Thelesinus had taken ROME Now about midnight came certaine souldeirs from Crassus to Syllaes campe asked for meate for Crassus supper and his mens who hauing chased his flying enemies whom he had ouerthrowen vnto the city of ANTEMNA which they tooke for refuge had lodged his campe there Sylla vnderstaÌ„ding that being aduertised that the most parte of his enemies were ouerthrowen at this battell went him selfe the next morning betimes vnto ANTEMNA where three thowsand of his enemies sent to know if he would receiue them to mercy if they yelded them selues vnto him His aunswer was that he would pardon their liues so as they would do some mischiefe to their fellowes before they came to him These three thowsand hereupon trusting to his promise fell apon their companions and for the most parte one of them killed an other NotwithstaÌ„ding Sylla hauing gathered all those together that remained of his enemies as wel the three thowsand as the rest amouÌ„ting in all to the number of six thowsand men within the show place where they vsed to run their horses whilest he him self held a counsell in the teÌ„ple of the goddesse Bellona was making his oratioÌ„ there he had appointed certeÌ„ to set vpoÌ„ those six thowsand put them to the sword euery man Great and terrible were the cries of such a number of men slaine in so small a roome as many may easily coniecture insomuch as the Senators sitting in counsell heard them very easily and marueled what the matter was But Sylla continuing on his oration which he had begon with a set steady countenance without chauÌ„ging of colour willed theÌ„ only to hearken what he sayd not to trouble them selues with any thing done abroade for they were but certen offenders lewd persons that were punished by his coÌ„maundemeÌ„t This was enough to shew the simplest ROMANE in ROME that they had but only chaunged the tryan but not the tyranny Now for Marius had bene euer of a churlish seuere nature euen from his childhood he neuer chauÌ„ged for any authority but did rather hardeÌ„ his natural stubbornes Where Sylla coÌ„trarily in the beginning was very modest ciuill in all his prosperity gaue great good hope that if he came to the authority of a prince he would fauor nobility wel yet loue notwithstanding the benefit of the people And being moreouer a man in his youth geueÌ„ all to pleasure deliting to laugh ready to pity weepe for tender hart in that he became after so cruell bloody the great alteracioÌ„ gaue manifest cause to condemne the increase of honor authority as thonly meanes wherby mens maners continue not such as they were at the first but still do chaunge vary making some fooles others vaine fantasticall others extreame cruel vnnaturall But whether that alteracion of nature came by chaunging his state condicion or that it was otherwise a violent breaking out of hidden malice which then came to shewe it selfe when they way of liberty was layed open this matter is to be decided in some other treatise So it came to passe that Sylla fell to sheading of blood filled all ROME with infinite vnspeakable murthers for diuerse were killed for priuate quarrels that had nothing to do with Sylla at any time who suffered his frends those about him to worke their wicked wills Vntil at the length there was a young man called Caius Metellus that was so bold to aske Sylla in open Senate when all these miseries should end and when they should know that all the mischieues were finished the which they dayly sawe For said he we will not intreate you to pardoÌ„ life where you haue threatned death but only to put theÌ„ out of dout whom you haue determined to saue Whereunto Sylla made aunswer that he was not resolued whom he would saue Metellus replied theÌ„ tell vs quod be who they are that shall dye Sylla aunswered he would Howbiet some say it was not Metellus but Aufidius one of his flatterers that spake this last word vnto him Wherefore Sylla immediatly without making any of the magistrats priuy caused foure score mens names to be set vp vpon postes whom he would put to death Euery maÌ„ being offeÌ„ded withal the next day following he set vp two hundred twenty mens names more likewise the third day as many more Hereupon making an oration to the people he told theÌ„ openly that he had appointed all them to dye that he could call to remeÌ„braunce howbiet that hereafter he would appoint them that should dye by daies as he did call them to minde Whosoeuer saued an outlaw in his house for reward of his kindnes he himselfe was condeÌ„ned to dye not excepting theÌ„ that had receiued their brothers their sonnes their fathers nor mothers And the reward of euery homycide murtherer that killed one of the outlawes was two talentes though it were a slaue that had killed his master on the sonne that had slaine the father But the most wicked vniust act of all was that he depriued the sonnes sonnes sonnes of them whom he had killed of all credit good name besides that had takeÌ„ all their goods as coÌ„fiscate And this was not only done in ROME but also in al the cities of ITALIE through out there was no reÌ„ple of any god whatsoeuer no aulter in any bodies house no liberty of hospital nor fathers house that was not embrued with blood horrible murder For the husbaÌ„ds were slaine in their wiues armes the childreÌ„ in their mothers laps and yet they which were slaine for priuate hatred malice were nothing in respect of those that were murdered only for their goods And they that killed them might well say his goodly great house made that man dye his goodly fayer garden the other and his hotte batheâ—â— other As amongest others Quintus Aurelius a man that neuer medled with any thinge and least looked that these euills should light vpon him and that only pitied those which he sawe so miserably murdered went one day into the market place and reading the bill set vp of the outlawes names found his owne name amongest the rest and cried outalowde alas the day that euer I was borne my house of ALEA maketh me to be put to death He went not fawe from the market place but met with one that killed him presently In the meane time Mariâ—â— the younger seeing he could by no meanes escape if he were taken slue him selfe And Sylla comming to PRAENESTE did first execute them by one and by one keeping a certaine forme of iustice in putting them to death but afterwardes as if he had no lenger leasure to remaine there he caused them all to be put in a place together to the number of twelue thowsandâ— men whom he caused to be put to the sword euery man sauing his host only vnto whom he sayd
by some of his frends that al Catoes regard counsell in matters of gouernment was to deliuer ROME from tyranny that if he had so great a charge vnder him Caesar being once ouercome he would also force Pompey to leaue his army so make him subiect to the law he chaunged his minde notwithstanding he had already moued it to Cato leauing him gaue Bibulus the charge of all his army by sea But Cato therefore shewed no lesse good will vnto Pompey then before For it is reported that in a certaine skirmish coÌ„flict before the city of DYRRACHIVM Pompey encoraging his souldiers commaunding euery Captaine also to do the like in his quarter the souldiers gaue but faint eare vnto them made no manner of show of men whose harts had bene any whit the more encoraged thereby But when Cato after them all came and told them as the time serued the reason of Philosophie and the effect of libertie manhoode death and honor and that with a great vehement affection and last of all ending his oration calling apon the gods turning his speache vnto them as if they had bene present to haue seene how valliantly the souldiers fought for the libertie of their contry they gaue such a lustie crye and had such a braue conceite vehement desire to fight like men that all the Captaines were filled with good hope and so led them to battell where they gaue such a cruell charge and fierce on set apon their enemies that they ouerthrewe them and put them that day to flight Howebeit Caesars good fortune tooke the finall ende of this victorie from Pompey by his ouergreat feare and mistrust who could not tell how to take the benefit of his victorie as we haue wrytten more amply in his life But when all the rest reioyced that they had done so noble an exployte made their vawnts of the great aduantage they had of their enemies Cato to the contrarie bewailed the calamitie of his contrie and lamented that cursed ambicion which caused so many good and valliant citizens of one selfe citie so to kill and murther one an other After this ouerthrowe Caesar taking his way into THESSALIE Pompey raised his campe to followe him and leauing a great power at DYRRACHIVM of men armor munition and frends he gaue Cato the charge of them all and fifteene ensignes of footemen besides The which he did for the feare and mistrust he had of him being assured that if by ill fortune he should lose the battell he knew well enough that he could not commit them to a trustier man then he but on thother side if he wanne the victory he douted sore that he could not commaund as he would where Cato was There were also many other noble men as a man would say cast away and left at DYRRACHIVM with Cato In fine the ouerthrow of the battell at Pharsalia being blowen abroad Cato resolued with himselfe if Pompey were dead that he would passe ouer all his men into ITALIE and then like a banished man would him selfe alone wander as farre as he coulde from the tyrannie and contrarily if he were aliue that then he would keepe his army together for him as long as he could With this determination he passed ouer the sea into the I le of CORâ—Y where Pompeys armie by sea lay There Cato finding Cicero he would haue surrendered vp his charge vnto him as to a man of greater dignitie for that he had bene Consul and Cato only but Praetor Howbeit Cicero would in no wise receiue it but returned immediatly into ITALY Cato then perceiuing that Pompey the younger sonne vnto Pompey the great of a rash hawty minde would haue punished all them that went into ITALIE and left the armie by sea and that specially he was bent first of all to begin with Cicero Cato reproued him priuately for it so that he certainly saued Ciceroes life and many other moe besides Now Cato supposing that Pompey the great had saued him selfe in AEGYPT or in AFRICKE he determined to take the seas to meete him with all his men but before he tooke shippe he gaue all men leaue to depart that were not willing to follow him Cato being arriued in AFRICKE sayling vp downe the coast there he met with Sextus the youngest sonne of Pompey who first told him that his father was slaine in AEGYPT when the souldiers heard it they tooke it very heauely and not one of them after the death of Pompey the great would serue vnder any other Captaine then Cato He therupon being ashamed thinking it pity also to leaue so many noble good men that had serued so faithfully vnder him without a Captaine not knowing what way to take nor whether to goe at their request he was contented to take charge of them and went first vnto the citie of CYRENES where not many dayes before the citizens had shut the gates against Labienus Being there it was told him that Scipio Pompeys father in law was gotten vnto king Iuba who had receiued him and that Actius Varus vnto whome Pompey had geuen the charge of the prouince of AFRICKE was in their company with an army and determined to goe ioyne with them So he went by lande in the winter time and had gotten a maruelous number of asses together to cary water and vittels which followed him with a great number of carts besides and of those men which the AFRICANES call PSILLES to wit they that doe heale the stinging of serpents and doe sucke out the poyson with their mouthes and doe furthermore charme and enchaunt the snakes that they haue no power to doe any hurt He was seuen dayes together marching continually and went a foote as a guide vnto his men without helpe of horse or beast From that day foorth on the which he vnderstoode of the battell lost at Pharsalia he neuer supped but sitting and added that vnto the rest of his sorrow that he neuer layed him downe but when he went to bedde for all night Cato hauing passed the winter in LYDIA he brought his souldiers into the fielde which were about tenne thowsand persons The affaires on their side had but hard successe for the contencion and variance betwext Scipio and Varus for the which they both flattered king Iuba to winne his fauor being a maruelous prowde man for his greatnes and riches as he shewed the first time he spake with Cato For when Cato came he caused his owne chayre to be set betwext Scipio and Cato to haue the honor to be in the middest But Cato perceiuing it tooke vp his owne chaire and set it on thother side by Scipio to put him in the middest notwithstanding that he was his enemie and had wrytten a shamefull booke against him Many make no accompt of this facte of Cato but reproue him bicause that walking one day with Philostratus in SICILI he gaue him the vpper hande
the bare name of a gouernor But in deede the perfect good and honest man should neuer couer outward glory but as a meane to bringe him to noble attempts whereby he might procure the better credit of his doings And for a younge man that coueteth honor by vertue giue him leaue a litle to glory in his well doing for as Theophrastus sayth vertue buddeth and florisheth in youth and taketh fast roote by prayses giuen as wit corage groweth in them But ouermuch praise is daungerous in euery person but chiefly in ambicious gouernors For if they be men of great power it makes them commit many desperat partes for they wil not allow that honor proceedes of vertue but that honor is vertue it selfe But in deed they should say as Phocion did vnto Antipater that requested an vnlawfull matter of him Thou canst not said he haue Phocion a friend and a flatterer both This or the very like may be sayd vnto the people you can not both haue one a Maister and a seruaunt that can commaunde and obey together Or els the mischiefe spoken of in the tale of the Dragon must needes happen which was the taile on a time fell out with the head and complained saying it would an other while go before would not alwaies come behind The head graunted the taile which fell out very ill for it not knowing howe to guide the heade and besides that the head thereby was tormented euery way beeing compelled against nature to follow that part and member which could nether heare nor see how to guide it The like matter haue we seene happen vnto many which in the administracion of the common wealth did seeke to please the humors of the multitude For when they haue once put their heads vnder their girdles to please the common people which without cause reason doe soone rebell they can by no possible meanes afterwards bridle their furie insolencie Now the reason that made vs to enter into discourse against the ambition and vaine glorye amongest the people was the consideracion I had of their greate power remembring the misfortunes of Tiberius and Caius Gracchi bothe the which comming of a noble house and hauing bene maruelous well brought vp maneging also the affayres of the common wealth with a good desire were notwithstanding in the ende cast away not so much through couetousnes of glorye as for feare of dishonor which came also of no base mind For they hauing receiued great pleasures and friendships of the people were ashamed to be indetted to them and therefore earnestly sought to exceede the people in good will by new decrees and deuises which they preferred for common benefit and the people also for their partes contended to honor them the more by how much they striued to shewe them selues thankefull So with like strife on either side they go gratifie the common people and the people also to honor them were vnwares so entangled with publike causes that they could no more follow the common prouerbe which sayth Although our deedes discent from equitie Yet can vve not desist vvith honestie This thou shalt easily finde by the declaracion of the historie With these we doe compare two other popular men both kinges of LACEDAEMON Agis and Cleomenes For they as the Gracchi seeking to increase the power of the common people and to restore the iust and honest gouernment againe of the common wealth of LACEDAEMON which of long time had bene out of vse did in like manner purchase the hate of the nobilitie which were loth to lose any part of their wonted couetousnes In deed these two LACONIANS were no brethreÌ„ borne but yet did both follow one selfe course forme of gouernment which had beginning in this sort After that couetousnes of gold and siluer crept againe into the citie of SPARTA and with riches couetousnes also and miserie and by vse voluptuousnes and licentious life SPARTA then was void of all honor and goodnes and was long time drowned in shame and dishonor vntill king Agis and Leonidas came to raigne there Agis was of the house of the Eurytiontides the sonne of Eudamidas the sixt of lineall descent after Agesilaus who had beene the greatest Prince of all GRAECE in his time This Agesilaus had a sonne slaine in ITALY by the MESSAPIANS called Archidamus before the citie of MANDONIVM Archidamus had issue two sonnes Agis and Eudamidas that was king who succeeded his brother Agis whom Antipater slue before the citie of MEGALIPOLIS and left no children behind him Eudamidas begat Archidamus which Archidamus begat another Eudamidas which Eudamidas also begat Agis whose life we now write of Leonidas also the sonne of Cleonymus was of the other familie of the Agiades the right of succession after Pausanias who slue Mardonius the kings Lieuetenant general of PERSIA in a battell fought before the citie of PLATâ—â—S This Pausanias had a sonne called Plistonax and Plistonax also an other called Pausanias who flying from SPARTA vnto the citie of TEGEA his eldest sonne Agesipolis was made king in his fathers roome who dying without issue his yonger brother Cleombrotus succeeded him in the kingdoÌ„ Cleombrotus had two sonnes Agesipolis and Cleomenes of the which Agesipolis raigned not long king and dyed without issue Then Cleomenes his brother who was king after him had two sonnes Acrotatus the elder that dyed in his fathers life time and Cleonymus the yonger which suruiued him and was not king but one Areus his Nephewe the sonne of Acrotatus This Areus dyed before the citie of CORINTHE who hauing an other Acrotatus to his sonne he succeeded him in the kingdome He also dyed at a battell before the citie of MEGALIPOLIS and was slayne there by the tyrant Aristodemus leauing his wife great with childe She beeing brought to bedde after his death of a sonne whome Leonidas the sonne of Cleonymus taught and brought vp the childe dying very young the crowne by his death was cast apon Leonidas him selfe Howbeit his maners conditions neuer liked the people For though all men generally were corrupted through the coÌ„mon wealth and cleane out of order yet Leonidas of all other exceeded deforming most the auncient LACONIAN life bicause he had bene long time brought vp in Princes houses followed also Seleucus Court from whence he had brought all the pride and pompe of those Courts into GRAECE where law reason ruleth Agis on the contrary part did not onely farre excel Leonidas in honor and magnanimitie of mind but all other almost also which had raigned in SPARTA from the time of Agesilaus the great So that when Agis was not yet twenty yeare old and being daintily brought vp with the finenes of two women his mother Agesistrata and Archidamia his grandmother which had more gold and siluer then all the LACEDAEMONIANS els he began to spurne against these womanish delights pleasures in making him selfe fayer to
very well brought vp in the LACONIAN discipline and better then any man of his yeares Cleomenes did loue him dearely and commaunded him that when he should see he were dead and all the rest also that then he should kill him selfe last of all Now they all being layed on the ground he searched them one after another with the poynt of his sword to see if there were any of them yet left aliue and when he had pricked Cleomenes on the heele amongest others and saw that he did yet knit his browes he kissed him sate downe by him Then perceiuing that he had yelded vp the ghost imbracing him when he was dead he also slue him selfe and fell vpon him Thus Cleomenes hauing raigned king of SPARTA sixteene yeares being the same manner of man we haue described him to be he ended his dayes in this sort as ye heare Now his death being presently bruted through the citie Cratesiclea his mother though otherwise she had a noble minde did notwithstanding a litle forget her greatnes through thextreame sorow she felt for the death of her sonne and so imbracing Cleomenes sonnes she fell to bitter lamentacion But the eldest of his sonnes no man mistrusting any such matter found meanes to get out of her handes running vp to the toppe of the house cast him selfe headlong downe to the ground that his head was all broken and splitted yet died not but was taken vp crying and angry with them that they would not suffer him to dye This newes being brought to king Ptolomy he commaunded they should first flea Cleomenes and then hange vp his body and also that they should put his children his mother and all her women wayting on her to death among the which was Panteas wife one of the fayrest and curteousest women in her tyme They had not beene longe maried before when these mischieues lighted apon them at what tyme their loue was then in greatest force Her parents then would not let her depart and imbarke with her husband but had locked her vp and kept her at home by force Howbeit shortly after she found the meanes to get her a horse some money and stale away in the night and gallopped towards the hauen of Taenarus where finding a shippe ready bound for AEGYPT she imbarked and went to seeke her husband with whome she gladly and louingly ledde her life forsaking her owne contry to liue in a straunge Realme Now when the Sergeaunts came to take Cratesiclea to put her to death Panteas wife led her by the arme carying vp her traine and did comfort her although Cratesiclea otherwise was not affraid to dye but onely asked this fauor that she might dye before her litle children This notwithstanding when they came to the place of execution the hangman first slue her children before her eyes and then her selfe afterwards who in such great griefe and sorowe sayd no more but thus Alas my poore children what is become of you And Panteas wife also being a mighty tall woman girding her clothes to her tooke vp the slayne bodies one after another and wrapped them vp in such things as she could get speaking neuer a word nor shewing any signe or token of griefe and in fine hauing prepared her self to dye and plucked of her attyre her selfe without suffering any other to come neare her or to see her but the hangman that was appoynted to stryke of her head In this sorte she dyed as constantly as the stowtest man liuing could haue done and had so couered her body that no man needed after her death to touche her so carefull was she to her ende to keepe her honestie which she had alwayes kept in her life and in her death was mindefull of her honor wherewith she decked her body in her life tyme Thus these LACEDAEMON Ladies playing their partes in this pitifull tragedie contending at the time of death euen with the corage of the slayne SPARTANS their contrymen which of them should dye most constantly left a manifest proofe and testimonie that fortune hath no power ouer fortitude and corage Shortly after those that were appoynted to keepe the body of king Cleomenes that hong vpon the crosse they spied a great Serpent wreathed about his head that couered all his face insomuch as no rauening fowle durst come neare him to eate of it whereuppon the king fell into a supersticious feare being affrayd that he had offended the goddes Hereuppon the Ladyes in his Court began to make many sacrifices of purification for the cleering of this sinne perswading them selues that they had put a man to death beloued of the gods and that he had something more in him then a man The ALEXANDRINIANS thereuppon went to the place of execution and made their prayers vnto Cleomenes as vnto a demy god calling him the sonne of the goddes Vntill that the learned men brought them from that error declaring vnto them that like as of oxen being dead and rotten there breede bees and of horse also come waspes of asses likewise bitels euen so mens bodies when the marie melteth and gathereth together doe bringe forth Serpents The which comming to the knowledge of the auncients in olde tyme of all other beastes they did consecrate the Dragon to Kinges and Princes as proper vnto man. The end of the life of Agis and Cleomenes TIBERIVS AND CAIVS GRACCHI NOW that we haue declared vnto you the historie of the liues of these two GRAECIANS Agis and Cleomenes aforesayd we must also write the historie of two ROMANES the which is no lesse lamentable for the troubles and calamities that chaunced vnto Tiberius and Caius both of them the sonnes of Tiberius Gracchus He hauing bene twise Consul and once Censor and hauing had the honor of two triumphs had notwithstanding more honor and fame onely for his valiantnes for the which he was thought worthy to marye with Cornelia the daughter of Scipio who ouercame Hanniball after the death of his father though while he liued he was neuer his friend but rather his enemy It is reported that Tiberius on a tyme found two snakes in his bed and that the Soothsayers and wysards hauing considered the signification thereof did forbid him to kill them both and also to let them both escape but one onely assuring him that if he killed the male he should not liue long after and if he killed the female that then his wife Cornelia shoulde dye Tiberius then louing his wife dearely thinking it meeter for him also that he being the elder of both and she yet a younge woman should dye before her he slue the male and let the female escape howbeit he dyed soone after leauing twelue children aliue all of them begotten of Cornelia Cornelia after the death of her husband taking vpon her the rule of her house and children led such a chast life was so good to her children and of so noble a minde that euery man
was in suche a rage withall that he rescued his brother by force on of the Sergeaunts hands and from the Tribunes of the people And they report beside that Tiberius Gracchus one of the Tribunes complayning first that the authoritie of the Tribuneship was troden vnder feete by a priuate person he afterwardes letting fall all the malice and enuy he bare vnto the Scipioes defended their cause bicause the Tribunes should rather seeme to be ouercome by a Tribune then by a priuate person They sayd moreouer that the selfe same daye the Senate supped in the Capitoll he perswaded the AFRICAN to let Tiberius Gracchus mary his younger Daughter This promise was no sooner made but P. Scipio comming home to his house tolde his wife that he had bestowed their Daughter Whereuppon she being angry told him againe that he should not haue married her without consent of her mother though he could haue bestowed her vpon Tiberius Gracchus This aūswer liked Scipio maruelous wel when he saw that his wife was of his mind touching the mariage of their Daughter I knowe it is thought of some that it was attributed to Tiberius the sonne and to Appius Claudius his father in lawe For Polybius and other auncient writers affirme that Cornelia the mother of Caius and Tiberius Gracchi was maried vnto Gracchus after the AFRICANS death For Scipio AFRICAN was maried vnto AEmylia the Daughter of L. Paulus AEmylius Consul that was slayne at the battell of CANNES By her he had two Daughters of the which the eldest was maried vnto P. Cornelius Nasica and the younger vnto Tiberius Gracchus either before or after the death of his father Nowe towching his sonne there is litle mention made of him in writing that a man may write of certainty to be true We haue spoken of his younger sonne that was taken by king Antiochus and afterwards franckly sent vnto his father of whome notwithstanding afterwards I find no mention in writing sauing that some say he was afterwards Praetor and that he came to this office by meanes of Cicercius his fathers Secretary There appeareth in writing also that the younger AFRICAN was adopted by the sonne of P. Scipio Cicero in his booke intituled Cato Maior sayth how weake sayd he was the sonne of P. AFRICAN that adopted thee his sonne And in his sixth booke also de repub AEmylius the father exhorteth Scipio his sonne to follow iustice and piety as his grandfather Scipio AFRICAN had done And touching the death of P. Scipio AFRICAN writers doe diuersly varye for some say that he dyed and was buryed at ROME And for proofe thereof they doe bringe forth the monument that was set vp for him by the gate Capena ouer the which stoode three statues or images two whereof were the images of P. and Lucius Scipio and the third was of Q. Ennius the Poet. And surely that which Cicero wrote seemeth to confirme it true our Ennius sayd he was maruelously beloued of AFRICAN the great and therefore it is thought that he was buryed in Scipioes tombe Other authors write also and surely they agree best with the common report that Scipio AFRICAN dyed at LINTERNVM and that there he was buried at his owne appoyntment bicause his contry so vnthankfully acknowledging his seruice should do him no honor at his death and that there they set him vp a tombe and his statue vpon that the which afterwards was blowen downe by a tempest of wind and the which Liuie him selfe witnesseth he saw Furthermore by CAIETA this Epitaphe was grauen in a plate of copper set in a marbell tombe The man that vanquishe Annibal and conquered Carthage tovvne And eke increast the Romanes both in Empire and renovvne Lyes heere a beape of dust and earth bid vnderneath this stone His deedes his provvesse and his life are altogether gone VVhom mother Europe could vvithstand nor Africk in time past Behold mans frailtie heere he lyes in litle roome at last Now touching the time of his death hauing made great searche for it I haue found in certaine Graeke Authors that the AFRICAN liued foure and fifty yeares and dyed shortly after Furthermore he was a noble Captaine and worthy of all commendacion for martiall discipline and besides excelled in all other vertues the which did so delight his mind that he was wont to say he was neuer lesse idle then when he tooke his ease nether more solitary then when he was alone For some times he would withdraw him selfe out of the assembly from all mens company and thought him self safe when he was alone The fame of his noble deedes was so great that wheresoeuer he went all fortes of people would come and see him The common report went that when he was at LINTERNVM there came certaine rouers vnto him to see so famous a man and to losse that so faithfull and victorious a hand For vertue hath great force and power with all sortes of people bicause it doth not onely make the good but the euil also to loue and honor it THE COMPARISON OF Annibal with P. Scipio African NOW let vs compare Annibal and Scipioes deedes together as touching their ciuill discipline First if we remember their deedes in warres it is manifest that both of them haue bene great and famous Captaines in warre and that they haue not onely bene comparable with the noblest Kinges and Princes in their time being also in that age when warres florished most but with those also that were before their time One thing maketh me wonder much at them that they hauing great and heauy enemies in their contry who sought to ouerthrow all their doings and enterprises could possibly goe thorough with so great matters and to obtayne such happie and famous victories in straunge and forreyne warres Therefore passing ouer all other matters what a doe had P. Scipio before he could obtayne to be sent into AFRICK to make warre with the CARTHAGINANS Fabius Maximus and other noble men of the citie being greatly against it Againe what enemy had Annibal of Hanno who was Prince and head of the contrary faction against him Now they both hauing ouercomen such great troubles at home did notwithstanding bringe thinges to end worthy perpetuall memorie not by chaunce as it hapneth vnto many but through their industrie great wisedom and counsell So diuers doe wonder greatly at Annibals corage and noble mind who after he had sacked the citie of SACVNTVS came boldly from the furdest part of the world into ITALY and brought with him a great army of footemen and horsemen and came to make warre with a great state and common wealth the which his predecessors alwayes dreaded and after he had wonne many battells and slayne sundry Consuls and Captaines of the ROMANES he came and camped hard by the citie of ROME it selfe and procured straunge kings and farre nations to make warre with the ROMANES He that was able to doe so great things as these men can
the Megarians Athenians for Salamina Iliad lib. 2. The manner of burial with the MegariaÌ„ the Athenians Solon defendeth the cause of the teÌ„ple of Delphes Epimenides Phaestus taken for one of the 7. sages excluding Periander Solon pacified the sedition at Athens The miserie of dett and vsurie Solons equitie and vprightnes Solon by subtiltie set order betwext the poore rich Solon chosen reformer of the lawe and chief gouernour Salt refuseth to be a tyranne Tynnondas and Pittacus tyrannes Solens aunswere for tyrannie Excellent temperature Things hatefull made pleasaunt with sweete wordes Cleering of detts Solons first lawe Vsurie forbidden vpon gage of the bodie The value of money cried vp by Solon Lawes would be kept secret till they be published Ill consciences by craft preuent LaweÌ„ A good lawemaker beginneth to doe iustice in him selfe Solons absolute authority in the common weale Solon tooke awaye all DracoÌ„s lawes Solon â—ateth euerie citizen at a certen surname Pentacosiomedimnes Zeugite Thetes The darknes of the lawe increased the authoritie of the iudge The counsell of the Areopagites 3 Counsells erected in Athens Other lawes of Solon A lawe against neawters An acte for matching with inheritoâ—s Solon forbiddeth iointers and dowries Dionysius saying of mariages A law forbidding to speake euill of the dead * Drachmeâ— A lawe for willes and testaments marg A lawe for womens going abroade Craftes and occupations aduaunced The authoritie of the courte and counsaile of the Areopagites * Drachmae The tribes of the AtheniaÌ„s howe they were called An acte for welles An acte for planting and setting of trees Drachmae Feasts for townes men in the towne hall of AtheÌ„s Axones Cyrbes Thesmothetes SoloÌ„s trauell Clarius fl AEpia called Soles Solon saâ—e king Croesus in the cittie of Sardis Croesus question to Solon touching happines Solon esteemed Tellus a happie man. Cleobis Biton happy meÌ„ Solon commeÌ„deth the meane No man happie before his endâ— AEsope saying to Solon Solons aunswer to AEsope King Croesus wordes of Solon hanging vpoÌ„ a gibbeâ— to be bâ—ant Riches are but wordes opinion Sedition as AtheÌ„s in Solons absence Solon returneth to Athens Pisistratus wicked crasie subtiltie Thespis a maker of tragedies Solon reproued Thespis for lying Solons libertie constancie A good lawe for reward of seruice The house of P. Valerius Tarquinine Superbus Valerius Brutus companion in expulsing the Kings Lucius Brutus Tarquinius Collatinus Consuls The first embasâ—iâ—e of king Tarquine for recouering his Realme Another embasstate from Tarquine demaunding his goodes Good counsell of Minutius Tarquines ambassadours practise treason The Aquilij and Vitellij with Brutus sonnes traytours to their countrie The confederacy coÌ„firmed with drinking of maÌ„s bloud Vindicius heareth all their treason The conclusion of their treason Vindicius bewrayeth the treason vnto Valerius Titus Valerius Brutus sonnes Brutus seeth his â—ame sonnes punished executed Brutus praised reproued for the death of his sonnes Collatinus softnes perileus Valerius boldly appeacheth Collatinus of iniustice Collatinus resigneth his Consulshippe 〈…〉 departeth 〈…〉 S. Vindicta so called by reason of Vindicius Tarquines flied coÌ„secrated to Mars Vhereof the holy Iland came in Rome that lieth betwene both bridges Tarquine coÌ„meth with a great power of the Thuscans to wage battell with the Romaines Arsia silua AruÌ„s Brutus encountered and slue eche other The victory of the Romaines against the Thuscans Valerius the first Consul that euer triumphed vpon a cherres The first beginning of funerall oration amoÌ„g the Romaines Anaximenes sayeth Solon was the first that instituted prayses for the dead Valerius stately house staÌ„ding on mouÌ„t Velia Valerius a good example for magistrates Valerius ouerthrew his stately house The temple called Vicus Publicus VVhy Valerius was surnamed Publicola Publicolath actes and lawes VVhereof Peculium was called The first Quastores Publius Veturius Marc. Minutius Lucretius Publicola Consuls Publicola Marcus Horatius CoÌ„suls How oft a Iupiter Capitolins temple was burnt and built againe How much was spent in building the Capitoll Domitians mad building humor Personae proclaimeth warres with Rome Publicola Thus Lucretius Consuls Horatius Cocles why so called Good seruice rewarded Publicola Consul The noble acte of Mutius Secuola How Mutius come by the name of Secuola Publicolae maketh Porsena iudge betwext them and the Tarquines Peace graunted the Romaines by Porsena The boldenes of Claelia and other Romaine virgines The liberalitie of king Persona to the Romaines Marcus Valerius Posthumius Tubertus Consuls Marcus Valerius the brother of Publicola triumpheth of the Sabynes Appius Clausus goeth to dwel at Rome The familie of the Claudians The Sabynes slaine The death of Publicola His funeralles Publicola happie Publicola erected the office of Quaestores A politicke precepâ— Cynosargos a place of exercise dedicated to Hercules Thermistocles towardness Themistocles was Anaxagoras Melissus schollar Mnesiphilus Phrearian VVhat wisedome at in olde time Nowe the name of Sophisters came â—â— Themistocles youthe The priuie grudge betwext Themistocles and Aristides Aristides a iust man. Themistocles ambition Themistocles persuaded his contriemen to make gallyes The AtheniaÌ„s beÌ„t their force to sea by Themistocles persuasion Themistocles a good husbaÌ„d to looke for his profit Themistocles extremely ambitious A wise saying of Themistocles Themistocles made Aristides to be banished Epicydes an orator sued to be generall Arthmius defamed for bribing Themistocles generall of the AtheniaÌ„s against Xerxes The coast of Aretemisivm Themistocles straâ—ageame VVodden walles signifie shipps The Athenians forsake Athens by Themistocles persuasion doe goe to the sea Xanthippus dogge The dog goe graue Aristides renorneth from banishement by Themistocles decree Notable aunswers of Themistocles The Sleue is a fishe facioned like a sworde Themistocles stratageame by the which he wanne the ba'tell at Salamina Themistocles Aristides consent together to geue battell Xerxes king of Persia had a thousand ships Ariamenes Xerxes admirall The Grecians victorie of the Persians â—aâ—y by sea Aristides counsell vnto Themistocles for the breaking of Xerxes bridge Themistocles stratageame Themistocles honored aboue all the Grecians Themistocles ambition noted A prety tale of Themistocles Themistocles saying of his sonne Themistocles buylt againe the walles of the cittie of Athens A subtle fetche of Themistocles The hauen of Piraea fortified The equitie of the Athenians Themistocles goddes Loue and Force The AndriaÌ„s goddesses Pouertie Impossibilitie Themistocles banished for fiue yers Pausanias reuealeth his reason vnto Themistacles Themistocles suspected of treason Themistocles fled into the I le of Corphv The manner of supplicatioÌ„ among the Molossians Themistocles dreame The Persian iealous of their wiues Howe Themistocles was conueyed to the king of Persias courte The Persians honour their King as the image of the god of nature Themistocles talke with the â—ing of Persia An excellent comparison of Themistocles Themistocles honoured of the king of Persia. Demaratus fond demaÌ„do of the King. Themistocles had the reuenue of three citties allowed him for his dyet Themistocles escaped murder by a
a generall strength of the whole bodye dyd farre passe the common force of others and were neuer wearie for any labour or trauell they tooke in hande But for all this they neuer employed these giftes of nature to any honest or profitable thing but rather delighted villanously to hurte and wronge others as if all the fruite and profit of their extraordinary strength had consisted in crueltye violence only and to be able to keepe others vnder and insubiection and to force destroye and spoyle all that came to their handes Thincking that the more parte of those which thincke it a shame to doe ill and commend iustice equitie and humanitie doe it of sainte cowardly heartes bicause they dare not wronge others for feare they should receyue wronge them selues and therefore that they which by might could haue vauntage ouer others had nothing to doe with suche quiet qualities Nowe Hercules trauailling abroade in the worlde draue awaye many of those wicked theuishe murderers and some of them he slewe and put to death other as he passed through those places where they kept dyd hide them selues for feare of him and gaue place in so much as Hercules perceyuing they were well tamed and brought lowe made no further reckoning to pursue them any more But after that by fortune he had slayne Iphitus with his owne handes and that he was passed ouer the seas into the countrye of LYDIA where he serued Queene Omphale a long time condemning him selfe vnto that voluntarie payne for the murder he had committed All the Realme of LYDIA during his abode there remained in great peace and securitie from such kynde of people Howbeit in GRECE and all thereabouts these olde mischiefes beganne againe to renue growing hotter and violenter then before bicause there was no man that punished them nor that durst take vpon him to destroye them By which occasion the waye to goe from PELOPONNESVS to ATHENS by lande was very perillous And therefore Pitheus declaring vnto Theseus what manner of theeues there were that laye in the waye and the outrages and villanies they dyd to all trauellers and wayefaring men sought the rather to perswade him thereby to take his voyage alonge the seas Howbeit in mine opinion the fame and glorie of Hercules noble dedes had long before secretly sett his hearte on fire so that he made reckoning of none other but of him and louingly hearkened vnto those which woulde seeme to describe him what manner of man he was but chiefly vnto those which had seene him and bene in his companye when he had sayed or done any thing worthy of memorye For then he dyd manifestly open him selfe that he felt the like passion in his hearte which Themistocles long time afterwardes endured when he sayed that the victorie and triumphe of Miltiades would not lett him sleepe For euen so the wonderfull admiration which Theseus had of Hercules corage made him in the night that he neuer dreamed but of his noble actes and doings and in the daye time pricked forwardes with emulation and enuie of his glorie he determined with him selfe one daye to doe the like and the rather bicause they were neere kynsemen being cosins remoued by the mothers side For AEthra was the daughter of Pitheus and Alemena the mother of Hercules was the daughter of Lysidices the which was halfe sister to Pitheus bothe children of Pelops and of his wife Hippodamis So he thought he should be vtterly shamed and disgraced that Hercules trauelling through the worlde in that sorte dyd seeke out those wicked theeues to rydde both sea lande of them that he farre otherwise should flye occasion that might be offered him to fight with them that he should meere on his waye Moreouer he was of opinion he should greately shame and dishonour him whom fame and common bruite of people reported to be his father if in shonning occasion to fight he should conuey him selfe by sea and should carie to his true father also a paire of shooes to make him knowen of him and a sworde not yet bathed in bloude Where he should rather seeke cause by manifest token of his worthie deedes to make knowen to the worlde of what noble bloude he came and from whence he was descended With this determination Theseus holdeth on his purposed iorney with intent to hurte no man yet to defende him selfe to be reuenged of those which woulde take vpon them to assault him The first therefore whom he slewe within the territories of the cittie of EPIDAVRVM was a robber called Periphetes This robber vsed for his ordinarie weapon to carie a clubbe and for that cause he was commonly surnamed Corynetes that is to saye a clubbe caryer So he first strake at Theseus to make him stande but Theseus fought so lustely with him that he killed him Whereof he was so glad and chiefly for that he had wonne his clubbe that euer after he caryed it him selfe about with him as Hercules dyd the lyons skynne And like as this spoyle of the lyon dyd witnesse the greatnes of the beast which Hercules had slayne euen so Theseus went all about shewing that this clubbe which he had gotten out of anothers hands was in his owne handes inuincible And so going on further in the streightes of PELOPONNESVS he killed another called Sinnis surnamed Pityocamtes that is to saye a wreather or bower of pyne apple trees whom he put to death in that selfe cruell manner that Sinnis had slayne many other trauellers before Not that he had experience thereof by any former practise or exercise but only to shewe that cleane strength coulde doe more then either arte or exercise This Sinnis had a goodly fayer daughter called Perigouna which fled awaye when she sawe her father slayne whom he followed and sought all about But she had hydden her selfe in a groue full of certen kyndes of wilde pricking rushes called Stoebe and wilde sparage which she simplye like a childe intreated to hyde her as if they had heard and had sense to vnderstand her promising them with an othe that if they saued her from being founde she would neuer cutt them downe nor burne them But Theseus fynding her called her and sware by his faith he would vse her gently and doe her no hurte nor displeasure at all Vpon which promise she came out of the bushe and laye with him by whom she was conceyued of a goodly boye which was called Menalippus Afterwardes Theseus maried her vnto one Detoneus the sonne of Euritus the Oechalian Of this Menalippus the sonne of Theseus came Ioxus the which with Ornytus brought men into the countrye of CARIA where he buylt the cittie of IOXIDES And hereof cometh that olde auncient ceremonie obserued yet vnto this daye by those of IOXIDES neuer to burne the bryars of wilde sparage nor the Stoebe but they haue them in some honour and reuerence Touching the wilde sauage sowe of Crommyon
that Theseus also should enioye it after his death Whereupon they determined to make warre with them both and diuiding them selues into two partes the one came openly in armes with their father marching directly towardes the cittie the other laye close in ambushe in the village GARGETTVS meaning to geue charge vpon them in two places at one instant Nowe they brought with them an Heraulde borne in the towne of AGNVS called Leos who bewrayed vnto Theseus the secret and deuise of all their enterprise Theseus vpon this intelligence went forth and dyd set on those that laye in ambushe and put them all to the sworde The other which were in Pallas companie vnderstanding thereof dyd breake and disparse them selues incontinently And this is the cause as some saye why those of Pallena doe neuer make affinitie nor mariadge with those of AGNVS at this daye And that in their towne when any proclamation is made they neuer speake these wordes which are cryed euery where els through out the whole countrye of ATTICA Aconete Leos which is as muche to saye as Hearken O people they doe so extreamely hate this worde Leos for that it was the Herauldes name which wrought them that treason This done Theseus who woulde not liue idelly at home and doe nothing but desirous there withall to gratifie the people went his waye to fight with the bull of Marathon the which dyd great mischieues to the inhabitants of the countrye of TETRAPOLIS And hauing taken him aliue brought him through the citie of ATHENS to be seene of all the inhabitants Afterwardes he dyd sacrifice him vnto Apollo Delphias Nowe concerning Hecale who was reported to haue lodged him and to haue geuen him good enterteinment it is not altogether vntrue For in the olde time those townes and villages thereaboutes dyd assemble together and made a common sacrifice which they called Hecalesion in the honour of Iupiter Hecalian where they honoured this olde woman calling her by a diminutiue name Hecalena bicause that when she receyued Theseus into her house being then but very younge she made muche of him and called him by many prety made names as olde folkes are wont to call younge children And forasmuche as she had made a vowe to Iupiter to make him a solemne sacrifice if Theseus returned safe from the enterprise he went about and that she dyed before his returne in recompence of the good chere she had made him she had that honour done vnto her by Theseuscommaundement as Philochorus hathe written of it Shortely after this exployte there came certaine of King Minos ambassadours out of CRETA to aske tribute being nowe the thirde time it was demaunded which the ATHENIANS payed for this cause Androgeus the eldest sonne of king Minos was slayne by treason within the countrye of ATTICA for which cause Minos pursuing the reuenge of his death made very whotte and sharpe warres vpon the ATHENIANS and dyd them greate hurte But besides all this the goddes dyd sharpely punishe and scourge all the countrye aswell with barrennes and famine as also with plague and other mischieues euen to the drying vp of their riuers The ATHENIANS perceyuing these sore troubles and plagues ranne to the oracle of Apollo who aunswered them that they shoulde appease Minos and when they had made their peace with him that then the wrathe of the goddes woulde cease against them and their troubles should haue an ende Whereupon the ATHENIANS sent immediately vnto him and intreated him for peace which he graunted them with condition that they should be bounde to sende him yerely into CRETA seuen younge boyes and as many younge gyrles Nowe thus farre all the Historiographers doe very well agree but in the reste not And they which seeme furdest of from the trothe doe declare that when these yonge boyes were deliuered in CRETA they caused them to be deuowred by the Minotaure within the Laberinthe or els that they were shut within this Laberinthe wandring vp and downe and coulde finde no place to gett out vntill suche time as they dyed euen famished for hunger And this Minotaure as Euripides the Poet sayeth was A corps combynd vvhich monstrous might be deemd A Boye a Bull both man and beast it seemd But Philochorus writeth that the CRETANS doe not confesse that but saye that this Laberinthe was a gayle or prisone in the which they had no other hurre sauing that they which were kept there vnder locke and keye coulde not flye not starte awaye and that Minos had in the memorye of his sonne Androgeus instituted games and playes of prise where he gaue vnto them that wanne the victorie those younge children of ATHENS the which in the meane time notwithstanding were carefully kept and looked vnto in the prisone of the Laberinthe and that at the first games that were kept one of the Kings captaines called Taurus who was in best creditt with his master wanne the prise This Taurus was a churlishe and naughtie natured man of condition and very harde and cruell to these children of ATHENS And to verifie the same the philosopher Aristotle him selfe speaking of the common wealth of the BOTTIEIANS declareth very well that he neuer thought that Minos dyd at any time cause the children of ATHENS to be put to death but sayeth that they poorely toyled in CRETA euen to crooked age earning their liuing by true and painefull seruice For it is written that the CRETANS to satisfie an olde vowe of theirs which they had made of auncient time sent somtimes the first borne of their children vnto Apollo in the cittie of DELPHAS and that amongest them they also mingled those which were descended of the auncient prisoners of ATHENS and they went with them But bicause they coulde not liue there they directed their iorney first into ITALIE where for a time they remained in the realme of PVGLIA and afterwardes from thence went into the confines of THRACIA where they had this name of BOTTIEIANS In memory whereof the daughters of the BOTTIEIANS in a solemne sacrifice they make doe vse to singe the foote of this songe Lett vs to ATHENS goe But thereby we maye see howe perilous a thing it is to fall in displeasure and enmitie with a cittie which can speake well and where learning and eloquence dothe florishe For euer sence that time Minos was allwayes blased and disgraced through out all the Theaters of ATHENS The testimonie of Hesiodus who calleth him the most worthie King dothe nothing helpe him at all nor the prayse of Homer who nameth him Iupiters famillier friende bicause the tragicall Poets gott the vpper hande in disgracing him notwithstanding all these And vpon their stages where all the tragedies were played they still gaue forth many ill fauored wordes and fowle speaches of him as against a man that had bene most cruell and vnnaturall Yet most men thincke that Minos was the King which established the lawes and Radamanthus
them neither haue they done any vnseemely thing but haue passed the rest of their life like wise constant and vertuous men For it is not loue but weaknes which breedeth these extreme sorowes and exceeding feare in men that are not exercised nor acquainted to fight against fortune with reason And this is the cause that plucketh from them the pleasure of that they loue and desire by reason of the continuall trouble feare and griefe they feele by thincking howe in time they maye be depriued of it Nowe we must not arme our selues with pouertie against the griefe of losse of goodes neither with lacke of affeâ—tion against the losse of our friendes neither with wante of mariage against the death of children but we must be armed with reason against misfortunes Thus haue we sufficiently enlarged this matter The ATHENIANS hauing nowe susteined a long and troublesome warre against the MEGARIANS for the possession of the I le of SALAMINA were in the ende wearie of it and made proclamation straightly commaunding vpon payne of death that no man should presume to preferre any more to the counsaill of the cittie the title or question of the possession of the I le of SALAMINA Solon could not beare this open shame and seeing the most parte of the lustiest youthes desirous still of warre though their tongues were tyed for feare of the proclamation he fayned him selfe to be out of his wittes and caused it to be geuen out that Solon was become a foole and secretly he had made certaine lamentable verses which he had cunned without booke to singe abroade the cittie So one daye he ranne sodainly out of his house with a garland on his head and gotte him to the market place where the people straight swarmed like bees about him and getting him vp vpon the stone where all proclamations are vsually made out he singeth these Elegies he had made which beganne after this sorte I here present my selfe an Heraulde in this case vvhich come from Salamina lande that noble vvorthy place My minde in pelting prose shall neuer be exprest But songe in verse Heroycall for so I thincke it best This Elegie is intituled SALAMINA and conteineth a hundred verses which are excellently well written And these being songe openly by Solon at that time his friendes incontinently praysed them beyond measure and specially Pisistratus and they went about persuading the people that were present to credit that he spake Hereupon the matter was so handled amongest them that by and by the proclamation was reuoked and they beganne to followe the warres with greater furie then before appointing Solon to be generall in the same But the common tale and reporte is that he went by sea with Pisistratus vnto the temple of Venus surnamed Coliade where he founde all the women at a solemne feast and sacrifice which they made of custome to the goddesse He taking occasion thereby sent from thence a trusty man of his owne vnto the MEGARIANS which then had SALAMINA whom he instructed to fayne him selfe a reuolted traytour that he came of purpose to tell them that if they would but goe with him they might take all the chief ladyes and gentle women of ATHENS on a sodaine The MEGARIANS easely beleeued him and shipped forthwith certaine souldiers to goe with him But when Solon perceyued the shippe vnder sayle comming from SALAMINA he commaunded the women to departe and in steade of them he put lusty beardles springalles into their apparell and gaue them litle shorte daggers to conuey vnder their clothes commaunding them to playe daunce together vpon the sea side vntill their enemies were landed and their shippe at anker and so it came to passe For the MEGARIANS being deceyued by that they sawe a farre of as sonne as euer they came to the shore side dyd lande in heapes one in anothers necke euen for greedines to take these women but not a man of them escaped for they were slayne euery mothers sonne This stratageame being finely handled to good effect the ATHENIANS tooke sea straight and costed ouer to the I le of SALAMINA which they tooke vpon the sodaine and wanne it without much resistaunce Other saye that it was not taken after this sorte but that Apollo Delphicus gaue Solon first such an oracle Thou shalt first vvinne by vovves and sacrifice the helpe of lordes an demy goddes full bright of vvhose dead bones the dust engraued lies in vvesterne soyle Asopia that hight By order of this oracle he one night passed ouer to SALAMINA dyd sacrifice to Periphemus to Cichris demy goddes of the countrie Which done the ATHENIANS deliuered him fiue hundred men who willingly offered them selues the cittie made an accorde with them that if they tooke the I le of SALAMINA they should beare greatest authoritie in the common weale Solon imbarked his souldiers into diuers fisher botes and appointed a galliot of thirtie owers to come after him he ankred hard by the cittie of SALAMINA vnder the pointe which looketh towards the I le of NEGREPONT The MEGARIANS which were within SALAMINA hauing by chaunce heard some inckling of it but yet knew nothing of certaintie ranne presently in hurly burley to arme them and manned out a shippe to descrie what it was But they fondly comming within daunger were taken by Solon who clapped the MEGARIANS vnder hatches fast bounde and in their roomes put aborde in their shippe the choycest souldiers he had of the ATHENIANS commaunding them to set their course direct vpon the cittie and to keepe them selues as close out of sight as could be And he him self with all the rest of his souldiers landed presently and marched to encounter with the MEGARIANS which were come out into the fielde Now whilest they were fighting together Solons men whom he had sent in the MEGARIANS shippe entred the hauen wanne the towne This is certainly true testified by that which is shewed yet at this daye For to keepe a memoriall hereof a shippe of ATHENS arriueth quietly at the first by by those that are in the shippe make a great showte and a man armed leaping out of the shippe ronneth showting towardes the rocke called Sciradion which is as they come from the firme lande and hard by the same is the temple of Mars which Solon built there after he had ouercome the MEGARIANS in battell from whence he sent backe againe those prisoners that he had taken which were saued from the slaughter of the battell without any ransome paying Neuertheles the MEGARIANS were sharpely bent still to recouer SALAMINA again Much hurte being done suffered on both sides both parts in the ende made the LACEDAEMONIANS iudges of the quarrell But vpon iudgement geuen common reporte is that Homers authoritie dyd Solon good seruice bicause he did adde these verses to the number of shippes which are in the Iliades of Homer which he rehearsed before the iudges as if they
for the warres and troubles that were in GRAECE that he might more easely turne all ouer to the CARTHAGINIANS and vse them as his friendes to ayde him against the SYRACVSANS or the tyrante Dionysius And that this was his full purpose and intent it appeared plainely sone after Now when their ambassadours arriued at CORINTHE had deliuered their message the CORINTHIANS who had euer bene carefull to defend such citties as had sought vnto them specially SYRACVSA very willingly determined in counsaill to send them ayde and the rather for that they were in good peace at that time hauing warres with none of the GRAECIANS So their only staye rested vpon choosing of a generall to leade their armie Now as the magistrates and gouernours of the cittie were naming suche cittizens as willingly offred their seruice desirous to aduaunce them selues there stept vp a meane commoner who named Timoleon Timodemus sonne a man that vntill that time was neuer called on for seruice neither looked for any suche prefarment And truely it is to be thought it was the secret working of the gods that directed the thought of this meane commoner to name Timoleon whose election fortune fauored very much and ioyned to his valliantnes and vertue maruelous good successe in all his doings afterwardes This Timoleon was borne of noble parents both by father and mother his father was called Timodemus and his mother Demareta He was naturally inclined to loue his countrie and common weale and was allwayes gentle and curteous to all men sauing that he mortally hated tyrantes and wicked men Furthermore nature had framed his bodie apt for warres and for paynes he was wise in his grenest youth in all things he tooke in hande and in his age he shewed him selfe very valliant He had an elder brother called Timophanes who was nothing like to him in condition for he was a rashe harebraynd man had a greedy desire to reigne being put into his head by a companie of meane men that bare him in hande they were his friendes and by certen souldiers gathered together which he had allwayes about him And bicause he was very hotte and forward in warres his cittizens tooke him for a noble captaine a man of good seruice and therefore oftentimes they gaue him charge of men And therein Timoleon dyd helpe him muche to hide his faulte he committed or at the least made them seeme lesse lighter then they were still increasing that small good gifte that nature brought forth in him As in a battell the CORINTHIANS had against the ARGIVES and the CLEONEIANS Timoleon serued as a priuate souldier amongest the footemen and Timophanes his brother hauing charge of horsemen was in great daunger of being cast away if present helpe had not bene For his horse being hurte threwe him on the grounde in the middest of his enemies Whereupon parte of those that were about him were affrayed and dispersed them selues here and there and those that remained with him being fewe in number and hauing many enemies to fight withall dyd hardly withstand their force and charge But his brother Timoleon seeing him in suche instant daunger a farre of ranne with all speede possible to helpe him and clapping his target before his brother Timophanes that laye on the grounde receyuing many woundes on his bodie with sworde and arrowes with great difficultie he repulsed the enemies and saued his owne and his brothers life Now the CORINTHIANS fearing the like matter to come that before had happened vnto them which was to lose their cittie through default of their friends helpe they resolued in counsell to entertaine in paye continually foure hundred souldiers that were straungers whom they assigned ouer to Timophanes charge Who abandoning all honestie and regarde of the trust reposed in him dyd presently practise all the wayes he could to make him selfe lorde of the cittie and hauing put diuers of the chiefest cittizens to death without order of lawe in the ende he openly proclaimed him selfe king Timoleon being very sorie for this and taking his brothers wickednes would be the very highe waye to his fall and destruction sought first to winne him with all the good words and persuasion he could to moue him to leaue his ambitious desire to reigne and to salue as neere as might be his harde dealing with the cittizens Timophanes set light by his brothers persuasions and would geue no eare vnto them Thereupon Timoleon then went vnto one AEschylus his friend and brother vnto Timophanes wife and to one Satyrus a soothesayer as Theopompus the historiographer calleth him and Ephorus calleth him Orthagoras with whom he came againe another time vnto his brother and they three comming to him instantly besought him to beleeue good counsell and to leaue the Kingdome Timophanes at the first dyd but laughe them to scorne and sported at their persuasions but afterwards he waxed warme and grew into great choller with them Timoleon seeing that went a litle a to side and couering his face fell a weeping and in the meane season the other two drawing out their swordes slue Timophanes in the place This murder was straight blowen abroade through the cittie and the better sorte did greatly commend the noble minde and hate Timoleon bare against the tyrante considering that he being of a gentle nature and louing to his kinne dyd notwithstanding regard the benefit of his countrie before the naturall affection to his brother and preferred duety and iustice before nature and kinred For before he had saued his brothers life fighting for defence of his countrie and now in seeking to make him selfe King and to rule the same he made him to be slaine Suche then as misliked popular gouernment and libertie and allwayes followed the Nobilitie they set a good face of the matter as though they had bene glad of the tyrantes death Yet still reprouing Timoleon for the horrible murder he had committed against his brother declaring howe detestable it was both to the gods and men they so handled him that it grieued him to the harte he had done it But when it was told him that his mother tooke it maruelous euill and that she pronounced horrible curses against him and gaue out terrible wordes of him he went vnto her in hope to comfort her howbeit she could neuer abide to see him but allwayes shut her doore against him Then he being wounded to the harte with sorowe tooke a conceit sodainly to kill him selfe by absteining from meate but his friends would neuer forsake him in this despaire and vrged him so farre by intreaty and persuasion that they compelled him to eate Thereupon he resolued thenceforth to giue him self ouer to a solitarie life in the countrie secluding him selfe from all companie and dealings so as at the beginning he dyd not only refuse to repaire vnto the cittie and all accesse of companie but wandring vp and downe in most solitarie places consumed him selfe and his time
to wrath he neither regarded his persone nor the intent of his iorney but runninge farre before his men he cried with a lowde voyce to the tyran and chalenged the combat of him The tyran woulde not abide him nor come out to fight with him but fled and hid him selfe amongest his souldiers But for his souldiers the first that thought to set apon Pelopidas were slaine by him and many left dead in the fielde The residue standing stowtly to it and close together did passe his curaces through with their long pykes and thrust him into the brest The THESSALIANS seeinge him thus sore handled and distressed for pities sake came runninge from the toppe of those hilles to the place where Pelopidas was to helpe him But euen as they came he fell downe deade before them Then did they together with their horsemen so fiercely sette apon them that they made the whole battell of the enemies to flye and followinge them in chase a great waye from that place they couered the valley with deade bodies for they slue aboue three thowsande men It is no maruell if the THEBANS that were at Pelopidas death tooke it very heauilie and lamented bitterly callinge him their father their sauiour and maister as one that hadde taught them the worthiest thinges that might be learned of any But the THESSALIANS and other frendes and confederates also of the citie of THEBES besides their excedinge in setting out their common proclamations and edictes in prayse of his memorie and doing him all the honor that could be due to the most rare and excellent persone that euer was they did yet more shewe their loue and affection towardes him by their passinge great sorowe and mourning they made for him For it is sayed that they that were at the battell did not put of their armor nor vnbridle their horses nor woulde dresse their woundes hearinge tell of his death before they went first and sawe his body not yet colde with fightinge laying great heapes of the enemies spoyles about it as if he coulde haue tolde what they had done nor before they hadde clipped of their owne heares and the heare of their horses in token of sorowe And many of them also when they were come into their tentes and pauilions woulde neither haue fier eate nor drinke and all the campe was full of sorowe and mourninge as if they hadde not wonne a notable victorie but hadde beene ouerthrowen and made subiect by the tyranne Afterwardes when the newes of his deathe was spread through all the contrie the Magistrates of euerie cittie through which Pelopidas bodie was conueyed went to receaue it verie honorablie accompanied with all the younge menne Priestes and children caryinge tokens and crownes of triumphe and other ornamentes of golde And when his funerall daye came that his bodie shoulde be caried to be buried the oldest and noblest persones of the THESSALIANS went to the THEBANS and prayed them that they might haue the buryinge of him and one amonge them beinge the mowthe of the reste spake in this manner to the THEBANS My Lordes of THEBES our good beloued frendes and confederates we onely craue this good turne at your handes wherin you shal much honor vs in our great calamity somwhat also cōfort vs For we shall neuer more accōpany Pelopidas aliue nor requite his honorable deserts to vs that he shal euer know them But if it please you to let vs handle his body with our handes and that we may bury him and set forth his obsequies we will imagine then at the least that you doe thinke that which we our selues do certainly beleue that we THESSALIANS not you THEBANS haue receiued the greatest losse of both For you haue lost in deede a worthy Captaine and we haue not only receaued that like losse with you but the hope also of recoueringe of our liberty For how dare we againe sende to you for an other Captaine when we can not redeliuer you Pelopidas The THEBANS hearing their peticion graunted their desire and in mine opinion no funeralles could be done with greater pompe and honor then the THESSALIANS performed his being men that recken not dignity magnificence pompe to consist in ornaments of Iuory nor of purple As Philistus doth set it out who praiseth to the moone the buryinge of Dionysius the tyran of SYRACVSA which was the ende of his tyranny as a sumptuous conclusion of a stately tragedy And Alexander the great at the death of Ephestion did not only clippe his horse heares mules but plucked downe also the battellments of the wals of the city bicause it shoulde appeare that the very walles them selues did mourne for his death shewinge that deformitie in steede of their former beawtie But all such thinges are done only by force and compulsion apon the Lordes commaundementes which doe but raise vp enuy against their memorie for whom they are done and hatred of them that are against their willes constrained to do the thing they misliked are no iust proofes of honor nor good will but rather vaine showes of barbarous pompe and pride in him that disposeth his authority and plenty of goodes in trifling toyes not to be desired Where contrariwise it plainely appeareth that a priuate man dying in a foreine contry by reason should be accompted most happy of all other creatures that hauing neither his wife kinne nor his children by him he should be conueyed to his funerals accompanied with such multitudes of crowned people and number of cities enuying one an other who should most honor the funerals as being vnrequested least of all compelled For saith Esope the death of a happy man is not greuous but most blessed seeing it bringeth all good mens doinges to happines and leaueth fortune to her fickle chaunge and sportinge pleasure But in my iudgement a LACEDAEMONIAN spake better when he sayd to Diagoras an old man that had him selfe in old time gotten victory in the games Olympicall had sene besides his own childrē his childrens childrē both sonnes daughters crowned with victories also in the self same games O Diagoras die presently els thou shalt neuer come to heauen But these victories of the Olympicall Pythian games whosoeuer should put thē al together are not to be cōpared with one of the battels only that Pelopidas hath foughten wonne hauing spent the most parte of his time in great calling and dignity lastly ended the same beinge gouernor of BOEOTIA the third time which was the highest office of state in all his contry when he had distroied the tyrans that kept the THEBANS in bondage and was also slaine himselfe valiantly fighting for the recouery of the THESSALIANS liberty But as Pelopidas death was greuous to the THEBANS frends confederats so fell it out very profitable for them For the THEBANS hearinge of Pelopidas death did not delay reuenge but sent an army forthwith of seuen thowsande footemen and seuen
hundred horsemen vnder the conduct of Malcitas and of Diogiton They findinge Alexanders army ouerthrowen that he had lost the most parte of his strength did compel him to geue vp the THESSALIANS townes he kept by force against thē to set the MAGNESIANS the PHTHIOTES the ACHAIANS at liberty withdrawinge his garrisons he had placed in their strong holdes and therewithall to sweare that from thence forth he would marche vnder the THEBANS against any enemy they should leade him or commaunde him to go against So the THEBANS were pacified apon these conditions Now will I tell you how the gods plagued him soone after for Pelopidas death who as we haue tolde you before had pretily instructed THEBE his wife that she shoulde not feare the outward appearance nor power of his tyranny although she were enuironed with souldiers of banished mē whom the tyran enterteined to gard his person He self on the other side fearing his falshode as also hating his cruelty conspired her husbands death with her three brethren Tisiphomus Pytholaus Lycophron executed her cōspiracy after this sorte The tyrans palice where he lay was straightly garded euery where with souldiers who nightly watched his persone but their bed chamber which they cōmonly vsed to lie in was in the top of al his palice where they kept a dog tyed at the chamber dore to giue warninge which was a terrible dog and knewe none but the tyran and his wife and his keeper that gaue him meate Nowe when Thebe purposed to worke her feate she locked vp her three brethren a whole day neere vnto their bed chamber So when night was come and being bed time The went her selfe alone according to her maner into Alexanders chamber and finding him a sleepe she stale out straight againe and bad the keeper of the dogge to cary the dogge away for her husbande was disposed to take rest and would haue no noyse There was no way to get vp to this chamber but by a ladder which she let downe and fearing least her brethren should make a noyse she had coueted the ladder staues with wolle before she let it fall downe When she had gotten them vp with their swordes and had set them before the dore she went first her selfe into the chamber tooke away the tyrans sword that hong at his beds head and shewed it them as a token geuen them that he was a sleepe When it came to the pinche to do the deede these young men were afrayed and their heartes beganne to faile them But she tooke on with them and called them cowardly boyes that would not stande to it when it came to the point with all sware in her rage that she woulde goe wake the tyran and open all the treason to him So partely for shame and partely for feare she compelled them to come in and to step to the bed her selfe holding a lampe to light them Then one of them tooke him by the feete and bounde them hard an other caught him by the heare of his head and pulled him backewards the third thrust him through with his sword So by chaunce he dyed sooner then he should haue done and otherwise then his wicked life deserued for the maner of his death So Alexander was the first tyran that was euer slaine by the treason of his wife whose body was most villanously dispitefully vsed after his death For when the townes men of PHERES had drawen him through the city in myer and durt they cast him out at length to the dogs to deuore The ende of Pelopidas life THE LIFE OF Marcellus MArcus Claudius that was fiue times Consull at ROME was the sonne as they say of an other Marcus and as Posidonius wryteth he was the first of his house surnamed Marcellus as who would say a marshall warlike man by nature For he was cunninge at weapons skilfull in warres stronge and lusty of body hardy and naturally geuen to fight Yet was he no quarreler nor shewed his great corage but in warres against the enemy otherwise he was euer gentle and fayer condicioned He loued learning and delited in the Greeke tongue and much esteemed them that could speake it For he him selfe was so troubled in matters of state that he could not study and follow it as he desired to haue done For it God as Homer sayth did euer make men To vse their youth in vvarres and battells fierce and fell till crooked age came creeping on such feates for to expell They were the noblest and chiefest men of ROME at that time For in their youth they fought with the CARTHAGINIANS in SICILE in their midle age against the GAVLES to kepe them from the winning of all ITALIE againe in their old age against Hanniball the CARTHAGINIANS For their age was no priuiledge for them to be dispenced with in the seruice of their warres as it was else for common citizens but they were bothe for their nobilitie as also for their valliantnes and experience in warres driuen to take charge of the armies deliuered them by the Senate people Now for Marcellus there was no battell could make him giue grounde beinge practised in all fightes but yet he was more valliant in priuate combate man for man then in any other fight Therefore he neuer refused enemie that did chalenge him but slue all those in the fielde that called him to the combat In SICILE he saued his brother Octacilius life being ouerthrowen in a skirmishe for with his shielde he couered his brothers body slue them that came to kill him These valliant partes of him being but a young man were rewarded by the generalles vnder whom he serued with many crownes and warlike honors vsually bestowed apon valliant souldiers Marcellus increasing still his valliantnes and good seruice was by the people chosen AEdilis as of the number of those that were the worthiest men and most honorable and the Priestes did create him Augure which is a kinde of Priesthoode at ROME hauing authority by law to consider and obserue the flying of birds to diuine and prognosticate thinges thereupon But in the yere of his office of AEdile he was forced against his wil to accuse Capitolinus his brother in office with him For he being a rash and dissolute man of life fell in dishonest loue with his colleagues sonne Marcellus that bare his owne name who beinge a goodly younge gentleman and newly come to mans state was as well thought of and taken of euery man for his manhoode and good qualities as any way for his beawty and personage The first time Capitolinus moued this dishonesty to him he did of him selfe repulse his shameles offer without any others priuitie but when he saw he came againe to tempt him the seconde time he straight reuealed it to his father Marcellus his father beinge maruelously offended withall as he had good cause went and accused Capitolinus before
in the turning of a hand spoyled and brought to nought For it is sayd that the riches and goodes taken away at the sacke of SYRACVSA were nothinge inferior to the spoyles of CARTHAGE which was also sacked not longe after that for the other parte of the city of SYRACVSA called ACRADINA was soone after also taken by treason and spoyled against the Captaines willes sauinge the kinges treasure which was reserued to be caried to the common treasure of ROME SYRACVSA beinge taken nothinge greued Marcellus more then the losse of Archimedes Who beinge in his studie when the citie was taken busily seekinge out by him selfe the demonstracion of some Geometricall proposition which he hadde drawen in figure and so earnestly occupied therein as he neither sawe nor hearde any noyse of enemies that ranne vppe and downe the citie and much lesse knewe it was taken He wondered when he sawe a souldier by him that bad him go with him to Marcellus Notwithstandinge he spake to the souldier and bad him tary vntill he had done his conclusion and brought it to demonstracion but the souldier being angry with his aunswer drew out his sword and killed him Other say that the ROMAINE souldier when he came offered the swords poynt to him to kill him and that Archimedes when he saw him prayed him to hold his hand a litle that he might not leaue the matter he looked for vnperfect without demonstracion But the souldier makinge no reckening of his speculation killed him presently It is reported a third way also sayinge that certeine souldiers met him in the streetes going to Marcellus carying certeine Mathematicall instrumentes in a litle pretie coffer as dialles for the sunne Sphaeres and Angles wherewith they measure the greatnesse of the body of the sunne by viewe and they supposing he hadde caried some golde or siluer or other pretious Iuells in that litle coffer slue him for it But it is most true that Marcellus was maruelous sorie for his death and euer after hated the villen that slue him as a cursed and execrable persone and howe he made also maruelous much afterwards of Archimedes kinsemen for his sake The ROMAINES were estemed of at that time by all nations for maruelous expert souldiers and taken for verie vallyant and daungerous men to be dealt with but they neuer shewed any example of their clemencie and curtesie and least of all of any ciuill manner to any straungers vntill Marcellus taught the way whose actes did shewe the GREECIANS then that the ROMAINES were more gratious and mercifull then they For he did so curteouslie intreate those that hadde to do with him and shewed such fauour to priuate persones and also to whole citties that if there were any crueltie shewed in the citties of ENNA or at MEGARES or against the SYRACVSANS it was rather through their owne fault and follie that were hurt then theirs that didde them the hurte And for profe hereof I will recite you one example onely amongest many There is a citie in SICILE called ENGYIVM it is no great thinge but a verie auncient citie of name by reason of the trafficke thither for that there are certeine goddesses to be seene whome they worship called the mothers Some say the CRETANS were the first builders and founders of the temple there where you shall see speares and helmets of copper and apon them are grauen the name of Meriones and apon others Vlysses name also which are consecrated to these goddesses This citie stoode altogether at the deuotion of the CARTHAGINIANS and Nicias beinge the chiefest man of the same was all he might against it and perswaded them openlie in all their counsailles to take parte with the ROMAINES prouinge it by many reasons that his enemies counsaylinge the contrarie were vnprofitable members of the common wealth Whereuppon Nicias enemies fearinge his greatnesse and authoritie they did conspyre amonge them selues to apprehende him and to deliuer him to the CARTHAGINIANS But Nicias hearinge of such a matter and findinge that they laye in wayte to take him vsed this pollicie to preuent their treason He gaue out openlie very ill speeches against the goddesses and did many things in derogation of their honor and sayd the sight of them which was a matter of great credit was but deuise and that there was no credit to be geuen to them These words tickled his enemies imagining that the common people would lay the mischiefe they pretended against him to him selfe as the only causes of his owne hurt So they hauinge appointed a day to apprehende him by chaunce a common counsaill was kept that day they hadde determined of where Nicias speaking to the people about matter of counsaill in the middest of his oration fell to the grounde to the great wonder of the whole assembly as euery man may coniecture Howbeit neuer a man sturred a prety while after he beganne to lift vppe his head a litle and to looke gastely about him with a faint trembling voyce which he still gathered higher and lowder by litle and litle vntill he sawe all the people wonderously afrayed and amazed that not one of them durst speake Then throwing his gowne from him and renting his coate he got vpon his feete halfe naked and ranne towardes the gate of the Theater cryinge out that the goddesses mothers did torment him and not a man durst once come neere him nor offer to stoppe him they were so supersticious and foolishly afrayed of the goddesses imagining it was some diuine punishment But by this meanes he easily got to the gates of the city and fled from them all and he was neuer seene after that time to do or speake like a madde man in any thing His wife that was made priuy to his deuise and furthered his intent went first and fell downe on her knees before the goddesses mothers in their temple as she had hartily prayed vnto them faining afterwards she would go seeke her husbande that ranne vp and downe the fieldes like a madde man she went out of the city with her litle children and no body troubled her Thus did they escape without daunger and went vnto Marcellus to SYRACVSA The ENGIENIANS afterwards played such insolent partes that Marcellus in the ende went thither and caused them all to be taken and bounde as though he woulde haue put them to execution But Nicias came to him with the teares in his eyes and embracing his knees and kissinge his handes besought him to take pitie of his poore citizens beginning first with those that were his greatest enemies This good nature of Nicias so pacified Marcellus wrath that he pardoned them all did no hurt to the city and gaue Nicias certeine land besides many other rich giftes he bestowed apon him Thus it is reported in the history of Posidonius the Philosopher Now Marcellus being sent for home by the ROMANES bicause they had warres in their owne contrie and euen at ROME gates he departed out of
time now to contende with the TEGEATES about their nobility and valliantnesse and as for you my Lords of SPARTA sayed he and you also my maisters of GREECE we tell you that the place neither geueth nor taketh vertue away and we doe assure you that wheresoeuer you place vs we will so defend and kepe it as we will not impayre nor blemish the honor we haue wonne in former foughten battells and gotten victories For we are not come hither to quarell and fall out with our frends but to fight with our common enemies nor to bragge of our ancesters doings but to show our selues valliant in defence of al GREECE For this battail wil make good proofe to all the GREECIANS how much estimacion euery city euery Captaine particular person wil deserue for his parte When Aristides had spoken the Captaines all other of the counsel concluded in fauor of the ATHENIANS that they should haue one of the winges of the battell But by this meanes all GREECE stoode in maruelous garboyle at that time and the state of the ATHENIANS specially in great daunger For a number of the noblest citizens of ATHENS And that brought great substance with them to the warres being now at low state in pouerty their goods being spent gone seeing thē selues discountenāced not bearing that rule authority in the common wealth they were wont to do bicause other were called to authority and preferred to the offices of the citie they gathered together and met at a house in the city of PLATAEES there conspyred to ouerthrow the authority of the people at ATHENS and if they could not obtaine their purpose then that they would rather loose all and betray their contry vnto the barbarous people While these thinges were practised in the campe many beinge of the conspiracy Aristides came to an Incklinge of it and was maruelously afrayed bicause of the time wherefore he beganne to be carefull of the matter being of such importance as it was and yet would not be curious to vnderstand the whole conspiracy litle knowing what a number might be drawen into this treason if it were narrowly looked into but rather respected that which was iust then what was profitable for the time So he caused eight persones only of the great number to be apprehended and of these eight the two first whom they would haue indited as principalles and were most to be burdened for the conspiracy AEschines of the towne of LAMPRA and Egesias of the town of ACHARNA they founde meanes to flie out of the campe and to saue themselues And for the other Aristides set them at liberty and gaue them occasion that were not discouered to be bold and to repent them of their follies saying that the battell should be their iudge where they should purge them selues of all accusations layed against them and show the world also that they neuer had any other intencion but honest and good towards their contry Mardonius to proue the corage of the GREECIANS had sent all his horsemen wherein he was farre stronger then the GREECIANS to skirmish with thē Who were lodged at the foote of mount CITHAERON in strong places and full of stones sauing the three thowsande MEGARIANS that camped in the plaine by reason whereof they were soretroubled and hurt by the horsemen of the barbarous people that sette vppon them on euery side for they might charge them where they woulde Insomuch in the ende perceiuinge they alone could no longer resist the force of so great a multitude of the barbarous people they sent with all speede possible to Pausanias to pray him to send them present aide Pausanias hearing this newes and seeing in his owne sight the campe of the MEGARIANS almost all couered with shot and dartes which the barbarous people threw at them that they were compelled to stand close together in a litle corner he wist not what to do For to go thither in person with the LACEDAEMONIANS that were footemen heauy armed he thought that was no way to help them So he proued to put some ambitious desire and enuy of honor among the priuate Captaines and generalls of the army of the other GREECIANS which were then about him to see if he coulde moue any mans corage and desire to offer him selfe willingly to goe aide the MEGARIANS Howebeit they had all deafe eares but Aristides who promised to go in the name of the ATHENIANS and brought Olympiodorus into the fielde one of the valliantest Captaines that serued vnder him with his company of three hundred chosen men and certaine shot mingled amongest them These souldiers were ready in a moment and marched straight in battell ray a great pace towards the barbarous people Masistius that was generall of the horsemen of the PERSIANS a goodly tall man perceiuing their comming towards him turned his horse and gallopped to them The ATHENIANS taried him and kept their ground and the encounter was very horse bicause both the one and the other side did the best they could at this first onset to put the rest of the battel in ieopardy and they fought so long that Masistius horse was shot through the body with an arrow that put him to such paine as he neuer lin flinging till he cast his maister on the ground armed as he was at all peces So being on the ground he could not rise againe as well for the waight of his armor as for that the ATHENIANS came so sodainely vpon him And notwithstanding there were many about him to hew him in peces yet they could find no way how to kill him he was so throughly armed and loden with gold copper iron not only vppon his body and his heade but also on his legges and armes vntill at the length there was one that thrust the head of his dart through his beuer and so killed him The PERSIANS perceiuing that fled immediatly forsooke the body of their generall Shortly after it appeared to the GREECIANS that they had sped well at this skirmishe not bicause they had slaine many enemies but for the great lamentacion the barbarous people made for the losse of Masistius For his death did so greue them that they powled themselues they clipped of their horse and moyles heares filled besides all the field therabouts with pitiefull cries shreekes as those that had lost the valliantest and chiefest man of authority of all their campe next vnto Mardonius the kings Lieutenant After this first skirmish both the one and the other side kept their campe and would not come into the field many dayes after for the Soothsayers did promise both sides the victory as much the PERSIANS as the GREECIANS so they did but onely defend and contrary wise they did threaten them to be ouerthrowen that did assault But Mardonius finding vittells waxed scant and that they were stored but for few dayes and moreouer how the GREECIANS daily grewe stronger by continuall repayre to
desirous to bring his men safe home againe who most of loue had followed him beganne to marche away through narrow bushy places him selfe being in the rereward and turned oftentimes vpon his enemies skirmished with them onely to driue them away from followinge of the rest of his company and not a man that durst once set apon him for they did but cry outaloofe and wheele as it were about him Howebeit Philopoemen sundry times venturinge farre from his company to geue these young noble men leasure to saue them selues one after an other tooke no heede to him selfe that he was alone enuironned on euery side with a great number of ennemies Notwithstandinge of all his enemies there was not a man that durst come to hande strokes with him but still slinging and shooting at him a farre of they draue him in the end amongest stony places betwene hewen rockes where he had much a doe to guide his horse although he had spurred him that he was all of a gore blood And as for his age that did not lette him but he might haue saued him selfe for he was strong and lusty by the continuall exercise he tooke but by cursed happe his body being weake with sickenes and weary with the long iorney he had made that day he founde him selfe very heauy and ill disposed that his horse stumbling with him threwe him to the grounde His fall was very great and brused all his head that he lay for dead in the place a great while and neuer sturred nor spake so that his enemies thinkinge he had bene dead came to turne his body to strippe him But when they saw him lift vp his head and open his eyes then many of them fell all at once apon him and tooke him and bounde both his hands behinde him and did all the villany and mischiefe they could vnto him and such as one would litle haue thought Dinocrates would haue vsed in that sorte or that he could haue had such an ill thought towardes him So they that taried behinde in the city of MESSINA were maruelous glad when they heard these newes and ranne all to the gates of the city to see him brought in When they saw him thus shamefully bounde and pinnioned against the dignity of so many honors as he had receiued and of so many triumphes and victories as he had passed the most parte of them wept for pitie to consider the mishappe and ill fortune of mans nature where there is so litle certainety as in maner it is nothing Then beganne there some curteous speeche to runne in the mouthes of the people by litle and litle that they should remember the great good he had done vnto them in times past and the liberty he had restored them vnto when he expulsed the tyran Nabis out of MESSINA But there were other againe howbeit very few that to please Dinocrates sayed they should hang him on a gibbet and put him to death as a daungerous enemy and that would neuer forgiue man that had once offended him and the rather bicause he would be more terrible to Dinocrates then euer he was before if he escaped his hands receiuing such open shame by him Neuertheles in the end they caried him into a certen dungeon vnder the ground called the treasury which had neither light nor ayer at all into it nor dore nor half dore but a great stone rolled on the mouth of the dungeon and so they did let him downe the same and stopped the hole againe with the stone and watched it with armed men for to keepe him Now when these younge noble ACHAIAN horsemen had fled vppon the spurre a great way from the enemy they remembred them selues looked round about for Philopoemen finding him not in sight they supposed straight he had bene slaine Thereuppon they stayed a great while and called for him by name and perceiuing he aunswered not they beganne to say among them selues they were beastes and cowardes to flie in that sorte and how they were dishonored for euer so to haue forsaken their Captaine to saue themselues who had not spared his owne life to deliuer them from daunger Hereupon ryding on their way and enquiring still for him they were in the end aduertised how he was taken And then they went caried those newes through all the townes and cities of ACHAIA which were very sory for him and tooke it as a signe of great ill fortune toward them Wherupon they agreed to send Ambassadors forthwith to the MESSENIANS to demaunde him and in the meane time euery man should prepare to arme them selues to go thither and get him either by force or loue When the ACHAIANS had thus sent Dinocrates feared nothing so much as that delay of time might saue Philopoemenes life wherefore to preuent it as soone as night came and that the people were at rest he straight caused the stone to be rolled from the mouth of the dungeon and willed the hangman to be let downe to Philopoemen with a cuppe of poison to offer him who was commaunded also not to goe from him vntill he had dronke it When the hangman was come downe he found Philopoemen layed on the grounde apon a litle cloke hauinge no lift to sleepe he was so grieuously troubled in his minde Who when he sawe light and the man standing by him holding a cuppe in his hande with this poison he sate vpright vpon his cowch howbeit with great paine he was so weake and taking the cuppe in his hande asked the hangman if he heard any newes of the horsemen that came with him and specially of Lycortas The hangman made him answer that the most of them were saued Then he cast his handes a litle ouer his head and looking merely on him he sayd it is well seeing we are not all vnfortunate Therewith speaking no moe wordes nor makinge other a doe he droncke vp all the poison and layed him downe as before So nature straue not much withall his body being brought so lowe and thereupon the poison wrought his effect and rid him straight out of his paine The newes of his death ran presently through all ACHAIA which generally from high to low was lamented Whereupon all the ACHAIAN youth and counsellors of their cities and townes assembled them selues in the city of MEGALIPOLIS where they all agreed without delay to reuenge his death They made Lycortas their Generall vnder whose conduct they inuaded the MESSENIANS with force and violence puttinge all to the fire and sword so as the MESSENIANS were so feared with this mercilesse fury that they yelded them selues and wholly consented to receiue the ACHAIANS into their city But Dinocrates would not giue them leasure to execute him by iustice for he killed him selfe and so did all the rest make themselues away who gaue aduise that Philopoemen should be put to death But those that would haue had Philopoemen hanged on a gibbet Lycortas
the vpper hand of Scipio and that Scipio bare it paciently and left not of walking for that neither shewed any countenaunce of misliking And in entring into discourse of many matters they discended in the ende to talke of auncient Captaines and Hanniball gaue iudgement that Alexander the great was the famousest Captaine Tyrrus the second and him selfe the thirde Then Scipio smilinge gently asked him what wouldest thou say then if I had not ouercome thee Truely quod Hanniball I would not then put my selfe the third man but the first and aboue all the Captaines that euer were So diuers greatly cōmending the goodly sayinges and deedes of Scipio did maruelously mislike Titus for that he had as a man may say layed his handes vpon the death of an other man Other to the contray againe sayd it was well done of him sayinge that Hanniball so longe as he liued was a fire to the Empire of the ROMAINES which lacked but one to blow it and that when he was in his best force and lusty age it was not his hande nor body that troubled the ROMAINES so much but his great wisedome and skill he had in the warres and the mortall hate he bare in his hart towardes the ROMAINES which neither yeares neither age would diminishe or take away For mens naturall condicions do remaine still but fortune doth not alwayes keepe a state but chaungeth stil and then quickeneth vp our desires to set willingly vppon those that warre against vs bicause they hate vs in their hartes The thinges which fell out afterwards did greatly proue the reasons brought out for this purpose in discharge of Titus For one Aristonicus sonne of a daughter of a player vpon the citherne vnder the fame and glory of Enmenes whose bastard he was filled all ASIA with warre rebellion by reason the people rose in his fauor Againe Mithridates after so many losses he had receiued against Sylla and Eimbria and after so many armies ouerthrowen by battell and warres and after so many famous Captaines lost and killed did yet recouer againe and came to be of great power both by sea and land against Lucullus Truely Hannibal was no lower brought then Caius Marius had bene For he had a king to his frend that gaue him entertainment for him and his family and made him Admirall of his shippes and Generall of his horsemen and footemen in the field Marius also went vp and downe AFRICKE a begging for his liuing insomuch as his enemies at ROME mocked him to scorne soone after notwithstanding they fell downe at his feete before him when they saw they were whipped murthered and slaine within ROME by his commaundement Thus we see no man can say certainely he is meane or great by reason of the vncertainty of thinges to come consideringe there is but one death and chaunge of better life Some say also that Titus did not this act alone and of his owne authority but that he was sent Ambassador with Lucius Scipio to no other end but to put Hanniball to death by what meanes soeuer they could Furthermore after this Ambassade we do not finde any notable thing written of Titus worthy of memory neither in peace nor in warres For he died quietely of naturall death at home in his contrie THE COMPARISON OF Titus Quintius Flaminius with Philopoemen IT is time nowe we come to compare them together Therefore as touchinge the great benefits that came to the GREECIANS neither Philopoemen nor all the other former Captaines are to be compared with Titus For all the auncient Captaines almost being GREECIANS made warres with other GREECIANS but Titus beinge a ROMAINE and no GREECIAN made warres for the liberty of GREECE When Philopoemen was not able to helpe his poore citizens distressed sore vexed with warres he sayled away into CRETA Titus hauing ouercome Philip kinge of MACEDON in battell did restore againe to liberty all the people and cities of the same which were kept before in bondage And if any will narrowly examine battells of either partie they shall finde that Philopoemen being Generall of the ACHAIANS made more GREECIANS to be slaine then Titus did of the MACEDONIANS fightinge with them for the liberty of the GREECIANS And for their imperfections the one of them was ambitious the other was as obstinate the one was quicke and sodainly angered the other was very hard to be pacified Titus left kinge Philip his realme and crowne after he had ouercome him and vsed great clemency towardes the AETOLIANS where Philopoemen for spite malice tooke townes and villages from his owne natiue contry and city wherein he was borne that had alwayes payed them tribute Furthermore Titus continued a sounde frend to them to whome he had once professed frendshippe and done pleasure vnto and Philopoemen in a geare and anger was ready to take away that he had giuen and to ouerthrow the pleasure and good turne he had shewed For Philopoemen when he had done the LACEDAEMONIANS great pleasure did afterwards rase the walls of their city and spoyled and destroyed all their contry and lastly ouerthrew their whole gouernment It seemeth also by reason of his immoderate choller he was him selfe cause of his owne death for that he made more hast then good speede to go out of time to set vpon those of MASSINA and not as Titus who did all his affaires with wisedome and euer considered what was best to be done But if we looke into the number of battells and victories the warre which Titus made against Philip was ended with two battells Whereas Philopoemen in infinite battells in which he had the better neuer left it doutfull but that his skill did euer helpe him the more to victory then the good fortune he had Moreouer Titus wanne honor by meanes of the power of ROME when it florished most and was in best prosperitie Philopoemen made him selfe famous by his deedes when GREECE beganne to stoupe and fall all together So that the deedes of the one were common to all the ROMAINES the dedes of the other were priuate to himselfe alone For Titus was General ouer good and valliant souldiers that were already trained to his hand and Philopoemen being chosen Generall did traine his men him selfe made them afterwards very expert and valliant that were but meane and greene souldiers before And whereas Philopoemen had continuall warres with the GREECIANS it was not for any good fortune he had but that it made a certaine proofe of his valliantnesse For where all other thinges are aunswerable to his there we must iudge that such as ouercome haue the most corage Now Philopoemen making warres with the most warlike nations of all GREECE as the CRETANS and the LACEDAEMONIANS did ouercome the subtillest of them by finenesse and policy and the most valliant by prowes and hardinesse But Titus ouercame by putting that only in practise which was already found and stablished as
the flower of their age and we in the prime of our youth they would not haue sayed euery where that he was altogether inuincible as now at this present they doe but either he should haue left his body slaine herein battell or at the least wise haue bene driuen to flie and by his death or flyinge shoulde greatly haue enlarged the renowne and glory of ROME you plainly show it now that all these words spoken thē were but vaine arrogant vaunts of foolish pride Considering that you tremble for feare of the MOLOSSIANS CHAONIANS who were euer a pray to the MACEDONIANS and that ye are afrayed of Pyrrus also who all his life time serued and followed one of the gard vnto Alexander the great and nowe is come to make warres in these partes not to aide the GREECIANS inhabiting in ITALIE but to flie from his enemies there about his owne contry offering you to conquer all the rest of ITALIE with an army wherewith he was nothing able to kepe a small parte of MACEDON only for him selfe And therefore you must not perswade your selues that in making peace with him you shall thereby be rid of him but rather shall your draw others to come set apon you besides For they will vtterly despise you when they shal heare ye are so easily ouercome and that you haue suffered Pyrrus to escape your handes before you made him feele the iust reward of his bolde presumptuous attempt vpon you carying with him for a further hier this aduantage ouer you that he hath geuen a great occasion both to the SAMNITES and TARENTINES hereafter to mocke and deride you After that Appius had tolde this tale vnto the Senate euery one through the whole assembly desired rather warre then peace They dispatched Cineas away thereupon with this aunswere that if Pyrrus sought the ROMAINES frendshippe he must first departe out of ITALIE and then sende vnto them to treate of peace but so longe as he remained there with his army the ROMAINES would make warres vpon him with all the force and power they could make yea although he had ouerthrowen and slaine tenne thowsand such Captaines as Leuinus was They say that Cineas during the time of his abode at ROME intreating for this peace did curiously labor to consider and vnderstande the manners order and life of the ROMAINES and their common weale discoursing thereof with the chiefest men of the city and how afterwards he made ample reporte of the same vnto Pyrrus and tolde him amongest other thinges that the Senate appeared to him a counsell house of many kinges And furthermore for the number of people that he feared greatly they should fight against such a serpent as that which was in olde time in the marises of LERNE of which when they had cut of one heade seuen other came vp in the place bicause the Consull Leuinus had nowe leauied an other army twise as great as the first was and had left at ROME also many times as many good able men to cary armor After this there were sent Ambassadors from ROME vnto Pyrrus and amongest other Caius Fabricius touching the state of the prisoners Cineas tolde the kinge his master that this Fabritius was one of the greatest menne of accompt in all ROME a right honest man a good Captaine and a very valliant man of his handes yet poore in deede he was notwithstanding Pyrrus taking him secretly a side made very much of him and amongest other thinges offered him bothe golde and siluer prayinge him to take it not for any dishonest respect he ment towardes him but only for a pledge of the goodwill and frendshippe that should be betwene them Fabricius would none of his gift so Pyrrus left him for that time Notwithstanding the next morninge thinkinge to feare him bicause he had neuer seene elephant before Pyrrus commaunded his men that when they sawe Fabricius and him talkinge together they shoulde bringe one of his greatest elephantes and set him harde by them behinde a hanging which being done at a certaine signe by Pyrrus geuen sodainly the hanging was pulled backe and the elephant with his troncke was ouer Fabricius heade and gaue a terrible and fearefull crie Fabricius softely geuing backe nothing afrayed laughed and sayd to Pyrrus smiling neither did your golde oh king yesterday moue me nor your elephant to day feare me Furthermore whilest they were at supper fallinge in talke of diuerse matters specially touchinge the state of GREECE and the Philosophers there Cineas by chaunce spake of EPICVRVS and rehearsed the opinions of the EPICVRIANS touching the goddes and gouernment of the common wealth how they placed mans chiefe felicity in pleasure how they fled from all office publike charge as from a thing that hindereth the fruition of true felicity howe they maintained that the goddes were immortall neither moued with pity nor anger and led an idle life full of all pleasures and delightes without taking any regarde of mens doinges But as he still continued this discourse Fabricius cried out alowde and sayd the goddes graunt that Pyrrus and the SAMNITES were of such opinions as long as they had warres against vs Pyrrus marueling much at the constancy and magnanimity of this man was more desirous a great deale to haue peace with the ROMAINES then before And priuately prayed Fabricius very earnestly that he would treate for peace whereby he might afterwards come and remaine with him saying that he would giue him the chiefe place of honor about him amongest all his frendes Whereunto Fabricius aunswered him softly that were not good oh king for your selfe quod he for your men that presently doe honor and esteeme you be experience if they once knew me would rather choose me for their kinge then your selfe Such was Fabricius talke whose wordes Pyrrus tooke not in ill parte neither was offended with them at all as a tyran woulde haue bene but did him selfe reporte to his frendes and familiars the noble minde he founde in him and deliuered him apon his faith only all the ROMAINE prisoners to the ende that if the Senate would not agree vnto peace they might yet see their frendes and kepe the feast of Saturne with them and then to send them backe againe vnto him Which the Senate established by decree vpon paine of death to all such as should not performe the same accordingly Afterwardes Fabricius was chosen Consull and as he was in his campe there came a man to him that brought him a letter from kinge Pyrrus Phisitian wrytten with his owne handes in which the Phisitian offered to poyson his maister so he would promise him a good reward for ending the warres without further daunger Fabricius detestinge the wickednesse of the Phisitian and hauing made Q. AEmilius his colleague and fellowe Consull also to abhorre the same wrote a letter vnto Pyrrus and bad him take heede for there were that ment to poyson him The contentes of his
LACEDAEMONIANS againe labored all that they could possible to let them But in this great broyle one perceiued Pyrrus a horse backe to haue lept the trenche past ouer the strength of the cartes and make force to enter into the city Wherfore those that were appointed to defende that parte of the trench cried out straight and the women fell a shreeking and running as if all had bene lost And as Pyrrus passed further striking downe with his owne handes all that stoode before him a CRETAN shot at him strake his horse through both sides who leapinge out of the prease for paine of his wounde dying caried Pyrrus away and threw him vppon the hanging of a steepe hill where he was in great daunger to fall from the toppe This put all his seruauntes and frendes about him in a maruelous feare and therewithall the LACEDAEMONIANS seeing them in this feare and trouble ran immediatly vnto that place and with force of shotte draue them all out of the trenche After this retyre Pyrrus caused all assault to cease hoping the LACEDAEMONIANS in the end would yeelde consideringe there were many of them slaine in the two dayes past and all the rest in maner hurt Howbeit the good fortune of the citie whether it were to proue the valliantnes of the inhabitantes them selues or at the least to shew what power they were of euen in their greatest nede and distresse when the LACEDAEMONIANS had small hope left brought one Aminias Phocian from CORINTHE one of king Antigonus Captaines with a great band of men and put them into the city to aide them and straight after him as soone as he had entred king Areus arriued also on thother side from CRETA and two thowsand souldiers with him So the women went home to their houses makinge their reckening that they should not neede any more to trouble them selues with warres They gaue the olde men liberty also to goe and rest them selues who being past allage to fight for necessities sake yet were driuen to arme them selues and take weapon in hande and in order of battell placed the newe come souldiers in their roomes Pyrrus vnderstanding that newe supplies were come grewe to greater stomake then before and inforced all that he could to winne the towne by assault But in the end when to his cost he founde that he wanne nothing but blowes he gaue ouer the siege and went to spoyle all the contry about determining to lye there in garrison all the winter He coulde not for all this auoide his destenie For there rose a sedition in the city of ARGOS betwene two of the chiefest citizens Aristeas and Aristippus and bicause Aristeas thought that kinge Antigonus did fauor his enemy Aristippus he made hast to sende first vnto Pyrrus whose nature and disposition was such that he did continually heape hope vppon hope euer taking the present prosperity for an occasion to hope after greater to come And if it fell out he was a loser then he sought to recouer him selfe and to restore his losse by some other newe attempts So that neither for being conqueror nor ouercomen he would euer be quiet but alwayes troubled some and him selfe also by reason whereof he sodainly departed towardes ARGOS But king Areus hauing layed ambushes for him in diuerse places and occupied also the straightest and hardest passages by the which he was to passe gaue a charge vppon the GAVLES and MOLOSSIANS which were in the tayle of his army Now the selfe same day Pyrrus was warned by a Soothsayer who sacrificing had founde the liuer of the sacrificed beast infected that it betokened the losse of some most neere vnto him But when he heard the noyse of the charge geuen he thought not of the forwarning of his Soothsayer but commaunded his sonne to take his household seruauntes with him and to go thither as he him selfe in the meane time with as great hast as he could made the rest of his army marche to get them quickely out of this daungerous way The fraye was very hotte about Ptolomie Pyrrus sonne for they were all the chiefe men of the LACEDAEMONIANS with whome he had to doe led by a valliant Captaine called Eualcus But as he fought valliantly against those that stoode before him there was a souldier of CRETA called Oraesus borne in the citie of APTERA a man very ready of his hande and light of foote who running alongest by him strake him such a blowe on his side that he sell downe dead in the place This prince Ptolomie being slaine his company began straight to flie and the LACEDAEMONIANS followed the chase so hottely that they tooke no heede of them selues vntill they sawe they were in the plaine field farre from their footemen Wherefore Pyrrus vnto whom the death of his sonne was newly reported being a fire with sorow and passion turned so dainly vpon them with the men of armes of the MOLOSSIANS and being the first that came vnto them made a maruelous slaughter among them For notwithstanding that euery where before that time he was terrible and inuincible hauing his sword in his hande yet then he did shewe more proofe of his valliantnes strength and corage then he had euer done before And when he had sette spurres to his horse against Eualcus to close with him Eualcus turned on the toe side and gaue Pyrrus such a blowe with his sword that he missed litle the cutting of his bridle hande for he cut in deede all the raines of the bridle a sunder But Pyrrus straight ranne him through the body with his speare and lighting of from his horse he put all the troupe of the LACEDAEMONIANS to the sword that were about the body of Eualcus being all chosen men Thus the ambition of the Captaines was cause of that losse vnto their contry for nothing considering that the warres against thē were ended But Pyrrus hauing now as it were made sacrifice of these poore bodies of the LACEDAEMONIANS for the soule of his dead sonne and fought thus wonderfully also to honor his funeralls conuerting a great parte of his sorow for his death into anger and wrath against the enemies he afterwardes held on his way directly towardes ARGOS And vnderstanding that king Antigonus had already seased the hills that were ouer the valley he lodged neere vnto the city of NAVPLIA and the next morning following sent a heraulde vnto Antigonus and gaue him defyance calling him wicked man and chalenged him to come downe into the valley to fight with him to trye which of them two should be king Antigonus made him aunswer that he made warres as much with time as with weapon furthermore that if Pyrrus were weary of his life he had wayes open enough to put him selfe to death The citizens of ARGOS also sent Ambassadors vnto them both to pray them to departe sith they knew that there was nothing for them to see in the city of ARGOS and that they would let
sacrificed to the Muses and to the GREECIAN Graces that is to say that he had knowen the Greeke tongue to so many famous and glorious deedes as he did both in peace and warres he had to ioyned so vnfortunate and miserable an end as he made through his choller and extreame ambition at such yeares and through an vnsatiable couetousnes which like boysterous windes made him to make shipwracke of all in a most cruell bloody and vnnaturall age The which is easily knowen in reading the discourse of his doinges First of all he was of a meane house borne of poore parents by father mother that got their liuings by sweate of their browes His father as him selfe was called Caius Fulcinia was his mother And this was the cause why he beganne so late to haunt the city and to learne the ciuility and manners of ROME hauing bene brought vp alwayes before in a litle poore village called CIRROEATON within the territory of the city of ARPOS where he led a hard contry life in respect of those that liued pleasauntly and finely in the cities but otherwise well reformed and nearest vnto the manners of the auncient ROMAINES The first iorney he made vnto the warres was against the CELTIBERIANS in SPAYNE vnder Scipio AFRICAN when he went to besiege the city of NVMANTIA where his Captaines in shorte time found that he was a better souldier then any other of his companions For the did maruelous easily receiue the reformation of manners and the discipline of warres which Scipio aduaunced amongest his souldiers that were ill trained before and geuen ouer to all pleasure And they say that in the sight of his Generall he fought hand to hand with one of his enemies and slew him vpon which occasion Scipio to make him loue him did offer him many curtesies and pleasures But specially one day aboue the rest hauing made him suppe with him at his table some one after supper falling in talke of Captaines that were in ROME at that time one that stoode by Scipio asked him either bicause in deede he stoode in doubt or else for that he would curry fauor with Scipio what other Captaine the ROMAINES should haue after his death like vnto him Scipio hauing Marius by him gently clapped him apon his shoulder and sayd peraduenture this shal be he Thus happely were they both borne the one to shew from his youth that one day he should come to be a great man and the other also for wisely coniecturing the end by seeing of the beginning Well it fortuned so that these words of Scipio by reporte aboue all things else put Marius in a good hope as if they had bene spoken by the oracle of some god and made him bold to deale in matters of state and common wealth where by meanes of the fauor countenaunce Cecilius Metellus gaue him whose house his father and he had alwayes followed and honored he obtained the office of Tribuneshippe In this office he preferred a law touching the manner howe to geue the voyces in election of the Magistrates which did seeme to take from the nobility the authority they had in iudgement And therefore the Consull Cotta stepped vp against it and perswaded the Senate to resist that lawe and not suffer it to be authorised and therewithall presently to call Marius before them to yeld a reason of his doing So was it agreed vppon in the Senate Now Marius comming into the Senate was not abashed at any thing as some other young man would haue bene that had but newly begonne to enter into the world as he did and hauing no other notable calling or quality in him sauing his vertue only to commend him but taking boldenes of him selfe as the noble actes he afterwards did gaue show of his valor he openly threatned the Consull Cotta to sende him to prison if he did not presently withdrawe the conclusion he had caused to be resolued apon The Consull then turning him selfe vnto Caecilius Metellus asked him how he liked it Metellus standing vp spake in the behalfe of the Consull and then Marius calling a sergeaunt out commended him to take Metellus selfe and to cary him to prison Metellus appealed to the other Tribunes but neuer a one would take his matter in hand so that the Senate when all was done were compelled to call backe the conclusion that before was taken Then Marius returning with great honor into the market place among the assembly of the people caused this law to passe and be authorised and euery man held opinion of him that he would proue a stowt man and such a one as would stoupe for any feare nor shrinke for bashfullness but would beard the Senate is fauor of the people Notwithstanding he shortly after chaunged opinion and altered the first by an other act he made For when an other went about to haue a law made to distribute corne vnto euery citizen without payment of any penny he was vehemently against it and ouerthrew it so that thereby he came to be a like honored and estemed of either party as he that would neither pleasure the one nor the other to the preiudice of the common wealth After he had bene Tribune he sued for the chiefest office of AEdilis Of the AEdiles there are two sortes the first is called AEdilitas Curulis so named bicause of certaine chayers that haue crooked seete vpon which they sit when they geue audience The other is of lesse dignity and that is called AEdilitas popularis and when they haue chosen the first and greater AEdilis at ROME they presently proceede the same day also in the market place vnto election of the lesser Marius seeing plainely that he was put by the chiefest of the AEdiles turned againe straight yet to demaund the second but this was misliked in him and they tooke him for too bold too shameles and too presumptuous a man So that in one selfe day he had two denyalles and repulses which neuer man but him selfe before had And neuerthelesse all this could not cut his combe but shortely after he sued also for the Praetorshippe and he lacked but litle of the deniall of that yet in the ende being last of all chosen he was accused to haue bribed the people and bought their voyces for money And surely amongest many other this presumption was very great that they saw a man of CASSIVS SABACON within the barres where the election is made running to and fro amonge them that gaue their voyces bicause this Sabacon was Marius very great frend The matter came before the iudges and Sabacon was examined vpon it Whereunto he aunswered that for the great extreame heate he felt he was very dry and asked for colde water to drinke and that this man had brought him some in a potte where he was howbeit that he went his way as soone as euer he had dronke This Sabacon was afterwardes put out of
him not being aware passed by the house And it is reported that Marius him selfe conueyed Sylla safelie out at a backe dore and that he being scaped thus went vnto his campe Notwithstanding Sylla him selfe in his commentaries doth not say that he was saued in Marius house when he fled but that he was brought thither to geue his consent vnto a matter which Sulpitius woulde haue forced him vnto against his will presenting him naked swordes on euery side And he wryteth also that being thus forcibly brought vnto Marius house he was kept there in this feare vntill such time as returninge into the market place he was compelled to reuoke againe the adiornement of iustice which he and his companion by edict had commaunded This done Sulpitius then being the stronger caused the commision charge of this warres against Mithridates to be assigned vnto Marius by the voyce of the people Therfore Marius geuing order for his departure sent two of his Colonells before to take the army of Sylla who hauing wonne his souldiers harts before and stirred them vp against Marius brought them on with him directly towardes ROME being no lesse then fiue and thirty thowsand fighting men who setting apon the Captaines Marius had sent vnto them slewe them in the fielde In reuenge whereof Marius againe in ROME put many of Syllaes frendes and followers to death and proclaimed open liberty by sound of trompet to all slaues and bondmen that would take armes for him but there were neuer but three only that offered them selues Whereuppon hauing made a litle resistaunce vnto Sylla when he came into ROME he was soone after compelled to runne his way Marius was no sooner out of the citie but they that were in his company forsaking him dispersed them selues here and there being darke night and Marius him selfe got to a house of his in the contrie called Salonium and sent his sonne to one of his father in law Mutius farmes not farre from thence to make some prouision for vittells But Marius in the meane time went before to OSTIA where one of his frendes Numerius had prepared him a shippe in the which he imbarked immediatly not tarying for his sonne and hoised saile hauing only Granius his wiues sonne with him In the meane time the younger Marius beinge at his father in law Mutius farme stayed so long in getting of prouision in trussing of it vp and carying it away that broade day light had like to haue discouered him for the enemies had aduertisement whether he was gone whereupon certaine horsemen were sent thither supposing to haue found him But the keeper of the house hauing an inckling of their comminge and preuenting them also before they came sodainely yoked his oxen to the carte which he loded with beanes and hidde this younger Marius vnder the same And prickinge the oxen forward with his goade set out and met them as he went towards the city and deliuered Marius in this sorte into his wiues house and there taking such thinges as he needed when the night following came went towards the sea tooke shippe finding one crosse sayled bound towards AFRICKE Marius the father saylinge on still had a very good winde to poynte alongest the coast of ITALIE notwithstanding being afrayed of one Geminius a chiefe man of TERRACINE who hated him to the death he gaue the maryners warning thereof betimes and willed them to take heede of landing at TERRACINE The maryners were very willing to obey him but the winde stoode full against them comming from the mayne which raised a great storme and they feared much that their vessell which was but a bote would not brooke the seas besides that he him selfe was very sicke in his stomake and sore sea beaten notwithstanding at the length with the greatest difficulty that might be they recouered the coast euer against the city of CIRCEES In the meane time the storme increased still and their vitells failed them whereupon they were compelled to land and went wandring vp downe not knowinge what to doe nor what way to take But as it falleth our commonly in such like cases of extremitie they thought it alwayes the best safetie for them to flie from the place where they were and to hope of that which they saw not for if the sea were their enemy the lande was so likewise To meete with men they were afrayed and not to meete with them on thother side lacking vtittells was in deede the greater daunger Neuertheless in the end they met with heard men that could geue them nothing to eate but knowing Marius warned him to get him out of the way as soone as he could possible bicause it was not longe since that there passed by a great troupe of horsemē that sought him all about And thus being brought vnto such perplexity that he knew not where to bestowe him selfe and specially for that the poore men he had in his company were almost starued for hunger he got out of the high way notwithstanding and sought out a very thicke wodde where he passed all that night in great sorow and the next morninge beinge compelled by necessity determined yet to employ his body before all his strength failed Thus he wandered on alongest the sea coast still comforting them that followed him the best he could praying them not to dispayre but to refene them selues to him euen vntil the last hope trusting in certaine prophecies which the Soothsayers had told him of long time before For when he was but very young and dwelling in the contry he gathered vp in the lappe of his gowne the ayrie of an Eagle in the which were seuen young Eagles whereat his father and mother much wondering asked the Soothsayers what that ment They answered that their sonne one day should be one of the greatest men in the world and that out of doubt he should obtaine seuen times in his life the chiefest office of dignity in his contry And for that matter it is sayd that so in dede it came to passe Other hold opinion that such as were about Marius at that time in that present place and else where during the time of his flying they hearing him tell this tale beleued it and afterwardes put it downe in wrytinge as a true thinge although of trothe it is bothe false and fayned For they say that the Eagle neuer getteth but two younge ones by reason whereof it is mayntayned also that the Poet Musaeus hathe lyed in that which he hathe wrytten in these verses The Eagle layes three egges and tvvo she hatcheth forth But yet she bringeth vp but one that any thing is vvorth Howsoeuer it was it is certaine that Marius many times during the time of his flying sayd that he was assured he should come vnto the seuenth Consulship When they were comen neere now to the city of MINTVRNES about a two myle a halfe frō it they might perceiue a troupe of horsemen comming by the
followed their enemies so fiercely till they recouered straight narrow waies of great strength for them These three huÌ„dred were in maner all those that were suspected in THEBES to fauor the LACEDAEMONIANS secretly wherfore for the desire they had to take away this opinioÌ„ froÌ„ their citizens they hazarded theÌ„selues to no purpose were cast away in this chase King Pausanias heard newes of this ouerthrow going froÌ„ PLATEES vnto THESPIES went on further marching still in battel ray towards ALIARTE where Thrasybulus also arriued at the selfe same time bringing the aide of the ATHENIANS froÌ„ THEBES And when Pausanias was purposed to send to aske liceÌ„ce of the enemies to take away the bodies of their men which they had slaine to thintent to bury them the olde SPARTANS that were in his army misliking it much at the first were angry in them selues But afterwardes they went vnto the king him selfe to tell him that he dishonored SPARTA to offer to take vp Lysanders bodie by his enemies leaue 〈…〉 and that he should valliantly recouer him by force of armes and honorably burie him after that he had ouercome their enemies or else if it were their fortune to be ouerthroweÌ„ that yâ—â— it should be more honorable for them to iye dead in the field by their Captaine then to aske leaue to take vp his body But notwithstanding all these wordes of the old men king Pausanias seeing that it was a hard matter to ouercome the THEBANS in battell now that they had gotten the victory and furthermore that the body of Lysander lay hard by the walls of ALIARTE and that he could not come to take it away without great daunger although they should win the battell he sent a herauld to the enemies And hauing made truce for certaine dayes he led his army away and tooke vp Lysanders body with him and buried him after they were out of the confynes of BOEOTIA within the territory of the PANOPEIANS where vntill this day his tombe remaineth apon the high way goinge from DELPHES vnto the city of CHAERONIA Thus Pausanias campe being lodged there it is sayd there was a PHOCIAN who reporting the battell vnto one that was not there sayd that the enemies came to geue a charge vpon them as Lysander had passed the Oplites Thother wondring at that there was a SPARTAN a very frend of Lysanders by hauing heard all their talke asked him what that was which he called Oplites for that he had not heard that word named before What aunswered the PHOCIAN to him againe Euen there it was where the enemies did ouerthrow the first of our men which were slaine in the fieldes for the riuer that runneth by the walles of the city is called Oplites The SPARTAN hearing that burst out of weping for sorrow saying then I see it is impossible for a man to auoyde his destinie For Lysander aforetime had an oracle that tolde him thus Lysander take good heede come not I thee aduise Neere Oplites that riuers banckes in any kinde of vvise Nor neere the Dragon he vvhich is the earth her sonne VVho at the length vvill thee assault and on thy backe vvill runne Howebeit some take it that this riuer of Oplites is not that which passeth by the walles of ALIARTE but it is the riuer that runneth neere vnto the city of CORONEA and falleth into the riuer of Phliarus hard by the city and they say that in olde time it was called Hoplia but now they call it Isomantus He that slue Lysander was an ALIARTIAN called Neochorus who caried a Dragon painted apon his target and this was that which the oracle of likelyhoode did signifie They say also that in the time of the warres of PELOPONNESVS the THEBANS had an oracle from the teÌ„ple of Apollo Ismenias which oracle did prophecy the battell which they wanne by the castell of DELIVM and the battell of ALIARTE also which was thirty yeares after that The effect of that oracle was this VVhen thou thy nets shalt spread the vvolues for to intrappe Bevvare thou come not neere vnto a litle hill by happe Of Orchalide Nor neere to any his confynes For there the crafty foxes keepe their dennes and priuy mines He calleth the territory that is about DELIVM the vttermost confynes bicause BOEOTA doth confine there with the contry of ATTICA and the hill Orchalide which is now called Alopecon to say the foxe denne which lieth on that side of the citie of ALIARTE that looketh towardes mounte Helicon Lysander being slaine the SPARTANS tooke his death so ill that they would haue condemned king Pausanias of treason by law who durst not abide the tryall but fled vnto the citie of TEGEA where he ended the rest of his life within the sanctuarie of the temple of Minerua When Lysander was dead his pouertie appeared to the world which made his vertue farre more famous than when he liued For then they sawe that for all the gold siluer which had passed through his hands for all his great authority countenaunce that he had caried and for all that so many cities townes did come to honor him briefly for al that he had so great puissant a kingdom in maner in his hands yet he did neuer enrich nor increase his house with so much as one farthing So writeth Theopompus whom we should rather beleue when he praiseth then when he discommendeth for commonly he taketh more delite to dispraise then to praise any It fortuned not longe after as Ephorus writeth that the LACEDAEMONIANS and their confederats fel at variance together wherupon Lysanders letters were to be seene that were in his house Kinge Agesilaus goinge thither to peruse them amongest other writinges founde the oration penned by Cleon Halicarnasseus which Lysander had prepared to perswade the SPARTANS to chaunge their gouernment and to declare vnto them that they shoulde reuoke the prerogatiue which the Eurytiontides and the Agiades had that the kinges of SPARTA could not be chosen but out of those two families and to leue the prerogatiue at liberty that the chiefest magistrats might be laufully chosen kings of SPARTA Agesilaus stood indiffereÌ„t to haue shewed this oratioÌ„ openly to the people that the SPARTANS might see what manner a citizen Lysander had bene in his harte But Lacratidas a graue wise man president at that time of the counsel of the Ephori would not suffer him saying that he shoulde not digge Lysander out of his graue againe but rather bury his oration with him that was so passingly well and eloquently penned to perswade Yet notwithstandinge they did him great honor after his death and amongest others condemned two citizens in a great summe of money that were made sure to two of his daughters while he liued and refused to marye them which he was dead seeing their father dyed so poore bicause they sought to matche in his house supposing he had
he marueled how he could further it that he was not euen then the cheifest man of the worlde When Sylla was returned againe to ROME one Censorinus accused him of extorcion that he had caried away a great summe of money with him contrary to the lawe out of one of their confederates contry howebeit he prosecuted not his accusation but gaue it ouer In the meane time the enmity begonne betwixt him and Marius kindled againe vppon a new occasion of king Bocchus ambition who partely to creepe further into the peoples fauor of ROME and partely also for to gratifie Sylla gaue and dedicated certaine images of victory carying tokens of triumphe vnto the temple of Iupiter Capitolin and next vnto them also the image of Iugurthe which he deliuered into the handes of Sylla being all of pure golde This did so offende Marius that he attempted to take them away by force but others did defend the cause of Sylla So that for the quarrell of these two the city of ROME taking armes had like to haue brought all to ruine had not the warres of the confederats of ITALIE bene which of longtime did kindle and smoke but at the length brake out into open flame and sedition for that time In this maruelous great warre which fell out very daungerous by sundry misfortunes and great losses to the ROMAINES Marius did no notable exployte whereby it appeareth that the vertue of warlike discipline hath neede of a strong and lusty and able body For Sylla to the contrary hauing done notable seruice and obtained many profitable victories wanne the fame and estimacion among the ROMAINES of a noble souldier and worthy Captaine and among thenemies them selues of a most fortunate man Notwithstanding Sylla did not as Timotheus ATHENIAN the sonne of Conon had done Who when his aduersaries and ill willers did attribute his noble deedes vnto the fauor of foretune and did painte fortune tables that brought him all the cities taken and snared in neâ—â— whilest he slept he tooke in very ill parte and was maruelous angrie with them that did it saying that they robbed him of the glory that iustly belonged vnto him Wherefore one day when this Timotheus was returned from the warres with the great victories after he had openly acquainted the ATHENIANS with the whole discourse of his doings in his voyage he sayd vnto them my Lordes of ATHENS fortune hath had no parte in all this which I haue told vnto you Hereupon the goddes it should seeme were so angry with this foolish ambition of Timotheus that he neuer afterwardes did any worthy thing but all went vtterly against the heare with him vntill at the length he came to be so hated of the people that in th end they banished him form ATHENS But Sylla to the contrary did not only paciently abide their wordes that sayed he was a happy man and singularly beloued of fortune but also increasinge this opinion and glorying as at a speciall grace of the goddes did attribute the honor of his doings vnto fortune either for a vaine glory or for that he had in fansy that the goddes did prosper him in all his doinges For he wrote him selfe in his commentaries that the enterprises which he hazarded most hottely according to the sodaine occasion offered did better prosper with him then those which by good aduise he had determined of Furthermore when he sayd that he was a better borne vnto the fortune then to the warres it seemeth that he confessed all his prosperity came rather by fortune then by his worthinesse And to conclude it appeareth that he did wholly submit him selfe vnto fortune acknowledging that he did altogether depend vpon her considering that he did attribute it to the speciall grace and fauor of the goddes that he neueâ— disagreed with Metellus his father in law who was a man of like dignitie and authoritie as him selfe was For where it was thought he woulde haue bene a greate hinderer of his doings he found him verie curteous and gentle in his behalfe in all that they had to deale in together by reason of the societie of their office And furthermore in his coÌ„mentaries which he dedicated vnto Lucullus he counselled him to thincke nothing more certaine and assured then that which the goddes should reueale vnto him and commaunde him in his nightes dreame He wryteth also that when he was sent with an army vnto the warres of the confederates the earth sodainly opened about LAVERNA out of the which immediatly came a maruelous bright flame of fire that ascended vp to the element The wise men being asked their opinions about the same made aunswere that a very honest and also a maruelous fayer man of complexion taking soueraine authoritie in his handes should pacifie all tumultes and sedition which were at that time in ROME Whereupon Sylla sayed it was him selfe whome the goddes ment bicause that amongest other things he had that singular gift of beawty that his heare was yellow as golde and he was not ashamed to name him selfe an honest man after he had wonne so many notable great victories Thus haue we sufficiently spoken of the trust he had in the fauor of the goddes And furthermore he seemed to be very contrary in his manners and vnlike to him selfe For if he tooke away much in one place he gaue as much more also in an other Some he preferred without cause and others he put downe without reason He would be very gentle to them of whome he would haue oughtâ— and vnto those that sought of him he would stand much apon his honor and looke for great reuerence Wherby men could hardly decerne his nature whether pride or flattery did more abound in him And as for the inequality he vsed in punishing of them that had offended him sometimes he hanged vp men for very small and light causes Some other times againe to the contrary he paciently aboade the most grieuous offences in the worlde and lightly pardoned and forgaue such faultes as were in no wife to be forgiuen And afterwards againe would punish right small crimes with murders effusion of blood and confiscation of goodes This iudgement may be geuen of him that by nature he had a malicious and a reuenging minde yet notwithstanding he qualified that naturall bitternes with reason geuing place to necessary and his benefit For in this warre of the confederates his souldiers slue Albinus one of his Lieutenauntes beating him to death with staues and stones being a man of good quality and one that had bene Praetor This great offence he passed ouer with silence vsing no manner of punishment and turned it to a boast in the end saying that his men were the more obedient and diligent in any peece of seruice that was to be done and that he made them amende 〈…〉 faultes by worthy seruice And furthermore he did not regarde them that he did reproue 〈…〉 but hauinge determined with him selfe to destroy
should borrow nor ow aboue two thowsande Drachmas it was founde that at the hower of his death he dyed three millions of Drachmas in debt This man nowe like a furious raging beast being left by Marius amongest the people turned all thinges topsie turuey by force of armes and maine strength He made also many wicked lawes to passe by voyce of the people and amongest others that one specially wherby he gaue Marius commission to make warres against king Mithridates For which extreame oppresions and dealinges of Sulpitius the two Consuls Sylla and Quintus Pompeius left of to heare publike causes and ceased the common course of law and iustice And as they were one day occupied about the adiornement of the law in an open assembly in the market place before the temple of Castor and Pollux Sulpitius the Tribune came vpon them with his souldiers and slue many people and among others the Consull Pompeius owne sonne and the father him selfe being Consull had much a doe to save his life by flying And Sylla the other Consull was also pursued euen into Marius house where he was compelled to promise before his departure presently to goe and reuoke that ornament of the law which he had before commaunded Thus Sulpitius hauing depriued Pompeius of his Consulshippe did not depose Sylla but only tooke from him the charge had geuen him to make warres against Mithridates and transferred that vnto Marius And sending 〈…〉 〈…〉 to the city of NOâ—A to receiue the army that lay there and to bring them vnto Marius Sylla preuented them and fled to the campe before them and told the souldiers all what had past as it was in deedes who when they be and it fell all to â—â—â—mule and slue Marius collonells with stones Marius on the otherside put all Syllâ—â—s frends to death 〈…〉 tooke the spoyle of their goodes and houses so was there nothing else but 〈…〉 from the campe roll â—aâ—â— and from ROME to the campe againâ—â— The Senate were in manner beside them selues not being able to gouerne as they would but driven to obey Marius and Sulpitius commÌ„aundementes Who being aduertised that Sylla was consisting towardes ROME sâ—â—â—â— straighâ— two Praetors vnto him Brutus and Seruilius to commaund them as from the Senate to approach no nearer These two Praetors spake a litle to boldly vnto Sylla whereuppon the souldiers fell to a mutiny in such soure that they stoode indiffereÌ„t whether to kill them presently in the field or no howbeit they brake their a â—â—â—s and bondells of noddes which were caried before them and tooke their out pleâ—â—hes wherewith they â—â—dre apparelled as magistrates from them and sent them home thus shamefully handled and intreated Vppon their returne now 〈…〉 their sadde silence only and them selues so stripped besides of all their markes and 〈…〉 Praetoriall dignitie made all men then to iudge that they brought no other newes ben â—oâ—â— as were the worst that possibly could be and that there was no way then left to pacific and Addition which was now altogether vncurable Wherefore Marius and his followers began to make them selves strong by force and Sylla with his companion Q. Pompeius departed in the meane time from the city of NOLA and brought six entier legions on wiâ—h him who desired no other thing but to make hast to march to ROME ward Howbeit Sylla stoode in doubt 〈…〉 him selfe what to do thinking of the great daunger that might follow Vntill such time as his soothsayer Posthumius hauing considered the signes tokens of the sacrifices which Sylla had made vpon this determination gaue him both his handes and bad him binde them hard and shut him vp fast vntill the day of battell should be past saying that he was coÌ„tented to suffer death if he had not good successe and that out of hande to his great honor And it is sayed also that the same night there appeared vnto Sylla in a dreame the goddesse Bellons whome the ROMAINES do greatly honor following therein the CAPPADOCIANS and I knowe him whether it be the moone Minerua or Enyo the goddesse of battells So he thought that the comming to him did put lightning into his hande commaunding him that he should lighten vpon his enemies naming them one after an other by their proper names and that they being striken with his lightning fell downe dead before him and no man knew what became â—â— them This vision encoraged Sylla very much and hauing reported the same to Pomperius 〈…〉 fellow Consull companion the next morning he marched with his army to ROME When he was at PICINES there came other Ambassadors vnto him to pray him in the name usâ—â—â— Senate that he would not come to ROME in this heate and fury declaring therewithall that the Senate would graunt him all thinges that should be meete and reasonable When Sylla had heard the message he aunswered them that he would campe there and so commaunded the marshalls to deuide the squadrons according to their maner The Ambassadors beleuing the he would so haue done in deede returned againe to ROME howebeit them backes were at sooner turned but Sylla straight sent Lucius Basillus and Caius Muhurtius before to seâ—se 〈…〉 the gates of ROME and the walles which were on the side of mount Esquilin and he him 〈…〉 also in persone with all possible speede marched after them Basillus entred ROME and wares the gate by force But the common people vnarmed goe them vp straight to the top of the houses and with tyles and stones stayed and kept him not onely from entring any further but also draue him backe againe euen to the very walles of the city In this hurly burly caâ—e Sylla him selfe to ROME who seeing apparantly to what stare thinges stoode cried out to the men and had them set fyre on the houses and him selfe taking a torche light in his hand shewed them the way what they should doe appointing his archers and darters so whurled â—â—â—â— stow their dartes and other fiery instruments to the toppes of the houses Herein he wanted much ouercome with vnreasonable choller passion and desire of reuenge For soeking only to plague his enemies he tooke no regard to frends to parentes or confederates neither had he yet any manor of remorse or pity such and so fiery was his anger then that he put no 〈…〉 of difference betwene those that had offended and them that had done him no hurt at 〈…〉 this meanes was Marius driuen into the city vnto the temple of the Earth where he made open proclamation by sounde of trompet that he woulde make free all the slaues that woulde come to his parte But forthwith came his enemies see vpon him and press him so neere that he was constrained vtterly to flie and forsake the city Then Sylla assembling the Senate closed Marius and certaine others together with Sulpitius Tribune of the people to be condemned to death Eulpitius was betrayed by a slaue of his owne
warres who were so forward and aduenturous in all daungers therof in the inuasions of the MEDES into GREECE in the battells of the GAVLES that they were slaine all of them but onely Damon a litle childe left fatherlesse and motherlesse surnamed Peripolias that escaped who for goodly personage and noble corage excelled all the lusty youthes of his time though otherwise he was very rude and of a seuere nature Now it fortuned that when Damon was growen of full age a ROMANE Captaine of an ensigne of footemen lying in garrison for the winter season in the citie of CHAERONEA fell in great loue with Damon and bicause he could not reape the frutes of his dishonest loue by no intreaty nor giftes there appeared vehement presumptions that by force he went about to abuse him for that CHAERONEA at that time being my naturall city where I was borne was a small thing and being of no strength nor power litle regarded Damon mistrusting the Captaines villanie and detesting his abhominable desire watched him a shrewd turne and got certaine of his companions not many in number bicause he might the more secretly compasse his enterprise to be a counsel with him and take his parte against the Captaine Now there were a sixteene of them in consort together that one night blacked their faces all with soote the next morning after they had dronke together by the breake of day set vpon this ROMANE Captaine that was making sacrifice in the market place and slue him with a good number of his men and when they had done fled out of the citie which was straight in a great vprore for the murther committed Thereuppon they called a counsell and in the market place condemned Damon and his confederates to suffer paines of death hoping thereby to haue cleared their innocencie for the fact done to the ROMAINES But the selfe same night as all the magistrates and officers of the city were at supper together in the towne house according to their custome Damon his followers stale vpon them sodainly slue them all fled againe vpon it It chaunsed about that time that Lucius Lucullus being sent on some iorney passed by the city of CHAERONEA with his army bicause this murther was but newly done he stayed there a few dayes to examine the troth originall thereof And found that the commons of the citie were in no fault but that they them selues also had receiued hurte wherupon he tooke the souldiers of the ROMANES that remained of the garrison caried theÌ„ away with him In the meane time Damon destroyed all the contry thereabout and still houered neere to the citie insomuch as the inhabitantes of the same were driuen in the end to send vnto him and by gentle wordes and fauorable decrees handled him so that they intysed him to come againe into the city and when they had him amongest them they chose him Gymâ—â—iarchus to say a master of exercises of youth But shortly after as they were rubbing of him with oyle in his stooue or hotte house starke naked as he was they slue him by treason And bicause that there appeared sprights of long time after in that place that there were heard gronings sighings as our fathers tolde vs they caused the dore of the hotte house to be walled vp yet for all that there are visions seene and terrible voyces and cries heard in that selfe place vnto this present time as the neighbours dwellinge by doe testifie Now they that were discended of this Damon for there are yet of his race in the contrie of PHOCIDES neere vnto the citie of STIRIS who do only of all other both keepe the language and maners of the AETOLIANS are called ASBOLOMENI signifyinge blacke and besmered with soote bicause that Damon and his fellowes did blacke their faces with foote when they slue the ROMANE Captaine But the ORCHOMENIANS being neere neighbors vnto the CHAERONEIANS and therfore their enemies hyered an informer of ROME a malitious accuser to accuse the whole citie as if it had bene one priuate person alone for the murther of the ROMANES whome Damon and his companions had slaine The inditement was drawen and the case pleaded before the gouernor of MACEDON for that the ROMANES did send no gouernors at that time into GREECE and the counsellers that pleaded for the citie of CHAERONEA relied vpon the testimonie of Lucius Lucullus referring them selues to his reporte who knew the troth how it was Thereupon the gouernor wrote vnto him and Lucullus in his letter of aunswere aduertised the very troth so was our city cleared of the accusation which otherwise stoude in daunger of vtter destruction The inhabitantes of the city of CHAERONEA for that they had escaped the daunger by testimonie of Lucius Lucullus to honor him withall they set vp his image in stone in the market place next vnto the image of Bacchus And we also that be liuing at this present though many yeares be gone and passed sence do notwithstanding recken our selues partakers of his forepassed benefit And bicause we are perswaded that the image and portraiture that maketh vs acquainted with mens manners and condicions is farre more excellent then the picture that representeth any mans person or shape only we will comprehend his life and doinges according to the troth in this volume of noble mens liues where we doe compare and sorte them one with an other It shal be sufficient for vs therefore that we shew our selues thankefull for his benefit and we thinke that he himselfe would mislike for 〈…〉 of his true testimonie to be requited with a fauorable lye told in his behalfe But like as when we will haue a passinge fayer face drawen and liuely counterfeated and that hath an excellent good grace withall yet some manner of bleamishe or imperfection in it we will not allowe the drawer to leaue it out altogether nor yet too curiously to shewe it bicause the 〈…〉 would deforme the counterfeate and the other make it very vnlikely Euen so bicause it is a hard thing or to say better peraduenture impossible to describe a man whose life should altogether be innocent and perfect we must first study to wryte his vertues at large and thâ—â— by seeke perfectly to represent the troth euen as the life it selfe But where by chauÌ„ce we finde certaine faultes and errors in their doinges proceeding either of passion of the minde by necessity of the time or state of the common wealth they are rather to be thought imperfections of vertue not altogether accomplished then any purposed wickednes proceeding of vice â—â— certaine malice Which we shall not neede too curiously to expresse in our history but rather to passe them lightly ouer of reuerent shame to the meere frayelty of mans nature which can not bringe foorth a man of such vertue and perfection but there is euer some imperfection in him And therefore considering with my selfe
castell that troubled him very neere vnto his campe Mithridates bicause he would not lose that oportunity sent the most parte of his horsemen to get vittels in BITHYNIA with all his cartes and beastes of cariage and his most vnprofitable footemen Lucullus hearing thereof returned againe the selfe same night vnto his campe and the next morninge betimes being in the winter season followed them by the tracke with ten ensignes of footemen only and all his horsemen But the snow was so deepe the cold so terrible sharp and the weather so rough that many of his souldiers not being able to abide it dyed by the way For all that he marched on still till he ouertooke his enemies about the riuer of Rindacus where he gaue them such an ouerthrowe that the very women came out of the citie of APOLLONIA and went to steale the vittells they had loden and strippe the dead which were a maruelous great number as a man may iudge in such a case and neuerthelesse there were taken sixe thowsande horse of seruice an infinite number of beastes for cariage and fifteene thowsande men besides all which spoyle he brought to his campe and passed hard by the campe of his enemies But I wonder much at the historiographer Salust who wryting of this matter sayth that here was the first time that euer the ROMANES saw any camells Me thinkes it straunge how he should thinke so that they who long before had ouercomen Antuchvs the great vnder Scipio and thothers that a litle before had fought against Archelaus neere vnto the cities of ORCHOMENE and CHAERONEA should not haue seene camells But to returne againe to our matter Mithridates being feared with this ouerthrow resolued with him selfe immediatly to flie with all the speede he could possibly make and to entertaine and stay Lucullus for a time behinde him determined to sende Aristonicus his Admirall with his army by sea into the sea of GRAECE But as Aristonicus was ready to hoyse sayle his owne men betraied him and deliuered him into the handes of Lucullus with tenne thowsand crownes which he caried with him r corrupt if he could parte of the ROMANES army Mithridates hearing of this fled by sea leauing the rest of his armie by lande in the handes of his Captaines to be brought away by them as well as they could Lucullus followed vnto the riuer of Granicus where he set apon them and after he had slaine twenty thowsande of them tooke an infinite number prisoners And they say there dyed in that warres what souldiers what slaues what lackeis and other stragglers that followed the campe about the number of three hundred thowsand people This done Lucullus returned to the citie of CYZICVS where after he had spent some dayes enioying the glorie due vnto him and receiued the honorable entertainment of the CYZICENIANS he went to visite the coast of HELLESPONT to get shippes together and to prepare an armie by sea And passing by TROADE they prepared his lodging within the temple of Venus where as he slept in the night it seemed to him he saw the goddesse appeare before him which sayd these verses vnto him O Lyon fierce and stovvte vvhy sleepest thou so sounde Since at thy hande so fayre a praye is ready to be founde Herewith he rose incontinently out of his bed being yet darke night and calling his frends to him tolde him the vision he had in his dreame and about that very time also there came some vnto him from the citie of ILIVM that brought him newes of fifteene gallies of kinge Mithridates hauing fiue ores to euery bancke that were seene in the hauen of the ACHAIANS and that sayled towards the I le of LEMNOS Whereupon Lucullus tooke shippe straight went and tooke them euery one for at his first comming he slue the Captaine called Isidorus and went afterwardes to the other mariners that lay at ancker on the coast side who seeinge him come drew towardes land with their shippes in purpose to runne them all a shore and fighting aboue hatches hurt many of Lucullus souldiers bicause they could not compasse them in behinde and for that also the place where they had layed their shippes was such as there was no way to force them before their gallies floting in the sea as they did and the others being fastned to the land as they were Lucullus with much a do all this notwithstanding found meanes in the end to put a shore certaine of the best souldiers he had about him in a place of the I le where they might easily lande These souldiers went straight and set vpon the enemies behinde slue some of them euen at their first comming compelled the rest to cut a sunder the cables that fastned the gallies to the banckes But when they thought to flie from lande the gallies brused and brake one an other and that worst of all was ranne vpon the poyntes and spurres of Lucullus gallies And so many of them that stoode aboue hatches were slaine the rest taken prisoners amongest whom Marius the ROMANE Captaine was brought vnto Lucullus whom Sertorius had sent out of SPAINE vnto Mithridates He had but one eye and Lucullus had commaunded his men before they fought not to kill any of his enemies that had but one eye bicause Marius should not dye so happy a death as to be slaine but that he should dye some shamefull death and be condemned by order of lawe That done Lucullus went in persone with all the speede he could possible to follow Mithridates hoping to finde him yet vpon the coast of BITHYNIA where Voconius should haue stayed him for he had sent this Voconius before with a certaine number of shippes vnto the citie of NICOMEDIA to stop him from flying But he taried so long in the I le of SAMOTHRACIA sacrificing to the goddes of the same and to be receiued into the fraternitie of their religion that he could neuer after come neere Mithridates to stoppe him from flying hauing alreadie made sayle with all the whole fleete and hasting with all possible speede to recouer the realme of PONTVS before Lucullus could returne from whence he went But in sayling thitherwardes he met with such a terrible storme that caried parte of his shippes so away that they ranne stragling to seeke their fortune and parte of them splitted and drowned outright so that all the coastes and riuers thereabouts for many dayes after were full of dead bodies and shippewrackes cast a shore by waues of the sea Nowe for Mithridates owne persone he was in a shippe of great burden the which for her greatnes could not sayle neere the shore nor recouer land she was also very euill to be guided by the pylots in so boysterous a storme the mariners besides were put out of all their skill and knowledge and the shippe her selfe moreouer tooke in such store of water and was so heauely charged withall that they durst no more put her
rocke which sendeth all the moistnesse and vapour into that springinge well Crassus keeping close in this caue Vibius receiuer brought vittells thither dayly to relieue him and his company but saw not them he brought it to nor could vnderstand what they were and yet they saw him plainly obseruing the noure time of his comming when he brought the same He prouided them no more then would euen necessarily serue their turne and yet plenty sufficient to make good cheare withall for Vibius was bent to entertaine Crassus as honorably as he could possible in so much as he considered he was a younge man and therefore reason woulde he shoulde offer him some occasion to take such pleasure and delight as his youth required For to relieue his necessity only he thought that rather a parte of feare than any shew of loue towards him One day he tooke two fayer young damsells and brought them with him to the sea side and when he came to the caue shewed them where they should get vp and bad them not be afrayed Crassus at the first when he saw the young wenches was afrayed he had bene betrayed yet he asked them what they were and whome they sought They being instructed by Vibius what they should say aunswered that they sought their master that was hidden there Then Crassus knew this was Vibius mirth to shew him curtesie so he receiued them into his caue and kept them as long as he lay there letting Vibius vnderstand by them what he lacked Fenestella wryteth that he saw one of them when she was an old woman and that he had heard her tell him this tale many a time with great delight In fine Crassus after he had lyen hidden in this caue eight monethes vnderstanding that Cinna was dead came out and so soone as he made him selfe to be knowen there repayred a great number of souldiers vnto him of whom he only chose two thowsand fiue hundred and with them passed by many cities and sucked one called MALACA as diuers doe wryte but he flatly denied it and stowtly contraried them that affirmed it And afterwardes hauing gotten shippes together went into AFRICKE to Metelluss Pius a man of great fame and that had already gotten a great army together Howbeit he caried not long with Metellus but iarring with him went vnto Sylla who welcomed and honored him as much as any that he had about him Sylla afterwardes arriuing in ITALIE intending to imploy all the young nobility he had in his cōpany gaue euery one of them charge vnder him and sent Crassus into the contry of the MARSIANS to leauy men of warre there Crassus desiring certaine bandes of Sylla to aide him being driuen to passe by his enemies Sylla aunswered him angrely againe I geue thee thy father thy brother thy frendes and kinsemen to aide thee whom they most wickedly haue slaine and murdered and whose deathes I pursue with hot reuenge of maine army apon those bloody murtherers that haue slaine them Crassus being netled with these wordes departed thence presently and stowtly passing through his enemies leauied a good number of souldiers was euer after ready at Syllaes commaundement in all his warres Here began first as they say the strife and contention betwext him and Pompey For Pompey being younger than Crassus and borne of a wicked father in ROME whom the people more hated thā euer they did man came yet to great honor by his valliancy by the notable acts he did in the warres at that time So that Sylla did Pompey that honor many times which he seldom did vnto them that were his elders not yet vnto those that were his equalls as to rise vp when he came towardes him to put of his cappe to call him Imperator as much as Lieutenant generall And this galled Crassus to the hart although he had no wrong in that Pompey was taken before him bicause he had no experience in matters of warre at that time and also bicause these two vices that were bred in him misery and couetousnes drowned all his vertue and well doing For at the sacke of the city of TVDER which he tooke he priuely got the most parte of the spoyle to him selfe wherof he was accused before Sylla Yet in the last battell of all this ciuill warre which was the greatest and most daungerous of all other euen before ROME it selfe the wing that Sylla led was repulsed and ouerthrowen but Crassus that led the right wing ouercame his enemies followed them in chase till midnight sent Sylla word of his victory and demaunded vittells for his men But then againe he ranne into as great defame for buying or begging the confiscate goodes of the outlawes appointed to be slaine for litle or nothing And it is sayd also that he made one an outlaw in the contry of the BRVTIANS without Syllaes priuitie or commaundement only to haue his goodes But Sylla being told of it would neuer after vse him in any open seruice Surely this is a straunge thing that Crassus selfe being a great flatterer of other could creepe into any mans fauor was yet himselfe easie to be won through flattery of any man that would seeke him that way Furthermore it is sayd of him that he had this property that though him selfe was as extremely couetous as might be yet he bitterly reproued and vtterly misliked them that had his owne humor of auarice Pompeyes honor that he attained vnto dayly by bearing great charge and rule in the warres did greatly trouble Crassus both bicause he obtained the honor of triumphe before he came to be Senatour and also for that the ROMANES commonly called him Pomperus Magnus to say Pompey the great Crassus beinge in place on a time when one sayd that sawe Pompey comming see Pompey the great is come And how great I pray ye sayd he scornefully howbeit dispayring that he could not attaine to match him in the warres he gaue him selfe vnto the affayers of the city and by his paines and industry of pleading and defending mens causes by lending of money to them that needed and by helping of them that sued for any office or demaunded any thing els of the people he attained in the end to the like estimacion and authoritie that Pompey was come vnto by his many noble victories And there was one notable thing in either of them For Pompeyes fame power was greater in ROME when him selfe was absent and contrary wise when he was there present Crassus oftentimes was better esteemed than he Pompey caried a great maiesty and grauity in his maner of life would not be seene often of the people but kept from repayring to open places and would speak but in fewe mens causes and that vnwillingly all to keepe his fauor and credit whole for him selfe when he stoode in neede to employ the same Where Crassus diligence was profitable to many bicause he kept continually in the
he would place neuer a MACEDONIAN directly against Craterus but set two companies of men of armes that were straungers against him the which Pharnabazus Artabazus sonne and Phoenix Tenidian did load Then he specially commaunded that so soone as they saw the enemies before thē they should geue charge geuing them no leasure to speake nor retire neither to hearken to any Heraulde or trompet that they should send vnto them for he feared much that the MACEDONIANS would turne against him if they once came to know Craterus Now for him selfe he led the right wing of his battell with a troupe of three hundred men at armes the chiefest men of all his armie where he should meete full with Neoptolemus fronte When they had passed a litle hill that stoode betwene both battells Eumenes horsemen following his commaundement ranne with full cariere to set apon their enemies Craterus seeing that was amazed withall and banned and cursed Neoptolemus that had deceiued him in that sorte informing him that the MACEDONIANS would turne of his side if they might but once see him notwithstanding he prayed them that were about him to shewe them selues like valliant men that day and therewithall fiercely set spurres to his horse to meete with his enemies The encounter was very cruell on either side and their slaues being broken they fell straight to their swordes but that day did not Craterus dishonor the memory of Alexander for he slue many of his enemies round about him valliantly repulsed them that did assaile him and many times ouerthrewe them Yet in fine one of the men of armes of THRACIA gaue him such a blow on the side that he turned him of his horse and when he was downe many passed ouer him But Goryas one of Eumenes Captaines knowing him lighted from his horses and appointed men about him to garde him howebeit it was too late for he was drawing on and euen in the very panges of death Eumenes and Neoptolemus on thother side which had bene mortall enemies of long time being a fire with an old malice they sought vp and downe th one for the other So at the two first courses they could not one light apon thother but at the third meeting when they knew one an other then they set spurres to their horse their swordes drawen and with great cries gaue charge apon eche other And their horses met so fiercely together as if two armed gallies had not with their prowes and both the Captaines laying the bridells in their horse neckes closed together and with both handes striued to plucke of eche others headpeace and to rent their polrons from their shoulders Whilest they were thus tearing eche other their horses ran from them and they fell to the ground one holding the other fast as if they had wrestled together Neoptolemus got vp first but as he rose Eumenes cut the hamme of his legge raised him selfe vp withall Neoptolemus staying him selfe apon one knee his other legge being very sore hurt defended him selfe on the ground the best he could from Eumenes that was on his feete but he could geue him no deadly wound neuerthelesse him selfe had a blow on the necke that layed him flat on the grounde Then Eumenes inflamed with choller against him went about to strippe him and fell a reuiling of him and being in that furious moode remembred not that Neoptolemus had his sword yet who hurt him vnder his curaces euen about his groyne not farre from his priuie partes howebeit the wounde made Eumenes worse afrayed then there was cause of hurt for that Neoptolemus strength was gone before the stroke came dying presently apon it Eumenes hauing stripped him found him self very ill by reason of his woundes on his armes and legges which had many a fore gashe notwithstanding he got vp on his horse againe and rode towards the other wing of his battell thinking his enemies had bene fighting still But there being told that Craterus had his deathes wound he went straight to the place where he lay and found him yet aliue nor past knowledge Then Eumenes lighted from his horse and wept and taking him by the right hande accursed Neoptolemus that had brought him to that pitiefull state and had also forced him to be in battell against one of his deerest frendes to make him the instrument of his vtter vndoing This second battell Eumenes wanne tenne dayes after the first battell obtained which got him great honor for that he had discomfited one of his enemies through wisedome and the other by valliantnes But yet this bred him much ill will not onely of his enemies but of his frendes also that tooke his pane when they bethought them that he being a straunger had with the weapons and power of the MACEDONIANS them selues slaine the greatest and most famous Captaine among them Now if Perdiccas had bene so happie as to haue liued and receiued thaduertisement of Craterus death no dout he had bene the greatest person of all the MACEDONIANS But as ill lucke would haue it within two dayes after that Perdiccas was slaine in a mutinie of his men in EGYPT newes came to his army of Eumenes victorie and also of the death of Craterus Whereupon the MACEDONIANS were so offended with Eumenes that in continently they condemned him to dye gaue Antigonus and Antipater commission to execute the reuenge When Eumenes passing by mount Ida where the king kept a race and brede of horses had taken away with him as many horses as he would and had sent letters of aduertisement thereof to the kinges ryders Antipater as it is reported smyled and in mockerie sayd that he marueled to see Eumenes great care to thinke that he should either geue or receiue any account of this kinges goodes So Eumenes thought good to fight in the great plaines of LYDIA especially neere vnto the chiefe citie of SARDIS bicause he was the stronger in horsemen and for that he would make Cleopatra see the power of his armie Howebeit being intreated by her who feared blame of Antipater he went further into hie PHRYGIA and wintered in the citie of CELAENES But there Polemon Alcetas and Docimus fell in contention with him for leading of the army saying that they had as much right to leade the army as he Eumenes aunswered them truely here is euen the cōmon saying vp and downe desperate men regard no daunger Now Eumenes hauing promised his souldiers pay within three dayes to keepe his promesse solde them all the farmes castells of that contrie together with the men and beastes of the same whereof the prouince was fully replenished Thereupon his Lieutenauntes of the bandes hauing bought certaine of them went and tooke them perforce through Eumenes engines of battery which he suffred them to carie with him and hauing taken them they went and deuided the spoyle paying euery souldier ratably his wages due This deuise brought him againe in fauor among his souldiers For certaine papers
cried out alowde speaking to the souldiers of the MACEDONIANS that were vnder Antigonus Ah wretches come ye to fight with your fathers And so assailing them with a lustie corage and in a rage withall in a shorte space ouerthrew the squadron of their enemies slue the most parte of them in the field Thus was Antigonus armie cleane ouerthrowen on that side but on thother side where his men of armes were through Peucestas cowardlinesse that handeled him selfe very ill at that battell he had the vpper hande and wanne all their cariage through his foresight in the greatest furie of the battell and the strength of the place where the battell was sought For it was a maruelous great plaine of length neither too depe nor yet to hard vnderfoote but couered ouer with a small fine sand much like to the drie sand the sea casteth vp leaueth apon the shore This sand being scattered abroade by riding and going to fro of so many thowsandes of men and horses during the time of the battell foughten had raised such a mightie dust and white smoke in the element as if they had sturred or tempered white lime together which troubled their sight so sore as they could see nothing before them in respect whereof Antigonus might easily lease all their cariage them selues being neuer a whit the wiser The battell being came to this passe you haue heard Teutamus sent presently vnto Antigonus to pray him to redeliuer them their cariage againe which he had taken caried into his campe Antigonus made him aunswere that he would not only redeliuer the goodes vnto the ARGYRASPIDES but would moreouer vse them with all the fauour he could so farre foorth as they deliuered Eumenes into his handes Whereupon the ARGYRASPIDES tooke presently a wicked resolution to deliuer him aliue into the handes of his enemies And with that determination they came neere vnto him not makinge any countenaunce as though they would lay handes on him but rather seeming to garde and defend his persone as their manner was some of them lamenting that their goods were gone others telling him that he cared not now that he had wonne the battell and others accusing the noble men of cowardlines saying that the fault was in them that they had not the whole victorie But infine one of theÌ„ hauing spied his time flew to him and tooke his sword out of his hande the others straight layed hold of him and bound both his handes behinde him with his owne girdle Antigonus vnderstanding it sent Nicaner thither to take him out of their handes and to bring him to him Then Eumenes hauing made request vnto them to suffer him to speake as they brought him through the bandes of these olde MACEDONIAN souldiers it was graunted him with condicion that he should make no motion vnto them to turne from that they were determinated to doe but to tell them of thinges which as he sayd tended greatly to their benefite Whereuppon silence being made he goe vp apon a litle hillocke and there spake vnto them putting forth his hands being bound O wretched and faithlesse men the wickedest that euer MACEDON bred What so great triumphe or victorie hath euer Antigonus wonne of you hauing sought it such infinite wayes and you your selues doe now put into his handes deliuering him your Captaine bound and manacled Will not this be to your great shame that being masters of the fielde you will graunt the honor of the victory vnto your enemy only for a litle coueteousnes of money and paltry stuffe which you haue lost And yet is not this all but the worst behinde to send your Captaine as you do to pay the ransome of your baggage For my selfe though now they lead me bound yet doe I remaine free vnouercome vanquish her of mine enemies sold by them that should be my frendes Well yet this request I onely make vnto you in the name of Iupiter protector of armes and for the honor of the goddes vnto whom all vowed othes ought faithfully to be kept I pray and coniure you to kill me your selues in this place For all commeth to one end To be slaine in Antigonus campe by the hands of mine owne enemies will euer be counted your deede and you may be assured he will not be angrie withall for he only desireth Eumenes death and not his life If you will needes hold your hands from this attempt vnlose yet one of minie only that shall suffice to doe the seate And if for feare ye will not put a sword in my hande throw me bound yet hands and feete vnto wilde beastes which if ye performe then doe I discharge you of your othe taken betwene both my handes which ye haue sworne vnto your Captaine as holily and perfectly performed Apon this speeche of Eumenes all the rest of the army had a coÌ„passion of him that they wept for tender affection But the ARGYRASPIDES cried out to cary him away and not to geue eare to his preaching and that it was a good deede to punishe this wicked CHERRONESIAN according to his desertes considering that he had turmoyled the MACEDONIANS with endlesse warre and battell And moreouer that it were too much shame that the worthiest souldiers that euer serued kinge Philippe Alexander so painfully in all their warres should for recompence of their seruice in their olde age be turned a begging their wiues hauing now lyen three nightes with their enemies With those wordes they violently draue him on towardes Antigonus campe who seating least the multitude of people that ranne to see him would smother him in the prease bicause euery man ranne out of the campe he sent thither tenne of the strongest Elephantes hâ—â— had and a good number of men of armes of the MEDES and PARTHIANS to made way for him in the prease When Eumenes was now come into Antigonus campe his hart would not serue him to see him in that miserable state for that they had once bene familiarly acquainted together Whereupon such as had him in their custodie came to Antigonus to aske him how he would haue him kept Who aunswered them like a Lyon or an Elephant Yet within a while after he tooke pitie of him and discharged him of his weightiest irons and sent one of his household seruaunts to him to see him well vsed and suffered his frendes to come bring him any thing he lacked Thus did Antigonus deferre many dayes before he would determine ought of Eumenes hearing euery man speake and pondering their purposes and seuerall opinions Nearebus CRETAN and his owne sonne Demetrius spake for Eumenes and made sute to saue his life contrarie to all the other Lordes and Captaines that were about Antigonus who would in any case haue him dye Eumenes standing in these termes asked his keeper Onomarthus one day what Antigonus ment that hauing his enemy in his hands he did not quickly tid him out of his paine or noblely deliuer
him Onomarchus chuslishly aunswered him againe that the time was past nowe to shewe his corage as though he feared not death and that he should haue shewed is in the field at the battell So helpe me Iupiter quod he so haue I done and if thou beleuest not me aske them that set apon me for I neuer met with man yet more strong then my selfe Onomarchus replied againe sith now therefore thou hast found a stronger than thy selfe why then canst thou not abide his pleasure In fine when Antigonus bad resolued of his death he commaunded them to geue him no more meate and thus taking his susteaunce from him Eumenes was three dayes a dying In the meane time came such newes that sodainely the campe remoued and therefore before their departure a man was sent to Eumenes to dispatche him out of his paine Antigonus licensed his frends to take his body and burne it and then to gather his ashes and bones to send them to his wife children Eumenes being slaine in this manner the gods appointed none other iudges to reuenge the disloyalties and treason of the ANGYRASPIDES and their Captaines for betraying of Eumenes but Antigonius selfe who detestinge them as cruell murderers and periured persones to the goddes appointed thyrtius Gouernor of the prouince of ARACHOSIA to kill them euerie mothers sonne what way he coulde that none of them might euer see MACEDON againe nor the Greekishe sea THE COMPARISON OF Eumenes with Sertorius HEre haue we set downe the thinges worthie memorie of Eumenes and Sertorius Nowe to compare them together in this they were both alike that they being straungers in a straunge contrie and banished out of their owne had alwayes bene Captaines of diuers nations and chiefetaines of great and warlicke armies But this was proper to Sertorius that all those of his faction gaue him the chiefest place of authoritie as the most sufficientest man among them and worthiest to commaund where Eumenes hauing many that contended against him for the chiefe rule and conduction of the armie through his noble deedes obtained the chiefe place and authoritie in the same So that they obeyed the one desiring to be gouerned by a good Captaine for their owne safety gaue place to the other seeing them selues vnable to commaund For Sertorius being a ROMANE gouerned the SPANYARDS and LVSITANIANS and Eumenes a CHERRONESIAN the MACEDONIANS Of the which the SPANYARDS of long time had bene subiect of the Empire of ROME and the MACEDONIANS at that time had subdued all the worlde Furthermore Sertorius beinge then of great estimation for that he was a Senatour of ROME and had had charge of men of warre before came to the dignity estate to be chiefetaine of a great army Where Eumenes came with small reputacion disdained for that he was but a secretarie and when he began to come forwardes had not only lesse meanes to preferre him then Sertorius had but greater lets impedimentes also to hinder his rising and estimation For many openly stoode against him and secretly conspired his death and not as Sertorius whom no man contraried from the beginning vntill his latter ende when certaine of his companions secretly conspired against him Therefore Sertorius ende of all his daungers was to ouercome his enemies where Eumenes greatest daungers came through his victories which he wanne of his owne men through the malice of them that enuied his honor Nowe for their deedes of armes they are both in maner alike but on thother side for their conditions Eumenes naturally loued warre and contention and Sertorius imbraced peace quietnes For Eumenes that might haue liued in safety with honor if he would but haue geuen place to his betters and forsaken the warres liked better with the daunger of his life to followe martiall feates with the greatest personages of MACEDON and in the end so came to his death Sertorius contrarily being vnwilling to come in trouble was forced for the safetie of his person to take armes against them that would not let him liue in peace For had not Eumenes bene so ambitious and stowte to striue against Antigonus for the chiefest place of authoritie but could haue bene contented with the seconde Antigonus would haue bene right glad thereof where Pompey would neuer so much as suffer Sertorius to liue in rest So the one made voluntary warre onely to rule and the other against his wil was compelled to rule bicause they made warres with him Wherby it appeareth that Eumenes naturally loued warre preferring the couetous desire of a better estate aboue the safety of his life and the other as a right souldier vsed the warres only for a meane to saue his life by valiaÌ„t defence of armes Furthermore the one was slaine mistrusting no treason against him and the other looking euery hower for present death threatned him Whereof the one argued a noble minde not to mistrust them whom he thought his frendes and the other shewed a saint hart being taken when he ment to flie So Sertorius death dishonored not his life suffering that of his owne companions which his deadly foes could neuer make him suffer The other hauing no power to auoide his destinie before he was taken and hauing sought meanes to liue being in prison and captiuitie could neither paciently nor manfully abide his death For begging life at his enemies handes he gaue him his hart with his body who before had but his body in his power THE LIFE OF Agesilaus ARchidamus the sonne of Zeuxidamus hauing honorably raigned in LACEDAEMON left two sonnes behind him Agis which he begate of that noble Lady Lamprido Agesilaus a great deale younger which he had by Eupolia Melisippidas daughter So the kingdom falling by succession vnto Agis the elder the younger sonne Agesilaus remaining a priuate person was brought vp after the LACONIAN manner which was a straight kind of life but withal it taught children how to obey Wherof it is thought the Poet Simonides calleth SPARTA Damasimbrotos to wit making men ciuill for that by continuance of custome it frameth the citizens to be obedient to the lawes as much or more than any other city that euer was in the world taming them from their childhoode as they doe young coltes The law dispenseâ—â— with the heires apparant to the crowne from that straight subiection hard life but Agesilaus had that excellencie in him aboue all others of his estate that he came to the dignity and honor to commaund hauing from his youth learned to obey The which vndoutedly was the cause that he knewe better than any other king howe to please and beare with his subiectes helping his royall estate princely behauior grafted in him by nature with that curtesie and familiarity which he had attained by education At that time when he went in company with the boyes which were brought vp together Lysander fell in loue with him wondering at the modesty
fauor the MEDES no sayd he they do not so but the MEDES doe play the LACEDAEMONIANS Neuertheles threatning warre to all the GRAECIANS which would not agre to the conditions of this peace he compelled them to yeld vnto that the king of PERSIA liked But surely he did this chiefly for respect of the THEBANS to th ende that they being enforced by the capitulations of the peace to set the contry of BOEOTIA at libertie againe should be so much the weaker This plainly appeared soone after by that that followed For Phoebidas hauing committed a fowle acte in open peace to take the castell of the citie of THEBES called Cadmea offending thereby all the other GRAECIANS and the SPARTANS them selues also not being very well pleased withall and those specially which were Agesilaus enemies Phoebidas being asked in great anger at whose commaundement he had done that sodaine enterprise to lay all the suspition of the facte apon him Agesilaus for Phoebidas discharge letted not openly to say that the qualitie of the facte was to be considered of whether it were profitable for the common wealth or not and that it was well done of him the thing fallinge out profitable for his contry to do it of his owne head without commaundement All this notwithstanding he was wont to say in priuate talke that iustice was the chiefest of all vertues and therefore that valiantnes without iustice was of no validity and that if all men were iust valiantnes were of no estimation And to them that tolde him the great king will haue it so Why sayd he and wherein is he better then my selfe if he be not iuster Iudging very wisely therein that they should esteeme a king whether he were of great or small power by his iustice as by the beame of princely ballance When peace was concluded the king of PERSIA hauing sent him a priuate letter desiring his frendshippe Agesilaus refused it saying that common frendshippe was enough betwext them and that they should neede none other so long as that was kept But this notwithstanding when it came to the poynt of performaunce he went from his first good opinion and gaue place to his will ambition specially against the THEBANS at that time when he did not only saue Phoebidas but also procured the citie of SPARTA to take the fault apon them which he had committed and to iustifie it by keeping the castle of Cadmea still and making Archias and Leontidas Gouernours of the citie of THEBES by whom Phoebidas came by the castell of Cadmea and possessed it Thereupon euery man thought straight that Phoebidas was he that had put the matter in execution that Agesilaus gaue the counsell to do it as thinges falling out afterwardes did manifestly proue the suspicion true For after that the THEBANS had driuen the garrison of the LACEDAEMONIANS out of the castell of Cadmea and restored their citie againe to libertie burdening them that they had traiterously slaine Archias and Leontidas who in deede were tyrannes though in name Gouernors he made warre with them and Cleombrotus raigning then king with him after Agesipolis death was sent before into BOEOTIA with an armie Agesilaus was dispensed with by lawe for going any more to the warres by reason of his age for that he was fortie yeare olde from the first growth of heare on his face therefore went not that iorney being ashamed that the THEBANS should now see him fight to reuēge the tyrans deathes who had but a litle before taken armes for the banished men against the PHLIASIANS At that time there was a LACONIAN called Sphodrias of the contrarie faction vnto Agesilaus and was then Gouernour in the citie of THESPIES a valliant and stowt man of his handes but euer fuller of vaine hope than of good iudgement He desiring fame and supposing that Phoebidas came to dignitie and great estimation through his valliant enterprise at THEBES perswaded him selfe that he shoulde winne much more honor if of him selfe he tooke the hauen of Piraea sodainly stealing apon the ATHENIANS by land cutting them of by that meanes from al trade by sea It was thought commonly that this was a practise deuised by Pelopidas and Gelon Gouernours of BOEOTIA who had allured certaine men to faine them selues very deuout and frendly to the LACEDAEMONIANS These men praising and extollinge Sphodrias to his face put him in the head that they knew none so worthie as him selfe alone to take in hand so noble an enterprise Thus by their perswasions they trained him on to this attempt which for vilenes was nothing inferior vnto that tretcherous winning of the castell Cadmea at THEBES although it was attempted with lesse hardines and diligence For day was broken when he was yet in the plaine of Thriasium where he made account to haue bene at the walles of Piraea by night Furthermore it is reported that the men he brought with him seeing certaine fires from the temples of the city of ELEVSIN were all afrayed and amazed yea he him selfe also fainted perceiuing he was discouered and so returned backe with shame and dishonor to the citie of THESPIES without any exployt done sauing only a litle spoyle taken Thereupon accusers were straight sent from ATHENS vnto SPARTA who apon their arriuall found that they needed not to accuse him for that the counsell and Gouernours of the citie had already sent for him to come vnto them to condemne him of hie treason But he durst not returne to SPARTA fearing the furie of his contriemen thinking in deede that they would seeme as though the wronge had bene done to them bicause it should not be thought that they had caused it to be done This Sphodrias had a sonne called Cleonymus a very fayer boy with whome Archidamus Agesilaus sonne was farre in loue who then was maruelous sorie to see this boy he loued in so great daunger to lose his father yet durst not be seene to helpe him bicause Sphodrias was one of Agesilaus aduersaries Notwithstanding Cleonymus making his mone to him with the teares in his eyes and praying him to pacifie his father Agesilaus whome they feared aboue all men else Archidamus followed his father three or foure dayes together and durst not breake the matter to him in fine the day of the next session being at hand when iudgement should be geuen of Sphodrias he boldly ventered to tell him howe that Cleonymus had prayed him to be an humbler suter to him touching his fathers fact Agesilaus vnderstanding that his sonne loued Cleonymus would not withdrawe him from louing of him bicause the boy euen from his childehoode gaue alwayes good hope that one day he would sure make as honest a man as any other whatsoeuer neither made he any countenaunce to his soone as though he would doe any thing at his sute but onely aunswered him for that he would doe as became him in such a case Whereupon Archidamus being bashefull lest comming any more
ouerthrowen and all went to wracke By this time Agesilaus was growen olde and could no more goe to the warres for verie age but his sonne Archidamus with the aide which Dionysius the tyranne of SYRACVSA sent vnto them wanne a battell against the ARCADIANS called the tearelesse battell for there dyed not one of his men and they slue a great number of their enemies This victorie plainely shewed the great weakenesse and decaie of the citie of SPARTA For in former times it was so common a thing vnto them to ouercome their enemies in battell that they did sacrifice nothinge else to the goddes in token of thankes within the citie but a poore cocke and they that had fought the battell made no boast of it neither did they that hard the newes reioice greatly at it For when they had wonne that great battell at the citie of MANTINEA which Thucydides describeth the Ephori only sent the messenger that brought the newes for reward a peece of powdered meate and no other thing But then when newes was brought of this victorie and that they vnderstoode Archidamus came home victorious neither man nor woman could keepe the citie but the father him selfe went first of all to meete him with the teares in his eyes for ioy and after him all the other Magistrates and officers of the citie and a swarme of old folke both men women came downe to the riuers side holding vp their hands to heauen thanking the goddes as if their citie had redeemed and recouered her shame and lost honor and beganne nowe to rise againe as before it did For vntill that time some say that the husbandes durst not boldly looke their wiues in the faces they were so ashamed of their great losses and miserable estate Now the citie of MESSINA being by Epaminondas reedified and replenished with people he called home againe out of all partes the naturall inhabitants of the same The SPARTANS durst not fight with him not to hinder his purpose though it spighted them to the hartes and were angrie with Agesilaus for that in his raigne they had lost all that territory which was as great as all LACONIA selfe and that for goodnesse and fertilitie compared with the best partes of all GRAECE the which they had quietly possessed many yeares before And this was the cause why Agesilaus would not agree to the peace which the THEBANS sent to offer him and all bicause he would not relinquish that in wordes which the enemies kept in deedes Therfore being wilfully bent once more to fight with them he went not only without recouering the thing he looked for but had in maner also lost the citie of SPARTA by a warlike stratageame in the which he was deceiued For the MANTINIANS being newly reuolted againe from the alliance of the THEBANS and hauing sent for the LACEDAEMONIANS Epaminondas receiuing intelligence that Agesilaus was departed from SPARTA with all his power to aide the MANTINIANS marched away secretly by night from TEGEA without the priuitie of the MANTINIANS and went straight to SPARTA the which he had almost surprised on the sodaine going an other way then Agesilaus came being in manner without men to defende it Howebeit a THESPIAN called Euthynus as Callisthenes sayth or as Xenophon wryteth a CRETAN brought Agesilaus newes of it who dispatched a horseman straight to aduertise them of the citie of SPARTA and marching forward him selfe to returne stayed not longe after before he arriued He was no sooner come but incontinently also came the THEBANS who passing ouer the riuer of Eurotas gaue assault to the city Then Agesilaus perceiuing that there was no more place nor time of securitie as before but rather of desperation and courage he valliantlie defended it more then an olde mans yeares coulde beare Thus through corage and desperate minde whereto he was neuer brought before neither did euer vse it he put by the daunger and saued the citie of SPARTA from Epaminondas handes setting vp markes of triumphe for repulsing of the enemies and making the women and children of SPARTA to see the LACEDAEMONIANS how honorablie they rewarded their nurse and contrie for their good education but Archidamus chiefely of all other fought wonderfully that day running into euerie parte of the citie with a fewe about him to repulse the enemies wheresoeuer the daunger was greatest It is sayd also that at that time there was one Isadas the sonne of Phaebidas that did maruelous straunge thinges to beholde both in the face of his enemies as also in the sight of his frendes He was of goodly personage and at that time in the prime of his youth and being starke naked and vnarmed his bodie noynted with oyle hauing in one hande a borestaffe and in the other a sworde in this maner he went out of his house and ranne amongest them that fought killinge and ouerthrowing his enemies that withstoode him and was not once hurt either for that the goddes preserued him for his manhoodes sake or else bicause men thought him more then a man The Ephori immediatly gaue him a crowne in honor and reward of his valliantnesse but withall they set a fine on his head to pay a thowsand siluer Drachmas for his rashe attempt to hasard him selfe in battell vnarmed for defense Shortly after they fought an other great battell before the citie of MANTINEA There Epaminondas hauing ouerthrowen the first ranckes of the LACEDAEMONIANS and coragiously distressing the rest valliantly following the chase there was one Anticrates a LACONIAN who receiuing him as Dioscorides writeth slue him with his borespeare The LACEDAEMONIANS to this day notwithstanding doe call the ofspring of this Anticrates Machariones as much to say as swordmen as though he had slaine him with a sword The LACEDAEMONIANS did esteeme this Anticrates so much for that deadly stroke he gaue bicause they were afrayed of Epaminondas while he liued that they gaue him that slue him great honors dignities and discharged all his ofspring kinred from payment of subsidie and common contribucions which priuiledge one Callicrates a kinseman of this Amicrates enioyed euen in our time After this battell and death of Epaminondas the GRAECIANS hauing taken peace generally amongest them Agesilaus would needes exclude the MESSENIANS from being sworne to this peace saying that they neede not sweare bicause they had no city Now forasmuch as all the GRAECIANS els did receiue them as amongest the number tooke their othe vnto this peace the LACEDAEMONIANS brake of from this general peace and none but they onely made warre in hope to recouer the MESSENIANS contrie and all through the allurement of Agesilaus who for this cause was thought of the GRAECIANS a cruell and vnsatiable man for warres to deale so craftily and all to breake this generall league Againe he brought him selfe in discredit with all men beinge compelled to make his citie bare of money borowing of them still and
is the wisedom of the auncient ROMANES to be both commended had in admiration which did not only reward seruice in the field with such honorable names titles but ciuill seruice and good gouernment also in peace at home For there were two whom the people at ROME called Maximi to say very great of the which Valerius was the one for that he made peace and agreement betwext the people and Senate The other was Fabius Rullus for that he put from the Senate certaine bondmen infranchised who through their riches and fauor had obtained that place After that Pompey required the honor of triumphe but Sylla denied it alleaging that none could enter in triumphe into ROME but Consulls or Praetors For sith Scipio the first who in SPAYNE had ouercome the CARTHAGINIANS neuer desired this honor of triumphe being neither Consull nor Praetor much lesse should he stande apon demaund of triumphe into ROME when that through his young yeares he was not yet a Senator and besides it would purchase him enuy of his honor and greatnes These reasons did Sylla alleage against Pompey and told him plainly that if he were bent to stand in it he would resist him All this blanked not Pompey who told him frankely againe how men did honor the rising not the setting of the sunne meaning thereby how his owne honor encreased and Syllaes diminished Sylla heard him not very perfectly what he sayd but perceiuing by their countenaunces that stoode by that they wondred at it he asked what it was he sayd When it was tolde him he maruelled at the boldnes of so young a man and then cried out twise together let him then triumphe a Gods name Many being offended therewith Pompey as it is reported to anger them more would needes be brought in in triumphant charriot drawen with foure Elephants for he had taken many of them from those kings and Princes which he had subdued Howbeit the gate of the city being too narrowe he was driuen to leaue the Elephantes and was contented to be drawen in with horses Now his souldiers that had not all things as they looked for and which was promised them going about to trouble and hinder his triumphe he sayd he passed not for it that he would rather let alone all his preparation of triumphe then once to yeeld to flatter them Whereuppon there was a famous man at that time called Seruilius who at the first was one of the chiefest against Pompeys triumphe who sayd openly now I know that Pompey in deede is great deserueth triumphe Being euident enough that if he would he might then haue easily bene made Senator he sued not for that but as they say sought honor by a straunger meane lesse honorable For if he had bene made Senator so young it had not bene so great a matter but to haue such honor before he was Senator that was maruelously to be noted But this wanne him the more fauor and good will still amongest the common people for they were glad when after his triumphe they saw him in companie amongest the ROMANE Knights On thother side it spighted Sylla to see him come so fast forward and to rise to so great credit notwithstanding being ashamed to hinder him he was contented to kepe it to him selfe vntill that Pompey by force against Syllaes will had brought Lepidus to be Consull by the helpe and good will of the people that furdered his desire Theruppon Sylla seeing Pompey returning ouerthwart the market place from the election with a great traine of followers to honor him he sayd vnto him O young man I see thou art glad of this victory and so hast thou cause for it is a goodly thing out of doubt to haue had such fauor of the people as for thy sake to haue made Lepidus Consull the vilest person of all men before Catulus the honestest man of the citie But I will tell thee one thing see that thou sleepe nor and looke well to thy busines for thou hast aduaunced a daungerous enemy to thy selfe Now the chiefest thing wherein Sylla discouered most his ill will vnto Pompey was in his last will and testament for he gaue legacies vnto euery one of his frendes and some of them he made tutors ouerseers of his sonne but he made no mencion of Pompey at all This notwithstanding Pompey tooke it well enough And where Lepidus and some other would haue kept Syllaes body from buriall in the field of Mars and that his funeralls should not be openly solemnised he contrarywise brought him very honorably and safely to the ground Shortly after Syllaes death his wordes of prophecie vnto Pompey concerning Lepidus proued true For Lepidus vsurping the authoritie which Sylla had before not colourablie but openly entred straight in armes sturring vp againe those of Marius faction whom Sylla could not be reuenged of and which lay lurking a long time spying for occasion to rise againe True it is that his colleague and fellow Consull Catulus whom the best and soundest parte of the people followed was thought a maruelous honest man both iust and modest howbeit a better Gouernor in peace then a good man of warre insomuch as time required Pompeys skill and experience So Pompey stoode not doubtfull which way he would dispose him selfe but tooke parte straight with the nobility and honestest men was presently chosen Captaine of their armie against Lepidus who had already wonne the greatest parte of ITALIE and with an army vnder the conduct of Brutus kept GAVLE on this side the mountaines called GALLIA CISALPINA And for the rest Pompey easily ouercame it howbeit he lay a long time before MODONA besieging of Brutus In the meane season Lepidus came to ROME being hard at the walls demaunding the second Consulship made them affrayed in the city with the great numbers of men he had about him gathered together of all sortes Howebeit this feare was cooled straight by a letter which Pompey wrote to ROME aduertising how he had ended this warre without any bloodshed for Brutus either betraying his army or being betrayed of it yeelded him selfe vnto Pompey who gaue him a certaine number of horsemen that conducted him to a litle towne apon the riuer of Poe where the next day after Geminius being sent by Pompey slue him But hereof Pompey was greatly blamed for that he had wrytten letters to the Senate from the beginning of the chaunge how Brutus had put him selfe into his handes and afterwardes wrote letters to the contrary which burdened him for putting of him to death This Brutus was father of that Brutus which afterwardes with the helpe of Cassius slue Iulius Caesar howbeit he shewed not him selfe so like a coward neither in warres nor in his death as his father did As we haue declared more at large in his life Furthermore Lepidus being driuen to forsake ITALIE fled into SARDINIA where he dyed as it is reported of a
occasion to returne who desired nothing more then to leaue Sertorius to bend his force against Mithridates whose ouerthrow should be more honorable to him and also lesse daungerous In the meane space Sertorius dyed being betrayed by those whom he thought his frendes among the which Perpenna was the chiefe man that after Sertorius death would needes counterfeate his doinges hauing the same meanes the same furniture and the same power that he had howbeit he lacked his wit and skill to employ them Pompey therefore marching directly towardes him and finding how ignorant Perpenna was in his affayers he layed a bayte for him of ten cohorts which he sent to praye in the fields commaunding them to disperse them selues abroad as farre as they could one from an other Perpenna straight tooke the occasion and gaue them charge and had them in chase But Pompey tarying him at the ford was ready for him with all his army set in order he gaue him battell obtained the victory and ended all this warre bicause the most of the Captaines were slaine in the field and Perpenna the chiefe of all taken prisoner whom he presently put to death But herein Pompey was not to be condemned of ingratitude nor obliuion as some do burden him of Perpennaes frendship shewed him in SICILE but rather deserued praise to haue determined so wisely for benefit of the common wealth For Perpenna hauing in his custody all Sertorius wrytings he shewed letters of the greatest noble men of ROME which were desirous of chaunge of gouernment willing him to returne into ITALIE Pompey vpon sight of these letters fearing least they would breede greater sedition sturre in ROME then that which was already pacified put Perpenna to death as soone as he could and burnt all his papers and wrytinges not reading any letter of them Then Pompey remaining in SPAYNE a certaine time till he had pacified all commocions and tumultes maruelously out of order he brought his army backe againe into ITALIE and arriued there when the warre of the bondmen and fensers led by Spartacus was in greatest furie Vpon his comming therefore Crassus being sent Captaine against these bondmen made hast to geue them battell which he wan and slue twelue thowsand three hundred of these fugitiue slaues Notwithstāding fortune meaning to geue Pompey some parte of this honor fiue thowsand of these bondmen escaping from the battell fell into his hands Whereupon he hauing ouercome them wrote vnto the Senate that Crassus had ouercome the fensers in battell and that he had pluckt vp this warre by the rootes The ROMANES receiuing Pompeys letters were very glad of this newes for the loue they bare him But as for the winning of SPAYNE againe and the ouerthrow of Sertorius there was no man although it were in sporte that euer gaue any man else the honor but vnto Pompey only For all this great honor and loue they bare vnto Pompey yet they did suspect him and were affrayed of him bicause he did not disperse his army that he would follow Syllaes steppes to rule alone by plaine force Hereuppon as many went to meete him for feare as there were that went for good will they bare him But after he had put this suspicion quite out of their heades telling them that he would discharge his armie after he had triumphed then his illwillers could blame him for nothing else but that he was more enclined to the people then to the nobilitie and that he had a desire to restore the Tribuneshippe of the people which Sylla had put downe only to gratifie the common people in all he could the which in deede was true For the common people at ROME neuer longed for thing more than they did to see the office of the Tribune sette vp againe Yea Pompey him selfe thought it the happiest turne that euer came to him to light in such a time to doe such an acte For had any other man preuented him of that he coulde neuer haue founde the like occasion possiblie to haue requited the peoples good willes vnto him so much as in that Nowe therefore his seconde triumphe and first Consullshippe being decreed by the Senate that made him nothinge the greater or better man And yet was it a shewe and signification of his greatnesse the which Crassus the richest man the eloquentest and greatest person of all them that at that time delt in matters of state and made more estimacion of him selfe then of Pompey and all the rest neuer durst once demaunde before he had craued Pompeys goodwill Pompey was very glad of his request and had sought occasion of long time to pleasure him and thereupon made earnest sute vnto the people for him assuringe them he would as much thanke them for making Crassus his colleague and fellowe Consull as he would for making him selfe Consull All this notwithstandinge when they were created Consulls they were in all thinges contrarie one to an other and neuer agreed in any one thing while they were Consulls together Crassus had more authority with the Senate but Pompey had more credit with the people For he restored them the office of the Tribune and passed by edict that the Knightes of ROME should haue full power againe to iudge causes ciuill and criminall It was a pleasaunt sight also to the people when he came vnto the Censors in person to pray that he might be dispenst with for goinge to the warres For it was an auncient custome in ROME that the Knightes of ROME hauinge serued a certaine time in the warres appointed by their order should bring their horse in the middest of the market place before the two Censors declaring euery Captaine vnder whome they had serued in what iorneys and contries they had bene and hauinge also deliuered accompt of their good behauior and seruice they then prayed to be dismissed from the warres Nowe if it appeared that they had done good seruice there were they honorablie rewarded or otherwise openly shamed and punished At that time Gellius and Lentulus the two Censors being honorablie sette in their tribunall or iudgement seate taking viewe of all the ROMANE Knightes that mustered before them to be seene and examined they marueled when they sawe Pompey comminge at the further ende of the market place hauinge all the markes of a Consull borne before him and him selfe leading his horse in his hande by the bridle When Pompey came neerer and that they sawe it was he he commaunded his sergeauntes that caried the axes before him to make roome for him to passe by the barres with his horse where the Censors sate Then the people flocked about him wondering and reioycing being verie silent The Censors them selues also were maruelous glad to see him so obedient to the lawe and did him great reuerence In fine the elder of the Censors did examine him in this sorte Pompey the great I pray thee tell me if thou hast serued so long time in the warres
also one Philotas the sonne of Parmenio a man of great authority among the MACEDONIANS who next vnto Alexander was the most valliantest man the pacientest to abide paine the liberallest and one that loued his men frends better then any noble man in the campe whatsoeuer Of him it is reported that a frend of his came to him on a time to borrow money and he commaunded straight one of his men to let him haue it His purse bearer aunswered him that he had none Why sayd his master doest thou tell me so Hast thou not plate and apparell to sell or gage to helpe him to some Howbeit otherwise he had such a pride glory to shew his riches to apparell himselfe so sumptuously and to be more fine and princked then became a priuate man that this made him to be hated bicause he tooke vpō him to be a great man to looke bigge on the matter which became him ill fauoredly and therfore euery man through his owne folly fell in misliking with him Insomuch as his owne father said one day vnto him sonne I pray thee be more humble lowly This Philotas had long before bene cōplained vpon vnto Alexander bicause that when the cariage of king Darius armie which was in the citie of DAMAS was taken after the battell of CILICIA among many prisoners that were taken and brought vnto Alexanders campe there was one Antigona a passing fayer young curtisan borne in the citie of PIDNA Philotas founde meanes to gette her and like a young man that was in loue with her making merie with her at the table fondly lette fall braue wordes and boastes of a souldier saying that what notable thinges were done they were done by him selfe and his father and called Alexander at euerie worde young man and sayd that by their meanes he helde his name and kingdome This courtisan tolde one of his frendes what he sayd and that frede tolde an other frende and so went from man to man as commonly it doth till at the length it came to Craterus eares He tooke the courtisan and brought her vnto Alexander vnto whom she told as much as she had sayd before Alexander bad her still make much of Philotas and to tell him euery word what he sayd of him Philotas knowing nothing that he was thus circumuented did euer frequent her companie and would be bold commonly to speake many foolish and vndiscreete words against the king somtime in anger somtime againe in a brauery Alexander this notwithstanding though he had manifest proofe and cause to accuse Philotas yet he dissembled it for that time and would not be knowen of it either for that he knew Parmenio loued him or else for that he was affrayed of their great power and authoritie About that time there was one Limnus Chalaestrian a MACEDONIAN that layed great and secret waite to kill Alexander and being in loue with a young man called Nicomachus entised him to helpe him to doe this deede The young man wisely denied it told the same to his brother called Batinus He went vnto Philotas and prayed him to bring them both before Alexander for they had a matter of great importance to impart vnto him Philotas would not let him speake with the king but why no man could tell telling them that the king had greater matters in hande and was not at leasure Then they went vnto an other and he brought them vnto Alexander vnto whome first they opened the treason of Limnus conspired against him and by the way they tolde also how they had bene twise before with Philotas who would not let them come in nor speake with them That angred Alexander greatly and he was the more offended also when Limnus was slaine by him whome he sent to apprehende him resisting him for that he would not be taken and thought that by his death he had lost a great meanes to come to the light of this treason and conspiracie Then Alexander frowning vppon Philotas brought all his enemies vpon his backe that of long time had hated him For they beganne to speake boldly that it was time for the kinge to looke about him for it was not to be supposed that this Limnus Chalaestrian of him selfe durst haue entred into that treason but rather that he was a minister and a chiefe instrument set on by a greater personage then he and therefore that it stoode Alexander vpon to examine them straightly which had cause to keepe this treason secret After Alexander once gaue eare vnto such wordes and vehement presumptions there was straight brought in a thowsand accusations against Philotas Thereupon he was apprehended and in the presence of diuers Lordes and familliars of the king put to the torter Alexander selfe being behinde a hanginge to heare what he would say It is reported that when he hearde howe faintly and pitiefully he besought Hephaestion to take pitie of him he sayd vnto him selfe alas poore Philotas thou that hast so faint a hart howe durst thou take vppon thee so great matters In fine Philotas was put to death and immediatly after he was executed Alexander sent also with speede vnto the realme of MEDIA to kill Parmenio who was his Lieutenaunt there and one that had serued king Philippe his father in his greatest affayers and who onely of all other the olde seruauntes of his father had procured Alexander to take in hande the conquest of ASIA and who also of three sonnes which he brought out with him had seene two of them dye before him and afterwardes was slaine him selfe with the third This crueltie of Alexander made his frendes affrayed of him and specially Antipater who secretly sent Ambassadors vnto the AETOLIANS to make league with them bicause they them selues also were affrayed of Alexander for that they had put the Orniades to death Alexander hearing that sayd that he him selfe and not the sonnes of the Orniades would be reuenged of the AETOLIANS Not long after that followed the murther of Clitus the which to heare is simplie tolde would seeme much more cruell than the death of Philotas But reportinge the cause and the time together in which it chaunced it will be founde that it was not of sette purpose but by chaunce and vnfortunately that Alexander being ouercome with wine did vnluckely wreake his anger vpon Clitus The manner of his misfortune was this There came certaine men of the lowe contries from the sea side that brought apples of GRAECE 〈…〉 nto Alexander Alexander wondering to see them so greene and fayer sent for Clitus to shewe him them and to geue him some of them Clitus by chaunce did sacrifice at that time vnto the goddes and left his sacrifice to goe vnto Alexander howebeit there were three weathers that followed him on whome the accustomed sprincklinges had bene done alreadie to haue sacrificed them Alexander vnderstandinge that tolde it to his Soothsayers Aristander and Cleomantis LACONIAN who both did aunswere
went forthwith to set apon the campe of Afranius the which he tooke at the first onset and the campe of the NVMIDIANS also king Iuba being fled Thus in a litle peece of the day only he tooke three campes slue fifty thowsand of his enemies and lost but fifty of his souldiers In this sorte is set downe theffect of this battell by some wryters Yet others doe wryte also that Caesar selfe was not there in person at th execution of this battel For as he did set his men in battell ray the falling sickenesse tooke him whereunto he was geuen and therefore feeling it comming before he was ouercome withall he was caried into a castell not farre from thence where the battell was sought and there tooke his rest till th extremity of his disease had left him Now for the Praetors Consulls that scaped from this battell many of them being taken prisoners did kill them selues and others also Caesar did put to death but he being specially desirous of all men else to haue Cato aliue in his hands he went with all possible speede vnto the citie of VTICA whereof Cato was Gouernor by meanes whereof he was not at the battell Notwithstanding being certified by the way that Cato had flaine him selfe with his owne handes he then made open shew that he was very sory for it but why or wherfore no man could tell But this is true that Caesar sayd at that present time O Cato I enuy thy death bicause thou diddest enuy my glory to saue thy life This notwithstanding the booke that he wrote afterwardes against Cato being dead did shew no very great affection nor pitiefull hart towardes him For how could he haue pardoned him if liuing he had had him in his handes that being dead did speake so vehemently against him Notwithstanding men suppose he would haue pardoned him if he had taken him aliue by the clemencie he shewed vnto Cicero Brutus and diuers others that had borne armes against him Some reporte that he wrote that booke not so much for any priuate malice he had to his death as for a ciuil ambition apon this occasion Cicero had written a booke in praise of Cato which he intituled Cato This booke in likely hoode was very well liked of by reason of the eloquence of the Orator that made it and of the excellent subiect thereof Caesar therewith was maruelously offended thinking that to praise him of whose death he was author was euen as much as to accuse him self therfore he wrote a letter against him heaped vp a number of accusations against Cato and intituled the booke Anticaton Both these bookes haue fauoâ—ers vnto this day some defending the one for the loue they bare to Caesar. and others allowing the other for Catoes sake Caesar being now returned out of AFRICKE first of all made an oration to the people wherein he greatly praised and commended this his last victorie declaring vnto them that he had conquered so many contries vnto the Empire of ROME that he coulde furnishe the common wealth yearely with two hundred thowsande busshells of wheate twenty hundred thowsand pound weight of oyle Then he made three triumphes the one for AEGYPT the other for the kingdom of PONTE and the third for AFRICKE not bicause he had ouercome Scipio there but king Iuba Whose sonne being likewise called Iuba being then a young boy was led captiue in the showe of this triumphe But this his imprisonment fel out happily for him for where he was but a barbarous NVMIDIAN by the study he fell vnto when he was prisoner he came afterwards to be reckoned one of the wisest historiographers of the GRAECIANS After these three triumphes ended he very liberally rewarded his souldiers and to curry fauor with the people he made great feasts common sportes For he feasted all the ROMANES at one time at two and twenty thowsand tables and gaue them the pleasure to see diuers sword players to fight at the sharpe and battells also by sea for the remembraunce of his daughter Iulia which was dead long afore Then after all these sportes he made the people as the manner was to be mustered and where there were at the last musters before three hundred and twenty thowsande citizens at this muster only there were but a hundred and fifty thowsand Such misery and destruction had this ciuill warre brought vnto the common wealth of ROME and had consumed such a number of ROMANES not speaking at all of the mischieues and calamities it had brought vnto all the rest of ITALIE and to the other prouinces pertaining to ROME After all these thinges were ended he was chosen Consul the fourth time and went into SPAYNE to make warre with the sonnes of Pompey who were yet but very young but had notwithstanding raised a maruelous great army together and shewed to haue had manhoode and corage worthie to commaunde such an armie insomuch as they put Caesar him selfe in great daunger of his life The greatest battell that was fought betwene them in all this warre was by the citie of MVNDA For then Caesar seeing his men sorely distressed and hauing their hands full of their enemies he ranne into the prease among his men that fought and cried out vnto them what are ye not ashamed to be beaten and taken prisoners yeelding your selues with your owne handes to these young boyes And so with all the force he could make hauing with much a doe put his enemies to flight he slue aboue thirty thowsand of them in the fielde and lost of his owne men a thowsand of the best he had After this battell he went into his tent and told his frends that he had often before fought for victory but this last time now that he had fought for the safety of his owne life He wanne this battell on the very feast day of the BACCHANALIANS in the which men say that Pompey the great went out of ROME about foure yeares before to beginne this ciuill warre For his sonnes the younger scaped from the battell but within few dayes after Diddius brought the heade of the elder This was the last warre that Caesar made But the triumphe he made into ROME for the same did as much offend the ROMANES and more then any thing that euer he had done before bicause he had not ouercome Captaines that were straungers nor barbarous kinges but had destroyed the sonnes of the noblest man in ROME whom fortune had ouerthrowen And bicause he had plucked vp his race by the rootes men did not thinke it meete for him to triumphe so for the calamities of his contrie reioycing at a thing for the which he had but one excuse to alleage in his defence vnto the gods and men that he was compelled to doe that he did And the rather they thought it not meete bicause he had neuer before sent letters nor messengers vnto the common wealth
tooke the firebrandes and went vnto their houses that had slaine Caesar to set them a fire Other also ranne vp and downe the citie to see if they could meete with any of them to cut them in peeces howbeit they could meete with neuer a man of them bicause they had locked them selues vp safely in their houses There was one of Caesars frends called Cinna that had a maruelous straunge terrible dreame the night before He dreamed that Caesar bad him to supper that he refused and would not goe then that Caesar tooke him by the hand and led him against his will. Now Cinna hearing at that time that they burnt Caesars body in the market place notwithstanding that he feared his dreame and had an agew on him besides he went into the market place to honor his funeralls When he came thither one of the meane sorte asked what his name was He was straight called by his name The first man told it to an other and that other vnto an other so that it ranne straight through them all that he was one of them that murdered Caesar for in deede one of the traitors to Caesar was also called Cinna as him selfe wherefore taking him for Cinna the murderer they fell vpon him with such furie that they presently dispatched him in the market place This sturre and furie made Brutus and Cassius more affrayed then of all that was past and therefore within fewe dayes after they departed out of ROME and touching their doings afterwards and what calamity they suffered till their deathes we haue wrytten it at large in the life of Brutus Caesar dyed at six and fifty yeres of age and Pompey also liued not passing foure yeares more then he So he reaped no other frute of all his raigne dominion which he had so vehemently desired all his life and pursued with such extreame daunger but a vaine name only and a superficiall glory that procured him the enuy and hatred of his contrie But his great prosperitie and good fortune that fauored him all his lfe time did continue afterwards in the reuenge of his death pursuing the murtherers both by sea land till they had not left a man more to be executed of al them that were actors or counsellers in the conspiracy of his death Furthermore of all the chaunces that happen vnto men vpon the earth that which came to Cassius aboue all other is most to be wondred at For he being ouercome in battell at the iorney of Philippes slue him selfe with the same sworde with the which he strake Caesar. Againe of signes in the element the great comet which seuen nightes together was seene very bright after Caesars death the eight night after was neuer seene more Also the brightnes of the sunne was darkened the which all that yeare through rose very pale and shined not out whereby it gaue but small heate therefore the ayer being very clowdy darke by the weakenes of the heate that could not come foorth did cause the earth to bring foorth but raw and vnrype frute which rotted before it could rype But aboue all the ghost that appeared vnto Brutus shewed plainly that the goddes were offended with the murther of Caesar. The vision was thus Brutus being ready to passe ouer his army from the citie of ABVDO◠to the other coast lying directly against it slept euery night as his manner was in his tent and being yet awake thinking of his affaires for by reporte he was as carefull a Captaine and liued with as litle sleepe as euer man did he thought he heard a noyse at his tent dore looking towards the light of the lampe that waxed very dimme he saw a horrible vision of a man of a wonderfull greatnes and dreadfull looke which at the first made him maruelously afraid But when he sawe that it did him no hurt but stoode by his bedde side and sayd nothing at length he asked him what he was The image aunswered him I am thy ill angell Brutus and thou shalt see me by the citie of PHILIPPES Then Brutus replied againe and sayd well I shall see thee then Therewithall the spirit presently vanished from him After that time Brutus being in battell neere vnto the citie of PHILIPPES against Antonius and Octauius Caesar at the first battell he wan the victorie and ouerthrowing all them that withstoode him he draue them into young Caesars campe which he tooke The second battell being at hand this spirit appeared again vnto him but spake neuer a word Thereuppon Brutus knowing he should dye did put him selfe to all hazard in battell but yet fighting could not be slaine So seeing his men put to flight and ouerthrowen he ranne vnto a litle rocke not farre of and there setting his swordes point to his brest fell vpon it and slue him selfe but yet as it is reported with the helpe of his frend that dispatched him The end of Caesars life THE LIFE OF Phocion THe Orator Demades on a time florished in ATHENS bicause in all his doings and sayings in the administration and gouernment of the comcom wealth he alwayes fauored the MACEDONIANS and Antipater in respect whereof he was est soones compelled both in his counsell and lawes to preferre many things to the dishonor of his city saying that they must pardon him bicause he gouerned the shippewrackes of his contrie This was an arrogant speache but yet referring it to the gouernment of Phocion he sayd truely For in deede Demades selfe was the shippewracke of the common weale bicause he liued so insolently and gouerned so lewdly Insomuch as Antipater sayd of him after he was very old that there was nothing left of him no more then of a beast sacrificed but the tongue and belly But the vertues of Phocion which had to fight against the cruell and bitter enemy of the time were so obscured by the calamities of GRAECE that his fame was nothing so great as he deserued For we must not credit Sophocles words making vertue of it selfe but weake in these verses VVhen stormes of sore aduersities ò king doe men assaile It dauntes their corage cuts their combs and makes their harts to quaile But we must onely geue place to fortune who when she frowneth vppon any good and vertuous men her force is so great that where they deserue honor and fauor she violently heapeth false malicious accusations against them which maketh their vertue same not of that credit which in dede it deserueth And yet it seemeth to many that free cities are most cruel vnto their good citizens in time of prosperity bicause they flow in wealth liue at ease which maketh them of hauty mindes But it is cleane contrary For aduersity commonly maketh mens maners sower chollericke and very hasty besides slow to heare churlish and offended with euery litle sharpe word For he that correcteth them that offend seemeth to cast their
willing him to come in all possible speede to winne GRAECE and MACEDON which hong but of an old rotteÌ„ threde mocking Antipater in this maner Wherfore Cassander being aduertised of his arriual he made him presently to be apprehended setting his sonne hard by him slue him before his father so neere him that the blood of his sonne sprang vpon him so that the father was all bloodied with the murther of his sonne Then Cassander casting in Demades teeth his ingratitude and trecherous treason against his father geuing him all the reproachfull words he could deuise at the length he slue him with his owne hands Now Antipater before his death had established Polyperchon General of the armie of the MACEDONIANS Cassander his sonne only Colonell of a thowsand footemen He notwithstanding after his fathers decease taking vpon him the gouernment of the realme sent Nicanor with speede to succeede Menillus in the Captaineship of the garrison of ATHENS before his death should be reuealed commaunding him first in any case to take the castell of Munychia which he did Shortly after the ATHENIANS vnderstanding of the death of Antipater they accused Phocion for that he had knowen of his death long before and yet kept it secret to please Nicanor But Phocion regarded not this accusation but fell in acquaintance notwithstanding with Nicanor whom he handled so wisely that he made him not only freÌ„dly vnto the ATHENIANS but furthermore perswaded him to be at some charge to geue the people the pastime of common playes which he made to be done at his cost In the meane time Polyperchon who had the gouernment of the kings person meaning to geue Cassander stampant and blurt he sent letters pattentes vnto the people at ATHENS declaring how the king did restore vnto them their popular state againe and commanded that all the ATHENIANS should vse their former auncient lawes of their citie This was a wile craftie fetche against Phocion For Polyperchon deuising this practise to get the city of ATHENS into his hands as it fel out afterwards by proofe had no hope to obtaine his purpose vnles he found meanes first to banish Phocion and thought that he shoulde easily bring that to passe when suche as had before bene put of their freedom by his meanes should come againe to haue voyces in thassembly and that the seditious Orators and accusers might be turned at liberty againe to say what they would The ATHENIANS hauing heard the contentes of these letters pattentes beganne to be somewhat quickened and moued withall whereupon Nicanor desiring to speake with the ATHENIANS in their Senate which was assembled in the hauen of Piraea he went and hazarded his person amongest them apon Phocions faith and word Dercyllus Captaine for the king being secretly aduertised thereof and in the field not farre from the citie did what he could to take Nicanor but Nicanor hauing warning of it in time saued him selfe Then it appeared that Nicanor would presently be reuenged of the citie and they accused Phocion bicause he kept him not but did let him goe Whereunto he aunswered that he trusted Nicanors word and that he did not thinke he would offer the citie any hurt but if it should fall out otherwise he had rather the world should know that he had the wrong offred him then that he should offer any This truely appeared to be nobly spoken in respect of him selfe But considering that he being then Generall did thereby hazard the safety of his contrie I can not tell whether he did not breake a greater faith which he ought to haue had to the safetie of his contriemen Neither coulde he also alleage for his excuse that he did not laye handes on Nicanor for feare to bring the city into manifest warre but that for a colour he did preferre the faith which he had sworne and promised vnto him and the iustice that he would obserue in his behalfe that for his sake Nicanor should afterwards keepe him selfe in peace and doe no hurte to the ATHENIANS Howbeit in troth it seemed that nothing deceiued Phocion but by the ouer trust he had in this Nicanor The which seemeth to be so bicause when diuers came to him to complaine of Nicanor that he sought all the secret meanes he coulde to surprise the hauen of Piraea and that he dayly passed ouer souldiers in the I le of SALAâ—INA and practised to bribe certaine of the inhabitants within the precinct of the hauen he would neuer heare of it and muche lesse beleue it Furthermore when Philomedes LAMPRIAN made a motion that the ATHENIANS should prepare to be in readines to waite apon their Captaine Phocion to do as he commaunded them he made no account of it vntill he saw Nicanor come out with his souldiers from the fort of Munychia and that he beganne to cast trenches to compasse in the hauen of Piraea But then when Phocion thought to lead out the people to preuent him he fouÌ„d they mutined against him and no man would obey his commaundement In the meane time Alexander the sonne of Polyperchon came with an armie pretending to aide them of the citie against Nicanor where in deede he ment if he could to get the rest of the city into his 〈…〉 then specially when they were in greatest broile one against an other and the rather bicause the banished men entred hand ouer head with him and diuers straungers also and other defamed men so that there was a confused counsel and assembly of Omnigatherum kept within the citie without any order in the which Phocion was depriued of his office of Generall and others were also chosen Captained in his place And had they not seene this Alexander talking alone with Nicanor and returning many times hard to the walles of the citie which made the ATHENIANS affrayed and mistrustfull they had neuer saued it from taking At that time Phocion was presently accused of treason by the Orator Agnonides the which Callimedon and Pericles fearing got them out of the citie betimes And Phocion also with his frends that were not fled went vnto Polyperchon with whom also Solon PLATAEIAN and Dinarchus CORINTHIAN went for company who thought to haue found frendshippe and familiarity with Polyperchon Howbeit Dinarchus falling sicke by the way in the citie of ELATIA they stayed there many dayes hoping of his recouerie But in the meane time the people at the perswasion of the Orator Agnonides and at the request of Archestratus stablished a decree to sende Ambassadors vnto Polyperchon to accuse Phocion insomuch as both parties met at one selfe time and found him in the field with the king about a village of the contrie of PHOCIDE called PHARYGES standing at the foote of the mountaine Acrorion which they surname also Galaten There Polyperchon commaunded a cloth of gold to be set vp and caused the king to be set vnder the same and all his chiefest frendes about him But to beginne withall he
swollen with the blow he gaue one of his slaues when he hit him on the face All his seruaunts were glad to heare of that hoping then that he desired to liue Soone after came Butas backe againe from the hauen and brought him word that all were gone but Crassus who stayed about some busines he had and yet that he was going to take shippe howbeit that the sea was very roughe and winde exceeding great Cato hearing this sighed being sory for them that were upon the sea and sent Butas backe againe to the hauen to see if any man came backe for any matter they had to say vnto him The litle birdes began to chirpe and Cato fel againe in a litle slumber But thereuppon Butas returned brought him word that all was quiet in the hauen there was no sturre Then Cato bad him goe his way and shut to the dore after him and layed him downe in his bed as though he had ment to haue slept out all the rest of the night Butas backe was no sooner turned but Cato taking his naked sword in his hand thrust it into his breast howbeit the swelling of his hande made the blowe so weake that it killed him not presently but drawing on to his latter ende he fell downe vpon his bedde and made such a noyse with his fall ouerthrowing a litle table of geometry hard by his bedde that his seruaunts hearing the noyse gaue a great shreeke for feare Thereuppon his sonne and his friendes ranne into the chamber and found him all of a gore bloud and the most part of his bowells comming out of his bodye him selfe being yet aliue and seeing them They were all striken with such sorow to behold it that at the first they were so amased as they could not tel what to say to it His Phisitiō comming to him he went about to put in his bowels againe which were not perished and to sow vp his wound But Cato comming to him selfe thrust backe the Phisitian and tare his bowells with his owne handes and made his wound very great and immediatly gaue vp the ghost Whereuppon the three hundred ROMANES in lesse time then a man would haue thought Catoes owne houshold seruaunts could haue knowen of his death were at his dores and immediatly after all the people of VTICA also came thither and with one voyce called Cato their benefactor and sauior and sayd he onely was a free man and had an inuincible minde◠and this was done when they heard say that Caesar was not farre from VTICA Furthermore nether feare of the present daunger nor the desire to flatter the Conqueror nether any priuate quarrell amongest them selues could keepe them from honoring Catoes funeralls For sumptuously setting out his body and honorably accompanying his funeralls as might be they buryed him by the sea side where at this present time is to be seene his image holding a sworde in his hande After that they made their best way to saue them selues and their citie Nowe Caesar beeing aduertised by them that came vnto him howe Cato sturred not from VTICA nor fled not but sent all others away sauing him selfe and his sonne and a few of his friends that remained there being afraid of nothing he could not deuise what he ment by it Therefore esteeming Cato much he made haste with all the speede he could with his armie to come thether But when he vnderstoode that Cato had slaine him selfe writers doe reporte he sayd thus O Cato I enuy thy death sithe thou hast enuied mine honor to saue thy life For in deede had Cato beene contented Caesar should haue saued his life he had not so much impaired his owne honor as he had augmented Caesars glory And yet what Caesar would haue done men make it doubtful sauing that they coniecture well of Caesars clemencie Cato dyed when he was but eight and forty yeare old For his sonne Caesar neuer did him hurt howbeit it is reported of him that he was very idlely giuen and lasciuious besides For when he lay in CAPPADOCIA in a noble mans house of the kings bloud called Maphradates who had a fayre woman to his wife he taried longer there then he might well with honestie whereuppon he fell to be a laughing stoicke so the people and in mockery they sayd Cato will goe too morrow a thirty dayes hence And further that Maphradates and Porcius are two good friendes but they haue but one minde And the reason was bicause Maphradates wife was called Psyche which in the Greeke signifieth minde and Cato is a noble fellow and hath a princely mind howbeit his famous death did stoppe this infamous speech For he valiantly fighting against Augustus and Antebius at the battell of Philippes for the libertie of his contry their armie being ouerthrowen and fled he would neither flie nor hide him selfe but running in amongest his enemies he made them knowe what he was by incoraging those of his side which yet did defend them selues till he was slayne in the field to the great admiration of his valiantnes Furthermore Porcia the Daughter of Cato gaue no place vnto her father nether for chastitie nor greatnes of mind For she being maried vnto Brutus who slue Caesar was of the conspiracie and slue her selfe as courageously as became the vertue and nobilitie of her bloud from whence she came as we haue more amply declared in the life of Brutus Statilius also who had sayd he would ronne Catoes fortune as we haue tolde you before was kept from killing of him selfe by the Philosophers Demetrius and Apollonides But after that tyme hauing shewed him selfe very faithfull and seruiceable vnto Brutus in all his affayres he was slayne in the field also at the battell of Philippes The end of Catoes life AGIS AND CLEOMENES TRuely the fable of Ixion was not ill deuised against ambicious persons who imbracing a clowde for the goddesse Iuno begot as it is sayd the CENTAVRI For euen so ambicious men imbracing glory for the true image of vertue doe neuer any acte that is good nor perfect but beeing caried away with diuers fancies and following others humors with desire to please the people they may as the herdmen in the tragedy of Sophocles speaking of their cattell say VVe vvayt vppon their breasts though vve their Maisters bee And vvheresoeuer they become there also follovve vvee Such in deede are they compared to that gouerne common weales after peoples lust and fancy who doubtles are as their seruaunts obedient at call bicause they onely may enioy the glorious title and name of an Officer For like as in a shippe the Mariners that stande in the prowe doe better see before them then the Pilots that steere the helme in the poope and yet lookes alwayes backe vnto them to see what they commaunde euen so they that gouerne in the common wealth for honors sake are no better thē honorable slaues of the people hauing no more but
Leonidas incontinently with a great number of souldiers that were straungers beset the prison round about The Ephores weÌ„t into the prison sent vnto some of the Senate to come vnto them whom they knew to be of their mind then they coÌ„maunded Agis â—â— if it had bene iudicially to giue accompt of the alteracion he had made in the coÌ„mon wealth The younge man laughed at their hypocrisie But Amphares told him that it was no laughing sport that he should pay for his folly Then another of the Ephores seeming to deale more fauorably with him to shew him a way how he might escape the condeÌ„nation for his fault asked him if he had not bene intised vnto it by Agesilaus and Lysander Agis aunswered that no man compelled him but that he onely did it to follow the steppes of the auncient Lycurgus to bring the common wealth vnto the former estate of his graue ordinaunce institution Then the same Senator asked him againe if he did not repent him of that he had done The younge man boldly aunswered him that he would neuer repent him of so wise and vertuous an enterprise though he ventred his life for it Then they condemned him to death and commaunded the Sergeants to cary him into the Decade which was a place in the prison where they were strangled that were condemned to dye Demochares perceiuing the Sergeaunts durst not lay hold of him likewise that the souldiers which were straungers did abhorre to commit such a fact contrary to the law of God and man to lay violent hands vpon the person of a king he threatned reuiled them and dragged Agis perforce into that place called the Decade Now the rumor ranne straight through the citie that king Agis was taken a multitude of people were at the prison dores with lights torches Thither came also king Agis mother grandmother shreeking out praying that the king of SPARTA might yet be heard and iudged by the people For this cause they hastned his death the sooner and were afraid besides least the people in the night would take him out of their hands by force if there came any more people thither Thus king Agis being led to his death spied a SergeauÌ„t lamenting weeping for him vnto whom he said good fellowe I pray thee weepe not for me for I am honester man then they that so shamefully put me to death with those words he willingly put his head into the halter Amphares then going out of the prison into the street found Agesistraetae there king Agis mother who straight fel downe at his feete but he taking her vp againe in old famillier manner as being her very friend told her that they should doe king Agis no hurt that she might if she would goe see him Then she prayed that they would also let her mother in with her Amphares sayde with a good will and so put them both into the prison house and made the dores be shut after them But when they were within he first gaue Archidamia vnto the Sergeaunts to be put to death who was a maruelous olde woman and had liued more honorably vnto that age then any Lady or Matrone beside her in the citie She being executed he commaunded Agesistraetae also to come in Who whe she sawe the bodye of her dead sonne layed on the ground her mother also hanging on the gallowes she did her selfe helpe the hangman to plucke her downe and layed her body by her sonnes Then hauing couered her in decent manner she layed her downe on the ground by the corps of her sonne Agis and kissing his cheeke sayd out alas my sonne thy great modestie goodnes and clemencie brought thee and vs vnto this deathe Then Amphares peeping in at the dore to see what was done hearing what she sayde came in withall in a greate rage and sayde I perceyue thou hast also beene of counsell with thy sonne and sithe it is so thou shalt also followe him Then she rising likewise to be strangled sayd the goddes graunt yet that this may profit SPARTA This horrible murther beeing blowen abroad in the citie and the three dead bodies also brought out of prison the feare though it were great amongest the people could not keepe them back from apparant show of griefe and manifest hate against Leonidas and Amphares thinking that there was neuer a more wicked and crueller fact committed in SPARTA since the DORIANS came to dwell in PELOPONNESVS For the very enemies them selues in bartell would not willingly lay hands vpon the kings of LACEDAEMON but did forbeare as much as they could possible both for feare reuerence they bare vnto their maiestie For in many great battels coÌ„flicts which the LACEDAEMONIANS had against the GRAECIANS there was neuer any king of LACEDAEMON slain before Philips time but CleoÌ„brotus only who was slain with a dart at the battell of LEVCTRES Some write also that the MESSENIANS hold opinioÌ„ that their Aristomenes slue king Theopompus howbeit the LACEDAEMONIANS sayde that he was but hurt not slayne But hereof there are diuers opinions but it is certain that Agis was the first king whom the Ephores euer put to death for that he had layd a plat of a noble deuise and worthy of SPARTA being of that age when men doe easily pardon them that offend and was rather to be accused of his friendes and enemies bicause he had saued Leonidas life had trusted other men as the best natured younge man that could be Now Agis hauing suffered in this sort Leonidas was not quicke enough to take Archidamus his brother also for he fled presently Yet he brought Agis wife out of her house by force with a litle boy she had by him and maried her vnto his sonne Cleomenes who was yet vnder age to marye fearing least this younge Ladye should be bestowed els where beeing in deede a great heire and of a riche house and the Daughter of Gylippus called by her name Agiatis besides that she was the fayrest woman at that tyme in all GRAECE and the vertuousest and best condicioned Wherefore for diuers respects she praied she might not be forced to it But now being at length maried vnto Cleomenes she euer hated Leonidas to the death and yet was a good and louing wife vnto her young husband Who immediatly after he was maried vnto her fell greatly in fancy with her and for compassions sake as it seemed he thanked her for the loue she bare vnto her first husband and for the louing remembraunce she had of him insomuch as he him selfe many times would fall in talke of it and would be inquisitiue how thinges had passed taking great pleasure to heare of Agis wise counsell and purpose For Cleomenes was as desirous of honor and had as noble a minde as Agis and was borne also to temperancie and moderation of life as Agis in like manner was howbeit
their auncient kings that the LACEDAEMONIANS neuer inquired what number their enemies were but where they were Shortly after the ACHAIANS making warre with the ELIANS Cleomenes was sent to ayde them met with the armie of the ACHAIANS by the mountaine Lyceum as they were in their returne he setting apon them gaue them the ouerthrowe slue a great number of them and tooke many also prisoners that the rumor ranne through GRAECE how Aratus selfe was slaine Cleomenes wisely taking the occasion which this victory gaue him he went straight to the citie of MANTINEA and taking it vpon a sodaine when no man knew of his comming he put a strong garrison into it Now the LACEDAEMONIANS harts failing them and resisting Cleomenes enterprises ouerwearying them with warres he went about to sende for Archidamus king Agis brother being then at MESSENA vnto whom the kingdom of right belonged by the other house supposing that he shoulde easely weaken the power of the Ephores by the authoritie of the two kinges if both of them ioyned together Which when the murtherers of king Agis vnderstoode being affraid that Archidamus returning from exile he would be reuenged of them they secretly receiued him into the citie and founde the meanes to bring him into SPARTA But when they had him they put him straight to death whether it was vnwitting to Cleomenes as Phylarchus plainly testifieth or else with his priuitie suffring them to make him away by perswasion of his frends But it is a cleere case the citie was burdened withall bicause probable matter fell out that they had compelled Cleomenes to doe it Neuerthelesse he holding still his first determination to alter the state of the common wealth of SPARTA as soone as he could possible he so fed the Ephores with money that he brought them to be contented he should make warre He had also won many other citizens by the meanes of his mother Cratesiclea who furnisht him with money that he lacked not to honor him withall and further maried as it is reported being otherwise not ment to mary for her sonnes sake vnto one of the wealthiest men of all the citie So Cleomenes leading his army into the field wanne a place within the territorie of MEGALOPOLIS called LEVCTRA The ACHAIANS also being quickly come to their aide led by Aratus they straight fought a battell by the citie selfe where Cleomenes had the worst on the one side of his armie Howbeit Aratus woulde not suffer the ACHAIANS to follow them bicause of bogges and quauemyres but sounded the retreate But Lysiadas a MEGALOPOLITAN being angrie withall caused the horsemen he had about him to follow the chase who pursued so fiercely that they came amongest vines walls and ditches where he was driuen to disperse his men and yet coulde not get out Cleomenes perceiuing it sent the light horsemen of the TARENTINS CRETANS against him of whom Lysiadas valliantly fighting was slaine Then the LACEDAEMONIANS being couragious for this victorie came with great cries geuing a fierce charge apon the ACHAIANS ouerthrew their whole armie and slue a maruelous number of them but yet Cleomenes at their request suffered them to take vp the dead bodies of their men to burie them For Lysiadas corps he caused it to be brought vnto him and putting a purple to be apon it and a crowne on his head sent it in this aray vnto the very gates of the city of MEGALOPOLIS It was that selfe Lysiadas who geuing ouer the tyranny and gouernment of MEGALOPOLIS made it a popular state and free city and ioyned it to the ACHAIANS After this victorie Cleomenes that determined greater matters and attempts perswaded him selfe that if he might once come to stablishe the affaires of the common wealth at SPARTA to his mind he might then easely ouercome the ACHAIANS brake with his father in law Megistonus and told him that it was necessary to take away the authoritie of the Ephores and to make diuision of the landes among the SPARTANS and then being brought to equalitie to encorage them to recouer the Empire of GRAECE againe vnto the LACEDAEMONIANS which their predecessors before them held and enioyed Megistonus graunting his good will and furtherance ioyned two or three of his frendes more vnto him It chaunced at that time that one of the Ephores lying in the temple of Pasiphaé had a maruelous dreame in the night For he thought he sawe but one chaire standing where the Ephori did vse to sit to geue audience and that the other foure which were wont to be there were taken away and that maruelling at it he heard a voyce out of the temple that said that was the best for SPARTA He declaring this dreame the next morning vnto Cleomenes it somewhat troubled him at the first thinking that he came to feele him for that he had heard some inckling of his intent But when he perswaded him selfe that the other ment good faith and lyed not vnto him being bolder then before he went forward with his purpose and taking with him vnto the campe all those SPARTANS which he suspected to be against his enterprise he went and tooke the cities of HERAEA and ALSEA confederates of the ACHAIANS and vitteled ORCHOMENA and went and camped before the citie of MANTINEA In fine he so wearied ouerharried the LACEDAEMONIAMS by long iorneys that at length they besought him he would let them remaine in ARCADIA to repose them selues there In the meane time Cleomenes with his straungers which he had hyred returned againe vnto SPARTA and imparted his intent by the way vnto them he trusted best and marched at his owne ease that he might take the Ephores at supper When he came neere vnto the city he sent Euryclidas before into the halle of the Ephores as though he brought them newes out of the campe from him After him he sent also Thericion Phaebis and two other that had bene brought vp with him whom the LACEDAEMONIANS called the SAMOTHRACIANS taking with them a fewe souldiers Nowe whilest Euryclidas was talking with the Ephores they also came in apon them with their swordes drawen and did set apon the Ephores Agesilaus was hurt first of all and falling downe made as though he had bene slaine but by litle litle he crept out of the halle and got secretly into a chappell consecrated vnto Feare the which was wont euer to be kept shut but then by chaunce was left open when he was come in he shut the dore fast to him The other foure of the Ephores were slaine presently and aboue tenne moe besides which came to defende them Furthermore for them that sate still and sturred not they killed not a man of them neither did keepe any man that was desirous to goe out of the citie but moreouer they pardoned Agesilaus who came the next morning out of the chapell of Feare Amongest the LACEDAEMONIANS in the citie of SPARTA there are not
ouerthrowe of king Cleomenes so muche more lamentable For if he had delayed battell but two dayes lenger when the MACEDONIANS had bene gone he might haue made what peace he would with the ACHAIANS but for lacke of money he was driuen as Polybius wryteth to geue battell with twentie thowsande men against thirtie thowsande where he shewed him selfe an excellent and skilfull Captaine and where his citizens also fought like valliant men and the straungers in like case did shewe them selues good souldiers But his onely ouerthrowe was by the manner of his enemies weapons and the force of their battell of footemen But Phylarchus wryteth that treason was the cause of his ouerthrowe For Antigonus had appointed the ACARNANIANS and the ILLYRIANS which he had in his armie to steale vppon the winge of his enemies armie where Euclidas king Cleomenes brother was to compasse him in behinde whilest did sette the rest of his men in battell When Cleomenes was got vp vpon some hill to looke about him to see the countenaunce of the enemie and seeing none of the ACARNANIANS nor of the ILLYRIANS he was then affrayed of Antigonus that he went about some stratageame of warre Wherefore he called for Demoteles whose charge was to take heede of stratageames and secret ambushes and commaunded him to looke to the rerewarde of his armie and to be verie circumspect all about Demoteles that was bribed before as it is reported with money tolde him that all was cleere in the rerewarde and bad him looke to ouerthrowe his enemies before him Cleomenes trusting this reporte sette forward against Antigonus and in the ende his citizens of SPARTA which he had about him gaue suche a fierce charge apon the squadron of the MACEDONIAN footemen that they draue them backe fiue furlonges of But in the meane time Euclidas his brother in the other wing of his armie being compassed in behinde Cleomenes turning him backe and seeing the ouerthrowe cried out alowde alas good brother thou art but slaine yet thou dyest valliantlie and honestlie and thy death shall be a worthie example vnto all posteritie and shall be song by the praises of the women of SPARTA So Euclidas and his men being slaine the enemies came straight to sette vpon Cleomenes winge Cleomenes then seeing his men discouraged and that they durst no lenger resist the enemie fledde and saued him selfe Many of the straungers also that serued him were slaine at this battell and of sixe thowsande SPARTANS there were left aliue but onely two hundred Now Cleomenes being returned vnto SPARTA the citizens comming to see him he gaue them counsell to yeeld them selues vnto Antigonus the conqueror and for him selfe if either aliue or dead he could doe any thing for the honor and benefit of SPARTA that he would willingly doe it The women of the citie also comming vnto them that flying had escaped with him when he saw them vnarme the men and bring them drinke to refresh them with he also went home to his owne house Then a maide of the house which he had taken in the citie of MEGALIPOLIS and whom he had enterteined euer since the death of his wife came vnto him as her maner was to refresh him comming hot from the battell howbeit he would not drinke though he was extreame drie nor sit being verie wearie but armed as he was layed his arme a crosse apon a piller and leaning his head apon it reposed himselfe a litle and casting in his minde all the wayes that were to be thought of he tooke his frendes with him and went to the hauen of Gythium and there hauing his shippes which he had appointed for the purpose he hoysted sayle and departed his way Immediatly after his departure came Antigonus into the citie of SPARTA and curteously intreated the citizens and inhabitants he found and did offend no man nor prowdly despise the auncient honor and dignitie of SPARTA but referring them to their owne lawes and gouernment when he had sacrificed to the goddes for his victorie he departed from thence the thirde daye newes being brought him that the warre was verie great in MACEDON and that the barbarous people did spoyle his contrie Now a disease tooke him whereof he dyed afterwards which appeared a tisicke mixt with a sore catarre but yet he yeelded not to his disease and bare it out that fighting for his contrie and obteyning a famous victorie with great slaughter of the barbarous people he might yet dye honorably as in deede he did by Phylarchus testimonie who sayth that with the force of his voyce fiercely crying out in the middest of his fight he tare his lunges and lightes worse then they were before Yet in the schooles it is sayd that after he had wonne the battell he was so ioyfull of it that crying out O blessed day he brake out into a great bleeding at the mouth and a great feuer tooke him withall that he dyed of it Thus much touching Antigonus Now Cleomenes departing out of the Isle of CYTHERA went and cast ancker in an other Iland called AEGIALIA Then determining to saile ouer to the citie of CYRENA Therycion one of Cleomenes frendes a man that in warres shewed him selfe verie valliant but a boaster besides of his owne doinges tooke Cleomenes aside and sayd thus vnto him Truely O king we haue lost an honorable occasion to dye in battell though euery man hath heard vs vaunt and say that Antigonus should neuer ouercome the king of SPARTA aliue but dead A seconde occasion yet is offered vs to dye with much lesse honor and fame notwithstanding then the first Whether doe we saile to no purpose Why doe we flie the death at hand and seeke it so farre of If it be no shame nor dishonor for the posteritie race of Hercules to serue the successors of Philip and Alexander let vs saue then our labor and long daungerous sailing and goe yeelde our selues vnto Antigonus who in likelyhoode will better vse vs then Ptolomy bicause the MACEDONIANS are farre more nobler persons then the AEGYPTIANS And if we disdaine to be commaunded by them which haue ouercommen vs in battell why then will we make him Lord of vs that hath not ouercomen vs in steade of one to make vs inferior vnto both flying Antigonus and seruing king Ptolomy Can we say that we goe into AEGYPT in respect to see your mother there A ioyfull sight no doubt when she shall shew king Ptolomyes wiues her sonne that before was a king a prisoner fugitiue now Were it not better for vs that hauing yet LACONIA our contrie in sight and our swordes besides in our owne hands to deliuer vs from this great miserie so doing to excuse our selues vnto them that are slaine at SELASIA for defence of SPARTA then cowardly loosing our time in AEGYPT to inquire whom Antigonus left his Lieutenaunt and Gouernor in LACEDAEMON Therycion ending his oration Cleomenes aunswered him thus Doest thou
they were to stay them bicause they were the chiefest men of the citie but euery man flying from them they fell one on an others necke for hast They that followed them had brought from home great leauers clubbes and as they went they tooke vp feete of trestles and chaires which the people had ouerthrowen and broken running away and hyed them a pace to meete with Tiberius striking at them that stoode in their way so that in short space they had dispersed all the common people and many were slaine flying Tiberius seeing that betooke him to his legges to saue him selfe but as he was flying one tooke him by the gowne and stayed him but he leauing his gowne behinde him ranne in his coate and running fell vpon them that were downe before So as he was rising vp againe the first man that strake him and that was plainly seene strike him was one of the Tribunes his brethren called Publius Satureius who gaue him a great rappe on the head with the foote of a chaire the second blow he had was geuen him by Lucius Rufus that boasted of it as if he had done a notable acte In this tumult there were slaine aboue three hundred men and were all killed with staues and stones and not one man hurt with any iron This was the first sedition among the citizens of ROME that fell out with murder and bloodshed since the expulsion of the kinges But for all other former dissentions which were no trifles they were easily pacified either partie geuing place to other the Senate for feare of the commoners and the people for reuerence they bare to the Senate And it seemeth that Tiberius him selfe woulde easely haue yeelded also if they had proceeded by faire meanes and perswasion so they had ment good faith and would haue killed no man for at that time he had not in all aboue 3000. men of the people about him But surely it seemes this conspiracie was executed against him more for very spite and malice the rich men did beare him then for any other apparant cause they presupposed against him For proofe hereof may be alleaged the barbarous cruelty they vsed to his body being dead For they would not suffer his owne brother to haue his bodie to burie it by night who made earnest sute vnto them for it but they threw him amongest the other bodies into the riuer and yet this was not the worst For some of his frends they banished without forme of law and others they put to death which they coulde meete withall Among the which they slue Diophanes the Orator and one Caius Billius whom they inclosed in a pype among snakes and serpentes and put him to death in this sorte Blossius also the Philosopher of Cumes was brought before the Consuls and examined about this matter who boldly confessed vnto them that he did as much as Tiberius commaunded him When Nasica did aske him and what if he had commaunded thee to set fire on the Capitoll He made him aunswere that Tiberius would neuer haue geuen him any suche commaundement And when diuers others also were still in hand with him about that question but if he had commaunded thee I would sure haue done it sayd he for he would neuer haue commaunded me to haue done it if it had not bene for the commoditie of the people Thus he scaped at that time and afterwards fled into ASIA vnto Aristonicus whom misfortune hauing ouerthrowen he slue him selfe Now the Senate to pacifie the people at that present time did no more withstand the law Agtarie for diuision of the lands of the common wealth but suffered the people to appoint an other Commissioner for that purpose in Tiberius place Thereupon Publius Crassus was chosen being allied vnto Tiberius for Caius Gracchus Tiberius brother had maried his daughter Licinia Yet Coâ—â— liue Neâ—os sayâ—h 〈…〉 it was not Crassus daughter Caius maried but the daughter of Brutus that triumphed for the LVSITANIANâ—â— Howbeit the best wryters and authority agree with that we wryte But whatsoeuer was done the people were maruelously offended with his death and men might easely perceiue that they looked but for time and oportunity to be reuenged and did presently threaten Nasica do accuse him Whereupon the Senate fearing some trouble towards him deuised a way vpon no occasion to sende him into ASIA For the common people did not dissemble the malice they bare him when they met him but were verie round with him and called him tyran and murderer excommunicate and wicked man that had imbrued his hands in the blood of the holy Tribune and within the most sacred temple of all the citie So in the ende he was inforced to forsake ROME though by his office he was bounde to solemnise all the greatest so sacrifices bicause he was then chiefe Bishoppe of ROME Thus crauelling out of his contrie 〈…〉 meane man and troubled in his minde he dyed shortly after not farre from the citie of â—â—â—â—AMVN Truely it is not greatly to be wondered at though the people so much hated Nasica considering that Scipio the AFRICAN him selfe whom the people of ROME for iustes cables had loued better then any man else whatsoeuer was like to haue lost all the peoples good 〈…〉 they bare him bicause that being at the siege of NVMANTIA when newes was brought him of Tiberius death he rang out this verse of Homer Such end vpon him euer light VVhich in such doings doth delight Furthermore being asked in thassembly of the people by Caius Fuluios what he thought at Tiberius death he aunswered them that he did not like his doinger After that the people handled him very churlishly did euer breake of his oration which they never did before he him self also would reuile the people euen in the assembly Now Caius Gracchus at the first bicause he feared the enemies of his deade brother or otherwise for that he fought meanes to make them more hated of the people he absented him selfe for a time out of the common assembly and kept at home and meddled not as a man contented to line meanely without busying him selfe in the common wealth insomuch as he made men thinke and reporte both that he did vtterly mislike those matters which his brother had preferred Howbeit he was then but a young man and nine yeares younger then his brother Tiberius who was not thirty yeare old when he was slaine But in processe of time he made his manners and condicions by litle and litle appeare who hated sloth and curiositie and was least of all geuen 〈…〉 any couetous minde of getting for he gaue him selfe to be eloquent as preparing him winges afterwardes to practise in the common wealth So that it appeared plainely that when time came he would not stand still and looke on When one Vectius a frende of his was sued he tooke apon him to defend his cause in courte The people that were present and heard
suffred But on the other side this did reuiue the old grudge and malice of the people for the wickednes of the ambitious noble men who hauing thēselues before slaine Tiberius Gracchus that was Tribune within the Capitoll it selfe had also cast his body into the riuer did now make an honorable show openly in the market place of the body of a sergeaūt Antyllius who though he were wrōgfully slaine yet had himselfe geuen thē the cause that slue him to do that they did all the whole Senate were about the beere to bewaile his death to honor the funeralls of a hyerling to make the people also kill him that was only left the protector defender of the people After this they went againe vnto the Capitoll there made a decree wherby they gaue the Consul Opimius extraordinary power authority by absolute power to prouide for the safety of the common wealth to preserue the city to suppresse the tyrans This decree being established the Consul presently commaunded the Senators that were present there to go arme thē selues appointed the ROMANE Knights that the next morning betimes euery man should bring two of their men armed with thē Fuluius on the other side he prepared his force against them assembled the cōmon people together Caius also returning from the market place stayd before the image of his father looked earnestly apon it without euer a word speaking only he burst out a weeping and fetching a great sigh went his way This made the people to pitie him that saw him so that they talked among them selues that they were but beasts cowards at such a straight to forsake so worthy a man Therupon they went to his house stayed there all night watched before his gate not as they did that watched with Fuluius that passed away the night in guseling and drinking drunke crying out and making noyse Fuluius him selfe being dronke first of all who both spake and did many thinges farre vnmeete for his calling For they that watched Caius on thother side were very sorowfull and made no noyse euen as in a common calamitie of their contrie deuising with them selues what would fall out apon it waking and sleeping one after an other by turnes When the day brake they with Fuluius did awake him who slept yet soundly for the wine he dranke ouer night and they armed them selues with the spoiles of the GAVLES that hong rounde about his house whom he had ouercome in battell the same yeare he was Consul and with great cries and thundering threats they went to take the mount Auentine But Caius would not arme him selfe but went out of his house in a long gowne as if he woude haue gone simply into the market place according to his wonted maner sauing that he caried a short dagger at his girdel vnder his gowne So as he was going out of his house his wife stayed him at the dore and holding him by the one hand and a litle child of his in her other hand she sayd thus vnto him Alas Caius thou doest not now goe as thou wert wont a Tribune into the market place to speake to the people neither to preferre any new lawes neither doest thou goe vnto an honest warre that if vnfortunately that shoulde happen to thee that is common to all men I might yet at the least mourne for thy death with honor But thou goest to put thy selfe into bloodie butchers handes who most cruelly haue slaine thy brother Tiberius and yet thou goest a naked man vnarmed intending rather to suffer then to doe hurt Besides thy death can bring no benefit to the common wealth For the worser part hath now the vpper hand considering that sentence passeth by force of sword Had thy brother bene slaine by his enemies before the citie of NVMANTIA yet had they geuen vs his bodie to haue buried him But such may be my misfortune that I may presently go to pray the riuer or sea to geue me thy bodie which as thy brothers they haue likewise throwen into the same Alas what hope or trust is left vs now in lawes or gods sithence they haue slaine Tiberius As Licinia was making this pitiefull mone vnto him Caius fayer and softly pulled his hand from her and left her geuing her neuer a word but went on with his frends But she reaching after him to take him by the gowne fell to the ground and lay flatling there a great while speaking neuer a word vntill at length her seruaunts tooke her vp in a swoone and caried her so vnto her brother Crassus Now Fuluius by the perswasion of Caius when all their faction were met sent his younger sonne which was a prety fayer boy with a Heraulds rodde in his hand for his safetie This boy humbly presenting his duetie with the teares in his eyes before the Consul and Senate offred them peace The most of them that were present thought verie well of it But Opimius made aunswere saying that it became them not to send messengers thinking with fayer wordes to winne the Senate but it was their duetie to come thē selues in persons like subiects offendors to make their triall so to craue pardon to seeke to pacifie the wrath of the Senate Then he commaunded the boy he should not returne againe to them but with this condicion he had prescribed Caius as it is reported was ready to go and cleare him selfe vnto the Senate but the residue would not suffer him to go Wheruppon Fuluius sent his sonne backe againe vnto them to speake for them as he had done before But Opimius that was desirous to fight caused the boy to be taken and committed him in safe custodie then went presently against Fuluius with a great number of footemen well armed of CRETAN archers besides who with their arrowes did more trouble hurt their enemies then with any thing else that within a while they all began to flie Fuluius on the other side fled into an old hottehouse that no body made reckoning of and there being found shortly after they slue him and his eldest sonne Now for Caius he fought not at all but being mad with him selfe and grieued to see such bloodshed he got him into the temple of Diana where he would haue killed him selfe had not his very good frends Pomponius and Licinius saued him For both they being with him at that time tooke his sword from him and counselled him to flie It is reported that then he fell downe on his knees and holding vp both his hands vnto the goddesse he besought her that the people might neuer come out of bondage to be reuenged of this their ingratitude treason For the common people or the most parte of them plainly turned their coats when they heard proclamacion made that all men had pardon graunted them that woulde returne So Caius fled apon it and his enemies followed him so neere that they
ouertooke him apon the wodden bridge where two of his frends that were with him stayed to defende him against his followers and bad him in the meane time make shift for him selfe whilest they fought with them apon the bridge and so they did and kept them that not a man got the bridge of them vntill they were both slaine Nowe there was none that fled with Caius but one of his men called Philocrates notwithstanding euerie man did still encorage and counsell him as they do men to winne a game but no man would helpe him nor offer him any horse though he often required it bicause he sawe his enemies so neere vnto him This notwithstanding by their defence that were slaine apon the bridge he got ground on them so that he had leasure to crepe into a litle groue of wodde which was consecrated to the furics There his seruaunt Philocrates slue him and then slue him selfe also and fell dead vpon him Other write notwithstanding that both the maister seruaunt were ouertaken and taken aliue and that his seruaunt did so straight imbrace his maister that none of the enemies could strike him for all the blowes they gaue before he was slaine him selfe So one of the murderers strake of Caius Gracchus head to carie to the Consul Howbeit one of Opimius frendes called Septimuleius tooke the head from the other by the way bicause proclamacion was made before they fought by trompet that whosoeuer brought the heades of Fuluius and Caius they should be payed the weight of them in gold Wherefore this Septimuleius caried Caius head vpon the toppe of his speare vnto Opimius whereuppon the skales being brought to wey it it was found that it weyed seuenteene pounde weight and two third partes of a pound bicause Septimuleius besides the horrible murder he had committed had also holpen it with this villanie that he had taken out his braine and in liew thereof had filled his scull with lead Now the other also that brought Fuluius head bicause they were poore men they had nothing The bodies of these two men Caius Gracchus and Fuluius and of other their followers which were to the number of three thowsand that were slaine were all throwen into the riuer their goods confiscate and their widowes forbidden to mourne for their death Furthermore they tooke from Licinia Caius wife her ioynter but yet they delt more cruelly and beastly with the young boy Fuluius sonne who had neither lift vp his hand against them nor was in the fight among them but only came to thē to make peace before they fought whom they kept as prisoner and after the battell ended they put him to death But yet that which most of all other grieued the people was the temple of concorde the which Opimius caused to be built for it appeared that he boasted and in maner triumphed that he had slaine so many citizens to ROME And therefore there were that in the night wrote vnder the inscription of the temple these verses A furious fact and full of beastly shame This temple built that beareth concordes name This Opimius was the first man at ROME that being Consul vsurped the absolute power of the Dictator and that without law or iustice condemned three thowsand citizens of ROME besides Fuluius Flaccus who had also bene Consul and had receiued the honor of triumphe and Caius Gracchus a young man in like case who in vertue reputacion excelled all the men of his yeares This notwithstanding coulde not keepe Opimius from theuerie and extorcion For when he was sent Ambassador vnto Iugurthe king of NVMIDIA he was bribed with money therupon being accused he was most shamefully conuicted and condemned Wherefore he ended his dayes with this reproch and infamy hated and mocked of all the people bicause at the time of the ouerthrow he delt beastly with them that fought for his quarrell But shortly after it appeared to the world how much they lamented the losse of the two brethren of the Gracchi For they made images and statues of them and caused them to be set vp in an open and honorable place consecrating the places where they had bene slaine and many of them also came and offred to them of their first frutes and flowers according to the time of the yere went thither to make their prayers on their knees as vnto the temples of the gods Their mother Cornelia as writers report did beare this calamity with a noble hart and as for the chappells which they built consecrated vnto them in the place where they were slaine she said no more but that they had such graues as they had deserued Afterwardes she dwelt continually by the mount of Misene and neuer chaunged her manner of life She had many frends and bicause she was a noble Ladie and loued euer to welcome straungers she kept a very good house and therefore had alwayes great repaire vnto her of GRAECIANS learned men besides there was no king nor Prince but both receiued giftes from her and sent her againe They that frequented her cōpany delighted maruelously to heare her report the dedes and maner of her fathers life Scipio AFRICAN but yet they wondred more to heare her tell the actes and death of her two sonnes Tiberius and Caius Gracchi without sheading teare or making any shew of lamentacion or griefe no more then if she had told an history vnto them that had requested her Insomuch some writers report that age or her great misfortunes had ouercomen and taken her reason and sence from her to feele any sorowe But in deede they were senselesse to say so not vnderstandinge howe that to be noblie borne and vertuouslie brought vp doth make men temperatly to disgest sorow and that fortune oftentimes ouercomes vertue which regardeth honestie in all respectes but yet with any aduersity she can not take away the temperaunce from them whereby they paciently beare it THE COMPARISON OF Tiberius and Caius Gracchi with Agis and Cleomenes NOw that we be come to the end of this history we are to compare the liues of these two men the one with the other First as touching the two Gracchi their enemies that most hated them and spake the worst they could of them could not deny but that they were the best geuen to vertue and as well taught and brought vp as any ROMANES that were in their time But yet it appeareth that nature had the vpper hand of them in Agis and Cleomenes For they hauing bene very ill brought vp both for learning and good manners for lacke whereof the oldest men were almost spoyled yet did they notwithstandinge make them selues the first maisters and example of sobrietie temperaunce and simplicitie of life Furthermore the two first hauing liued in that time when ROME florished most in honor and vertuous desires they were more then ashamed to forsake the vertues inherited from their auncesters These two last
also being borne of fathers that had a cleane contrarie disposicion and finding their contrie altogether without any order and infected with dissolute life were not therefore any whit the more moued with desire to do well Furthermore the greatest praise they gaue vnto the two Gracchi was their abstinence and integritie from taking of money all the time they were in office and delt in matters of state euer keeping their handes cleane and tooke not a pennie wrongfully from any man Where Agis on thother side was offended if any man praised him for that he tooke nothing from an other man seeing that he dispossessed him selfe of his owne goods and gaue it to his citizens which amounted in readie coyne to the value of six hundred talents Whereby men may easely iudge how grieuous a sinne he thought it to take any thing wrongfully from any man seeing that he thought it a kinde of auarice lawfully to be richer then others Furthermore there was maruelous great difference in their alteracions and renuing of the state which they did both preferre For the actes of the two ROMANES were to mend high wayes and to reedifie and replenish decayed townes and the worthiest acte Tiberius did was the lawe Agraria which he brought in for diuiding of the lands of the common wealth amongest the poore Citizens And the best acte his brother Caius also did was the mingling of the Iudges adding to the three hundred Senators three hundred ROMANE knightes to be indifferent Iudges with them Whereas Agis and Cleomenes in contrary manner were of opinion that to reforme smal faults to redresse them by litle and litle was as Plato sayd to cut of one of the Hydraes heads of the which came afterwards seuen in the place and therefore they tooke apon them a chaunge and innouation euen at once to roote out all the mischiefs of their contry or to speake more truely to take away the disorder which brought in all vice and mischief to the common wealth and so to restore the citie of SPARTA againe to her former auncient honorable estate Nowe this may be said againe for the gouernment of the GRACCHI that the chiefest men of ROME were euer against their purposes Where in that that Agis attempted and Cleomenes ended they had the noblest ground that could be that was the auncient lawes and ordinances of SPARTA touching temperance and equalitie the first instituted in old time by Lycurgus the other confirmed by Apollo Furthermore by the alteracions of the first ROME became no greater then it was before Where by that which Cleomenes did all GRAECE in short time sawe that SPARTA commaunded all the rest of PELOPONNESVS and fought at that time against those that were of greatest power in all GRAECE for the signioâ—ie thereof Whereby their onely marke purpose was to rid all the GRAECE from the warres of the GAVLES and ILLYRIANS and to restore it againe to the honest gouernment of the race and lyne of Hercules Their deathes me thinkes doe shew great difference of their corages For the GRACCHI fighting with their owne Citizens were slaine flying Of these two also Agis bicause he would put neuer a Citizen to death was slayne in manner voluntarily and Cleomenes receiuing iniurie stoode to his defence and when he had no oportunitie to doe it he stowtly killed him selfe And so may it be said on thother side that Agis did neuer any noble acte of a Captaine or souldier bicause he was slayne before he could come to it And for the victories of Cleomenes on thother side may be opposed the scaling of the walls of CARTHAGE where Tiberius was the first man that at the assault got vp vpon the wall which was no small exployte and the peace which he made also at the seege of NVMANTIA whereby he saued twenty thowsand fighting men of the ROMANES the which had no meanes otherwise to saue their liues And Caius also in the selfe same warre at the seege of NVMANTIA and afterwards in SARDINIA did many noble feates of warre so that there is no doubt but if they had not bene slaine so soone as they were they might haue bene compared with the excellentest Captaines that euer were in ROME Again touching their doings in ciuill pollicie it appeareth that Agis delt more slackly being abused by Agesilaus who likewise deceiued the poore Citizens of the diuision of the landes which he had promised them In fine for lacke of corage bicause he was very young he left the thinges vndone which he had purposed to haue performed On thother side Cleomenes went too rowndly to worke to renew the auncient gouernment of the common wealth againe by killing the Ephores with too much crueltie whom he might easily haue wonne or otherwise by force haue gotten the vpper hande For it is not the parte of a wise Phisition nor of a good gouernor of a common weale to vse the sword but in great extreamitie where there is no other helpe nor remedie there lacked iudgement in them both but worst of all in the one for iniury is euer ioyned with crueltie The GRACCHI on thother side nether the one nor the other began to embrew their hands in the blood of their Citizens For it is reported that though they did hurt Caius yet he would neuer defend him selfe and where it was knowen that he was very valliant in battell with his sword in his hand against the enemie he shewed him selfe as cold againe in the vprore against his Citizens For he went out of his house vnarmed and fled when he saw them fight being more circumspect not to doe hurt then not to suffer any Therefore they are not to be thought cowards for their flying but rather men fearefull to offend any man For they were driuen either to yeeld to them that followed them or els if they stayed to stande to their defence bicause they might keepe them selues from hurt And where they accuse Tiberius for the faults he committed the greatest that euer he did was when he deposed Octauius his colleague from the Tribuneship and that he him selfe made sute for the second And as for Caius they falsely accused him for the death of Antyllius the Sergeaunt who in deede was slayne vnknowen to him and to his great griefe Where Cleomenes on thother side although we should forget the murder he committed vpon the Ephores yet he set slaues at libertie and ruled the kingdom in manner him selfe alone but yet for manners sake onely he ioyned his owne brother with him which was of the selfe same house And when he had perswaded Archidamus who was next heire to the kingdom of the other royall house to be bold to returne home from MESSENA vnto SPARTA he suffered him to be slayne and bicause he did not reuenge his death he did confirme their opinion that thought he was consenting to his death Lycurgus on the other side whose example he did counterfeate to followe bicause he
of THEBES and of all the contry of BOEOTIA besides And the assemblies also of the counsell of THEBES were as well gouerned by him as the assemblies of ATHENS being alike beloued both of the one and the other and hauing a like authoritie to commaund both and not vndeseruedly as Theopompus sayth but by iust desert But some fatall destinie and the reuolucion of time had determined the finall ende of the libertie of GRAECE at that time cleane contrary to his purpose and intent There were also many celestiall signes that did foreshewe and prognosticate what ende should ensue thereof And amonge others Apolloes Nunne gaue these dreadful oracles and this olde prophecie of the SIBYLE was commonly song in euery bodies mouth VVhat time the bluddy battell shall be fought at Thermodon God graunt I may be farre avvay or els to looke thereon Haue Egles vvings to sore above among the clovvdes on hye For there the vanquisht side shall vveepe and Conquerer shall dye Men do report that this Thermodon is a litle riuer of our contry of CHAERONEA the which falleth into the riuer of Cephisus howbeit at this present time there is neuer a riuer nor brook in all our contry that I know called Thermodon And I thinke that that riuer which we call now Haemon was in old time Thermodon for it runneth by the temple of Hercules where the GRAECIANS lay in campe And it may be that bicause it was filled with dead bodies and that it ranne bloud at the day of the battel it chaunged her name was surnamed Haemon bicause Haema in the Greeke tongue signifieth bloud Yet Duris writeth notwithstanding that this Thermodon was no riuer but that certain men setting vp their tent and trenching it about found a litle image of stone whereuppon were engrauen these letters whereby it appeareth that it was a man called Thermodon who caried an AMAZON hart in his armes that for this image of Thermodon they doe sing such another olde oracle as this Te Ernes and Ranens tary till the field of Thermodon There vvill bestore of carkesses of men to feede vpon This notwithstanding it is very hard to tell the trothe of these things But Demosthenes â—â—sting to the valliantnes and power of the GRAECIANS and being maruelously incoraged to see such a great number of valliant resolute meÌ„ so willing to fight with the enemy he bad them be of good corage not to basse about such oracles to giue eare to those prophecies And furthermore he told them plainly that he did mistrust the Nunne Phythia did leane vnto Philip as fauoring him did put the THEBANS in mind of their Captaine Epaminondas the ATHENIANS of Pericles perswaded them that those two famous men were alwaies of opinion that such prophecies were no other but a fine cloke for cowards that taking no heede to them they did dispatch their matters according to their owne discretion Vntil this present time Demosthenes shewed him selfe alwaies an honest man But when it came to the battel he fled like a coward and did no valliant acte any thing aunswerable to the orations whereby he had perswaded the people For he left his ranck cowardly cast away his weapons to ronne the lighter was not ashamed at al as Pythias said of the words written vpon his shield in golden letters which were Good Fortune Now Philip hauing woone the battell he was at that present so ioyfull that he fell to commit many fond parts For after he had droncke well with his friends he went into the place where the ouerthrow was giuen there in mockery began to sing the beginning of the decree which Demosthenes had preferred by the which the ATHENIANS accordingly proclaimed warres against him rising and falling with his voyce and dauncing it in measure with his foote Demosthenes the sonne of Demosthenes Paeanian did put forth this But afterwards beginning to waxe sober leauing his dronckennes that he had remeÌ„bred him selfe what daunger he had bene in then his heare stood bolt vpright vpon his head considering the force power of such an Orator that in a peece of a day had inforced him to hazard his Realme life at a battell Now Demosthenes fame was so great that it was caried euen to the great king of PERSIANS court who wrote vnto his Lieuetenants gouernors that they should feede Demosthenes with money should procure to entertaine him aboue all the men in GRAECE as he that could best withdraw Philip trouble him with the warres and tumults of GRAECE And this was afterwards proued by letters found of Demosthenes him selfe the which came to king Alexanders hands in the citie of SARDIS and by other writings also of the gouernors Lieuetenants of the king of PERSIA in the which were named directly the expresse sommes of money which had bene sent giuen vnto him Now the GRAECIANS being thus ouerthrowen by battel the other Orators aduersaries vnto Demosthenes in the common wealth began to set apon him to prepare to accuse him But the people did not onely cleere him of all the accusations obiected against him but did continue to honor him more then before to call him to assemblies as one that loued the honor and benefit of his contry So that when the bones of their contry men which were slayne at the battell of CHAERONEA were brought to be openly buried according to the custom the people gaue him the honor to make the funeral oration in praise of the dead made no shew of sorow or griefe for the losse they had receiued as Theopompus witnesseth and doth nobly declare but rather in contrary manner shewed that they did not repent them in following of his counsel but did honor him that gaue it Demosthenes then did make the funerall oration But afterwards in all the decrees he preferred to the people he would neuer subscribe any to preuent the sinister lucke misfortune of his name but did passe it vnder his friends names one after another vntill he grew coragious againe shortly after that he vnderstoode of the death of Philip who was slaine immediatly after the victorie he wanne at CHAERONEA And it seemeth this was the meaning of the prophecie or oracle in the two last verses The vanquished bevvayles his lucklesse lot And he that vvines vvith life escapeth not Now Demosthenes hearing of Philips death before the newes were openly known to preueÌ„t them he would put the people again into a good hope of better lucke to come Thereupon he weÌ„t with a cheerfull couÌ„tenaÌ„ce into the assembly of the couÌ„sel told them there that he had had a certain dreame that promised great good hap that out of haÌ„d vnto the ATHENIANS immediatly after the messengers arriued that brought certain newes of king Philips death Thereupon the ATHENIANS made sacrifices of ioy to the goddes for this happie newes and
appointed a crowne vnto Pausanias that had slaine him Demosthenes also came abroade in his best gowne and crowned with flowers seuen dayes after the death of his daughter as AEschines reporteth who reproueth him for it and noteth him to be a man hauing litle lone or charitie vnto his owne children But in deede AEschines selfe deserueth more blame to haue such a tender womanish hart as to beleue that weeping and lamenting are signes of a gentle and charitable nature condemning them that with pacience and constancie doe passe away such misfortunes But now to the ATHENIANS againe I can neither thinke nor say that they did wisely to shew such open signes of ioy as to weare crownes garlands vpon their heads nor also to sacrifice to the goddes for the death of a Prince that behaued him selfe so Princely and curteously vnto them in the victories he had won of them For though in dede all cruelty be subiect to the reuenge of the goddes yet is this an act of a vile and base minde to honor a man and while he liued to make him free of their citie now that an other hath slaine him they to be in such an exceeding iolitie withall and to exceede the bondes of modestie so farre as to rampe in maner with both their feete vpon the dead and to sing songes of victorie as if they them selues had bene the men that had valliantly slaine him In contrarie manner also I praise and commend the constancie and corage of Demosthenes that he leauing the teares and lamētacion of his home trouble vnto women did him selfe in the meane time that he thought was for the benefite of the common wealth and in my opinion I thinke he did therein like a man of corage and worthy to be a gouernor of a common wealth neuer to stowpe nor yeeld but alwayes to be found stable and constant for the benefit of the common wealth reiecting all his troubles cares and affections in respect of the seruice of his contrie and to keepe his honor much more carefully then common players vse to doe when they play the partes of Kings and Princes whom we see neither weepe nor laugh when they list though they be on the stage but when the matter of the play falleth out to geue them iust occasion But omitting those reasons if there be no reason as in deede there is not to leaue and forsake a man in his sorow and trouble without geuing him some wordes of comfort and rather to deuise some matter to asswage his sorow and to withdraw his minde from that to thinke vpon some pleasaunter thinges euen as they should keepe sore eyes seeing bright and glaring colours in offering them greene darker And from whence can a man take greater comfort for his troubles grieues at home when the common wealth doth well then to ioyne their priuate grieues with common ioyes to the end that the better may obscure take away the worse But thus farre I disgressed from my historie enlarging this matter bicause AEschines in his Oration touching this matter did moue the peoples hartes too muche to womanish sorow But now to the rest The cities of GRAECE being againe stirred vp by Demosthenes made a new league againe together and the THEBANS also hauing armed them selues by his practise did one day set vpon the garrison of the MACEDONIANS within their city and slue many of them The ATHENIANS prepared also to maintaine warre on the THEBANS behalfe and Demosthenes was dayly at all the assemblies of counsell in the pulpit perswading the people with his Orations and he wrote also into ASIA vnto the king of PERSIAES Lieutenaunts and Captaines to make warre with Alexander on their side calling him child and Margites as muche to say as foole But after that Alexander hauing set all his things at stay within his realme came him selfe in person with his armie and inuaded the contrie of BOBOTIA then fell the pride of the ATHENIANS greatly Demosthenes also plied the pulpit no more as he was wont At length the poore THEBANS being left vnto them selues forsaken of euerie man they were compelled them selues alone to beare the brunte of this warre so came their city to vtter ruine and destruction Thereby the ATHENIANS being in a maruelous feare and perplexitie did sodainly choose Ambassadors to send vnto this young king and Demosthenes chiefly among others who being affrayed of Alexanders furie and wrath durst not goe to him but returned from mount Cytheron and gaue vp the Ambassade But Alexander sent to summone the ATHENIANS to send vnto him ten of their Orators as Idomeneus and Duris both doe write or eight as the most writers and best historiographers doe reporte which were these Demosthenes Polyeuctus Ephialtes Lycurgus Myrocles Damon Callisthenes and Charidemus At which time they wryte that Demosthenes told the people of ATHENS the fable of the sheepe and woulues how that the woulues came on a time and willed the sheepe if they woulde haue peace with them to deliuer them their mastiues that kept them And so he compared him selfe and his companions that trauelled for the benefit of the contrie vnto the dogges that kepe the flocks of sheepe and calling Alexander the woulfe And so forth sayd he like as you see these corne maisters bringing a sample of their corne in a dish or napkin to shew you and by that litle doe sell all that they haue so I thinke you will all wonder that deliuering of vs you will also deliuer your selues into the handes of your enemies Aristobulus of CASSANDRA reporteth this matter thus Now the ATHENIANS being in consultacion not knowing how to resolue Demades hauing taken fiue talents of them whom Alexander demaunded did offer him selfe and promised to goe in this Ambassade vnto Alexander and to intreate for them either bicause he trusted in the loue the king did beare him or else for that he thought he hoped he shoulde finde him pacified as a Lyon glutted with the blood of beastes which he had slaine Howsoeuer it happened he perswaded the people to send him vnto him and so handled Alexander that he got their pardon and did reconcile him with the citie of ATHENS Thereuppon Alexander being retyred Demades and his fellowes bare all the sway and authoritie and Demosthenes was vnder foote In deede when Agis king of LACEDAEMON came with his armie into the field he began a litle to rowse him selfe and to lift vp his head but he shrunke choller againe soone after bicause the ATHENIANS woulde not rise with the LACEDAEMONIANS who were ouerthrowen and Agis slaine in battell At that time was the cause of the crowne pleaded against Ctesiphon and the plea was written a litle before the battell of CHAERONEA in the yeare when Charondas was Prouost of ATHENS howbeit no sentence was giuen but ten yeres after that Aristophon was Prouost This was such an open iudgement and so famous as neuer
both when they feared not restoring both when they hoped not But also in their ende there was no great difference th one brought to his death by his mortal enemies the others fortune not much vnlike But now to our historie Antigonus had two sonnes by his wife 〈…〉 the daughter of Corraus the one of them he named Demetrius and the other Philip after his fathers name Thus farre the most wryters doe agree howbeit some holde opinion that Demetrius was not the sonne of Antigonus but his Nephewe But bicause his father dyed leauing him a childe and that his mother was straight maried againe vnto Antigonus thereuppon came the reporte that he was Antigonus sonne Howsoeuer it was Philip that was not much younger then Demetrius dyed Now for Demetrius though he was a verie bigge man he was nothing so high as his father but yet so passing and wonderfull fayer that no painter could possibly draw his picture and counterfeat to his likenes For they saw a sweete countenance mixed with a kinde of grauetie in his face a feare with curtesie and an incomparable Princely maiestie accompanied with a liuely spirit and youth and his wit and manners were such that they were both fearefull and pleasaunt vnto men that frequented him For as he was most pleasaunt in company hauing leasure and most geuen to banketing pleasaunt life and more wantonly geuen to follow any lust and pleasure than any king that euer was yet was he alwayes very carefull diligent in dispatching matters of importance And therefore he maruelously commended and also endeuoured to follow Dionysius as much to say as Bacchus aboue all the other goddes as he that had bene a wise and valiant Captaine in warre and that in peace inuented and vsed all the pleasure that might be He maruelously loued and reuerenced his father and it seemeth that the dutiefulnes he shewed vnto his mother was more to discharge the due obedience dutie of a sonne than otherwise to enterteine his father for feare of his power or hope to be his heire And for proofe hereof we read that one day as he came home from hunting he went vnto his father Antigonus geuing audience to certain Ambassadors and after he had done his duetie to him and kissed him he sate downe by him euen as he came from hunting hauing his dartes in his hande which he caried out a hunting with him Then Antigonus calling the Ambassadors alowde as they went their way hauing receiued their aunswere my Lords sayd he you shall carie home this reporte of my sonne and me be witnesses I pray you how we liue one with an other As meaning to shewe thereby that the agreement betwext the father and the sonne together is a great safetie to the affaires of a king as also a manifest proofe of his greatnes so gealous is a king to haue a companion besides the hate and mistrust it should breede So that the greatest Prince and most auncientest of all the successors of Alexander boasted that he stoode not in feare of his sonne but did suffer him to sitte by him hauing a dart in his hand So was this house onely of all other the MACEDONIAN kinges least defiled with suche villanie many successions after and to confesse a troth in all Antigonus rase there was not one but Philip onely that slue his owne sonne But we haue many examples of diuers other houses of kinges that haue put their sonnes wiues and mothers to death and for their brethren it was an ordinarie thing with them to kill them and neuer sticke at it For like as Geometricians would haue men graunt them certaine proposicions which they suppose without proofe euen so was this holden for a generall rule to kill their brethren for the safetie of their estate But further to shewe you more plainly that Demetrius was of a noble and curteous nature and that he dearely loued his frendes we may alleage this example Mithridates the sonne of Ariobarzanes was his familiar frend and companion for they were both in maner of an age and he commonly followed Antigonus courte and neuer practised any villanie or treason to him neither was he thought such a man yet Antigonus did somewhat suspect him bicause of a dreame he had He thought that being in a goodly great fielde he sowed of these scrapinges of gold and that of the seede first of all came vp goodly wheate which had eares of gold howbeit that shortly after returning that way againe he found nothing but the straw and the eares of the wheate cut of and that he being angrie and verie sorie for it some tolde him that Mithridates bad cut of these golde eares of wheate and had caried them with him into the realme of PONY Antigonus being maruelosly troubled with this dreame after he had made his sonne sweare vnto him that he would make no man aliue priuy to that he would tell him he told him all his dreame what he had dreamed and therewith that he was determined to put this young man Mithridates to death Demetrius was maruelous sory for it and therefore the next morning this young noble Prince going as he was wont to passe the time away with Mithridates he durst not by word of mouth vtter that he knew bicause of his othe howbeit taking him aside form his other familliers when they were both together by them selues he wrote on the ground with the end of his dart Mithridates loking on him flie Mithridates Mithridates found straight what he ment and fled the very same night into CAPPADOCIA and shortly after it was his destinie to fulfill Antigonus dreame For he conquered many goodly contries and it was he onely that established the house of the kingdom of PONI the which the ROMANES afterwardes ouerthewe about the eight succession By these examples we may easily coniecture the good nature and cortesie of Demetrius For like as the elements according to Empedocles opinion are euer at strife together but specially those that are nearest eache to other euen so though all the successors of Alexander were at continuall warres together yet was it foonest kindled and most cruell betwene them which bordered nearest vnto eche other and that by being neare neighbours had alwaies occasion of brawle together as sell out at that time betwene Antigonus and Ptolomy This Antigonus lay most commonly in the contry of PHRYGIA who hauing intelligence that Ptolomy was gone into CYPRVS and that he ouerranne all SYRIA winning by force or faier meanes all the townes and cities subiect vnto them he sent his sonne Demetrius thether beeing at that time but two and twenty yeares of age and it was the first time that euer he tooke charge as generall to his father in matters of great importance But he being a young man and that had no skill of warres fighting a battell with an olde souldier trained vp in the discipline of
one Varius a companion of his that would drinke lustely with him and therefore in mockery was surnamed Cotylon to wit a bibber So Octauius Caesar would not leane to Cicero when he saw that his whole trauail and endeuor was onely to restore the common wealth to her former libertie Therefore he sent certaine of his friends to Antonius to make them friends againe and thereuppon all three met together to wete Caesar Antonius Lepidus in an Iland enuyroned round about with a litle riuer there remayned three dayes together Now as touching all other matters they were easily agreed did deuide all the Empire of ROME betwene them as if it had bene their owne inheritance But yet they could hardly agree whom they would put to death for euery one of them would kill their enemies and saue their kinsmen and friends Yet at length giuing place to their gredy desire to be reuenged of their enemies they spurned all reuerence of bloud and holines of friendship at their feete For Caesar left Cicero to Antonius will Antonius also forsooke Lucius Caesar who was his Vncle by his mother and both of them together suffred Lepidus to kill his owne brother Paulus Yet some writers affirme that Caesar Antonius requested Paulus might be slain that Lepidus was contēted with it In my opinion there was neuer a more horrible vnnatural crueller chaunge then this was For thus chaunging murther for murther they did aswel kill those whom they did forsake leaue vnto others as those also which others left vnto them to kil but so much more was their wickednes cruelty great vnto their friends for that they put them to death being innocents hauing no cause to hate them After this plat was agreed vpon betwene thē the souldiers that were thereabouts would haue this friendship league betwixt them cōfirmed by mariage that Caesar should mary Claudia the daughter of Fuluiae Antonius wife This mariage also being vpon they condēned three hūdred of the chiefest citizens of ROME to be put to death by proscriptiō And Antonius also cōmaūded thē to whō he had geuen cōmission to kil Cicero that they should strik of his head right hand with the which he had written the inuectiue Orations called Philippides against Antonius So whē the murtherers brought him Ciceroes head hand cut of he beheld them a long time with great ioy laughed hartily that oftentimes for the great ioy he felt Then when he had taken his pleasure of the sight of them he caused them to be set vp in an open place ouer the pulpit for Orations where when he was aliue he had often spoken to the people as if he had done the dead man hurt and not bleamished his owne fortune shewing him selfe to his great shame and infamie a cruell man and vnworthie the office and authoritie he bare His vncle Lucius Caesar also as they sought for him to kill him and followed him hard fledde vnto his sister The murtherers comming thither forcing to breake into her chamber she stoode at her chamber dore with her armes abroade crying out still you shall not kill Lucius Caesar before you first kill me that bare your Captaine in my wombe By this meanes she saued her brothers life Now the gouernment of these Triumuiri grewe odious and hatefull to the ROMANES for diuers respects but they most blamed Antonius bicause he being elder then Caesar and of more power and force then Lepidus gaue him selfe againe to his former riot and excesse when he left to deale in the affaires of the common wealth But setting aside the ill name he had for his insolencie he was yet much more hated in respect of the house he dwelt in the which was the house of Pompey the great a man as famous for his temperaunce modestie and ciuill life as for his three triumphes For it grieued them to see the gates commonly shut against the Captaines Magistrates of the citie and also Ambassadors of straunge nations which were sometimes thrust from the gate with violence and that the house within was full of tomblers anticke dauncers iuglers players ieasters and dronkards quaffing and goseling and that on them he spent and bestowed the most parte of his money he got by all kind of possible extorcions briberie and policie For they did not onely sell by the crier the goods of those whom they had outlawed and appointed to murther slaunderously deceiued the poore widowes and young orphanes also raised all kind of imposts subsidies and taxes but vnderstanding also that the holy vestall Nunnes had certaine goods money put in their custodie to keepe both of mens in the citie and those also that were abroade they went thither and tooke them away by force Octauius Caesar perceiuing that no money woulde serue Antonius turne he prayed that they might deuide the money betwene them and so did they also deuide the armie for them both to goe into MACEDON to make warre against Brutus and Cassius and in the meane time they left the gouernment of the citie of ROME vnto Lepidus When they had passed ouer the seas and that they beganne to make warre they being both camped by their enemies to wit Antonius against Cassius and Caesar against Brutus Caesar did no great matter but Antonius had alway the vpper hand and did all For at the first battell Caesar was ouerthrowen by Brutus and lost his campe and verie hardly saued him selfe by flying from them that followed him Howebeit he writeth him selfe in his Commentaries that he fled before the charge was geuen bicause of a dreame one of his frends had Antonius on the other side ouerthrewe Cassius in battell though some write that he was not there him selfe at the battell but that he came after the ouerthrowe whilest his men had the enemies in chase So Cassius at his earnest request was slaine by a faithfull seruaunt of his owne called Pindarus whom he had infranchised bicause he knewe not in time that Brutus had ouercomen Caesar. Shortly after they fought an other battell againe in the which Brutus was ouerthrowen who afterwardes also slue him selfe Thus Antonius had the chiefest glorie of all this victorie specially bicause Caesar was sicke at that time Antonius hauing found Brutus body after this battel blaming him muche for the murther of his brother Caius whom he had put to death in MACEDON for reuenge of Ciceroes cruell death and yet laying the fault more in Hortensius then in him he made Hortensius to be slaine on his brothers tumbe Furthermore he cast his coate armor which was wonderfull rich and sumptuous vpon Brutus bodie and gaue commaundement to one of his slaues infranchised to defray the charge of his buriall But afterwards Antonius hearing that his infranchised bondman had not burnt his coate armor with his bodie bicause it was verie riche and worth a great summe of
garland of the holy Oliue and caried a vessell with him of the water of the fountaine Clepsydra bicause of an Oracle he had receiued that so commaunded him In the meane time Ventidius once againe ouercame Pacorus Orodes sonne king of PARTHIA in a battell fought in the contrie of CYRRESTICA he being come againe with a great armie to inuade SYRIA at which battell was slaine a great number of the PARTHIANS among them Pacorus the kings owne sonne slaine This noble exployt as famous as euer any was was a full reuenge to the ROMANES of the shame and losse they had receiued before by the death of Marcus Crassus and he made the PARTHIANS flie and glad to kepe them selues within the confines and territories of MESOPOTAMIA and MEDIA after they had thrise together bene ouercome in seuerall battells Howbeit Ventidius durst not vndertake to follow them any further fearing least he should haue gotten Antonius dipleasure by it Notwithstanding he led his armie against them that had rebelled and conquered them againe amongest whome he besieged Antiochus king of COMMAGENA who offered him to giue a thowsand talentes to be pardoned his rebellion and promised euer after to be at Antonius commaundement But Ventidius made him aunswere that he should send vnto Antonius who was not farre of and would not suffer Ventidius to make any peace with Antiochus to the end that yet this litle exployt should passe in his name and that they should not thinke he did any thing but by his Lieutenaunt Ventidius The siege grew verie long bicause they that were in the towne seeing they coulde not be receiued vpon no reasonable composition determined valliantly to defende them selues to the last man Thus Antonius did nothing and yet receiued great shame repenting him much that he tooke not their first offer And yet at last he was glad to make truce with Antiochus and to take three hundred talentes for composition Thus after he had set order for the state affaires of SYRIA he returned againe to ATHENS and hauing giuen Ventidius suche honors as he deserued he sent him to ROME to triumphe for the PARTHIANS Ventidius was the only man that euer triumphed of the PARTHIANS vntill this present day a meane man borne and of no noble house nor family who only came to that he attained vnto through Antonius frendshippe the which deliuered him happie occassion to achieue to great matters And yet to say truely he did so well quit him selfe in all his enterprises that he confirmed that which was spoken of Antonius and Caesar to wit that they were alway more fortunate when they made warre by their Lieutenants then by them selues For Sossius one of Antonius Lieutenauntes in SYRIA did notable good seruice and Canidius whom he had also left his Lieutenaunt in the borders of ARMENIA did conquer it all So did he also ouercome the kinges of the IBERIANS and ALBANIANS and went on with his conquest vnto mount Caucasus By these conquests the same of Antonius power increased more and more and grew dreadfull vnto all the barbarous nations But Antonius notwithstanding grewe to be maruelously offended with Caesar vpon certaine reportes that had bene brought vnto him and so tooke sea to go towards ITALIE with three hundred saile And bicause those of BRVNDVSIVM would not receiue his armie into their hauen he went futher vnto TARENTVM There his wife Octauia that came out of GRAECE with him besought him to send her vnto her bother the which he did Octauia at that time was great with child and moreouer had a second daughter by him and yet she put her selfe in iorney and met with her brother Octauius Caesar by the way who brought his two chiefe frendes Macenas and Agrippa with him She tooke them aside and with all the instance she could possible intreated them they would not suffer her that was the happiest woman of the world to become nowe the most wretched and vnfortunatest creature of all other For now said she euerie mans eyes doe gaze on me that am the sister of one of the Emperours and wife of the other And if the worst councell take place which the goddes forbidde and that they growe to warres for your selues it is vncertaine to which of them two the goddes haue assigned the victorie or ouerthrowe But for me on which side soeuer victorie fall my state can be but most miserable still These words of Octauia so softned Caesars harte that he went quickely vnto TARENTVM But it was a noble sight for them that were present to see so great an armie by lande not to sturre and so many shippes aslote in the roade quietly and safe and furthermore the meeting and kindenesse of frendes louinglie imbracing one an other First Antonius feasted Caesar which he graunted vnto for his sisters sake Afterwardes they agreed together that Caesar should geue Antonius two legions to go against the PARTHIANS and that Antonius should let Caesar haue a hundred gallies armed with brasen spurres at the prooes Besides all this Octauia obteyned of her husbande twentie brigantine for her brother and of her brother for her husbande a thowsande armed men After they had taken leaue of eache other Caesar went immediatly to make warre with Sextus Pompeius to gette SICILIA into his handes Antonius also leauing his wife Octauia and litle children begotten of her with Caesar and his other children which he had by Fuluia he went directlie into ASIA Then beganne this pestilent plague and mischiefe of Cleopatraes loue which had slept a longe tyme and seemed to haue bene vtterlie forgotten and that Antonius had geuen place to better counsell againe to kindle and to be in force so soone as Antonius came neere vnto SYRIA And in the ende the horse of the minde as Plato termeth it that is so hard of rayne I meane the vnreyned lust of concupiscence did put out of Antonius heade all honest and commendable thoughtes for he sent Fonteius Capito to bring Cleopatra into SYRIA Vnto whome to welcome her he gaue no trifling things but vnto that she had already he added the prouinces of PHOENICIA those of the nethermost SYRIA the I le of CYPRVS and a great parte of CILICIA and that contry of IVRIE where the true balme is and that parte of ARABIA where the NABATHEIANS doe dwell which stretcheth out towardes the Ocean These great giftes muche misliked the ROMANES But now though Antonius did easely geue away great seigniories realmes mighty nations vnto some priuate men and that also he tooke from other kings their lawfull realmes as from Antigonus king of the IEWES whom he openly beheaded where neuer king before had suffred like death yet all this did not so much offend the ROMANES as the vnmeasurable honors which he did vnto Cleopatra But yet he did much more aggrauate their malice il wil towards him bicause that Cleopatra hauing brought him two twinnes a sonne and a
when he had found him clapped spurres to his horse and came with full cariere vnto him and cryed out O traytor and most vnfaithfull and desperate man thou now dishonorest the name of Cyrus which is the goodliest and most honorablest name of all the PERSIANS for that thou hast brought so valliant GRAECIANS hether to so wicked an enterprise to spoyle the PERSIANS goods in hope to destroy thy soueraine Lord and onely brother who hath an infinite number of slaues and seruaunts farre honester men then thou wilt be while thou liuest and that thou shalt presently knowe by proofe for thou shalt dye before thou see the king thy brothers face and therewithall he threw his dart at him with all the force he had But Cyrus armor was so good that it pearsed him not yet the blowe came with such good will that it made him stagger on his horse back When Artagerses had giuen him that blowe he presently turned his horse But Cyrus therewithall threw a dart at him so happily that he slue him right in the place aboue the bone that ioyneth the two shoulders together so that the head of his dart ranne quite through his necke Nowe that Cyrus slue Artagerses with his owne hands in the field all the Historiographers doe agree vpon it but for the death of Cyrus bicause Xenophon toucheth it but a litle by the way for that he was not present in the very place where he was slayne it shal not be hurtfull particularly to set downe the manner thereof both according to the report of Dinon and also of Ctesias First Dinon writeth that after Cyrus had slayne Artagerses he went with great fury and flue in amongest the trowpe of them which were nearest vnto the kings person and that he came so neare the king that he slue his horse starke dead vnder him and the king fell to the ground withall But Tiribazuz that was hard by him straight mownted the king againe vpon an other horse and sayd vnto him your grace will remember this battell another day for it is not to be forgotten And Cyrus clapping spurres againe to his horse threwe an other dart at Artaxerxes and hit him But at the third charge the king tolde them that were about him he could not abide this and that he had rather dye then suffer it so therewithall he spurring his horse to charge Cyrus who came fiercely and desperatly hauing an infinite number of blowes with darts throwen at him on euery side threw his dart at him also So did all those that were about his person and so was Cyrus slayne in this conflict Some saye that he was slayne with the wounde the kinge his brother gaue him Others saye that it was a man at armes of the contry of CARIA vnto whom the king for reward of his good seruice gaue him the honor in all battells to cary before the first ranke a cocke of gold on the toppe of a speare for the PERSIANS doe cal the CARIANS cocks bicause in the warres they vse to weare creasts in the toppe of their headpeeces And this is Dinons reporte But Ctesias to cowche in fewe words that which Dinon reporteth at large sayth that Cyrus after he had slaine Artagerses he gallopped on the spurre against the king him selfe and the king against him and not a worde betwene them both Ariaus one of Cyrus flatteres threwe the first dart at the king but killed him not and the king with all his force againe threwe his dart thinking to haue hit Cyrus but he missed him and slue Tisaphernes one of the valliantest and stowtest men Cyrus had about him and so fell downe dead Then Cyrus hit Artaxerxes so sore a blowe on his breast that he pearced his armor and entred into his flesh two fingers deepe The king with this blowe fell downe to the ground wherewithall the most part of his men about him were so affrayd that they forsooke him and fled Howbeit he got vp againe with the helpe of others that were about him amongest whome Ctesias sayd he was one and so recouered a litle hill not farre of to take a litle breath In the meane time Cyrus horse that was whotte in the mouth and hard headed as we haue told you caried his master spyte of his hart farre from his men amonge his enemies and no man knew him bicause it was night and his men were very busie in seeking for him But Cyrus hoping he had wonne the victory being of a whot stirring nature and valliant he went vppe and downe in the thickest of his enemies crying out in the PERSIAN tongue saue your selues poore men saue your selues When they heard him say so some made a lane for him to passe by them and did him reuerence But by euill fortune his Tiara which is the highe royall hat after the PERSIAN manner fell of of his head Then a younge PERSIAN called Mithridates passing by him hit him a blowe with his dart vpon one of his temples hard by his eye not knowing what he was His wound straight fell of a maruelous bleeding Whereuppon Cyrus staggering at it fell to the ground in a swownd and his horse ranne away from him but the capparison he had vppon him fell to the ground all bloudied and his page that had hurt him tooke it vp Shortly after Cyrus being comen to him selfe againe some of his Euenukes which were men gelt and groomes of his chamber that were about him did lift him vp thinking to set him vpon another horse and to get him out of the prease but he was not able to sit on his horse Thereuppon he proued if he could better goe a foote the Euenuks hold him vp by the armes led him amased as he was not able to stād on his feete although he thought he had won the battell bicause he heard his enemies flying about him cry the gods saue king Cyrus and they prayed him to pardon them and to receiue them to mercy But in the meane time there came certaine poore men of the citie of CAVNVS who followed the kings campe getting their liuing as drudges and slaues to doe most vile seruice They ioined with the trowpe where Cyrus was supposing they had bene the kings men but when they perceiued in the ende by the red coates they ware vpon their armors that they were enemies for that the kings men ware white coates there was one among the rest that valliantly strake at Cyrus behind with his pertisan not knowing in deede that it was Cyrus The blowe lighted full on the hamme of his legge and cut his sinewes so that Cyrus fell withall and falling by misfortune fell vpon a great stone with his browe where he had bene hurt before that he died forthwith Thus doth Ctesias report it where me thinketh he cutteth his throate with a dull edged knife he hath such a doe to bring Cyrus to his ende Now after Cyrus was dead Artasyras one
vnfortunate CARIAN fondely fell into a foolish vaine common vnto men For the sodeine ioy he felt as it seemeth to see such a goodly riche present before him as the king sent him made him so forget him selfe that he began to aspyre and to pretend greater things then became his state and calling And therefore he would not take the kings gifte as in respecte that he had brought him worde of Cyrus death but began to storme and to rage calling the gods to witnesse that it was he onely and none other that slue Cyrus and that they did him great wronge to take this honor from him The king beeing told of it tooke it so angrily that he presently commaunded them to strike of his head But Parysatis the Queene mother beeing present when the king gaue this commaundement she prayed him not to put him to death in that sort for the Villain sayd she let me alone I will chastise him well enough for his presumption and rashe speeche The king was contended she should haue him Thereuppon she sent the Sergeaunts to take this cursed CARIAN and made him be hanged vpon a gybbet ten dayes together and at the tenne dayes end caused his eyes to be pulled out of his head and last of all poored molten mettell into his eares and so killed the Villaine with this kinde of torment Mithridates also shortly after died miserably by a like sollye He was bidden to supper at a feast whether came also the king and Queene mothers Euenukes and when they came Mithridates sate downe at the bord in the kings golden gowne he gaue him When they had supped and that they beganne to drinke one to another one of Parysatis Euenukes sayd vnto Mithridates the king hath in deede giuen thee a goodly gowne Mithridates and goodly chaynes and carcanets of gold and so is the sword very riche and good he gaue thee so that when thou hast that by thy side there is no man I warrant thee but will thinke thee a happy man Mithridates then the wine fuming into his brayne aunswered straight what meanest thou by that Sparamixes I deserued a better then this when the battell was sought Then Sparamixes langhing on him aunswered I do not speak it for any hurt or euil wil I beare thee Mithridates but to speake franckly among our selues bicause the GRAECIANS haue a common prouerbe that wine telleth true I pray thee tell me what valliant acte was it to take vp a capparison of a horse that fell on the ground and to cary it to the king which the Euenuke spitefully put forth vnto him not that he was ignorant who did it but to prouoke him to speake and to put him in a rage knowing that he was a hasty man of nature could not kepe his tongue least of all when he had droncke so wel as he had done and so it fell out in deede For Mithridates could not byte it in but replyed straight you may talke as long as you lyft of the capparison of a horse such trash but I tell you plainly that Cyrus was slayne with myne owne hands and with no mans els For I hit him not in vaine as Artagerses did but full in the forehead hard by his eye and strake him through and through his head againe and so ouerthrewe him of which blow he dyed He had no soner spoken those words but the rest that were at the bord cast down their eyes foreseeing the death of this pore vnfortunat Mithridates But then the master of the feast began to speake and sayd vnto him friend Mithridates I pray thee let vs drincke and be mery and reuerence and thanke the good fortune of our king and for the rest let this talke goe it is too highe for vs When the Euenuke went from thence he tolde Parysatis the Queene mother what Mithridates had sayd before them all and she went and told the king of it Who was maruelously offended withall to be so belyed and to lose the thing that was most honorable and best pleased him in his victorie For it was his mind that all the world both GRAECIANS and barbarous people should certainly beleue that in the battell betwixt him and his brother he was hurt but yet that he slue Cyrus with his owne hand So the king cōmaunded that Mithridates should suffer the paines of death in botes the which is after this maner They take two botes made of purpose so euen that the one is nether broder nor longer then the other then lay the offender in one of thē vpon his back so couer him with the other do sow both botes together So that the parties feete hands head do come out at holes made of purpose for him the rest of his bodye is all hidden within Now they giue him meate as much as he will eate if he wil not eate they force him to it by thrusting alles in his eies then when he hath eaten they giue him hony to drinke mingled with milke they do not only powre it into his mouth but also all his face ouer turning him ful into the sunne so that his face is all couered ouer with flies furthermore being driuen to do his needes in that troughe of his excrements there ingender wormes that eate his body euen to the very priuities Then when they see the man is dead they take of the vppermost boate find all his flesh deuowred with vermine ingendring of him euen to his very intrals So when Mithridates had miserably languished in this manner seuenteene daies together at length he died in extreme torments Now Parysatis the Queene mother lacked no more to accomplish her wicked desire but Mesabates one of the kings Euenukes that had cut of Cyrus head and hand seing that he was very ware circūspect in his behauior that she could not take him at any aduauntage in the end she deuised a fine way to intrap him She had a maruelous wit amonge other things could play passingly wel at all games at dyce did many times play with the king her sonne before the warres after the warres also when he had made peace she did play at dyce with him as she had done before insomuch as she knew all his secret loue and furthered him to enioy it To be short she would neuer be out of his sight but as litle as she could would let his wife Statira haue as litle time with him as might be that she might gouerne and rule him as she would both bicause she hated her of all creatures liuing and also for that she would beare the greatest sway and credit about him When she saw the king one day at leysure not knowing how to passe the time away she inticed him to play a thowsand Darecks at dyce and was contented to lose them willingly and paied the thowsand Darecks downe seeming notwithstanding to be angry with her
the king referred him to be iudged by his peeres For the king him selfe would not be present to geue iudgement of him but deputed other in his place to accuse him howbeit he commaunded his secretaries to set downe in writing the opinion and sentence of euerie one of the Iudges and to bring it him In fine they all cast him and condemned him to dye Then the officers layed hold on him and brought him into a chamber of the prison where the hangman came with a raser in his hande with the which he vsed to cut mens throates so condemned to dye So the hangman comming into the chamber when he saw it was Darius he was affrayed and came out of the chamber againe his hart failing him and durst not lay handes vpon the person of the king But the Iudges that stoode without the chamber bad him goe and doe it vnlesse he would haue his owne throate cut So the hangman then came in and tooke Darius by the heare of the head and made him hold downe his head and so cut his necke with his raser he had in his other hand Others doe write that this sentence was geuen in the presence of king Artaxerxes selfe and that Darius seeing him selfe conuicted by manifest proofes brought in against him he fell downe at his fathers feete and besought him to pardon him and then that his father being angrie rose vp and drew out his curtelax and wounded him in so many places withall that at lenght he slue him Then returning into the Court he worshipped the sunne and turning him to his Lords that were about him he sayd vnto them My Lordes God be with you and be merie at home in your houses and tell them that were not here how the great Oromazes hath taken reuenge of them that practised treason against me This was the end of Darius treason Now Darius being dead Ochus his brother stoode in good hope to be next heire to the crowne the rather through the meanes and frendshippe of his sister Atossa but yet of his legitimate brethren he feared him called Ariaspes who was onely left of all the rest that were legitimate and of his bastard brethren Arsames not bicause Ariaspes was elder than he but for that he was of a soft plaine nature the PERSIANS desired he might be their king On the other side Arsames was wise and valliant and Ochus sawe that his father loued him dearely So he determined to intrappe them both Now Ochus being a suttle and malicious natured man he first shewed his crueltie vpon Arsames and his malice vpon Ariaspes his legitimate brother For bicause he knewe he was but simple and plaine he sent dayly some of the kings Euenukes vnto him who brought him threatning words and messages as from the king telling him that he had determined to put him to a shamefull and cruell death So forging these newes continuallie as things verie secret they did so terrifie poore Ariaspes telling him that the king was fullie bent to put some of his threats in execution out of hand that he was put in such feare and dispaire of his life that he prepared him selfe apoyson and dranke it to ridde him selfe of his life King Artaxerxes vnderstanding of his death tooke it very heauily began to mistrust the cause that made him to make him selfe away howebeit he coulde not seeke the proofe of it for his extreame age But this chaunce made him loue Arsames better then before shewing plainly that he trusted him better then Ochus and did make him priuie to all things Ochus could no lenger abide to deserte his intent and therefore entised Harpaces Tiribazus sonne to kill his bastard brother Arsames the which he did Now Artaxerxes was so extreame olde that he was as good as done with age but after he heard his sonne Arsames was murdered he coulde beare it no lenger but tooke it so to his hart for sorow that when he had liued foure score and fouretene yeares and raigned three score and two he dyed When he was dead they then found that he had bene a gratious curteous Prince and one that loued his people and subiectes when they saw the proofe of his successor Ochus that passed all men liuing in crueltie and seuerity THE LIFE OF Dion LIke as Simonides ô Sossius Senecio saith that the city of ILIVN was not offended with the CORINTHIANS for that they came to make warre with them with other GRAECIANS bicause Glaucus whose first auncesters came from CORINTHE had taken armes louingly fought for the same euen so me thinkes that neither the GRAECIANS nor ROMANES haue cause to complaine of the Academy sith they be both alike praised of the same in this present booke in the which are conteined the liues of Dion and Brutus Of the which the one of them hauing bene verie familiar with Plato him selfe and the other from his childhoode brought vp in Platoes doctrine they both as it were came out of one selfe schoolehouse to attempt the greatest enterprises amongest men And it is no maruell if they two were muche like in many of their doinges prouing that true which their schoolemaister Plato wrote of vertue that to do any noble act in the gouernment of a common wealth which should be famous and of credit authoritie and good fortune must both meete in one selfe person ioined with iustice and wisedom For as a certaine fenser called Hippomachus said that he knewe his schollers farre of if he did but see them comming from the market with meate in their handes so it must needes follow that men hauing bene vertuously brought vp must nedes be wise in all their doings and beside that it bringeth them to ciuilitie and honesty euen so it frameth their condicions muche like one vnto an other Furthermore their fortunes hauing also fallen out both alike more by chaunce then by any reason do make their liues verie like to eache other For they were both of them slaine before they coulde bring their enterprises to passe which they had determined But the greatest wonder of all is this that their deathes were foreshewed vnto them both by a wicked spirit that visible appeared vnto either of them albeit there be some that can not abide those opinions and doe maintaine that these sights and euill spirits doe neuer appeare to any man that hath his right wits but that they are fancies of litle children or old women or of some men that their wits are weakened by sickenes and so haue a certaine imagination of suche straunge sightes being of this superstitious minde that they haue a wicked spirit and an euill angell in them But if Dion and Brutus both of them graue and learned Philosophers and verie constant men not ouercome by any sodaine passion or imagination of minde haue bene moued by such sights and spirits and haue also tolde it vnto their frendes I can not tell whether we shall inforced to
he could to keepe Dions souldiers from landing But they notwithstanding sodainly lept a land armed but slue no man For Dion had commaunded them the contrary for the friendship he bare the Captaine and they following the townes men hard that fled before them entred the towne hand ouer head amongest them and so wanne the market place When both the Captaines met and that they had spoken together Dion redeliuered the towne into Synalus hands again without any hurt or violence offred him Synalus on the other side did indeuor him selfe all he could to make much of the souldiers and holpe Dion to prouide him of all things necessary But this did most of all encorage the souldiers bicause Dionysius at their arriuall was not then in SICILIA for it chaunced so that not many dayes before he went into ITALY with foure score sayle Therefore when Dion willed them to remayne there a fewe dayes to refresh them selues bicause they had bene so sore sea beaten a long time together they them selues would not they were so glad to imbrace the occasion offred them and prayed Dion to leade them forthwith to SYRACVSA Dion leauing all his superfluous armor and prouision in the hands of Synalus and praying him to sende them to him when time serued he tooke his way towardes SYRACVSA So by the way two hundred horsemen of the AGRIGENTINES which dwell in that part called ECNOMVS came first to ioyne with him and after them the GELOIANS The rumor of their comming ranne straight to SYRACVSA Thereuppon Timocrates that had maried Aretè Dions wife and Dionysius the fathers sister and vnto whom Dionysius the yonger had left the charge and gouernment of all his men and friends in the citie he presently dispatched a post with letters to aduertise Dionysius of Dions comming He him selfe also in the meane time had taken such order that there rose no tumult nor mutinie in the citie though they all of them lacked no good will to rebell but bicause they were vncerteine whether this rumor was true or false being affrayd euery man was quiet Now there chaunced a straunge misfortune vnto the Messenger that caried the letters vnto Dionysius For after he had passed the straight and that he was arriued in the citie of RHEGGIO of ITALYES side making haste to come to the citie of CAVLONIA where Dionysius was he met by the way one of his acquiantance that caried a mutton but newly sacrificed This good fellow gaue him a peece of it and the Messenger spurred away with all the speede he could possible But when he had ridden the most part of the night he was so weary and drowsie for lacke of sleepe that he was driuen to lye downe So he lay downe vpon the ground in a wodde hard by the high way The sauor of this fleshe brought a woulfe to him that caried away the fleshe and the portmantew it was wrapt in and in the which also were his letters of aduertisement which he caried vnto Dionysius When he awoke out of his sleepe and saw that his portmantew was gone he enquired for it and went wandring vppe and downe a long time to seeke it howbeit all in vaine for he could neuer find it Therefore he thought it was not good for him to goe to the tyranne without his letters but rather to flie into some vnknowen place where no body knew him Thus ouerlate receiued Dionysius aduertisement by others of this warre which Dion made in SICILIA In the meane time the CAMARINIANS came and ioyned with Dions army in the highe way towards SYRACVSA and still there came vnto him also a great number of the SYRACVSANS that were vppe in armes which were gotten into the field On the other side certaine CAMPANIANS and LEONTINES which were gotten into the castell of EPIPOLES with Timocrates of purpose to keepe it Vpon a false rumor Dion gaue out and which came vnto them that he would first goe against their townes they forsooke Timocrates and went to take order to defend their owne goods Dion vnderstanding that being lodged with his armie in a place called MACRAE he presently remoued his campe being darke night and marched forward till he came vnto the riuer of Anapus which is not from the citie aboue tenne furlongs of and there staying a while he sacrificed vnto the riuer and made his prayer and worshipped the rising of the Sunne At the selfe same instant also the Soothsayers came and told him that the gods did promise him assured victorie And the souldiers also seeing Dion weare a garland of flowers on his head which he had taken for the ceremonie of the sacrifice all of them with one selfe good will tooke euery man one of them beeing no lesse then fiue thowsande men that were gathered together by the way and but slenderly armed with such thinges as came first to hand howbeit supplying with good will their want of better furniture and armor and when Dion commaunded them to marche for ioy they ranne and incoraged one another with great cryes to shew them selues valliant for recouerye of their libertie Nowe for them that were within the citie self of SYRACVSA the noble men chief Citizens went to receiue them at the gates in their best gownes The common people on the other side ranne and set vpon them that tooke part with the tyranne and spoyled them that were called the PROSAGOGIDES as much to say the common Promoters of men the detestablest villaines hateful to the gods and men For they like Sicophants and busie tale bearers would iet vp and downe the citie and mingle amonge the Citizens hauing an oer in euery mans matter being full of prittle prattle and busie headed to know what euery man sayd and did and then to goe cary it to the tyranne These men were they that had their payment first of all for they killed them with dry blowes beating them to death with staues When Timocrates could not enter into the castell with them that kept it he tooke his horse backe and fled out of the citie and flying made all men affrayd and amased where he came enlarging Dions power by his report bicause it should not seeme that for feare of a trifle he had forsaken the citie In the meane time Dion came on towards the citie with his men and was come so neare that they might see him plainly from the citie marching foremost of all armed with a fayer bright white corselet hauing his brother Megacles on his right hande of him Callippus ATHENIAN on the left hand crowned with garlands of flowers and after him also there followed a hundred souldiers that were straungers chosen for his gard about him and the rest came marching after in good order of battel being led by their Captaines The SYRACVSANS saw him comming and went out and receiued him as a holy and blessed procession that brought them their libertie popular state againe the which they had lost the
And thus was the end and death of Callippus Now for Aristomaché and Areta they were taken out of prison and Icetes SYRACVSAN that somtimes had bene one of Dions frends tooke them home to his owne house and vsed them verie well and faithfully for a certaine time but afterwards was wonne and corrupted by Dions enemies So he caused a shippe to be prouided for them and bare them in hande that he would sende them into PELOPONNESVS but he gaue them charge that caried them away to kill them as they went and to throw them ouer bord into the sea Some say that the two women and the litle young boy were cast aliue into the sea But this reward of the sinfull act that he committed returned againe vppon him selfe as it had done before vnto others For he was taken by Timoleon that put him to death and besides the SYRACVSANS did also kill two of his daughters in reuenge of the vnfaithfulnes he had shewed vnto Dion THE LIFE OF Marcus Brutus MArcus Brutus came of that Iunius Brutus for whome the auncient ROMANES made his statue of brasse to be set vp in the Capitoll with the images of the kings holding a naked sword in his hand bicause he had valliantly put downe the TARQVINES from their kingdom of ROME But that Iunius Brutus being of a sower stearne nature not softned by reason being like vnto sword blades of too hard a temper was so subiect to his choller and malice he bare vnto the tyrannes that for their sakes he caused his owne sonnes to be executed But this Marcus Brutus in contrarie maner whose life we presently wryte hauing framed his manners of life by the rules of vertue and studie of Philosophie and hauing imployed his wit which was gentle and constant in attempting of great things me thinkes he was rightly made and framed vnto vertue So that his verie enemies which wish him most hurt bicause of his conspiracy against Iulius Caesar if there were any noble attempt done in all this conspiracie they referre it whollie vnto Brutus and all the cruell and violent actes vnto Cassius who was Brutus familiar frend but not so well geuen and condicioned as he His mother Seruilia it is thought came of the blood of Seruilius Hala who when Spurius Melius went about to make him selfe king and to bring it to passe had entised the common people to rebell tooke a dagger and hid it close vnder his arme and went into the market place When he was come thither he made as though he had somewhat to say vnto him and pressed as neere him as he could wherefore Melius stowping downe with his head to heare what he would say Brutus stabbed him in with his dagger and slue him Thus muche all writers agree for his mother Now touching his father some for the euil wil malice they bate vnto Brutus bicause of the death of Iulius Caesar doe maintaine that he came not of Iunius Brutus that draue out the TARQVINES for there were none left of his race considering that his two sonnes were executed for conspiracie with the TARQVINES and that Marcus Brutus came of a meane house the which was raised to honor and office in the common wealth but of late time Posidonius the Philosopher wryteth the contrarie that Iunius Brutus in deede slue two of his sonnes which were men growen as the histories doe declare howebeit that there was a third sonne being but a litle childe at that time from whom the house and family afterwardes was deriued and furthermore that there were in his time certeine famous men of that familie whose stature and countenaunce resembled much the image of Iunius Brutus And thus much for this matter Marcus Cato the Philosopher was brother vnto Seruilia M. Brutus mother whom Brutus studied most to follow of all the other ROMANES bicause he was his Vncle and afterwards he maried his daughter Now touching the GRAECIAN Philosophers there was no sect nor Philosopher of them but he heard and liked it but aboue all the rest he loued Platoes sect best did not much geue him selfe to the new nor meane Academy as they call it but altogether to the old Academy Therefore he did euer greatly esteeme the Philosopher Antiochus of the citie of ASCALON but he was more familiar with his brother Ariston who for learning and knowledge was inferior to many other Philosophers but for wisedom curtesie equall with the best and chiefest Touching Empylus whom Marcus Brutus him selfe doth mencion in his Epistells and his frends also in many places he was an Orator and left an excellent booke he wrote of the death of Iulius Caesar and tituled it Brutus He was properly learned in the Latine tongue and was able to make long discourse in it beside that he could also plead verie well in Latine But for the Graeke tongue they do note in some of his Epistells that he counterfeated that briefe compendious maner of speach of the LACEDAEMONIANS As when the warre was begonne he wrote vnto the PARGAMENIANS in this sorte I vnderstand you haue geuen Dolobella money if you haue done it willingly you confesse you haue offended me if against your wills shewe it then by geuing me willinglie An other time againe vnto the SAMIANS Your counsels be long your doinges be slowe consider the ende And in an other Epistell he wrote vnto the PATAREIANS The XANTHIANS despising my good wil haue made their contrie a graue of dispaire and the PATAREIANS that put them selues into my protection haue lost no iot of their libertie And therefore whilest you haue libertie either choose the iudgement of the PATAREIANS or the fortune of the XANTHIANS These were Brutus manner of letters which were honored for their briefenes So Brutus being but a young stripling went into CYPRVS with his Vncle Cato who was sent against Ptolomy king of AEGYPT who hauing slaine him selfe Cato staying for certaine necessarie busines he had in the I le of RHODES had alreadie sent Caninius one of his frends before to keepe his treasure and goods But Cato fearing he woulde be light fingered wrote vnto Brutus foorthwith to come out of PAMPHYLIA where he was but newlie recouered of a sickenesse into CYPRVS the which he did The which iorney he was sorie to take vpon him both for respect of Caninius shame whome Cato as he thought wrongfullie slaundered as also bicause he thought this office too meane and vnmeete for him being a young man and geuen to his booke This notwithstanding he behaued him selfe so honestlie and carefullie that Cato did greatly commende him and after all the goodes were sold and conuerted into readie money he tooke the most parte of it and returned withall to ROME Afterwards when the Empire of ROME was deuided into factions and that Caesar and Pompey both were in armes one against the other and that all the Empire of ROME was in garboyle
which requireth secrecy and fidelity I confesse that a womans wit commonly is too weake to keepe a secret safely but yet Brutus good educacion and the companie of vertuous men haue some power to reforme the defect of nature And for my selfe I haue this benefit moreouer that I am the daughter of Cato wife of Brutus This notwithstanding I did not trust to any of these things before vntill that now I haue found by experience that no paine nor griefe whatsoeuer can ouercome me With those wordes she shewed him her wounde on her thigh and tolde him what she had done to proue her selfe Brutus was amazed to heare what she sayd vnto him and lifting vp his handes to heauen he besought the goddes to geue him the grace he might bring his enterprise to so good passe that he might be founde a husband worthie of so noble a wife as Porcia so he then did comfort her the best he coulde Now a day being appointed for the meeting of the Senate at what time they hoped Caesar woulde not faile to come the conspirators determined then to put their enterprise in execucion bicause they might meete safelie at that time without suspicion and the rather for that all the noblest and chiefest men of the citie woulde be there Who when they should see suche a great matter executed would euerie man then set to their handes for the defence of their libertie Furthermore they thought also that the appointment of the place where the counsell shoulde be kept was chosen of purpose by diuine prouidence and made all for them For it was one of the porches about the Theater in the which there was a certaine place full of seates for men to sit in where also was set vp the image of Pompey which the citie had made and consecrated in honor of him when he did beawtifie that parte of the citie with the Theater he built with diuers porches about it In this place was the assembly of the Senate appointed to be iust on the fifteenth day of the moneth of March which the ROMANES call Idus Martias so that it seemed some god of purpose had brought Caesar thither to be slaine for reuenge of Pompeys death So when the day was come Brutus went out of his house with a dagger by his side vnder his long gowne that no bodie sawe nor knewe but his wife onelie The other conspirators were all assembled at Cassius house to bring his sonne into the marketplace who on that day did put on the mans gowne called Toga Virilis and from thence they came all in a troupe together vnto Pompeys porche looking that Caesar woulde straight come thither But here is to be noted the wonderfull assured constancie of these conspirators in so daungerous and waightie an enterprise as they had vndertaken For many of them being Praetors by reason of their office whose duetie is to minister iustice to euerie bodie they did not onelie with great quietnesse and curtesie heare them that spake vnto them or that pleaded matters before them and gaue them attentiue eare as if they had had no other matter in their heades but moreouer they gaue iust sentence and carefullie dispatched the causes before them So there was one among them who being condemned in a certaine summe of money refused to pay it and cried out that he did appeale vnto Caesar Then Brutus casting his eyes vppon the conspirators sayd Caesar shall not lette me to see the lawe executed Notwithstanding this by chaunce there fell out many misfortunes vnto them which was enough to haue marred the enterprise The first and chiefest was Caesars long tarying who came verie late to the Senate for bicause the signes of the sacrifices appeared vnluckie his wife Calpurnia kept him at home and the Soothsayers bad him beware he went not abroade The seconde cause was when one came vnto Casca being a conspirator and taking him by the hande sayd vnto him O Casca thou keptest it close from me but Brutus hath tolde me all Casca being amazed at it the other went on with his tale and sayd why howe nowe howe commeth it to passe thou art thus riche that thou doest sue to be AEdilis Thus Casca being deceiued by the others doubtfull wordes he tolde them it was a thowsand to one he blabbed not out all the conspiracie An other Senator called Popilius Lana after he had saluted Brutus and Cassius more frendlie then he was wont to doe he rounded softlie in their eares and told them I pray the goddes you may goe through with that you haue taken in hande but withall dispatche I reade you for your enterprise is bewrayed When he had sayd he presentlie departed from them and left them both affrayed that their conspiracie woulde out Nowe in the meane time there came one of Brutus men post hast vnto him and tolde him his wife was a dying For Porcia being verie carefull and pensiue for that which was to come and being too weake to away with so great and inward griefe of minde she coulde hardlie keepe within but was frighted with euerie litle noyse and crie she hearde as those that are taken and possest with the furie of the Bacchantes asking euery man that came from the market place what Brutus did and still sent messenger after messenger to knowe what newes At length Caesars comming being prolonged as you haue heard Porciaes weakenesse was not able to holde out any lenger and thereuppon she sodainlie swounded that she had no leasure to goe to her chamber but was taken in the middest of her house where her speache and sences failed her Howbeit she soone came to herselfe againe and so was layed in her bedde and tended by her women When Brutus heard these newes it grieued him as it is to be presupposed yet he left not of the care of his contrie and common wealth neither went home to his house for any newes he heard Nowe it was reported that Caesar was comming in his litter for he determined not to stay in the Senate all that day bicause he was affrayed of the vnluckie signes of the sacrifices but to adiorne matters of importaunce vnto the next session and counsell holden faining him selfe not to be well at ease When Caesar came out of his litter Popilius Laena that had talked before with Brutus and Cassius and had prayed the goddes they might bring this enterprise to passe went vnto Caesar and kept him a long time with a talke Caesar gaue good eare vnto him Wherefore the conspirators if so they shoulde be called not hearing what he sayd to Caesar but coniecturing by that he had tolde them a litle before that his talke was none other but the verie discouerie of their conspiracie they were affrayed euerie man of them and one looking in an others face it was easie to see that they all were of a minde that it was no tarying for them till they were apprehended but rather that they
among the which Antonius him selfe did bid Cassius to supper to him and Lepidus also bad Brutus and so one bad another as they had friendship and acquaintance together The next day following the Senate being called againe to counsell did first of all commend Antonius for that he had wisely stayed and quenched the beginning of a ciuill warre then they also gaue Brutus and his consorts great prayses and lastly they appoynted them seuerall gouernments of prouinces For vnto Brutus they appoynted CRETA AFRICK vnto Cassius ASIA vnto Trebonius BITHYNIA vnto Cimber and vnto the other Decius Brutus Albinus GAVLE on this side the Alpes When this was done they came to talke of Caesars will and testament and of his funeralls and tombe Then Antonius thinking good his testament should be red openly and also that his body should be honorably buried and not in hugger mugger least the people might thereby take occasion to be worse offended if they did otherwise Cassius stowtly spake against it But Brutus went with the motion agreed vnto it wherein it seemeth he committed a second fault For the first fault he did was when he would not consent to his fellow conspirators that Antonius should be slayne And therefore he was iustly accused that thereby he had saued and strengthened a stronge grieuous enemy of their conspiracy The second fault was when he agreed that Caesars funeralls should be as Antonius would haue them the which in deede marred all For first of all when Caesars testament was openly red amonge them whereby it appeared that he bequeathed vnto euery Citizen of ROME 75. Drachmas a man and that he left his gardens and arbors vnto the people which he had on this side of the riuer of Tyber in the place where now the temple of Fortune is built the people then loued him and were maruelous sory for him Afterwards when Caesars body was brought into the market place Antonius making his funerall oration in praise of the dead according to the auncient custom of ROME and perceiuing that his wordes moued the common people to compassion he framed his eloquence to make their harts yerne the more and taking Caesars gowne all bloudy in his hand he layed it open to the sight of them all shewing what a number of cuts and holes it had vpon it Therewithall the people fell presently into such a rage and mutinie that there was no more order kept amongest the common people For some of them cryed out kill the murtherers others plucked vp formes tables and stalles about the market place as they had done before at the funeralls of Clodius and hauing layed them all on a heape together they set them on fire and thereuppon did put the bodye of Caesar and burnt it in the middest of the most holy places And furthermore when the fire was thoroughly kindled some here some there tooke burning fire brands and ranne with them to the murtherers houses that had killed him to set them a fire Howbeit the conspirators foreseeing the daunger before had wisely prouided for them selues and fled But there was a Poet called Cinna who had bene no partaker of the conspiracy but was alway one of Caesars chiefest friends he dreamed the night before that Caesar bad him to supper with him and that he refusing to goe Caesar was very importunate with him and compelled him so that at length he led him by the hand into a great darke place where being maruelously affrayd he was driuen to follow him in spite of his hart This dreame put him all night into a feuer and yet notwithstanding the next morning when he heard that they caried Caesars body to buriall being ashamed not to accompany his funerals he went out of his house and thrust him self into the prease of the common people that were in a great vprore And bicause some one called him by his name Cinna the people thinking he had bene that Cinna who in an oration he made had spoken very euill of Caesar they falling vpon him in their rage slue him outright in the market place This made Brutus and his companions more affrayd then any other thing next vnto the chaunge of Antonius Wherefore they got them out of ROME and kept at the first in the citie of ANTIVM hoping to returne againe to ROME when the furie of the people were a litle asswaged The which they hoped would be quickly considering that they had to deale with a fickle and vnconstant multitude easye to be caried and that the Senate stoode for them who notwithstanding made no enquiery of them that had torne poore Cinna the Poet in peeces but caused them to be sought for and apprehended that went with fire brands to set fire of the conspirators houses The people growing weary now of Antonius pride and insolency who ruled all things in manner with absolute power they desired that Brutus might returne againe and it was also looked for that Brutus would come him selfe in person to playe the playes which were due to the people by reason of his office of Praetorship But Brutus vnderstanding that many of Caesars souldiers which serued vnder him in the warres and that also had lands and houses giuen them in the cities where they lay did lye in wayte for him to kill him and that they dayly by small companies came by one and by one into ROME he durst no more returne thither but yet the people had the pleasure and pastyme in his absence to see the games and sportes he made them which were sumptuouslie set foorth and furnished with all thinges necessarie sparing for no cost For he had bought a great number of straunge beastes of the which he would not geue one of them to any frende he had but that they shoulde all be employed in his games and went him selfe as farre as BYZANTIVM to speake to some players of comedies and Musitions that were there And further he wrote vnto his friends for one Canutius an excellent player that whatsoeuer they did they should intreate him to play in these playes For sayd he it is no reason to compell any GRAECIAN vnles he will come of his owne good will. Moreouer he wrote also vnto Cicero and earnestly prayed him in any case to be at these playes Now the state of ROME standing in these termes there fell out an other chaunge and alteracion when the younge man Octauius Caesar came to ROME He was the sonne of Iulius Caesars Nece whome he had adopted for his sonne and made his heire by his last will and testament But when Iulius Caesar his adopted father was slayne he was in the citie of APOLLONIA where he studied tarying for him bicause he was determined to make warre with the PARTHIANS but when he heard the newes of his death he returned againe to ROME where to begin to curry fauor with the common people he first of all tooke vpon him his adopted fathers name
cold and paynes he had taken This sicknes chaunceth often both to men beasts that trauaile when it hath snowen Either bicause the naturall heate being retyred into the inward parts of the body by the coldnes of the ayer hardening the skinne doth straight disgest and consume the meate or els bicause a sharpe suttell wind comming by reason of the snow when it is molten doth pearce into the body and driueth out the naturall heate which was cast outward For it seemeth that the heate being quenched with the cold which it meeteth withall comming out of the skinne of the body causeth the sweates that follow the dissease But hereof we haue spoken at large in other places Brutus being very faynt and hauing nothing in his campe to eate his souldiers were compelled to goe to their enemies comming to the gates of the citie they prayed the warders to helpe them to bread When they heard in what case Brutus was they brought him both meate and drinke in requitall whereof afterwards when he wanne the citie he did not onely intreate and vse the Citizens thereof curteously but all the inhabitants of the citie also for their sakes Now when Caius Antonius was arriued in the citie of APOLLONIA he sent vnto the souldiers thereabouts to come vnto him But when he vnderstoode that they went all to Brutus and furthermore that the Citizens of APOLLONIA did fauor him much he then forsooke that citie and went vnto the citie of BVTHROTVS but yet he lost three of his enseignes by the way that were slayne euery man of them Then he sought by force to winne certaine places of strength about BYLLIS to driue Brutus men from thence that had taken it before and therefore to obtayne his purpose he fought a battell with Cicero the sonne of Marcus Tullius Cicero by whome he was ouercome For Brutus made the younger Cicero a Captaine and did many notable exploytes by his seruice Shortly after hauing stolen vpon Caius Antonius in certein marishes farre from the place from whence he fled he would not set on him with furie but onely road round about him commaunding his souldiers to spare him his men as reckoning them all his own without stroke striking and so in deede it hapned For they yelded them selues and their Captaine Antonius vnto Brutus so that Brutus had now a great army about him Now Brutus kept this Caius Antonius long time in his office and neuer tooke from him the markes and signes of his Consulship although many of his friends Cicero among others wrote vnto him to put him to death But when he sawe Antonius secretly practised with his Captaines to make some alteracion then he sent him into a shippe and made him to be kept there When the souldiers whome C. Antonius had corrupted were gotten into the citie of APOLLONIA and sent from thence vnto Brutus to come vnto them he made them aunswer that it was not the maner of ROMANE Captaines to come to the souldiers but the souldiers to come to the Captaine and to craue pardon for their offences committed Thereuppon they came to him and he pardoned them So Brutus preparing to goe into ASIA newes came vnto him of the great chaunge at ROME For Octauius Caesar was in armes by commaundement and authoritie from the Senate against Marcus Antonius But after that he had driuen Antonius out of ITALY the Senate then began to be affrayd of him bicause he sued to be Consul which was contrary to the law and kept a great army about him when the Empire of ROME had no neede of them On the other side Octauius Caesar perceiuing the Senate stayed not there but turned vnto Brutus that was out of ITALY and that they appoynted him the gouernment of certaine prouinces then he began to be affrayd for his part and sent vnto Antonius to offer him his friendship Then comming on with his armye neare to ROME he made him selfe to be chosen Consul whether the Senate would or not when he was yet but a strippling or springal of twenty yeare old as him selfe reporteth in his owne commentaries So when he was Consul he presently appoynted Iudges to accuse Brutus and his companions for killing of the noblest person in ROME and chiefest Magistrate without law or iudgement and made L. Cornificius accuse Brutus and M. Agrippa Cassius So the parties accused were condemned bicause the Iudges were compelled to giue such sentence The voyce went that when the Herauld according to the custom after sentence giuen went vp to the chaier or pulpit for orations proclaymed Brutus with a lowd voyce summoning him to appeare in person before the Iudges the people that stoode by sighed openly and the noble men that were present honge downe their heads durst not speake a word Among them the teares fell from Publius Silicius eyes who shortly after was one of the proscripts or outlawes appoynted to be slayne After that these three Octauius Caesar Antonius and Lepidus made an agreement betwene them selues and by those articles deuided the prouinces belonging to the Empire of ROME amonge them selues and did set vp billes of proscription and outlary condemning two hundred of the noblest men of ROME to suffer death and among that number Cicero was one Newes being brought thereof into MACEDON Brutus being then inforced to it wrote vnto Hortensius that he should put Caius Antonius to death to be reuenged of the death of Cicero and of the other Brutus of the which the one was his friend and the other his kinsemen For this cause therefore Antonius afterwards taking Hortensius at the battell of PHILIPPES he made him to be slayne vpon his brothers tombe But then Brutus sayd that he was more ashamed of the cause for the which Cicero was slayne then he was otherwise sory for his death and that he could not but greatly reproue his friendes he had at ROME who were slaues more through their owne fault then through their valliantnes or manhood which vsurped the tyranny considering that they were so cowardly and faynt harted as to suffer the sight of those things before their eyes the report whereof should onely have grieued them to the hart Nowe when Brutus had passed ouer his army that was very great into ASIA he gaue order for the gathering of a great number of shippes together aswell in the coast of BITHYNIA as also in the citie of CYLICVM bicause he would haue an army by sea and him selfe in the meane time went vnto the cities taking order for all things and giuing audience vnto Princes and noble men of the contry that had to doe with him Afterwards he sent vnto Cassius in SYRIA to turne him from his iorney into AEGYPT telling him that it was not for the conquest of any kingdom for them selues that they wandred vp and downe in that sort but contrarily that it was to restore their contry againe to their libertie and that the
multitude of souldiers they gathered together was to subdue the tyrannes that would keepe them in slauery and subiection Wherefore regarding their chiefe purpose and intent they should not be farre from ITALY as heare as they could possible but should rather make all the haste they could to helpe their contry men Cassius beleued him returned Brutus went to meete him and they both met at the citie of SMYRNA which was the first time that they saw together since they tooke leaue eche of other at the hauen of PIRAEA in ATHENS the one going into SYRIA and the other into MACEDON So they were maruelous ioyfull and no lesse coragious when they saw the great armies together which they had both leauied considering that they departing out of ITALY like naked and poore banished men without armor and money nor hauing any shippe ready nor souldier about them nor any one towne at their commaundement yet notwithstanding in a short time after they were now met together hauing shippes money and souldiers enowe both footemen horsemen to fight for the Empire of ROME Now Cassius would haue done Brutus as much honor as Brutus did vnto him but Brutus most commonly preuented him and went first vnto him both bicause he was the elder man as also for that he was sickly of bodye And men reputed him commonly to be very skilfull in warres but otherwise maruelous chollerick and cruell who sought to rule men by feare rather then with lenitie and on the other side he was too famillier with his friends and would iest too brodely with them But Brutus in contrary manner for his vertue and valliantnes was wellbeloued of the people and his owne esteemed of noble men and hated of no man not so much as of his enemies bicause he was a maruelous lowly and gentle person noble minded and would neuer be in any rage nor caried away with pleasure and couetousnes but had euer an vpright mind with him and would neuer yeeld to any wronge of iniustice the which was the chiefest cause of his fame of his rising and of the good will that euery man bare him for they were all perswaded that his intent was good For they did not certainly beleue that if Pompey him selfe had ouercome Caesar he would haue resigned his authoritie to the law but rather they were of opinion that he would still keepe the souerainty and absolute gouernment in his hands taking onely to please the people the title of Consul or Dictator or of some other more ciuill office And as for Cassius a hot chollerick cruell man that would oftentymes be caried away from iustice for gayne it was certainly thought that he made warre and put him selfe into sundry daungers more to haue absolute power and authoritie then to defend the libertie of his contry For they that will also consider others that were elder men then they as Cinna Marius and Carbo it is out of doubt that the ende and hope of their victorie was to be Lordes of their contry and in manner they did all confesse that they fought for the tyranny and to be Lordes of the Empire of ROME And in contrary manner his enemies them selues did neuer reproue Brutus for any such chaunge or desire For it was sayd that Antonius spake it openly diuers tymes that he thought that of all them that had slayne Caesar there was none but Brutus only that was moued to doe it as thinking the acte commendable of it selfe but that all the other conspirators did conspire his death for some priuate malice or enuy that they otherwise did beare vnto him Hereby it appeareth that Brutus did not trust so much to the power of his army as he did to his owne vertue as is to be seene by his writings For approaching neare to the instant daunger he wrote vnto Pomponius Atticus that his affayres had the best happe that could be For sayd he eyther I will set my contry at libertie by battell or by honorable death rid me of this bondage And furthermore that they being certeine and assured of all thinges els this one thing onely was doubtfull to them whether they should liue or dye with libertie He wrote also that Antonius had his due paiment for his folly For where he might haue bene a partner equally of the glory of Brutus Cassius and Cato haue made one with them he liked better to choose to be ioyned with Octauius Caesar alone with whome though now he be not ouercome by vs yet shall he shortly after also haue warre with him And truely he proued a true Prophet for so came it in deede to passe Now whilest Brutus and Cassius were together in the citie of SMYRNA Brutus prayed Cassius to let him haue some part of his money whereof he had great store bicause all that he could rappe and rend of his side he had bestowed it in making so great a number of shippes that by meanes of them they should keepe all the sea at their commaundement Cassius friendes hindered this request and earnestly disswaded him from it perswading him that it was no reason that Brutus should haue the money which Cassius had gotten together by sparing and leauied with great euill will of the people their subiects for him to bestowe liberally vppon his souldiers and by this meanes to winne their good willes by Cassius charge This notwithstanding Cassius gaue him the thirde parte of his totall summe So Cassius and Brutus then departing from eche other Cassius tooke the citie of RHODES where he too dishonestly cruelly vsed him selfe although when he came into the citie he aunswered some of the inhabitants who called him Lord and king that he was nether Lord nor king but he onely that had slaine him that would haue bene Lord and king Brutus departing from thence sent vnto the LYCIANS to require money and men of warre But there was a certaine Orator called Nauâ—rates that made the cities to rebell against him insomuch that the contry men of that contry kept the straights and litle mountaines thinking by that meanes to stoppe Brutus passage Wherefore Brutus sent his horsemen against them who stale vppon them as they were at dinner and slue six hundred of them and taking all the small townes and villages he did let all the prisoners he tooke goe without payment of ransome hoping by this his great curtesie to winne them to drawe all the rest of the contry vnto him But they were so fierce and obstinate that they would mutyne for euery small hurt they receyued as they passed by their contry and did despise his curtesie and good nature vntill that at length he went to beseege the citie of the XANTHIANS within the which were shut vppe the cruellest and moste warrelikest men of LYCIA There was a ryuer that ranne by the walls of the citie in the which many men saued them selues swymming betweene two waters and fledde howbeit they
layed nettes ouerthwart the ryuer and tyed litle bells on the toppe of them to sownd when any man was taken in the nettes The XANTHIANS made a salye out by night and came to fire certaine engynes of battery that bette downe their walls but they were presently driuen in agayne by the ROMANES so soone as they were discouered The winde by chaunce was maruelous bygge and increased the flame so sore that it violently caried it into the cranewes of the wall of the citie so that the next houses vnto them were straight set a fire thereby Wherefore Brutus beeing affrayde that all the citie woulde take of a fire he presently commaunded his men to quenche the fire and to saue the towne if it might be But the LYCIANS at that instant fell into such a frensie and straunge and horrible dispayre that no man can well expresse it and a man can not more rightly compare or lyken it then to a franticke and moste desperate desire to dye For all of them together with their wiues and children Maisters and seruaunts and of all sortes of age whatsoeuer fought vppon the ramper of their walles and did cast downe stones and fierworkes on the ROMANES which were very busie in quenching the flame of the fire to saue the citie And in contrary manner also they brought fagotts drye wodde and reedes to bringe the fire further into the citie asmuch as might bee increasing it by suche thinges as they brought Nowe when the fire had gotten into all the partes of the citie and that flame burnt bright in euery place Brutus beeing sorye to see it gotte vppon his horse and rode rownde about the walles of the citie to see if it were possible to saue it and helde vppe his handes to the inhabitants praying them to pardon their citye and to saue them selues Howbeit they would not be perswaded but did all that they coulde possible to cast them selues away not onely men and women but also litle children For some of them weeping and crying out did cast them selues into the fire others headlong throwing them selues downe from the walles brake their neckes others also made their neckes bare to the naked swordes of their fathers and vndid their clothes praying them to kill them their owne handes After the citye was burnt they founde a woman hanged vppe by the necke holding one of her children in her hande deade by her hanged vppe also and in the other hande a burning torche setting fire on her house Some woulde haue had Brutus to haue seene her but he woulde not see so horrible and tragicall a sight but when he heard it he fell a weeping and caused a Herauld to make proclamation by sownd of trompet that he woulde giue a certaine summe of money to euery souldier that coulde saue a XANTHIAN So there were not as it is reported aboue fiftye of them saued and yet they were saued against their willes Thus the XANTHIANS hauing ended the reuolution of their fatall destinie after a longe continuance of tyme they did through their desperation renue the memorie of the lamentable calamities of their Auncestors Who in like manner in the warres of the PERSIANS did burne their citie and destroyed them selues Therefore Brutus likewise beseeging the citie of the PATAREIANS perceyuing that they stowtly resisted him he was also affrayde of that and could not well tell whether he should giue assault to it or not least they woulde fall into the dispayre and desperation of the XANTHIANS Howbeit hauing taken certaine of their women prisoners he sent them backe agayne without payment of ransome Nowe they that were the wiues and Daughters of the noblest men of the citie reporting vnto their parents that they had founde Brutus a mercifull iuste and curteous man they perswaded them to yeelde them selues and their citie vnto him the which they did So after they had thus yeelded them selues diuers other cities also followed them and did the like and founde Brutus more mercifull and curteous then they thought they should haue done but specially farre aboue Cassius For Cassius about the selfe same tyme after he had compelled the RHODIANS euery man to deliuer all the ready money they had in gold and siluer in their houses the which being brought together amounted to the summe of eyght thowsande talents yet he condemned the citie besides to paye the summe of fiue hundred talents more Where Brutus in contrary manner after he had leauyed of all the contrye of LYCIA but a hundred and fiftye talents onely he departed thence into the contrye of IONIA and did them no more hurt Nowe Brutus in all this iorney did many notable actes and worthy of memorie bothe for rewarding as also in punishing those that had deserued it Wherefore amonge the rest I will tell you of one thinge of the which he him selfe and all the noble men of the ROMANES were maruelous glad When Pompey the great hauing lost the battell against Iulius Caesar in the fieldes of PHARSALIA came and fell vppon the coast of AEGYPT hard by the citie of PELVSIVM those that were protectors to the young king Ptolomy beeing then but a childe sate in counsell with his seruaunts and friendes what they shoulde determine in that case They were not all of one mynde in this consultacion for some thought it good to receyue Pompey others also that they shoulde driue him out of AEGYPT But there was a certayne Rethoritian called Theodotus that was borne in the I le of CHIO who was the kinges Schoolemaister to teache him Rethoricke He beeing called to this counsell for lacke of sufficienter men sayde that bothe the one and the other side went awrye aswell those that were of opinion tó receyue Pompey as the other that woulde haue had him driuen awaye and that the best waye was considering the present tyme that they shoulde laye holde on him and kill him adding withall this sentence that a deade man byteth not The whole counsell stucke to this opinion So for a notable example of incredible misfortune and vnlooked for vnto Pompey Pompey the great was slayne by the motion and counsell of this wicked Rethoritian Theodotus as Theodotus afterwardes did him selfe boast of it But when Iulius Caesar came afterwardes into AEGYPT the wicked men that consented to this counsell had their payment according to their deserts for they dyed euery man of them a wicked death sauing this Theodotus whome fortune respyted a litle while lenger and yet in that tyme he liued a poore and miserable life neuer tarying longe in any one place So Brutus going vppe and downe ASIA Theodotus coulde hyde him selfe no lenger but was brought vnto Brutus where he suffered paines of death so that he wanne more fame by his deathe then euer he did in his life About that tyme Brutus sent to praye Cassius to come to the citye of SARDIS and so he did Brutus vnderstanding of his comming went to meete him with all
side For nothing vndid them but that Brutus went not to helpe Cassius thinking he had ouercome them as him selfe had done and Cassius on the other side taried not for Brutus thinking he had bene ouerthrowen as him selfe was And to proue that the victorie fell on Brutus side Messala confirmeth it that they wanne three Eagles and diuers other ensignes of their enemies and their enemies wanne neuer a one of theirs Now Brutus returning from the chase after he had slaine and sacked Caesars men he wondred muche that he coulde not see Cassius tent standing vp high as it was wont neither the other tentes of his campe standing as they were before bicause all the whole cāpe had bene spoiled and the tentes throwen downe at the first comming in of the enemies But they that were about Brutus whose sight serued them better tolde him that they sawe a great glistering of harnes and a number of siluered targets that went came into Cassius campe and were not as they tooke it the armors nor the number of men that they had left there to gard the campe and yet that they saw not such a number of dead bodies and great ouerthrow as there should haue bene if so many legions had bene slaine This made Brutus at the first mistrust that which had hapned So he appointed a number of men to keepe the campe of his enemie which he had taken and caused his men to be sent for that yet followed the chase and gathered them together thinking to leade them to aide Cassius who was in this state as you shall heare First of all he was maruelous angrie to see how Brutus men ranne to geue charge vpon their enemies and taried not for the word of the battell nor commaundement to geue charge and it grieued him beside that after he had ouercome them his men fell straight to spoyle and were not carefull to compasse in the rest of the enemies behinde But with tarying too long also more then through the valliantnesse or foresight of the Captaines his enemies Cassius founde him selfe compassed in with the right wing of his enemies armie Whereuppon his horsemen brake immediatly and fled for life towardes the sea Furthermore perceiuing his footemen to geue ground he did what he could to kepe them from flying and tooke an ensigne from one of the ensigne bearers that fled and stucke it fast at his feete although with much a do he could scant keepe his owne gard together So Cassius him selfe was at length compelled to flie with a few about him vnto a litle hill from whence they might easely see what was done in all the plaine howbeit Cassius him selfe sawe nothing for his sight was verie bad sauing that he saw and yet with much a doe how the enemies spoiled his campe before his eyes He sawe also a great troupe of horsemen whom Brutus sent to aide him and thought that they were his enemies that followed him but yet he sent Titinnius one of them that was with him to goe and know what they were Brutus horsemen sawe him comming a farre of whom when they knewe that he was one of Cassius chiefest frendes they showted out for ioy and they that were familiarly acquainted with him lighted from their horses and went and imbraced him The rest compassed him in rounde about a horsebacke with songs of victorie and great rushing of their harnes so that they made all the field ring againe for ioy But this marred all For Cassius thinking in deede that Titinnius was taken of the enemies he then spake these wordes desiring too much to liue I haue liued to see one of my best frendes taken for my sake before my face After that he gotte into a tent where no bodie was and tooke Pyndarus with him one of his freed bondmen whom he reserued euer for suche a pinche since the cursed battell of the PARTHIANS where Crassus was slaine though he notwithstanding scaped from that ouerthrow but then casting his cloke ouer his head holding out his bare neck vnto Pindarus he gaue him his head to be striken of So the head was found seuered from the bodie but after that time Pindarus was neuer seene more Wherupon some tooke occasion to say that he had slaine his master without his cōmaundement By by they knew the horsemen that came towards them might see Titinnius crowned with a garland of triumphe who came before with great speede vnto Cassius But when he perceiued by the cries and teares of his frends which tormented them selues the misfortune that had chaunced to his Captaine Cassius by mistaking he drew out his sword cursing him selfe a thowsand times that he had taried so long and so slue him selfe presentlie in the fielde Brutus in the meane time came forward still and vnderstoode also that Cassius had bene ouerthrowen but he knew nothing of his death till he came verie neere to his campe So when he was come thither after he had lamented the death of Cassius calling him the last of all the ROMANES being vnpossible that ROME should euer breede againe so noble valliant a man as he he caused his bodie to be buried and sent it to the citie of THASSOS fearing least his funerals within the campe should cause great disorder Then he called his souldiers together did encorage them againe And when he saw that they had lost all their cariage which they could not brooke well he promised euerie man of them two thowsand Drachmas in recompence After his souldiers had heard his Oration they were al of them pretily cheered againe wondering much at his great liberalitie and waited vpon him with great cries when he went his way praising him for that he only of the foure Chieftaines was not ouercome in battell And to speake the trueth his deedes shewed that he hoped not in vaine to be conqueror For with fewe legions he had slaine and driuen all them away that made head against him and yet if all his people had fought and that the most of them had not ouergone their enemies to runne to spoyle their goods surely it was like enough he had slaine them all and had left neuer a man of them aliue There were slaine of Brutus side about eight thowsand men coūting the souldiers slaues whom Brutus called Brigas and of the enemies side as Messala wryteth there were slaine as he supposeth more then twise as many moe Wherefore they were more discoraged then Brutus vntill that verie late at night there was one of Cassius men called Demetrius who went vnto Antonius and caried his maisters clothes whereof he was stripped not long before and his sword also This encoraged Brutus enemies and made them so braue that the next morning betimes they stoode in battell ray againe before Brutus But on Brutus side both his campes stoode wauering and that in great daunger For his owne campe being full of prisoners required a good garde to looke
vnto them and Cassius campe on the other side tooke the death of their Captaine verie heauilie and beside there was some vile grudge betwene them that were ouercomen and those that did ouercome For this cause therefore Brutus did set them in battell ray but yet kept him selfe from geuing battell Now for the slaues that were prisoners which were a great number of them went came to and fro amongst the armed men not without suspicion he commaunded they shoulde kill them But for the freemen he sent them freely home and said that they were better prisoners with his enemies then with him For with them they were slaues and seruauntes and with him they were free men and citizens So when he saw that diuers Captaines and his frendes did so cruelly hate some that they would by no meanes saue their liues Brutus him selfe hid them and secretlie sent them away Among these prisoners there was one Vulumnius 2 ieaster and Secculio a common player of whom Brutus made no accompt at all Howbeit his frends brought them vnto him and did accuse them that though they were prisoners they did not let to laugh them to scorne and to ieast broadly with them Brutus made no aunswere to it bicause his heade was occupied other wayes Whereupon Messala Coruinus sayd that it were good to whippe them on a skaffold and then to sende them naked well whipped vnto the Captaines of their enemies to shewe them their shame to keepe suche mates as those in their campe to play the fooles to make them sport Some that stoode by laughed at his deuise But Publius Casca that gaue Iulius Caesar the first wounde when he was slaine sayd then It doth nor become vs to be thus merie at Cassius funeralls and for thee Brutus thou shalt showe what estimacion thou madest of suche a Captaine thy compere by putting to death or sauing the liues of these bloodes who hereafter will mocke him and defame his memorie Brutus aunswered againe in choller why then doe you come to tell me of it Casca and doe not your selues what you thinke good When they hearde him say so they tooke his aunswere for a consent against these poore vnfortunate men to suffer them to doe what they thought good and therefore they caried them away slue them Afterwards Brutus performed the promise he had made to the souldiers and gaue them the two thowsand Drachmas a peece but yet he first reproued them bicause they went gaue charge vpon the enemies at the first battell before they had the word of battell geuen them and made them a new promise also that if in the second battell they fought like men he would geue them the sacke and spoyle of two cities to wit THESSALONICA and LACEDAEMON In all Brutus life there is but this only fault to be found and that is not to be gainesaid though Antonius and Octauius Caesar did reward their souldiers farre worse for their victory For when they had driuen all the naturall ITALIANS out of ITALIE they gaue their souldiers their landes and townes to the which they had no right and moreouer the only marke they shot at in all this warre they made was but to ouercome and raigne Where in contrarie manner they had so great an opinion of Brutus vertue that the common voyce and opinion of the world would not suffer him neither to ouercome nor to saue him selfe otherwise then iustlie and honestly and speciallie after Cassius death whome men burdened that oftentimes he moued Brutus to great crueltie But nowe like as the mariners on the sea after the rudder of their shippe is broken by tempest do seeke to naile on some other peece of wodde in liew thereof and doe helpe them selues to keepe them from hurt as much as may be vpon that instant daunger euen so Brutus hauing such a great armie to gouerne and his affaires standing verie tickle and hauing no other Captaine coequall with him in dignitie and authoritie he was forced to imploy them he had and likewise to be ruled by them in many things was of mind him selfe also to graunt them any thing that he thought might make them serue like noble souldiers at time of neede For Cassius souldiers were verie euill to be ruled and did shewe them selues verie stubborne and lustie in the campe bicause they had no Chieftaine that did cōmaund them but yet rancke cowards to their enemies bicause they had once ouercome them On the other side Octauius Caesar and Antonius were not in much better state for first of all they lacked vittells And bicause they were lodged in low places they looked to abide a hard and sharpe winter being camped as they were by the marish side and also for that after the battell there had fallen plentie of raine about the autumne where through all their tents were full of myre and durt the which by reason of the colde did freeze incontinentlie But beside all these discommodities there came newes vnto them of the great losse they had of their men by sea For Brutus shippes met with a great aide and supplie of men which were sent them out of ITALIE and they ouerthrewe them in suche sorte that there scaped but few of them and yet they were so famished that they were compelled to eate the tackle and sailes of their shippes Thereuppon they were verie desirous to fight a battell againe before Brutus should haue intelligence of this good newes for him for it chaūced so that the battell was fought by sea on the selfe same day it was fought by lande But by ill fortune rather then through the malice or negligence of the Captaines this victory came not to Brutus eare till twentie dayes after For had he knowen of it before he would not haue bene brought to haue fought a second battell considering that he had excellent good prouision for his armie for a long time and besides lay in a place of great strength so as his campe could not be greatly hurt by the winter nor also distressed by his anemies and further he had bene a quiet Lord being a conqueror by sea as he was also by land This would haue maruelously encoraged him Howbeit the state of ROME in my opinion being now brought to that passe that it could no more abide to be gouerned by many Lordes but required one only absolute Gouernor God to preuent Brutus that it shoulde not come to his gouernment kept this victorie from his knowledge though in deede it came but a litle too late For the day before the last battell was geuen verie late in the night came Clodius one of his enemies into his campe who told that Caesar hearing of the ouerthrow of his armie by sea desired nothing more then to fight a battell before Brutus vnderstoode it Howebeit they gaue no credit to his words but despised him so muche that they would not vouchsafe to bring him vnto Brutus bicause they thought
tell how to vse them he had chosen of good men he made them become euill so that neither the one nor the other coulde be the parte of a wise man For Plato him selfe reproueth him for that he had chosen suche men for his frendes that he was slaine by them and after he was slaine no man woulde then reuenge his death And in contrarie maner of the enemies of Brutus the one who was Antonius gaue his bodie honorable buriall and Octauius Caesar the other reserued his honors and memories of him For at Millayne a citie of GAVLEON ITALIE side there was an image of his in brasse verie like vnto him the which Caesar afterwardes passing that way behelde verie aduisedly for that it was made by an excellent workeman and was verie like him and so went his way Then he stayed sodainly againe and called for the Gouernors of the citie and before them all tolde them that the citizens were his enemies and traitors vnto him bicause they kept an enemie of his among them The Gouernors of the citie at the first were astonied at it and stowtlie denyed it and none of them knowing what enemie he ment one of them looked on an other Octauius Caesar then turning him vnto Brutus statue bending his browes sayd vnto them this man you see standing vp here is he not our enemie Then the Gouernors of the citie were worse affrayed then before could not tel what answere to make him But Caesar laughing and commending the GAVLES for their faithfulnes to their frendes euen in their aduersities he was contented Brutus image should stand still as it did THE LIFE OF Aratus CHrisyppus the Philosopher my frend Polycrates being affrayed as it seemeth of the euill sound of an auncient prouerbe not rightlie as it was spoken and in vse but as he thought it best he wrote in this maner VVhat children do their auncetors commend But those vvhom fortune fauors to the end But Dionysodorus TROEZENIAN reprouing him doth rehearse the prouerbe rightly as in deede it is VVhat children do their auncetors commend But those vvhose life is vertuous to the end Saying that this prouerbe stoppeth their mouthes who of them selues are vnworthie of praise and yet are still boasting of the vertues of their auncesters whose praise they hiely extoll But affore those that as Pindarus sayth Do match their noble auncetors in provvesse of their ovvne And by their frutes commend the stocke vvhence they them selues are grovvne As thy selfe that conformest thy life vnto the examples and maners of thy vertuous auncesters it is no small good happe for them often to remember the noble deedes of their parentes in hearing them spoken of or otherwise for them selues oftentimes to remember some notable doings of their parents For in them it is not for lacke of commendable vertues that they report others praise and glorie but in ioyning their owne vertues to the vertues of their auncesters they do increase their glorie as inheriting their vertuous life as challenging their discent by blood Therefore hauing wrytten the life of Aratus thy contrie man and one of thy auncesters whose glorie and greatnesse thou doest not blemishe I doe sende it vnto thee not that I thinke but that thou hast more diligentlie then any man else searched out all his deedes and sayings But yet bicause that thy two sonnes Polycrates and Pythocles reading and still hearing some thing reported might be brought vp at home by the example of their auncesters whose deedes shall lye before them to followe For he loueth him selfe more then he regardeth perfit vertue or his credit that thinketh him selfe so perfit as he neede not follow any others example The citie of SICYONE after it fell from her first gouernment of the optimacie and nobilitie which is proper to the cities of the DORIANS like an instrument out of tune it fell into ciuill warres and seditious practises through the Orators of the people and neuer ceassed to be plagued with those troubles and miseries alway chaunging new tyrannes vntill that Cleon being slaine they chose Timoclidas and Clinias their Gouernors two of the noblest men of greatest authoritie in all the citie Now when the common wealth beganne to grow to a certeine state of gouernment Timoclidas dyed and Abantidas the sonne of Paseas pretending to make him selfe Lord of the citie he slue Clinias and put to death some of his parentes and frendes draue away others and sought also to put his sonne Aratus to death that was then but seuen yeare old But in this hurly burly and tumult Aratus flying out of his fathers house among them that ranne away and wandering vp and downe the citie being scared and affrayed finding no man to helpe him by good fortune he gotte into a womans house called Soso which was Abantidas sister and wife vnto Periphantus his father Clinias brother She being of a noble minde and iudging that the childe Aratus by Gods prouidence fledde vnto her hidde him in her house and in the night secretlie sent him vnto the citie of ARGOS Now after that Aratus had scaped and was safe from this daunger from that time there bred in him a vehement malice against tyrannes the which still increased in him as he grewe in yeares So he was vertuouslie brought vp in the citie of ARGOS with his fathers frends and perceiuing with him selfe that he waxed bigge and strong he disposed his bodie to diuers exercises and became so excellent in them that he contended in fiue manner of exercises and oftentimes bare the best away And in his images and statues he appeared in face ful and well liking as one that fed well and the maiestie of his countenaunce argueth that he vsed suche exercise and suche commonly are large eaters From whence it came that he did not geue him selfe so muche to pleading as peraduenture was requisite for a Gouernor of a common wealth Howebeit some doe iudge by his Commentaries he wrote that he had an eloquenter tongue then seemed vnto some bicause he wrote them in hast hauing other busines in hand and euen as things came first into his minde But afterwards Dinias and Aristotle Logitian slue Abantidas who did commonlie vse to sit in the market place to heare their matters and to talke with them And this gaue them good meanes and oportunitie to worke their seate they did After Abantidas death his father Paseas possessed the tyrannie whom Nicocles afterwardes slue also by treason and made him selfe tyranne in his place It is reported that this Nicocles did liuelie resemble the countenaunce of Periander the sonne of Cypselus as Orontes PERSIAN was very like vnto Alcmaeon the sonne of Amphiaraus and an other young LACEDAEMONIAN vnto Hector of TROYA whom Myrsilus wryteth was troden vnder mens feete through the ouergreat presse of people that came to see him when they hearde of it This Nicocles was tyranne foure monethes together in the which
Aratus by the hand as if by force he had cast him out of the castell and had also taken the citie of MESSINA from him sayd vnto him come on then lette vs euen take that course But after that time Aratus came as litle to the Court as might be and so by litle and litle left Philippes companie For when he went to make warre in the realme of EPIRVS he was earnestlie in hand with Aratus to goe that iorney with him But Aratus prayed him to hold him excused and so remained at home being affrayed to be brought into an euill name with Philippes doings For Philippe afterwards hauing shamefullie lost his armie by sea against the ROMANES besides hauing had also verie euill successe in all other his affaires he returned againe to PELOPONNESVS thought once more to haue deceiued the MESSENIANS But when they founde his practise then he beganne with open force to spoyle their contrie Aratus then flatlie fell out with Philip and vtterly refused his frendship for that he perceiued then the iniurie he had done his sonnes wife the which grieued him to the harte but yet he made not his sonne priuie to it bicause he coulde gette no other amendes then to knowe what iniurie had bene done to him considering that he had no way nor meanes to be reuenged For king Philip was maruelously changed and from a curteous and chast young Prince becomen a vitious and cruell tyran the which to speake truely was not a chaunge or alteracion in nature but a manifest declaracion when he was no more affrayed of any man of his wicked and deuelish mind the which through feare had of long time bene kept secret Now to prone that Philips first loue and good will he bare vnto Aratus was also mingled with feare and reuerence that which he did afterwards vnto him did plainly shew it For he being desirous to put Aratus to death not thinking him selfe free so long as he liued neither king nor tyran he durst not goe about to kill him him selfe but procured one of his Captaines called Taurion and commaunded him to make him away as secretly as he could possible specially with poyson in his absence This Taurion fell in frendship with Aratus and poysoned him with no violent poyson but so tempered qualified it as it did by litle and litle heate the bodie and procure a pretie coffe which brought him into a consumption Aratus knewe he was poysoned but bicause he sawe it booted not to bewray it he bare it pacientlie and made no words of it as if he had had some naturall disease about him Yet on a time one of his chiefest frends being in his chamber with him who wondred to see him spit blood as he did he told him frēd Caephalon mine this is the reward of a kings loue So he died of this poison in the city of AEOIVM being the seuenteenth time chosen Generall of the ACHAIANS who would haue had him buried in the selfe same place and haue made some honorable monument for him worthie of his noble life But the SICYONIANS thinking them selues dishonored if his body were buried any where else but in their owne citie they so perswaded the counsell of the ACHAIANS that they suffered them to take Aratus bodie with them Yet was there an auncient law that forbad buriall within the walls of the citie of any maner of person whatsoeuer and besides that law they had a certaine superstitious feare in them that made them they durst not Whereuppon they sent to Apolloes temple at DELPHES to aske counsell of his Nunne that gaue the Oracles who made them this aunswere Thou happie soile of Sicyon Aratus natiue place VVhereas thou askest counsell in that noble Captaines case For keeping of a yeareminde and for making feastfull dayes In honor of that vvorthie vvight to last henceforth alvvaien If any hinder your intent through fondnes or through spight Both sea and land and heauen it selfe vvill punish that same vvight This Oracle being brought all the ACHAIANS were maruelous glad of it but the SICYONIANS speciallie who presentlie chaunging their mourning into publike ioy they caried the bodie from the citie of AEGIVM brought it home as in maner of procession in white robes and garlands of flowers on their heades singing hymnes and songes of ioy and daunsing till they came to the citie of SICYONE And there they chose out the chiefest place and buried him as their founder father and sauior of their citie and the place is called at this present time ARATIVM There they yearely make two solemne sacrifices the one the fift of Nouember at which time he deliuered the citie of SICYONE from tyrannie they call this sacrifice Soteria as much to say as the feast of health and the other on his birth day as it is reported For the first sacrifice that was done by the Priest of Iupiter the sauior The second sacrifice also was done by Aratus sonne who was girt about with a cloth not altogether white but mingled with purple colour So during the sacrifice they song hymnes vpon the harpe in praise of him and the maister of the Musitians made a procession round about being accompanied with boyes and young men of the citie after whom followed the Senate crowned with garlands of flowers and other citizens that were disposed to goe a procession How beit the most part of the honors that were appointed to be done vnto him were left of by processe of time chaunge of things that followed afterwards Thus you see what the life of Aratus the father hath bene as we find in histories Now Philip being a wicked man and cruell of nature caused his sonne Aratus also to be poysoned not with a deadly poyson but with such poyson as troubleth a mans wits so that through their deuelish receit he becometh a starke foole without any wit at all and maketh him to attempt straunge and abhominable things and to haue certaine shamefull and detestable desires insomuch as his death though he dyed in the pryme of his youth could not be thought miserable but rather a happy deliuerance to him of all his miseries and mishappes But Philip afterwards so long as he liued payed vnso Iupiter protector of all iustice and frendship the punishment his wicked life deserued For after he was ouercome in battell by the ROMANES he was compelled to yeelde him selfe to their mercy by whome he was depriued from all the rest of his landes and dominions he had and of all his shippes but fiue only and condemned besides to pay a thowsand talents for a fine and to giue his sonne in hostage and they only left him for pities sake the kingdom of MACEDON with all the appertenaunces And there he daily putting to death the chiefest of his nobilitie and neerest of blood vnto him he filled his realme with crueltie and mortall hate against him Furthermore
all the other Captaines and to bring him to a quiet and peaceable life in his age Furthermore Ambassadors were sent from the Senate and met with Galba at NARBONA a citie of GAVLE where after they had presented their humble duetie they perswaded him to make all the haste he could possible to shew him selfe to the people of ROME who were maruelous desirous to see him Galba receiued them very graciously and curteously made them great chere howbeit very modestly notwithstanding For notwithstanding that Nymphidius had sent him diuers Officers and store of Neroes moueables yet he would neuer be serued with any of them at any feasts or bankets he made with other then his owne stuffe wherein he shewed his noble mind and how he could master all vanitie But Titus Iunius shortly after told Galba that this noble mind and ciuill moderation without pride or pompe was to lowly a manner to flatter the people and that it was a certaine respect of honestie that knewe not it selfe and became not his greatnes and maiestie So he perswaded him to vse Neroes money stuffe and to be sumptuous and princely in his feasts without niggardlines To conclude the olde man Galba began plainely to shew that he would be ruled by Titus Iunius who aboue all other was extreame couetous and besides too much giuen to women For when he was a young man the first time he went to the warres vnder Caluisius SABINE he brought his Captaines wife which liked good felowshippe disguised like a souldier into the campe into his generalls tent which the ROMANES called Principia and there was somewhat bold with her Wherefore Caius Caesar committed him to prison but he escaped at his death Another time when he supped with Clodius Caesar he stale a siluer pot Clodius hearing of it bad him againe to supper the next night but he commaunded his men they should giue him drinke in an earthen cruse Thus this thest through Caesars pleasantnes seemed rather a matter of sport then of anger howbeit the faultes which he committed afterwards through extreame couetousnes of money at what time he ruled Galba and bare all the swaye about him gaue vnto some iust cause and vnto others apparant culler of tragicall mischieues and greeuous calamities For Nymphidius so soone as Gellianus was returned out of SPAYNE whome he had sent thither to see what Galba did he enforming him that Cornelius Lacon was Captaine of the gard and house of the Emperor and that Titus Iunius did all in all about him and that he could neuer be suffred to come neare Galba nor to speake with him a part bicause those which were about Galba did mistrust him euer had an eye to him to see what he did he was maruelously perplexed withall Thereuppon he called for all the Centurions Captaines and pety Captaines of the campe of the PRAETORIAN army and perswaded them that Galba touching his owne person was a good old and discreete man howbeit that he did not follow his owne adulse counsell but was ruled altogether by Iunius and Lacon who marred all and therefore that it were good before they came to be of greater power and to haue such great authoritie in maneging the affayres of the Empire as Tigellinus had before to send Ambassadors to the Emperor in the name of all the campe to tell him that in putting those two men from about him he should be the better welcome vnto ROME and to all men els besides The Captaines vtterly misliked this deuise For they thought it too straunge and beyond all reason to seeme to teache an old Emperor as if he were but a child that did not know what it was to gouerne to appoynt him what seruaunts and friends he should keepe and whome he should trust or mistrust Nymphidius perceiuing this tooke another course and wrote letters vnto Galba to terrifie him one tyme sending him word that he was maruelous euill beloued of many in ROME and that they were ready to rebell against him an other tyme also that the legions of GERMANY were reuolted and that he vnderstoode the like from the legions in IVRY and SYRIA And another tyme also that Clodius Macer in AFRICA stayed all the shippes fraighted with corne that were bownd for ROME But in the ende finding that Galba made no accompt of him and that he gaue no credit to his words nor writings he determined first of all to set vpon him Howbeit Clodius Celsus borne in the citie of ANTIOCH a wise man and his faithfull friend disswaded him maruelously not to doe it declaring vnto him that he thought there was no one house nor family in ROME that would call Nymphidius Caesar. Howbeit in contrary manner diuers others mocked Galba and specially one Mithridates of the Realme of PONâ— that sayd he was a bald writhen man For the ROMANES sayd he haue him in deede now in some estimation but when they haue once seene him they will thinke it a perpetuall shame and reproche to our tyme that he was called Caesar. So they thought it good to bring Nymphidius about midnight into the campe and there openly to proclayme him Emperor Howbeit the chiefe Tribune of the souldiers called Antonius Honoratus gathered his souldiers together in the night and before them all did first openly reproue him selfe and then them for that they had so often turned and chaunged in so short time without any wit or discretion hauing no iudgement to chuse the best way but to be pricked forward and caried headlong in that sort by some wicked spirit which brought them out of one treason into another And yet sayd he our first chaunge had some countenaunce of reason to wete the horrible vices and faultes of Nero but now wherein can we accuse Galba to haue any countenaunce to falsifie our faith vnto him hath he slayne his mother hath he put her to death hath he shamefully played the tumbler or common player vpon a scaffold in the Theater And yet for all these vile parts we neuer durst once beginne to forsake Nero but gaue credit to Nymphidius words who told vs that Nero had first forsaken vs and that he was fled into AEGYPT What shall we doe Shall we kill Galba after Nero what shall we kill him that is a kinne to Liuia to make the sonne of Nymphidia Emperor as we haue already slayne the sonne of Agrippina or shall we rather kill him that hath rashly entred into this enterprise and thereby to reuenge the death of Nero and to shewe our selues faithfull souldiers vnto Galba All the souldiers yelded straight to the Colonells words and therewith went to their other companions to perswade them to keepe their saith promise they auowed vnto the Emperor so that they made many of them reuolt againe from Nymphidius Thereuppon the noyse and cryes beeing great Nymphidius supposing as some thought that the souldiers did call for him or els hoping betymes to quenche this tumult
to staye such as were yet wauering he went thither him selfe with great store of torche light and caried an oration in his hand the which Ciconius Varro had made for him and the which he had learned without booke to speake vnto the souldiers But when he found the gates of the campe shut and saw diuers men armed vpon the walls he began to be affrayd and comming nearer asked them what they ment by it and by whose commaundement they had armed them selues as they did Aunswer was made him by them all that they did acknowledge no other Emperor but Galba the which he seemed to like of and also commaunded them that followed him to doe the like and therewithall drew nearer Whereuppon certaine of the souldiers that warded at the gate did open him the gate and suffred him to come in with a few men with him Howbeit assoone as he was comen in first there was a dart throwen at him the which one Septimius that went before him receiued vpon his shield then others also came with their swords drawen in their hands to set on him and followed him as he fled into a souldiers cabbone where they slue him Then they layed his body in an open place and rayled it about that euery man that would might the next day see it So Nymphidius being slayne in this sort Galba vnderstanding of his death commaunded that all Nymphidius friendes and confederators that had not bene slayne at that tyme should for his sake be put to death as in deede they were Amongest them they slue Ciconius that had made the oration for Nymphidius and Mithridates also of PONT Howbeit though in deede they had deserued it yet men thought it a very cruell part to commaund these men to be put to death in that sort which were men of such qualitie and calling as they were without due forme and order of lawe For euery man stoode in good hope vpon the comming in of this new Emperor to haue seene another manner of gouernment then they had yet seene howbeit they were deceiued of their hope at the first choppe But yet they misliked this most of all when he commaunded them to kill Petronius Tertullianus that had bene Consul bicause he was Neroes faithfull friend But nowe for the death of Clodius Macer whome Trebonianus slue in AFRICK by his commaundement and for Fonteius that was also slayne in GERMANY by Valeus he had some reason to feare them bicause they were in armes and commaunded great armies But for Tertullianus that was an olde man naked and vnarmed truely he should haue put him to his triall by law if he would haue ministred iustice the which he promised to keepe at his first comming to the Imperial crowne Herein they greatly reproued Galba Now when he drew neare to ROME within fiue and twenty furlongs he was compassed about with a multitude of Maryners and sea faring men that kept the high way on euery side wandring vp and downe in euery place These were the men whome Nero had gathered together into one legion and had taken them from the ower and made them souldiers So they were come thither to be suters to him that he would allow them still to be souldiers and they pressed so arrogantly vpon him that they would not suffer those which came to the newe Emperor to see him nor speake with him but they fell to tumult and vprore crying out to haue ensignes for their legion and to be appoynted a place to lye in in garrison Galba referred them ouer to another tyme and bad them they should then let him vnderstand their demaund They told him againe that this delay was a kind of deniall and thereuppon fell to plaine mutinie followed him with great cryes insomuch that some of them stuck not to draw out their swords Then Galba commaunded the horsemen he had about him to set vpon them So there was not a man of them that resisted but some of them were ouerthrowen and troden vnder their horse feete others also slaine as they fled This was very euil signe and presage for him to enter into ROME with such bloudshed vpon so many poore mens dead bodies as lay slayne on the ground Howbeit where some before did despise and mock him for an old feeble man euery man then was affraid of him and quaked for feare Furthermore bicause he would shew a great chaunge and alteracion from the vnreasonable vaine gifts and expenses of Nero it seemeth he did many vncomely things As when one Canus an excellent player on the recorder had played all supper tyme bicause it was a maruelous sweete Musick to heare he praysed commended it maruelously and commaunded one to bring him his casket out of the which he tooke a few crownes put them into his hand saying that it was not money of the common treasure but of his owne Furthermore he gaue straight commaundement that they should require and call backe againe the gifts Nero had geuen and bestowed vpon common players minstrells wrestlers and people of such kinde of facultie and profession and to leaue them only the tenth parte But he got litle by this deuise For the most parte of those that had giftes geuen them had spent and consumed it all as men that liue without any rule or order and spent at night that which they get in the day and besides they were to hunt after them that had either taken or bought any thing of them and to make them to restore it againe But this was an endles worke for things had bene so conueyed from man to man that in the end it came to an infinite number of mens hands But of all this the shame and dishonor returned to Galba him selfe though the malice and hatred lighted on Titus Iunius who only made the Emperour straight laced to all others whilest he him selfe tooke vnreasonably of all men making portesale of euerie thing that came to hand For Hesiodus the Poet sayth As vvell vvhen the vessell is full that it spill As vvhen it is emptie thirst craueth drinke still But Iunius perceiuing Galba to be olde and feeble woulde wisely take his fortune and time while time serued supposing it almost to be at an end so soone as he beganne to enter into it So in the meane time he did much dishonor the poore old man ouergreatlie abusing vnder cloke of his authoritie the chiefest and waightiest matters in reprouing or altogether hindering those the which the Prince him selfe had a good desire to deale vprightly in as to punish the officers of Nero. For he put some of them to death among the which Elius was one and certaine other as Polyclitus Petinus and Patrobius whereat the people maruelouslie reioiced and cried out as they went to execucion through the market place that it was a goodly and blessed procession and required Tigellinus of the goddes and men that had bene chiefe maister and
Emperour that they kept him not from killing him selfe for their sakes So there was not a man of them that left his body though the enemies were hard at hand but hauing honorably buryed him and prepared a great stacke of wodde they conueyed him armed to the fire of his funeralls euery man thinking him selfe happy that coulde first set his shoulders to the coffyn to helpe to cary him Others comming to it kneeled downe on their knees and kissed his wound Others tooke and kissed his handes Others that could not come neare him honored him and did reuerence him a farre of and some there were also that after the stacke of woode was set a fire slue them selues hard by the fire who had neuer receiued benefit by him that was dead at the least to any mans knowledge nether had they any occasion to be affraid of him that was Conqueror And truely me thinkes neuer king nor tyrant was so ambitiously giuen to raigne as they vehemently desired to be commaunded by Otho and to obeye him considering that their desire left them not euen after his death but was so liuely rooted in their mindes that in the ende it turned to a deadely hate vnto Vitellius But of this we will speake more hereafter in time and place Now when they had buried Othoes ashes they did set vp a tombe for him nether for magnificence of building nor forglorious epitaphe subiect vnto enuy For I haue seene his tombe in the citie of BRESSELLES a meane thing and the epitaph vpon it translated out of Latine sayeth no more but this This is the tombe of Marcus Otho He dyed being but seuen and thirty yere olde and was Emperor but three moneths there were as many famous men that commended his death as they that reproued his life For though he liued not much more honester then Nero yet he dyed farre more honorably Furthermore when Pollio one of the Captaines would haue compelled his souldiers presently to haue taken their othes to be true to Vitellius they fell out with him and vnderstanding that there were yet remayning some Senators they would not medle with them but onely troubled Verginius Rufus For they came to his dores armed and called him by his name commaunded him to take charge of them and to goe as Ambassador to intreate for them Howbeit he thought it were but a fond part of him to take charge of them that were already ouercome considering he refused it when they had ouercome and also he was affraid to goe Ambassador to the GERMAINES bicause he had compelled them to doe thinges against their willes Therefore he went out at his backe dore and saued him selfe So when the souldiers heard of it they were at length contented to be brought to be sworne vnto Vitellius and so ioyned them selues with Cecinnaes souldiers so they might be pardoned for all that was past THE LIVES OF ANNIBAL AND SCIPIO AFRICAN Translated into French by Charles de la Sluce and englished by Thomas North. Annibal IF we doe call to mind the first PVNICK warre the CARTHAGINIANS had with the ROMANES we shall find many Captaines who by the glorye of their noble deedes haue left great same and renowme vnto their posteritie Howbeit amongest all the Captaines of the CARTHAGINIANS none are found more worthy of fame and so commended of all Greeke and Latine Authors then Hamilcar Annibals father otherwise surnamed Barcha a valliant man doubtles and in his time a skilfull souldier as any was The same Hamilcar first of all made warre with the ROMANES a longer tyme in SICILIA then was looked for who had done greate hurte to his contrye and common wealthe After that also in the warres of AFRICK at what tyme the mercenarye souldiers through their rebellion did put the contrye of CARTHAGE in great daunger he did so valliantly appease the insurrection that to euery mans iudgement he was reputed the onely preseruer of his contrye Then he was sent Gouernor and Captaine into SPAYNE and caryed with him at that tyme as it is reported his sonne Annibal beeing but a younge boye where he did noble seruice In fine in the nynth yeare of his aboade there in that prouince he dyed fighting vallyantly agaynste the VETHEONS After his deathe Hasdrubal his Sonne in lawe whom the CARTHAGINIANS through the ayde friendship of the BARCINIAN faction had made generall of all their armye remayned gouernor there the space of eight yeares This Hasdrubal sent for Annibal into SPAYNE after his father Hamilcars death against the minds of the chiefe of the contrary faction to th end that as he had bene trayned from his youth in the discipline of warres in his father Hamilcars life euen so in like manner that now being come to mans state he should the better harden his body to away with the paines and daungers of the warres Now although at the first the remembraunce of his father was a great helpe vnto him to winne the loue and good will of the souldiers Yet he him selfe afterwards through his diligence and industrie so handled the matter that the olde souldiers forgetting all other Captaines they onely desired to choose him and none other for thier gouernor For they found in him all the perfections that could be wished for in a noble Captaine or generall He had a present and ready wit to giue counsell what was to be done in most greatest attempts besides he lacked nether manhood nor industry to put it in execution He had a valiant and inuincible mind euen in greatest daungers and aduersities of bodye the which are wont to staye others from performing their indeuors and duety He would watche and warde as any priuate souldier and was quicke and ready to doe any kind of seruice either like a valiant souldier or a good Captaine In this sort Annibal continued in seruice in the warres the space of three yeares vnder the conduct of Hasdrubal In that time he so wanne the hartes of all the army that immediatly after Hasdrubals death he was chosen to be Lieuetenant generall with the common consent of all the souldiers this honor was layed vpon him without contradiction of any of the CARTHAGINIANS through the friendship and good will of the BARCINIAN faction Annibal was now six and twenty yeare olde when the souldiers made him their Lieuetenant generall For at what time his father Hamilcar brought him into SPAYNE he was then but nyne yeare olde from that time vnto Hasdrubals death according to Polybius declaration it was seuenteene yeares more So he was no sooner made Lieuetenant generall of all the campe and his contry but he bent him selfe to make warre with the ROMANES hauing long before determined it For first of all he chiefly mainteyned almost a common hate of all the CARTHAGINIANS against the ROMANES bicause of the losse of SICILIA and SARDINIA Besides also he bare them a secret malice in nature as a thing inheritable from
that cullerably fled vnto the Consuls who receiued them very curteously placed them in the rereward of the army They seeing their time shewed behind the enemies did sodainly geue them charge Then the army of the ROMANES war vtterly ouerthrowen Annibal obtained victory Liuie writeth that there were slaine in this battell forty thousand footmen and aboue two thowsand seuen hundred horsemen Polybius saith that there were many more slaine Well letting this matter passe it is certaine that the ROMANES had neuer greater losse neither in the first warre with AFRICKE nor in the seconde by the GARTHAGINIANS as this ouerthrowe that was geuen at CANNES For there was slaine the Consul Paulus AEmylius him selfe a man vndoubtedlie deseruing great praise and that serued his contrie and common wealth euen to the lower of death Cn. Seruilius Consul the yeare before he was also slaine there and many other that had bene Consuls Praetors and others of such like dignitie Captaines Chieftaines and many other Senators and honest citizens and that suche a number of them that the verie crueltie it selfe of the enemie was satisfied The Consull Terentius Varro who was the onelie author of all this warre and slaughter seeinge the enemie victor euerie waye he saued him selfe by flyinge And Tuditanus a Chiefetaine of a bande comminge through his enemies with a good companie of his men he came vnto CANVSIVM Thither came also about tenne thowsande men that had escaped from their enemies as out of a daungerous storme by whose consent the charge of the whole armie was geuen vnto Appius Pulclur and also vnto Cornelius Scipio who afterwardes did ende this warre Thus was the ende of the battell fought by CANNES Newes flewe straight to ROME of this ouerthrowe the which though they iustly filled all the citie with sorowe and calamitie yet the Senate and people of ROME kept alwaies their countenance and greatnes euen in this extreame miserie Insomuch that they had not only good hope to kepe their city safe but furthermore they leauied a new army made young men to beare armor yet left not SICILIA and SPAYNE vnprouided in the meane time so that they made the world to wonder at them to consider these things how they could in so great calamity trouble haue so noble harts such wise counsel But to let passe the former ouerthrowes great losses they susteined at TICINVM at TREBIA and at the lake of Thrasimene what nation or people could haue borne this last plague whereby the whole force power of the ROMANES was in maner vtterly destroied and ouerthrowen and yet the people of ROME so held it out that with so great wisedome counsell that they neither lacked manhood nor magnanimity Besides to help them the more Annibal being cōqueror trifling time in taking his leisure refreshing his army he gaue the ROMANES leasure that were ouercomen to take breath againe to restore them selues For doutlesse if Annibal being conqueror had immediatly after the victorie obtained brought his armie directly to ROME surely that ROMANES had bene vtterly vndone or at the least had bene cōpelled to haue put all in venter So it is reported that Annibal oftentimes afterwardes repented himselfe he followed not his victory complaining openly that he rather followed their counsell which wished him to let his souldiers rest then Maharbals aduise general of his horsemen who would haue had him gone straight to ROME and so to haue ended all this warre But he seing Annibals delay told him as it is reported this that is now cōmon in euery mans mouth Annibal thou knowest how to ouercome but thou knowest not how to vse victory But what all things are not as Nestor saith in Homer geuen to men all together For some had no skill to ouercome others knew not how to follow their victory some also could not kepe that they had won Pyrthus king of the EPIROTES that made warre with the ROMANES was one of the famousest Captaines that euer was yet as men write of him though he was maruelous fortunate to cōquer realmes he could neuer kepe thē Euen so in like maner some Captaines haue bene indued with excellent vertues yet notwithstanding haue bene insufficiēt in martial affaires deseruing praise in a Captaine as we may read in diuers histories Now after this battell sought by CANNES the ATTELLANIANS the CALATINIANS the SAMNITES after thē also the BRVTIANS LVCANIANS diuers other nations people of ITALY caried away with the same of this great victory they al came yelded vnto Annibal And the city of CAPVA also the which Annibal was desirous to haue won long before for taking their old frends consederats made new league frendship with Annibal the which wan him great estimacion with other nations For at that time the city of CAPVA was very populous of great power the chiefest city of estimacion of all ITALY next vnto ROME Now to tel you is few words what is reported of CAPVA it is certaine that it was a Colony of the THVSCANES the which was first called VVLTVRNVM after that CAPVA by the name of their Gouernor called Capidus or otherwise as it is most likely bicause of the fieldes round about it For on euery side of it there are goodly pleasaunt fieldes full of all kindes of frutes growing on the earth called in Greeke Kepi Furthermore all the contry is confined round about with famous nations Towarde the sea there dwell the SYBSSANIANS the CVMANIANS and the NEAPOLITANS On firme land also towards the North are the CALENTINIANS and the CALENIANS On the East and South side the DAVNIANS and NOLANIANS Furthermore the place is of a strong scituacion and on the one side is compassed in with the sea and on the other side with great high mountaines Now the CAMPANIANS florished maruelously at that time and therefore seeing the ROMANES in maner vtterly vndone by the battel they had lost at CANNES they quickly tooke parte with the stronger as it commonly falleth out and furthermore besides that they made league with Annibal they receiued him into their city with great triumphe hoping that the warre being ended they should be the chiefest wealthiest of all ITALY But marke how men are commonly deceiued in their expectation Now when Annibal came into the city of CAPVA there was worlde of people that went to see him for the great fame they heard of him For there was no other talke but of his happy victories he had wonne of the enemie So being come into the citie they brought him vnto Pacuuius house his verie familiar frende who was a man of great wealth and authoritie as any among all the CAMPANIANS Then he made him a notable banket to the which no citizens were bidden sauing onely Iubellius Taurea a stowt man and the sonne of Pacuuius his hoast who through his fathers meanes with much a doe was reconciled to
to it through Scipioes liberalitie or else bicause he thought the time was come that it was the surest way to take part with the ROMANES which were the conquerors It is that Masinissa that afterwards through the goodnes of the ROMANES became the great and mighty king of NVMIDIA and in deede he was diuers wayes a profitable frende vnto the ROMANES Furthermore the selfe same yeare which was the fourteenth of the seconde warre with the AFRICANS SPAYNE was the first nation and people of the vpland men dwelling in the hart of the realme that was conquered vnder the happie conduct of the Viceconful Scipio howbeit it was the last realme that was made a prouince long time after by Augustus Caesar. Now Scipio not contenting him self with the great victories he had obteined in verie short time in SPAYNE for he had an imagination good hope also to cōquer AFRICKE he thought that his best way to make all the meanes he could possible to get Syphax king of the MASAESYLIANS a frend to the ROMANES Wherefore after he had felt the kinges minde perceiuing that he was well inclined to make league with the ROMANES he presently set all his other affaires aside and sailed into AFRIKE with two gallies onely at fiue owers to a bancke At the selfe same time also came Hasdrubal the sonne of Gisgo thither from GADES so that both these valliant lusty Captaines came of purpose to the king enuying one the other to craue the kinges good will vnto their contrie and common wealth Syphax welcomed them both into his Court and did vse them verie honorably and curteouslie and appointed that they should both eate at one table and lye in one selfe chamber bicause the one shoulde not thinke his enterteinment better then the other It is reported that Hasdrubal wondering at the magnanimity and great wisedom of Scipio that was present he considered with him selfe the great daunger the citie of CARTHAGE and all AFRIKE besides was in through that mans meanes for he saw him yet a young man quicke and excellent in all manner of great vertues and that had continuallie obtained such victories and therefore considering the lustie youth of this gentleman he imagined that it was vnpossible to perswade him to imbrace peace rather then warre Besides he was affraied also that Syphax moued by the personage and authoritie of him that was present would take parte with the ROMANES and in deede his minde gaue him rightlie for so it happened For though Syphax at the first shewed him selfe in different to them both and had moued talke to end the warre betwext the ROMANES and the CARTHAGINIANS yet afterwards when Scipio tolde him he coulde conclude no peace without consent of the Senate of ROME he reiected Hasdrubal and inclining to Scipioes request he made league with the people of ROME So Scipio being returned againe into SPAYNE him self partely by force and partely also by L. Martius meanes conquered ILITVRGIVM CASTVLO and certaine other places that refused to yeeld them selues vnto the ROMANES And to the end nothing should be lacking for all kinde of sports and pleasures after he had so fortunatelie obtained so many famous victories when he was come to newe CARTHAGE he caused the fensers to prepare them selues to fight with great pompe where there were many great estates not only to see that pastime but also they them selues to handle the weapons in person But amongest other SPANYARDES of noble houses there were two called Corbis Orsua which were at strife together for the kingdom but that day they ended their quarrell the one being slaine by the others hand The fight was verie lamentable grieuous to the beholders but the death of him that was slaine troubled them much more for they were both cousin germaines After all this Scipio hauing his mind still occupied in matters of greater waight and importance then those which he had already brought to passe he fell sicke His sickenes being caried through all SPAYNE and as it happeneth often his disease being reported to be muche greater and daungerous then it was in deede thereuppon not only the nations of SPAYNE beganne to rise in hope of chaunge but the armie selfe also of the ROMANES the which he had left at SVCRO First of all martiall discipline was corrupted through the absence of the Generall Afterwardes also the report of his sickenes and daunger of his life being spred abroad in the armie raised suche a rebellion among them that some of them litle regarding the authoritie and commaundement of the head Captaines of the bands they draue them away and chose two meane souldiers for their Captaines who presumptuouslie tooke vpon them the name geuen vnto them by men of no authority and yet with more arrogancie made the bundells of roddes and axes to be caried before them Such follie doth furie and vaine ambicion oftentimes worke in mens minds On the other side the SPANYARDS slept not and specially Mandonius and Indibilis who aspiring to the kingdom of SPAYNE came to Scipio when he was conqueror after he had taken newe CARTHAGE But afterwards being offended to see the power of the ROMANES increase daily they sought occasion to make some alteracion So after they had heard not onely of Scipioes sicknes but also how he was at deathes dore and did beleue it they presentlie leauied an armie and went and made warre with the SVBSSITANS which were confederates of the ROMANES But Scipio being recouered againe of his sickenes like as vpon the false rumor of his death euery man beganne to rise euen so after the truth was knowen in deede of his recouerie they were all put downe againe and not a man of them durst proceede any further in their rebellion Scipio being more skilfull in martiall discipline then acquainted with sedition and rebellion although he was maruelously offended with the souldiers that had committed this follie yet in the end least following his anger men should haue thought him to haue exceeded all boundes of reason in punishing of them he referred all vnto the counsell The most parte of them gaue aduise that the authors of the rebellion shoulde be punished and all the rest pardoned for by this meanes sayd they the punishment shall light vpon a few that haue deserued it and all the rest shall take example by them Scipio followed that aduise and presently sent for all the seditious bands to come to new CARTHAGE to receiue their pay The souldiers obeyed his commaundement some of them making their fault lesse then it was as men doe often flatter them selues others also trusting to the Captaines clemencie as knewing him not to be extreame in punishment For Scipio was wont to say that he had rather saue the life of one ROMANE citizen then to kill a thowsand enemies The rumor ranne also that Scipio had an other armie readie the which he looked for to ioyne with them and then
whereof Liuie deca 3. lib. 7. Romulus and Remus education Romulus a godly man. Remus taken of Numitors heardmen Gods providence Remus oration declaring the birth of himself his brother Romulus Numitors wisdome Faustulus care to saue Remus Amulius perplexed in his minde Manipulares whereof so called Amulius slayne The building of Rome Asylaus temple a sanctuarie for all banished persones and fugitiues Strife betwixt Romulus and Remus Remonium Rignarium The Romains obserue the flying of vulters Remus slayne by Romulus or Celer Celeres wherfore so called Q. Metellus Celer The world Pomoerium why so called The walles holye The feast day of Romes fouÌ„dation the 21. Aprill The feast Palilia An eclypse of the moone at the laying of the foundatioÌ„ of Rome Varro a philosopher Tarutius a mathematician The hower of a mans natiuitie maye be calculated by his accidents Romulus natiuitie calculated by Tarutius An eclypse of the sunne when Romulus was conceiued in his mothers wombe The Romaine legion 3000 footemen 300 horsemeÌ„ Romulus instituteth a coÌ„mon wealth VVhat the Patricians Senatâ— were Patres Conscripti Patroni Clientes The shame of the Romaines to take gifteâ— of poore men The rauishement of the Sabynes comen Romulus crafte about the rauishement of the Sabynes daughters Consus a god Neptune the god of horsemen The executioÌ„ of the rauishment The number of the Sabyne women rauished Hersilia Romulus wife Romulus first daughter called Prima His sonne was called Aollius Abillius The cause why the Romaines dog synge the name of Talasius in â—â—â—â—ages Talassia Matrimoniall ceremonie at Rome Sextillis August Plutat in his proble Consualia The Sabynes what they were Acron king of the Ceninenses maketh warre with Romulus Acron slaine in the field Romulus triumphe The beginning of triumphe Iupiter Feretrian Spolia opima Three Romaines onely obteined spolia opima Tarquinius Priscus the first that triumphed in charet The citties of Fidena Crustumerium Antemna rose all â—â—gast Romulus The Sabynes led by Tatius went to besiege the cittie of Rome Tarpeia betrayeth the castell and letteth in the Sabynes Antigonus Augustus Caesarâ— words of traytors A fit similitude Note the reward of treason Tarpeia pressed to deathe The place of the fight betwext Romulus Tatius Curtius the Sabyne Curtius Lake The Sabynes geue battell to Romulus Hostilius slayne Romulus hit on the head with a stone Iupiter Stâ—tor A wonderfull boldnes of women The wordes of Hersilia and other Sabyne women vnto both armies Romulus and Tatius imparle together Peace betwene the Romaines and Sabynes Quirites why so called Comitium The Romaine legion 6000. footemen 600 horsemeÌ„ The Romaine tribes Honours geueÌ„ to women Tatius and Romulus palaces The holy cornell tree The Sabynes vsed the Romaines moneths Feasts Matronalia Carmentalia Carmenta Lupercalia The Lupercians doe sacrifice a dogge VVhy the Lupercians roÌ„ne through the cittie naked The Vestall Nunnes and holy fire instituted by Romulus Lituus Romulus Lawes Parricides No parricide knowen in Rome sixe huÌ„dred yeres together Lucius Ostius the first man that slewe his owne father at Rome Ambassadours slaine comming to Rome The death of Tatius in Lauinium ArmilustriuÌ„ The Sabines obedience to Romulus Romulus tooke the cittie of Fidena Plague at Rome It rained bloude at Rome Camerinum taken of Romulus The incredible valiaÌ„tnes of Romulus Romulus â—â—â—â—eth peace with the Veians Prosperitie increase of pryde and stomake Celeres Romulus garde Lictores wherefore so called Romulus conurteth the kingdome of Alba to a comon weale Romulus vanished awaye no man knew howe The 17. daye of Iuly an vnfortunate daye to the 〈…〉 The death Africanus Diuers opinions of Romulus death The goate marshe Iulius Proculus â—â—â— with Romulus after his vanishing Romulus oracle vnto Proculus Romulus called Quirinus and honored as a god Aristeas a Proconnesian taken out of mens fight after bâ—â—us dead Cleomedes Asâ—ypaisis vanished strauÌ„gely out of mens sights being fast locked in a chest Alemenes body vanished out of the beere The soule eternall Heraclitus saying of the soule VVhy Romulus was called Quirinus The bill Quirinus Nonae Capravine The warre of the Latines Posthumius generall Philotia a warning maeydes sodaine deuise Romulus age and reigne By what meanes men are provoked to great anteryriser Plato in Phaèdone Loue the minister of the goddes The office of a prince VVherein Romulus was to be preferred before Theseus Romulus loue to his kyuns Theseus detected for obliuion Theseus detected for his rauishements of women Romulus rauishement of women excused No diuorse made in Rome for 230. yeres space Val. Max. sayeth 520. The first wife put awaye in Rome Theseus mariages cause of warres and troubles Romulus more acceptable to the godds then Theseus Xenophon in lib. de Lacedaemon Rep. Of the Heraclides Pausanias Diodorus and Cleme Strom. lib. 1. Lycurgus kinred A subtill promise Prodicos Regents or protectours of yong Kings in minoritie Charilaus king of the Lacedaemonians Herod lib. 1. Dionysius Halic lib. 2. Lycurgus trauelled countryes Thales a poet harper Lycurgus iorney into Asia The prayse of Homers workes Homers poemes vnknoweÌ„ to the Grecians brought to light by Lycurgus Lycurgus returneth and chaungeth all the coÌ„mon wealth Lycurgus counselleth with the oracle of Apollo as Delphes Chalceoecos Iunos brasen temple Lycurgus instituteth a Senate of the Lacedaemonians Plato de leg 3. 28. were the number of the Senatours Retra of Lycurgus Cnacion st The open seith appointed for place of Counsaill The inflimation of the Ephores Lycurgus wisdome Lycurgus maketh equall diuision of landes vnto the citizens All the lands throughe the countrie of Laconia deuided into 30000. parts All the lands about Sparta into 9000 partes VVhat barley euery parte did yelde Lycurgus chaungeth all golde siluer into iron coyne Lycurgus washe all sellers croftes of an value Câ—thon a strauÌ„ge kinde of cuppe of the Lacedaemonian souldiers Lycurgus appointeth order for dyes vnto the Lacedaemonians Alcander strooke out Lycurgus eye Lycurgus pacience and gentlenes Minerua optiletide Andria and Phiditia meales why so called Children were brought to these meales The propertie of a Lacedaemonian The order of receiuing any man into their company at meales The blacke broth Cicero calleth the King. Dionysius theâ— tyran Tusc. 5. Lycurgus would not haue his lawes written otherwise then in mens myndes Retra for excesse of ryeâ— Epaminondas saying King Leontychidas saying Retra for warres Antalcidar saying The discipline of womeÌ„ amongest the Lacedaemonians Arist. polis lib. 7. cap. 17. The exercises and discipline of maydes The saying of a Latonian woman Men that would not marye Lycurgus repused infamous by lawe Matrimoniall ceremonies in Lacodaemon Holsome rules for maried couples Lycurgus regard to auoyd iealousie in the common wealth No adultrie showen in Sparta The education of children with the Lacedaemonians Lesche Apothetes Young babes washed with wine The Spartan nurces Pluto of the first Alcibiades Howe the Lacedaemonians children were brought vp It is a kinde of thistle in the Mosseâ—d tongueâ— reads Holythias
warning he had in his sleepe Themistocles loue to his country The manner of Themistocles death Themistocles children Themistocles tumbe and relickes Honour done to Themistocles after his death VVhy Camillus neuer came to be Consul The authoritie of a fewe odious to the common people Camillus wisedome and modestie Camillus hearte Camillus acts in his Censorshippe The cittie of Veies besieged The siege coÌ„tinued seuen yeres together Camillus twise chosen Tribune of the souldiers The wonderfull ouerflowing of the lake Albanus The crafte of a Romaine An oracle brought from Delphes Camillus chosen Dictator Matuta Leucothea The cittie of Veies taken by mining Camillus prayer when Veies was taken Fayned wonders of images Plutarches iudgement of miracles Camillus stately triumphe of the Veians A lawe for the people of Rome to dwell as Veies The chiefest cause of the peoples malice against Camillus A cuppe of golde sent to Delphes The ladyes of Rome giue their iuells towards the making of it VVhat time womens prayses beganne at funeralle in Rome Camillus chosen Tribune of the souldiers Camillus besiegeth the Falerians Camillus worthie acte to the schoolemaster betraying the FaleriaÌ„s children A noble saying of Camillus and wise precept for warres Valiantnes to be preferred before vilanie The Falisciäs by their ambassadours doe yelde theÌ„ selues and goodes vnto Camillus The message of the ambassadours of the FalisciaÌ„s vnto the Romaines Camillus tooke a summe of money of the Falerians and made peace with all the rest of the Falisces Lucius Apuleius accused Camillus The equitie of the Romaines who would not peruers the Lawe though they dearely loued Camillus but willingly offered to paye his fine Camillus prayer before his departure one of Rome Camillus exileth him selfe from Rome Tokens of the warres of the Gaules The originall beginning of the Gaules ArroÌ„ a Thuscan the procurer of the Gaules comming into Italie Lacke of iustice the cause of the destruction conquest of Thuscan by the Gaules The power of the Thuscans in olde time Clusium a cittie of ThuscaÌ„ besieged by the Gaules Brennus king of the Gaules Fabius Ambustus a Romaine breaketh the common laze of all nations Brennus reproueth Fabius for breaking the lawe of armes Numa Pompilius erected the colledge of the Faciales The Gaules marche towards Rome The Romaines armie were 40000 footemen To many rulers of an armie doe confound all order and putteth the army in perill Allia fl The battell at the riuer of Allia where the Gaules wanne the field of the Romaines 300. of a name slaine in one daye The Romaines superstition in obseruing of dayes The holy fier The force of fyer Fabius chief bishoppe of Rome Rome taken of the Gaules Aristotles testimonie of the taking of Rome The maiestie of the olde Senatours set in the market place of Rome The cittie of Rome rased by the Gaules The citie of Ardea Camillus wordes vnto the Ardeans in excuse of the Romaines Camillus persuadeth the Ardeans to take armes against the Gaules Camillus slue the Gaules haâ—d by Ardea PoÌ„tius Cominius got â—p into the Capitoll at Rome Camillus chosen Dictator the second time The Gaules clime vp to the Capitoll in the night The holy gese saued the Capitoll Marcus Manlius rebulsed the Gaules from the Capitoll The Gaules vexed with the plague as Rome The Romaines went about to redeeme their libertie of the Gaules with golde Camillus came to Rome with his army Camillus speaketh stowtely to Brennus king of the Gaules Camillus ouerthroweth the armie of the Gaules Rome was 7. moneths in the hardes of the Gaules Camillus triumphed of the Gaules The busie headed Orators stirre the people is tumulte against Camillus Camillus Dictacorshippe proreged Camillus persuaded the people that he could â—â— dwelâ— in Rome 〈…〉 leous Viâ—â—â—â— Rome is buildâ— againe Rome was nowe built againe in a yere Romulus augures staffe founde hole after Rome was burnt Camillus chosen Dictator the third time Tutola or Philotis craf subtiltie Rome deliuered froÌ„warres by Tutola the bondmayde The maydens seaâ—â—e called Nonae Capratinae Camillus stratageame against the Latines and Volsces Camillus slue the Latines Camillus tooke the citie of Aeques Camillus wonne the citie of Sutrium Marcus MaÌ„lius Capitolinus maneth sedition Flattery and hypocrisie sinneth the multitude common people MaÌ„lius clapt in prison by Q. Capitolinus Dictator Camillus cosen againe Tribunus militaris Marcus MaÌ„lius Capitolinus put to death Lucius Furius gaue battell to the Praenestines men and Volsces and was ouerthrowen Camillus wanne the fielde of the Praenestines and Volsces Camillus slue the Thuscans as Sutrium Camillus s 〈…〉 again against the Thusculanians The crafte of the Thusculanians Great seditioÌ„ moued in Rome by Licinius Stolo Camillus created Dictator the fourth time Licinius Stolo made a laâ—e for enioying of landes Stolo the first offender of the same law The Gaules come againe to Rome Camillus chosen Dictator the 5 time Heâ—â— Camillus appointed his souldiers with armour weapon to fight with advantage against the Gaules Anias st Camillus slue the Gaules againe The Romaines have they exempted priestes from the warres Sedision as Rome about choosing of Consuls Policy to yeld so necessitie A commoner chosen Consul with a noble man. Marcus AEmilius Lucius Sextus consuls Camillus died of the plague VVit allwayes to be employed to good things Antisthenes saying of a flute player The power of vertue Pericles stacke Pericles mothers dreame Pericles had a long head Pericles studies and teachers Zenon Eleatean Pericles â—â—â—ners and behaviour Pericles pacience The benefits of naturall philosophie VVhat was signified by the rammes head that had but one horne was found in Pericles grounde Pericles likened as Pisistratus Pericles first beginning to deale in the coÌ„moÌ„ wealth To much familiaritie breedeth contempt Ephialtes an orator VVhy Pericles was surnamed Olympius Thucydides Pericles aduersarie Pericles sayings Pericles common wealthe The good deedes of Cimon Pericles large distribution diminished the Areopagit authoritie Pericles causeth Cimon to be banished Athens The Ostracismon Pericles calleth Cimon from exile Pericles moderation vnto Cimon The murther of Ephialtes Thucydides Pericles aduersary in the coÌ„moÌ„ wealth A politicke care for idle persones Sumptuous buildings erected by Pericles Diuers artificers at AtheÌ„s The Odeon Pericles erected games for musicke The Poets raise vp slauÌ„ders against Pericles The noble saying of Pericles Thucydides banished by Pericles Pericles power Pericles somwhat altereth the common weale The force of eloquence Pericles commended for his good life worthines Pericles free from giftes taking Pericles good husbandrie Anaxagoras a mathematician Great diuersitie betwext contemplatiue and ciuill life Anaxagoras determined to furnish him self to death Anaxagoras saying to Pericles Pericles appointeth a generall councell to be holden as AtheÌ„s Pericles loued the safry of his men in warres Time the best counseller Tolmides slaine in the field Pericles iâ—rneyes Achelous â—â— Pericles would not followe the couetousnes of the people The enterprise of Siciliae Pericles an enemie to the Lacedaemonians Plistonax king of Lacedaemon
tombe built in the market place The coÌ„parison of Timoleon and Paulus AEmylius for the vvarres The woÌ„derful continencie of AEmylius from bribes Not to take giftes commended for a singular vertue AEmylius Constancie for exceeded Timoleons To be so bold veÌ„turous is not good The aunswere of a souldierâ— to king Antigonus Diuers opinions of life death why the Greecians do punish him that casteth away his target Iphicrates comparison of an armie of men A lieutenant of an armie must be careful to saue him selfe Timotheus saying Pelopidas Marcellus lost both their liues by to much venturing Pelopidas stock liberalitie Aristotles saying of rich men Pelopidas saying for the necessitie of monie The persit frendshippe betwixt Pelopidas Epaminondas The true cause of frendshippe Agesipolis king of the Lacedaemonians Cadmea the castel of Thebes taken by Phebidas captaine of the Lacedaemonians Ismenias death Pelopidas Pherenicus and Androclidas banished from Thebes Archias and Leontidas gouerners of Thebes vnder the Lacedaemonians Androclidas slayne The thanckfulnes of the Athenians vnto the Thebans Pelopidas counsel for the libertie of the Thebans Conspiracie against the Lacedaemonians for the libertie of Thebes Charon kept promise with daunger of life Pelopidas coÌ„meth into Thebes disgised in cloynes apparel Philidas secretary to the tyrans Pelopidas daunger Archias Bishop of AtheÌ„s bewraieth the treason to Archias in a letter VVeighty matters to morrow Prou. Pelopidas killeth the tyrans The Liberty of the Thebans restored Pelopidas receiueth the Castell of Cadmea by Composition Pelopidas ouerthrewe the seigniorie of the Lacedaemonians Pelopidas policy to make the Athenians fall out againe with the Lacedaemonians The Thebans exercise in armes Antalcidas saying to king Agesilaus The victory of Thebans against the Lacedaemonians Pelopidas victory of the Lacedaemonians at the battlle of Tegyra Melas ft. Latona brought to bed betwene two springes called the Palme and the Oliue Pelopidas victorie What enemies are moste terrible to be feared The first institution of the holie bande Men louing together fight desperately against their enemies Hercules Iolaus loue Platoes saying of a louer The Goddesse Harmonia Cleombrotus king of the Lacedaemonians Pelopidas princely aunsweare Se what plagues folowe where iustice is denied Pelopidas dreame vision in the fieldes of Leuetrea Agesileus dreame Godly sayings concerning God. Gods prouidence and sodaine ayde The filly slaine sacrificed The battell at Leuctres The cause of the ouerthrow of the Lacedaemonians Pelopidas and Epaminondas victorie at the battaile of Leuctres Pelopidas Epaminondas iorney into Peloponesus being both gouernors of Boeotia Apenall lawe at Thebes for resigning vp of offices at the yeers end Pelopidas Epaminondas went ouer the riuer of Eurotas with 70. thousand meÌ„ The ingratitude of the Thebans toward Pelopidas and Epaminondas The Lawe Boucation Epaminondas patience Pelopidas coÌ„demneth Meneclidas a seditious orator and accuser The practise of spitefull men Our forefathers did paint and set forth their battailes Alexander the tyran of Pheres Larissa a city Philip of Macedon deliuered for ostage vnto Pelopidas Pelopidas taken prisonner by the tyran Alexander at Pharsale Pelopidas stoutnes Thebe the wife of Alexander the tyran Epaminondas sent into Thessalie with an army The brutishe cruelty of Alexander the tyran Epaminondas deliuered Pelopidas out of prison Artaxerxes king of Persia Pelopidas sent Ambassador to the king of Persia Pelopidas greatly honored of the king of Persia. Pelopidas refused the great giftes of the kinge Artaxerxes Timagoras Ambassador for the Athenians put to death for taking great giftes of the kinge of Persia Pelopidas second iourney against the tyran AlexaÌ„der of Pheres The eclipse of the sunne made the Thebans afraid Battaâ—ll geuen by the temple of Thetis vnto the tyran Alexander Pelopidas slaine The great lamentacion mourning for Pelopidas death The oration of the ThessaliaÌ„s to the Thebans The strange manner of sorowe of Alexander the great for the death of Ephestion Pelopidas happines Esops sayinge of the happines of the dead Death a blessed thing The Thebans reuenged Pelopidas death Alexander the tyran of Pheres slaine by his wife Alexander the tyran of Pheres was the first tyran that was slaine by his wife Marcellus kinred Marcellus condicions The Romaines troubled with warres Marcellus saved his brother Octacilius Marcellus chosen AEdilis and Augure Marcellus accuseth Capitolinus The Romaines had warres with the Carthaginians two twenty yeres together The warre of the Gaules Gessates mercenary Gaules A lawe to exempt ecclesiasticall persone froÌ„ the warr The Romaines did feare the warre of the Gaules Men and women buried aliue Flaminius P. Furius Consulls Newes brought to Rome of strange things seene in Romania Flaminius ouercome the Gaules in battayle The great religion of the Romaines An ordinance for publike sacrifice Marcellus Cneus Cornelius Consulls The Gaules Gessates make warres with Rome and come ouer the Alpes Acerres a city apon the riuer of Po. Clastidium a village or this side the mountaines The maner of the Romaines when they worship The combat a horsebacke betwixt Britomarus king of the Gaules and Marcellus Marcellus slue king Britomaerus as Clastidium Marcellus prayer vnto Iupiter Feretrian The Gaule ouercome by Marcellus Marcellus wanne the city of Millaine Marcellus triumphe Marcellus offeringe up of his rich spoiles The three persones that offered vp Spolia opima in Rome Romulus Cossus Marceâ—us Iupiter Feretrian why so called Spolia opima what they be Marcellus sent into Sicile with an army Posidonius wordes of Fabius Marcellus Lucius Bandius of Nola a valliant man. Marcellus gentlenes Reward made Bandius a true subiect Marcellus victorie of Hanniball at Nola. Marcellus proconsull Certaine Spanyards and Numidians are reuolted from Hannibal Marcellus the third time Consull sent into Sicile The seuerity of the Romaines to cowardly souldiers Cowardes detested of the Romaines Hippocrates generall of the Syracusans Marcellus wanne the city of the Leontines Marcellus besiegeth Syracusa Archimedes a notable mathematician Architas and Eudoxus famous Mathematicians VVhy Plato reproued Eudoxus and Architas Archimedes with an engine drew one of the greatest hackes Hieron the king had a shore The woÌ„derful force of Archimedes engines as Marcellus siege of Syrcusa Marcellus Sambuca Marcellus wondred as Archimedes engynes Archimedes profowndely learned Archimedes Siren. Archimedes demonstracion of the Cylinder Marcellus victories in Sicile Danippus a LacedaemoniaÌ„ Captaine taken prisoner Marcellus winneth Syracusa Acradina Marcellus gentlenes Rich spoyled at Syracusa Archimedes mathematiciaÌ„ slaine in his study Marcellus clemency Engyivm a city in Sicile Nicias craft Marcellus the first that brought in finenes curious tables and pictures into Rome of the spoyles of Syracusa Marcellus entreth into Rome with Ouation triumphe VVhos the Ouation triumphe is Ouation whereof it is called The sacrifices of the quiet triumphe The sacrifices of the litle triumphe Ouation The differeÌ„ces betwixt the Spartans and Romaines in their sacrifices for victorie The Syracusans accuse Marcellus Marcellus being Consull aunswered the Syracusans accusations as a
priuate man. Marcellus constancy Marcellus curtesie to the Syracusans Marcellus actes against Hanniball in his fourth Consullship Cneus Fuluius viceconsull slaine in Apulia by Hanniball Marcellus fought a battell with Hanniball at Numistron in Apulia The Dictator chosen by the Consull or Praetor not by the people nor Senate VVhereof Dictator commeth Quintus Fuluius chosen Dictator by the people Marcellus Proconsull Hannibals oration to his souldiers Marcellus stratageame Marcellus ouercome in battell by Hanniball Marcellus had wordes vnto his souldiers Hannibals wordes of Marcellus Battell betwixt Hanniball and Marcellus The worthy act of Flauius Tribunus milium Marcellus victory of Hannibal Hanniball lay in garrison in the city of Sinuesse in Campania P. Bibulus Tribune of the people accuseth Marcellus Circus Flaminius Marcellus chosen Consul the fift time The temples of honor and vertue built by Marcellus VVonderfull signes were seene in Rome vnfortunate to Marcellus Marcellus three score yeare olde beinge chosen Consull the fift time Q. Crispinus Consull Hanniball lay betwixt the cities of Bancia and Venousa Mons Petelium An ambush layd by Hanniball Ill signes to Marcellus Quintus Crispinus fellowe Consull with Marcellus Marcellus slaine in an ambush at the hill of Pâ—â—elie The Consull Crispinus slaine Marcellus funerall honored by Hanniball Marcellus monuments Marcellus posterity Pelopidas Marcellus actes in wars Marcellus actes preferred before Pelopidas The maner of Marcellus Pelopidas deedes Marcellus made the Romaines coragious Rashneâ— in a Captaine deserueth blame The valliantnes and obedience of Chrysantas a souldier Plutarch excuseth his free speech and Iudgement of these famous men Pelopidas Marcellus funeralls vnlike Aristides wealth Good men may take giftes but after a sorie Damon banished bicause he was to wise Socrates was not poore Aristocratia what it signifieth Aristides and Themistocles enemies in the common wealth Themistocles disposition Aristides nature Themistocles saying for partiality Aristides maner of dealing in the common wealth Barathrum a prison or dungeon Aristides constancy Aristides iustice Aristides wise saying Aristides chosen treasorer Themistocles couetously geuen Aristides accused condemned for abusing his office Aristides fine released and he made treasorer againe Aristides openly reproueth close theeues in the coÌ„mon wealth and detesteth their praise Miltiades chiefe of the ten Captaines that went against Dathis the king of Persiaes Lieutenant Miltiades victory of the Parsians The wicked parte of Callias the torche bearer Aristides chosen prouost of Athens Aristides called the Iust. The praise of iustice Authority would be with out corruptioÌ„ Themistocles enuieth Aristides iustice Aristides banished with the Ostracismon The nature of the Ostracismon Hyperbolus the last man banished with the Ostracismon The cause of Hyperbolus banishment A description of the Ostracismon A tale of a plaine man that came to Aristides with his shell to pray him to write Aristides name in it Aristides called from exile Aristides acts and councells against kinge Xerxes Aristides wordes of Themistocles Aristides victory as Psyttalea Aristides wise counsell for Xerxes flying out of Greece A stratageame of Themistocles Xerxes left Mardonius his Lieutenant in Greece with 300000. men The noble minde of the Athenians Aristides Lieutenant generall of the AtheniaÌ„s against Mardonius Pausanias king of Lacedaemon generall of all Greece Asopus flu Oracles of the victory of Plateas The Nymphes Sphragitides Arymnestus dreame The magnanimity of the Plataeians Alexander the great doth honor the Plateians for their noble mindes Strife betwene the Athenians Tegeates Aristides wisely pacifieth the mutinie The conspiracy of the rich noble men of Athens Mount Cithaeron Masistius generall of the horsemen of the Persians Masistius slaine by the Athenians Alexander kinge of Macedon reuealeth the Persian secrete counsell vnto Aristides The treason of the Thebans The stubbornnes of Amompharetus Captaine of the Lacedaemonians The battell of the GreeciaÌ„s with the Persians at the city of Plataees Callicrates slaine without fighting Note the obedience of the Spartan souldiers vnto death Barteâ—â—l betwixt the Greecians Persians The Greecian victorie of the Persians as Platees Mardonius slaine of Arimnestus a Spartan with a blow of a stone Two hundred and three score thousand Persians slain A thowsande three hundred three score Greecians slaine Strife betwixt the AtheniaÌ„s and Lacedaemonians for honor of the victory Corinthe the third city of estimacion in Greece Sparta Athens Corinthe The Greecians graâ—â—nt the honor of the victory vnto the Plataeians The wonderfull speede of Euchidas the Plataeian a foâ—â—e Diana Euclia Euchidas death A generall counsell holden at the city of Plataees Solemne sacrifices and funeralls kepe by the Plataeians yerely for the Greecians that were slaine as the battaill of Plataees Aristides preferreth the popular state A wicked deuise of Themistocles Aristides sentence apon Themistocles deuise The iustice of the AtheniaÌ„s Aristides and Cimon generalls of the Athenians against the barbarous people Aristides iustice and vertue tooke from the Lacedaemonians all their rule and authority in Greece Pausanias proude and couetous Pausanias cruell punishing of his souldiers Aristides fine triall of traytors The rebellious act of Vliades and Antagoras against Pausanias The temperance of the Lacedaemonians Aristides did sesse the cities of GREECE Aristides a true cesser Tauntes betwixt Themistocles and Aristides Aristides preferred necessity of time before law reason Aristides gloried in his pouerty A hard thing to away with pouerty VVho may be ashamed of pouerty Aristides coÌ„mended of Plato Aristides temperance vnto Themistocles Aristides death Aristides coÌ„demned for extorcion Aristides tombe The Athenians thankefulnes vnto Aristides children Myrto Aristides daughters daughter maried vnto Socrates The Athenians commended for their liberality Cato called an vpstare The definition of this worde Cato Catoes maners and life Cato an excellent orator Cato a souldier at 17. yeares of age A grimme looke geueth terror to the enemy This Manius Curius ouerthrew kinge Pyrrus being generall of the Tarâ—â—inas Cato the elder wondered as the thrifâ—nes of Manius Curius The moderacion of Manius Curius Nearchus the Pythagorian Philosopher Caenes scholemaister Platâ—â—s opinion of pleasure Cato learned the Greeke tongue in his olde age Cato profited most by Demosthenes eloquence Valerius Flaccus a great wise man. Catoes strauÌ„ge life Cato goeth to Rome by Valerius Flaccus perswasion Cato chosen Tribunus militum Catoes offices in the Senate Cato followed Fabius Maximus Catoes emulacion with Scipio the great Cato beinge treasorer vnder Scipio Afrikan reproued him for his wastfull expences Cato accuseth Scipio of riot Catoes eloquence his continent life and extreame paynes Catoes wonderfull thrift Catoes sharpnes Gentlenesse goeth further then iustice Gentlenesse to be vsed vnto brute beastes A gentle lawe made by the Athenians in fauer of their laboringe moyles Xanthippus buried his dogge that swame by his gallyes side from Athens to Salamina and dyed wheÌ„ he landed Catoes straight life Cato Praetor in Sardinia Catoes neerenes in his circuite Catoes seuerity Catoes speech and writing Catoes sayinges Themistocles saying Honor nourisheth â—â—ie Cato
kinge Philip Philips verses against Alcaeus Priuy grudge betwixt Quintius and the AEtoliaÌ„s T. Quintius graunted Philip peace Hannibal was with kinge Antiochus Chalcide Corinthe Demetriade called by Philip of Macedon the Chaines of Greece Isthmia Crowes flying fell downe by the sounde of mens voices Quintinâ—care to stablish the liberty of the Greecians The feast Nemea kept at Argos Lycurgus the orator rescued Zenocrates the Philosopher saued him from prison Nero did set Greece at liberty VVhy Quintius made peace with Nabis the tyran of Lacedaemon The honor of Philopoemen Twelue hundred Romaines solde for slaues The Achaians redeemed the Romaines that were solde for slaues in Greece The ceremony of slaues maâ—onised T. Quintius triumphe Manius Acilius Consud T. Quintius Lieutenaunt sene into Greece Antiochus ouerthrowen in Thermopyles by Manius the Consull Quintius intreateth for the AEtoliaÌ„s King Antiochus maried Cleoptolemus daughter in the city of Chalcide Honors done vnto T. Quintius for sauing the Chilcidians and the Greecians Quintius curtesie and good nature Emulation betwixt T. Quintius and Philopoemen T. Quintius sayinges Antiochus Ambassadors doe boast of their kinges great army Titus Quintius witty ansâ—ere to the Ambassadors braggeâ— T. Quintius chosen Censor with Marcellus P. Scipio and M. P. Cato great enemies Secret grudge betwixt Titus and Cato A cruell dede of Lucius Quintius Cato beinge Censor did put Lucius Quintius Flaminius of the Senate T. Quintius vnworthy acts against Caro. Lucius Quintius restored to his place by the people T. Quintius ambition T. Quintius cause of Hanniballs death Titus sent Ambassador vnto Prusias king of Bithynia Hannibal deceiued by an oracle concerning his death Hanniball kept at Libyssa in Bithynia Hanniballs death Midas and Themistocles poysoned them selues Hanniballs last wordes Looke in Pyrrus life for the story as large Scipio Africans clemency commended Talke betwixt Scipio African Hannibal Hannibals iudgement of Captaines Aristonicus Mithridates Marius To be meane or great in this life is nothing but death bringeth the estimacion T. Quintius benefits vnto Greece Philopoemenes malice Titus Quintius wiser theÌ„ Philopoemen Quintius coÌ„maunded good souldiers Philopoemen made good souldiers A Generall must nes be at his prayers wheÌ„ he should occupy his sword Quintius clemency to the Greecians Philopoemenes liue to the Romaines Pyrrus kinred and beginning of the kingdome of Epirus Pyrrus redd How Pyrrus being an infant was saued Megares a city of Macedon Glaucias king of Illyria Pyrrus countenaunce and teeth Pyrrus healed them that were sicke of the splene The fier could not burnt Pyrrus great set Pyrrus realme taken froÌ„ him in his absence Pyrrus valliantnes at the battell of Hipsus Pyrrus behauior Pyrrus maried to Antigona the daughter of Philip king of Macedon and of his wife a Berenice Pyrrus restored to his kingdome againe Pyrrus deuideth the realme of Epirus with Neopulemus Pyrrus slue Neoptolemus Berenicida a city of Epirus in the I le of Preseque Pyrrus first iorney into Macedon King Lysimachus craft to deceiue Pyrrus Theodotus iudgement a Soothsayer Pyrrus quarrell and warre with Demetrius Pantauchus Demetrius Lieutenant in AErolis Pyrrus fight with Pantauchus Pyrrus victory of Pantauchus Pyrrus likened to Alexander the great Pyrrus skil in warlike discipline Hanniballs iudgement of Captaines Pyrrus wise answer Pyrrus goodnes and curtesie Certaine witty sayinges of Pyrrus Pyrrus wiues and children Pyrrus called an Eagle Pyrrus inuadeth Macedon Demetrius army both by land and sea Demetrius maried Lanassa Pyrrus wife Pyrrus dreame Pyrrus secoÌ„de iorney into Macedon Pyrrus praises Her Pyrrus ware his head peece Pyrrus proclaimed kinge of Macedon Macedon deuided betwene Pyrrus and Lysimachus Couetousnes hath no ende Peace and warre vsed lyke money Pyrrus ayded the Graecians against Demetrius Lysimachus maketh warre with Pyrrus The Tarentines hauinge a warre wish the Romaines determine to make king Pyrrus their Generall Meton counterfeating the foole wisely perswaded the Tarentines not to send for Pyrrus Tarentum a city in Italie Metons counsell to the Tarentines The Tarentines sende Ambassadors to Pyrrus Cineas the orator a Thessalian borne and attending in Pyrrus courte Cineas great talke with Pyrrus to moderate his ambitious minde Pyrrus iudgemeÌ„t of orators corruption A daungerous thing to withstande the Princes mind Pyrrus iorney into Italy Pyrrus daunger by tempest on the sea Pyrrus cast on shoare apon the contry of the Messapians Pyrrus being receiued of the TereÌ„tines reformed their vaine voluptoâ—s life Marshall discipline Leuinus Consul sent against Pyrrus Pyrrus camped in the plaine betwene Pandosia and Heraclea Siris fl Pyrrus Battel Pyrrus first conflict with the Romaines Pyrrus wisedom foresight in battell Pyrrus changed his armor cloke Megacles slaine taketh for Pyrrus Pyrrus victory of Leuinus the Consull Cineas sent Ambassador to Rome The noble minde of the Romaines Appius Claudius disswated the Romaines from making peace with Pyrrus Appius Claudius oration to the Senate The maiestie of the Senate at Rome Caius Fabricius Ambassador to Pyrrus Caius Fabricius a noble Captaine but very poore Fabricius refused king Pyrrus giftes The opinion of the EpicuriaÌ„s touchinge felicity King Pyrrus Phisitian wryeth to Fabricius offereth to poyson his master Fabricius letter to Pyrrus aduertising him of his Phisitians treason Pyrrus sendeth the Romaines their prisoners without raunsome Pyrrus second battel with the Romaines by the caty of Asculum Pyrrus victory of the Romaines The wyters agree not about Pyrrus battell Ambassadors out of Sicilia to pray aide of Pyrrus Pyrrus iorney into Sicilia Pyrrus wanne the city of Erix in Sicilia Homer of valliantnes The Mamertines why so called Pyrrus cruelty in Sicilia The Samnites and Tarentines sone ser Pyrrus to returne into Italie Pyrrus returne into Italy out of Sicile Pyrrus hurt on his head with a sworde Pyrrus with a blow of his sword claue his enemies head in the middest and layed it on his shoulders Manius Curius Consull Pyrrus thirde battell with the Romaines Pyrrus ouerthrowen by Manius Curius in battell Pyrrus compared to a dyce player Pyrrus returne into Epirus out of Halie Pyrrus victory of Antigonus king of Macedon Antigonus flieth from kinge Pyrrus The couetousnesse of the Gaules Areus made king of Sparta and Cleonymus pus downe The cause of Pyrrus inuading Peloponnesus Pyrrus stratageame to the Spartans Mandricidas stowe aunswer to king Pyrrus Pyrrus besiegeth Lacedaemon The corage of the women of Sparta VVomen wrought in the trench VVomen encoraged their men to fight Pyrrus battel Acrotatus valliantnes Pyrrus dreame Pyrrus in daunger of his life at the siege of Sparta King Areus arriued in Sparta with new aide Sedition in the city of Argos Pyrrus repulsed from Sparta goeth to Argos Ptolomie kinge Pyrrus sonne slaine by Oraesus Cretan Pyrrus slue Eualcus Antigonus aunswere to Pyrrus chalenge Tokens of Pyrrus death Pyrrus fight in the city of Argos Aspides the Castell in Argos A bull and wolfe in copper set up in the â—ity of Argos fighting together Danaus wan the â—â—ty of Argos from king Gelanor Apollo Lycias Gelanor king
of the Argiues Helenus Pyrrus sâ—nne The straunge loue of an Elephant to his keeper Kinge Pyrrus slaine with a tyle throwen by a woman Alcyoneus king Antigonus sonne Antigonus courtesie towards Pyrrus body and frendes Of the names of the Romaines Marius fauor Marius could no skill of the Greeke tongue Platoes saying to Xenocrates Marius parents maners and contry Marius first iorney vnto the warres Scipio Asricous iudgement of Marius Marius Tribune of the people Costa Consull Two sortes of AEdiles AEdilitas Curulis AEdilitas popularis Marius denyed to be AEdilis Marius chosen Praetor Sabacon put of the Senate Caius Herennius pleaded in Marius behalfe touching the patron client Marius actes in Spayne The opinioÌ„ of Spanyards in olde time Eloquence riches raised men to authority How Marius credit and estimacion grew Iulia Marius wife Marius temperaunce and pacience Caecilius Metellus Consull The Labours presence of the Generall maketh the souldiers worke willingly Marius the author of Turpilius false accusation death Vacca a great city The cause of the supposed treason against Turpilius Turpilius wrongfully put to death Displeasure betwixt Metellus Marius Marius first time of being Consull Marius offended the nobility Marius depriued Metellus of the honor of conquering of king Iugurthe Bocchus kinge of Numidia deliuereth Iugurthe vnto Sylla Lucius Sylla Quaestor vnder Marius The originall cause of the ciuill warres betwixt Marius and Sylla The comming into Italie of the Teutons and Cimbres The army of the Tevtons and Cimbres 300000 men Cimbri Cimmerij Marius chosen Consull the second time against the law Law must giue place for common benefit Marius triumphe into Rome for king Iugurthe How Marius trained his souldiers Marius moyles Marius commended for his iustice Marius third Consullshippe Manius Acilius Lieutenant of the army vnder Marius Lucius Saturninus Tribune Marius fourth Consullshippe with Catulus Luctatius Rhodanus fl Marius channell The Cimbres went through Germanie into Italie The Teutons and Ambrons fall apon Marius to passe into Italie through the territory of Genua Martha a wise woman or prophetesse The attier of Martha in time of sacrifice A wonder of the Vultures shewed to Marius VVonders seene Batabaces the priest of the mother of the goddes Aulus Pompeius Tribune The enemies campe were removing sixe dayes together Marius bolde wordes to his souldiers and their aunswer Battell betwixt the Ambrons Marius Marius ouercome the Ambrons The mannishnes of the women Marius seconde battell with the Teutons Marius victory of the Teutons and Ambrons Much veine followeth after great battells Marius the fift time Consull Athesis flu Catulus Luctatius the Consull flieth from the Cimbres Marius refused to enter in triumphe Marius goeth towardes Catulus Luctatius to helpe him Po flu Marius mocke to the Cimbres The Cimbres march against Marius Marius deuise for alteringe the darte in fight Baeorix king of the Cimbres Two and fiftie thowsand and three hundred men betwene Marius and Catulus The Romaines battell The battell of the Cimbres A dust raised that neither army could see one another The sunne ful in the Cimbres faces The fielde fought the 27. of Iuly Horrible cruelty of women Prisoners 60. thowsand Men slaine six score thowsand Might ouercoÌ„meth right Metellus against people pleasers Valerius Flaccus Consull with Marius the sixt time Valerius Coruinus sixe times Consull The law Agraria An article for the othes of the Senate to confirme what the people should passe by voyce Marius duble dealing To lye cunningly Marius taketh it for a vertue Timorous policy causeth periury Metellus constant in vertue Metellus wise saying touching well doing Metellus banishment Marius doble dealing betwene the nobilitie and people Marius procureth sedition at Rome No trust on the faith of the coÌ„mon people Metellus returne from banishement Marius iorney into Cappadocia and Galatia Marius prowd wordes to Mithridates The cause of the dissension betwene Marius Sylla The warre of the confederates Siloes stowts chalenge and Marius answer Mons Misenum Marius ambition Sulpitius gard of sixe hundred knightes Sulpitius boldness Marius sedition Marius flieth from Rome Marius the sonne flieth into Africke Marius found an ayrie of Eagles How many egges the Eagle layeth Liris fl Marius set a land and forsaken of the mariners Marine hidden in the marisses Marius takeÌ„ Fanniaes curtesie vnto Marius One hiered to kill Marius The Minturnians suffered Marius to go his way with sefety Marica Sylua Marius the elder flieth into Africke Marius wise answere of surtimes inconstancy Marius the younger esâ—apeth Hyempsals hands Cinna driuen out of Rome by Octauius Marius ioyneth force with Cinna Octauius negligence in defence of the citie of Rome against Cinna Marius Octauius too much geuen to Southsaiere Octauius vertue and imperfection Octauius slaine by Marius souldiers Agreas contrariety in astronomy Cinna and Marius entry into Rome Bardini Marius caused great murder in Rome Marius crueltie Small trust of frendes in aduersitie The faithfulnes of Cornutus seruaunts to their master M. Antonius the Orator betrayed by a tauerner The force of eloquence Catulus Luctatius killed himselfe The Bardiaeians slaine of their Captaines for their crueltie Marius seuenth Consulship Marius thoughtes and feare Deuise to winne sleepe Marius the fathers death Marius mad ambition a note against the ambitious Platoes words at his death note that in Syllaes life following to appeareth that Marius the younger was besieged in the city of Preneste and not in Perusia as ye rende here So as the city seemeth to be mistakeÌ„ in one of these liues Lysanders image Licurgus the anchor of wearing longe heare The commoditie of wearing longe heare Lysanders kinred The education of the Laconian children Lysanders manners VVise man he euer melancholye Lysander a despisor of riches Lysanders words of Dionysuis liberalitie Lysander admirall for the Lacedaemonians by sea Lysander enlargeth the citie of Ephesus Sardis a citie in Lydia Lysander tooke money for paye of his souldiers Lysanders victorie of the Athenians by sea Cherronesus a contrye in Thracia Callicratidas Lysanders successor in his office of admyraltie Playnenes coÌ„mended for a vertue but liked as an olde image of a god that had bene excellent faier The spighte of Lisander to Callicratidas Nothing estemed with the Barbarians but money Callicratidas pacience The death of Callicratidas Lysander crafty and deceitfull A wise saying of Lysander The wicked dissembling and double dealing of Lysander Lysander regarded no periâ—rie following the example of Polycrates the tyran of Somos Cyrus liberaâ—itie to Lysanders Lysanders artes by sea Philocles cruel advise vnto the Athenians Lysanders craft in marine fight Alcibiades gaue good aduise to the Captaines of the AtheniaÌ„s A copper target lift vp the signe of battell by sea Conon Admirall of the Athenians Lysanders victory of the Athenians Paralos the holy galley of Athens The starres of Castor and Pollux A stone fell out of the element AEgos st Anaxagoras opinion of the starres VVhat falling starres be Damachus testimonie of the fiery stone seene in the element
The description of Sureness army Crassus head brought to Hyrodes See the reward of craft and periury The miserable ende of king Hyrodes and Surena Hyrodes strangled by his sonne Nicias and Crassus richesse Lycurgus saying Nicias and Crassus actes in the commoÌ„ wealth The duetie of Gouernors Magistrates Nicias fearefulnes Themistocles and Catoes vertue Nicias honestie The diuersitie betwext Nicias and Crassus Nicias actes commended Crassus by his folly bleamished the happines of the Romanes Crassus death more commendable then Nicias end VVhy chalices of necessitie happen one like an other The townes where Homer was borne and dyed Foure famous Captaines that had but one eye a peace The praise of Sertorius The paretage of Sertorius Rhea the mother of Sertorius Sertorius eloquent Sertorius first souldierfare Sertorius souldierfare vnder Marius Sertorius Colonell of a thowsands footemen Castulo a city of the Celtiberians Sertorius stratageame Sertorius treasorer Generall of Gaule aboue the Poâ— Padua â—â— Sertorius lost one of his eyes by fight The occasion of Sertorius malice vnto Sylla Sertorius tooke parte with Cinna Sertorius disswaded Cinna to receiue Marius Sertorius temperance Sertorius slue Marius garde of bondmen Sertorius went into Spayne Sertorius curtesie to the Spanyardes Sertorius flieth out of Spayne into Africke The I le of Pityusa The fortunate Ilandes The Elysian fieldes Sertorius wan the citie of Tingis Antaeus tombe and greatnes Iuba of a kinges stocke Sertorius was sent for by the Lusitanians to be their Captaine Sertorius vertues and qualities Sertorius bountie and clemencie Sertorius fained lye of the hynde Sertorius army The army of this Romanes led by foure Captaines Sertorius victories This place may well be taken two wayes and either of both allowable according to the other is might be said to leade Romane citizens to the warres fighting like valliant men Sertorius warlike vertues Metellus practiseth to besiege the Langobrites and to take their city for lacke of water Sertorius finely deceiued Metellus at the siege of the Langobrites Sertorius ouerthew Aquinus Sertorius taught the Spanyards the maner of the Romanes The citie of Osca Sertorius subtill policies The Spanyards deuotion The Spanyards loue to Sertorius Perpenna ioyned with Sertorius Ebrus fâ— A fine deuise of Sertorius to teache men the benefit of time and perseuerance Sertorius wordes to his souldiers declaring thinâ—onâ— of his deuise The Characitanians what people they be Tagus fl Sertorius wonderfull deuise against the barbarous people called the Characitanians Sertorius dedes against Pompey Sertorius goeth to lay siege to the citie of Lauron Sertorius worthy saying of a Captaine Sertorius burnt the city of Lauron in Pompeis sight Sertorius of him selfe inuincible Battell betwext Sertorius Pompey Pompey fled Sertorius at Sucron Sertorius mocke to Pompey Sertorius slue Memmius Pompeis Lieutenaunte Shame turned into anger Sertorius bisieged of Pompey Metellus feared Sertorius Metellus made himselfe be called Imperator Metellus veâ—itie Sertorius noble minde Sertorius honorable respect vnto his contrie Sertorius minde greatest in aduersity Sertorious affection to his contrie Sertorius naturall loue to his mother Mithridates sent Ambassadors vnto Sertorius in Spayne Sertorius noble 〈…〉 to 〈…〉 their daâ—â—â— requests Sertorius worthy saying Sertorius league with Mithridates M. Marius sent vnto Mithridates King Mithridates gaue M. Marius Proconsull the vpper hand The enuie of Perpenna vnto Sertorius The seditious words of Perpenna against Sertorius Sertorius slew the Spanyards sonnes The treason of Perpenna his accomplices against Sertorius The treason deuised against Sertorius Sertorius modesty as his table The murder of Sertorius Perpenna taken by Pompey Pompeis wisedom in burning Sertorius letters Perpenna his conspirature put to death by Pompey Eumenes parentage How Eumenes came to preferrement by the kinges of Macedon Barsine the wife of Eumenes Eumenes made Gouernor of the contries of Cappadocia and Paphlagonia Eumenes skill in warre Eumenes dreams Battell betwext Eumenes and Craterus Craterus death Neoptolemus slaine Eumenes victory of Craterus and Neoptolemus Sardis the chiefe city of Lydia The constancy of Eumenes in aduersity Eumenes stratageame Eumenes talke with Antigonus and magnanimity Eumenes besieged in the forte of Nora Eumenes personage and pleasantnes Eumenes industry in the siege for marshall exercise This was Aridaus the sonne of Philippe father of Alexander whom they had surnamed Philippe Eumenes made king Philippes Lieutenaunt of his army Argyraspides Alexanders souldiers so called for their siluered shieldes Eumenes to temperance Eumenes fairred deuise Eumenes wilienesse to minde him selfe out of daunger Pasitigris fl Eumenes battell with Antigonus and victorie Antigonus souldiers armed with gilt armors Antigonus mocke to Eumenes Eumenes stratageame against Antigonus Enuy the coÌ„panion of vertue Eumenes death conspired Eumenes tare all his frendes letters to kepe them out of trouble The old band of the Macedonians were euery man 60 yeare old and most about Eumenes conflict with Antigonus Eumenes bestrayed by the Argyraspides The oration of Eumenes to the trailors Argyraspides his souldiers Antigonus aunswer for the keping of Eumenes being prisoner The noble minde of Eumenes The head of Eumenes The iust reward of treason The gouernment of Eumenes and Sertorius The deedes condition of Eumenes and Sertorius coÌ„pared Sertorius death more honest then the death of Eumenes The parentage of Agesilaus The instruction of Agesilaus Agesilaus learned to obey before he came to commaund The modestie of Agesilaus Agesilaus laments Alcibiades committeth adultery with kinge Agis wife Agesilaus created king through Lysanders meanes A lame king Agesilaus proclaimed king Leotychides a bastard Ephori were certaine officers authorised to coÌ„â—oâ—le the kinges insolency and iniustice if any were by them vsed Agesilaus an vprighter enemy than a frend VVhether attention among the nobility be profitable in a common wealth Agesilaus iorney into Asia Agesilaus dreame in Avlide Lysanders glory diminished Agesilaus grudge vnto Lysander See the life of Lysander Ambitious heades are very daungerous in a common wealth Agesilaus dedes in Asia and the falsehood of Tisaphernes Agesilaus crafe Sardis the chiefe city of Lydia Agesilaus victory of Tisaphernes Agesilaus made Generall of all the Lacedaemonians nauy Cotys king of Paphlagonia become Agesilaus frend Agesilaus draue Pharnabazus out of his temes The meeting of Agesilaus and Pharnabazus Agesilaus wordes vnto Pharnabazus Agesilaus to his frendes was without respect a frend Agesilaus letter in the behalfe of his frend Other read to haue pity and to be wise Agesilaus saying Agesilaus vertues Agesilaus sent for one of Asia Agesilaus obedience to his contrie Agesilaus darke speeches Agesilaus despising deceiuing the barbarous people returned home through their contries Agesilaus ouercome the Pharsalians Narthacium mens The eclipse of the sunne Pisander Generall of the 〈…〉 slaine in battell The Ilande of Gnidos Agesilaus battell with the Thebans Helicon mens The worthines of Agesilaus The temple of Minerua Itonian The constancy of Agesilaus Canathrum what it is Cleora the wife of king Agesilaus Apolia and Prolyta Agesilaus daughters
Xenophon great about Agesilaus marg The practise of Lysander about alteratioÌ„ of gouernment The wise conÌ„sell of a Senatour at Sparta The policie of Agesilaus to win his enemies Agesilaus Agesipolis kinges of Lacedaemon Teleutias Agesilaus halfe brother made Generall of the army by sea Certaine Apothegmes of Agesilaus * Meaning that he was not well in his wittes to be so presumptuous Agesilaus ouercome the Acarnanians Antalcidas peace Phoebidas possesseth the castel of Cadmea Agesilaus praise of iustice Sphodrias practise to take the hauen of Pirâ—a at Athens Sphodrias accused of treason Home Sphodrias was saued froÌ„ death Agesilaus cockering his children too much Agesilaus iorney into Boeotia Antalcidas saying Rhetra of Lycurgus Agesilaus suâ—till deuise to shewe the weakenes of the allies Agesilaus sell sodainly sicke of a daungerous disease Epaminondas the Theban sent Ambassador vnto Lacedaemon The strife betwext Agesilaus and Epaminondas for the libertie of Boeotia The Lacedaemonians slaine at the battell of Leuctres Cleombrotus king of the Lacedaemonians slaine Cleonymus the sonne of Sphodrias slaine at king Cleombrotus foote Xenophons saying The constancy and fortitude of the Spartans The fortitude of the Spartan women Tresantas be cowardes or faint harted men Punishment at Sparta for cowardly souldiers Epaminondas inuadeth Laconia with three score ten thowsande men Certaine witty aunswers Conspiracies at Lacedaemon vnder Agesilaus Issorium the temple of Diana A fine deuise to apprehende the traitors The departure of the Thebans out of Laconia Agesilaus saued the citie of Sparta The tearelesse battell of Archidamus ouercomming the ArcadiaÌ„s The Lacedaemonians were not wonâ— to reioyes much at any victory Messina restored againsâ— by Epaminondas Epaminondas second iorney vnto Sparta Agesilaus repulsed Epaminondas from Lacedaemon The fortitude of Archidamus The valliantnes of Isadas a Spartan Isadas rewarded amerced The death of Epaminondas Machariones why so called Agesilaus greedy of warres Agesilaus devided of the Egiptians Agesilaus despised al dainty thinges Agesilaus forsaketh Tachos goeth vnto Nectanebos In whom stratageames take most effect The stratageame of Agesilaus against the Egyptians The liberality of king Nectanebos vnto Agesilaus The death of Agesilaus The raigne of Agesilaus Agesilaus body noynted with waxe for lacke of honnie The father of Pompey hated in Rome Strabo the father of Pompey The Loue of the Romanes vnto Pompey The fauour of Pompey Flora the curtisan loued Pompey Flora the curtisan was passing sayer The temperaunce of Pompey in dyes The treason of Lucius TereÌ„tius against Pompey Pompey accused for robbing the common treasure The cause of the crie of Talassio at mariages in Rome Pompey maried Antistia The death of Cinna Pompeyes first Captainshippe vnder Sylla Pompey was Chiefetaine of an army at 23. yeares of age The citie of Auximum Pompey goeth vnto Sylla Pompey victories of the Marians Pompey ioyned with Sylla Pompey called Imperator of Sylla The honor Sylla did vnto Pompey Pompey went to aide Metellus in Gaule VVonderfull victories of Pompey Pompey put away his wife Antistia â— and maried AEmylia the daughter of Metella Syllaes wife The death of Antistius Pompey sent from Syllainto Sicile Lawe must geue place to armie The death of Carbo The death of Q. Valerius The bolde speache of Sthenis Pompey sealed vp his souldiers swordes Pompeis iorney into Msâ—icke vnder Sylla against Domitius Domitius camped by Pompey with his army Pompeis victory of Domitius Domitius slaine Pompey tooke king Iarbas Pompeis conquestes at 24. yeares of age The loue of the souldiers vnto Pompey Pompey called Magnus by Sylla The wisedom of the Romanes commended for rewardinge foreine and home seruice Valerius and Rullus called Maximi in Rome Pompeis slowt aunswere vnto Sylla Pompey not being Senator triuÌ„pheth against the law Marcus Lepidus created Consull Sylla fallow from the loue of Pompey Lepidus moueth ciuill warre Brutus the father slaine by Pompey The death of Lepidus The valliantnes of Sertorius in Spayne Pompeys iorney into Spayne against Sertorius Metellus geuen to royt pleasure Sertorius wan the city of Lauron in the fight of Pompey Pompey slue Herennius Perpenna Battell betwext Pompey and Sertorius Sucron fl The modesty of Pompey Metellus Pompey ouercame Perpenna and slue him Pompey burnt Sertorius letters the like also did Iulius Caesar wheÌ„ he ouercame Pompey Pompey ouercame the rest of the bondemen Pompey and Crassus first Consullshippe The custome of the Knights in Rome Pompey as a Knight of Rome sueth to be discharged from the warres Pompey submitteth to the Censors Pompey and Crassus made frendes Pompeye pride and glory The beginning of the pirates warre The power insolency of the pirates in Cilicia The pirates nauy a thowsand shippes The pirates scorning of the Romanes when they were taken Gabinius law for Pompeys authority against the pirates At the voyce of the people a crow flying fell downe Pompeys preparation against the pirates The courtesie of Pompey vnto Piso. The victory of Pompey vpon the pirate How men are tamed Pompey lewd fact against Metellus Achilles dishonest fact Pompey appointed Lucullus successor The boldnes of Catulus in disswading Manilius law Pompeys great dissimulation Quarrell betwixt Pompey and Lucullus Pompey and Lucullus meeting in Galatia Pompeys iorney against Mithridates Mithridates dreame Pompey ouerthrew Mithridates Hypsicratea Mithridates concubine otherwise called Hypsicrates for his valliantnes like a man. Araxes fl Tigranes yeldeth him selfe vnto Pompey Tigranes laied his diadeame at Pompeys feete Tigranes sonne a prisoner Ambassadors sent from the king of Parthia vnto Pompey Caucasus mont Albani and Iberes what meâ—â—â— of people Cyrnus fl Pompey ouerthrew the Albanians Pompey ouercame the Iberians Phasis fl The AlbaniaÌ„s rebell against Pompey Abas fl Pompey slue Cosis the kinges brother of the Albanians The Amazones Gele and Leleges people that do company with the Amazones Thermodon fl Stratonice Mithridates chiefe harlot Pompeys abstinence from taking of gifts Mithridates remeÌ„brauÌ„ces Rutilius an historiographer Pompeis faâ—e Pompeys iorney into Syria Pompey brought Syria into the forme and gouernment of a prouince Pompeys vertues The power insolency of Demetrius Pompeys infranchised bondman Catoes exclamation against Demetrius Pompeys infranchised bondman Pompeys Theater The king of Arabia Petrea submitted him selfe to Pompey Mithridates death The value of Mithridates scaberd of his sword Pompeys returne out of Asia Mutia the wife of Pompey Pompey forsooke his wife Mutia Pompey at his returne out of Asia discharged his souldiers Pompeis honorable returne to Rome out of Asia A law for triumphe Cato refreseth Pompeis alliance Pompeis third triumphe The canâ—â—ies conquered by Pompey Captiues led in Pompeis third triuÌ„phe Pompey conquered three partes of the world Africke Europe Asia Pompey triumphed thrise before the age of forty yeres The chaunge of Pompeys fortune and honor Lucullus beloued of the Senate at his returne out of Asia Lucullus inueyed against Pompey by Catoes ressistance Pompey ioyned with Clodius Tribune of the people Pompey forsaketh his frend Cicero Caesar reconciled Pompey and Crassus
Caesars law for deuiding of landes Law Agraria Pompey gaue his consent with Caesar for passing his law Agraria Pompey maried Iulia the daughter of Caesar. Bibulus the Consull driuen out of the market place by Pompey The Law Agraria confirmed by the people Gaule and Illyria appointed vnto Caesar Piso and Gabinius Consulls Cato foresheweth the ruine of the common wealth of Pompey Clodius the Tribune Testeth vppon Pompey Pompey was grieuously scorned of Clodius Commission geueÌ„ to Pompey for bringing of corne into Rome The restoring againe of Ptolomy king of AEgypt to his realme Great repaire vnto Caesar winering at Luca. The violence of Pompey obtayning the second Consulship Pompey and Crassus secoÌ„d Consulships Prouinces deuided vnto Pompey Caesar and Crassus The death of Iulia the daughter of Caesar. The beginning of the dissention betwext Pompey Caesar. Variance among the Senate for Pompeys honor Cato spake in Pompeys fauor Pompey chosen Consull Pompey maried Cornelia the daughter of Scipio The vertues of Cornelia the daughter of Metellus Scipio Pompeys prouinces assigned him foure yeares further Pompey fell sicke at Naples Great reioycing for the recouery of PoÌ„peis helth Pride and foole conceit made Pompey despise Caesar. Appius soothed Pompey and fed his humor PoÌ„peys proud wordes Paule the CoÌ„sul bribed by Caesar. Curio Antonius Tribunes of the people bribed by Caesar. Pompey chosen to goe against Caesar. Cicero moueth reconciliation betwext Caesar and Pompey Rubicon fl Caesar passed ouer the riuer of Rubicon Caesars saying let the dye be cast Phaonius ouerbold words vnto PoÌ„pey Tumult at Rome apon Caesars comming Pompey forsooke Rome Caesar entred Rome when Pompey fled Caesar followeth Pompey Pompeis stratageame at Brundysinians for his flying thence from Caesar. Cicero reproued Pompey Caesar leaueth Pompey and goeth into Spayne PoÌ„peys power in Greece Pompey lying at Berroee traineth his souldiers Labienus forsaketh Caesar and goeth to Pompey Cicero followeth Pompey The clemency of Caesar. Caesar coÌ„ming out of Spayne returned to Brundusium Pompey ouerthrewe Caesar Pompey followeth Caesar into Thessaly Pompey mocked of his owne souldiers Caesar conquests Labienus general of Pompeis horsemeÌ„ Pompeys dreame before the battell of Pharsalia VVonderfull noises herd in Pompeys campe Pompeys army set in battel raye in Pharsalia Caesars order of fight Pompeis ordinance of his battell Caesar misliketh Pompeis ordinance Battel betwene Caesar and Pompey in Pharsalia Caius Crassinius geueth the onset of Caesars side Crassinius slaine PoÌ„peis horsemen put to flight by Caesar Pompeis flying in the fields of Phaâ—salia Asinius Pollio reperteth this battell The miserable state of Pompey Peticius dreame of Pompey Pompey â—â—baâ—keth in Peticius shippe a Romane Pompey arriueth in the Isle of Lesbos at the citie of Mitylene The sorowe of Cornelia for Pompeys ouerthrow The meeting of Pompey and his wife Cornelia The words of Cornelia vnto Pompey Pompeis aunswere vnto Cornelia Pompey reasoneth with Cratippus the Philisopher about diuine prouidence Pompey arriueth at Attalia in the contrie of Pamphylia Pompeys great error and Caesars crafty euise Theophanes Lesbian perswaded Pompey to flie into AEgypt Pompey arriueth AEgypt goeth to Pelusium Pothinus are eunuche and groome of the chamber to king Ptolomy ruleth all AEgypt The deliberacion of the AEgyptians for the receiuing of Pompey Theodotus perswaded them to kill Pompey A dead man byteth not Achillas appointed to kill Pompey How Pompey was received into AEgypt Pompey the great cruelly slaine as he landed The manlines and pacience of Pompey at his death The funeralls of Pompey Lucius Lentulus slaine Caesar arriueth in AEgypt Pompeis ring The murtherers of Pompey put to death How Pompey and Agesilaus came to their greatnes The faultes of Agesilaus and Pompey Thinges done by Agesilaus and Pompey in warres Agesilaus lost the signorie of the Lacedaemonians Pompeis faâ—le to forsake Rome A speciall point of a skilfull Captaine Agesilaus constanter than Pompey Pompeys flying into AEgypt is excused The face sheweth mens maners and condicions The parentage of Alexander Olympias the wife of Philip king of Macedon Olympias dreame King Philips dreame Olympias serpent The birth of Alexander The temple of Diana burnt at Ephesus VVonderfull things seene at the birth of Alexander Alexanders stature and personage Alexanders body had a maruelous sweete sauor Alexander coueted honor The noble minde of Alexander Leonidas the gouernor of Alexander Bucephal Alexanders horse The agility of Alexander in taming the wildnes of Bucephal the horse Philip prophecieth of his sonne Alexander Aristotle was Alexanders schoolemasters Aristotle borne in the city of Stagira An Epistle of Alexander vnto Aristotle Alexander the great practised phisicke Some thinke that this place should be meÌ„s of the riche coffer that was found among king Darius iuelle in the which Alexander would haue all Homers works kept Alexanders first souldierfare The city of Alexandropolis The quarells of Philip with Olympias and Alexander Alexander mocketh Philip his father Aridaeus king Philippes bastard begotten of a common strumpet Philima Philip king of Macedonâ— slaine by Pausanias The beginning of Alexanders reigne Alexander ouercome Syrmus king of the Triballians Thebes â—on and rased by Alexander The noble acte of Timoclea a noble womaÌ„ of Thebes Alexander chosen generall of all Graece Alexanders talke with Diogenes 〈…〉 signes appearing vnto Alexander before his iourney into Asia Alexanders armie into Asia The liberalitie of AlexaÌ„der Alexanders saying of Achilles Battell betwixt AlexaÌ„der and Darius at the riuer of Granicus Clitus saued Alexander Alexanders victory of the Persians at Granicus The memorie of Theodectes honored by Alexander The citie of Gordius in Phrygia where king Midas kept Darius armie and dreame Alexanders sicknesse in Cilicia Cydnus fl The wonderfull trust of Alexander in his phisitian Darius contemneth Amyntas profitable counsell Battell betwixt AlexaÌ„der and Darius in Cilicia Alexanders victory of Darius in Cilicia Darius mother wife and two daughters taken by Alexander The clemency of Alexander vnto the captiue Ladies The chastitie of Alexander Alexanders pleasant spech of womens beautie Alexander temperate in eating How Leonidas brought vp Alexander Alexanders life when he was at leisure Alexander pleasant prince as any could be Alexander beseegeth the citie of Tyre Alexanders dreame at the citie of Tyre Alexanders secoÌ„d dreame againe at Tyre Alexanders iorney against the Arabians Antiliban mens The corage and agilitie of Alexander The citie of Tyre beseged and taken by Alexander Alexander tooke the citie of Gaza The building of the citie of Alexandria Alexanders dreame in Eypt The lie of Pharos A wonder Alexanders iourney vtno the oracle of Hammon Cambyses army slaine by sandehilles Crowes guided AlexaÌ„der in his iorney The saying of Psammon the philosopher of the prouideÌ„ce of God. Alexander ascribeth god-head to himselfe Alexander made playes and feastes Darius sent Ambassadours vnto Alexander Statirae king Darius wife died in trauell of childe Tirius reporte to Darius of Statirae buriall Darius talke with Tireus the Eunuche The commendation of Alexanders chastisty Darius prayer
vnto the gods Darius army of tenne hundred thowsand fighting men against Alexander at the riuer of Euphrates The magnanimity of Alexander Alexanders third battell with Darius The armor of Alexander An Eagle flewouer Alexanders head when he went so fight with Darius The flying of Darius Alexanders third victory of Darius and liberalithe of all men * The strength and power of Nepina in the contry of Ecbatania VVhat Medaes enchantment was * In this place there lacke certaine lynes in the Greeks originall No lâ—â—e in the countrie of Babylon Tresure found by Alexander at the citie of Susa. * Is seemeth that he meaneth of silke dyed in purple whereof the best that was in Europe was made in the citie of Hermiona in Laconia Alexanders iorney into Persia. Alexander found a maruelous measure in Persia The insoleus boldnes of Thais the herles Persopolls set a fire by Alexander Alexanders prodigalitie reproued by his mother Olympias Alexander reproueth the finenes and curiositie of his frendes Alexander enemy to idlenes Alexanders care of his frendes and wonderfull curtesie towards them Alexander keps one eare for the condeÌ„med person Alexander would not pardon ill wordes spoken of him Alexanders painefull iorney in following of Darius The loue of Alexander to his souldiers and abstinence Alexander regarded not the spoyle of gold siluer in respect of pursuing his flying enemy The death of Darius The punishment and execution of Bessus The sea Hyrcanium or Caspium Alexander goeth after the maner of the Persians Some faultes are to be borne with in a man of great vertues Orexartes fl Alexander with one word of his mouth brought the Macedonians to obedience Alexander maried Roxane a Persian Quarrell betwext Hephaestion and Craterus VVhy Philotas was suspected and enuied of Alexander Limnus traizerously seeketh to kill Alexander Philotas and his father Partmenio put to death Antipater was affrayed of Alexander VVVhy Alexander slue Clitus Alexanders dreame of Clitus The malapertnes of Clitus against Alexander Alexander slue Clitus grieuously repented him Callisthenes and Anaxarchus do comfort Alexander The cause why Callisthenes was envyed Aristotle thought Callisthenes eloquent but not wise Callisthenes suspected of treasoÌ„ against Alexander Alexander offended with Aristotle The death of Callisthenes the rethoritian The iourney of Demaratus CorinthiaÌ„ vnto Alexander and his death Alexanders iourney into India Alexander burnt his cariages The crueltie of Alexander towardes his men A monsterous lamme appeared vnto Alexander A spring of oyle found by the riuer of Oxus Oyle refresheth wearynes The citie of Nisa Acuphis wise aunswer vnto Alexander King Taxiles talke with Alexander Alexanders aunswer to Taxiles Alexander dishonorably brake the peace he had made Alexanders actes against king Porus. Hydaspes fl The statute of king Porus. The quick-wit and catâ— of the ElephaÌ„t to saue the king his master Alexanders conquests in the Indiaes The death of Bucephal Alexanders horse Bucephalia a great citie built by Alexander apon the riuer of Hydaspes why so named Peritas Alexanders dogge Ganges fl Gangaridae and Prosij people of India Alexanders returne out of India Alexanders vaine deuises to make him selfe immortall King Androcottus Alexander in daunger at the citie of the Mallians The wise men of India Alexanders questions propounded to the ten Philosophers of India Alexander rewarded the ten wise men and did let them goe Onesicritus a Philosopher Calanus other wise called Sphines Dandamis Calanus a wise man of India The 〈…〉 of a kingdom shewed by a peece of leather Psitulcis an Iland Alexanders nauie in the sea Oceanum Alexanders armie going in to India Sheepe fed with fishe The contry of Gedrosia The contry of Carmania The riot of Alexanders souldiers The citie of Thapsacus The prouinces conquered by Alexanders rebelled against him The death of Polymachus Pelleian Calanus the Indian did sacrifice him selfe aliue Alexander made men drinke to wyn a game and price The Macedonians maried vnto the Persians The wonderfull giftes of Alexander Alexander payed the soldiers dets Antigenes with one eye a valiant Captaine banished the court for making a lye Thirty thowsand boyes of the Persians taught the discipline of wars by Alexanders commauÌ„dement The clemencie and liberalitie of Alexander vnto his soldiers The death of Hephaestion Alexanders sorow for the death of Hephaestion Stasicrates an excellent image maker Diuers signes before Alexanders death Alexander feared Antipater Alexander fell sicke of an agew Arsitobulus report of the sicknes and death of Alexander The death of Alexander the great Aristotle suspected for the poysoning of Alexander Statira slaine by Roxane Aridaeus Alexanders bastard brother Caesar ioyned with Cinna Marius Caesar tooke sea and went vnto Nicomedes king of Bithynia Caesar taken of pirate Iunius Praetor of Asia Caesar eloquence Caesar loued hospitalitie Caesar a follower of the poeple Ciceroes iudgement of Caesar. The loue of the people in Rome was Caesar. Caesar chosen Tribunus militum Caesar made the funerall oration at the death of his aunt Iulia. Caesar the first that praised his wife in funerall oration Caesar made Questor Pompeia Caesars third wife Caesars prodigality Caesar accused to make a rebellion in the state The death of Metellus chiefe Bishop of Rome Caesar made chiefe Bishop of Rome Caesar suspected to be coÌ„federate with Catiline in his conspiracy Caesar went about to deliuer the conspirators Catoes oration against Caesar. The loue of P. Clodius vnto Pompeia Caesars wife The good goddesse what she was and her sacrifices Clodius taken in the sacrifices of the good goddesse Clodius accused for prophaning the sacrifices of the good goddesse Caesar putteth away his wife Pompeia Clodius quit by the Iudges for prophaning the sacrifices of the good goddesse Caesar Praetor of Spaine Crassus surety for Caesar to his creditors Caesars actes in Spayne Caesar order betwext the creditor and detter Caesar souldiers called him Imperator Caesar reconÌ„cileth Pompey and Crassus together Catoes foresight and prophecy Caesars first Consulship with Calphurnius Bibulus Caesars lawes Lex agraria Caesar maried his daughter Iulia vnto Pompey Caesar maried Calphurnia the daughter of Piso. Pompey by force of armes authorised Caesars lawes Caesar sent Cato to prison Caesar by Clodius draue Cicero out of Italy Caesar a valliant souldier and a skillfull Captaine Caesars conquestes in Gaule The loue and respect of Caesars souldiers vnto him The wonderfull valliantnes of Acilius Cassius Scaua diuers others of Caesars souldiers Granius Petronius Caesar had the falling sickenes The temperance of Caesar in his dyet Caesar ciuilitie not to blame his frend The Tigurinians slaine by Labienus Arax fl Caesar refused his horse wheÌ„ he sought a battell The Heluetians slaine by Caesar. Rheynus fl Caesar made warre with king Ariouistus The wise women of Germany how they did foretell thinges to come King Ariouistus ouerthrowen by Caesar. The Belgae ouercome by Caesar. Neruij the slowtest warriers of all the Belgae The Neruij slaine by Caesar The great Lordes of Rome come to Luca to Caesar Ipes
Tenterides people of Germany Caesars horsemen put to flight The Ipes and Tenterides slaine by Caesar Sicambri a people of the Germaines Caesar made a bridge ouer the riuer of Rheyn Caesars iorney into England The death of Iulia Caesars Daughter The rebellion of the Gaules Cotta and Titurius with their armie slaine Caesar slue the Gaules led by Ambiorix The second rebellion of the Gaules against Caesar. Vercingentorix Captaine of the rebells against Caesar. * Some say that in this place is to be redde in the Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is the riuer Saone The Hedul rebell against the Romanes * Sequani Vercingentorix ouerthrowen by Caesar. The seege of Alexia Caesars daunger and wise policie Caesars great victorie at Alexie Alexia yelded vp to Caesar The discord betwixt Caesar and Pompey and the cause of the ciuill warres Caesars crassines The peoples voices bought at Rome for money Pompey gouerned Spain and Africk Caesar sueth the second time to be coÌ„sul and to haue his gouernment proroged Caesar bribeth the Magistrates at Rome Pompey abused by slauerers Caesars requests vnto the Senate Antonius Curio Tribunes of the people fly from Rome to Caesar Caesars doubtfull thoughts at the riuer of Rubicon The Greeke vseth this phrase of speech cast the dye Caesar tooke the citie of Arminum Caesars damnable dreame Rome in vprore with Caesars comming Pompey flyeth from Rome Labienus forsooke Caesar and fled to Pompey Domitius escaped from Caesar fled to Pompey Pompey flyeth into Epirus Silent leges inter arma Caesar taketh money out of the temple of Saturne Caesars iorney into Spayne against Pompeys Lieuetenants Caesar Dictator Caesar and Isauricus Consulls Caesar goeth into the kingdom of Epirus Complaints of the olde souldiers against Caesar. A great aduenture of Caesar. Anius â—â— Caesars daungers troubles in the Realme of Epirus Caesars armie fled from Pompey Caesars wordes of Pompeys victory Caesar troubled in mind after his losse Pompeys determination for the warre Pompey called Agamemnon and king of kings The citie of Gomphes in Thessaly Pompeys dreame in Pharsalia The securitie of the Pompeians Pompeys armie at great againe as Caesars A wonder seene in the element before the battell in Pharsalia Caesars armie and his order of battell in the fieldes of Pharsalia Pompeys army and his order of battell An ill counsel and fowle fault of Pompey The battell in the fieldes of Pharsalia Caesars strategeme Caesar ouercommeth Pompey Pompeys flight Brutus that slue Caesar taken prisoner at the battell of Pharsalia Signes tokens of Caesars victory A straunge tale of Cornelius an excellent Prognosticatos Caesars clemeÌ„cy in victory The cause of Caesars warre in Alexandria Pothinus the Euenuke caused Pompey to be slayne Cleopatra came to Caesar Cleopatra trussed vp in a mattresse and so brought to Caesar vpon Apollodorus backe The great library of Alexandria burnt Caesars swimming with bookes in his hand Caesar made Cleopatra Queene of AEgypt Caesarion Caesars sonne begotteÌ„ of Cleopatra Caesars victorie of king Pharnaces Caesar wyteth three wordes to certifie his victory Caesars iorney into Africke against Cato and Scipio Caesars troubles in Africke Alga and dogges tooth geuen to the horse to eate Caesars daungers in Africke Caesars great victorie and small losse Caesar trobled with the falling sickenes Caesar was sory for the death of Cato Caesar wrote against Cato being dead Cicero wrote a booke in praise of Cato being dead Iuba the sonne of king Iuba a famous historiographer Caesars feasting of the Romanes The muster taken of the Romanes Caesar Consull the fourth time Battell fought betwext Caesar and the young Pompeyes by the city of Mvnda Caesars victory of the sonnes of Pompey Caesar triumphe of Pompeis sonnes Caesar Dictator perpetuall The temple of clemency dedicated vnto Caesar for his curtesie Cassius and Brutus Praetors Caesars saying of death Good will of subiectes the best gard and safety for Palaces Caninius Rebilius Consull for one day Anienes Tiber flu Caesar reformed the inequality of the yeare * Mercedonius mensis intercularis VVhy Caesar was hated The feast Lipercalia Antonius being Consull was one of the Lupercalians Antonius presented the Diadeame to Caesar. Caesar saued Marcus Brutus life after the battell of Pharsalia Brutus conspireth against Caesar. Cassius stâ—roeth vp Brutus against Caesar. Predictions foreshewes of Caesars death Caesars day of his death prognosticased by a Soothsayeth The dreame of Calpurnia Caesars wife Decius Brutus Albinus perswasion to Caesar. Decius Brutus brought Caesar into the Senate house The tokens of the conspiracy against Caesar. The place where Caesar was slaine Antonius Caesars faithfull frend Casca the first that strake at Caesar. Caesar slaine and had 23. wounds apon him The murtherers of Caesar doe goe to the Capitall Caesars funeralls Cinnaes dreame of Caesar. The murther of Cinna Caesar 56. yere olde at his death The reuenge of Caesars death Cassius being ouerthrowen at the battell of Philippes slue himselfe with the selfe same sword wherewith he strake Caesar. VVonders seene in the element after Caesars death A great Comet Brutus vision A spirit appeared vnto Brutus The second appearing of the spirit vnto Brutus Demades arrogaÌ„t saying The power of vertue and fortune Aduersitie maketh men hasty Ciceroes saying of Cato the common wealth at Rome Catoes plaine maner became not the corrupt and suretie time The parâ—â—age of Phocion Phocion neuer wept nor laughed Phocions maners VVherein excellencie of speech consifieth Phocions first souldier saâ—e The victory of Chabrias and Phocion in the I le of Naxos Phocions notable sayings Aristogiton a Sycophant coward Phocion called by surname goâ—â— Phocions iorney into Euboâ—a Phocion perswadeth his Captaines to suffer the musinous souldiers cowards to depart the campe Phocions victory in Eubâ—â—a Phocion saued the citie of Byzantium PhocioÌ„ draws Philip out of Hellespont Phocion ioyned Megara vnto Athens To reioyce at any mans hurt sheweth a base mind vile nature Alexander pacified with the Athenians by Phocions meanes Phocions vertue and integrity refusing of Alexanders money Phocions house and wiues Phocus Phocions sonne what he was Phocion despiseth Harpalus money Phocion refused to defend his sonne in law in an ill cause Phocions victory of the Macedonians The Graecians ouercomeÌ„ by Antipater Phocion Ambassador vnto Antipater Xenocrates authoritie Xenocrates despised of Antipater Presages of the miseries of the Athenians The crueltie of Antipater Phocion refuseth Menyllus giftes Phocion loued pouertie The insolencie of Demades the Orator Cassander king Antipaters sonne The 〈…〉 end of Demades Polyperchon Generall of the armie of the Macedonians Polyperchon conspiracie against Phocion Nicanor to receiue then to offer an iniury Alexander the sonne of Polyperchon practiseth treason against the Athenians Phocion accused of treason Polyperchon did put Dinarchus to death Phocion sent prisoner to Athens to be condemned The furie of the Athenians against Phocion The crueltie of the Athenians vnto Phocion Phocion condemned to death The constancy and corage of Phocion being condemned
to dye Phocion gaue money to be put to death Phocions funeralls The percentage of Cato Liuius Drusus Catoes vncle Catoes maners VVhy quicke wits haue neuer good memorie Sarpedo Catoes scholemaister Catoes austeritie The maruelous constancie of Cato when he was a child Syllaes loue vnto Cato being but a boy Catoes hate being a boy against a tyran Catoes loue to his brother Antipater the Stoicke Catoes schoolemaister Catoes act for Basilica Porcia Catoes exercises Catoes drinking Ciceroes saying of Cato Catoes mariages Attilia Catoes wife Lelius mariage Catoes first souldierfare in the ware of the bondmen Cato chosen Tribunus milâ—â—an Howe Cato trained his men made them valliant The loue of vertue from whence it proceedeth Athenodorus the stoicke Catoes frend The death of Caepio Catoes brother Catoes mourning for his brother Capioes death * It seemeth to be mens of Caesar which wrote the booke called Anticaten Catoes iorney into Asia Catoes modestie A laughing matter hapned vnto Cato Demetrius a slaue great with Pompey Cato honored of Pompey in Asia Pompey rather suspected Cato then leued him Catoes iorney vnto king Deiotarus and his abstinence 〈…〉 gisu Cato made Quaestor Catulus Luctatius what he was Cato made the Quaestorshippe of great dignity Cato was reuenged of Syllaes bloody murthers Catoes notable leauing of his office Catoes care and imegritie to the commoÌ„ wealth Catoes minde and determination to take charge in the commoÌ„ wealth Cato draue Clodius out of Rome The authoritie and credit of Cato Cato tooke Philosophers with him wheÌ„ he went into the country The office authoritie of the Tribune what it is Catoes Tribuneship Cicero definded Muraena against his accuser Cato The conspiracie of Catilin against Rome Catoes oraetion against Caesar touching Catilins conspiracie Cicero taught them how to write briefly by notes and figures Cato vnfortunate in his wiues Martia Catoes wife Platoes felowship and communitie of women Cato perswaded corne to be distributed vnto the people Cato resisteth Metellus tribune of the people Iulius Caesar Praetor Catoes noble courage and constancie Catoes doings of Lucullus Cato resisteth Pompey Cato refuseth allyance with Pompey Lex agraria The allyance and friendship betwixt Caesar and Pompey Cicero by his oration brake Catoes stifnes Cato committed to prison by Caesar. P. Clodius Tribune of the people The crafty iugling betwixt Caesar and Pompey with P. Clodius Cato sent Ambassador into Cyprus Ptolomy king of AEgypt goeth vnto Cato Catoes diligence about money in Cyprus The enuy betwixt Cato Munatius To much loue oftentymes causeth hate Money gotten together by Cato in Cyprus Cato receiued into Rome with great honor of all the people VVhy Cato sued to be Praetor Cato put from the Praetorship by Pompey Cato was against the law for the prouinces of Pompey and Crassus Cato foreshewed Pompey the things which happened vnto him by Caesar Cato chosen Praetor Cato preserved a law for vnlawfull bribing The power of iustice M. Faonius Catoes frend Cato doth set forth the playes for Faonius AEdilis Catoes wise counsell for playes Pompey was created sole Consull by Catoes sentence Cato sued to be Consull to resist Caesar. Cato was denied the Consulshippe Cicero blameth Cato Catoes opinion against Caesar. Cato inueyeth against Caesar. Cato prognosticated Caesars tyrannie Cato followeth Pompey Caesar reproueth Catoes couetousnes Cato is sent into Sicile Cato leaueth Sicile Catoes law as in Pompeys army VVhy Pompey chaunged his minde for the gouernment of the army by sea VVhy Pompey left Cato at Dyrrachivm Cato saueth Ciceroes life from Pompeis sonne Cato went into Africke Psilles be men which heale the stinging of serpents * Men in olde time bathed and washed them selues then laied them downe in their bed to suppe The modestie and noble minde of Cato Cato ioyneth with Scipio in Africke Cato was made Gouernor of the city of Vtica Scipio despiseth Catoes counsell Catoes constancy in extremity Catoes 〈…〉 vnto the Romanes at Vtica The equity of Cato Cato forsaken of three hundred Romane marchant at Vtica Catoes pitie and regard vnto the Senators Cato an earnest suter for the Senators The sinceritie of Cato Catoes minde vnconquerable Cato reproueth the ambition of man. Statilius a follower of Cato Cato would not haue pardon begged of Caesar for him Cato forbad his sonne to meddle with matters of State in a corrupt time The paradoxes of the Stoicks Platoes dialogue of the soule Catoes last wordes vnto the Philosophers his frends Cato considered his sworde wherewith he killed him selfe The death of Cato Catoes funeralls Caesars saying vnto Cato the dead The sonne of Cato what conditions he had Psyche signifieth mind The death of Porcia the Daughter of Cato the youÌ„ger and wife of Brutus The death of Statilius The fable of Ixion against ambitious persons Theophrastus for the praise of vertue Immoderat praise very daungerous Phocions saying The fable of the Dragons head and taile Plutarch excuseth the Gracchi The lynage of Agis The lynage of Leonidas Aristodemus tyrant of Megalipolis Leonidas brought superfluitie and excesse into Sparta The continency of Agis The first beginning of the Lacedaemonians fall from their auncient discipline Lycurgus the â—ra for partition of landes broken by Epitadeus law Epitadues law for deuise of landes by will. Agis goeth about to reduce the common wealth of heer auncient estate How louing the Lacedamonians were vnto their wiues Agis law Pasiphaé the Daughter of Atlas Agis maketh his goods common Leonidas resisteth king Agis King Leonidas accused by Lysander Leonidas deprived of his kingdome Leonidas flyeth vnto Tegea King Agis deceiued by Agesilaus New lawes stablished by the Lacedaemonians Aratus generall of the Achaians King Agis iorney into AchaiaÌ„ King Agis gaue place vnto Araetus King Leonidas returneth from â—â—ile into Sparta The naturall loue of Chelonis Leonidas daughter vnto her father and husband The oration of Chelonis the Daughter of Leonidas The banishment of king Cleombrotus The great vertue and loue of Chelonis to her husband Cleombrotus Amphares betrayed king Agis King Agis caried vnto prison There the reuerent regard of the heatheÌ„ vnto the person of a king abhorring in lay violens handes vpon him King Agis her mother grandmother all three straÌ„gled The enemies did not willingly kill any king of Lacedaemon Here beginneth Cleomenes life Cleomenes the sonne of Leonidas Agiatis the Daughter of Gylippus and wife to king Agis Agiatis king Agis wife maryed vnto Cleomenes Sphaerus a Philosopher of Borysthenes Cleomenes did set the Lacedaemonians and Achaians together by the eares Cleomenes iorney into the contry of the Argiues The victorie of Cleomenes against Aratus The saying of the kings of Lacedaemon touching their enemies Archidamus king Agis brother slaine Lysiadas slaine Cleomenes victorie of the Achaians Lysiadas tyranne of Megalopolis gaue ouer his tyrannie and made it a popular state The dreame of one of the Ephores Cleomenes siue the Ephores Diuers teÌ„ples at Sparta of feare death such other fancies The valliantest men are most
affrayed or offend the law The chappell of feare ioyned to the halle of the Ephores The oration of king Cleomenes touching the first originall of the Ephores Asteropus the first man that gaue authority to the Ephores Cleomenes reformeth the state of the coÌ„mon wealth of Lacedaemon Cleomenes inuadeth the borders of the Megalopolitans King Cleomenes the teacher and example of temperancy Cleomenes moderate dyet Cleomenes curteous entertainment at his bord Cleomenes leadeth his army against Aratus and the Achaians The victory of Cleomenes against the Achaians Aratus treason to his contrie Cleomenes winneth the citie of Argos King Pyrrhus slaine at the citie of Argos The force of Lycurgus laâ—es The Argiues doe rebell against Cleomenes Cleomenes lost the citie of Corinthe Cleomenes lost the citie of Argos The death of Agiatis king Cleomenes wife The noble minde of Cratesiclea Cleomenes mother Cleomenes sendeth his mother and children hostages vnto Ptolomy king of AEgypt Cleomenes wanne the citie of Megalipolis Cleomenes noble saying Cleomenes rased the citie of Megalipolis Cleomenes stratageame A wise Captaine should not rashly put him selfe in hazard The moderacion of Cleomenes to his enemies Money the sinewe of warres The saving of Archidamus Cleomenes ouercomen by Antigonus for lacke of money to pay his souldiers The power of fortune Battell betwixt Cleomenes and Antigonus at Selasia The treason of Demoteles Cleomenes ouerthrowen by Antigonus Antigonus wanne the citie of Sparta The death of Antigonus the sonne of Demetrius king of Macedon Cleomenes flieth out of Peloponnesus The oration of Therycion vnto Cleomenes against death Cleomenes oration of death VVilling death must haue honorable respect Cleomenes flieth into AEgypt vnto king Ptolomy Cleomenes vertue Nicagoras Messenian an enemy to Cleomenes Cleomenes committed to prison to Alexandria Cleomenes practiseth to kill king Ptolomy The ende and death of Cleomenes and his friendes The corage of Panteas Cleomenes hanging vpon a crosse had a Serpent wreathed about his head Liuing things breeding of the corruption of dead beasts VVhy the Dragon is coÌ„secrated vnto Princes The worthines of Tiberius Gracchus the father Tiberius Gracchus the father maried Cornelia the Daughter of Scipio AfricaÌ„ The tender loue of Tiberius to his wife Cornelia The praise of Cornelia mother of the Gracchi A true description of Tiberius Caivs Gracchi Tiberius made Augures Tiberius maried Appius Clodius daughter Tiberius Gracchus souldierfare Tiberius Gracchus chosen Quaestor Tiberius Graecehus coÌ„cludeth peace with the Numantines The peace broken with the Nvmantines VVhy Tiberius preferred the Law Agraria Iugera VVhy Caius Laelius was called the wise Tiberius Graecchus chosen Tribune of the people Counsellers so Tiberius for preferring the law Lex Agraria Tiberius oration Marcus Octauius Tribune did with stand Tiberius lawe The modest contention betwixt Tiberius and Octauius Tiberius deposeth Octauius of his Tribuneship Tiberius preserveth the law Agraria King Attalus made the people of Rome his heire Tiberius law for deuiding of Attalus money Titus Annius a suttell questioner and aunswerer of thinges The oration of Tiberius Gracchus touching the power and authoritie of the Tribune Other lawes made by Tiberius Gracchus Vnluckie signes vnto Tiberius Flauius Flaccus beâ—raieth the conspiracy against Tiberius Nasica doth set apon Tiberius Gracchus Tiberius Gracchus the Tribune slaine Tiberius frends slaine The cruell death of Caius Billius Nasica chiefe Bishoppe of Rome Scipioes sentence of the death of Tiburius Gracchus Caius Gracchus maners Caius Gracchus Quastar in Sardinia Caius Gracchus vision and dreame Caius Gracchus returneth out of Sardinia vnto Rome Caius Gracchus Tribune of the people Caius Gracchus Lawes Cornelia mother of the Gracchi honored of the people of Rome Other lawes preferred by Caius Gracchus Caius Gracchus power Other lawes of Caius Gracchus The Italian myle conteineth eight furlong Caius Gracchus chosen Tribune the second time Liuius Drusus one of the Tribunes Lawes preferred by Liuius Drusus Liuius Drusus pacifieth the people against the Senate Fuluius Commissioner with Caius a verie seditious man. The death of Scipio African the lesse Vnluckie signes appearing vnto Caius This man is named afterwardes Opimius Caius Gracchus fell out with the Tribunes Caius Gracchus repulsed from the third Tribuneship Sedition betwext Caius Gracchus the Senate Antillius C. Gracchus sergeaunt slaine An ordinance made by the Senate against C. Gracchus The people defended C. Gracchus The words of Licinis to her husband Caius Gracchus Fuluius sent his sonne to the Consull with a Heraulds rodde to offer peace The death of Fuluius and his eldest sonne The flight of Caius The faithfulnes of Caius Gracchus seruaunt The temple of concord built by Opimius the Consul Opimius the first Consul vsurping the power of the Dictator Opimius bribed with money of Iugurthe and condemned The Gracchi were maruelously desired of the people The magnanimity of Cornelia the mother of the Gracchi The power of learning to ouercome sorow The wisedom of the Gracchi The Actes of the Gracchi did litle profit Rome The ende of the Gracchi vnfortunate The deedes of the Gracchi The faultes of the Gracchi True happines consisteth in the minde and manners of man not in any place or contry Expedient for an Historiographer to be in a famous citie Plutarkes coÌ„try very litle Demosthenes coÌ„pared with Cicero The parentage of Demosthenes The patrimony lese Demosthenes Demosthenes why he was called Battalus Demosthenes why surnamed Argas Calistratus the Orator The earnest desire of Demosthenes to learne eloquence Isaeus Demosthenes schole master of Rethoricke Demosthenes first practise in drawing penning of orations A remedie for the paine of splene Demosthenes mocked of the people for his long orations Demosthenes impediments of nature Demosthenes celler Demosthenes seldom pleaded on the suddein Demosthenes in his oration studieth to please the people Demosthenes terrified Lamachus in his oration 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The naturall eloquence of Demades the Orator Theophrastus iudgement of Orators Phocion called the axe of Demosthenes orations Demosthenes by industry reformeth his defects of nature Demosthenes countenance and gesture misliked of the nobilitie Demosthenes witty answers The time of Demosthenes comming to practice in the assayres of the state Displeasure betwixt Demosthenes and Midias Demosthenes an enemy to the Macedonians The constancy of Demosthenes defended against Theopompus Note the inconstancy and suttell euasion of these Orators Demosthenes preferreth honesty as a special rule in his orations Demosthenes a timerous man and giuen to bribes Demosthenes franke speech in his orations Demosthenes orations which were true and which false Demosthenes doings against Philip. Demosthenes stirreth vp Graece against the Macedonians Demosthenes force of eloquence ioyned the Thebans with the Athenians and wanne them from Philippe king of Macedon The ouerthrow of the Graecians foreshewed as Chaeronea by signes and auncient oracles The riuer of Thermodon or Haemon in the contry of Chaeronea Another opinion of Thermodon Demosthenes flieth from the battell Demosthenes word and deuise vpon his shield Demosthenes corrected with money of
the king of Persia Demosthenes praiseth them that were slaine at the battell of Chaeronea The death of Philip king of Macedon Demosthenes preferreth the ioy of his contrie before the sorow of his owne daughter AEschinesse proued by Plutarch for his fonde beleefe that blubbering and sorowing are signes of loue and charitie Plutarch praiseth Demosthenes constancie for leauing of his mourning to reioyce for his common contrie benefit Demosthenes raiseth vp the Graecians against Alexander Alexander required certaine Orators of Athens Demosthenes â—ale of the sheepe and woulues The iudgement of the crowne vnto Ctesiphon Harpalus a great money man came to Athens flying from Alexander Demosthenes bribed by Harpalus with oxenty â—ateâ— * This concelâ— can hardly be expressed in any other language then in Greeke For he sayth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 alloâ—ding to the verbe 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifieth to delight by pleasaunt speeche or sound Demosthenes banishment Demosthenes tooke his banishment grieuously Three mischieuous beasts Antipater besieged of the Athenians Demosthenes called home from exile Demosthenes fine of fiftie talentes remitted Archias Phygadotheras a hunter of the banished men Demosthenes dream Demosthenes taketh poyson to kill him selfe in the temple of Neptune in the I le of Calauria The death of Demosthenes The time of Demosthenes death The Athenians honored Demosthenes after his death * He sayth Antigonus in the life of Phocius Demades death and reward for his treason Ciceroes parentage Cicero why so called Cicero Quaestor Ciceroes birth An image appeared to Ciceroes nursâ— Ciceroes towardnes and wit. Cicero a notable Poet. Cicero Philoes scholler the Academicke Philosopher Cicero a follower of Mutius Scauola Roscius pâ—â— in siâ—â— Cicero a weake man. Cicero Antiochus scholler The commoditie of exercise Cicero goeth into Asia and to Rhodes Cicero declamed in Graeke Apollonius testimonie of Cicero An Oracle giuen to Cicero Ciceroes first practising in the common wealih Roscius and AEsopus comon players Cicero a fine Tawnser Cicero chosen Quaestor Ciceroes diligence iustice and lenitie Cicero ambitious desirous of praise Cicero geuen to know mens names their landes and frendes Ciceroes doings against Verres He spake it bicause the Iewes doe ease no swines flesh Cicero chosen AEdilis Ciceroes riches Ciceroes great curtesie and resorte Cicero chosen Praetor Licinius Macer condemned Cicero with one word pacified the offended Tribunes Cicero made Consul The conspiracy of Cateline Catalines wickedness C. Antonius and M.T. Cicero created Consuls Great troubles at Rome in the time of Ciceroes Consulshippe A law preferred for the creacion and authority of the Decemuiri Cicero by his eloquence ouerthrow the law of the Decemuiri Ciceroes swâ—â—â— tongue * Others â—â—â— say Lucius Roscius Otho Tribune of the people Roscius lawe for deuiding of the Roman Knights from the common people Syllaes souldiers conspired with Catiline Cicero examined Catalin in the Senate Syllanus and Murana and Consulls Letters brought to Crassus of Catilines conspiracie Fuluia betrayeth Catilines intent to kill Cicero Catiline departed Rome C. Lentulus why called Sura Oracles of three Cornelij that should raigne at Rome Great treason practised in Rome by C. Lentulus and Cethegus The conspiratours apprehended Syllanus sentence of the conspirators Caesar priuie to Catilines conspiracie Caesars opinion for the punishment of the conspirators The execution of the conspirators They liuedâ— A word vsurped for the dead Ciceroes praise Catilin slaine in battell by Antonius Caesar chosen Praetor Metellus and Bestia Tribunes of the people Cicero resigneth his office Ciceroes Consulship praised by Cato Cicero the first man called Father of the contry Cicero too much giuen to praise him self Cicero friendâ—y to praise others Cicero sayeth Demosthenes sleepeth in his orations Ciceroes subtile end pleasant â—â—â—ge The Stoickes opinion A wise man is euer riche * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Actius is a proper name of a Romane and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greeke signifieth worthyt So the grace of the equiuocation can not be expressed in any other language * Bicause the Africanes haue commonly their eares bored through The malice betwixt Cicero Clodius Cicero gaue euidence against Clodius The wicked parts of Clodius * Some olde bookes doe read Teritâ— Clodius 〈…〉 and found not gilty Caesars wordes of the putting away his wife Pompeia Clodius chosen Tribune of the people Piso and Gabinius Consuls Crassus Pompey and Caesar three of the greatest men in Rome tooke part with Clodius against Cicero Cicero accused of Clodius The knights of Rome and Senate chauÌ„ged garments for Ciceroes sake Pompey would not see Cicero being accused Ciceroes exile Hipponium alias Vibone a city in Luke A wonder shewed vnto Cicero in his exile Ciceroes faint hart in his exile The wonderfull power of glory Pompey chauÌ„ging mind doth fauor Cicero Lentulus Consul Cicero called home from banishment Cicero taketh away the tables of Clodius actes out of the Capitoll Clodius the Tribune slaine by Milo. Cicero fearefull in warres and timerous in pleading Cicero pleadeth Miloes case Cicero chosen Augure Ciceroes integritie for the gouernment of his prouinces MoÌ„â— Amanus Cicero called Imperator Cicero seeketh to pacifie the quarrell betwext Pompey and Caesar Ciceroes words of Pompey and Caesar. Cicero goeth vnto Pompey Cato gaue place to Cicero and offered him the charge of the nauy at Dyrrachium The force of Ciceroes eloquence how it altered Caesar. Ciceroes life vnder Caesar. Cicero did put away his wife Terentia Cicero maried a young maiden Cicero not made priuy to the conspiracie against Caesar. Priuate grudge betwext Antonius and Cicero Cicero saileth into Greece Ill will betwext Cicero Antonius Cicero and Octauius Caesar ioyned in frendship Ciceroes dreame of Octauius the adopted sonne of Iulius Caesar Octauius and Accia the parents of Octauius Caesar. Octauius Caesar was borne in the yere of Ciceroes Consulship Ciceroes great power â—â— Rome Octauius Caesar sueth to be Consul Octauius Caesar forsaketh Cicero Note the fickelnes of youth The meeting of the Triumuiri Antonius Lepidus Octauius Caesar Cicero appointed to be slaine Quintus Cicero slaine * Some doe read Cajete A wonderous matter foreshewed by crowes vnto Cicero Herennius Popilius sent to kill M. T. Cicero M.T. Cicero slain by Herennius Ciceroes head and hands set vp ouer the pulpit for Orations A strange and cruell punishmeÌ„t taken by Pomponia Quintus Ciceroes wife of Philologus for betraying of his maister Augustus Caesars testimony of Cicero Ciceroes sonne Consul with Augustus Caesar. The decree of the Senate against Antonius being dead Demosthenes eloquence Ciceroes rare and diuers doctrines Demosthenes and Ciceroes maners Demosthenes modest in praising of him selfes Cicero too fall of ostentacion Demosthenes and Ciceroes cunning in their Orations in the coÌ„mon wealth Authoritie sheweth ment vertues and vices Ciceroes abstinense freâ—â— money Demosthenes a money taker Diuers causes of the banishment of Demosthenes and Cicero The differeÌ„ce betwext Demosthenes and Ciceroes death How sences and artes doe agree differ The master of the SpartaÌ„s to
then power to ayde him The army power of Octauius Caesar against Antonius Antonius dominions Octauius Caesars dominions Antonius we which ruled by Cleopatra Antonius rode at anker at the head of ActioÌ„ where the citie of Nicopolis standeth * The grace of this taâ—â—â—it can not properly be expressed in any other tongue bicause of the equivocation of this word Toryne which signifieth citie Albania and also a Ladell to scoome the pot with as if she ment Caesar sat by the fire side scomming of the pot Domitius forsaketh Antonius goeth vnto Octauius Caesar. Amyntas and Deiotarus do both reuolt from Antonius and goe vnto Caesar. Antonius in daunger of taking as Actâ—um Antonius regardeth not the good counsell of his souldier Battel by sea as Actium betwixt Antonius and Caesar. A lucky signe vnto Octauius Caesar. Eutychus Nicon fortunate Conquerer Cleopatra flyâ—th The soule of a louer liueth in another body Antonius flyeth after Cleopatra Antonius lycenceth his friends to depart and giueth there a shippe loden with gold and siluer Antonius nauy ouerthrowen by Caesar. Antonius legions doe yeld them selues vnto Octauius Caesar Lucilius spokâ— of in Brutus life The fidelitie of Lucilius vnto Antonius The wonderful attempt of Cleopatra Antonius followeth the life and example of TimoÌ„ Misanthropus the Athenian Plato Aristophanes testimony of Timon Misanthropus what he was The epitaphe of Timon Misanâ—hropus Antonius rioting in Alexandria after his great losse ouerthrew Toge virilis Antillus the eldest sonne of Antonius by his wife Fuluia An order erected by Antonius and Cleopatra called Synapothanumenon reuoking the former called Amimetobion Cleopatra verie busie in prouing the force of poyson The property of the biting of an Aspick Antonius and Cleopatra send Ambassadors vnto Octauius Caesar Alexas treason iustly punished Pelusium was yeelded vp to Octauius Caesar. Cleopatraes monuments set vp by the temple of Isis. Straunge noises heard and nothing seene Antonius nauie doe yeeld them selues vnto Caesar. Antonius ouerthrowen by Octauius Caesar. Cleopatra flieth into her tombe or monument Eros Antonius seruant slue him selfe Antonius did thrust his sword into him selfe but died not presently Antonius caried vnto Cleopatraes tombe A lamentable sight to see Antonius and Cleopatra The death of Antonius Octauius Caesar lamenteth Antonius death Proculeius sent by Octauius Caesar to bring Cleopatra aliue Cleopatra taken Caesar tooke the citie of Alexandria Caesar greatly honored Arrius the Philosopher Philostratus the eloquentest Orator in his time for present speech vpon a sodaine Antyllus Antonius eldest sonne by Fuluia slaine The saying of Arrius the Philosopher CaesarioÌ„ Cleopatraes sonne put to death Cleopatra burieth Antonius Olympus Cleopatraes Phisition Caesar came to see Cleopatra Cleopatra a martired creature through her owne fassion and fury Seleucus out of Cleopatraes Treasorers Cleopatra bet her treasorer before Octauius Caesar Cleopatraes wordes vnto Caesar. Cleopatra finely deceiueth Octauius Caesar although she desired to liue Cleopatraes lamentation ouer Antonius tombe The death of Cleopatra Cleopatraes two waiting woman dead with her Cleopatra killed with the biting of an Aspicke The image of Cleopatra caried in triumphe at Rome with an Aspicke biting of her arme The age of Cleopatra and Antonius Of Antonius issue came Emperors The power of Demetrius Antonius Demetrius Antonius ambition to gouerne The liberalitie and bountie of Demetrius and Antonius Demetrius Antonius time Canobus and Taphosiris fl Demetrius Antonius wiues Antonius the first Romane that euer maried two wiues together Demetrius lasciuiousnes Dogges not suffred in Athens castle bicause of bitcherie The loue and impietie the faith falsehoode of Demetrius and Antonius Demetrius Antonius acts in warres The pareÌ„tage of Artaxerxes Mnemon The diuersâ—â— of natures betwixt Cyrus and Artaxerxes Arsicas surnamed Artaxerxes assigned to be king of Persia The maner of the consecrating of the kings of Persia as Pasargades Cyrus accused vnto his brother Artaxerxes Cyrus lay in waite to kill Artaxerxes Note the flatterie and dissimulation of a woman Antaxerxes curteous and easie to haue accesse vnto Artaxerxes liberalitie to apoore man that gaue him a litle water Tiribazus lightnes and Artaxerxes liberalitie Statira king Artaxerxes wife Cyrus maketh warre against his brother Artaxerxes Cyrus wonderfull promises Artaxerxes army of nyne hundred thowsand fighting men against his brother Cyrus Xenophon the Historiographer excellently describeth this battell betwixt Artaxerxes and his brother Cyrus Safetie in a generall requisite in battell Clearchus cowardlines reproued Pasacas Cyrus horse Artagerses the gouernor of the prouince of Cadusia giueth charge vpon Cyrus Cyrus slue Artagerses Dinons report of Cyrus death The Cariens be called cocks bicause they weare crests on their headpeeces Ctesias report of Cyrus death Artaxerxes hurt by Cyrus Cyrus hurt Cyrus miserable destiny King Artaxerxes being a thirst dranke stincking puddle water and sayd he neuer tasted sweeter The manner of the Persians in 〈…〉 against a traitor to the king Plutarch reproueth Ctesias for a lyer How Artaxerxes 〈…〉 the good and also punished the euill The punishment of them that slue Cyrus Parysatis straunge crueltie praising the Carian in 〈…〉 See the perill of bastâ—es rash aunswer The terrible death of offenders in boates or troughes among the Persians The miserable death of Mithridates The deuelish craft of Parysatis her great skill cunning at dyce Parysatis craft and cruelâ—ie Tisaphernes betrayeth the Captaines of Graece Clearchus other Captaines of Graece put to death by king Artaxerxes Ctesias vanity The cause of Parysatis hate vnto her Daughter in law Statyra Parysatis practiseth to poyson Queene Statira Ryntaces a bird of Persia that hath no excrements How Statira was poysoned The punishment for poysoners in Persia Agesilaus king of Lacedaemon maketh warre with the Persians The Persian coyne how it is stamped Artaxerxes dâ—aue the Lacedantonians from all their dominion by sea Gnidus Ins. Antalcidas peace Antalcidas Lacedaemonian greatly esteemed of Artaxerxes The persians full of vanitie and curiositie The death of Antalcidas Lacedaemonian Timagoras Athenian brybed by king Artaxerxes Timagoras was put to death for taking brybes and gifts of the king of Persia. King Artaxerxes killeth Tisaphernes Artaxerxes fell in againe with his mother Parysatis sent for her to come to the Court. Artaxerxes maried his eldest Daughter Atossa King Artaxerxes iorney against the Cadusians The contry of the Cadusians very barren Great famyne in Artaxerxes army Tiribazus stratageame saued Artaxerxes and all his army Note that soft apparell and riches maketh not a men cowardly and effeminate but a vile base mind that followeth euill aduise and counsell The corage of king Artaxerxes his great paynes in marching King Artaxerxes curtesie to his souldiers Darius and Ochus king Artaxerxes sonnes Artaxerxes proclaymeth his sonne Darius king Aspasia IuniaÌ„ one of Artaxerxes concubines The barbarous people can not 〈…〉 with â—inalitie in loue Tiribazus incruseth Darius against his father Artaxerxes Tiribazus maners and condicions Darius conspireth against Artaxerxes his father A
deuise of Artaxerxes how to preuent the conspirators and to saue him selfe Tiribazus the traitor slaine Darius condemned to dye and executed King Artaxerxes sonne The death of king Artaxerxes Artaxerxes was 94 yeres olde at his death Dion Brutus both Platonians Plato de virtute How mens acts should be famous in the coÌ„mon wealth A wicked spirite appeared vnto Dion Brutus Dionysius maried Hermocrates daughter Dionysius wiues Doride of Locres Aristomaché of Syracvsa Hipparinus daughter and Dions sister Dion kindred with Dionysius Plato came out of Italie vnto Syracvsa Dion Platoes schollar Plato and Dionysius the elder talke together Dionysius malice vnto Plato Plato solde in the I le of AEgina Dions boldnes in speaking plainly to the tyran Gelon signifieth laughture Sophrosynè and Areté the daughters of Dionysius by Aristomaché Dion marieth his Nece Areté the daughter of Dionysius of his sister Aristomaché The death of Dionysius the elder Flattering Courtiers do intense Dionysius the younger to hate Dion The vices of Dionysius the younger Dions maners too graue and seuere Obstinacie follow and companion of solitarines Dionysius the elder a maruelous timerous suspitious man. Dionysius dreame Dion persuadeth the younger Dionysius to fall to study The assured gard of Princes is the loue of their subiects Plaâ—â— goâ—th into Sicilia to teach Dionysius the youngeâ— Philistus the Historiographer Philistus the Historiographer banished out of Sicilia by Dionysius the elder Democratia the gouernment of the people Dion allowed not popular state Aristocratia the gouernment of a few of the nobilitie Plato came into Sicilia vnto Dionysius the younger The chaunge of Dionysius vpon Platoes comming Philistus accusations against Dion Dions letters vnto Carthage Dion sent away by Dionysius into Italie Dions wealth Dionysius tyrannicall loâ—â— to Plato Dionysius sent Plato from home Dions life in Graece Dions vertues and honors done vnto him by the Graecians Archytas a Pythagorian Philosopher Dionysius sendeth againe for Plato to come into Sicilia Platoes third iorney into Sicilia Aristippus saying of Dionysius Helycon a Mathematician Aristippus diuination Architas requireth Plato of Dionysius Dionysius maried Dions wife to an other man. Polyxenus maried Thesta his father Dionysius sister The noble answere of Thesta vnto her brother Dionysius the elder Dion beginneth to make warre against Dionysius The Philosophers aduanced Dions warre Aristotles dialogue de anima Dions army Dions sumptuous fare in feasting The eclipse of the Moone and cause of the eclipse VVonders shewed vnto Dion VVonders appearing vnto Dionysius Dions preparation Pachynus the foreland of Sicilia A tempest on the sea against Dion Synalus Captaine of Minoa for the Carthaginians Dion wanne Minoa Dion goeth to Syracusa A straunge chaunce happened vnto the Messenger sent to Dionysius A woulfe caried away the Messengers portmanteau Anapus ti Dionysius picke thankes slayne Dion receiued into Syracusa Dion restoreth the Syracusans to libertie Dionysius clocke The predictions of the Soothsayers Dionysius seÌ„t Ambassadors vnto Dion Dion fighteth with Dionysius Dion hurt Dions victory of Dionysius Hipparinus Dions sonne Dionysius craft vnto Dion Heraclides what he was Heraclides returneth to Syracusa The Syracusans do choose Heraclides Admirall to spight Dion Heraclides a dissembler practising to make the people to rebell against Dion Sosis a wicked man moueth sedition against Dion Dion cleareth Sosis accusation against him Sosis condemned to death Philistus slain Timaus and Ephorus the Historiographers reproued Dionysius flyeth from Syracusa Apollocrates the eldest sonne of Dionysius the yonger Signes appearing to the Syracusans Dion departeth out of Syracusa The cowardlines of the Syracusans The Leontines doe receiue Dion The negligence and troubles of the Syracusans The Syracusans doe send for Dion againe Dions oration vnto his souldiers perswading them to ayde the Syracusans The inconstancy of the Syracusans Syracusa set a fire by Dionysius souldiers Dions fight in the citie of Syracusa Nypsius compelled by Dion to flie into the castell Dions mercy to his enemies the great profit he tooke by study in the Academy at Athens No maÌ„ should be worse by an others wickednes The frowardnes of the Syracusans against Dion Heraclides againe stirreth vp the Syracusans to rebell against Dion Gaesylus Lacedaemonian commeth to Syracusa to be generall of the Syracusans Gaesylus maketh Dion Heraclides friends again The castell of Syracusa surrendred vnto Dion The words of Aristomaché vnto Dion at his entry into the castell of Syracusa Dion taketh his wife Areta againe which had forcibly bene maried vnto another man. Dions temperance and thriftines Heraclides conspireth againe against Dion Dion sent to the Corinthians to stablish a common wealth to the Syracusans Dion ment to abolish Democratia and to aduaunce Aristocratia The authoritie of the people resembled by Plato to a fayer or market The common wealth of the Corinthians The murther of Heraclides Callippus Athenian conspireth against Dion Note the suttletie of tale bearers A spirite appeared vnto Dion The lamentable death of Dions sonne Apollocrates Dionysius sonne The great oth of the Syracusant Dion slaine by Callippus Athenian Dions wife brought to bed of a sonne in prison The punishment of Callippus * 〈…〉 in corrupt speech signifieth a knife to scrape or cut cheese which it truelier called 〈…〉 Iulius Pollux lib. 10 cap. 24. Callippus slaine with the same dagger that slue Dion The crueltie of the Syracusans vnto Dion and his posterity The pareÌ„tage of Brutus Brutus maners Seruilia M. Brutus mother Brutus parentage by his father Seruilia Catoes sister Brutus studies Brutus followed the olde Academyks Empylus an Orator wrote a booke of Caesars death and intituled it Brutus Brutus maner of wryting his Epistels in Graeke A briefe letter to the Samians Brutus followed Cato into Cyprus * Or Canidius Brutus taketh parte with Pompey Brutus exercise in Pompeys campe Brutus studied in Pompeis campe Iulius Caesar carefull of Brutus safary Iulius Caesar loued Seruilia Brutus mother Brutus saued by Iulius Caesar after the battell of Pharsalia * This king was Iuba howbeit it is true also that Brutus made intercession for Deiotarus king of Galatia who was depriued notwithstanding of the most parte of his contrie by Caesar and therefore this place were best to be vnderstanded by Deiotorus Caesar made Brutus Gouernor of Gaule on this side the mouÌ„taines Brutus and Cassius contend for the Praetorship of the citie Cassius maried Iunia Brutus sister The first cause of Cassius malice against Caesar. Caesar suspected Brutus Caesar saying of Brutus Cassius incenseth Brutus against Caesar. Cassius Lions at Megara Cassius an enemie of tyranâ— How Brutus was incensed against Caesar. Cassius praieth Brutus first to helpe him to put downe the tyran * In an other place they cal him Quintus Brutus maketh Ligarius one of the coÌ„spiracie They do hide the conspiracy against Caesar from Cicero Ciuill warre worse then tyrannicall gouernment The wonderfull faith and secrifie of the Conspirators of Casars death Porcia Catoes daughter wife vnto Brutus Bibulus booke
of Brutus actes Porcia studied in Philosophie The corage of Porcia Great difference betwext a wise and a harlot Porciaes words vnto her husband Brutus The wonderfull constancy of the conspirators in killing of Caesar. Sundrie misfortunes to haue broken of the enterprise The weakenes of Porcia notwithstanding her former corage Brutus with his countenaunce encoraged his fearefull consories * In Caesars life it is sayd it was Decius Brutus Albinus that kept Antonius with a talke without * In Caesars life he is called Metellus Cimber The mother of Caesar. Casca the first that wounded him VVhy Antonius was not slayne with Ceasar Brutus with his consorts went vnto the Capitoll Honors decreed for the murtherers of Caesar. Caesars will funeralls Brutus committed two great faults after Caesars death Antonius funerall oration for Caesar. The straunge dreame of Cinna the Poet The murder of Cinna the Poet being mistaken for an other of that name Brutus and his consorts doe flye from Rome Brutus playes and sportes at Rome in his absence Octauius Caesar comming to Rome Brutus reproued Cicero for taking part with Octauius Caesar. Porciaes sorowfull returne to Rome for the absence of her husband Brutus The story of Hector and Andromachè set forth in painted tables How Brutus bestowed his time at Athens Brutus commendeth Ciceroes sonne Brutus prepareth him selfe to warre A strange disease tooke Brutus at Dyrrachium VVho by snow this hungry disease taketh men that are wearied with trauaile Brutus thankfulnes and clemency C. Antonius yelded vnto Brutus Octauius Caesar ioyneth with Antonius Brutus senteÌ„sed and condemned by Octauius Caesars meanes for the death of Iulius Caesar. The Triumuirate C. Antonius murdered Brutus and Cassius doe ioyne armies together The sharpe and cruell condicions of Cassius Brutus gentle and â—aâ—er condicions Brutus intent good if he had ouercomen Antonius testimonie of Brutus Brutus to his mind to his contry Brutus a true Prophet of Antonius Cassius wanne the citie of Rhodes Brutus â—eâ—ts in Lycia The citie of Xanethus set a fire The desperat ende of the Xanthians The Palareâ—ans doe yeld them selues vnto Brutus The extreme couetousnes and crueltie of Cassius to the Rhodians Brutus clemeÌ„cy vnto the Lycians Theodotus borne in Chio a Rethoritian Scholemaister is Ptolomy the young king of AEgypt Theodotus saying a dead man biteth not Theodotus Chian the Rethoritian that gaue counsell to kill Pompeys was put to death by Brutus Brutus and Cassius doe meete at the citie of Sardis Brutus and Cassius complaints one vnto the other M. Phaonius a follower of Cato Cynick Philosophers cowÌ„red dogges Iulius Caesar slayne at the Ides of March. The wonderfull constency of Brutus in matters of iustice and equitie Brutus care and watching A spirit appeared vnto Brutus in the citie of Sardis Cassius opinion of spirits after the Epicurians sect The cause of dreames A wonderfull signe by two Eagles Brutus and Cassius camps before the citie of Philippes against Octauius Caesar Antonius Brutus souldiers brauely armed Brutus opinion for the brauery of souldiers in their armor and weapons Vnlucky signes vnto Cassius Cassius and Brutus opinions about battell Atellius opinion for the battell Cassius words vnto Messala the night before the battell Brutus and Cassius talke before the battell Brutus aunswer to Cassius The battell at Philippes against Octauius Caesar and Antonius Octavius Caesar falsely reported to be slaine at the battell of Philippes Cassius misfortune Cassius offended with the sundrie errous Brutus and his men committed in battell Cassius valliantnes in warres The importance of error mistaking in warres Cassius slaine by his man Pindarus The death of Titinnius The number of men slaine at the battell of Philippes Brutus clemeÌ„cy courtesie Brutus fault wisely excused by Plutarke Brutus victorie by sea VVonderfull famine amoÌ„g Caesars souldiers by sea The ignoraÌ„ce of Brutus victorie by sea was his vtter destruction The euill spirit appeared againe vnto Brutus Straunge fightes before Brutus second battell Brutus second battell Brutus valliantnes and great skill in warres The death of the valliant young man Cato the sonne of Marcus Cato The fidelitie of Lucilius vnto Brutus Brutus flying Appian meaneth this by Antonius The death of Statilius Brutus saying of flying with hands not with feete Brutus slue him selfe Strato Brutus familiar and frend Strato receiued into Caesars frendship Messala Coruinus Brutus frend Brutus funeralls Porcia Brutus wife killed her selfe with burning coles In what things Dion was inferior vnto Brutus Brutus hoâ—â—aved of his enemies after his death Brutus image or statue standing in brasse in Milleine was preserued and kept by Octauius Caesar The example of our auncesters wherein profitable to their posteritie The common weale of the Sicyonians commersed into tyrannie Abantidas â—â—ran of Sicyone Aratus the sonne of Clinias scaped the handes of the tyran Abantidas Aratus malice against tyrannes Aratus fauor Aratus wrote a booke of CoÌ„mentaries Abantidas the tyran slaine Aristotle the Logitian Aratus goeth about to deliuer his contry from the tyrannie * In an other place he calleth him Ecdemus Aristomachus and Ecdelus doe ioine with Aratus Aratus preparacioÌ„ to deliuer his contrie from tyrannie Aratus policy to deceiue Nicocles spialls Aratus daungers in deliuering of his contrie from the tyranny of Nicocles Aratus was the citie of Sicyone without bloodshed Nicocles the tyrant flyeth Aratus ioyneth the citie of Sicyone vnto the Achaians Aratus referred all things to the common wealth VVhy owles set best by night and not by day Management of Philosophy be likined unto owles Aratus taketh sea to go to king Ptolomy into AEgypt The pictures and paynted tables made in the citie of Sicyone did passe all the other paintings in Graece The excelleÌ„cy of Aristratus picture the tyran of Sicyone painted by all Melanthus scholers and Apelles help Aratus consultation for the defacing of it The saying of Nealces the paynter touching tyraÌ„ne The great liberalitie of Ptolomey vnto Aratus Aratus temperances Aratus doings in his first Praetorship Presche an Island of Peloponnesus Acto or inthus means Young king Philips saying of the castell of Corinth Antigunus wife and dauise Antigonus craftily taketh the castell of the Acrocorinthe Ouergreat as lay to a simple man maketh him mad Perceiue the Philisopher made captaine of the Acrocorinthe Aratus determination for the taking of the Acrocorinthe The error and daunger by likenes of men one vnto another Aratus great daunger in taking of the castell of the Acrocorinthe The happy benefit of the Moone Aratus taketh the Acrocorinthe Aratus ioyneth the city of Corinthe vnto Achaia Zenoes opinion that a man could not be a good Captaine vnles he were a perfit wise man. Persaus aunswer to Zenoes opinion Philopaemen the last famous man of the Graecians Aratus power and authority with the Achaians Aratus gaeth about to set Argos at libertie Aratus prepared litle short daggers against the tyrants decree ordinance Aristippus tyrant of the citie of Argos Aristippus layed man to kill Aratus No
Otho The wonderfull corage of a souldier of Othoes The noble corage of Otho before his death â—â— his oracion to the souldiers The Emperor Othoes words to his Nephew Cocceius Otho in his death seemed to follow Case Vaican Otho slue him selfe The funeralle of Otho the Emperour The Emperor Othoes tombe in the citie of Bresselles Othoes age and raigne The parteÌ„lage of Annibal The sharpe wit and disposition of Annibal Annibal chosen Lieuetenant generall after the death of Hasdrubalâ— being but 26. yeare olde Diuers causes of Annibals mortall hate to the Romanes The Barcinian faction Iberus fl The conspiracie of the Spanyards against Annibal Tagus fl Annibal stra tageame The Iberians yeeld them selues vnto Annibal Annibal layeth seege to the citie of Saguntus Two contrary factions in the Senate of Carthage the Barcinians Hannians Hamilcar Barcha Hanno a graue counseller and gouernor in peace A happy thing to follow good couÌ„sell VVise counsell for gouernors to preuent things at the beginning Annibal wan the citie of Saguntus P. Cornelius and T. Sempronius Consuls marg VVarres proclaymed by the Romanes with the Carthaginians The greatnes of the dominion of Africke * This place is false Annibal determineth to inuade Italy Annibale dreame at the riuer of Iberus The head course of the riuer of Rhone Arar fl The Volcin people that inhabited about the riuer of Rhone P. Cornelius Scipio Consule sent against Annibal and arrived at Massilia The Boians InsubriaÌ„s reuolt from the Romanes take parte with Annibal Lagdunum built by PlaÌ„cus Munatius Druentiâ— fl Annibal made waies through the rockes of the mountaines by force of fire and vineger The valley of Taurinus Annibals comming into Italie by Piedmont not farre from Turine Anniballs army in Italie Annibals first conflict with the Romanes and victorie P. C. Scipio Consul hâ—râ— and sâ—â—ed from â—â—â— enemies by his sonne who was afterwards called African Paedâ—s fl P. Cornelius Scipio and T. Sempronius Longuâ— Consulls against Annibal Trebia fl Ambush laied by Annibal to entrappe Sempronius Annibal fought with Sempronius the Consul aâ— the riuer of Trebia The Numidians craft iâ—â— flying Annibals victorie of the Consul Sempronius Arnus fl Annibal lost one of his eyes in the marishes by the riuer of Arnus C. Flaminius Cn. Seruilius Consuls Montes Cortonenses Lacus Thrasimenus The iudgement of a souldier Battell betwext Annibal and C. Flaminius the Consul by the lake of Thrasymene The Romanes were so earnest in fight that they heard not the noise of an earthquake C. Flaminius the Consul slaine * Plutarke in the life of Fabius Maximus addeth to as many prisoners Annibals craftines to dissemble vertue The naturall disposition of Annibal Extreame ioy causeth sodaine death The office of Dictator of what effect Q. Fabius Maximus created Dictator Hastines of Captaines oftentimes very hurtfull The guide cruelly put to death by Annibal Annibals stratageame in the mountaines of Gallicmum and Casilinium against Q. Fabius Dictator Certaine bathes at Swessa called the tower of the bathes Gleremen a citie in Apulia Two Dictators together neuer heard of before L. Paulus AEmylius and C. Terentius Varro Consuls Ansidusfl Battell at Cannes A stratageame of Annibal * Pluturke in the life of Fabius sayth that there were fiftie thousand slaine and foureteene thowsande taken prisoners Paulus AEmylius Consul slaine as the battell of Cannes Great slaughter at the battell of Cannes The constancy of the Romanes in extreamities The Romanes left three great battells to Annibal at Ticinum Trebia and Thrasimens Maharbal generall of Annibals horsemen Maharbals saying to Annibal Conspiracy against Annibal at Capva Marcellus victorie of Annibal at the citie of Nola. Annibals souldiers marred with ease at Capua Pleasure the baite of all euills One wintere ease spoiled a souldier and made him a coward The hard shife of the Cassilinians to liue during Annibals siege Annibals good seruant began to faile him Three famous Captaines of the Romanes Fabius Maximus Sempronius Gracchus Marcus Marcellus * Plutarke in the life of Marcellus speaketh of fiue thowsand CarthaginiaÌ„s slaine and only of fiue hundred Romanes The victories of the Romanes against Annibal Two factions in Naples The citie of Tarentum deliuered vnto Annibal by treason Tarentum wonne by Annibal Annibals stratageame Vulturnus fl Sulpicius Galba Cornelius Centimalous Consuls Anienes fl Annibal commethe to inuade Rome A wonder Salapia a city where Annibal fell in loue The death of Fuluius Viceconsul Diuers conflicts of the Romanes with Annibal Annibals wordes of Marcellus Marcellus Crispinus Consuls Annibal Layeth ambushe for the Romanes The death of Marcellus The power of magnanimitie Marcus Liuius and C. Nero Consuls Sena a citie of Apulia Metaurum fl M. Leuius C. Nero Consuls ouercame Hasdrubal slue 56000. of his men The chaunge and alteration of the Carthaginians good fortune The praise of Annibals great wisedomes in that gouernment of his army P. C. Scipio inuaded Carthage The last battell Annibal fought in ledily with Sempronius in the which he ouercame Annibal Annibals arche of trietumphe Annibal departeth out of Italy Annibal sent for to returne into Africk after he had warred 16. yeares in Italy Annibal and Scipioes meeting talke Scipioes victory of the Carthaginians at the battell of Zama The flying of Annibal Annibal could not abide to heare fooles talke of warre Annibal in his misery fled vnto king Antiochus into Asia Enuy the coÌ„mon plague and poyson of Princes Courtes Scipio African met with Annibal at Ephesus Annibals iudgement of the most famous Captaines Annibal cost selleth king Antiochus to make warre with the Romanes King Antiochus iudgement of Annibal Annibal made generall of Antiochus army by sea together with Apollonius Annibal fled to Prusias king of Bithynia Annibal king Prusias generall by sea against Eumenes king of Pergamum A straunge deuise of snakes put in earthen pots and throwen into the enemies shippes Titus Quintius Flaminius sent Ambassador into Asia Annibal poysoned him selfe being 70. yeare old Annibals tombe by Libyssa The praise of Annibal The pareÌ„tage of Scipio The first souldiers are of P. Cor. Scipio being but seuenteene yeare olde P. Scipio rescued his father from being taken of the enemies Honors done to Scipio being but a young man. Scipio Viceconsul at 24. yeares of age Scipioes great mind and goodly personage Scipioes iorney into Spayne The valiantnes of Lucius Martius a Romane knight Scipio beseegeth new Carthage in Spayne Scipio wanne citie of new Carthage by assault The great chastitie of Scipio Mago Hasdrubal Barcinian Hasdrubal Gisgo the three famous Captaines of the CarthaginiaÌ„s Besula fl Scipioes liberaltie to his enemies Vertues meete for a General Scipio called king by the Spanyards Hasdrubal sent into Italie to his brother Annibal with an army Hanno the chiefe of the contrarie faction vnto Hasdrubal Barcinian ouercomen in battell and takeÌ„ prisoner Masinissa offereth his frendshippe vnto the Romanes Syphax king of the Masasylians Hasdrubals iudgement of Scipio Syphax king of the MasaesyliaÌ„s maketh league with the Romanes The vnfortunate fight of two cousin germanes The rebellion of the Romaneâ— souldiers against their Captaines in Scipioes sicknes Mandonius Indibilis two kinges is of Spayne Scipioes wisedome suppressing his anger Scipioes great wisedome in punishing the offendors Scipioes care of his countriemen Scipio did put the authors of the rebellion to death A noble thing to ouercome the enemie by clemencie Masinissa cometh vnto Scipio A Princely Maiestie in Scipioes personage The antiquitie of those of Gades Scipioes noble deedes Scipioes returne out of Spayne to Rome Scipio made Consul Scipio prepared his armie and nauy by sea in 45. dayes Scipio policie in Sicilia P.C. Scipio accused Q. Fabius Maximus a great auersary vnto Scipio Scipioes nature King Syphax reuolteth froÌ„ the Romanes The ready faithfull good will of Masinissa to the Romanes Hanno ouercomen and slaine Sophonisba king Syphax wife Scipioes craft A maruelous great slaughter of the CarthaginiaÌ„s Syphax king of the Masaesylians ouercome takeÌ„ in battell Masinissa wan the city of Cyrtha where he fell in loue with Sophonisba king Syphax wife The great rare coÌ„tinency of Scipio Sophonisba poysoned her selfe through Masinissaes procurements Annibal sent for into Italy to runno into Afrike Battell at Zama and Scipiues victorie of the Carthaginians The praise of Annibal Fiue hundred shippes of the CarthaginiaÌ„s burnt by Scipio Scipio returne to Rome Scipioes triumphe at Rome for the Carthaginians Scipio and AElius Petus chosen Censors Scipio Prince of the Senate Scipio and Sempronius Longus chosen Consuls The craftie counsell of Scipio The naturall loue of Scipio African to his brother L. Scipio The fidelitie and loue of P. Scipio to his contrie Antiochus being ouercome acceptesh condicions of peace Great kingdomes and wealth are ful of troubles L. Scipio surnamed Asian for his coÌ„quest of Asia T. Q. Flaninius M. C. Marcellus Censors The time of the florishing of the Corneli The inconstaÌ„cy of these worldly things Great men most enuied The last fortunate day of the Africans good fortune The voluntary banishmeÌ„t of P. Scipio from Rome T. Gracchus Tribune diuers opinions about the accusasion of the Africans The Africans wife children Diuers opinions touching the death of P. Scipio Statues of the two Scipioes and Ennius the Poet by the gate Capena at Rome Scipio African dyed at Linternvm The Epitaphe of Scipio African Scipio African 54. yeare old at the time of his death The power of vertue Phormio Peripatetician reading Philosophie in Ephasus Annibals witty aunswer vnto the king Antiochus Imprinted at London by Thomas Vautrollier dvvelling in the Blacke Friers by Ludgate
the better whether any of the souldiers were angry with him or wished his death By this pollicy Callippus straight foūd out those that bare Dion grudge that were already corrupted whom he drew to his conspiracy And if any man vnwilling to geue eare vnto him went and told Dion that Callippus would haue intised him to conspire against him Dion was not angrie with him for it thinking that he did but as he had commaunded him to doe Now as this treason was practising against Dion there appeared a great and monstruous ghost or spirit vnto him By chaunce sitting late one euening all alone in a gallerie he had and being in a deepe thought with him selfe sodainly he heard a noyse and therewith casting his eye to th end of his gallery being yet day light he saw a monstrous great woman like vnto one of the furies shewed in playes and saw her sweeping of the house with a broome This vision so amazed and affrighted him that he sent for his frends and told them what a sight he had seene and prayed them to tarie with him all night being as it were a man beside him selfe fearing least the spirite woulde come to him againe if they left him alone of the which notwithstanding he neuer heard more afterwards Howbeit shortly after his sonne being growen to mans state for a certaine light anger he had taken when he was but a boy he cast him selfe hedlong downe from the toppe of the house and so was slaine Dion being in this state Callippus went on still with his treason and spred a rumor abroade among the SYRACVSANS that Dion seeing him selfe nowe destitute of children was determined to send for Apollocrates Dionysius sonne to make him his heire and successor being cosin germaine to his wife and his sisters daughters sonne Then began Dion his wife and sister to mistrust Callippus practises and they were told of it by diuers sundrie and manifest proofes But Dion being sorie as I suppose for Heraclides death and inwardlie taking that murther in very euill part as a fowle blot to his life and doings he sayd he had rather dye a thowsand deaths and to offer his throate to be cut to any that would rather then he would liue in that miserie to be compelled to take heede as well of his frends as of his enemies Callippus then seeing the women so busie and inquisitiue of his doings fearing least he should be bewrayed he came weeping vnto them and told them it was nothing and that he was readie to assure them of it by any maner of way they would deuise The women then willed him to sweare by the great othe which was in this maner He that must take this othe commeth into the temple of the goddesses Thesmophores which are Ceres and Proserpina And after certaine sacrifices done he putteth on the purple chaplet of the goddesse Proserpina holding a burning torch in his hand and sweareth in this maner Callippus hauing done all these ceremonies and made the oth in forme as I haue told you he made so light accompt of the goddesses that he taried no lenger to do the murther he had determined but till the very feast day of the goddesse should come by whom he had sworne and slue him on the day of the feast of Proserpina Nowe I doe not thinke that he chose that day of sette purpose knowing right well that he did alwayes sinne against her what time soeuer he had killed his brother being by his meanes speciallie admitted to the societie and brotherhoode with him of the fraternity and misteries of Ceres Proserpina Of this conspiracie there were diuers For as Dion was set in his chamber talking with his frends where there were many beddes to sit on some compassed the house round about others came to the dores and windowes of his chamber and they that should doe the deede to dispatche him which were the ZACYNTHIAN souldiers came into his chamber in their coates without any sword But when they were come in they that were without did shut the dores after them and locked them in least any man shoulde come out and they that were within fell vpon Dion and thought to haue strangled him But when they saw they could not they called for a sworde Neuer a man that was within durst open the dores though there were many with Dion For they thought euery man to saue their owne liues by suffering him to be killed and therefore durst not come to helpe him So the murtherers taried a long time within and did nothing At length there was one Lycon a SYRACVSAN that gaue one of these ZACYNTHIAN souldiers a dagger in at the window with the which they cut Dions throate as a weather they had holden a long time in their handes euen dead for feare The murther being executed they cast his sister and wife great with childe into prison and there the poore Ladie was pitiefullie brought to bedde of a goodly boy the which they rather determined to bring vp then otherwise to doe any thing with the childe Their keepers that had the charge of them were contented to let them do it bicause Callippus began then a litle to grow to some trouble For at the first after he had slaine Dion he bare all the whole sway for a time and kept the citie of SYRACVSA in his hands wrote vnto ATHENS the which next vnto the immortall goddes he was most affrayed of hauing defiled his handes in so damnable a treason And therefore in my opinion it was not euill spoken that ATHENS is a citie of all other that bringeth forth the best men when they geue them selues to goodnes the wickedest people also when they doe dispose them selues to euill as their contrie also bringeth foorth the best honnie that is and hemlocke in like maner that quickely dispatcheth a man of his life Howbeit the gods and fortune did not suffer this treason and wicked man to raigne long hauing comen to the gouernment of a realme by so damnable a murther but shortly after they gaue him his payment he had deserued For Callippus going to take a litle towne called CATANA he lost the citie of SYRACVSA whereupon he sayd that he had lost a citie and got a cheese-knife Afterwards he went to assaile the MESSENIANS and there he lost a great number of his men and amongest them were slaine those that killed Dion Now Callippus finding no citie in all SICILIA that woulde receiue him but that they all did hate and abhorre him he went to take the citie of RHEGIO in ITALIE There being in great distresse and neede of all thinges and not able to maintaine his souldiers he was slaine by Leptines and Polyperchon with the selfe same dagger wherewith Dion before was slaine the which was knowen by the facion being short after the LACONIAN daggers and also by the workemanshippe vpon it that was very excellently wrought