof being closed but in wounds of the Nerves when any Nerve is halfe cut there happens a convulsion by the bitternesse of the paine But verily in the opposite part there are manifestly two of these causes of a convulsion that is to say a putride and carionlike vapour exhaling from the hurt and Gangraenate part of the braine and also a virulent acride and biting Sauies or filth sweating into the opposite sound part from the affected and Gangraenous the malignitie of which Sanies Hippocrates desirous to decipher in reckoning up the deadly signes of a wounded head hath expressed it by the word Ichor and in his booke of fractures he hath called this humor Dacryodes et non Pyon that is weeping and not digested Therefore it is no mervaile if the opposite and sound part endewed with exquisite and perfect sense and offended by the flowing thereto of both the vaporours and sanious matter using its own force contend and labour as much as it can for the expulsion of that which is trouble somethereto This labouring or concussion is followed as we see in the falling sicknesse by a convulsion as that which is undertaken in vaine death being now at hand and nature over-ruled by the disease Thus saith Dalechampius must we in my judgement determine of that proposition of Hippocrates and Avicen But he addes further in wounds of the head which are not deadly practitioners observe that sometimes the hurt part is taken with the palsie and the sound with a convulsion otherwhiles on the contrary the wounded part is seazed by a
with a desire to vomit or goe to stoole or with yawning and when hee shall change his colour and his lips looke pale then you must stop the blood as speedily as you can otherwise there will be danger lest hee poure forth his life together with his blood Then he must bee refreshed with bread steeped in wine and put into his mouth and by rubbing his temples and nosethrilles with strong vinegar and by lying upon his backe But the part shall bee eased and freed from some portion of the impact and conjunct humor by gently scarifying the lippes of the wound or applying of Leaches But it shall bee diverted by opening these veines which are nighest to the wounded part as the Vena Puppis or that in the middest of the forehead or of the temples or these which are under the tongue besides also cupping-glasses shal be applied to the shoulders sometimes with scarification sometimes without neither must strong and long frictions with course clothes of all the whole body the head excepted be omitted during the whole time of the cure for these will be available though but for this that is to draw backe and dissipate by insensible transpiration the vapours which otherwise would ascend into the head which matters certainly in a body that lyes still and wants both the use and benefit of accustomed exercise are much increased But it shall bee made manifest by this following and notable example how powerfull blood-letting is to lessen and mitigate the inflammation of the Braine or the membranes thereof in wounds of the head I was lately called into the suburbs of Saint German there to visite a young man twenty eight yeeres old who lodged there in the house of Iohn Martiall at the signe of Saint Michaell This young man was one of the houshold servants of Master Doucador the steward of the Lady Admirall of Brion He fell downe headlong upon the left Bregma upon a marble pavement whence he received a contused wound without any fracture of the scull and being he was of a sanguine temperature by occasion of this wound a feaver tooke him on the seaventh day with a continuall delirium and inflammation of phlegmonous tumor of the wounded Pericranium This same tumor possessing his whole head and necke by continuation and sympathy of the parts was growne to such a bignesse that his visage was so much altred that his friends knew him not neither could he speake heare or swallow any thing but what was very liquide Which I observing although I knew that the day past which was the eight day of his disease he had foure saucers of blood taken from him by Germaine Agace Barber-surgion of the same suburbs yet considering the integrity and constancie of the strength of the patient I thought good to bleed him againe wherefore I drew from him foureteene saucers at that one time when I came to him the day after and saw that neither the feaver nor any of the fore mentioned symptomes were any whit remitted or aswaged I forthwith tooke from him foure saucers more which in all made two twenty the day following when I had observed that the symptomes were no whit lessened I durst not presume by my owne onely advice to let him the fourth time blood as I desired Wherefore I brought unto him that most famous Physition Doctor Violene who as soone as he felt his pulse knowing by the vehemencie thereof the strength of the Patient and moreover considering the greatnesse of the inflammation and tumor which offered its selfe to his sight hee bid mee presently take out my Lancet and open a veine But I lingred on set purpose and told him that hee had already twenty two saucers of blood taken from him Then sayd he Grant it be so and though more have beene drawne yet must we not therefore desist from our enterprise especially seeing the two chiefe Indications of blood-letting yet remaine that is the greatnesse of the disease and the constant strength of the Patient I being glad of this tooke three saucers more of blood hee standing by and was ready to take more but that he wished mee to differ it untill the after noone wherefore returning after dinner I filled two saucers more so that in all this young man to his great benefit lost twenty seaven saucers of blood at five times within the space of foure dayes Now the ensuing night was very pleasing to him the feaver left him about noone the tumor grew much lesse the heat of the inflammation was aswaged in all parts except in his eyelids and the lappes of his eares which being ulcerated cast forth a great quantitie of Pus or matter I have recited this history purposely to take away the childish feare which many have to draw blood in the constant strength of the patient and that it might appeare how speedy and certaine a remedy it is in inflammations of the head and braine Now to returne from whence we digressed you must note that nothing is so hurtfull in factures and wounds of the head as venery not onely at that time the disease is present but also long after the cure thereof For great plenty of spirits are conteined in a small quantity of seed the greatest part thereof flowes from the braine hence therefore all the faculties but chiefly the Animall are resolved whence I have divers times observed death to ensue in small wounds of the head yea when they have beene agglutinated and united All passions of the minde must in like sort be avoided because they by contraction and dissipation of the spirits cause great trouble in the body and minde Let a place be chosen for the Patient as farre from noise as can be as from the ringing of bells beatings and knocking 's of Smithes Coopers and Carpenters and from high-wayes through which they use to drive Coaches for noyse encreases paine causes a feaver and brings many other symptomes I remember when I was at Hisdin at the time that it was beseiged by the forces of Charles the fifth that when the wall beaten with the Cannon the noise of the Ordinance caused grievous torment to all those which were sicke but especially those that were wounded on their heads so that they would say that they thought at the discharging of every Cannon that they were cruelly strucken with staves on that part which was wounded and verily their wounds were so angred herewith that they bledde much and by their paine and feavers encreased were forced with much sighing to breathe their last Thus much may serve to be spoken of the cure in generall now we will out of the monuments of the ancients treate of the particular CHAP. XV. Of the particular cure of Wounds of the head and of the musculous skinne LEt us beginne with a simple wound for whose cure the Chirurgion must propose one onely scope to wit Vnion for unlesse the wound pierce to the scull it is
agglutination and consolidation of the gristly part and therefore next to a bone most dry with dry medicines But those who have their eares quite cut off can doe nothing but hide the deformity of their misse-hap with a cap stuffed with Cotton on that side CHAP. XXIX Of the Wounds of the necke and throate THe Wounds of the necke and throate are somewhiles simple as those which onely use the continuity of the muscles other whiles compound such as those which have conjoyned with them a fracture of the bones as of the Vertebrae or hurt of the internall and externall jugular Veines or sleepy Arteries sometimes the Trachea Arteria or Weazon and the oesophagus or gullet are wounded sometimes wholy cut off whence present death casues Wherefore let not the Chirurgion meddle with such wounds unlesse he first foretell the danger of death or the losse of some motion to those that are present For it often happens that some notable nerve or tendon is violated by a wound in the necke whence a palsie ensues and that absolutely incureable if the wound shall penetrate to the spinall marrow also hurt therewith Wounds of the gullet and Weazon are difficultly cured because they are in perpetuall motion and chiesely of the latter by reason it is grisly and without blood The wounds of the gullet are knowne by spitting of blood by the breaking forth of meate and drinke by the wound but if the gullet be quite cut asunder the patient cannot swallow at all For the cut parts are both contracted in themselves the one upwards and the other downewards But we know the weazon is hurt by casting up blood at the mouth with a continuall cough and by the comming forth of the breath or winde by the Wound The Wounds of the jugular Veines and sleepy Arteryes if they be great are usually deadly because they cannot bee straitely bound up for you cannot binde the throate hard without danger of choaking or strangling the patient But for defect of a straite ligature in this case the fluxe of blood prooves deadly If the recurrent Nerve of either side be cut it makes the voyce hoarse if cut on both sides it takes away the use of speech by hurting these instruments which impart motion to the muscles of the Larinx For the cure if the wound be small not associated with the hurt of any notable vessell nor of the Weazon and gullet it is speedily and easily cured and if there shall be neede you shall use a suture then you shall put therein a sufficient quantity of Venice Turpentine mixed with bole-Armenicke or else some of my Balsame of which this is the receipt â„ž Terebinth venetae lb ss gum elemi â„¥ iiij olei hypericon is â„¥ iij. boli armeni sang draconis an â„¥ j. aqua vita â„¥ ij an.Ê’j. I have done wonders with this Balsame in the agglutination of simple wounds wherein no strange body hath beene Now when you have put it in lay upon it a plaister of Diacalcitheas dissolved in oyle of Roses and vinegar as that which hath power to represse the flowing downe of humors and hinder inflammation or in steede thereof you may apply Emp. de Gratia Dei or Emp. de Ianua But if the jugular veines and sleepy Arteries bee cut let the bleeding bee stayed as we have shewed in a chapter treating thereof When the Weazon or Gullet are wounded the Chirurgion shall sow them up as neatly as hee can and the patient shall not endeavour to swallow any hard thing but be content to bee fed with gellyes and brothes When a gargarisme is needfull this following is very good R. hordei M. j. florum rosar p. j. passul mund jujubarum an â„¥ ss glycyrhizae â„¥ j. bulliant omnia simul addendomellis ros Iulep ros an â„¥ ij fiat gargarisma ut artis est With which being warme the Patient shall moysten his mouth and throate for it will mittigate the harshnesse of the part aswage paine cleanse and agglutinate and make him breathe more freely But that the Chirurgion may not despaire of or leave any thing unattempted in such like wounds I have thought good to demonstrate by some examples how wonderfull the workes of nature are if they be assisted by Art A certaine servant of Monsieur de Champaigne a gentleman of Anjou was wounded in the throat with a sword whereby one of the jugular veines was cut together with his Weazon Hee bled much and could not speake and these symptomes remained untill such time as the wound was sowed up and covered with medicines But if the medicines at any time were more liquid hee as it were sucked them by the wound and spaces betweene the stitches and presently put forth at his mouth that which he had sucked or drawne in Wherefore more exactly confidering with my selfe the greatnesse of the Wound the spermaticke and therefore dry and bloodlesse nature unapt to agglutination of the affected part but cheefely of the Weazon jugular veine as also for that the rough Artery is obnoxions to these motions which the gullet performes in swallowing by reason of the inner coate which is continued to the coate of the gullet by which meanes these parts mutually serve each other with a reciprocall motion even as the ropes which runne to the wheele of a pulley further more weighing that the Artery was necessary for the breathing and tempering the heate of the heart as the jugular veines served for the nourishment of the upper parts and lastly weighing with my selfe the great quantity of blood he had lost which is as it were the treasure of nature I told those which were present that death was neere and certainely at hand And yet beyond expectation rather by divine favour than our Art he recevered his health Equally admirable is this history following Two Englishmen walked out of the Citty of Paris for their recreation to the wood of Vincenne but one of them lying in waite to rob the other of his money and a massie chaine of gold which hee wore set upon him at unawares cut his throate and robbed him and so left him amongst the Vines which were in the way supposing he had kill'd him having with his dagger cut the Weason and gullet This murderer came backe to the citty the other halfe dead crawled with much adoe to a certaine Peasants house and being dressed with such medicines as were present and at hand he was brought to the Citty and by his acquaintance committed to my cure to be cured I at the first as diligently as I could sowed up the Weason which was cut quite a-sunder and put the lips of the wound as close together as I could I could not get hold of the gullet because it was fallen downe into the stomacke then I bound up the wound with medicines pledgets and fit ligatures After he was thus drest he begun to speake and tell the
name of the villaine the author of this fact so that hee was taken and fastened to the wheele and having his limbes broken lost his wretched life for the life of the innocent wounded man who dyed the fourth day after he was hurt The like hurt befell a certaine Germane who laye at the house of one Perots in the streete of Nuts hebeing franticke in the night cut his throate with a sword I being called in the morning by his friends who went to see him drest him just after the same manner as I dressed the Englishman Wherefore he presently recovering his speech which before could not utter one sillable freed from suspition of the caime and prison the servant who lying in the same chamber with him was upon suspition committed to prison and confessing the thing as it was done living foure dayes after the wound being nourished with broathes put into his fundament like clysters and with the gratefull vapour of comfortable things as bread newly drawne out of the Oven and soked in strong wine Having thus by the Art of Chirurgery made the dumbe speake for the space of foure dayes CHAP. XXX Of the Wounds of the Chest SOme wounds of the Chest are on the fore side some behinde somepenetiatc more deepe others enter not into the capacity thereof other some peirce even to the parts contained therein as the Mediastinum Lungs heart midriffe hollow veine and ascendent artery Other some pasle quite through the body whereby it happens that some are deadly some not You shall thus know that the wound penetrates into the capacity of the Chest if that when the patients mouth and nose be shut the breath or winde breakes through the wound with noyse so that it may dissipate or blow out a lighted candle being held necre it If the patient can scarse either draw or put forth his breath which also is a signe that there is some blood fallen downe upon the Diaphragma By these signes you may know that the heart is wounded If agreat quantity of blood gush out if a trembling possesse all the members of the body if the pulse bee little and faint if the colour become pale if a cold sweate and frequent sowning assayle him and the extreame parts become cold then death 's at hand Yet when I was at Turin I saw a certaine Gentleman who fighting a Duell with another received a wound under his left brest which pierced into the substance of his heart yet for all that he strucke some blowes afterwards and followed his flying Enemie some two hundred paces untill hee fell downe dead upon the ground having opened his body I found a wound in the substance of the heart so large as would containe ones finger there was onely much blood poured forth upon the midriffe These are the signes that the Lungs are wounded for the blood comes soamie or frothy out of the wounds the patient is troubled with a cough hee is also troubled with a great difficulty of breathing and a paine in his side which hee formerly had not he lyes most at ease when he lyes upon the wound and sometimes it comes so to passe that lying so he speakes more freely and easily but turned on the contrary side he presently cannot speake When the Diphragma or midriffe is wounded the party affected is troubled with a weight or heavinesse in that place hee is taken with a Delirium or raving by reason of the sympathy of the Nerves of the sixth conjugation which are spread over the midriffe difficulty of breathing a cough and sharpe paine trouble the patient the Guts are drawne upwards so that it sometimes happens by the vehemency of breathing that the stomacke and gutts are drawne through the wound in to the capacity of the Chest which thing I observed in two The on of these was a Maison who was thrust though the midst of the midriffe where it is Nervous and dyed the third day following I opening his lower belly and no finding his stomacke thought it a monstrous thing but at length searching diligently I found it was drawne into the Chest though the wound which was scarce an inch broade But the stomacke was full of winde but little humidity in it The other was called captaine Francis d' Alon a Native of Xantoigne who before Roshell was shot with a musket bullet entring by the breast-bone neere to the sword-like Gristle and passing through the fleshy part of the midriffe went out at the space betweene the fifth and sixth bastard ribbes The wound was healed up on the out side yet for all that there remained a weakenesse of the stomacke whereupon a paine of the guttes like to the colicke tooke him especially in the Evening and on the night for which cause he durst not sup but very sparingly But on the eighth month after the paine raging more violently in his belly than it was accustomed hee dyed though for the mitigating of the vehemency thereof Simon Malmedy and Anthony du Val both learned Physitions omitted no kinde of remedy The body of the diseased was opened by the skilfull Chirurgion Iames Guillemeau who found a great portion of the collicke gut swelled with much wind gotten into the Chest through the wound of the Diaphragma for all it was so small that you could scarse put your little finger in thereat But now let us returne from whence we digressed We understand that there is blood poured forth into the capacity of the Chest by the difficulty of breathing the vehemency of the encreasing feaver the stinking of the breath the casting up of blood at the mouth and other symptomes which usually happen to these who have putrified and clotted blood poured out of the vessells into the belly infecting with the filthy vapour of the corrupt substance the partato which it shall come But also unlesse the patient cannot lye upon his backe he is troubled with a desire to vomite and covets now and then to rise whence hee often falls into a swoond the vitall faculty which fusteines the body being broken and debilitated both by reason of the wound and concreate or clotted blood for so putting on the quality of poyson it greatly dissipates and dissolves the strength of the heart It is a signe the spinall marrow is hurt when a convulsion or Palsie that is a suddaine losse of sense and motion in the parts thereunder an unvoluntary excretion of the Vrine and other excrements or a totall suppression of them seazes upon the Patient When the hollow veine and great Artery are wounded the patient will dye in a short time by reason of the suddaine and aboundant effusion of the blood and spirits which intercepts the motion of the lungs and heart whence the party dyes sufforaced CHAP. XXX Of the cure of the Wounds of the Chest WE have read in Iohn de Vigo that it is disputed amongst Chirurgions concerning the consolidation of wounds of
the Chest For some thinke that such wounds must bee closed up and cicatrized with all possible speed least the cold ayre come to the heart and the vitall spirits flye away and bee dissipated Others on the contrary thinke that such wounds ought to be long kept open and also if they be not sufficiently large of themselves that then they must be enlarged by Chirurgery that so the blood powred forth into the capacity of the Chest may have passage forth which otherwise by delay would putrefie whence wound ensue an increase of the feaver a fistulous ulcer and other pernicious accidents The first opinion is grounded upon reason and truth if so bee that there is little or no blood poured forth into the capacity of the Chest But the latter takes place where there is much more blood contained in the empty spaces of the Chest Which least I may seeme rashly to determine I thinke it not amisse to ratifie each opinion with a history thereto agrecable Whilest I was at Turin Chirurgion to the Marshall of Montejan the King of France his Generall I had in cure a souldier of Paris whose name was L'evesque he served under captaine Renouart He had three wounds but one more greevous than the rest went under the right brest some what deepe into the capacity of the Chest whence much blood was poured forth upon the midriffe which caused such difficulty of breathing that it even tooke away the liberty of his speech besides though this occasion he had a vehement feaver coughed up blood and a sharpe paine on the wounded side The Chirurgion which first drest him had so bound up the wound with a straite and thicke suture that nothing could flow out thereat But I being called the day after and weighing the present symptomes which threatned speedy death judged that the sowing of the wound must straight be loosed which being done there instantly appeared a clot of blood at the orifice thereof which made mee to cause the patient to lye halfe out of his bed with his head downewards and to stay his hands on a settle which was lower than the bed and keeping himselfe in this posture to shut his mouth and nose that so his lungs should swell the midriffe be stretched forth and the intercostall muscles and those of the Abdomen should be compressed that the blood powred into the Chest might be evacuated by the wound but also that this excrescion might succeede more happily I thrust my finger some-what deepe into the wound that so I might open the Orifice thereof being stopped up with the congealed blood and certainely I drew out some seaven or eight ounces of putrified and stinking blood by this meanes When he was layd in his bed I caused frequent injections to be made into the wound of a decoction of Barly with honey of Roses and red Sugar which being injected I wisht him to turne first on the one and then on the other side and then againe to lye out of his bed as before for thus he evacuated small but very many clots of blood together with the liquor lately injected which being done the symptomes were mittigated and left him by little and little The next day I made another more detergent injection adding thereto worme-wood centaury and Aloes but such a bitternesse did rise up to his mouth together with a desire to cast that he could not longer endure it Then it came into my mind that formerly I had observed the like effect of the like remedy in the Hospitall of Paris in one who had a fistulous ulcer in his Chest Therefore when I had considered with my selfe that such bitter things may easily passe into the Lungs and so may from thence rise into the Weazon and mouth I determined that thence forwards I would never use such bitter things to my patients for the use of them is much more troublesome than any way good and advantagious But at the length this patient by this and the like meanes recovered his health beyond my expectation But on the contrary I was called on a time to a certaine Germaine gentleman who was runne with a sword into the capacity of his Chest the neighbouring Chirurgion had put a great tent into the wound at the first dressing which I made to bee taken forth for that I certainly understood there was no blood powred forth into the capacity of the Chest because the patient had no feaver no weight upon the diaphragma nor spitted forth any blood Wherefore I cured him in few dayes by onely dropping in some of my balsame and laying a plaster of Diacalcitheos upon the wound The like cure I have happily performed in many others To conclude this I eare boldly affirme that wounds of the Chest by the too long use of tents degenerate into Fistula's Wherefore if you at any time shall undertake the cure of wounds which penetrate into the capacity of the Chest you shall not presently shut them up at the first dressing but keep them open for two or three dayes but when you shall finde that the patient is troubled with no or very little paine and that the midriffe is pressed downe with no weight and that he breathes freely then let the tent be taken forth and the wound healed up as speedily as you can by covering it onely with lint dipped in some balsame which hath a glutinative faculty and layd some what broader than the wound never apply liniments to wounds of this kinde lest the patient by breathing draw them into the capacity of the Chest Wherefore also you must have a care that the tent put into those kindes of wounds may be fastened to the Pledgets and also have somewhat a large head lest they should be drawne as we sayd into the capacity of the Chest for if they fall in they will cause putrifaction and death Let Emplast Diacalcitheos or some such like bee applyed to the wound But if on the contrary you know by proper and certaine signes that there is much blood fallen into the spaces of the Chest then let the orifice of the wound bee kept open with larger tents untill all the Sanies or bloody matter wherein the blood hath degenerated shall bee exhausted But if it happen at any time as assuredly it sometimes doth that notwithstanding the Art and care of the Physition the wound degenerates into a Fistula then the former evill is become much worse For Fistula's of the Chest are scarse cured at any time and that for divers causes The first is for that the muscles of the Chest are in perpetuall motion Another is because they on the contrary inside are covered onely with the membrane investing the ribbes which is without blood The third is for that the wound hath no stay by meanes whereof it may be compressed sowed and bound whereby the lips being joyned together the wound may at length be replenished with flesh and cicatrized But the reason
and dryed in the guts it will be convenient all the time of the discase to use frequently glisters made of the decoction of cooling and humecting hearbes flowres and seedes wherein you shall dissolve Cassia with sugar and oyle of Violets or water-lillies But because there often happen very dangerous fluxes in a confirmed hecticke feaver which shew the decay of all the faculties of the body and wasting of the corporaell substance you shall resist them with refrigerating and asisting medicines and meates of grosser nourishment as Rice and Cicers and application of astringent and strengthening remedies and using the decoction of Oates or parched barly for drinke Let the patient be kept quiet and sleeping as much as may be especially if he be a child For this feaver frequently invades children by anger great and long feare or the too hot milke of the nurse overheating in the Sunne the use of wine and other such like causes they shall be kept in a hoâ— and moystayre have another Nurse and bee anoynted with oyle of violets to conclude you shall apply medicines which are contrary to the morbificke cause CHAP. XXXIII Of the Wounds of the Epigastrium and of the whole lower belly THe wounds of the lowerbelly are sometimes before sometimes behind some onely touch the surface thereof others enter in some passe quite through the body so that they often leave the weapon therein some happen without hurting the conteined parts others grievously offend these parts the liver spleene stomacke guts kidneyes wombe bladder ureters and great vessells so that oft times a great portion of the Kall falls forth We know the Liver is wounded when a great quantity of blood comes forth of the wound when a pricking paine reaches even to the swordlike gristle to which the Liver adheares Oft times morecholer is cast up by vomit and the patient lyes on his belly with more case and content When the stomacke or any of the small guts are wounded the meate and drinke break out at the wound the Ilia or flankes swell and become hard the hicker troubles the patient and oft times he casts up more choler and greevous paine wrings his belly and hee is taken with cold sweates and his extreme parts waxe cold If any of the greater gutts shall bee hurt the excrements come forth at the wound When the Spleene is wounded there flowes out thicke and blacke blood the patient is oppressed with thirst and there are also the other signes which wee sayd use to accompany the wounded Liver A difficulty of making water troubles the patient whose reines are wounded blood is pissed forth with the Vrine and he hath a paine stretched to his groines and the regions of the Bladder and Testicles The Bladder or Vreters being wounded the flankes are pained and there is a Tension of the Pecten or share blood is made in stead of vrine or else the vrine is very bloody which also divers times comes forth at the wound When the wombe is wounded the blood breakes forth by the privities and the Symptomes are like those of the Bladder The wounds of the liver are deadly for this part is the worke house of the blood wherefore necessarie for life besides by wounds of the liver the branches of the Gateor Hollow veines are cut whence ensues a great flux of blood not onely inwardly but also outwardly and consequently a dissipation of the spirits and strength But the blood which is shed inwardly amongst the bowels putrefies and corrupts whence followes paine a feaver inflammation and lastly death Yet Paulus Aegineta writes that the lobe of the Liver may be cut away without necessary consequence of death Also the wounds of the Ventricle and of the small Guts but chiefely of the Iejunum are deadly for many vessells runne to the Iejunum or empty Gut and it is of a very nervous and slender substance and besides it receives the cholericke humour from the bladder of the Gall. So also the wounds of the Spleene Kidneyes Vreters Bladder Womb and Gall are commonly deadly but alwayes ill for that the actions of such parts are necessary for life besides divers of these are without blood and nervous others of them receive the moist excrements of the whole body and lie in the innermost part of the body so that they doe not easily admit of medicines Furthermore all wounds which penetrate into the capacitie of the belly are judged very dangerous though they doe not touch the conteined bowells for the encompassing and new ayre entring in amongst the bowells greatly hurts them as never used to the feeling thereof adde hereto the dissipation of the spirits which much weakens the strength Neither can the filth of such wounds be wasted away according to the minde of the Chirurgion whereby it happens they divers times turne into Fistula's as we saide of wounds of the Chest and so at length by collection of matter cause death Yet I have dressed many who by Gods assistance and favour have recovered of wounds passing quite through their bodies I can bring as a witnesse the steward of the Portingall Embassadour whom I cured at Melun of a wound made with a sword so running through his body that a great quantity of excrements came forth of the wounded Guts as he was a dressing yet he recovered Not long agone Giles le Maistre a Gentleman of Paris was runne quite through the body with a Rapier so that he voyded much blood at his mouth and fundament divers dayes together whereby you know the Guts were wounded and yet he was healed in twenty dayes In like sort the wounds of the greater vessells are mortall by reason of the great effusion of blood and spirits which ensues thereupon CHAP. XXXIIII The cure of wounds of the lower belly THe first cogitation in curing of these wounds ought to be whether they pierce into the capacitie of the Belly for those which passe no further than to the Peritonaeum shall be cured like simple wounds which onely requre union But those which enter into the capacity must be cured after another manner For oft times the Kall or Guts or both fall forth at them A gut which is wounded must be sowed up with such a seame as Furriers or Glovers use as we formerly told you and then you must put upon it a pouder made of Mastich Myrrhe Aloes and Bole. Being sowed up it must not bee put up boysterously together and at once into its place but by little and little the Patient lying on the side opposite to the wound As for example the right side of the Guts being wounded and falling out by the wound the Patient shall lye on his left side for the more easy restoring of the fallne downe Gut and so on the contrary If the lower part of the Guts being wounded slide through the wound then the Patient shall lye with his head low downe and his buttocks
healed as soone as the Patient hath got out of his bed and endeavoured to goe they have growne ill and broke open againe Wherefore in such like wounds let the Patient have a care that he begin not to goe or too boldly to use his hurt leg before it be perfectly cicatrized and the scarre growne hard Therefore that the patient may be in more safety I judge it altogether necessary that he use to goe with Crutches for a good while after the wound is perfectly healed up CHAP. XXXVII Of the Wounds of the Nerves and nervous parts THe continuity of the nervous parts is divers wayes loosed by the violent incursion of externall things as by things which contuse batter and grinde in sunder as by the blow of a stone cudgell hammer lance bullet out of a gun or crossebow by the biting of greater teeth or the pricking of some sharpe thing as a needle bodkin penknife arrow splinter or the puncture of some venemous thing as of a Sea Dragon or the edge of some cutting thing as a sword or Rapier or of stretching things which violently teare asunder the nervous bodies Hence therefore it is that of such wounds some are simple others compound and the compound some more compound than other For of these some are superficiary and short others deepe and long some runne alongst the nervous body others runne broadwayes some cut the part quite asunder others onely a portion thereof The symptomes which follow upon such wounds are vehement paine and de fluxion inflammation abscesse feaver delirium sowning convulsion gangrene sphacell whence often death ensues by reason of that sympathy which all the nervous parts have with the braine Amongst all the wounds of the nervous parts there is none more to be feared than a puncture or pricke nor any which causeth more cruell and dangerous symptomes For by reason of the straitnesse of the wound medicines can neyther be put in nor the sanious matter passe forth now the sanious matter by long stay acquires virulencie whereby the nervous parts are tainted and swollne suffer paine inflammation convulsions and infinite other symptomes of these the wounds are most dangerous by which the nervous and membranous bodies are but halfe cut asunder For the portion whereof which remaines whole by its drawing and contracting its selfe towards the originall causeth great paine and convulsion by sympathy The truth hereof is evident in wounds of the head as when the pericranium is halfe cut or when it is cut to apply a Trepan For the cutting thereof infers farre greater paine than when it is cut quite asunder Wherefore it is safer to have the nervous body cut quite off for so it hath no cōmunity nor consent with the upper parts neither doth it labour or strive to resist the contraction of its selfe now this contrariety and as it were fight is the cause of paine yet there arises another misery from such a wound for the part whereinto the nerve which is thus cut insunder passes thence forwards looseth its action CHAP. XXXVIII Of the cure of wounds of the nervous parts IT is the ancient doctrine of the ancient Phisitions that the wounds of the nervous parts should not presently be agglutinated which notwithstanding the generall and first indication usually taken from the solution of continuity requires but rather chiefely if they be too straite that the punctures should be dilated by cutting the parts which are above them and let them be kept long open that the fifth may passe freely forth and the medicine enter well in Yet I in many cures have not followed this counsell but rather that which the common indication requires That cure is in fresh memory which I performed upon Monsieur le Cocque a Procter of the spirituall court who dwelt in our Ladies streete he gathering and binding up some loose papers run a penknife which was hid amongst them through his hand Also one of his neighbours who went to spit a piece of beefe thrust the spit through the midst of his hand But I presently agglutinated both their wounds without any danger dropping presently in at the first dressing a little of my balsame warme putting about it a repelling astringent medicine by this meanes they were both of them healed in a short time no symptome thereupon happening Yet I would not have the young Chirurgion to run this hazard for first he must be well practised and accustomed to know the tempers and ha◠its of men for this manner of curing would not doe well in a plethoricke body or in a body replete with ill humours or endued with exquisite sense Therefore in such a case it will be safer to follow the course here set downe For wounds of the nerves doe not onely differ from other wounds but also among themselves in manner of curing For although all medicines which draw from farre and waste sanious humors may be reputed good for the wounds of the nerves yet those which must be applyed to punctures and to those nerves which are not wholly laid open ought to be far more powerfull sharpe and drying yet so that they be not without biting that so penetrating more deepe they may draw forth the matter or else consume and discusse that which eyther lies about the nerves or moistens their substance On the contrary when the sinewes are bared from flesh and the adjoyning particles they stand in neede but of medicines which may onely dry Here you may furnish your selves with sufficient store of medicins good for the nerves howsoever pricked As ℞ Terebinth ven olei veteris an ℥ j. aquae vitae parum Or ℞ olei Terebinth ℥ j. vitaeʒj euphorb ʒss Or ℞ radices Dracotia Brionia valeriana gentiana exsiccatas in pulverem redactas misce cum decocto centaurij aut oleo aut exungia veteri drop hereof warme into the wound as much as shall suffice Or else put some Hogges Goose Capons or Beares grease old oile oile of Lillyes or the like to Galbanum pure Rozin opopanax dissolved in aqua vitae and strong vinegar Or ℞ olei hypericonis sambuci de euphorbio an ℥ j. sutphuris vivi subtiliter pulverisati ℥ ss gummi ammoniaci bdellij an ʒij aceti boni ℥ ij vermium terrest praeparat ℥ j. bulliant omnia simul ad consumptionem aceti Let as much hereof as shall suffice be dropped into the wound then apply this following cerate which drawes very powerfully ℞ olei suprà scripti ℥ j. terebinth venet ℥ ss diachylonis albi cum gummi ʒx ammoniac bdellij in aceto dissolutorum an ʒij resin pint gum elemi picis navalis an ʒv cerae quod sufficit fiat ceracum satis molle We must use somewhiles one somewhiles another of these medicines in punctures of the Nerves with choise and judgement according to their conditions manner depth and the temperaments and habit of the wounded bodies But if
countries about it free from Thunder And on the contrary too much heate preserves Egypt For hot and dry exhalations of the earth are condensed into very thinne subtile and weake clouds But as the invention so also the harme and tempest of great Ordinance like a contagious pestilence is spread and rages over all the earth and the skies at all times sound againe with their reports The Thunder and Lightning commonly gives but one blow or stroke and that commonly strikes but one man of a multitude But one great Cannon at one shot may spoyle and kill an hundred men Thunder as a thing naturall falls by chance one while upon an high oake another while upon the top of a mountaine and some whiles on some lofty towre but seldome upon man But this hellish Engine tempered by the malice and guidance of man assailes man onely and takes him for his onely marke and directs his bullets against him The Thunder by its noyse as a messenger sent before foretells the storme at hand but which is the chiefe mischiefe this infernall Engine roares as it strikes and strikes as it roares sending at one and the same time the deadly bullet into the breast and the horrible noyse into the eare Wherefore we all of us rightfully curse the author of so pernicious an Engine on the contrary praise those to the skies who endeavour by words and pious exhortations to dehort Kings from their use or else labour by writing and operation to apply fit medicines to wounds made by these Engines Which hath moved me that I have written hereof almost with the first of the French But before I shall doe this it seemeth not amisse so to facilitate the way to the treatise I intend to write of wounds made by Gunshot to premise two Discourses by which I may confute and take away certaine erronious opinions which have possessed the mindes of divers for that unlesse these be taken away the essence and nature of the whole disease cannot be understood nor a fitting remedy applyed by him which is ignorant of the disease The first Discourse which is dedicated to the Reader refells and condemnes by reasons and examples the method of curing prescribed by Iohn de Vigo whereby he cauterizes the wounds made by Gunshot supposing them venenate and on the contrary proves that order of curing with is performed by suppuratives to be so salutary and gentle as that prescribed by Vigo is full of errour and cruelty The second dedicated to the King teaches that the same wounds are of themselves voyd of all poison and therefore that all their malignity depends upon the fault of the aire and ill humours predominant in the bodies of the patients THE FIRST DISCOVRSE VVHEREIN VVOVNDS MADE BY GVNSHOT ARE FREED FROM BEING BVRNT OR CAVTERIZED ACCORding to Vigoes Methode IN the yeare of our Lord 1536. Francis the French King for his acts in warre and peace stiled the Great sent a puissant Army beyond the Alpes under the governement and leading of Annas of Mommorancie high Constable of France both that he might releeve Turin with victualls souldiers and all things needefull as also to recover the Citties of that Province taken by the Marquis of Guast Generall of the Emperours forces I was in the Kings Army the Chirurgion of Monsieur of Montejan Generall of the foote The Imperialists had taken the straits of Suze the Castle of Villane and all the other passages so that the Kings army was not able to drive them from their fortifications but by fight In this conflict there were many wounded on both sides with all sorts of weapons but cheefely with bullets I will tell the truth I was not very expert at that time in matters of Chirurgery neither was I used to dresse wounds made by Gunshot Now I had read in Iohn de Vigo that wounds made by Gunshot were venenate or poisoned and that by reason of the Gunpouder Wherefore for their cure it was expedient to burne or cauterize them with oyle of Elders scalding hot with a little Treacle mixed therewith But for that I gave no great credite neither to the author nor remedy because I knew that cau stickes could not be powred into wounds without excessive paine I before I would runne a hazard determined to see whether the Chirurgions who went with me in the army used any other manner of dressing to these wounds I observed and saw that all of them used that Method of dressing which Vigo prescribes and that they filled as full as they could the wounds made by Gun-shot with Tents and pledgets dipped in this scalding Oyle at the first dressings which encouraged me to doe the like to those who came to be dressed of me It chanced on a time that by reason of the multitude that were hurt I wanted this Oyle Now because there were some few left to be dressed I was forced that I might seeme to want nothing and that I might not leave the â—… undrest to apply a digestive made of the yolke of an egge oyle of Roses and Turpentine I could not sleepe all that night for I was troubled in minde and the dressing of the precedent day which I judged unfit troubled my thoughts and I feared that the next day I should finde them dead or at the point of death by the poyson of the wound whom I had not dressed with the scalding oyle Therefore I rose early in the morning I visited my patients and beyound expectation I found such as I had dressed with a digestive onely free from vehemencie of paine to have had gooodrest and that their wounds were not inflamed nor tumifyed but on the contrary the others that were burnt with the scalding oyle were feaverish tormented with much paine and the parts about their wounds were swolne When I had many times tryed this in divers others I thought thus much that neither I nor any other should ever cauterize any woundded with Gun-shot When wee first came to Turin there was there a Chirurgion farre more famous than all the rest in artificially and happily curing wounds made by Gun shot wherefore I laboured with all diligence for two yeeres time to gaine his favour and love that so at the length I might learne of him what kinde of Medicine that was which he honoured with the glorious tittle of Balsame which was so highly esteemed by him and so happy and succesfull to his patients yet could I not obtaine it It fell out a small while after that the Marshall of Montejan the Kings Leiftenant Generall there in Piemont dyed wherefore I went unto my Chirurgion and told him that I could take no pleasure in living there the favourer and Macenas of my studies being taken away and that I intended forthwith to returne to Paris and that it would neither hinder nor discredit him to teach his remedy to me who should be so farre remote from him When he heard this he made no delay but presently wished
effects of winters qualities that is of cold and moisture yet by such order and providence of nature that although according to the varieties of seasons our bodies may be variously altered yet shall they receive no detriment thereby if so be that the seasons reteine their seasonablenesse from whence if they happen to digresse they raise and stirre up great perturbations both in our bodies and mindes whose malice we can scarse shunne because they encompasse us on every hand and by the law of nature enter together with the aire into the secret cabinets of our bodies both by occult and manifest passages For who is he that doth not by experience finde both for the commodity and discommodity of his health the various effects of winds wherewith the aire is commixt according as they blow from this or that Region or Quarter of the world Wherefore seeing that the South winde is hot and moist the North wind cold and dry the East wind cleare and fresh the West winde cloudy it is no doubt but that the aire which we draw in by inspiration carries together therewith into the bowells the qualities of that winde which is then prevalent When wee reade in Hippocrates that changes of times whether they happen by different windes or vicissitude of seasons chiefly bring diseases For northerly winds doe condense and strengthen our bodies and makes them active well coloured and daring by resuscitating and vigorating the native heare But southerne windes resolve and moisten our bodies make us heavy headed dull the hearing cause giddinesse and make the eyes and body lesse agile as the Inhabitants of Narbon finde to their great harme who are otherwise ranked among the most active people of France But if wee would make a comparison of the seasons and constitutions of a yeare by Hippocrates decree Droughts are more wholesome and lesse deadly than Raines I judge for that too much humiditie is the mother of putrifaction as you learne by these countries which are blowne upon by a winde from Sea For in these flesh which is kept for foode putrefies in the space of an houre and such ulcers as in other places are easily and quickly healed doe there by the conflux and collection of matter become inveterate and contumacious Therefore as when the seasons of the yeare successively fall out agreeable to their nature and when each season is seasonable then either we are not sicke at all or assuredly with lesse danger So on the contrary the perfect constitution and health of our bodies becomes worse and decaies when the seasons of the yeare are depraved and perverted in time and temper Now seeing that these many yeares the foure seasons of the yeare have wanted their seasonablenesse the summer wanting his usuall heate and the winter its cold and all things by moisture and the dominion of the southerne windes have beene humid and languide I thinke there is none so ignorant in naturall Philosophie and Astrologie who will not thinke that the causes of the malignitie and contumacie of those deseases which have so long afflicted all France are not to bee attributed to the aire and Heavens For otherwise whence have so many pestilent and contagious diseases tirannized over so many people of every age sex and condition whence have so many catarrhes coughs and heavinesses of the head so many pleurisies tumors small poxes meazells and Itches not admitting of digestion and remedies prescribed by Art Whence have we had so many venemous creatures as Toades Grashoppers Caterpillers Spiders Waspes Hornets Beetles Snailes Vipers Snakes Lizards Scorpions and Efts or Nutes unlesse from excessive putrefaction which the humidity of the aire our native heate being liquid and dull hath caused in us and the whole kingdome of France Hence also proceedes the infirmity of our native heate and the corruption of the blood and humors whereof we consist which the rainy Southwind hath caused with its sultry heate Wherefore in these last yeares I have drawne little blood which hath not presently shewed the corruption of its substance by the blacke or greenish colour as I have diligently observed in all such as I have bled by the direction of Physitions either for prevention of future or cure of present diseases Whence it comes to passe that the fleshy substance of our bodies could not but be faulty both in temper and consistence seeing that the blood whence it is generated had drawne the seeds of corruption from the defiled aire Whence it fell out that the wounds which happened with losse of substance could be scarse healed or united because of the depraved nature of the blood For so the wounds and ulcers of these which are troubled with the Dropsie whose blood is more cold or wholly waterish so of Leprous persons whose blood is corrupt and lastly of all such as have their bodies replete with ill juice or else are Cachecticke will not easily admit of cure Yea assuredly if but the very part which is hurt swerve from its native temper the wound will not easily bee cured Therefore seeing all these things both the putrefaction of the Aire and depraved humors of the body and also the distemper of the affected parts conspired together to the destruction of the wounded what marvaile was it if in these late civill warres the wounds which were for their quantity small for the condition of the wounded parts but little have caused so many and grievous accidents and lastly death it selfe Especially seeing that the Aire which encompasseth us tainted with putrefaction corrupts and defiles the wounds by inspiration and expiration the body and humours being already disposed or inclined to putrefaction Now there came such a stincke which is a most assured signe of putresaction from these wounds when they were dressed that such as stood by could scarse endure it neither could this stinke bee attributed to the want of dressing or fault of the Chirurgion for the wounds of the Princes and Nobility stunke as ill as these of the common Souldiers And the corruption was such that if any chanced to bee undrest for one day which sometimes happened amongst such a multitude of wounded persons the next day the wound would be full of wormes Besides also which furthermore argues a great putrifaction of humors many had Abscesses in parts opposite to their wounds as in the left knee when as the right shoulder was wounded in the left arme when as the right Leg was hurt Which I remember befell the King of Navarre the Duke of Nevers the Lord Rendan and divers others For all men had nature so overcharged with abundance of vicious humors that if it expelled not part thereof by impostumes to the habite of the body it certainly otherwise disposed of it amongst the inner parts of the body for in dissecting dead bodies wee observed that the Spleene Liver Lungs and other Bowells were purulent and hence it was that the patients by reason of vapours sent from them to
the heart were troubled with continuall feavers But the Liver and all the veinous parts being polluted and so the generation of the laudible blood hindred they languished for want of fitting nourishment But when the Braine by vapours was drawne in to sympathize with the rest they were molested with Ravings and Convulsions Wherefore if any thing succeeded unprosperously in so great malignancie of wounds the Chirurgion was not to be blamed for that it were a crime to fight against God and the Aire wherein the hidden scourges of the divine justice lye hid Therefore if according to the minde of the great Hippocrates who commands to bring all contused wounds to suppuration that so they may be healed wee endeavoured to cure with such medicines wounds made with Gunshot and therefore contused who can rightly be angry with us if we performed it not so well by reason of these putrifactions gangreens and mortifications which proceeded from the corrupt Aire for all that we used not onely suppuratives but were oft times forced to use other medicines so long turning aside from the cure of the disease untill we had orecome the symptomes which much endanger the patient and customarily happen upon such wounds as also upon those which are made with a sword or any other kind of weapon As shall plainly appeare in the following treatise to which it now seemes high time that we betake our selves CHAP. I. A division of wounds drawne from the variety of the wounded parts and the Bullets which wound ALl wounds which are made in mans body by Gunshot whether simple or compound are accompanied with contusion dilaceration distemper and swelling I say all these possesse eyther the noble parts or ignoble the fleshy nervous or bony some whiles with rending and tearing asunder the larger vessells sometimes without harming them Now these wounds are onely superficiary or else peirce deepe and passe quite through the body But there is also another division of these wounds taken from the variety of the Bullets wherewith they are made For some bullets are bigger some lesse some betweene both they are usually made of Lead yet sometimes of Steele Iron Brasse Tinne scarse any of Silver much lesse of Gold There arises no difference from their figure for almost all kinds of wounds of this nature are round From these differences the Chirurgion must take his Indications what to doe and what medicines to apply The first care must be that he thinke not these horrid and maligne symptomes which usually happen upon these kinds of wounds to arise from combustion or poyson carried with the Bullet into the wounded part and that for these reasons we have formerly handled at large But rather let him judge they proceede from the vehemencie of the contusion dilaceration and fracture caused by the Bullets too violent entry into the nervous and bony bodies For if at any time the bullet shall onely light upon the fleshy parts the wounds will be as easily cured as any other wound usually is which is made with a contusing and round kind of weapon as I have often found by frequent experience whilest I have followed the warres and performed the part of a Chirurgion to many Noble-men and common Souldiers according to the counsell of such Physitions as were there overseers of the cure CHAP. II. Of the signes of wounds made by Gunshot WOunds made by Gunshot are knowne by their figure which is usually round by their colour as when the native colour of the part decayes and in stead thereof a livid greenish violet or other colour succeeds by the feeling or sense of the stroke when in the very instant of the receiving thereof hee feeles a heavy sense as if some great stone or peice of Timber or some such other weightything had falne upon it by the small quantity of blood which issues out thereat for when the parts are contused within some small while after the stroake they swell up so that they will scarse admit a Tent whence it is that the blood is stopped which otherwise would flow forth of the orifice of the wound by heate which happens eyther by the violentnesse of the motion or the vehement impulsion of the aire or the attrition of the contused parts as the flesh and nerves Also you may conjecture that the wounds have beene made by Gunshot if the bones shall be broken and the splinters thereof by pricking the neighbouring bodies cause defluxion and inflammation But the cause that the Bullet makes so great a contusion is for that it enters the body not with any points or corners but with its round and sphericall body which cannot penetrate but with mighty force whence it commeth to passe that the wound lookes blacke and the adjacent parts livid Hence also proceede so many grievous symptomes as paine Defluxion Inflammation Apostumation Convulsion Phrensie Palsie Gangreen and mortification whence lastly death ensues Now the wounds doe often cast forth virulent and very much stincking filth by reason of the great contusion and the rending and tearing of the neighbouring particles A great aboundance of humors flow from the whole body and fall downe upon the affected parts which the native heate thereof being diminished forsakes and presently an unnaturall heate seazes upon it Hither also tend an universall or particular repletion of ill humours chiefely if the wounds possesse the nervous parts as the joynts Verily neither a Stagge with his horne nor a flint out of a sling can give so great a blow or make so large a wound as a Leaden or Iron Bullet shot out of a Gun as that which going with mighty violence peirces the body like a Thunderbolt CHAP. III. How these wounds must be ordered at the first dressing THe wound must forthwith be enlarged unlesse the condition of the part resist that so there may be free passage forth both for the Sanies or matter as also for such things as are farced or otherwise contained therein such as are peices of their cloathes bombast linnen paper peices of Maile or Armour Bullets Haile-shot splinters of bones bruised flesh and the like all which must be plucked forth with as must celerity and gentlenesse as may bee For presently after the receiving of the wound the paine and inflammation are not so great as they will be within a short time after This is the principall thing in performance of this worke that you place the patient just in such a posture as he was in at the receiving of the wound for otherwise the various motion and turning of the Muscles will eyther hinder or straiten the passage forth of the conteined bodies You shall if it be possible search for these bodies with your finger that so you may the more certainly and exactly perceive them Yet if the Bullet bee entred some-what deepe in then you shall search for it with a round and blunt probe lest you put the patient to paine yet often
then must you place the member in an indifferent posture upon a pillow stuffed with oaten huskes or chaffe Stagges haire or wheate branne It must not be stirred after the first dressing unlesse great necessity urge for foure dayes in winter but somewhat sooner in summer For the ligatures wherewith the vessells are bound they must not be loosed or otherwise taken away before the mouthes of the vessells are covered with their glue or flesh lest by too much haste you cause a new flux of blood This agglutination will be performed by applying refrigerating astringent and emplasticke medicines such as this following powder â„ž boli arm farin hord picis res gypsi an â„¥ iiij Aloës nucum cup. cort granat an â„¥ j. incorporentur omnia simul fiat pulvis subtilis herewith let the whole ulcer be strewed over for three or foure dayes space which being ended let onely the seates of the vessells be poudred therewith and that for eight or ten dayes so that wee neede no further doubt of the agglutination of the vessells In the meane space let the digestive be applyed to the rest of the Vlcer untill it bee come to suppuration for then you shall give over your digestive and betake you to detersive and mundificative medicines As â„ž terebinth ven lotae in aqua vitae â„¥ vj. mellis ros colati â„¥ iiij succi planâ—ag Apij centaur minoris an â„¥ ij bulliant omnia simul usque ad consumptionem succorum auferantur abigne addendo farinae fab hord an â„¥ j. theriac Gal. â„¥ ss aloes myrrhae aristoloch an â„¥ iij. croci ℈ j. fiat mundificativum But seeing the case stands so that the Patients imagine they have their members yet entire and yet doe complaine thereof which I imagine to come to passe for that the cut nerves retire themselves towards their originall and thereby cause a paine like to convulsions for as Galen writes in his booke De motu musculorum That contraction is the true and proper action of a nerve and muscle and againe extension is not so much an action as a motion now wee must indeavour to give remedy to this symptome Which may be done by annointing the spine of the backe and all the affected part with the following Liniment which is very powerfull against Convulsions the Palsie numnesse and all cold affects of the nervous bodies â„ž salviae chamaepytheos majoranae rorismar menth rutae lavendulae an m. j. flor chamâ—mel melilot summit aneth hyperici an p. ij baccarum lauri juniperi an â„¥ ij pyrethriÊ’ij mastic assae odorat an â„¥ iss terebinth venet lb. j. olei lumbr. aneth catell an â„¥ vj. olei terebinth â„¥ iij. axung hum â„¥ ij crociÊ’j vini albi â—doriferi lib. j. cerae quantum sufficit contundenda contundantur pulverisanda pulverisentur deinde macerentur omnia in vino per noctem postea coquantur cum oleis axungia praedictis in vase duplici fiat linimentum secundum artem in fine adde aquae vitae â„¥ iiij Besides in dressing these wounds the Chirurgion must use diligence to procure the falling away of the ends or scalls of the bones which the saw and the appulse of the aire never before comming hereto have tainted which may be done by applying to their ends actuall cauteries that is hot irons in using of which you must have a speciall care that you touch not the sensible parts with fire neither must the bones themselves bee forcibly pluckt off but gently mooved by little and little so that you shall thinke you and the patient have exceedingly well performed your parts if they fall away at the thirtyeth day after the Amputation All these things being performed you shall hinder the growth of proud flesh with the cathaereticks such as are burnt vitrioll the pouder of Mercurie and other things amongst which is Alome burnt and poudered which is excellent in these kind of wounds whether by its selfe or mixed with others You shall use these and such like even unto the perfect agglutination and cicatrization of the wound and you may of your selfe devise other things such as these as occasion shall offer its selfe CHAP. XXIIII What just occasion moved the Author to devise this new forme of remedy to stanch the blood after the amputation of a member and to forsake the common way used almost by all Chirurgions which is by application of actuall cauteries VErily I confesse I formerly have used to stanch the bleeding of members after amputation after another manner than that I have a little before mentioned Whereof I am ashamed and agreived But what should I doe I had observed my maisters whose method I entended to follow alwaies to doe the like who thought themselves singularly well appointed to stanch a flux of blood when they were furnished with various store of hot Irons and causticke medicines which they would use to the dismembred part now one then another as they themselves thought meete Which thing cannot be spoken or but thought upon without great horror much lesse acted For this kinde of remedy could not but bring great and tormenting paine to the patient seeing such fresh wounds made in the quicke and sound flesh are endewed with exquisite sense Neither can any causticke be applyed to nervous bodies but that this horrid impression of the fire will be presently communicated to the inward parts whence horrid symptomes ensue and oft times death it selfe And verily of such as were burnt the third part scarse ever recovered and that with much adoe for that combust wounds difficultly come to cicatrization for by this burning are caused cruell paines whence a Feaver Convulsion and oft times other accidents worse than these Adde hereunto that when the eschar fell away oft times a new haemorrhagye ensued for stanching whereof they were forced to use other causticke and burning Instruments Neither did these good men know any other course so by this repetition there was great losse and waste made of the fleshy and nervous substance of the part Through which occasion the bones were laid bare whence many were out of hope of cicatrization being forced for the remainder of their wretched life to carry about an ulcer upon that part which was dismembred which also tooke away the oportunitie of fitting or putting too of an artificiall legge or arme in stead of that which was taken off Wherefore I must earnestly entreate all Chirurgions that leaving this old and too too cruell way of healing they would embrace this new which I thinke was taught mee by the speciall favour of the sacred Deitie for I learnt it not of my maisters nor of any other neither have I at any time found it used by any Onely I have read in Galen that there was no speedier remedy for stanching of blood than to bind the vessels through which it flowed towards their rootes to wit the Liver and Heart This precept of Galen of binding
shivers of the bone with the residue of the leaden bullet came forth of themselves But if the fracture shall happen in the necke of the shoulder blade or dearticulation of the shoulder there is scarce any hope of recovery as I have observed in Anthony of Burbon King of Navarre Francis of Lorraine Duke of Guise the Count Rhingrave Philibert and many other in these late civill warrs For there are many large vessels about this dearticulation to wit the axillary veine and arterie the nerves arising from the Vertebrae of the necke which are thence disseminated into all the muscles of the arme Besides also inflammation and putrefaction arising there are easily communicated by reason of their neighbour-hood to the heart and other principall parts whence grievous symptomes and oft times death it selfe ensues CHAP. X. Of the fracture and depression of the Sternon or Breast-bone THe Sternum is sometimes broken otherwiles onely thrust in without a fracture The inequality perceivable by your feeling shews a fracture as also the going in with a thrust with your finger and the sound or noise of the bones crackling under your fingers But a manifest cavity in the part a cough spitting of blood and difficultie of breathing by compression of the membrane investing the ribs and the lungs argue the depression thereof For the restoring of this bone whether broken or deprest the patient must be layd on his backe with a cushion stuffed with tow or hay under the vertebrae of the backe as we set downe in the setting of the Collar-bone Then a servant shall lye strongly with both his hands on his shoulders as if he would presse them downe whilst the Surgeon in the meane time pressing the ribs on each side shall restore and set the bone with his hand and then the formerly described medicines shall bee applyed for to hinder inflammation and asswage paine boulsters shall bee fitted thereto and a ligature shall bee made crosse-wayes above the shoulders but that not too strait lest it hinder the Patients breathing I by these meanes at the appointment of Anthony of Burbon King of Navarre cured Anthony Benand a Knight of the Order who had his breast-plate bended and driven in with an iron bullet shot out of a Field-Peece as also his sternum together therewith and he fell down as dead with the blow he did spit blood for three months after I had set the bone yet for all this he lives at this day in perfect health CHAP. XI Of the fracture of the ribs THe true ribs for that they are bonie may be broken in any part of them But the bastard ribs cannot be truly broken unlesse at the backe bone because they are onely bonie in that part but gristly of the foreside towards the breast-bone wherefore there they can only be folded or crooked in These which are subject to fractures may be broken inwards and outwards But oft times it comes to passe that they are not absolutely broken but cleft into splinters and that sometimes inwards but not outwards Thus the fissure doth oft-times not exceede the middle substance of the rib but sometimes it so breakes through it all that the fragments and splinters do prick and wound the membrane which invests and lines them on the inside and then there is great danger But when the fracture is simple without a wound compression puncture of the membrane and lastly without any other symptome then the danger is lesse Therefore Hippocrates wisheth that these who are thus affected fill themselves more freely with meat for that moderate repletion of the belly is as it were a certaine prop or stay for the ribs keeping them well in their place and state which rule chiefly takes place in fractures of the bastard ribs For such as have them broken usually feele themselves better after than before meat For emptinesse of meat or of the stomack makes a suspension of the ribs as not underpropped by the meat Now that fracture which is outwardly is farre more easie to heale than that which is inwardly for that this pricketh the membrane or Pleura and causeth inflammation which may easily end in an Empyema Adde hereunto that this is not so easily to be handled or dealt withall as the other whereby it commeth to passe that it cannot be so easily restored for that these things cannot bee so fully and freely performed in this kinde of fracture which are necessary to the setting of the bone as to draw it out hold it and joyne it together It is therefore healed within twenty dayes if nothing else hinder The signes of fractured ribs are not obscure for by feeling the grieved part with your fingers you may easily perceive the fracture by the inequalitie of the bones and their noyse or crackling especially if they bee quite broke asunder But if a rib be broken on the inside a pricking paine far more grievous than in a Pleurisie troubles the Patient because the sharp splinters pricke the Costall membrane whence great difficulty in breathing a cough and spitting of blood ensue For blood flowing from the vessels broken by the violence of the thing causing the fracture is as it were sucked up by the lungs and so by a dry cough carried into the weazond and at length spit out of the mouth Some to pull up the bone that is quite broken and deprest apply a cupping glasse and that is ill done for there is caused greater attraction of humors and excesse of paine by the pressure and contraction of the adjacent parts by the cupping-glasse wherefore Hippocrates also forbids it Therefore it is better to endeavour to restore it after this following manner Let the Patient lye upon his sound fide and let there be layd upon the fractured side an emplaister made of Turpentine rosin black pitch wheat floure mastick and aloes and spread upon a strong and new cloath When it hath stucke there some time then plucke it suddenly with great violence from below upwards for so the rib will follow together therewith and bee plucked and drawne upwards It is not sufficient to have done this once but you must doe it often untill such time as the Patient shall finde himselfe better and to breathe more easily There will be much more hope of restitution if whilest the Surgeon doe this diligently the Patient forbeare coughing and hold his breath Otherwise if necessitie urge as if sharpe splinters with most bitter tormenting paine pricke the Costall membrane overspred with many nerves veines and arteries which run under the ribs whence difficultie of breathing spitting of blood a cough and fever ensue then the only way to deliver the Patient from danger of imminent death is to make incision on the part where the rib is broken that so laying it bare you may discerne the pricking fragments and take them out with your instrument or else cut them off And if you make a great wound by
the juice of poppie But Aëtius thinkes it superfluous to write remedies against the Basiliske when as the sight and hearing onely kills such as either see or heare her The figure of a Basiliske CHAP. XX. Of the Salamander THe Salamander kils not onely such as it bites by making a venemous impression but it also infects the fruits and herbs over which it creeps with a spittle or grosse moisture which sweats out of all the bodie to the great danger of the health and life of such as eat these things at unawares wherfore it need not seeme strange which is received by some late writers that some families have all died by drinking water out of pits whereinto a Salamander by accident was fallen For if it shall creepe upon a tree it infects all the fruit with the qualities of cold and moist poyson wherein it yeelds not to Aconite Aetius writes that such as are infected with the poyson of a Salamander certaine parts of their bodie grow livide so that they fall away often being putrefyed At the first there appeare white spots over the body then red afterwards blacke with putrefaction and the falling away of the haires The cure is to procure vomit to loose the belly with a glyster and to give them Treacle and Mithridate in potions Avicen prescribes the same things against this kinde of poyson as against opium by reason of the cold nature of them both the proper antidote is turpentine styrax nettle seeds and cypresse leaves Dioscorides writes that the Salamander is a kind of Lizard dull variegated and which is falsly reputed not to be burnt by fire But Pliny saith she is so cold that she extinguisheth the fire by her touch onely being laied upon hot coales On the contrary Mathiolus saith that cast into a great flame they are quickly consumed It is easie out of Aetius to reconcile these disagreeing opinions This creature saith hee passeth through a burning flame and is not hurt the flame dividing it selfe and giving her way but if shee continue any time in the fire the cold humour being consumed in her she is burnt Now the Salamander is black variegated with yellow spots starre-fashion The figure of a Salamander CHAP. XXI Of the Torpedo THe Torpedo hath his name from the effect by reason that by his touch and power the members become torpid numb in muddy shoars it lives upon fish which she catcheth by craft For lying in the mud she so stupefyes those that are nigh her that she easily preyes upon them she hath the same power over men for she sends a numnesse not onely into the arm of the fisherman but also over all his body although his fishers pole be betweene them The effigies of a Torpedo CHAP. XXII Of the Bitings of Aspes THE wound which is made by an Aspe is very small as if a needle were thrust into the part and without any swelling These symptomes follow upon her bite suddaine darknesse clouds their eyes much agitation in all their bodies but gentle notwithstanding a moderate paine of the stomacke troubles them their fore-heads are continually troubled with convulsive twitchings their cheeks tremble and their eye-lids fall gently to rest and sleep the blood which flowes from the wound is little but blacke death no longer deferred than the third part of a day will take them away by convulsions unlesse you make resistance with fitting remedies The male Asp makes two wounds the female four as it also happens in the bitings of vipers Now for that the poyson of Asps congeals the blood in the veines and arteries therefore you must use against it such things as are hot subtle of parts as mithridate or treacle dissolved in aqua vitae and the same powred into the wound the patient must be warmed by bathes frictions walking and the like When as the hurt part becommeth purple black or greene it is a signe that the native heat is extinct and suffocated by the malignity of the venome Therefore then it is best to amputate the member if the partie bee able to endure it and there be nothing which may hinder Vigo writes that he saw a Mountebank at Florence who that he might sell the more of his Antidotes and at the better rate let an Aspe to bite him by the finger but he died thereof some foure houres after To the same purpose you may reade Mathiolus whereas hee writes that those Impostors or Mountebanks to cozen the better and deceive the people use to hunt and take vipers and aspes long after the spring that is then whenas they have cast forth their most deadly poyson then they feed them with meats formerly unusuall to them so that by long keeping and care at the length they bring it to passe that they put off a great part of their venemous nature neither being thus satisfied they make them oftentimes to bite upon pieces of flesh that so they may cast forth into them the venome which is contained in the membraine betweene their teeth and gums Lastly they force them to bite licke and swallow downe an astringent medicine which they compose and carry about for the same purpose that so they may obstruct the passages by which the venome used to flow out for thus at length their bites will be harmelesse or without great danger This therefore is their art that so they may sell their counterfeit treacle to the people at a high rate as that which is a most safe remedy against all poisonous bites Christopher Andrew in his book called â—â—coiatria writes that the Ilands of Spaine are every-where full and stored with serpents aspes and all sorts of venemous beasts against whose bites they never observed or found any benefit in treacle But the efficacie of the following Antidote is so certaine and excellent and approved by so manifold experience that in the confidence thereof they will not bee affraid to let themselves bee bitten by an Aspe Now this medicine is composed of the leaves of Mullet Avenes red stock Gilly flowers in like quantity which they boile in sharpe vinegar and the urine of a sound man and there with foment the wounded part Yet if he have not taken nor used any thing of a good while after the wound it will be better and more certaine if the patient drinke three ounces of this decoction fasting two houres before meate CHAP. XXIII Of the biting of a Snake I Have thought good in a true history to deliver the virulent malignity of the bite of a snake and the remedies thereof When as King Charles the ninth was at Moulins Mousier Le Feure the Kings Physician and I were called to cure the Cooke of the Lady of Castelpers Who gathering hoppes in a hedge to make a salad was bit on the hand by a snake that there lay hid hee putting his had to his mouth sucked the wound to ease the
fore moneths old Caelius Rhodiginus tells that in a â—wn of his country called Sarzano Italy being roubled with civill warres there was born monster of unusual bigness for he had two heads having all his limbs answerable in grâ—ness tallnesse to a child of foure months old between his two heads which were boâ—h alike at the setting on of the shoulder 〈◊〉 had a third hand put forth which did not â—â—ceed the eares in length for it was not all â—…n it was born the 5. of the Ides of March 〈◊〉 14. The figure of one with foure legges and as manyarmes Jovianus Pontanus tells in the yeere 1529. the ninth day of January there was a man childe borne in Germany having foure armes and as many legges The figure of a man out of whose belly another head shewed it selfe In the yeere that Francis the first King of France entered into league with the Swisses there was borne a monster in Germany out of the midst of whose belly there stood a great head it came to mans age and this lower and as it were inserted head was nourished as much as the true and upper head In the yeere 1572. the last day of February in the parish of Viaban in the way as you goe from Carnuta to Paris in a small village called Bordes one called Cypriana Girandae the wife of James Merchant a husbandman brought forth this monster whose shape you see here delineated which lived untill the Sunday following being but of one onely sexe which was the female The shape of two monstrous Twinnes being but of one onely Sexe In the yeere 1572. on Easter Munday at Metz in Loraine in the Inne whose signe is the Holy-Ghost a Sow pigged a pigge which had eight legges foure eares and the head of a dogge the hinder part from the belly downeward was parted in two as in twinnes but the foreparts grew into one it had two tongues in the mouth with foure teeth in the upper jaw and as many in the lower The sexe was not to be distinguished whether it were a Bore or Sow pigge for there was one slit under the taile and the hinder parts were all rent and open The shape of this monster as it is here set downe was sent me by Borgesius the famous Physitian of Metz. The shape of a monstrous Pigge CHAP. III. Of women bringing many children at one birth WOman is a creature bringing usually but one at a birth but the 〈…〉 been some who have brought forth two some three some fouâ—… sixe or more at one birth Empedocles thought that the abundâ—…e of seed was the cause of such numerous births the Stoikes affirmâ—…e divers cells or partitions of the wombe to be the cause for the seâ—… being variously parted into these partitions and the conception divided there are more children brought forth no otherwise than in rivers the water beating against the rockes is turned into divers circles or rounds But Aristotle saith there is no reason to think so for in women that parting of the womb into cells as in dogs and sowes taketh no place for womens wombes have but one cavity parted into two recesses the right left nothing comming between except by chance distinguished by a certain line for often twins lye in the same side of the womb Aristotles opinion is that a woman cannot bring forth more than five children at one birth The maide of Augustus Caesar brought forth five at a birth a short while after she her children died In the yeer 1554. at Bearn in Switzerland the wife of Dr. John Gelinger brought forth five children at one birth three boies and two girles Albucrasis affirmes a woman to have bin the mother of seven children at one birth another who by some externall injury did abort brought forth fifteene perfectly shaped in all their parts Pliny reports that it was extant in the writings of Physitians that twelve children were borne at one birth and that there was another in Peloponnesus which foure severall times was delivered of five children at one birth and that the greater part of those children lived It is reported by Dalechampius that Bonaventura the slave of one Savill a Gentleman of Sena at one time brought forth seven children of which four were baptized In our time between Sarte and Maine in the parish of Seaux not far from Chambellay there is a family and noble house called Maldemeure the wife of the Lord of Maldemeure the first yeere she was married brought forth twinnes the second yeere she had three children the third yeere foure the fourth yeere five the fift yeere sixe and of that birth she died of those sixe one is yet alive and is Lord of Maldemeure In the valley of Beaufort in the county of Anjou a young woman the daughter of Mace Channiere when at one perfect birth shee had brought forth one child the tenth day following she fell in labour of another but could not be delivered untill it was pulled from her by force and was the death of the mother Martin Cromerus the author of the Polish history writeth that one Margaret a woman sprung from a noble and antient family neere Cracovia and wife to Count Virboslaus brought forth at one birth thirty five live children upon the twentieth day of January in the yeere 1296. Franciscus Picus Mirandula writeth that one Dorothy an Italian had twenty children at two births at the first nine and at the second eleven and that she was so bigge that she was forced to beare up her belly which lay upon her knees with a broad and large scarfe tyed about her necke as you may see by the following figure The picture of Dorothy great with child with many children And they are to bee reprehended here againe who affirme the cause of numerous births to consist in the variety of the cells of the wombe for they feigne a womans wombe to have seven cells or partitions three on the right side for males three on the left side for females and one in the midst for Hermaphrodites or Scrats and this untruth hath gon so far that there have bnene some that affirmed every of these seven cells to have bin divided into ten partitions into which the seed dispersed doth bring forth a divers and numerous encrease according to the variety of the cells furnished with the matter of seed which though it may seeme to have been the opinion of Hippocrates in his book De natura Pueri notwithstanding it is repugnant to reason and to those things which are manifestly apparent to the eyes and senses The opinion of Aristotle is more probable who saith twinnes and more at one birth are begot and brought forth by the same cause that the sixt finger groweth on the hand that is by the abundant plenty of the seed which is greater and more copious than can bee all taken up in the naturall framing of one body for if it all be forced
into one it maketh one with the parts encreased more than is fit eithâ—… greatnesse or number but if it bee as it were cloven into divers parts it caâ—… more than one at one birth CHAP. IV. Of Hermaphrodites of Scrats ANd here also we must speake of Hermaphrodites because they draw the cause of their generation and conformation from the plenty and abundance of seed and are called so because they are of both sexes the woman yeelding as much seed as the man For hereupon it commeth to passe that the forming faculty which alwaies endeavours to produce something like it selfe doth labour both the matters almost with equall force and is the cause that one body is of both sexes Yet some make foure differences of Hermaphrodites the first of which is the male Hermaphrodite who is a perfect and absolute male and hath onely a slit in the Perinaeum not perforated and from which neither urine nor seed doth flow The second is the female which besides her naturall privity hath a fleshy and skinny similitude of a mans yard but unapt for erection and ejaculation of seed and wanteth the cod and stones the third difference is of those which albeit they beare the expresse figures of members belonging to both sexes commonly set the one against the other yet are found unapt for generation the one of them onely serving for making of water the fourth difference is of those who are able in both sexes and throughly performe the part both of man and woman because they have the genitalls of both sexes compleat and perfect and also the right breast like a man and the left like a woman the lawes command those to chuse the sexe which they will use and in which they will remaine and live judging them to death if they be found to have departed from the sexe they made choice of for some are thought to have abused both and promiscuously to have had their pleasure with men and women There are signes by which the Physitians may discerne whether the Hermaphrodires are able in the male or female sexe or whether they are impotent in both these signes are most apparent in the privities and face for if the matrix be exact in all its demensions and so perforated that it may admit a mans yard if the courses flow that way if the haire of the head bee long slender and soft and to conclude if to this tender habite of the body a timide and weake condition of the minde be added the female sexe is predominant and they are plainely to bee judged women But if they have the Perinaeum and fundament full of haires the which in women are commonly without any if they have a yard of a convenient largenesse if it stand well readily and yeeld seed the male sexe hath the preheminence and they are to be judged men But if the conformation of both the genitalls be alike in figure quantity and efficacy it is thought to be equally able in both sexes although by the opinion of Aristotle those who have double genitals the one of the male the other of the female the one of them is alwaies perfect the other imperfect The figure of Hermaphrodite twinnes cleaving together with their backes Anno Dom. 1486. In the Palatinatâ— at the village Robach neere Heidelberg there were twinnes both Hermaphrodites borne with their backs sticking together The effigies of an Hermaphrodite having foure hands and feet The same day the Venetians and Genoeses entred into league there was a monster borne in Italy having foure armes and feet and but one head it lived a little after it was baptized Iames Ruef a Helvetian Chirurgian saith hee saw the like but which besides had the privities of both sexes whose figure I have therefore here set forth CHAP. V. Of the changing of Sexe AMatus Lusitanus reports that in the village Esquina there was a maid named Maria Pateca who at the appointed age for her courses to flow had in stead of them a mans yard lying before that time hid and covered so that of a woman she became a man and therefore laying aside her womans habite was cloathed in mans and changing her name was called Emanuel who when hee had got much wealth by many and great negotiations and commerce in India returned into his country and married a wife but Lusitanus saith he did not certainely know whether he had any children but that he was certaine he remained alwaies beardlesse Anthony Loqueneux the Kings keeper or receiver of his rents of St. Quintin at Vermandois lately affirmed to me that he saw a man at Reimes at the Inne having the sign of the swan in the yeer 1560. who was taken for a woman untill the fourteenth yeere of his age for then it happened as he played somewhat wantonly with a maid which lay in the same bed with him his members hitherto lying hid started forth and unfolded them selves which when his parents knew by helpe of the Ecclesiasticke power they changed his name from Ioane to John and put him in mans apparell Some yeeres agone being in the traine of King Charles the ninth in the French Glasse-house I was shewed a man called Germane Garnierus but by some Germane Maria because in former times when he was a woman hee was called Mary he was of an indifferent stature and well set body with a thicke and red beard he was taken for a girle untill the fifteenth yeere of his age because there was no signe of being a man seene in his body and for that amongst women he in like attire did those things which pertaine to women in the fifteenth yeere of his age whilest he some-what earnestly pursued hogges given into his charge to bee kept who running into the corne he leaped violently over a ditch whereby it came to passe that the stayes and foldings being broken his hidden members sodainly broke forth but not without paine going home hee weeping complained to his mother that his guts came forth with which his mother amazed calling Physitians and Surgeons to counsell heard he was turned into a man therefore the whole businesse being brought to the Cardinall the Bishop of Lenuncure an assembly being called he received the name and habite of a man Pliny reports that the sonne of Cassinus of a girle became a boy living with his parents but by the command of the Soothsayers he was carried into a desart Isle because they thought such monsters did alwaies shew or portend some monstrous thing Certainely women have so many and like parts lying in their wombe as men have hanging forth onely a strong and lively heat seemes to bee wanting which may drive forth that which lyes hid within therefore in processe of time the heat being encreased and flourishing and the humidity which is predominant in childhood overcome it is not impossible that the virile members which hitherto sluggish by defect of heat lay hid may be put forth especially if to that strength of
braine spinall marrow but hot things are good 46. 2. Two paines infesting together but not the same place the more vehement obscures the other 74. 7. A corruption and abscesse of the bone is caused by the corruption of the flesh 506. Coacar praenâ—s A livid or dry Vlcer or yellowish is deadly 19. 6. When as a bone or gristle or nerve or small portion of the cheeke or the prepuce is cut asâ—â—der it neither encreases nor growes together 24. 6. Aph. 513. Coacar If any of the small guts be cut it knits not againe 50. 7. Those that have the braine sphacelate that is corrupt they dye within three dayes if they escape these they recover 9. 7. Bleeding at a wound causing a Convulsion is the foreteller of death 20. 5. Cold is biting to Vlcers hardens the skin causes paine not easily comming to suppuration blacknesse aguish shakings convulsions erampes 508. Coac Those who have the temples cut have a Convulsion upon the parts contrary to the section 44. 7. Whosoever being suppurate are burnt or cut if pure and white quitture shall flow forth they escape out if that which is bloody feculent and stinking then they dye Galen comment ad Aphor. 29. 2. It is not â—it to take in hand to cure such as are in a desperate case but to leave them onely foretelling the end of the disease Celsus Cap. 10. Lib. 2. It is better to try a doubtfull remedy than none at all FINIS THE EFFIGIES OF GALEN THE PRINCE OF PHYSITIONS NEXT TO HIPPOCRATES AEQVVM erat Hippocratem divino è semine Divûm Orbem muneribus conciliare sibi Scripta sed involuit tam multo aenigmate verum Vt quamuis solers nullus habere queat Pergamei auxilio nisi sint monimenta Galeni Qui docta ambages sustulit arte senis Ergo macte esto virtute arcana resolvens Quae nulli fuer ant nota Galene prius Obstringensqúe orbem aeterno tibi munere totum Aeternis sacras te quoque temporibus BON. GRA. PARIS MEDIC RVLES OF CHIRVRGERY BY THE AVTHOR 1 PRactise is an operation agreeable to the rules and lawes of the Theory 2 Health is not received by words but by remedies fitly used 3 Remedies knowne and approved by use and reason are to be preferred before such as are unknowne or but lately found out 4 Science without experience gets the Physition no great credit with the patient 5 Hee that would performe any great and notable worke must diligently apply himselfe to the knowledge of his subject 6 It is the part of a good Physition to heale the disease or certainly to bring it to a better passe as nature shall give leave 7 The Chirurgion must be active industrious and well handed and not trust too much to bookes 8 He that hath not beene versed in the operations of the Art nor a frequent auditor of the Lectures of such as are learned therein and sets forth himselfe for a brave Chirurgion for that hee hath read much he is either much deceived or impudent 9 He shall never doe any thing praise-worthy that hath got his mastery in Chirurgery by gold not by use 10 You shall comfort the patient with hope of recovery even when as there is danger of death 11 To change Physitions and Chirurgions is troublesome but not good for the Patient 12 Though the disease prove long yet it is not fit that the Physition give over the patient 13 Great wounds of large vessells are to be judged deadly 14 Every contusion must be brought to suppuration 15 As the nature or kind of the disease must bee knowne so also must the remedy 16 An Abscesse of the bone of the pallate is in danger to cause a stinking breath 17 Bleeding caused by heate must be represt by cold 18 Wounds of nervous parts require medicines which by the subtlety of the parts may enter in and draw from farre 19 It is not fit for such as have Vlcers in their Legges neither to walke stand nor sit but to rest themselves in bed 20 All biting and acrid medicines are offensive to cleane Vlcers 21 For restoring of dislocations you must hold them fast stretch them out and force them in 22 A great Gangreene admits no cure but cutting 23 A monster is a thing dissenting from the lawes of nature 24 Wounds of the Chest presently become sanious and purulent 25 The wounds made by all venemous creatures are dangerous 26 The south wind blowing wounded members easily become mortifyed 27 Such as are wounded and desire to bee quickly whole must keepe a spare diet 28 Vntemperate bodies doe not easily recover of diseases 29 Round Vlcers unlesse they be drawne into another figure doe not easily heale up 30 An Erysipelatous Vlcer requires purgation by stoole 31 Crying is good for an infant for it serves in stead of exercise and evacuation 32 Greefe is good for none but such as are very fat 33 Idlenesse wealens and extinguisheth the native heate 34 An ill natured Vlcer yeelds not unlesse to a powerfull remedy 35 A bath resolves and discusses humors and gently procures sweate 36 Cold diseases are troublesome to old people and hard to be helped but in young bodies they are neither so troublesome nor contumacious 37 Exercised bodies are lesse subject to diseases 38 Moist bodies though they neede small nourishment yet stand they in neede of large evacuation 39 Sicke people dye sooner of an hot distemper than of a cold by reason of the quicke and active operation of fire 40 The quitture that flowes from an Vlcer is laudible which is white smooth and equall The end of the twentiseaventh Booke HOW TO MAKE REPORTS AND TO EMBALME THE DEAD THE TVVENTIEIGHTH BOOKE NOw it onely remaines that wee instruct the Chirurgion in making or framing his reporte or opinion eyther of the death of any person or of the weakenesse or deprivation of any member in the function or execution of its proper office and duty Herein it is meete that hee be very considerate that is to say ingenious or wise in making his report because the events of diseases are often-times doubtfull and uncertaine neither can any man fore-tell them certainly whether they will be for life or death by reason of the manifold nature of the subject of which we speake and also the uncertaine condition of the humors both in their kind and motion Which was the cause why Hippocrates even in the first of his Aphorismes pronounceth that judgement is difficult But first of all it is very expedient that a Chirurgion be of an honest mind that hee may alwayes have before his eyes a carefull regard of true piety that is to say the feare of God and faith in Christ and love toward his neighbours with hope of life everlasting least that hee being carried away by favour or corrupted with money or rewards should affirme or testifie these wounds to bee small that are great and these great that are small for the report
of the wound is received of the Chirurgion according to the civill Law It is recorded in the workes of ancient Physitions that wounds may bee called great for three respects The first is by reason of the greatnesse of the dissolved unitie or resolution of Continuity and such are these wounds which made by a violent stroake with a backe-sword have cut off the arme or legge or overthwart the breast The second is by reason of the dignitie or worthinesse of the part now this dignity dependeth on the excellencie of the action therefore thus any little wound made with a bodkin knife in any part whose substance is noble as in the Braine Heart Liver or any other part whose action and function is necessary to preserve life as in the Weasant Lungs or Bladder is judged great The third is by reason of the greatnesse and ill habit or the abundance of ill humors or debility of all the wounded body so those woundes that are made in nervous parts and old decayed people are sayd to be great But in searching of wounds let the Chirurgion take heede that he be not deceived by his probe For many times it cannot goe into the bottome of the wound but stoppeth and sticketh in the way either because he hath not placed the patient in the same posture wherein he was when he received his hurt or else for that the stroake being made downe right slipt aside to the right or left hand or else from below upwards or from above downewards and therefore hee may expect that the wound is but little and will be cured in a short time when it is like to bee long in curing or else mortall Therefore from the first day it behooveth him to suspend his judgement of the wound untill the ninth for in that time the accidents will shew themselves manifestly whether they be small or great according to the condition of the wound or wounded bodyes and the state of the ayre according to his primitive qualities or venomous corruption But generally the signes whereby we may judge of diseases whether they bee great or small of long or short continuance mortall or not mortall are foure For they are drawne either from the nature and essence of the disease or from the cause or effects thereof or else from the similitude proportion and comparison of those diseases with the season or present constitution of the times Therefore if wee are called to the cure of a greene wound whose nature and danger is no other but a simple solution of Continuity in the musculous flesh we may presently pronounce that wound to be of no danger and that it will soone be cured But if it have an Vlcer annexed unto it that is if it be sanious then we may say it will be more difficult and long in the curing and so we may pronounce of all diseases taking a signe of their essence and nature But of the signes that are taken of the causes let this bee an example A wound that is made with a sharpe pointed and heavie weapon as with an halbeard being stricken with great violence must be accounted great yea and also mortall if the accidents be correspondent But if the patient fall to the ground through the violence of the stroake if a cholericke vomiting follow thereon if his sight faile him together with a giddinesse if blood come forth at his eyes and nosthrills if distraction follow with losse of memory and sense of feeling we may say that all the hope of life remaineth in one small signe which is to be deduced from the effects of the wound But by the comparing it unto the season that then is and diseases that then assault mans body wee may say that all those that are wounded with gunshot are in danger of death as it happened in the schirmishes at the seige of Roan and at the battall of Saint Denis For at that time whether it were by reason of the fault of the heavens or ayre through the evill humors of mans body and the disturbance of them all wounds that were made by gunshot were for the most part mortall So likewise at certaine seasons of the yeare we see the small pockes and measels breake forth in children as it were by a certaine pestilent contagion to the destruction of children onely inferring a most cruell vomit and laske and in such a season the judgement of those diseases is not difficult But you by the following signes may know what parts are wounded If the patient fall downe with the stroake if he lye senselesse as it were asleepe if he voyde his excrements unwittingly if he be taken with giddinesse if blood come out at his eares mouth and nose and if he vomit choller you may understand that the scull is fractured or pearced through by the defect in his understanding and discourse You also may know when the scull is fractured by the judgement of your externall senses as if by feeling it with your finger you finde it elevated or depressed beyond the naturall limits if by striking it with the end of a probe when the Pericranium or nervous filme that investeth the scull is cut crosse wise and so divided there from it yeeld a base and unperfect sound like unto a pot sheard that is broken or rather like unto an earthen pitcher that hath a cleft or rent therein But we may say that death is at hand if his reason and understanding faile him if he be speechlesse if his sight forsake him if he would tumble headlong out of his bed being not at all able to moove the other parts of his body if he have a continuall feaver if his tongue be blacke with drienesse if the edges of the wound bee blacke or dry and cast forth no sanious matter if they resemble the colour of salted flesh if he have an apoplexie phrensie convulsion or palsie with an involuntarie excretion or absolute supprâ—ssion of the Vrine and excrements You may know that a man hath his throate that is his weason and winde pipe cut First by the sight of his wound and next by the abolishment of the function or office thereof both wayes for the patient can neither speake nor swallow any meate or drinke and the parts that are cut asunder divide themselves by retraction upwards or downewards one from another whereof commeth sodaine or present death You may know that a wound hath peirced into the brest or concavity of the body if the ayre come forth at the wound making a certaine whizzing noyse if the patient breathe with great difficulty if he feele a great heavinesse or weight on or about the midriffe whereby it may be gathered that a great quantity of blood lyeth on the place or midriffe and so causeth him to feele a weight or heavinesse which by little and little will bee cast up by vomiting But a little after a feaver commeth and the breath is unsavory and stinking
by reason that the putrefying blood is turned into sanies the patient cannot lye but on his backe and he hath an often desire to vomit but if hee escape death his wound will degenerate into a Fistula and at length will consume him by little and little We may know that the Lungs are wounded by the foaming and spumous blood comming out both at the wound and cast up by vomiting hee is vexed with a greevous shortnesse of breath and with a paine in his sides We may perceive the Heart to be wounded by the aboundance of blood that commeth out at the wound by the trembling of all the whole body by the faint and small pulse palenesse of the face cold sweate with often swounding coldnesse of the extreame parts and suddaine death When the midriffe which the Latines call Diaphragma is wounded the patient feeleth a great weight in that place he raveth and talketh idlely he is troubled with shortnesse of winde a cough and fit of greevous paine and drawing of the entralls upwards Wherefore when all these accidents appeare we may certainely pronounce that death is at hand Death appeareth sodainely by a wound of the hollow Veine or the great Arterie by reason of the great and violent evacuation of blood and spirits whereby the functions of the Heart and Lungs are stopped and hindred The marrow of the backebone being pierced the patient is assaulted with a Palsie or convulsion very suddainely and sence and motion faileth in the parts beneath it the excrements of the bladder are either evacuated against the patients will or else are altogether stopped When the Liver is wounded much blood commeth out at the wound and pricking paine disperseth it selfe even unto the sword-like gristle which hath its situation at the Lower end of the brest bone called Sternon the blood that falleth from thence downe into the intestines doth oftentimes inferre most maligne accidents yea and sometimes death When the stomacke is wounded the meate and drink come out at the wound there followeth a vomiting of pure choler then commeth sweating and coldnesse of the extreame parts and therefore we ought to prognosticate death to follow such a wound When the milt or spleene is wounded blacke and grosse blood cometh out at the wound the patient will be very thirsty with paine on the left side and the blood breakes forth into the belly and there putrifying causeth most maligne and greevous accidents and often times death to follow When the guts are wounded the whole body is griped and pained the excrements come out at the wound whereat also often times the guts breake forth with great violence When the reines or Kidnyes are wounded the patient will have great paine in making his Vrine and the blood commeth out together therewith the paine commeth downe even unto the groine yard and testicles When the bladder and Vreters are wounded the paine goeth even unto the entralls the parts all about and belonging to the groine are distended the Vrine is bloody that is made and the same also commeth often times out at the wound When the wombe is wounded the blood commeth out at the privities and all other accidents appeare like as when the bladder is wounded When the sinewes are pricked or cut halfe asunder there is great paine in the affected place and there followeth a suddaine inflammation fluxe abscesse feaver convulsion and oftentimes a gangreene or mortification of the part whereof commeth death unlesse it be speedily prevented Having declared the signes and tokens of wounded parts it now remaineth that we set downe other signes of certaine kindes of death that are not common or naturall whereabout when there is great strife and contention made it oftentimes is determined and ended by the judgement of the discreete Physition or Chirurgion Therefore if it chance that a nurse either through drunkennesse or negligence lyes upon her infant lying in bed with her and so stifles or smothers it to death If your judgement be required whether the infant dyed through the default or negligence of the nurse or through some violent or suddaine diseases that lay hidden and lurking in the body thereof You shall finde out the truth of the matter by these signes following For if the infant were in good health before if he were not froward or crying if his mouth and nosethrills now being dead be moystned or bedewed with a certaine foame if his face be not pale but of a Violet or purple colour if when the body is opened the Lungs be found swolne and puffed up as it were with a certaine vaporous foame and all the other entralls found it is a token that the infant was stifled smothered or strangled by some outward violence If the body or dead corpes of a man be found lying in a field or house alone and you be called by a magistrate to deliver your opinion whether the man were slaine by lightning or some other violent death you may by the following signes finde out the certainety hereof For every body that is blasted or striken with lightning doth cast forth or breathe out an unholsome stinking or sulphureous smell so that the birdes or fowles of the ayre nor dogges will not once touch it much lesse prey or feede on it the part that was stricken often times sound and without any wound but if you search it well you shall finde the bones under the skinne to be bruised broken or shivered in peeces But if the lightening hath pierced into the body which making a wound therein according to the judgement of Pliny the wounded part is farre colder than all the rest of the body For lightning driveth the most thinne and fiery ayre before it and striketh it into the body with great violence by the force whereof the heate that was in the part is soone dispersed wasted and consumed Lightening doth alwayes leave some impression or signe of some fire either by ustion or blacknesse for no lightning is without fire Moreover whereas all other living creatures when they are striken with lightening fall on the contrary side onely man falleth on the affected side if hee be not turned with violence toward the coast or region from whence the lightening came If a man bee striken with lightening while he is asleepe hee will be found with eyes open contrarywise if hee be striken while hee is awake his eyes will be closed as Plinie writeth Philip Commines writeth that those bodyes that are stricken with lightning are not subject to corruption as others are Therefore in ancient time it was their custome neither to burne nor bury them for the brimstone which the lightning bringeth with it was unto them in stead of salt for that by the drynesse and fiery heate thereof it did preserve them from putrefaction Also it may be enquired in judgement Whether any that is dead and wounded received these wounds alive or
then stopped with the grossenesse of the vapour of the coales whereby it appeareth that both these parts were in fault for as much as the consent and connexion of them with the other parts of the body is so great that they cannot long abide sound and perfect without their mutuall helpe by reason of the loving and friendly sympathy and affinitie that is betweene all the parts of the body one with another Wherefore the ventricles of the braine the passages of the lungs and the sleepie Arteries being stopped the vitall spirit was prohibited from entring into the braine and consequently the animall spirit retained and kept in so that it could not come or disperse its selfe through the whole body whence happened the defect of two of the faculties necessary for life It many times happeneth and is a question too frequently handled concerning womens madenheads whereof the judgement is very difficult Yet some ancient women and Midwives will bragge that they assuredly know it by certaine and infallible signes For say they in such as are virgins there is a certaine membrane or parchment-like skin in the necke of the womb which will hinder the thrusting in of the finger if it be put in any thing deepe which membraine is broken when first they have carnall copulation as may afterwards be perceived by the free entrance of the finger Besides such as are defloured have the necke of their womb more large and wide as on the contrary it is more contracted straite and narrow in virgins But how deceitfull and untrue these signes and tokens are shall appeare by that which followeth for this membraine is a thing preternaturall and which is scarce found to be in one of a thousand from the first conformation Now the necke of the womb will be more open or straite according to the bignesse and age of the party For all the parts of the body have a certaine mutuall proportion and commensuration in a well made body Ioubertus hath written that at Lectoure in Gasconye a woman was delivered of a child in the ninth yeare of her age and that she is yet alive and called Ioane du Perié being wife to Videau Beche the receiver of the amercements of the King of Navare which is a most evident argument that there are some women more able to accompany with a man at nine yeares old than many other at fifteene by reason of the ample capacity of their wombe and the necke thereof Besides also this passage is enlarged in many by some accident as by thrusting their owne fingers more strongly thereinto by reason of some itching or by the putting up of a Nodule or Pessarie of the bignesse of a mans yard for to bring downe the courses Neither to have milke in their breasts is any certaine signe of lost virginity For Hippocrates thus writes But if a woman which is neyther with child nor hath had one have milke in her breasts then her courses have failed her Moreover Aristotle reports that there be men who have such plenty of milke in their breasts that it may be sucked or milked out Cardan writes that he saw at Venice one Antony Bussey some 30. yeares old who had milke in his breasts in such plenty as sufficed to suckle a child so that it did not onely drop but spring out with violence like a womans milke Wherefore let Magistrates beware least thus admonished they too rashly assent to the reports of women Let Physitions and Chirurgions have a care least they doe too impudently bring magistrates into an errour which will not redound so much to the judges disgrace as to theirs But if any desire to know whether one be poysoned let him search for the Symptomes and signes in the foregoing and particular treatise of poysons But that this doctrine of making Reports may be the easier I thinke it fit to give presidents in imitation whereof the young Chirurgion may frame others The first president shall be of death to ensue a second of a doubfull judgement of life and death the third of an impotency of a member the fourth of the hurting of many members I A. P. Chirurgion of Paris this twentieth day of May by the command of the Counsell entred into the house of Iohn Brossey whom I found lying in bed wounded on his head with a wound in his left temple piercing the bone with a fracture and effracture or depression of the broken bone scailes and mâ—ninges into the substance of the braine by meanes whereof his pulse was weake he was troubled with raving convulsion cold sweate and his appetite was dejected Whereby may bee gathered that certaine and speedy death is at hand In witnesse whereof I have signed this Report with my owne hand By the Coroners command I have visited Peter Lucey whom I found sicke in bed being wounded with a Halbard on his right thigh Now the wound is of the bredth of three fingers and so deepe that it pierces quite through his thigh with the cutting also of a veine and Artery whence ensued much effusion of blood which hath exceedingly weakned him and caused him to swound often now all his thigh is wollâ—e livide and gives occasion to feare worse symptomes which is the cause that the health and safety of the party is to be doubted of By the Iustices command I entred into the house of Iames Bertey to visite his owne brother I found him wounded in his right harme with a wound of some foure fingers bignesse with the cutting of the tendons bending the legge and of the Veines Arteries and Nerves Wherefore I affirme that he is in danger of his life by reason of the maligne symptomes that usually happen upon such wounds such as are great paine a feaver inflammation abscesse convulsion gangreene and the like Wherefore he stands in neede of provident and carefull dressing by benefit wherof if he escape death without doubt he will continue lame during the remainder of his life by reason of the impotency of the wounded part And this I affirme under my hand We the Chirurgions of Paris by the command of the Senate this twentieth day of March have visited Master Lewis Vertâ—man whom wee found hurt with five wounds The first inflicted on his head in the middle of his forehead bone to the bignesse of three fingers and it penetrates even to the second table so that we were forced to plucke away three splinters of the same bone The other was atwhart his right cheeke and reacheth from his eare to the midst of his nose wherefore wee stitched it with foure stitches The third is on the midst of his belly of the bignesse of two fingers but so deepe that it ascends into the capacity of the belly so that we were forced to cut away portion of the Kall comming out thereat to the bignesse of a wallnut because having lost its naturall colour it grew blacke and putrified The fourth was upon
of the vessels An admonitioÌ„ The 4. way dy Escharoticks The 5. way by cutting off the vessels Paines weakens the body and causes defluxious Divers Anodines or medicines to asswage paine What a Convulsion is Three kinds of an universal Convulsion Three causes of a convulsion Causes of Repletion Causes of Inanition Aph. 26. sec 2. Causes of convulsion by consent of paine Signes of a convulsion The cause of a Convulsion by Repletion The cure of a Convulsion caused by inanition An Emolient Liniment for any Convulsion An Emolient and humecting Bath The cure of a Convulsion by a puncture or bite A worthy Alexâ—pharmacâ—… or Antidote You must hinder the locking of the teeth What a Palsie is The differences thereof How it differs from a Convulsion The causes It is good for a feaver to happen upon a Palsie The decoctioÌ„ of Guaiacumis good for a Palsie Things actually hotegood for to be applied to paraliticke meÌ„bera Leon. Faventi his ointment An approved ointment for the Palsie A distilled water good to wash them outwardly to drinke inwardly Exercises and frictions Chymicall oyles What Sowning is Three causes of sowning The cure of sowning caused by dissipation of spirits The cure of sowning caused by a venenate aire The cure of Sowning caused by oppression and obstruction What a Symptomaticall Delirium is The causes thereof Why the brain suffers with the midriffe The Cure The differences of a brokeÌ„ head The kinds of a broken Scul out of Hippocrates Differences from their quantity Differences from their figure From their complication The externall causes Rationall causes Aphor. 50. sec 6. Lib. 8 cap. 4. Hippocrates and Guidoes conjecturall fignes of a broken scull Sensible signes of a broken scull before the dividing of the skinne Lib. de vuluere cap. What a probe must be used in searching for a fracture Lib. 5. Epid. in Autonomus of Omsium Hipcrates was deceized by the futures Vpon what occasion the hairy sealpe must be cut Celsus Hippocrater The manner how to pull the hairiesealp from the broken scull The manner to binde a vessell in case of too much bleeding A History A way to finde a fracture in the scull when it presents not it selfe to the view at the first A signe that both the Tables are broken You may use the Trepan after the tenth day It it sufficient in a simple fissure to dilate it with your Scalpri onely and not to Trepan it What an Ecchymosis is How 〈◊〉 contusion of the scull must be cured What a contusion is What an Effracture is The causes of Effractures The cure Hip. lib. do â—ulâ— cap. Gal. sib 6. meth cap. 〈◊〉 A History What a seate is The cure Lib. 8. cap. 4. A History What a Resonitus is Lib. 6. cap. 90. In whom this fracture may take place in diverse bones of the scull A History The Resonitus may be in the same bone of the scull A History Why Hippocrates set dovvne no way to cure a Resonitus The manner to know when the scull is fractured by a Resonitus Gal. lib. 2. de comp medic cap. 6. Com. ad Aph. 58 sect 7. Lib. 5. Epidem The vessels of the braine broken by the commotion thereof signes Celsus The cause of vomiting when the head is wounded Aphor. 14 sect 7 A History What was the necessary cause of the death of King Henry the second of France A History A History Why some die of small wounds and others recover of great Hippoc. de vul cap. Whether the wounds of children or old people are better to heale Aph. 15. sect 1. Aphor. 65 sect 5 Aph. 47 sect 2. Wounds which are dry rough livide and black are evill The signes of a feaver caused by an Erysipelas Why an Erysipelas chiefely assailes the face The cure of an Erysipelas on the face Why oyly things must not be used in an Erysipelas of the face Aph. 25. sect 6 Deadly signes in wounds of the head A convulsion is caused by drynesse A twofold cause of convulsisieke drynesse Lib. 4. de usu partium Opinion of Champhius The signes of a deadly wound from the depraved faculties of the minde From habite of the body From the time that such signes appears Celsus lib. 8. câ— 4. When the patients are out of danger The patient must beware of cold How the ayre ought to be Aphor. 18. sect 〈◊〉 Lib. 2 de usâ— part ca. 2. The Aire though in summer is colder than the braine The discommodities of too much light What his drink must be Almonds encrease the paine of the head What fish he may eate Aphor 13. 14 sect 1. Aphor. 15 sect 2 Why sleepe upon the day-time is good for the braine being enflamed Lib. 2. Epidem The discommodities ensuing immoderate Watching Gal. Meth. 13. Medicinâ—s procuring sleepe The commodities of sleepe Lib. 4. Meth. Lib. de cur per sanguâ—… Miss The use of Fractures A History The two chiefe Indications in blood letting The discommoditis of venery in vvounds of the head Hovv hurtfull noyse is to the fractures of the scull A History Of a simple wound of the flesh and the skinne A degestive medicine A sarcoticke Medicine An Epuloticke A History What things we must observe in sovveing When we must not let blood in wounds A History The bitings of man and beasts are venenate Theriacall 〈…〉 picke Medicines A Cordiall Epithema The cure of the Hairy scalpe when it is contused A repelling medicine A discussing Fomentation Ceratum de Minio Detersive or clensing medicines Why the Pericranium hath such exquisite sense Gal. 6. Meth. The bones are offended with the application of humide things Lib. dei ulcer 〈◊〉 6. Math. Vigoes Cerate good for a broken scull A liniment good against convulsions Gal. 4. Meth. How farre humide things are good for a fractured scull Why Cephalicke or Catagmaticke pouders are good When to used How to be mixed when trey are to bee applyed to the Meninges Why a repelling Ligature cannot be used in fractures of the Scull How the patient must be placed when you Trepan him What to be done before the application of the Trepan The harme the bone receives by being heated with the Trepan What things hasten these ailing of the bone The bone must not be forcibly scailed A caution in Trepaning A safe and convenient Trepan The use of a Leaden Mallet Why a Trepan must not be applyed to the sutures Why two Trepans are to be used to a fractured suture A bone almost severed from the scull must not be Trepaned A notable cavitie in the forehead bone Lib. de â—ul câ— A rule out of Hippocrates What discommodities arise from cutting the temporall muscle A history A history The generation of a Fungus Why when the scull is broken the bones sometimes become foule or rotten The signes of foulenesse of the bone Corrupt bones are sometimes hard The benefit of a vulnerary potion A History A great falling away of a corrupt bone Aph. 45. Sect. 6 The cevetous
oyntment for a scalled head The cure of a crusty scall A poultis of Cresses Lib. 7. simpl A plaister to pluck away the haire at once The cure of an ulcerous scall A contumacious scall must be cured as we cure the Lues Venerea What the Vertigo is and the causes thereof The signeâ— Lib. 6. A criticall Vertigo The differences In what kind of Megrim the opening of an Artery is good A historie No danger in opening an artery Differences Paul Aegin lib. 8. cap. 6. The cause The cure Paulus Aegin lib. 6. cap. 10. The cure Ectropion or the turning up or out of the Eye-lid Paul cap. 16. lib. 6. The cure What Hydatis is Com. ad aphor 55. sect 7. The cure Paulus cap. 15. lib. 6. The cause The cure A disease subject to relapse A detergent collyrium You need not feare to use acride medicines in the itching of the eye-lids Lib. 2. cap. 4. fract 3. What lippitudo is A Collyrium of vitrioll to stay the defluxions of the eyes What Ophthalmia is and the causes thereof Signes The cure Com. ad aphor 31. sect 6. Lib. 13. meth cap. ult An percussive medicine Astringent emplasters An anodine cataplasme The efficacy of Bathes in pains of the eyes Adaphor sect 7. Detergent Colllicia The cause The cure The Atrophia of the eye The Phihisis thereof Lib. 3. cap. 22. Theâ—…sis â—…sis Paulus li. 3. cap. What Web curable and what incurable The cure The cutting of the Web. The use of the glandule at the greater corner of the eye The differences Periodicall and Typicall Fistulaes The cure The efficacy of an actuall cautery Things to be done after the cauterizing What a Staphiloma is and the causes thereof Paulus and Aetim Every Staphiloma infers incurable blindness The cause Lib. 4. method cap. ult The cause The cure A digesting Cataplasme A Cataract The differences Causes Signes Diet for such as are troubled with a Cataract Bread seasoned with fennell seeds How bright shining things may dissipart a beginning Cataract A Collyrium dissipating a beginning Cataract A Cataract must not be couched unless it be ripe Uncurable Cataracts Curable Cataracts When to couch a Cataract The place The needle Gal. lib. 10. de usts partium cap. 5. Cels lib. 7. The signe of a Cataract well couched Lib. 6. cap. 21. What to be done after the couching of a Cataract Of a Cataract which is broken to pieces The cause The cure The concussive force of sneesing The cure different according to the places where they sticke The Tooth ach a most cruell paine The cause thereof Signes of this or that defluxion Three scopes of curing A cold repercussive lotion for the mouth Trochisces for a hot defluxion Narcoticks Hot fumes Vesicatories Causticks Causes of loosnesse of the teeth A History The causes of hollow teeth The cure Causes of wormes in the teeth Causes of setting the teeth an edge A caveat in drawing of teeth Lib. 7. cap. 18. The maner of drawing teeth What to be done when the tooth is plukt out Causes of foule or rusty teeth The cure A caution in the use of acride things A water to whiten the teeth The cause of being tongue-tied The cure Another way to cut it The differences The cure of nailes running into the flesh of the fingers How to take off the cornes of the fingers The cause The cure The causes The cure The cause The cure Such as are borne without a hoâ—… their fundâ—… are not long lived Why children are subject to the stone in the bladder The cause Why the thigh iâ—…â—umme in the stone of the reines Signes of the stone in the bladder Why such as have a stone in the bladder are troubled with the falling of the fundament How to searâ—n for the stonein the bladder with a Cathaeter The figure of the necke of the bladder is different in men and women How death may ensue by the suppression of the urine Why stones of the kidneys have sundry shapes Why men are more subject to to the stone than women What stones caâ—… taken out of the bladdes without killing the patient What diet such must use as fear the stone Lib. 13. method A lenitive and lubricating syrupe A diuretick Apozâ—me A diâ—â—etick and â—…h A diuâ—etick powder The lye made of the ashes of beane stalkes a diuâ—etick Anodine glisters in the stone Remedies against the stone of the kidnies comming from a cold cause Carminative glisters Signes of the stone stopping in the ureter Remedies 〈…〉 force â—own the stone sticking in the ureter A decoction for a bath An Anodine Cataplasme Signes of the stone fallen out of the ureter into the bladder When the yard may besafely cut An agglutinative medicine how to hasten the agglutination Why the boy must be shaken before cutting How to place the child before dissection Where to divide the perinaeum Nature very powerfull in children Generall rules must be reduced to particular bodies What to bee done before dissection How to lay the patient Why the probe must be â—it on the out-side Why the sâ—ame of the perinaeum must not be cut Where to make the wound to take forth the stone That which is torne is sooner healed than that which is cut A note of more stones than one How to cleanse the bladder How to break a stone that cannot be taken out whole and at once Of sewing the wound when the stone is taken forth A repercussive medicine Remedies for the Cod lest it gangrenate What things hasten the union How to make a fresh wound of an old ulcer What to doe in want of a stay How to search for the stone in women In suppression of the urine we must not presently fly to diureticks Why the too long holding the urine causeth the suppression therof A history A history A history How the pus may flow from the wounded arme by the urine and excrements 〈◊〉 de â—ac affect â— cap. 4. Why the dislocation of a vertebra of the loins may cause a suppression of urine Why the suppression of the urine becomes deadly A feaver following thereon helps the suppression of urine The differences Causes Signes of what causes they proceed Cure Why the matter which flows from the kidneyes is lesse stinking than that which flowes from the bladder Differences Why ulcers of the bladder are cured with more difficulty Scopes of curing To what suppression of the urine diureticks must not be used To which and when to be used A diureticke water Why the use of diuretickes is better after bathing To cleanse the ulcers of the kidneyes and bladder Trochisces to heale the ulcers of the kidneies Drinke in stead of wine What Diabete is The causes Signes Why the urines are watrish The cure Narcoticke things to be applyed to the loines What the Strangury is The causes Com. ad aphor 15. sect 3. Adaphor 48. sect 7. What Ileos or iliaca passâ—o is What 〈◊〉 passio or the Cholickâ—â—s Lib. 3. Lib. 3. c. 43. The manner of
What a liniment is Oyntments their differences Unguentum adstringens Unguentum nutritum Vnguentum aureum Vng Tetraphâ—…macum scu Basiâ—…m Ung. Diapompholygos Vng desiccatvum rubrum Ung. Enulatum Vng album Rhasis De Althaea Vng Populeuâ—… Vng Apostolorum Comâ—… Ung. pto stomacho Ung. ad morsus rubiosos ex li. 1. Gal. de comp sce genera 3. De comp med see gen What a Cerat is The differences Emplasters Signes of a plaster perfectly boyled The quantity of things to be put into plasters Empl. de Vigo with Mercury Ceratum oesipiex Philagrio Degratia Dei De janua seu de Betonica Emplastrum oxycroceum De cerusa Tripharmacum seu nigrum Diapalma seu diachalciteos Contrarupturam De mucaginibus De minio Diachylon magnum The use of plasters The matter of cataplasmes Their use Lib. 2. ad glaucubi deschirrho An anodine cataplasme A ripening cataplasme A discussing caplasme How pultisses differ from caplasmes A ripening cataplasme Their use 2. De victu iâ—â—cutis What an Embrocation is Their use What an Epitheme is In the sixth Chapter A cordiall Epitheme Their use The use of potentiall cauteries The matter of them The formes of them The signe of good Capitellum The faculty of the silken Cautery The cause of the name Their description The description of Mercury or Angelicall powder What vesicatorie and rubrifâ—ing medicines are The description of a vesicatory Their use What a collyrium is The difference of them Their use Their matter A repercussive collyrium An anodine A detergent What an errhine is Their differences The forme of one An errhine purging phlegme An errhine with powders A Rernutatory The matter of solid errhines Their use The manner of using them To whom they are hurtfull What an apophlegmatism is The differences The use of masticatories To whom hurtfull What a gargle is The differences thereof Their matter An astringent gargle An anodine gargle A detersive What a dentifrice is The differences The matter whereof they consist A powder for a Dentifricc Their usâ—… Whata bag or quilt is Their differences A quilt for the stomacke A cap for a cold head A quilt for the heart Their use What a fumigation is Their differences and matter A cephalicke sume For the hardnesse of the sinewes For the relicks of the Lues venerea The manner of using them The manner of a moist fumigation A moist fume for the eares What an insâ—… is The matter A halfe bath for the stone in the kidneies The use The manner of using it The faculties of Bathes Their differences Naturall Baths How to know whence the Bathes have their efficacy The condition of naturall sulphureous waters Of aluminous waters Of salt and nitious Oâ— bituminous Of brasen Of iron Of leaden Of hot baths To whom hurtfull The faculties of cold baths The Spaw Of artificiall baths The faculty of a bath of warme water Why wâ— put oile into baths Why we must not continue in the bath till we sweat A mollifying anodine bath Cautions to be observed in the use of baths The fittest time for bathing How to order the patient comming forth of the bath The differences of Stoves How made A vaporous stove or bath As the colour of the skin is such is the humour that is thereunder Waters wherewith to wash the face Compound liquors wherewith to wash the face Virgins 〈◊〉 The marrow of sheeps bones good to smooth the face How to makâ— Salcerussae How to paint the face Why worse in winter than in summer Diâ—â— Remedies An approved ointment To dry up the pustles To kill tettarâ— To smooth the skinne What things are fit to dy the haire How to wash Lime A water to black the haire To make the haire of a flaxen colour A depilatory Another Sweet waters Lavander water Clove water Sweet water What distillation is Foure degrees of heate What heate fittest for what things The matter the best for Fornaces A round forme the best for Fornaces Leaden vessells ill Brasse worse The best vessells for distillation Hot things must bee often distilled * By Aquavita in this and most other places is meant nothing but the spirit of 〈◊〉 The parts of an Alembecke Why those things that are distilled in Balneo retaine more of the strength of things What things neede not to be macerated before they bee dissolved The maceration of plants in their owne juice The varieties of stilled waters Rose water Restauratives Another way of making restorative Liquors Spirit of wine seaven times rectified The faculties of the spirit of wine The distilling of Wine and Vinegar is different The first way The second Lac Virginis Ch. 44. of suci Oiles by expression By infusion By distillation Oyle of Bay-berries Of Egges Oyle of S. Iohns wort Of Masticke What oyles are to be drawne by expression The first manner of drawing oiles by distillation Another way What oiles fall to the bottome The description of Pepper The uses thereof The Cinnamon tree 7. simp An excellent Cinnamon tree A signe that the spirit of wine hath fetcht out the strength of the ingredients A signe that the ingredients have loâ—â— their strength What a Retort is The differences of Gummes Cautions in distilling of gummes How to make oyle of Turpentinâ—… How to make oyle of waxe The faculties thereof How to make oyle of myrrhe How to give it a pleasing colour and smell Vesalius hiâ— balsame Fallopius hiâ— balsame What frankinâ—ense is The faculties thereof The signe of perfectly calcined vitrioll Why a Chirurgion must be carefull in making of Reports Why judgement is difficult Wounds teâ—med great for three respects How long a Chirurgion must suspend his judgement in some cases Generall signes whereby we judge of diseases Wounds deadly by the fault of the ayre Singnes of a fractured scull Signes of death by a wound on the head Signes that the throate is cut Signes that a wound hath pierced in the capâ—city of the chest Signes that the Lungs are wounded That the heart is wounded The midriffe The Vâ—…â—a and great Artery The spinall marrow The Liver The stomacke The spleene The guts The kidneyes The bladder The womb The Nerves Signes that an infant is smothered or over-layd Signes of such as are slaine by Lightning Lib. 2. cap. 54. Signes of wounds given to a living and dead man Signes whether on be hanged alive or dead Whether one found dead in the water came therein a live or dead 〈◊〉 such as are smothered by Charcoale Lib. 9. cap. 12. lib. 23. A history Sect. 5. Aph. 5. The occasion of the death of such as have the apoplexie Conditions of the ayre good to breath in Of the signes of virginitie Lib. de errâ—r popul Aph. 39. sect 5. Lib. 4. de hist animal cap. 20. Lib. 12. de subtilet A certificate of death Another in a doubtfull case In the losse of a member Another in the hurts of divers parts A caution in making report of a woman with child being killed The care of the