Emperour that they kept him not from killing him selfe for their sakes So there was not a man of them that left his body though the enemies were hard at hand but hauing honorably buryed him and prepared a great stacke of wodde they conueyed him armed to the fire of his funeralls euery man thinking him selfe happy that coulde first set his shoulders to the coffyn to helpe to cary him Others comming to it kneeled downe on their knees and kissed his wound Others tooke and kissed his handes Others that could not come neare him honored him and did reuerence him a farre of and some there were also that after the stacke of woode was set a fire slue them selues hard by the fire who had neuer receiued benefit by him that was dead at the least to any mans knowledge nether had they any occasion to be affraid of him that was Conqueror And truely me thinkes neuer king nor tyrant was so ambitiously giuen to raigne as they vehemently desired to be commaunded by Otho and to obeye him considering that their desire left them not euen after his death but was so liuely rooted in their mindes that in the ende it turned to a deadely hate vnto Vitellius But of this we will speake more hereafter in time and place Now when they had buried Othoes ashes they did set vp a tombe for him nether for magnificence of building nor forglorious epitaphe subiect vnto enuy For I haue seene his tombe in the citie of BRESSELLES a meane thing and the epitaph vpon it translated out of Latine sayeth no more but this This is the tombe of Marcus Otho He dyed being but seuen and thirty yere olde and was Emperor but three moneths there were as many famous men that commended his death as they that reproued his life For though he liued not much more honester then Nero yet he dyed farre more honorably Furthermore when Pollio one of the Captaines would haue compelled his souldiers presently to haue taken their othes to be true to Vitellius they fell out with him and vnderstanding that there were yet remayning some Senators they would not medle with them but onely troubled Verginius Rufus For they came to his dores armed and called him by his name commaunded him to take charge of them and to goe as Ambassador to intreate for them Howbeit he thought it were but a fond part of him to take charge of them that were already ouercome considering he refused it when they had ouercome and also he was affraid to goe Ambassador to the GERMAINES bicause he had compelled them to doe thinges against their willes Therefore he went out at his backe dore and saued him selfe So when the souldiers heard of it they were at length contented to be brought to be sworne vnto Vitellius and so ioyned them selues with Cecinnaes souldiers so they might be pardoned for all that was past THE LIVES OF ANNIBAL AND SCIPIO AFRICAN Translated into French by Charles de la Sluce and englished by Thomas North. Annibal IF we doe call to mind the first PVNICK warre the CARTHAGINIANS had with the ROMANES we shall find many Captaines who by the glorye of their noble deedes haue left great same and renowme vnto their posteritie Howbeit amongest all the Captaines of the CARTHAGINIANS none are found more worthy of fame and so commended of all Greeke and Latine Authors then Hamilcar Annibals father otherwise surnamed Barcha a valliant man doubtles and in his time a skilfull souldier as any was The same Hamilcar first of all made warre with the ROMANES a longer tyme in SICILIA then was looked for who had done greate hurte to his contrye and common wealthe After that also in the warres of AFRICK at what tyme the mercenarye souldiers through their rebellion did put the contrye of CARTHAGE in great daunger he did so valliantly appease the insurrection that to euery mans iudgement he was reputed the onely preseruer of his contrye Then he was sent Gouernor and Captaine into SPAYNE and caryed with him at that tyme as it is reported his sonne Annibal beeing but a younge boye where he did noble seruice In fine in the nynth yeare of his aboade there in that prouince he dyed fighting vallyantly agaynste the VETHEONS After his deathe Hasdrubal his Sonne in lawe whom the CARTHAGINIANS through the ayde friendship of the BARCINIAN faction had made generall of all their armye remayned gouernor there the space of eight yeares This Hasdrubal sent for Annibal into SPAYNE after his father Hamilcars death against the minds of the chiefe of the contrary faction to th end that as he had bene trayned from his youth in the discipline of warres in his father Hamilcars life euen so in like manner that now being come to mans state he should the better harden his body to away with the paines and daungers of the warres Now although at the first the remembraunce of his father was a great helpe vnto him to winne the loue and good will of the souldiers Yet he him selfe afterwards through his diligence and industrie so handled the matter that the olde souldiers forgetting all other Captaines they onely desired to choose him and none other for thier gouernor For they found in him all the perfections that could be wished for in a noble Captaine or generall He had a present and ready wit to giue counsell what was to be done in most greatest attempts besides he lacked nether manhood nor industry to put it in execution He had a valiant and inuincible mind euen in greatest daungers and aduersities of bodye the which are wont to staye others from performing their indeuors and duety He would watche and warde as any priuate souldier and was quicke and ready to doe any kind of seruice either like a valiant souldier or a good Captaine In this sort Annibal continued in seruice in the warres the space of three yeares vnder the conduct of Hasdrubal In that time he so wanne the hartes of all the army that immediatly after Hasdrubals death he was chosen to be Lieuetenant generall with the common consent of all the souldiers this honor was layed vpon him without contradiction of any of the CARTHAGINIANS through the friendship and good will of the BARCINIAN faction Annibal was now six and twenty yeare olde when the souldiers made him their Lieuetenant generall For at what time his father Hamilcar brought him into SPAYNE he was then but nyne yeare olde from that time vnto Hasdrubals death according to Polybius declaration it was seuenteene yeares more So he was no sooner made Lieuetenant generall of all the campe and his contry but he bent him selfe to make warre with the ROMANES hauing long before determined it For first of all he chiefly mainteyned almost a common hate of all the CARTHAGINIANS against the ROMANES bicause of the losse of SICILIA and SARDINIA Besides also he bare them a secret malice in nature as a thing inheritable from
meeting marueled much at Eumenes greatly commended his stowtnes Now whilest they were thus in talke together the MACEDONIANS came out of all partes of the campe to see what maner of man Eumenes was bicause that after the death of Craterus there was no talke among the MACEDONIAN souldiers of any Captaine but of Eumenes Neuerthelesse Antigonus fearing they would do Eumenes some mischiefe commaunded them alowde to geue backe and made stones to be throwen amonge them to keepe them of him All this notwithstandinge he was fayne in the end to put them of with his gard and to take Eumenes in his armes and had much a doe to deliuer him safely into his forte againe After this imparlance Antigonus compassed this forte of Nora round about with a wall and left a sufficient number of men to continewe the siege and so went his way with the rest of his army In the meane time Eumenes remained besieged within this forte where there was plenty of wheate water and salt but of no other thing that was good to eate nor swete of tast to susteine them with their bread Yet with such as he had he kept them in good liking that were in house with him For he made them energy one after an other sit at his bourde with him and withall did facion out that manner of dyet with a certaine life and familiarity of pleasaunt deuises to entertaine them at their meate For besides that he sought to shewe them as pleasaunt a countenaunce as he coulde yet naturally he had a sweete fayer face not looking like a man of warre that all the dayes of his life had bene traine vp in it but like a fresh youth being of such a constitution of bodie that the excellentest workeman that euer was could not better set out all the partes and proportion of a man then were naturally to be seene in him His speeche was not harsh nor churlishe but very mylde and pleasaunt as appeareth by the letters he wrote Now for the siege there was nothing that more annoyed the besieged then the narrownes of the forte wherein they were which was not aboue two furlonges compasse about and their houses so litle and narrowe that they could scant turne them in them and did eate and drinke without any manner of exercise for them selues or their horse Now Eumenes to take away the sluggishnesse that graweth by idlenesse a thing most hurtefull to them that are acquainted with trauell and paines to keepe them in breth and to make them the lighter to flie if occasion were offered put his men into the longest widest hall he had in his house being fourteene cubits long to walke vp and downe in and taught them first of all to march fayer and softly and then by litle litle to hasten their pace For the horses he had them he made to be girt before one after an other then did softly trise them vp with long pulleyes fastned to the beames their hindmost feet standing on the ground their formost being aloft The horses being trised vp in this maner their riders came with lowde cries behinde them some with whippes in their hands to lash them that the horse being mad withall yerked out behind sprang forward with his formost legges to much the ground that they did but euen rase it a litle so as euery vaine and sinew of them were strained by this meanes that they blue and were all of a some withall so good an exercise to thē it was as well to put them in breth as to kepe their legges supple to run After that they had their otes very cleane pickt dressed that they might disgest them the soone Antigonus hauing long continued this siege newes came vnto him that Antipater was dead in MACEDON that the realme was in a great broyle through the factions of Cassander Polyperchon Antigonus whose head was straight full of great imaginations greedily couering with him selfe the whole kingdom of MACEDON thought good to make Eumenes his frende that through his helpe he might attaine his desired purpose Thereupon he sent Hyeronemus vnto him to treate of peace and gaue him the forme of the othe which he would haue him sweare vnto him When Eumenes had seene it he would not be sworne in that maner but corrected it sayd that he did referre him selfe to the iudgement of the MACEDONIANS which kept him besieged to iudge which of those two formes were most meetest that which Antigonus had sent him or the same which he had corrected For in Antigonus forme of othe there was a litle mencion only made at the beginning of the blood royall but in all the rest following he bound Eumenes particularly to him selfe But Eumenes in his forme of othe did first of all put Olympias the mother of kinge Alexander and the kinges his sonnes afterwardes and for the rest he sware he would be frende of the frendes and enemie of the enemies not of Antigonus onely but of the kinges and of Olympias The MACEDONIANS being at the siege before Nora did better like the forme of Eumenes othe than they did that of Antigonus So hauing geuen Eumenes his othe made him sweare according to that forme they raised their siege and sent also vnto Antigonus to take his othe All this accomplished Eumenes redeliuered the CAPPADOCIANS their hostages which he had kept in Nora with him and they that came for them gaue him in their steade horse of warre beastes of cariage tentes and pauillions Thus he beganne to gather his men againe together which were dispersed abroade after his ouerthrowe so that in fewe dayes he was aboue a thowsande horsemen with whom he fled fearing yet Antigonus and he did wisely For Antigonus had not onely commaunded them to shutte him vp againe straighter then he was before but besides that wrote sharpe letters and verie angrily vnto the MACEDONIANS which had accepted the correction of the othe Whilest Eumenes wandered vp downe flying still he receiued letters from certaine in MACEDONIA fearing Antigonus greatnesse and specially from Olympias which sent vnto him to come into MACEDON to take the charge and gouernment of her young sonne Alexander whome they sought to put to death Furthermore he likewise receiued letters from Polyperchon and from king Philippe who commaunded him to make warre with Antigonus with his armie he had in CAPPADOCIA and to put in his purse of the kinges fiue hundred siluer talentes which had bene taken from him before which were in the citie of CYNDES and besides to defraye the charges of the warres as much as he thought meete And therewithall also they wrote vnto Antigenes and Teutamus the two Captaines of the Argyraspides to wit the souldiers with the siluer shieldes or shieldes siluered which were of the olde bandes of Alexanders armie These two Captaines hauinge receiued these letters did vse Eumenes with very good wordes shewed him great countenaunce yet
was chosen captaine of the great shippe Argus and had commission to sayle euery where to chase and driue awaye rouers and pyrates and to scoure the seas through out About this time Daedalus being fled from CRETA to ATHENS in a litle barke Minos contrarie to this restraint woulde needes followe him with a fleete of diuers vessels with owers who being by force of weather driuen with the coaste of SICILE fortuned to dye there Afterwardes his sonne Deucalion being marucilously offended with the ATHENIANS sent to summone them to deliuer Daedalus vnto him or els he woulde put the children to death which were deliuered to his father for hostages But Theseus excused him selfe and sayed he coulde not forsake Daedalus considering he was his neere kynseman being his cosin germaine for he was the sonne of Merope the daughter of Erichtheus Howbeit by and by he caused many vessels secretly to be made parte of them within ATTICA selfe in the village of Thymetades farre from any highe wayes and parte of them in the cittie of TROEZEN by the sufferance of Pitheus his grandfather to the ende his purpose shoulde be kept the secretlyer Afterwardes when all his shippes were readye and rygged out he tooke sea before the CRETANS had any knowledge of it in so much as when they sawe them a farre of they dyd take them for the barkes of their friends Theseus landed without resistaunce and tooke the hauen Then hauing Daedalus and other banished CRETANS for guydes he entred the cittie selfe of GNOSVS where he slewe Deucalion in a fight before the gates of the Labyrinthe with all his garde and officers about him By this meanes the kingdome of CRETA fell by inheritance into the handes of his sister Ariadne Theseus made league with her and caryed away the yong children of ATHENS which were kept as hostages and concluded peace and amytie betweene the ATHENIANS and the CRETANS who promised and sware they woulde neuer make warres against them They reporte many other things also touching this matter and specially of Ariadne but there is no trothe nor certeintie in it For some saye that Ariadne honge her selfe for sorowe when she sawe that Theseus had caste her of Other write that she was transported by mariners into the I le of NAXOS were she was maryed vnto O Enarus the priest of Bacchus and they thincke that Theseus lefte her bicause he was in loue with another as by these verses shoulde appeare AEgles the Nymphe vvas loued of Theseus vvhich vvas the daughter of Panopeus Hereas the Megarian sayeth that these two verses in olde time were among the verses of the Poet Hesiodus howbeit Pisistratus tooke them awaye as he dyd in like manner adde these other here in the description of the helles in Homer to gratifie the ATHENIANS Bolde Theseus and Pirithous stovvte descended both from godds immortall race Triumphing still this vvearie vvorlde aboute infeats of armes and many acomly grace Other holde opinion that Ariadne had two children by Theseus the one of them was named O Enopion and the other Staphylus Thus amongest others the Poet Ion writeth it who was borne in the I le of CHIO and speaking of his cittie he sayeth thus O Enopion vvhich vvas the sonne of vvorthy Theseus did cause men buylde this stately tovvne vvhich novve triumpheth thus Nowe what things are founde seemely in Poets fables there is none but dothe in manner synge them But one Paenon borne in the cittie of AMATHVNTA reciteth this cleane after another sorte and contrarie to all other saying that Theseus by tempest was driuen with the I le of CYPRVS hauing with him Ariadne which was great with childe and so sore sea sycke that she was not able to abide it In so muche as he was forced to put her a lande and him selfe afterwards returning abourde hoping to saue his shippe against the storme was forthwith compelled to loose into the sea The women of the countrye dyd curteously receyue and intreate Ariadne and to comforte her againe for she was marucilously oute of harte to see she was thus forsaken they counterfeated letters as if Theseus had wrytten them to her And when her groninge time was come and she to be layed they did their best by all possible meanes to saue her but she dyed notwithstanding in labour and could neuer be deliuered So she was honorably buried by the Ladies of CYPRVS Theseus not long after returned thither againe who tooke her death maruelous heauily and left money with the inhabitantes of the countrie to sacrifice vnto her yearely and for memorie of her he caused two litle images to be molten the one of copper and the other of siluer which he dedicated vnto her This sacrifice is done the seconde day of September on which they doe yet obserue this ceremonie they doe lay a young childe vpon a bed which pitiefully cryeth and lamenteth as women trauellinge with childe They saye also that the AMATHVSIANS doe yet call the groue where her tombe is sette vp the wodde of Venus Adriadne And yet there are of the NAXIANS that reporte this otherwise saying there were two Minoes and two Adriadnees whereof the one was maried to Bacchus in the I le of NAXOS of whome Staphylus was borne and the other the youngest was rauished and caried away by Theseus who afterwardes forsooke her and she came into the I le of NAXOS with her nurce called Corcyna whose graue they doe shewe yet to this day This seconde Adriadne dyed there also but she had no such honour done to her after her death as to the first was geuen For they celebrate the feaste of the first with all ioye and mirthe where the sacrifices done in memorie of the seconde be mingled with mourninge and sorowe Theseus then departing from the I le of CRETA arriued in the I le of DELOS where he did sacrifice in the temple of Apollo and gaue there a litle image of Venus the which he had gotten of Adriadne Then with the other young boyes that he had deliuered he daunced a kinde of daunce which the DELIANS keepe to this day as they say in which there are many turnes and returnes much after the turninges of the Labyrinthe And the DELIANS call this manner of daunce the crane as Dicaorcus sayeth And Theseus daunced it first about the altar which is called Ceraton that is to saye horne-staffe bicause it is made and builded of hornes onely all on the left hande well and curiously sette together without any other bindinge It is sayed also that he made a game in this I le of DELOS in which at the first was geuen to him that ouercame a braunche of palme forreward of victorie But when they drewe neere the coast of ATTICA they were so ioyfull he and his master that they forgate to set vp their white sayle by which they shoulde haue geuen knowledge of their healthe and safetie vnto AEgeus Who
seeinge the blacke sayle a farre of being out of all hope euermore to see his sonne againe tooke such a griefe at his harte that he threw him selfe headlong from the top of a clyffe and killed him selfe So soone as Theseus was arriued at the porte named Phalerus he performed the sacrifices which he had vowed to the goddes at his departure and sent an Herauld of his before vnto the city to carie newes of his safe arriuall The Heraulde founde many of the citie mourning the death of king AEgeus Many other receiued him with great ioy as may be supposed They would haue crowned him also with a garlande of flowers for that he had brought so good ridinges that the children of the citie were returned in safetie The Heraulde was content to take the garlande yet would he not in any wise put it on his head but did winde it about his Heraulds rodde he bare in his hande and so returneth foorthwith to the sea where Theseus made his sacrifices Who perceiuinge they were not yet done did refuse to enter into the temple and stayed without for troubling of the sacrifices Afterwardes all ceremonies finished he went in and tolde him the newes of his fathers death Then he and his company mourning for sorowe hasted with speede towardes the citie And this is the cause why to this day at the feast called Oscophoria as who woulde say at the feast of boughes the Herauld hath not his heade but his rod onely crowned with flowers and why the assistantes also after the sacrifice done doe make suche cryes and exclamations Ele leuf iou iou whereof the first is the crye and voyce they commonly vse one to an other to make haste or else it is the foote of some songe of triumphe and the other is the crye and voyce of men as it were in feare and trouble After he had ended the obsequies and funeralls for his father he performed also his sacrifices vnto Apollo which he had vowed the seuenth day of the moneth of October on which they arriued at their returne into the citie of ATHENS Euen so the custome which they vse at this day to seeth all manner of pulse commeth of this that those which then returned with Theseus did seeth in a great brasse potte all the remaine of their prouision and therewith made good chere together Euen in such sorte as this came vp the custome to carie a braunch of olyue wreathed about with wolle which they call Iresione bicause at that time they caried boughes of supplication as we haue told ye before About which they hang all sortes of fruites for then barrennesse did cease as the verses they sang afterwards did witnesse Bring him good bread that is of savry tast vvith pleasaunt figges and droppes of dulcet mell Then sovvple oyle his body for to bast and pure good vvine to make him sleepe full vvell Howbeit there are some which will say that these verses were made for the Heraclides that is to say those that descended from Hercules which flying for their safety and succour vnto the ATHENIANS were entertained much made of by them for a time But the most parte holde opinion they were made vpon the occasion aforesaid The vessell in which Theseus went and returned was a galliot of thirtie owers which the ATHENIANS kept vntill the time of Demetrius the Phalertan alwayes taking away the olde peeces of wodde that were rotten and euer renewing them with new in their places So that euer since in the disputations of the Philosophers touching things that increase to wit whether they remaine alwayes one or else they be made others this galliot was alwayes brought in for an example of doubt For some mainteined that it was still one vessell others to the contrarie defended it was not so And they holde opinion also that the feast of boughes which is celebrated at ATHENS at this time was then first of all instituted by Theseus It is sayed moreouer that he did not carye all the wenches vpon whome the lotts did fall but chose two fayer young boyes whose faces were swete and delicate as maydens be that otherwise were hardie and quicke sprighted But he made them so oft bathe them selues in whotte bathes and kepe them in from the heate of the sunne and so many times to washe anointe and rubbe them selues with oyles which serue to supple and smoothe their skinnes to keepe freshe and fayer their colour to make yellowe and bright their heares and withall did teache them so to counterfeare their speache countenaunce and facion of young maydes that they seemed to be like them rather then young boyes For there was no manner of difference to be perceiued outwardly and he mingled them with the girles without the knowledge of any man Afterwards when he was returned he made a procession in which both he and the other young boyes were apparelled then as they be nowe which carie boughes on the day of the feast in their handes They carie them in the honor of Bacchus and Ariadne following the fable that is tolde of them or rather bicause they returned home just at the time and season when they gather the fruite of those trees There are women which they call Deipnophores that is to say supper caryers which are assistantes to the sacrifice done that day in representing the mothers of those vpon whom the lottes did fall bicause they in like sorte brought them both meate and drinke There they tell tales for so did their mothers tattle to their children to comforte and encorage them All these particularities were written by Demon the historiographer There was moreouer a place chosen out to build him a tēple in and he him selfe ordained that those houses which had payed tribute before vnto the king of CRETA should nowe yearely thenceforth become contributories towardes the charges of a solemne sacrifice which shoulde be done in the honor of him and he did assigne the order and administration of the same vnto the house of the Phytalides in recompence of the curtesie which they showed him when he arriued Furthermore after the death of his father AEgeus he vndertooke a maruelous great enterprise For he brought all the inhabitantes of the whole prouince of ATTICA to be within the citie of ATHENS and made them all one corporation which were before dispersed into diuerse villages and by reason thereof were very hard to be assembled together when occasion was offered to establish any order concerning the cōmon state Many times also they were at variance together by the eares making warres one vpon an other But Theseus tooke the paines to goe from village to village and from family to familie to let them vnderstand the reasons why they should consent vnto it So he found the poore people and priuate men ready to obey and followe his will but the riche and such as had authoritye in euery village all against it Neuertheles
the taking and destruction of TROYA there were certaine TROYANS which sauing them selues from the sworde tooke suche vessells as they founde at aduenture in the hauen and were by winds put with the THVSCANE shore where they anckred neere vnto the riuer of Tyber There their wiues being so sore sea sicke that possibly they could not any more endure the boisterous surges of the seas it happened one of them among the rest the noblest and wisest of the companie called ROMA to counsaill the other women of her cōpanions to set their shippes a fire which they dyd accordingly Wherewith their husbands at the first were maruelously offended But afterwards being compelled of necessitie to plant them selues neere vnto the cittie of PALLANTIVM they were appeased when they sawe things prosper better then they hoped for finding the soyle there fertile and the people their neighbours ciuill and gentle in entertaining them Wherefore amongest other honours they dyd to require this lady Roma they called their cittie after her name as from whom came the originall cause of the building and foundation thereof They saye that from thence came this custome continuing yet to this daye at ROME that the women saluting their kinsefolkes and husbands doe kisse them in the mouthe for so dyd these TROYAN ladyes to please their husbands and to winne them againe after they had lost their fauours and procured their displeasures with burning of their shippes Other saye that Roma was the daughter of Italus and of Lucaria or els of Telephus the sonne of Hercules and of the wife of AEneas other saye of Ascanius the sonne of AEneas who named the cittie after her name Other holde opinion that it was Romanus the sonne of Vlysses and of Circé that first founded ROME other will saye that it was Romus the sonne of Emathion whom Diomedes sent thither from TROYA Other write that it was one Romis a tyranne of the LATINES who draue the THVSCANS out of those partes which departing out of THESSALY went first of all into LYDIA and afterwards from LYDIA into ITALIE And furthermore they who thincke that Romulus as in deede it carieth best likelyhod was he that gaue the name to the cittie doe not agree about his auncesters For some of them write that he was the sonne of AEneas and of Dexithea the daughter of Phorbus and that he was brought into ITALIE of a litle childe with his brother Remus and that at that time the riuer of Tyber being ouerflowen all other shippes were cast awaye sauing the shippe in which the two litle boyes were which by great good happe came to a slaye vpon a very plaine euen grounde on the bancke and bicause the children beyond all hope were saued by this meanes therefore the place was afterwardes called ROMA Other saye that Roma the daughter of the first Troian ladye was maried vnto Latinus the sonne of Telemachus by whom she had Romulus Other write that it was AEmilia the daughter of AEneas and of Lauinia which was gotten with childe by the god Mars Other tell a tale of Romulus birth nothing true nor likely For it is sayed that there was sometime a king of ALBA named Tarchetius a very wicked and cruell man in whose house through the permission of the goddes appeared such a like vision that there rose vp in the harthe of his chymney the forme facion of a mans priuie member which continued there many dayes And they saye that at that time there was in THVSCANE an oracle of Thetis from whom they brought vnto this wicked king Tarchetius suche an aunswer that he should cause his daughter yet vnmaried to haue carnall companie with the straunge thing for she should beare a sonne that should be famous for his valliancie for strength of bodye and his happie successe wherein he should exceede all men of his time Tarchetius tolde this oracle vnto one of his daughters and willed her to entertaine this straunge thing but she disdaining to doe it sent one of her waiting women to vndertake the entertainement But Tarchetius was so mad at this that he caused them both to be taken to put them to death howbeit the goddesse Vesta appeared to him in his sleepe in the night and charged him he should not doe it Whereupon he dyd commaund them to make him a pece of clothe in the prisone with promise that they should be maried when they had finished it These poore maydes toyled at it all the liue longe daye but in the night there came other by Tarchetius commaundement that dyd vndoe all they had done the daye before In the meane time this waiting woman that was gott with childe by this straunge thing was deliuered of two goodly boyes or twynnes whom Tarchetius gaue vnto one Teratius with expresse commaundement he should cast them awaye This Teratius caryed them vnto the bancke of the riuer thither came a shee woulfe and gaue them sucke and certaine byrdes that brought litle crommes and put them in their mouthes vntill a swyne heard perceyuing them and wondring at the fight dyd boldly goe to the children and tooke them awaye with him These infantes being thus preserued after they were come to mans state dyd set vpon Tarchetius and slewe him One Promathion an Italian writer deliuereth this storie thus But the reporte that carieth best credit of all and is allowed of by many writers commeth from Diocles Peparethian whome Fabius Pictor followeth in many thinges who was the first that put forth this storie among the GRECIANS and specially the chiefest poynts of it Though this matter be somewhat diuersely taken yet in effect the storie is thus The right line and bloude of the kings of ALBA descended from AEneas by succession from the father to the sonne and the Kingdome fell in the ende betweene two brethern Numitor and Amulius They agreed by lotte to make diuision betweene them whereof the one to haue the Kingdome and the other all the golde syluer readye money goodes and iuells brought from TROIA Numitor by his lotte chose the Realme for his portion Amulius hauing all the golde and treasure in his handes dyd finde himselfe thereby the stronger and so dyd easely take his Realme from him And fearing least his brothers daughter might haue children which one day might thrust him out againe he made her a Nunne of the goddesse Vesta there to passe her dayes in virginitie neuer to be maried some call her Rhea other Syluia and other Ilia neuertheles not longe after she was founde with childe against the rule and profession of the Vestall Nunnes So nothing had saued her from present death but the petition of Antho the daughter of king Amulius who intreated her father for her life yet notwithstanding she was straightly locked vp that no body could see her nor speake with her least she should be brought a bedde without Amulius knowledge In the ende she was deliuered of two fayre boyes and marueilous
them neither haue they done any vnseemely thing but haue passed the rest of their life like wise constant and vertuous men For it is not loue but weaknes which breedeth these extreme sorowes and exceeding feare in men that are not exercised nor acquainted to fight against fortune with reason And this is the cause that plucketh from them the pleasure of that they loue and desire by reason of the continuall trouble feare and griefe they feele by thincking howe in time they maye be depriued of it Nowe we must not arme our selues with pouertie against the griefe of losse of goodes neither with lacke of affeâ—tion against the losse of our friendes neither with wante of mariage against the death of children but we must be armed with reason against misfortunes Thus haue we sufficiently enlarged this matter The ATHENIANS hauing nowe susteined a long and troublesome warre against the MEGARIANS for the possession of the I le of SALAMINA were in the ende wearie of it and made proclamation straightly commaunding vpon payne of death that no man should presume to preferre any more to the counsaill of the cittie the title or question of the possession of the I le of SALAMINA Solon could not beare this open shame and seeing the most parte of the lustiest youthes desirous still of warre though their tongues were tyed for feare of the proclamation he fayned him selfe to be out of his wittes and caused it to be geuen out that Solon was become a foole and secretly he had made certaine lamentable verses which he had cunned without booke to singe abroade the cittie So one daye he ranne sodainly out of his house with a garland on his head and gotte him to the market place where the people straight swarmed like bees about him and getting him vp vpon the stone where all proclamations are vsually made out he singeth these Elegies he had made which beganne after this sorte I here present my selfe an Heraulde in this case vvhich come from Salamina lande that noble vvorthy place My minde in pelting prose shall neuer be exprest But songe in verse Heroycall for so I thincke it best This Elegie is intituled SALAMINA and conteineth a hundred verses which are excellently well written And these being songe openly by Solon at that time his friendes incontinently praysed them beyond measure and specially Pisistratus and they went about persuading the people that were present to credit that he spake Hereupon the matter was so handled amongest them that by and by the proclamation was reuoked and they beganne to followe the warres with greater furie then before appointing Solon to be generall in the same But the common tale and reporte is that he went by sea with Pisistratus vnto the temple of Venus surnamed Coliade where he founde all the women at a solemne feast and sacrifice which they made of custome to the goddesse He taking occasion thereby sent from thence a trusty man of his owne vnto the MEGARIANS which then had SALAMINA whom he instructed to fayne him selfe a reuolted traytour that he came of purpose to tell them that if they would but goe with him they might take all the chief ladyes and gentle women of ATHENS on a sodaine The MEGARIANS easely beleeued him and shipped forthwith certaine souldiers to goe with him But when Solon perceyued the shippe vnder sayle comming from SALAMINA he commaunded the women to departe and in steade of them he put lusty beardles springalles into their apparell and gaue them litle shorte daggers to conuey vnder their clothes commaunding them to playe daunce together vpon the sea side vntill their enemies were landed and their shippe at anker and so it came to passe For the MEGARIANS being deceyued by that they sawe a farre of as sonne as euer they came to the shore side dyd lande in heapes one in anothers necke euen for greedines to take these women but not a man of them escaped for they were slayne euery mothers sonne This stratageame being finely handled to good effect the ATHENIANS tooke sea straight and costed ouer to the I le of SALAMINA which they tooke vpon the sodaine and wanne it without much resistaunce Other saye that it was not taken after this sorte but that Apollo Delphicus gaue Solon first such an oracle Thou shalt first vvinne by vovves and sacrifice the helpe of lordes an demy goddes full bright of vvhose dead bones the dust engraued lies in vvesterne soyle Asopia that hight By order of this oracle he one night passed ouer to SALAMINA dyd sacrifice to Periphemus to Cichris demy goddes of the countrie Which done the ATHENIANS deliuered him fiue hundred men who willingly offered them selues the cittie made an accorde with them that if they tooke the I le of SALAMINA they should beare greatest authoritie in the common weale Solon imbarked his souldiers into diuers fisher botes and appointed a galliot of thirtie owers to come after him he ankred hard by the cittie of SALAMINA vnder the pointe which looketh towards the I le of NEGREPONT The MEGARIANS which were within SALAMINA hauing by chaunce heard some inckling of it but yet knew nothing of certaintie ranne presently in hurly burley to arme them and manned out a shippe to descrie what it was But they fondly comming within daunger were taken by Solon who clapped the MEGARIANS vnder hatches fast bounde and in their roomes put aborde in their shippe the choycest souldiers he had of the ATHENIANS commaunding them to set their course direct vpon the cittie and to keepe them selues as close out of sight as could be And he him self with all the rest of his souldiers landed presently and marched to encounter with the MEGARIANS which were come out into the fielde Now whilest they were fighting together Solons men whom he had sent in the MEGARIANS shippe entred the hauen wanne the towne This is certainly true testified by that which is shewed yet at this daye For to keepe a memoriall hereof a shippe of ATHENS arriueth quietly at the first by by those that are in the shippe make a great showte and a man armed leaping out of the shippe ronneth showting towardes the rocke called Sciradion which is as they come from the firme lande and hard by the same is the temple of Mars which Solon built there after he had ouercome the MEGARIANS in battell from whence he sent backe againe those prisoners that he had taken which were saued from the slaughter of the battell without any ransome paying Neuertheles the MEGARIANS were sharpely bent still to recouer SALAMINA again Much hurte being done suffered on both sides both parts in the ende made the LACEDAEMONIANS iudges of the quarrell But vpon iudgement geuen common reporte is that Homers authoritie dyd Solon good seruice bicause he did adde these verses to the number of shippes which are in the Iliades of Homer which he rehearsed before the iudges as if they
that ought to be among citizen would beare For this manner of banishment for a time called Ostracismon was no punishment for any faulte committed but a mitigation and taking away of the enuie of the people which delited to plucke downe their stomaks that to much seemed to exceede in greatnes and by this meanes they tooke awaye the poyson of his malice with diminishing his glorie and honour So Themistocles being banished ATHENS went to dwell in ARGOS In this meane season Pausanias trecchery fell out which gaue his enemies occasion to lye heauie on his backe But he which became his accuser was partener of the treason was one called Leobotes Alemeons sonne borne in a village called AGRAVLA Besides this the SPARTANS also dyd sit on his skirtes charged him forely For Pausanias neuer before reuealed to Themistocles the treason he had purposed although he was his very familiar friende But after he sawe Themistocles was banished and dyd take his exile very vnpaciently then Pausanias was bolde to open his treason to him to procure him to take his parte and shewed him the letters the king of PERSIA had written to him and all to sturre him vp against the GRAECIANS as against vngratefull and vnnaturall people Howbeit Themistocles shooke him of and tolde him plainely he would be no partener of his treason Notwithstanding he neuer reuealed it to any liuing creature nor disconered the practise he intended hoping either he would haue geuen it ouer or that shortely it would appeare by some other meane considering he so fondly aspired to things of great daunger and without purpose or possibilite After Pausanias was condemned and had suffered paynes of death for the same they found amongest his papers certaine writings and letters which made Themistocles to be very sore suspected Whereupon the LACEDAEMONIANS on the one side cried out of him and his enemies and ill willers at ATHENS accused him on th' other side To the which he made aunswer by letters from the beginning and wrote vnto the people it was not likely that he who sought all the wayes to rule and was not borne to serue neither had any minde thereto would euer haue thought in his heade to sell his owne libertie and the GRAECIANS also vnto the Barbarous people their enemies Notwithstanding this purgation of his the people by the procurement of his enemies sent to apprehende him and to bring him before the states of all GRAECE to be iudged by that counsaill Whereof Themistocles hauing intelligence in time he dyd conuey him selfe into the I le of CORPHV bicause the citie there was greatly beholding to him for a certen pleasure in time paste he had done them For they being at sute and strife with the CORINTHIANS he tooke vp the matter betweene them and gaue iudgement on their side condemned the CORINTHIANS to paye them twēty talents damages and did set downe an order that they should occupie the I le of LEVCADE in cōmon together as ground that had bene inhabited with the people aswell of the one cittie of the other From thence he fled to Epirus whether being followed by the ATHENIANS the LACEDAEMONIANS he was compelled to venter him selfe vpon a doubtfull and very daungerous hope For he went to yelde him selfe into the hands of Admetus king of the MOLOSSIANS Who hauing heretofore made certen requestes vnto the ATHENIANS and being shamefully denied them by meanes of Themistocles who then was at his chiefest height and authoritie the King was maruelously offended with him and it was a clere case in deede that if he could then haue layed handes on him he would haue bene reuenged of him throughly Howbeit feeling the present miserie of his exile he thought he might lesse feare the Kings olde quarrell and displeasure then the freshe hate enuie of his contriemen Whereupon he went vnto king Admetus trusting to his mercie and became an humble suter to him in a straunge extraordinarie sorte For he tooke the Kings litle young sonne in his armes and went and kneeled downe before the altar in his chappell which humble manner of suinge the MOLOSSIANS take to be most effectuall and such as they dare not denie nor refuse Some saye that Queene Phthia her selfe the Kings wife dyd enforme him of this their country custome and manner brought her litle sonne also neere vnto the altar Other write also that it was Admetus him selfe that taught shewed him this inforcing manner of petition only for a cloke to excuse him selfe to those that should come to demaunde Themistocles of him that by duetie of religion he was so straightly bounde restrained that he might not deliuer him out of his protection In this meane time Epicrates Acharnian founde the meanes secretly to conuey Themistocles wife and children out of ATHENS dyd send them priuelie vnto him whereupon he was afterwards accused put to death vpon Cimons accusation motion as Stesimbrotus writeth Who not remembring those matters I knowe not howe or making as though Themistocles had not remembred him selfe doth saye that Themistocles sayled into SICILE where he sought to mary Hierons daughter the tyranne of SYRACVSA promising him if he would let him haue her he would assure him to conquer all GRECE for him and to bring them vnder his obedience But Hieron refusing this offer Themistocles went from thence into ASIA but that is not likely For Theophrastus writeth in his booke intituled of Kingdomes that Hieron hauing sent certain running horses to the feast of games Olympicall hauing set vp a maruelous riche and sumptuous tent there Themistocles made an oration to the GRECIANS declaring vnto them how they should teare the tyrannes tente in peces and not to suffer his horses to ronne with other swifte and light horses and to cary away the price in those holy games Thucydides againe declareth howe he went vnto the other sea and imbarked in the cittie of PYDNE being knowen of neuer a man in the shippe vntill such time as the winde beganne to carie them into the I le of NAXOS which the ATHENIANS by chaunce dyd besiege at that time where being afeard to be set on lande he was forced to bewraye him self to the master of the shippe the masters mate and wrought them what with fayer wordes and what with threates by saying he would accuse them to the ATHENIANS that they dyd not ignorantly receiue him in but hiered for money so as he compelled them to sayle on further and to cary him into ASIA As for his goodes his friendes saued the most parte of them and sent them into ASIA to him But for those that came to light and were confiscate vnto the state Theopompus writeth they dyd amounte to the value of one hundred talents And Theophrastus sayeth but to foure score talents only So that all his goodes was not worth three talents when he beganne to gouerne the state of the common weale when he came vnto the
Captaines and leaders of men of warre to the deathe and specially for the tretcherie of Calippus and Pharax whereof the one was an ATHENIAN and the other a LACEDAEMONIAN Both of them sayed they came to set SICILE at libertie and to driue out the tyrans and yet neuertheles they had done so much hurte vnto the poore SICILIANS that the miserie and calamitie which they had suffered vnder the tyrans seemed all to be golde vnto them in respect of that which the Captaines had made them to abyde And they did not thinke them more happy that had willingly submitted them selues vnto the yoke of seruitude then those which they sawe restored and set at libertie Therefore perswading them selues that this CORINTHIAN woulde be no better vnto them then the other had bene before but supposing they were the selfe same former craftes and alluring baytes of good hope and fayer wordes which they had tasted of before to drawe them to accept newe tyrans they did sore suspect it and reiected all the CORINTHIANS perswasions Sauing the ADRANITANS onely whose litle citie being consecrated to the god Adranus and greatly honored and reuerenced through all SICILE was then in dissention one against an other in so muche as one parte of them tooke parte with Icetes and the CARTHAGINIANS and an other side of them sent vnto Timoleon So it fortuned that bothe the one and the other making all the possible speede they coulde who shoulde come first arriued bothe in manner at one selfe tyme. Icetes had about fiue thowsande souldiers Timoleon had not in all aboue twelue hundred men with the which he departed to goe towards the citie of ADRANVS distant from TAVROMENION about three hundred and fortie furlonges For the first dayes iorney he went no great way but lodged betymes but the next morning he marched very hastely had maruelous ill way When night was come and day light shut in he had newes that Icetes did but newyly arriue before ADRANVS where he encamped When the priuate captaines vnderstood this they caused the voward to stay to eate repose a litle that they might be the lustier the stronger to fight But Timoleon did set still forwards prayed them not to stay but to goe on with all the speede they could possible that they might take their enemies out of order as it was likely they should being but newly arriued troubled with making their cabbons preparing for supper Therewithall as he spake these wordes he tooke his target on his arme and marched him selfe the formost man as brauely and coragiously as if he had gon to a most assured victorie The souldiers seeing him marche with that life they followed at his heeles with like corage So they had not passing thirty furlonges to goe which when they had ouercomen they straight set apon their enemies whome they found all out of order and began to flye so soone as they saw they were vpon their backes before they were aware By this meanes there were not aboue three hundred men slayne and twise as many moe taken prisoners and so their whole campe was possessed Then the ADRANITANS opening their gates yelded vnto Timoleon declaring vnto him with great feare and no lesse wonder how at the very time when he gaue charge apon the enemies the dores of the temple of their god opened of them selues that the Iaueling which the Image of their god did hold in his hand did shake at the very ende where the iron head was and how all his face was seene to sweate This in my opinion did not onely signifie the victorie he had gotten at that time but all the notable exploytes he did afterwardes vnto the which this first encounter gaue a happye beginning For immediatly after many cities sent vnto Timoleon to ioyne in league with him And Mamercus the tyran of CATANA a souldier and very full of money did also seeke his friendship Furthermore Dionysius the tyran of SYRACVSA being weary to follow hope any longer and finding him selfe in maner forced vnto it by long continuance of seige made no more reckoning of Icetes when he knewe that he was so shamefully ouertrowen And contrariwise much esteeming Timoleons valiantnes he sent to aduertise him that he was contented to yelde him selfe and the castell into the handes of the CORINTHIANS Timoleon being glad of this good happe vnlooked for sent Euclides and Telemachus two Captaines of the CORINTHIANS to take possession of the castell with fowre hundred men not all at a tyme nor openly for it was vnpossible the enemies lying in wayte in the hauen but by small companies and by stelthe he conueyed them all into the castell So the souldiers possessed the castell and the tyrans pallace with all the moueables and municion of warres within the same There were a great number of horse of seruice great store of staues and weapons offensiue of all sortes and engynes of batterie to shoote farre of and sundry other weapons of defence that had bene gathered together of long tyme to arme threescore and tenne thowsand men Moreouer besides all this there were two thowsand souldiers whome with all the other thinges rehearsed Dionysius deliuered vp into the handes of Timoleon and he him selfe with his money and a few of his friendes went his way by sea Icetes not knowing it and so came to Timoleons campe This was the first tyme that euer they sawe Dionysius a priuate man in base and meane estate And yet within fewe dayes after Timoleon sent him from thence vnto CORINTHE in a shippe with litle store of money Who was borne and brought vp in the greatest and most famous tyrannie and kingdome conquered by force that euer was in the world and which him selfe had kept by the space of tenne yeares after the death of his father Since Dion draue him out he had bene maruelously turmoyled in warres by the space of twelue yeares in which time although he had done muche mischiefe yet he had suffered also a great deale more For he sawe the death of his sonnes when they were men growen and able to serue and cary armor He saw his daughters rauished by force deflowred of their virginitie He saw his owne sister who was also his wife first of all shamed cruelly handled in her person with the greatest villanies most vile partes done vnto her that his enemies could deuise afterwards horribly murdered with his childrē their bodies in the end throwen into the sea as we haue more amply declared in the life of Dion Now when Dionysius was arryued in the cittie of CORINTHE euery GRAECIAN was wonderfull desirous to go see him and to talke with him And some went thither very glad of his ouerthrow as if they had troden him downe with their feete whom fortune had ouerthrowen so bitterly did they hate him Other pittiyng him in their heartes to see so great a chaunge did behold him as
so necessarie as to haue goodes And he aunswered them In dede they are necessarie I doo confesse it but yet for suche a one as this poore lame and blynd man that standeth by They both were a like borne to all vertue sauing that Pelopidas tooke most pleasure in exercise of his body and strength and Epaminondas in the exercise of his wit and learning So as the pastyme eche of them tooke when they were at leasure was that the one delighted to wrastle and to hunte and liked any kinde of exercise of his body and the other to heare to studie and alwaies to learne some thing of Philosophie But among all the excellent giftes and good partes in either of them and that most wanne them honor and estimation in the world they were onely commended and singulerly noted of wise men for the perfect loue and frendshippe that was euer inuyolably kept betwene them vntil their deathes hauing been ioyned togeather in so many battels warres charges of armies and otherwise in matters of state and gouernment For if a man will consider and looke into the doinges of Aristides Themistocles and Cimon of Pericles Nicias and Alcibiades how full of dissentions enuies suspicions they were one against another in gouerning the common weale and againe will consider the loue honour and kindnesse that continued alwaies betwext Pelopidas and Epaminondas no doubt they will saie these two are more worthie to be called brethren in warre as they saie and companions in gouernment then any of them we haue named before whose care and studie was alwaies rather to ouercome one another then to ouercome their enemies and the onely cause thereof was their vertue For their actes shewed they did not seeke glorie nor riches for them selues the couetousnes whereof doth allwaies breede quarrelles and enuy but both of them from the beginning fell one in loue with an other with a great kindenes and estimation of them selues to see their contrie florishe and growe to great honor through their seruice and in their time and so they reckoned all the good exploytes both of the one and the other that tended to that ende as their owne The most part of writers thinke this great and earnest loue th one did beare to an other did growe first betwene them in a iorney they made togeathet vnto MANTINIA to ayde the LACEDAEMONIANS that were at that time confederates of the THEBANS For they being both set in battell raye one hard by another among the footmen against the Arcadians that stoode before them it fortuned that the point of the battell of the LACEDAEMONIANS in the which they were gaue backe and many of them ranne away But they determyning to die rather then to flye stoode close together and fought with the enemies that came apon them vntyll such time as Pelopidas being hurt in seuen places before fell downe at the last vpon a heape of dead bodies aswell of their owne souldiers as of their enemies euen one apon an other Then Epaminondas thinking he had ben slaine stept notwithstanding before him to defend his body armor he alone fought against many being willing to die rather then to forsake Pelopidas lying amongest the dead bodies vntyl him selfe being thrust into the brest with a pyke and sore cut on his arme with a swoorde was euen ready to geue ouer when Agesipolis king of the LACEDAEMONIANS came with the other poynt of the battell in happie howre who saued both their liues past all hope Now after this battell the LACEDAEMONIANS both in wordes and deedes did curteously intreate the THEBANS as their frendes and confederates Notwithstanding in troth they beganne to feare the power and great corage of that cittie and specially the faction and associates Ismenias Androclidas had set vp where of Pelopidas also was a cōpanion bicause they thought it was populer and inclined muche to desire libertie VVhereupon Archias Leontidas and Philip al three great welthie men of the cittie of THEBES and misliking to be equall with other cittizens did perswade Phabidas a captaine of the LACEDAEMONIANS that going and comming through the contrie of BOEOTIA with an armie he would one day assaie to take the castell of THEBES called CADMEA and driuing those out of the cittie that would resist him he would put the gouernment of the state into the hands of a fewe of the noblest persones who would beat the deuotion of the LACEDAEMONIANS obey them in all thinges Phabidas brought it to passe and did worcke his feate before the THEBANS mistrusted any thing apon a holy day called THESMOPHORIA After he had wonne the castell he apprehended Ismenias and sent him to LACEDAEMON where shortly after they put him to death Pelopidas Pherenicus and Androclidas with many other saued them selues by flying and were banished THEBES by sounde of Trompet Epaminondas taried stil in THEBES and no man tutched him for they made small accompt of him bicause he was altogether geuen to his booke and though his goodwill had serued him to haue done some feate his pouertie made him vnable to doo any thing The LACEDAEMONIANS vnderstanding of the taking of the castel did straight put Phabidas out of his charge and set a fine of a hundred thowsand DRACHMES apon his head but yet they kept still the castell of CADMEA in their handes with a great garrison All the other citties and people of GREECE did wonder much at it that they should allowe the fact and punishe notwithstanding the doer So the THEBANS hauing lost their auncient libertie and being made subiect by both these Archias and Leontidas so as all hope was taken from them euer to winde out of this tyrannie or at any time to ouerthrowe it seing it was maintained and defended by the LACEDAEMONIANS and that they coulde not possibly take from them all the seigniorie and dominion they had throughout GREECE aswell by sea as by lande Leontidas and his followers notwithstanding when they vnderstoode that they who were banished frō THEBES were very wel receiued entertained of the people at ATHENS and much made of also of the nobilitie they sought secretly by treason to haue them kylled To do this feate they sent certaine men vnknowen vnto ATHENS who by treason flue Androclidas howbeit they missed the kylling of the other Furthermore the LACEDAEMONIANS wrote to the ATHENIANS that they should not receiue suche as were banished from THEBES nor that they shoulde fauor them but driue them out of their cittie as those which by their allyes were Iustly proclaimed common enemies The ATHENIANS notwithstanding being men alwaies ciuilly geuen and inclined in nature to humanitie as being borne and bred vp withall and very desyrous besides to requite the THEBANS curtesy who had bene the chiefest meanes and doers in restoring againe the populer state and gouernment at ATHENS they would by no meanes offer the THEBANS any such iniurie seing they had stablished a
the peace he tooke the kinges brother in ostage whose name was Philip and thirtie other children of the noblest mens sonnes of MACEDON whom he brought away with him to THEBES to let the GREECIANS see that the reputacion of the THEBANS power stretched farre the renowne also of their manner of gouernment and iustice It is the same Philip that made warre afterwardes with the GREECIANS to take their libertie frō them howbeit being but a boy at that time he was brought vp at THEBES in Pammenes house And this is the cause why some thought Philip did followe Epaminondas manner and it might be paraduenture he did learne of him to be quicke and ready in the warres which in deede was but a peece of Epaminondas vertue But as to the continency iustice magnanimitie and clemencie which were the speciall pointes that made Epaminondas of great fame Philip coulde neither by nature education nor studie euer attaine vnto The THESSALIANS hauinge sent afterwardes to THEBES to complaine of Alexander the tyran of PHERES that did againe molest and trouble the free cities of THESSALIE Pelopidas was sent thither Ambassador with Ismenias carying no power with him frō THEBES litle thinking he shoulde haye needed to haue made warres whereupon he was compelled to take men of the contrie selfe vppon the instant necessitie offered At the very same time also all MACEDON was vp in armes For Ptolomy had slaine the king and vsurped the kingdom and the seruaunts and frendes of the dead king called vpon Pelopidas for aide who desiring to come euen vppon the fact and hauing brought no men of warre out of his owne contrie with him did presently leauie certaine men where he was and so marched forward with them against Ptolomy Nowe Ptolomy when bothe their powers met did corrupt the souldiers Pelopidas had brought with money to take his parte But notwithstandinge this policy he had practised yet he was afeard of the name onely and greatnes of Pelopidas reputacion wherefore he went vnto Pelopidas as to a better man than him selfe and making maruelous much of him and intreating of him he made promise and bounde it by othe that he would keepe the realme for the brethren of the dead king and that he woulde take all those for his frendes or enemies whom the THEBANS did either loue or hate And for assurance of his promise he gaue him his sonne Philoxenus in ostage and fifty other of his frendes all the which Pelopidas sent vnto THEBES But in the meane time beinge maruelously offended with the treason of the souldiers against him vnderstandinge that the most parte of their goodes their wiues and children were in the citie of PHARSALE he thought if he coulde winne that it were a maruelous good way for him to be reuenged of the trechery of the souldiers against him whereupon he leauied certaine THESSALIANS went to that citie Pelopidas was no sooner come thither but Alexander the tyran arriued also with his armie Pelopidas supposing he had come to iustifie him selfe clearing the complaintes of the THESSALIANS made against him went to him though he knew him to be a very wicked man and one that delited in murder and sheading of blood Neuertheles he hoped he durst not haue attempted any thing against him for the authority and seigniories sake of THEBES by whom he was sent thither as also for his owne reputacion But the tyran seeing him slenderly accompanied and without traine of souldiers tooke him prisoner and wanne the city of PHARSALE at that present time But this act of his put his subiects in a great feare who seeing him commit so shamefull a deede against all equity did thinke straight he ment to spare no man but would vse men and all thinges else that came in his handes like a desperate man one that reckned him self cast away But when the THEBANS vnderstoode this newes they were maruelous sorie and straight sent an army thither appointinge other Captaines then Epaminondas bicause then they had some misliking of him Alexander the tyran hauing brought Pelopidas in the meane time to PHERES did suffer any man that woulde at the first to come and see him and speake with him supposinge his imprisonment had killed his hart and had made him very humble But when he was tolde the contrary how Pelopidas did comforte the citizens of PHERES and willed them to be of good cheare tellinge them the hower was now come that the tyran should smarte for al the mischiefes he had done and that he sent him word to his face he had no reason to hang and put his poore citizens daily to death as he did with sundry kindes of cruell torments who had in nothing offended him did let him alone knowinge that if euer he got out of his hands he would be reuenged of him The tyran wondering at this great stomake of his at his maruelous constancy fearing nothing asked what he ment to long for hasty death Pelopidas beinge tolde what he sayd aunswered him againe Mary sayd he bicause thow shouldest dye the sooner beinge more odious to the goddes and men then yet thou art After this answere the tyran would neuer suffer any man to come and speake with him againe But Thebe that was the daughter of the tyran Iason deceased and wife at that time of Alexander the tyran hearinge reporte of Pelopidas noble minde and corage by his keepers she hadde a meruelous desire to see him and to speake with him But when she came to see him like a woman she could not at the first discerne the greatnesse of his noble heart and excellent hidden vertue findinge him in such misery yet coniecturinge by exterior show nothinge his simple apparell his heares and beard growen very long how poorely he was serued and worse entertained she thought with her selfe his case was to be pittied and that he was in no state mete for the glory of his name wherewith she fell a weepinge for compassion Pelopidas that knewe not what she was beganne to muse at the first but when it was tolde him she was Iasons daughter then he curteously saluted her for her father Iasons sake who while he liued was his very good frend So Thebe said vnto him my Lord Pelopidas pittie thy poore Lady wife Truely so do I pitty thee quod Pelopidas againe to her that thou beinge no prisoner canst abide such a wicked Alexander This aunswere tickled Thebe at the heart who with great impacience did beare the cruelty violence and villany of the tyran her husband that besides all other infamous actes of his detestable life committed Sodomy with her youngest brother So she oft visitinge Pelopidas and boldly makinge her mone to him telling him closely all the iniuries her husbande offered her through Pelopidas talke with her by litle and litle she grew to abhorre him and to conceiue a hate in heart against him desiring reuenge of him But now the Captaines of
no more then if he had neuer enuied him in his prosperity And touching Aristides death some write he dyed in the realme of PONTVS being sent thither about matters of the state other thinke he dyed an old man in the citie of ATHENS greatly honored and beloued of all the citizens But Craterus the MACEDONIAN wryteth of his death in this sorte After that Themistocles sayeth he was fled the people of ATHENS became very stubborne and insolent whereupon many lewde men grew to be common appeachers and accusers of the noble men and chiefest citizens and to stirre vp the malice and ill will of the common people against them who were waxen proude by reason of their prosperity and dominion that was enlarged Amonge the rest Aristides was condemned for extorcion and ill behauiour in the common wealth apon one Diophantes accusation of the village of AMPHITROPE who burdened him that he tooke money of the IORIANS to make the annuell tribute cease which they payed vnto ATHENS and so Craterus sayth that bicause Aristides was not able to pay the fine they set apon his heade which was fiue Minas he was driuen to forsake ATHENS and to gette him into IONIA where he dyed Yet doth not Craterus bring foorth any probable matter to proue this true he wryteth as his pleadinge his sentence and condemnation or any decree passed against him although he vsed great diligence else in collectinge all such matters and vowchinge his authors Furthermore all other wryters that haue specially noted the faultes and offences committed by the people of ATHENS in former times against their Captaines and gouernors they do declare Themistocles exile Miltiades captiuity that dyed in prison Pericles fine wherein he was condemned and Paches death that slue him selfe in the pulpit for orations when he sawe he was condemned and tell diuerse such stories addinge to also Aristides banishment but yet they make no maner of mencion of the condemnation which Craterus speaketh of Moreouer Aristides tombe is to be seene at this day apon the hauen of Phalerus which was set vp for him at the charge of the common wealth as it is reported bicause he dyed so poore a manne as they founde nothing in his house to bury him with Other go further and say that his daughters were maried by decree of the people at the charge of the common wealth and that the citie gaue euery one of them three thowsande Drachmas and his sonne Lysimachus a hundred Minas of siluer and a hundred Iugera and at Alcibiades request who was the author of the decree they gaue him foure Drachmas a day besides of ordinarie allowance Furthermore when this Lysimachus dyed he left aliue one onely daughter called Polycrite whom the people appointed as Callisthenes wryteth as much prouisino to liue withall as they gaue to any that wanne the Olympian games And sithence Demetrius PHALERIAN Hieronymus RHODIAN Aristoxenus the musitian and Aristotle the Philosopher at the least if the booke intituled of Nobilitie be any of Aristotles workes all these agree together that one Myrto Aristides daughters daughter was maried to the wise Socrates who tooke her to his wife hauing a wife already bicause she was a poore widdow could not be maried for her pouerty hauing much a do to liue Yet Panaetius doth wryte against them in his booke of Socrates life But Demetrius PHALERIAN wryteth in his booke he intituled Socrates that he could remember very well he had seene one Lysimachus Aristides sonnes sonne or his daughters sonne that was very poore and liued of that he could get to interpret dreames by certaine tables wherin was wrytten the arte to interpret the signification of dreames and that he kept commonly about the temple of Bacchus called Iacchion vnto whom together with his mother and his sister he sayd he had caused the people to geue them a Triobolum a peece euery day towards their liuinge It is very true that the selfe same Demetrius PHALERIAN when he reformed the state of ATHENS ordained that his mother and sister should haue ech of them a Drachma by the day to finde them withall out of the common chamber of the city And it is no new nor straunge thing that the people of ATHENS were so carefull to helpe and to relieue the women that dwelt in the citie considering that in times past Aristogiton hauing a litle daughter in the I le of LEMNOS in very hard and poore state and that coulde not be bestowed in mariage for her pouerty they caused her to be brought to ATHENS and maried her in one of the noblest houses of the city and made her a ioynter besides in the village of POTAMOS Which great curtesy humanity of theirs hath euer deserued great fame and commendacion yet cōtinueth euen vntil this day in that noble city of ATHENS in the mouth of euery man there THE LIFE OF Marcus Cato the Censor MArcus Cato and his auncesters were as they say of the city of TUVSCVLVM but before he went vnto the warres and delt in matters of the common wealth he dwelt liued in the contry of the SABYNES vpon certeine land his father left him And though to many his auncesters were knowen to haue bene obscure yet he him self did highly commende his father Marcus by bearing his name and saying he was a souldier and had serued valliantly in the fielde And he telleth also of an other Cato that was his great grandfather who for his valliant seruice had bene oft rewarded of the generals with such honorable giftes as the ROMAINES did vse to geue vnto them that had done some famous act in any battell and how that he hauinge lost fiue horses of seruice in the warres the value of the fame were restored to him againe in money of the common treasure bicause he had shewed himselfe trusty and valliant for the common wealth And where they had a common speeche at ROME to call them vpstartes that were no gentlemen borne but did rise by vertue it fortuned Cato to be called one of them And for his parte he did confesse it that he was of the first of the house that euer had honor and office of state but by reason of the noble actes and good seruice of his auncestors he maintained he was very auncient He was called at the beginning after his third name Priscus but afterwardes by reason of his great wisedom and experience he was surnamed Cato bicause the ROMAINES call a wise man and him that hath seene much Cato He was somewhat geuen to be redde faced and had a payer of staring eyes in his heade as this man telleth vs that for ill will wrote these verses of him after his death Pluto the god vvhich rules the furies infernall vvill not receiue the damned ghost of Porcius in his hall his saucy coppered nose and fiery staring eyes his common slaunderous tales vvhich he did in this vvorld deuise made
desirous to bring his men safe home againe who most of loue had followed him beganne to marche away through narrow bushy places him selfe being in the rereward and turned oftentimes vpon his enemies skirmished with them onely to driue them away from followinge of the rest of his company and not a man that durst once set apon him for they did but cry outaloofe and wheele as it were about him Howebeit Philopoemen sundry times venturinge farre from his company to geue these young noble men leasure to saue them selues one after an other tooke no heede to him selfe that he was alone enuironned on euery side with a great number of ennemies Notwithstandinge of all his enemies there was not a man that durst come to hande strokes with him but still slinging and shooting at him a farre of they draue him in the end amongest stony places betwene hewen rockes where he had much a doe to guide his horse although he had spurred him that he was all of a gore blood And as for his age that did not lette him but he might haue saued him selfe for he was strong and lusty by the continuall exercise he tooke but by cursed happe his body being weake with sickenes and weary with the long iorney he had made that day he founde him selfe very heauy and ill disposed that his horse stumbling with him threwe him to the grounde His fall was very great and brused all his head that he lay for dead in the place a great while and neuer sturred nor spake so that his enemies thinkinge he had bene dead came to turne his body to strippe him But when they saw him lift vp his head and open his eyes then many of them fell all at once apon him and tooke him and bounde both his hands behinde him and did all the villany and mischiefe they could vnto him and such as one would litle haue thought Dinocrates would haue vsed in that sorte or that he could haue had such an ill thought towardes him So they that taried behinde in the city of MESSINA were maruelous glad when they heard these newes and ranne all to the gates of the city to see him brought in When they saw him thus shamefully bounde and pinnioned against the dignity of so many honors as he had receiued and of so many triumphes and victories as he had passed the most parte of them wept for pitie to consider the mishappe and ill fortune of mans nature where there is so litle certainety as in maner it is nothing Then beganne there some curteous speeche to runne in the mouthes of the people by litle and litle that they should remember the great good he had done vnto them in times past and the liberty he had restored them vnto when he expulsed the tyran Nabis out of MESSINA But there were other againe howbeit very few that to please Dinocrates sayed they should hang him on a gibbet and put him to death as a daungerous enemy and that would neuer forgiue man that had once offended him and the rather bicause he would be more terrible to Dinocrates then euer he was before if he escaped his hands receiuing such open shame by him Neuertheles in the end they caried him into a certen dungeon vnder the ground called the treasury which had neither light nor ayer at all into it nor dore nor half dore but a great stone rolled on the mouth of the dungeon and so they did let him downe the same and stopped the hole againe with the stone and watched it with armed men for to keepe him Now when these younge noble ACHAIAN horsemen had fled vppon the spurre a great way from the enemy they remembred them selues looked round about for Philopoemen finding him not in sight they supposed straight he had bene slaine Thereuppon they stayed a great while and called for him by name and perceiuing he aunswered not they beganne to say among them selues they were beastes and cowardes to flie in that sorte and how they were dishonored for euer so to haue forsaken their Captaine to saue themselues who had not spared his owne life to deliuer them from daunger Hereupon ryding on their way and enquiring still for him they were in the end aduertised how he was taken And then they went caried those newes through all the townes and cities of ACHAIA which were very sory for him and tooke it as a signe of great ill fortune toward them Wherupon they agreed to send Ambassadors forthwith to the MESSENIANS to demaunde him and in the meane time euery man should prepare to arme them selues to go thither and get him either by force or loue When the ACHAIANS had thus sent Dinocrates feared nothing so much as that delay of time might saue Philopoemenes life wherefore to preuent it as soone as night came and that the people were at rest he straight caused the stone to be rolled from the mouth of the dungeon and willed the hangman to be let downe to Philopoemen with a cuppe of poison to offer him who was commaunded also not to goe from him vntill he had dronke it When the hangman was come downe he found Philopoemen layed on the grounde apon a litle cloke hauinge no lift to sleepe he was so grieuously troubled in his minde Who when he sawe light and the man standing by him holding a cuppe in his hande with this poison he sate vpright vpon his cowch howbeit with great paine he was so weake and taking the cuppe in his hande asked the hangman if he heard any newes of the horsemen that came with him and specially of Lycortas The hangman made him answer that the most of them were saued Then he cast his handes a litle ouer his head and looking merely on him he sayd it is well seeing we are not all vnfortunate Therewith speaking no moe wordes nor makinge other a doe he droncke vp all the poison and layed him downe as before So nature straue not much withall his body being brought so lowe and thereupon the poison wrought his effect and rid him straight out of his paine The newes of his death ran presently through all ACHAIA which generally from high to low was lamented Whereupon all the ACHAIAN youth and counsellors of their cities and townes assembled them selues in the city of MEGALIPOLIS where they all agreed without delay to reuenge his death They made Lycortas their Generall vnder whose conduct they inuaded the MESSENIANS with force and violence puttinge all to the fire and sword so as the MESSENIANS were so feared with this mercilesse fury that they yelded them selues and wholly consented to receiue the ACHAIANS into their city But Dinocrates would not giue them leasure to execute him by iustice for he killed him selfe and so did all the rest make themselues away who gaue aduise that Philopoemen should be put to death But those that would haue had Philopoemen hanged on a gibbet Lycortas
the vpper hand of Scipio and that Scipio bare it paciently and left not of walking for that neither shewed any countenaunce of misliking And in entring into discourse of many matters they discended in the ende to talke of auncient Captaines and Hanniball gaue iudgement that Alexander the great was the famousest Captaine Tyrrus the second and him selfe the thirde Then Scipio smilinge gently asked him what wouldest thou say then if I had not ouercome thee Truely quod Hanniball I would not then put my selfe the third man but the first and aboue all the Captaines that euer were So diuers greatly cōmending the goodly sayinges and deedes of Scipio did maruelously mislike Titus for that he had as a man may say layed his handes vpon the death of an other man Other to the contray againe sayd it was well done of him sayinge that Hanniball so longe as he liued was a fire to the Empire of the ROMAINES which lacked but one to blow it and that when he was in his best force and lusty age it was not his hande nor body that troubled the ROMAINES so much but his great wisedome and skill he had in the warres and the mortall hate he bare in his hart towardes the ROMAINES which neither yeares neither age would diminishe or take away For mens naturall condicions do remaine still but fortune doth not alwayes keepe a state but chaungeth stil and then quickeneth vp our desires to set willingly vppon those that warre against vs bicause they hate vs in their hartes The thinges which fell out afterwards did greatly proue the reasons brought out for this purpose in discharge of Titus For one Aristonicus sonne of a daughter of a player vpon the citherne vnder the fame and glory of Enmenes whose bastard he was filled all ASIA with warre rebellion by reason the people rose in his fauor Againe Mithridates after so many losses he had receiued against Sylla and Eimbria and after so many armies ouerthrowen by battell and warres and after so many famous Captaines lost and killed did yet recouer againe and came to be of great power both by sea and land against Lucullus Truely Hannibal was no lower brought then Caius Marius had bene For he had a king to his frend that gaue him entertainment for him and his family and made him Admirall of his shippes and Generall of his horsemen and footemen in the field Marius also went vp and downe AFRICKE a begging for his liuing insomuch as his enemies at ROME mocked him to scorne soone after notwithstanding they fell downe at his feete before him when they saw they were whipped murthered and slaine within ROME by his commaundement Thus we see no man can say certainely he is meane or great by reason of the vncertainty of thinges to come consideringe there is but one death and chaunge of better life Some say also that Titus did not this act alone and of his owne authority but that he was sent Ambassador with Lucius Scipio to no other end but to put Hanniball to death by what meanes soeuer they could Furthermore after this Ambassade we do not finde any notable thing written of Titus worthy of memory neither in peace nor in warres For he died quietely of naturall death at home in his contrie THE COMPARISON OF Titus Quintius Flaminius with Philopoemen IT is time nowe we come to compare them together Therefore as touchinge the great benefits that came to the GREECIANS neither Philopoemen nor all the other former Captaines are to be compared with Titus For all the auncient Captaines almost being GREECIANS made warres with other GREECIANS but Titus beinge a ROMAINE and no GREECIAN made warres for the liberty of GREECE When Philopoemen was not able to helpe his poore citizens distressed sore vexed with warres he sayled away into CRETA Titus hauing ouercome Philip kinge of MACEDON in battell did restore againe to liberty all the people and cities of the same which were kept before in bondage And if any will narrowly examine battells of either partie they shall finde that Philopoemen being Generall of the ACHAIANS made more GREECIANS to be slaine then Titus did of the MACEDONIANS fightinge with them for the liberty of the GREECIANS And for their imperfections the one of them was ambitious the other was as obstinate the one was quicke and sodainly angered the other was very hard to be pacified Titus left kinge Philip his realme and crowne after he had ouercome him and vsed great clemency towardes the AETOLIANS where Philopoemen for spite malice tooke townes and villages from his owne natiue contry and city wherein he was borne that had alwayes payed them tribute Furthermore Titus continued a sounde frend to them to whome he had once professed frendshippe and done pleasure vnto and Philopoemen in a geare and anger was ready to take away that he had giuen and to ouerthrow the pleasure and good turne he had shewed For Philopoemen when he had done the LACEDAEMONIANS great pleasure did afterwards rase the walls of their city and spoyled and destroyed all their contry and lastly ouerthrew their whole gouernment It seemeth also by reason of his immoderate choller he was him selfe cause of his owne death for that he made more hast then good speede to go out of time to set vpon those of MASSINA and not as Titus who did all his affaires with wisedome and euer considered what was best to be done But if we looke into the number of battells and victories the warre which Titus made against Philip was ended with two battells Whereas Philopoemen in infinite battells in which he had the better neuer left it doutfull but that his skill did euer helpe him the more to victory then the good fortune he had Moreouer Titus wanne honor by meanes of the power of ROME when it florished most and was in best prosperitie Philopoemen made him selfe famous by his deedes when GREECE beganne to stoupe and fall all together So that the deedes of the one were common to all the ROMAINES the dedes of the other were priuate to himselfe alone For Titus was General ouer good and valliant souldiers that were already trained to his hand and Philopoemen being chosen Generall did traine his men him selfe made them afterwards very expert and valliant that were but meane and greene souldiers before And whereas Philopoemen had continuall warres with the GREECIANS it was not for any good fortune he had but that it made a certaine proofe of his valliantnesse For where all other thinges are aunswerable to his there we must iudge that such as ouercome haue the most corage Now Philopoemen making warres with the most warlike nations of all GREECE as the CRETANS and the LACEDAEMONIANS did ouercome the subtillest of them by finenesse and policy and the most valliant by prowes and hardinesse But Titus ouercame by putting that only in practise which was already found and stablished as
the flower of their age and we in the prime of our youth they would not haue sayed euery where that he was altogether inuincible as now at this present they doe but either he should haue left his body slaine herein battell or at the least wise haue bene driuen to flie and by his death or flyinge shoulde greatly haue enlarged the renowne and glory of ROME you plainly show it now that all these words spoken thē were but vaine arrogant vaunts of foolish pride Considering that you tremble for feare of the MOLOSSIANS CHAONIANS who were euer a pray to the MACEDONIANS and that ye are afrayed of Pyrrus also who all his life time serued and followed one of the gard vnto Alexander the great and nowe is come to make warres in these partes not to aide the GREECIANS inhabiting in ITALIE but to flie from his enemies there about his owne contry offering you to conquer all the rest of ITALIE with an army wherewith he was nothing able to kepe a small parte of MACEDON only for him selfe And therefore you must not perswade your selues that in making peace with him you shall thereby be rid of him but rather shall your draw others to come set apon you besides For they will vtterly despise you when they shal heare ye are so easily ouercome and that you haue suffered Pyrrus to escape your handes before you made him feele the iust reward of his bolde presumptuous attempt vpon you carying with him for a further hier this aduantage ouer you that he hath geuen a great occasion both to the SAMNITES and TARENTINES hereafter to mocke and deride you After that Appius had tolde this tale vnto the Senate euery one through the whole assembly desired rather warre then peace They dispatched Cineas away thereupon with this aunswere that if Pyrrus sought the ROMAINES frendshippe he must first departe out of ITALIE and then sende vnto them to treate of peace but so longe as he remained there with his army the ROMAINES would make warres vpon him with all the force and power they could make yea although he had ouerthrowen and slaine tenne thowsand such Captaines as Leuinus was They say that Cineas during the time of his abode at ROME intreating for this peace did curiously labor to consider and vnderstande the manners order and life of the ROMAINES and their common weale discoursing thereof with the chiefest men of the city and how afterwards he made ample reporte of the same vnto Pyrrus and tolde him amongest other thinges that the Senate appeared to him a counsell house of many kinges And furthermore for the number of people that he feared greatly they should fight against such a serpent as that which was in olde time in the marises of LERNE of which when they had cut of one heade seuen other came vp in the place bicause the Consull Leuinus had nowe leauied an other army twise as great as the first was and had left at ROME also many times as many good able men to cary armor After this there were sent Ambassadors from ROME vnto Pyrrus and amongest other Caius Fabricius touching the state of the prisoners Cineas tolde the kinge his master that this Fabritius was one of the greatest menne of accompt in all ROME a right honest man a good Captaine and a very valliant man of his handes yet poore in deede he was notwithstanding Pyrrus taking him secretly a side made very much of him and amongest other thinges offered him bothe golde and siluer prayinge him to take it not for any dishonest respect he ment towardes him but only for a pledge of the goodwill and frendshippe that should be betwene them Fabricius would none of his gift so Pyrrus left him for that time Notwithstanding the next morninge thinkinge to feare him bicause he had neuer seene elephant before Pyrrus commaunded his men that when they sawe Fabricius and him talkinge together they shoulde bringe one of his greatest elephantes and set him harde by them behinde a hanging which being done at a certaine signe by Pyrrus geuen sodainly the hanging was pulled backe and the elephant with his troncke was ouer Fabricius heade and gaue a terrible and fearefull crie Fabricius softely geuing backe nothing afrayed laughed and sayd to Pyrrus smiling neither did your golde oh king yesterday moue me nor your elephant to day feare me Furthermore whilest they were at supper fallinge in talke of diuerse matters specially touchinge the state of GREECE and the Philosophers there Cineas by chaunce spake of EPICVRVS and rehearsed the opinions of the EPICVRIANS touching the goddes and gouernment of the common wealth how they placed mans chiefe felicity in pleasure how they fled from all office publike charge as from a thing that hindereth the fruition of true felicity howe they maintained that the goddes were immortall neither moued with pity nor anger and led an idle life full of all pleasures and delightes without taking any regarde of mens doinges But as he still continued this discourse Fabricius cried out alowde and sayd the goddes graunt that Pyrrus and the SAMNITES were of such opinions as long as they had warres against vs Pyrrus marueling much at the constancy and magnanimity of this man was more desirous a great deale to haue peace with the ROMAINES then before And priuately prayed Fabricius very earnestly that he would treate for peace whereby he might afterwards come and remaine with him saying that he would giue him the chiefe place of honor about him amongest all his frendes Whereunto Fabricius aunswered him softly that were not good oh king for your selfe quod he for your men that presently doe honor and esteeme you be experience if they once knew me would rather choose me for their kinge then your selfe Such was Fabricius talke whose wordes Pyrrus tooke not in ill parte neither was offended with them at all as a tyran woulde haue bene but did him selfe reporte to his frendes and familiars the noble minde he founde in him and deliuered him apon his faith only all the ROMAINE prisoners to the ende that if the Senate would not agree vnto peace they might yet see their frendes and kepe the feast of Saturne with them and then to send them backe againe vnto him Which the Senate established by decree vpon paine of death to all such as should not performe the same accordingly Afterwardes Fabricius was chosen Consull and as he was in his campe there came a man to him that brought him a letter from kinge Pyrrus Phisitian wrytten with his owne handes in which the Phisitian offered to poyson his maister so he would promise him a good reward for ending the warres without further daunger Fabricius detestinge the wickednesse of the Phisitian and hauing made Q. AEmilius his colleague and fellowe Consull also to abhorre the same wrote a letter vnto Pyrrus and bad him take heede for there were that ment to poyson him The contentes of his
sacrificed to the Muses and to the GREECIAN Graces that is to say that he had knowen the Greeke tongue to so many famous and glorious deedes as he did both in peace and warres he had to ioyned so vnfortunate and miserable an end as he made through his choller and extreame ambition at such yeares and through an vnsatiable couetousnes which like boysterous windes made him to make shipwracke of all in a most cruell bloody and vnnaturall age The which is easily knowen in reading the discourse of his doinges First of all he was of a meane house borne of poore parents by father mother that got their liuings by sweate of their browes His father as him selfe was called Caius Fulcinia was his mother And this was the cause why he beganne so late to haunt the city and to learne the ciuility and manners of ROME hauing bene brought vp alwayes before in a litle poore village called CIRROEATON within the territory of the city of ARPOS where he led a hard contry life in respect of those that liued pleasauntly and finely in the cities but otherwise well reformed and nearest vnto the manners of the auncient ROMAINES The first iorney he made vnto the warres was against the CELTIBERIANS in SPAYNE vnder Scipio AFRICAN when he went to besiege the city of NVMANTIA where his Captaines in shorte time found that he was a better souldier then any other of his companions For the did maruelous easily receiue the reformation of manners and the discipline of warres which Scipio aduaunced amongest his souldiers that were ill trained before and geuen ouer to all pleasure And they say that in the sight of his Generall he fought hand to hand with one of his enemies and slew him vpon which occasion Scipio to make him loue him did offer him many curtesies and pleasures But specially one day aboue the rest hauing made him suppe with him at his table some one after supper falling in talke of Captaines that were in ROME at that time one that stoode by Scipio asked him either bicause in deede he stoode in doubt or else for that he would curry fauor with Scipio what other Captaine the ROMAINES should haue after his death like vnto him Scipio hauing Marius by him gently clapped him apon his shoulder and sayd peraduenture this shal be he Thus happely were they both borne the one to shew from his youth that one day he should come to be a great man and the other also for wisely coniecturing the end by seeing of the beginning Well it fortuned so that these words of Scipio by reporte aboue all things else put Marius in a good hope as if they had bene spoken by the oracle of some god and made him bold to deale in matters of state and common wealth where by meanes of the fauor countenaunce Cecilius Metellus gaue him whose house his father and he had alwayes followed and honored he obtained the office of Tribuneshippe In this office he preferred a law touching the manner howe to geue the voyces in election of the Magistrates which did seeme to take from the nobility the authority they had in iudgement And therefore the Consull Cotta stepped vp against it and perswaded the Senate to resist that lawe and not suffer it to be authorised and therewithall presently to call Marius before them to yeld a reason of his doing So was it agreed vppon in the Senate Now Marius comming into the Senate was not abashed at any thing as some other young man would haue bene that had but newly begonne to enter into the world as he did and hauing no other notable calling or quality in him sauing his vertue only to commend him but taking boldenes of him selfe as the noble actes he afterwards did gaue show of his valor he openly threatned the Consull Cotta to sende him to prison if he did not presently withdrawe the conclusion he had caused to be resolued apon The Consull then turning him selfe vnto Caecilius Metellus asked him how he liked it Metellus standing vp spake in the behalfe of the Consull and then Marius calling a sergeaunt out commended him to take Metellus selfe and to cary him to prison Metellus appealed to the other Tribunes but neuer a one would take his matter in hand so that the Senate when all was done were compelled to call backe the conclusion that before was taken Then Marius returning with great honor into the market place among the assembly of the people caused this law to passe and be authorised and euery man held opinion of him that he would proue a stowt man and such a one as would stoupe for any feare nor shrinke for bashfullness but would beard the Senate is fauor of the people Notwithstanding he shortly after chaunged opinion and altered the first by an other act he made For when an other went about to haue a law made to distribute corne vnto euery citizen without payment of any penny he was vehemently against it and ouerthrew it so that thereby he came to be a like honored and estemed of either party as he that would neither pleasure the one nor the other to the preiudice of the common wealth After he had bene Tribune he sued for the chiefest office of AEdilis Of the AEdiles there are two sortes the first is called AEdilitas Curulis so named bicause of certaine chayers that haue crooked seete vpon which they sit when they geue audience The other is of lesse dignity and that is called AEdilitas popularis and when they haue chosen the first and greater AEdilis at ROME they presently proceede the same day also in the market place vnto election of the lesser Marius seeing plainely that he was put by the chiefest of the AEdiles turned againe straight yet to demaund the second but this was misliked in him and they tooke him for too bold too shameles and too presumptuous a man So that in one selfe day he had two denyalles and repulses which neuer man but him selfe before had And neuerthelesse all this could not cut his combe but shortely after he sued also for the Praetorshippe and he lacked but litle of the deniall of that yet in the ende being last of all chosen he was accused to haue bribed the people and bought their voyces for money And surely amongest many other this presumption was very great that they saw a man of CASSIVS SABACON within the barres where the election is made running to and fro amonge them that gaue their voyces bicause this Sabacon was Marius very great frend The matter came before the iudges and Sabacon was examined vpon it Whereunto he aunswered that for the great extreame heate he felt he was very dry and asked for colde water to drinke and that this man had brought him some in a potte where he was howbeit that he went his way as soone as euer he had dronke This Sabacon was afterwardes put out of
him not being aware passed by the house And it is reported that Marius him selfe conueyed Sylla safelie out at a backe dore and that he being scaped thus went vnto his campe Notwithstanding Sylla him selfe in his commentaries doth not say that he was saued in Marius house when he fled but that he was brought thither to geue his consent vnto a matter which Sulpitius woulde haue forced him vnto against his will presenting him naked swordes on euery side And he wryteth also that being thus forcibly brought vnto Marius house he was kept there in this feare vntill such time as returninge into the market place he was compelled to reuoke againe the adiornement of iustice which he and his companion by edict had commaunded This done Sulpitius then being the stronger caused the commision charge of this warres against Mithridates to be assigned vnto Marius by the voyce of the people Therfore Marius geuing order for his departure sent two of his Colonells before to take the army of Sylla who hauing wonne his souldiers harts before and stirred them vp against Marius brought them on with him directly towardes ROME being no lesse then fiue and thirty thowsand fighting men who setting apon the Captaines Marius had sent vnto them slewe them in the fielde In reuenge whereof Marius againe in ROME put many of Syllaes frendes and followers to death and proclaimed open liberty by sound of trompet to all slaues and bondmen that would take armes for him but there were neuer but three only that offered them selues Whereuppon hauing made a litle resistaunce vnto Sylla when he came into ROME he was soone after compelled to runne his way Marius was no sooner out of the citie but they that were in his company forsaking him dispersed them selues here and there being darke night and Marius him selfe got to a house of his in the contrie called Salonium and sent his sonne to one of his father in law Mutius farmes not farre from thence to make some prouision for vittells But Marius in the meane time went before to OSTIA where one of his frendes Numerius had prepared him a shippe in the which he imbarked immediatly not tarying for his sonne and hoised saile hauing only Granius his wiues sonne with him In the meane time the younger Marius beinge at his father in law Mutius farme stayed so long in getting of prouision in trussing of it vp and carying it away that broade day light had like to haue discouered him for the enemies had aduertisement whether he was gone whereupon certaine horsemen were sent thither supposing to haue found him But the keeper of the house hauing an inckling of their comminge and preuenting them also before they came sodainely yoked his oxen to the carte which he loded with beanes and hidde this younger Marius vnder the same And prickinge the oxen forward with his goade set out and met them as he went towards the city and deliuered Marius in this sorte into his wiues house and there taking such thinges as he needed when the night following came went towards the sea tooke shippe finding one crosse sayled bound towards AFRICKE Marius the father saylinge on still had a very good winde to poynte alongest the coast of ITALIE notwithstanding being afrayed of one Geminius a chiefe man of TERRACINE who hated him to the death he gaue the maryners warning thereof betimes and willed them to take heede of landing at TERRACINE The maryners were very willing to obey him but the winde stoode full against them comming from the mayne which raised a great storme and they feared much that their vessell which was but a bote would not brooke the seas besides that he him selfe was very sicke in his stomake and sore sea beaten notwithstanding at the length with the greatest difficulty that might be they recouered the coast euer against the city of CIRCEES In the meane time the storme increased still and their vitells failed them whereupon they were compelled to land and went wandring vp downe not knowinge what to doe nor what way to take But as it falleth our commonly in such like cases of extremitie they thought it alwayes the best safetie for them to flie from the place where they were and to hope of that which they saw not for if the sea were their enemy the lande was so likewise To meete with men they were afrayed and not to meete with them on thother side lacking vtittells was in deede the greater daunger Neuertheless in the end they met with heard men that could geue them nothing to eate but knowing Marius warned him to get him out of the way as soone as he could possible bicause it was not longe since that there passed by a great troupe of horsemē that sought him all about And thus being brought vnto such perplexity that he knew not where to bestowe him selfe and specially for that the poore men he had in his company were almost starued for hunger he got out of the high way notwithstanding and sought out a very thicke wodde where he passed all that night in great sorow and the next morninge beinge compelled by necessity determined yet to employ his body before all his strength failed Thus he wandered on alongest the sea coast still comforting them that followed him the best he could praying them not to dispayre but to refene them selues to him euen vntil the last hope trusting in certaine prophecies which the Soothsayers had told him of long time before For when he was but very young and dwelling in the contry he gathered vp in the lappe of his gowne the ayrie of an Eagle in the which were seuen young Eagles whereat his father and mother much wondering asked the Soothsayers what that ment They answered that their sonne one day should be one of the greatest men in the world and that out of doubt he should obtaine seuen times in his life the chiefest office of dignity in his contry And for that matter it is sayd that so in dede it came to passe Other hold opinion that such as were about Marius at that time in that present place and else where during the time of his flying they hearing him tell this tale beleued it and afterwardes put it downe in wrytinge as a true thinge although of trothe it is bothe false and fayned For they say that the Eagle neuer getteth but two younge ones by reason whereof it is mayntayned also that the Poet Musaeus hathe lyed in that which he hathe wrytten in these verses The Eagle layes three egges and tvvo she hatcheth forth But yet she bringeth vp but one that any thing is vvorth Howsoeuer it was it is certaine that Marius many times during the time of his flying sayd that he was assured he should come vnto the seuenth Consulship When they were comen neere now to the city of MINTVRNES about a two myle a halfe frō it they might perceiue a troupe of horsemen comming by the
castell that troubled him very neere vnto his campe Mithridates bicause he would not lose that oportunity sent the most parte of his horsemen to get vittels in BITHYNIA with all his cartes and beastes of cariage and his most vnprofitable footemen Lucullus hearing thereof returned againe the selfe same night vnto his campe and the next morninge betimes being in the winter season followed them by the tracke with ten ensignes of footemen only and all his horsemen But the snow was so deepe the cold so terrible sharp and the weather so rough that many of his souldiers not being able to abide it dyed by the way For all that he marched on still till he ouertooke his enemies about the riuer of Rindacus where he gaue them such an ouerthrowe that the very women came out of the citie of APOLLONIA and went to steale the vittells they had loden and strippe the dead which were a maruelous great number as a man may iudge in such a case and neuerthelesse there were taken sixe thowsande horse of seruice an infinite number of beastes for cariage and fifteene thowsande men besides all which spoyle he brought to his campe and passed hard by the campe of his enemies But I wonder much at the historiographer Salust who wryting of this matter sayth that here was the first time that euer the ROMANES saw any camells Me thinkes it straunge how he should thinke so that they who long before had ouercomen Antuchvs the great vnder Scipio and thothers that a litle before had fought against Archelaus neere vnto the cities of ORCHOMENE and CHAERONEA should not haue seene camells But to returne againe to our matter Mithridates being feared with this ouerthrow resolued with him selfe immediatly to flie with all the speede he could possibly make and to entertaine and stay Lucullus for a time behinde him determined to sende Aristonicus his Admirall with his army by sea into the sea of GRAECE But as Aristonicus was ready to hoyse sayle his owne men betraied him and deliuered him into the handes of Lucullus with tenne thowsand crownes which he caried with him r corrupt if he could parte of the ROMANES army Mithridates hearing of this fled by sea leauing the rest of his armie by lande in the handes of his Captaines to be brought away by them as well as they could Lucullus followed vnto the riuer of Granicus where he set apon them and after he had slaine twenty thowsande of them tooke an infinite number prisoners And they say there dyed in that warres what souldiers what slaues what lackeis and other stragglers that followed the campe about the number of three hundred thowsand people This done Lucullus returned to the citie of CYZICVS where after he had spent some dayes enioying the glorie due vnto him and receiued the honorable entertainment of the CYZICENIANS he went to visite the coast of HELLESPONT to get shippes together and to prepare an armie by sea And passing by TROADE they prepared his lodging within the temple of Venus where as he slept in the night it seemed to him he saw the goddesse appeare before him which sayd these verses vnto him O Lyon fierce and stovvte vvhy sleepest thou so sounde Since at thy hande so fayre a praye is ready to be founde Herewith he rose incontinently out of his bed being yet darke night and calling his frends to him tolde him the vision he had in his dreame and about that very time also there came some vnto him from the citie of ILIVM that brought him newes of fifteene gallies of kinge Mithridates hauing fiue ores to euery bancke that were seene in the hauen of the ACHAIANS and that sayled towards the I le of LEMNOS Whereupon Lucullus tooke shippe straight went and tooke them euery one for at his first comming he slue the Captaine called Isidorus and went afterwardes to the other mariners that lay at ancker on the coast side who seeinge him come drew towardes land with their shippes in purpose to runne them all a shore and fighting aboue hatches hurt many of Lucullus souldiers bicause they could not compasse them in behinde and for that also the place where they had layed their shippes was such as there was no way to force them before their gallies floting in the sea as they did and the others being fastned to the land as they were Lucullus with much a do all this notwithstanding found meanes in the end to put a shore certaine of the best souldiers he had about him in a place of the I le where they might easily lande These souldiers went straight and set vpon the enemies behinde slue some of them euen at their first comming compelled the rest to cut a sunder the cables that fastned the gallies to the banckes But when they thought to flie from lande the gallies brused and brake one an other and that worst of all was ranne vpon the poyntes and spurres of Lucullus gallies And so many of them that stoode aboue hatches were slaine the rest taken prisoners amongest whom Marius the ROMANE Captaine was brought vnto Lucullus whom Sertorius had sent out of SPAINE vnto Mithridates He had but one eye and Lucullus had commaunded his men before they fought not to kill any of his enemies that had but one eye bicause Marius should not dye so happy a death as to be slaine but that he should dye some shamefull death and be condemned by order of lawe That done Lucullus went in persone with all the speede he could possible to follow Mithridates hoping to finde him yet vpon the coast of BITHYNIA where Voconius should haue stayed him for he had sent this Voconius before with a certaine number of shippes vnto the citie of NICOMEDIA to stop him from flying But he taried so long in the I le of SAMOTHRACIA sacrificing to the goddes of the same and to be receiued into the fraternitie of their religion that he could neuer after come neere Mithridates to stoppe him from flying hauing alreadie made sayle with all the whole fleete and hasting with all possible speede to recouer the realme of PONTVS before Lucullus could returne from whence he went But in sayling thitherwardes he met with such a terrible storme that caried parte of his shippes so away that they ranne stragling to seeke their fortune and parte of them splitted and drowned outright so that all the coastes and riuers thereabouts for many dayes after were full of dead bodies and shippewrackes cast a shore by waues of the sea Nowe for Mithridates owne persone he was in a shippe of great burden the which for her greatnes could not sayle neere the shore nor recouer land she was also very euill to be guided by the pylots in so boysterous a storme the mariners besides were put out of all their skill and knowledge and the shippe her selfe moreouer tooke in such store of water and was so heauely charged withall that they durst no more put her
caused but after when he sawe that they had so wickedly exiled Cicero and found meanes also to conâ—â—y Cato farre enough of vnder pretenced colour to sende him with charge into the I le of CYPRVS then he gaue vp altogether Some wryte that a litle before his death he was not peaâ—â— in his wittes decaying through age litle litle Howbeit Cornelius Nepos sayth that it was not for age nor sickenes that his wittes did alter but through poyson which one of his slaues had geuen him whom he had made free called Callisthenes who gaue it him not of any euill intent but bicause his master should loue him the more supposing that this poyson had power to make him loue him But he troubled his wits so much with this poyson that Lucullus while he liued was faine to haue his brother Marcus to ouersee his goods NotwithstaÌ„ding this wheÌ„ he was dead he was as much bewayled and lamented of all the people as if he had dyed in his best credit and greatest prosperity For all the people ranne to honor his funeralls and his bodie was caried to the place by the young noble men of the citie The people woulde in any case haue buried him within the field of Mars as they had before buried Sylla But bicause no man thought of it before and also for that things necessary were not easily to be prouided for the place his brother Marcus besought the people they would be content his funeralls might be at a towne of his owne neere vnto the city of THVSCVLVM where his tombe was prepared and he him selfe liued not long time after For as Lucullus both in age and honor had not lest him farre behinde him so did he not much in his death For as a brother that had alwayes dearely loued him he could not then long liue and suruiue him THE COMPARISON OF Lucullus with Cimon NOthing in my opinion made Lucullus more happy then to dye when he did before he sawe the chaunge alteracion of the coÌ„mon weale which the fatall destinies plagued the ROMANES withall with sedition ciuill warres and that he dyed in his contry yet enioying her liberty but beginning then to fall to decay And in that he was likest vnto Cimon aboue all other things who died whilest the GRAECIANS were in good loue and peace with other and not in broyle of discorde and ciuill warres In deede Cimon dyed in his campe being Generall of his contry at the siege of the city of CITIVM in CYPRVS not withdrawen to his home as one wearied liuing idlely or leading a voluptuous life in feastes and bankets making that the end and reward of his warres victories and triumphes but as Plato said when he wisely blamed and reproued Orpheus who promiseth perpetuall dronkenes in the world to come for reward of their vertue that liued well in this life merily And truely it is a great comfort and contentation of minde for an old man feebled with age and compelled by weakenes to withdraw him selfe from the world as well in matters of gouernment in peace as in warres and quietly to passe his time in studie where delight is ioyned with honest contemplation But to finish his vertuous deedes by referring them to pleasure as vnto their only end and moreouer to grow old by pleasure and vanity solemnising Venus feast all the rest of his life after he hath made such warres commaunded such armies that me thinkes a thing vnworthy of an honest ACADEMICKE and altogether vnmeete for one professing olde Xenocrates doctrine but fit rather for a man geuen ouer altogether to Epicurus discipline There is a wonderfull thing to be considered of in these two men that the ones youth was altogether vitious and reproachfull and thothers to the contrary honest and vertuous But he is the better that chaungeth for the better that nature is alwayes more commendable in whom vice decayeth and vertue waxeth young then that which by continuance of time sheweth still the contrary And furthermore they both grew rich by one selfe meane but they did not both a like vse their riches For it were to no purpose to compare the buildings of the wall that standeth south within the castell of ATHENS which was built with the money Cimon brought thither with the fine built chambers and high raised turrets to gase a farre enuironned about with conduits of water which Lucullus erected by NAPLES with the spoyles of the barbarous people Neither is Cimons table also of moderate fare dyer but yet open to euery man comparable to Lucullus borde which was sumptuously furnished and shewed the greatnes of his lord For Cimons bord fed many mouthes dayly with a small charge and Lucullus table exceded in expence to feede a few with superfluous dainties Onlesse they will say that time caused this difference betwene them But who can tell if Cimon had bene at leasure to haue withdrawen him selfe to quiet in age from gouernment and armes he also would not haue ledde a more sumptuous dissolute life geuen to all pleasure then Lucullus did For of his owne nature he loued wine banckets and playes and was also geuen to women as we haue told you before But prosperity and fortunate successe of thinges doe bring such delight to ambitious men of nature and borne to great enterprises that they make them forget to runne after their other voluptuous vaine desires And therefore had Lucullus dyed abroade in the warres whilest he commaunded armies there had not bene that liuing man how curious soeuer he had bene to reproue other mens faultes that could haue detected him of any reproachefull vice And thus much for their maner of life Now furthermore touching the state of their warres no doubt both the one and the other were excellent Captaines as well by sea as by land And like as in games of prise and exercises of body which are shewed in GRAECE they that in one selfe day winne the games at wrestling and weapons both are called by a straunge custome not conquerours only but victors also to honor them withall euen so me thinkes that Cimon in like case hauing in one selfe day crowned GRAECE with two notable markes of triumphe for two battels he wanne the one by sea and the other by lande deserueth to haue some place and preferment before other Captaines And moreouer Lucullus receiued the authoritie to commaund of his contry and common wealth but Cimon gaue his contry both authority ability to commaund Lucullus found his contry a commaunding people to all their frends and confederats through whose aide he ouercame his enemies And Cimon contrarily found his contry marching vnder an others ensigne and through his vallantnes did so behaue him selfe that he made his city goe before her confederats and triumphe ouer her enemies compelling the PERSIANS by force to geue them the rule by sea and perswading LACEDAEMONIANS willingly to geue place vnto them by
these troubles Yet furthermore this caused the souldiers vtterly to dispayre of helpe from the goddes when they considered with them selues that so deuout and godly a man as Nicias who left nothing vndone that might tend to the honor and seruice of the goddes had no better successe than the most vile and wicked persones in all the whole army All this notwithstandinge Nicias strained him selfe in all that might be both by his good countenaunce his cheerefull words his kinde vsing of euery man to let them know that he fainted not vnder his burden nor yet did yeeld to this his misfortune and extreame calamity And thus trauelling eight dayes iorney out right together notwithstanding that he was by the way continually set apon wearied and hurt yet he euer mainteined his bandes and led them whole in company vntill that Demosthenes with all his bandes of souldiers was taken prisoner in a certaine village called POLYLELIOS where remaininge behinde he was enuirroned by his enemies in fight and seeing him selfe so compassed in drewe out his sword and with his owne handes thrust himselfe thorow but dyed not of it bicause his enemies came straight about him and tooke hold of him The SYRACVSANS thereupon went with speede to Nicias and told him of Demosthenes case He geuing to credit to them sent presently certaine of his horsemen thither to vnderstand the troth who brought him worde that Demosthenes and all his men were taken prisoners Then he besought Gylippus to treate of peace to suffer the poore remaine of the ATHENIANS to departe out of SICILE with safety and to take such hostages for the sure payement of all such summes of money the SYRACVSANS had disbursed by meanes of this warre as should like him selfe which he promised he would cause the ATHENIANS to performe satisfie vnto them Howbeit the SYRACVSANS would in no wise hearken to peace but cruelty threatning reuiling them that made mocion hereof in rage gaue a new onset vpon him those fiercely then euer before they had done Nicias being then vtterly without any kinde of vittells did notwithstaÌ„ding hold out that night marched all the next day following though the enemies darres still flew about their eares vntill he came to the riuer of Asinarus into the which the SYRACVSANS did forcibly driue them Some others of them also dying for thirst entred the riuer of them selues thinking to drinke But there of all others was the most cruell slaughter of the poore wretches euen as they were drinking vntil such time as Nicias falling downe flat at Gylippus feete sayd thus vnto him Since the goddes haue geuen thee Gylippus victory shewe mercy not to me that by these miseries haue won immortall honor and â—â—â— but vnto these poore vanquished ATHENIANS calling to thy remembraunce that theâ—â— tunes of warre are common and howe that the ATHENIANS haue vsed you LACEDAEMONIANS curteously as often as fortune fauored them against you Gylippus beholding Nicias and perswaded by his wordes tooke compassion of him for he knew he was a frend vnto the LACEDAEMONIANS at the last peace concluded betwext them and furthermore thought it great honor to him if he could cary away the two Captaines or generalls of his enemies prisoners shewed him mercy gaue him wordes of comforte and moreouer commaunded besides that they should take all the residue prisoners But his commaundement was not knowen in time to all insomuch as there were many moe slaine than taken although some priuate souldiers saued diuers notwithstanding by stealth Now the SYRACVSANS hauing brought all the prisoners that were openly taken into a troupe together first vnarmed them then taking their weapons from them hong them vp apon the goodliest younge trees that stoode apon the riuers side in token of triumphet And so putting on triumphing garlandes apon their heades hauing trimmed their owne horses in triuÌ„phant maner also shorne all the horses of their enemies in this triumphing sorte they made their entry into the citie of SYRACVSA hauing gloriously ended the most notable warre that euer was amongest the GREECES one against an other and attained also the noblest victory that could be atchieued and that only by force of armes and valliancy So at their returne a counsell and assembly was holden at SYRACVSA by the citizens and their confederates in the which Eurycles one of the orators a practiserin publicke causes first made peticion that the day on the which they had taken Nicias might for euer thenceforth be kept holy day without any maner of worke or labor but only to doe sacrifice to the goddes and that the feast should be called Asinarus feast after the name of the riuer where the ouerthrow was geuen This victory was had the six and twenty day of the moneth of Iuly And as touching the prisoners that the confederats of the ATHENIANS and their slaues should be openly solde by the dromme and that the naturall ATHENIANS which were free men and their confederates of the contry of SICILE should be clapped in irone layed in prison the Captaines only excepted whom they should put to death The SYRACVSANS coÌ„firmed this decree And when the Captaine Hermocrates went about to perswade them that to be merciful in victory would be more honor vnto them than the victory it selfe they thrust him backe with great tumult And furthermore when Gylippus made sure that for the Captaines of the ATHENIANS he might cary them aliue with him to SPARTA he was not onely shamefully denyed but most vilely abused so lusty were they growen apon this victory beside also that in the time of the warre they were offended with him could not endure his straight seuere LACONIAN gouernment Timaeus sayth moreouer that they accused him of couetousnes and theft which vice he inherited from his father For Cleandrides his father was conuict for extorcion and banished ATHENS And Gylippus selfe hauing stolen thirty talentes out of a thowsande which Lysander sent to SPARTA by him and hauing hid them vnder the cusinges of his house being bewrayed was compelled with shame to flie his contry as we haue more amply declared in the life of Lysander So Timaeus wryteth that Nicias Demosthenes were not stoned to death by the SYRACVSANS as Thucydides and Philistus reporte but that they killed them selues apon word sent them by Hermocrates before the assemble of the people was broken vp by one of his men whom the kepers of the prison let in vnto them howebeit their bodies were cast out at the iaile dore for euery man to beholde I haue heard there is a target at this present to be seene in a temple at SYRACVSA which is sayd to be Nicias target couered all ouer with golde and purple silke passinge finely wrought together As for the other prisoners of the ATHENIANS the most of them dyed of sickenes and of ill handling in the prison where they had no more allowed them to liue
an other without any playing or vncomely talke In the middest of supper they that sought occasion of quarrell beganne to speake lewde wordes counterfeating to be dronke and to play many vile partes of purpose to anger Sertorius Whereuppon Sertorius whether it was that he coulde not abide to see those villanous partes or that he mistrusted their ill will towardes him by fumbling of their wordes in their mouthes and by their vnwonted irreuerent maner shewed vnto him fell backewards apon the bed where he sate at meate seeming no more to marke what they did or sayd Perpenna at that instant tooke a cuppe full of wine making as though he dranke let it fall of purpose The cuppe falling drowne made a noyse and that was the signe geuen among them Therewithall Antonius that sate aboue Sertorius at the table stabbed him in with his dagger Sertorius feeling the thrust stroue to rise but the traiterous murderer got vp on Sertorius brest held both his handes And thus was Sertorius cruelly murdered not able to defend him selfe all the conspirators falling apon him Sertorius death being blowen abroade the most parte of the SPANYARDS sent Ambassadors immediatly vnto Pompey and Metellus and yeelded them selues vnto them and Perpenna with those that remained with him attempted to doe some thing with Sertorius army and preparation But all fell out to his vtter destruction and ruine making the world know that he was a wicked man who could neither commaund nor knew how to obey For he went to assaile Pompey who had ouerthrowen him straight and was in the end taken prisoner And yet in that instant of his calamitie he did not vse him selfe like a valliant minded man and one worthy to rule for thinking to saue his life hauing Sertorius letters and wrytinges he offered Pompey to deliuer him all Sertorius letters sent him from the chiefest Senators of ROME wrytten with their owne handes requestinge Sertorius to bring his armie into ITALIE where he should finde numbers of people desirous of his comming and that gaped still for chaunge of gouernment But here did Pompey shewe him selfe a graue and no younge man deliueringe thereby the citie of ROME from great feare and daunger of chaunge and innouation For he put all Sertorius letters and wrytinges on a heape together and burnt them euery one without readinge any of them or sufferinge them to be red And moreouer he presently put Perpenna to death fearing he should name some which if they were named would breede new occasion of trouble sedition And as for the other conspirators some of thē afterwards were brought to Pompey who put them all to death and the rest of them fled into AFRICKS where they were all ouerthrowen by them of the contrie and not a man of them scaped but fell vnfortunately apon th edge of the sworde Aufidius only except Manlius companion in loue Who either bicause he was not reckened of or else vnknowen dyed an olde man in a pelting village of the barbarous people poore miserable and hated of all the world THE LIFE OF Eumenes DVris the Historiographer wryteth that Eumenes was borne in the citie of CARDIA in THRACIA being a cariers sonne of the same contrie who for pouertie earned his liuing by carying marchaundises to and fro and that he was notwithstanding honestly brought vp as well at schoole as at other comely exercises And furthermore how that he being but a boy Philip king of MACEDON chaunsing to come through the city of CARDIA where hauing nothing to do he tooke great pleasure to see the young men of the citie handle their weapons boyes to wrestle and among them Eumenes shewed such actiuitie and performed it with so good a grace withall that Philippe liked the boye well and tooke him away with him But sure their reporte seemeth truest which wryte that Philippe did aduaunce him for the loue he bare to his father in whose house he had lodged After the death of Philippe Eumenes continued his seruice with king Alexander his sonne where he was thought as wise a man as faithfull to his master as any and though he was called the Chaunceller or chiefe secretary yet the king did honor him as much as he did any other of his chiefest frendes familiars For he was sent his Lieutenaunt generall of his whole army against the INDIANS and was Perdiccas successor in the gouernment of his prouince Perdiccas being preferred vnto Hephaestions charge after his death Nowe bicause Neoptolemus that was one of the chiefe Squiers for the body vnto the king after the death of Alexander told the Lordes of the counsell of MACEDON that he had serued the king with his shield and speare and howe Eumenes had followed with his penne and paper the Lordes laughed him to scorne knowing that besides many great honors Eumenes had receiued the king esteemed so well of him that he did him the honor by mariage to make him his kinseman For the first Lady that Alexander knew in ASIA was Barsine Artabazus daughter by whom he had a sonne called his name Hevenles of two of her sisters he maried the one of them called Apama vnto Ptolomye her other sister also called Barsine he bestowed vpon Eumenes when he distributed the PERSIAN Ladies among his Lordes and familiars to marrie them Yet all this notwithstanding he often fell in disgrace with king Alexander stoode in some daunger by meanes of Hephaestion For Hephaestion following Alexanders courte on a time hauing appointed Euius a phiphe player a lodging which Eumenes seruauntes had taken vp for their maister Eumenes being in a rage went with one Mentor vnto Alexander crying out that a mā were better be a phiphe a common plaier of Tragedies then a souldier sithence such kinde of people were preferred before men of seruice that ventured their liues in the warres Alexander at that present time was as angrie as Eumenes roundly tooke vp Hephaestion for it howbeit immediatly after hauing chaunged his minde he was much offended with Eumenes bicause he thought him not to haue vsed that franke speech so much against Hephaestion as of a certaine presumptuous boldenes towardes him selfe And at an other time also when Alexander was sending Nearchus with his army by sea to cleere the coastes of the Occean it chaunsed the king was without money whereupon he sent to all his frendes to take vp money in prest and among others vnto Eumenes of whom he requested three hundred talentes Eumenes lent him but a hundred and sayd he had much a doe to get him so much of all his tenantes Alexander sayd nothing to him neither would he suffer them to take his hundred talentes but commaunded his officers to set Eumenes tent a fire bicause he would take him tardy with a lye before he could geue order to cary away his gold and siluer Thus was his tent burnt downe to the ground before they could
But when he came so neere that he might easily see the order and countenaunce of his enemies who were set in such good order of battell that it could not any wayes be amended he was much amased withall and pawsed a great while and in the meane time spied Eumenes litter a farre of caried from one end of the battell to the other whereat he laughed out alowed as his maner was and turning him selfe to his frendes sayd See sayd he I beleue it is that litter that maketh warre with vs and doth offer vs battell But with those wordes he sounded the retreate brought his men backe againe into his campe When this feare was a litle passed ouer the MACEDONIANS fell to their olde trade againe the pieres to flatter the souldiers and the souldiers to waxe braue and stowte against their Captaines so that when they came to take their garrisons for the winter time they deuided in maner among them the whole contrie of the GABENIANS the first from the last being lodged almost a thowsand furlonge of Which Antigonus vnderstanding determined to set apon them they mistrusting nothing And so went sodainly towards them by a shorter way then that he had already commen but the worser way a great deale and where no water was to be had in hope that if he met them thus dispersed asunder their Captaines could not readily assemble them all together But while he was in this his iorney in the desert crooked way he was so ouertaken and with such boysterous windes and extreame bitter cold that his souldiers could go no further but were forced to tary stil to prouide them present remedy against the fury of the time Now the onely remedy they had was to make numbers of fires and by them their enemies knewe of their comming For the barbarous people inhabiting the mountaines towardes the desert being amased to see such a number of fires in the valley sent presently with speede apon two camells light loden to aduertise Peucestas who being neerest vnto the mountaine was so scared with these newes that he was at his wittes end not knowing what to doe For seeing his other companions as much afrayed as him selfe he fled apon it and caried all them with him which he met in his way But Eumenes quieted this great feare assuring them that he would stay the sodaine attempt of their enemies and that they should come three dayes later than they looked for which they beleued Then did Eumenes sende messengers into euery quarter to all the Captaines commaunding them speedily to put their men in readinesse and to meete him at a certaine place which he appointed Him selfe in the meane time went with other Captaines to choose fit grounde to lodge a campe the which might easily be seene from the toppe of the mountaines which they must passe that come from the desert there fortified the same with trenches and deuided it out into quarters making fire in euery place such a distance of one from an other as they vse commonly to make in a campe It was no sooner done but Antigonus came to the toppe of the mountaines and sawe these fires a farre of which grieued him much for he thought that his enemies had longe before knowen of his comming and that they came against him Being afrayed therfore least his enemies would compell him to fight comming fresh apon him his owne men being weary and done with the paines they had abidden comminge through that desert contrie he tooke his way to lead backe his armie not then neerest way by the which he came but through the country richly inhabited and replenished with great cities and good townes to refreshe his ouerwearied people Yet seeing he had none alaroms geuen nor any skermishes offered him as they vse commonly when both armies are neere together and that the valley men told him that they had seene none other armie but his sauing that round about there was store of fires then he straight mistrusted that it was one of Eumenes stratageames of warre wherewith he had deceiued him And therewithall he was in such a rage that he went straight to the place where he thought to finde him determining no more to steale apon him but to put all to the hasard of a battell But in the meane time the most parte of the hoast was gathered about Eumenes for the great estimacion euery man had of his wisdom and sufficiency insomuch that they agreed and ordained that he only as their Lieutenaunt generall should commaund the whole army This spited the two Captaines of the Argyraspides Antigenes Teutamus who bare him such an inward grudge that from that time forth they practised his death assembling together with many of the states particular Captaines they sat in councell to know when in what sorte they should kill him Howbeit the most voices assembled in this councell were whole of opiniō that they should take the benefit of his seruice in leading the battel that immediatly after they should put him to death This being thus resolued apon Eudamus Captaine of the Elephants and an other called Phaedimus went secretly and told Eumenes what they had concluded apon in the assembly against him not for any good will that they bare him or for that they sought to pleasure him but only bicause they were afrayed to loose the money they had lent him Eumenes gaue them great thankes and commended their fidelity and then reported it vnto his best frendes and tolde them you see howe I am enuironned with a troupe of wilde and brutishe beastes That done he made his will and tare all the letters and wrytinges that had bene sent him bicause he would not haue them suffer for him after his death that had sent him secret aduertisementes Afterwardes when he had disposed of all his priuate matters in this sorte he stoode in a doute whether he shoulde lose the battell geuing his enemies the victorie or whether it were better for him to flie into CAPPADOCIA through MEDIA and ARMENIA Howebeit he resolued of nothing before his frendes But when the mischiefe he was in had put diuers thoughtes into his head in fine he determined to fight and did set his army in battell ray perswading the GRAECIANS as well as the barbarous people to stand to it like men And as for the olde souldiers of the MACEDONIANS they so litle needed exhortation that they them selues did exhorte Eumenes to be of good corage saying that their enemies would neuer abide them bicause they were all the oldest shouldiers and of greatest experience that had bene in all the conquestes of kinge Philippe and of his sonne Alexander and that it was neuer heard that they had bene ouerthrowen in any sette battell the most of them being three score and tenne yeares olde and the youngest no lesse then three score Whereupon when they ranne with great surie to geue charge apon their enemies they
and fearing his power punished him in mony for that he made the common loue of his contrie priuate to him selfe For as naturall Philosophers holde opinion that if contention and strife were taken out of nature it would come to passe that the heauenly bodies should stand still and also that the generation of all thinges should be at a stay by reason of the mutuall agreement betwene the worlde and them euen so the lawemaker of LACEDAEMON seemeth to haue allowed ambition strife in the common wealth as a spurre to vertue by procuring alwayes some contencion and emulacion amonge great persones And his reason was that this base and effeminate fauor in winking one at an other when men are to be rebuked ought not of right to be called by the name of concorde And sure some thinke that Homer also saw the same for he would neuer else haue made Agamemnon to haue reioyced to see Vlysses and Achilles at great wordes together if he had not bene of opinion that enuy and contencion among great men were very auailable for the common wealth Yet is not this thus simply to be allowed for contentions are hurtfull to cities where they are violent and doe bring great daungers with them Nowe when Agesilaus was entred into his kingdome of LACEDAEMON newes were brought him out of ASIA that the king of PERSIA prepared a great nauy to conquer the LACEDAEMONIANS signory by sea Lysander being glad of this occasion longing to be sent againe into ASIA to succour his frends whom he had left there as Gouernors Lieutenants of cities prouinces of the which some of them were driuen away by their citizens others also put to death for abusing of their authority ruling ouercruelly perswaded Agesilaus goe into ASIA to make warre apon this barbarous king farre from GRAECE before his army were gathered together And to cōpasse this the easilier he wrote vnto his frends in ASIA that they should send vnto SPARTA to require Agesilaus for their Captaine and so they did Thereupon Agesilaus going to the assembly of the people accepted the charge with condition that they would geue him thirtie Captaines of the SPARTANS to be counsellers assistants to him in these warres two thowsand free ILOTES six thowsand of the confederates of LACEDAEMON All this was immediatly graunted through Lysanders frendshippe towards him and he was sent away straight with the thirty Captaines which he had requested of the which Lysander was the chiefest not only for his riches and authoritie but also for the good will he bare vnto Agesilaus who thought him selfe more beholding to him for procuring him this charge than for his frendship he shewed him in bringing him to be king Now Agesilaus army being assembled at the hauen of Geraeste him selfe with certaine of his frends went vnto the citie of AVLIDE where in his sleepe he drempt that one sayd vnto him O king of the LACEDAEMONIANS thou knowest that neuer none but Agamemnon now thy selfe was chosen Generall of all GREECE considering therefore that thou commaundest the same people he did that thou makest warres with the selfe same enemies departing from the selfe same place to goe thither it is reason that thou make the selfe same sacrifice vnto the goddesse the which he made at his like departure Agesilaus straight apon this vision remembred that Agamemnon though the perswasion of the Soothsayers did sacrifice his owne daughter in the same place Yet this made him not afrayed but the next day he told it to his frendes and said he would sacrifice that vnto the goddesse which he thought woulde please her well enough and that he would not followe that cruell deuotion of this auncient Captaine Agamemnon And with that he brought a hynde crowned with a garland of flowers and commaunded his Soothsayer to sacrifice her and would not suffer him to haue the honor to doe the sacrifice that was appointed for the same purpose by the Gouernors of BOEOTIA according to the custome of that place The Gouernors of BOEOTIA vnderstanding it were much offended and sent their officers to will Agesilaus not to doe any sacrifice there contrarie to the law and custome of their contrie The officers that were sent performed their commission and finding that the beast was slaine the quarters of it apon the aulter they tooke and flong them of the aulter euery way This vexed Agesilaus being readie to imbarke and departed thence in choller against the THEBANS and mistrusted much his good successe by this vnluckie prediction which seemed to prognosticate vnto him that he should not preuaile according to his desire Furthermore when he was arriued at EPHESVS he presently misliked the honor he saw done vnto Lysander and the great traine that waited on him For all the contriemen there repaired continually to his house that when he came abroade they all followed him whensoeuer he went as though Lysander had in deede bene in authority to doe what he would and that Agesilaus only had but the name to be general so appointed by the law of LACEDAEMON For in troth there was neuer GRAECIAN Captaine in those partes that had won him such estimation nor that was more feared than he nor there was neuer man that was more beneficial to his frends neither also that was more hurtfull to his enemies All these thinges being fresh in memorie the contriemen of that contrie perceiuing the simplicity of Agesilaus and howe he was geuen to please the people and caried no great maiestie nor countenaunce with him and obseruing in Lysander that wonted roughnes and sharpe speech wherewith they had bene acquainted before euery man obeied him and nothing was done but what he commaunded This first to all made the other SPARTANS angrie for that it appeared they were come as it were to serue Lysander and not as to counsell the king but after that Agesilaus him selfe also grew miscontented although of his owne nature he was not enuious nor sorie to see others honored besides him selfe Yet being a man ambitiously geuen and of a noble corage fearing if he should doe any noble exployt in his warre that they would impute it vnto Lysander for the great estimation he was of he first beganne to deale in this sorte with him First he contraried all his counsells and what matters soeuer he preferred which he was desirous should haue taken effect Agesilaus would none of that but tooke some other in hand Furthermore if any of Lysanders followers came to make sure to him for his fauor perceiuing that they did leane vnto Lysander he sent them away without any thing done for them In like case also in matters of iudgements if Lysander were against any they were sure to haue the matter passe on their side On the contrarie parte also if Lysander bare good will to the partie and fauored the cause to gratifie him they hardly escaped from setting a fine of their heades Agasilaus continuing
is the wisedom of the auncient ROMANES to be both commended had in admiration which did not only reward seruice in the field with such honorable names titles but ciuill seruice and good gouernment also in peace at home For there were two whom the people at ROME called Maximi to say very great of the which Valerius was the one for that he made peace and agreement betwext the people and Senate The other was Fabius Rullus for that he put from the Senate certaine bondmen infranchised who through their riches and fauor had obtained that place After that Pompey required the honor of triumphe but Sylla denied it alleaging that none could enter in triumphe into ROME but Consulls or Praetors For sith Scipio the first who in SPAYNE had ouercome the CARTHAGINIANS neuer desired this honor of triumphe being neither Consull nor Praetor much lesse should he stande apon demaund of triumphe into ROME when that through his young yeares he was not yet a Senator and besides it would purchase him enuy of his honor and greatnes These reasons did Sylla alleage against Pompey and told him plainly that if he were bent to stand in it he would resist him All this blanked not Pompey who told him frankely againe how men did honor the rising not the setting of the sunne meaning thereby how his owne honor encreased and Syllaes diminished Sylla heard him not very perfectly what he sayd but perceiuing by their countenaunces that stoode by that they wondred at it he asked what it was he sayd When it was tolde him he maruelled at the boldnes of so young a man and then cried out twise together let him then triumphe a Gods name Many being offended therewith Pompey as it is reported to anger them more would needes be brought in in triumphant charriot drawen with foure Elephants for he had taken many of them from those kings and Princes which he had subdued Howbeit the gate of the city being too narrowe he was driuen to leaue the Elephantes and was contented to be drawen in with horses Now his souldiers that had not all things as they looked for and which was promised them going about to trouble and hinder his triumphe he sayd he passed not for it that he would rather let alone all his preparation of triumphe then once to yeeld to flatter them Whereuppon there was a famous man at that time called Seruilius who at the first was one of the chiefest against Pompeys triumphe who sayd openly now I know that Pompey in deede is great deserueth triumphe Being euident enough that if he would he might then haue easily bene made Senator he sued not for that but as they say sought honor by a straunger meane lesse honorable For if he had bene made Senator so young it had not bene so great a matter but to haue such honor before he was Senator that was maruelously to be noted But this wanne him the more fauor and good will still amongest the common people for they were glad when after his triumphe they saw him in companie amongest the ROMANE Knights On thother side it spighted Sylla to see him come so fast forward and to rise to so great credit notwithstanding being ashamed to hinder him he was contented to kepe it to him selfe vntill that Pompey by force against Syllaes will had brought Lepidus to be Consull by the helpe and good will of the people that furdered his desire Theruppon Sylla seeing Pompey returning ouerthwart the market place from the election with a great traine of followers to honor him he sayd vnto him O young man I see thou art glad of this victory and so hast thou cause for it is a goodly thing out of doubt to haue had such fauor of the people as for thy sake to haue made Lepidus Consull the vilest person of all men before Catulus the honestest man of the citie But I will tell thee one thing see that thou sleepe nor and looke well to thy busines for thou hast aduaunced a daungerous enemy to thy selfe Now the chiefest thing wherein Sylla discouered most his ill will vnto Pompey was in his last will and testament for he gaue legacies vnto euery one of his frendes and some of them he made tutors ouerseers of his sonne but he made no mencion of Pompey at all This notwithstanding Pompey tooke it well enough And where Lepidus and some other would haue kept Syllaes body from buriall in the field of Mars and that his funeralls should not be openly solemnised he contrarywise brought him very honorably and safely to the ground Shortly after Syllaes death his wordes of prophecie vnto Pompey concerning Lepidus proued true For Lepidus vsurping the authoritie which Sylla had before not colourablie but openly entred straight in armes sturring vp againe those of Marius faction whom Sylla could not be reuenged of and which lay lurking a long time spying for occasion to rise againe True it is that his colleague and fellow Consull Catulus whom the best and soundest parte of the people followed was thought a maruelous honest man both iust and modest howbeit a better Gouernor in peace then a good man of warre insomuch as time required Pompeys skill and experience So Pompey stoode not doubtfull which way he would dispose him selfe but tooke parte straight with the nobility and honestest men was presently chosen Captaine of their armie against Lepidus who had already wonne the greatest parte of ITALIE and with an army vnder the conduct of Brutus kept GAVLE on this side the mountaines called GALLIA CISALPINA And for the rest Pompey easily ouercame it howbeit he lay a long time before MODONA besieging of Brutus In the meane season Lepidus came to ROME being hard at the walls demaunding the second Consulship made them affrayed in the city with the great numbers of men he had about him gathered together of all sortes Howebeit this feare was cooled straight by a letter which Pompey wrote to ROME aduertising how he had ended this warre without any bloodshed for Brutus either betraying his army or being betrayed of it yeelded him selfe vnto Pompey who gaue him a certaine number of horsemen that conducted him to a litle towne apon the riuer of Poe where the next day after Geminius being sent by Pompey slue him But hereof Pompey was greatly blamed for that he had wrytten letters to the Senate from the beginning of the chaunge how Brutus had put him selfe into his handes and afterwardes wrote letters to the contrary which burdened him for putting of him to death This Brutus was father of that Brutus which afterwardes with the helpe of Cassius slue Iulius Caesar howbeit he shewed not him selfe so like a coward neither in warres nor in his death as his father did As we haue declared more at large in his life Furthermore Lepidus being driuen to forsake ITALIE fled into SARDINIA where he dyed as it is reported of a
sacrificed to the goddes returned to imbarke againe At this going out of the city he red two wrytinges that were made in his praise the one within the gate which sayd thus The humblier that thou doost thy selfe as man behaue The more thou doost deserue the name of god to haue And the other wryting was without the gate which sayd VVe vvisht for thee vve vvayt for thee VVe vvorship thee vve vvayt on thee Nowe bicause Pompey hauing taken certaine of these rouers by sea that kept together did vse them gently when they required pardon and hauing their shippes and bodies in his power did them no hurt at all their other companions being in good hope of his mercy fled from his other Captaines and Lieutenauntes and went and yeelded them selues their wiues and children into his handes Pompey pardoned all them that came in of them selues and by that meanes he came to haue knowledge of the rest and to followe them where they went whome he tooke in the ende but knowinge that they deserued no pardon they hid them selues Yet the most parte and the richest of them had conueyed their wiues children and goodes and all other their family vnmeete for warres into strong castells and litle townes apon mount Taurus and such men as were able to cary weapon imbarked and lay before a city of CORACESIVM where they taried Pompey and gaue him battell first by sea and there were ouercome and afterwardes they were besieged by lande Howebeit shortly after they prayed they might be receiued to mercie and thereuppon yeelded their bodies townes and Ilandes which they had fortified and were hard to haue taken and worse to haue approached Thus was this warre ended and all the pirates in lesse then three monthes driuen from the sea wheresoeuer they were He wanne also a great number of other shippes besides foure score and tenne gallies armed with copper spurres And touching the men whom they had taken who were in number aboue twenty thowsand persones he did not only consider whether he should put them to death but also thought it no wise parte on thother side to let them goe at liberty to gather force againe being so great a number of them as in deede they were and all poore men and souldiers Therefore weying with him selfe that man by nature is â—â—â— borne a wild or sauage beast but contrarily becommeth a brute beast chaunging nature whâ— he falleth to vice and againe is made tame and ciuill in time chaunging place and maner of life as brute beastes that being wilde by nature doe also become gentle and tractable with gentler vsage by continuance he determined to draw these pirats from the sea into thupland and to make them feele the true and innocent life by dwelling in townes and manuring the ground Some of them therefore he placed in certaine small townes of the CILICIANS that were scant inhabited were very glad of theÌ„ geuing them land to keepe them with The city of the SOLâ—ANS also that not long before had bene destroyed by Tigranes the king of ARMINIA being desirous to replenish that againe he placed many of them there He bestowed diuers also in the city of DYMA in the contry of ACHAIA which at that time lacked inhabitants and had great store of very good land Now therefore his enemies reproued him greatly and for that he did in CRETA they that were his best and greatest frendes misliked him For Metellus that gentle person a cosen to that Metellus which was his colleague and made warres in SPAYNE with him against Sertorius was sent Praetor into CRETA before Pompey was chosen Generall against the pirates This CRETA next vnto CILICIA was euen a seconde denne of pirates Metellus finding there a great number of these theeues tooke many of them and put them to death euen all that came to his handes Then such as had scaped from him being straightly besieged sent vnto Pompey to pray him of pardon and to take them to mercie declaringe vnto him that the I le of CRETA was within the precinct of his charge bicause all partes of that region from the sea came iust within the coÌ„passe limited him on the land Pompey pardoning them apon their submission wrote vnto Metellus commaunded him to leaue of his warre and therewithall charged all the cities that they should not obey Metellus commaundementes After that he sent Lucius Octauius one of his Lieutenauntes who entred into the townes Metellus besieged and fought for the pirates This made Pompey not only hated enuied but derided also for that vnder his name he had protected such vile theeues that had neither God nor law and geuen them his authority to saue their liues for a litle enuie and emulacion he bare vnto Metellus And therefore they rightly reproue Achilles and say that he shewed not the parte of a wise man but of a young foole besides him selfe for desire of glory making a signe to the GRAECIANS forbidding them to strike at Hector to th end that as Homer sayd Least he too late should to the battell runne VVhen others had the honor of it vvonne But Pompeys fact was worse then this For he fought for the coÌ„mon enemies of the world and only to depriue a ROMANE Praetor of triumphe who had done great good seruice to haue destroyed them This notwithstanding Metellus left not of his warre for Pompeys letters but hauing taken the pirates by assault he put them to death and afterwardes hauing done Octouius open shame through his campe he let him goe When newes came to ROME that the pirates warre was brought to good end that Pompey hauing no other seruice in hand went visiting the cities vp downe one Manilius a Tribune of the people put forth an other decree vnto them of this effect That Pompey taking all the army Lucullus had the prouinces vnder his gouernment with al BITHYNIA which Glabrio kept should go make warre vpon the kings Tigranes and Mithridates keping in his handes notwithstanding all his iurisdiction and army by sea in as royall maner as he had it before In fine this was euen to make one man Monarke and absolute Prince of all the ROMANE Empire For by this second decree he had all these contries not named in his former commission added to amplifie his authority as PHRYGIA LYCAONIA GALATIA CAPPADOCIA CILICIA high COLCHIDA and ARMENIA with all the armies and forces with the which he had ouercomen those two mighty kinges Then the Senate stucke not so much at the iniurie that was offered vnto Lucullus depriuing him of the honor of his doinges to geue it to an other that should rather succeede him in honor of triumphe then in daunger of warres knowing that they did him too manifest iniury shewed them selues too vnthankefull but that which most griued them was to see Pompeys power established in a plaine tyranny Hereuppon therefore one of them perswaded and encoraged an other stowtly to withstand
also one Philotas the sonne of Parmenio a man of great authority among the MACEDONIANS who next vnto Alexander was the most valliantest man the pacientest to abide paine the liberallest and one that loued his men frends better then any noble man in the campe whatsoeuer Of him it is reported that a frend of his came to him on a time to borrow money and he commaunded straight one of his men to let him haue it His purse bearer aunswered him that he had none Why sayd his master doest thou tell me so Hast thou not plate and apparell to sell or gage to helpe him to some Howbeit otherwise he had such a pride glory to shew his riches to apparell himselfe so sumptuously and to be more fine and princked then became a priuate man that this made him to be hated bicause he tooke vpō him to be a great man to looke bigge on the matter which became him ill fauoredly and therfore euery man through his owne folly fell in misliking with him Insomuch as his owne father said one day vnto him sonne I pray thee be more humble lowly This Philotas had long before bene cōplained vpon vnto Alexander bicause that when the cariage of king Darius armie which was in the citie of DAMAS was taken after the battell of CILICIA among many prisoners that were taken and brought vnto Alexanders campe there was one Antigona a passing fayer young curtisan borne in the citie of PIDNA Philotas founde meanes to gette her and like a young man that was in loue with her making merie with her at the table fondly lette fall braue wordes and boastes of a souldier saying that what notable thinges were done they were done by him selfe and his father and called Alexander at euerie worde young man and sayd that by their meanes he helde his name and kingdome This courtisan tolde one of his frendes what he sayd and that frede tolde an other frende and so went from man to man as commonly it doth till at the length it came to Craterus eares He tooke the courtisan and brought her vnto Alexander vnto whom she told as much as she had sayd before Alexander bad her still make much of Philotas and to tell him euery word what he sayd of him Philotas knowing nothing that he was thus circumuented did euer frequent her companie and would be bold commonly to speake many foolish and vndiscreete words against the king somtime in anger somtime againe in a brauery Alexander this notwithstanding though he had manifest proofe and cause to accuse Philotas yet he dissembled it for that time and would not be knowen of it either for that he knew Parmenio loued him or else for that he was affrayed of their great power and authoritie About that time there was one Limnus Chalaestrian a MACEDONIAN that layed great and secret waite to kill Alexander and being in loue with a young man called Nicomachus entised him to helpe him to doe this deede The young man wisely denied it told the same to his brother called Batinus He went vnto Philotas and prayed him to bring them both before Alexander for they had a matter of great importance to impart vnto him Philotas would not let him speake with the king but why no man could tell telling them that the king had greater matters in hande and was not at leasure Then they went vnto an other and he brought them vnto Alexander vnto whome first they opened the treason of Limnus conspired against him and by the way they tolde also how they had bene twise before with Philotas who would not let them come in nor speake with them That angred Alexander greatly and he was the more offended also when Limnus was slaine by him whome he sent to apprehende him resisting him for that he would not be taken and thought that by his death he had lost a great meanes to come to the light of this treason and conspiracie Then Alexander frowning vppon Philotas brought all his enemies vpon his backe that of long time had hated him For they beganne to speake boldly that it was time for the kinge to looke about him for it was not to be supposed that this Limnus Chalaestrian of him selfe durst haue entred into that treason but rather that he was a minister and a chiefe instrument set on by a greater personage then he and therefore that it stoode Alexander vpon to examine them straightly which had cause to keepe this treason secret After Alexander once gaue eare vnto such wordes and vehement presumptions there was straight brought in a thowsand accusations against Philotas Thereupon he was apprehended and in the presence of diuers Lordes and familliars of the king put to the torter Alexander selfe being behinde a hanginge to heare what he would say It is reported that when he hearde howe faintly and pitiefully he besought Hephaestion to take pitie of him he sayd vnto him selfe alas poore Philotas thou that hast so faint a hart howe durst thou take vppon thee so great matters In fine Philotas was put to death and immediatly after he was executed Alexander sent also with speede vnto the realme of MEDIA to kill Parmenio who was his Lieutenaunt there and one that had serued king Philippe his father in his greatest affayers and who onely of all other the olde seruauntes of his father had procured Alexander to take in hande the conquest of ASIA and who also of three sonnes which he brought out with him had seene two of them dye before him and afterwardes was slaine him selfe with the third This crueltie of Alexander made his frendes affrayed of him and specially Antipater who secretly sent Ambassadors vnto the AETOLIANS to make league with them bicause they them selues also were affrayed of Alexander for that they had put the Orniades to death Alexander hearing that sayd that he him selfe and not the sonnes of the Orniades would be reuenged of the AETOLIANS Not long after that followed the murther of Clitus the which to heare is simplie tolde would seeme much more cruell than the death of Philotas But reportinge the cause and the time together in which it chaunced it will be founde that it was not of sette purpose but by chaunce and vnfortunately that Alexander being ouercome with wine did vnluckely wreake his anger vpon Clitus The manner of his misfortune was this There came certaine men of the lowe contries from the sea side that brought apples of GRAECE 〈…〉 nto Alexander Alexander wondering to see them so greene and fayer sent for Clitus to shewe him them and to geue him some of them Clitus by chaunce did sacrifice at that time vnto the goddes and left his sacrifice to goe vnto Alexander howebeit there were three weathers that followed him on whome the accustomed sprincklinges had bene done alreadie to haue sacrificed them Alexander vnderstandinge that tolde it to his Soothsayers Aristander and Cleomantis LACONIAN who both did aunswere
king Alexanders borde touching the seasons of the yeare temperatenes of the ayer and that Callisthenes was of their opinion which mainteined that the contry they were in at that time was much colder and the winter also sharper then in GRAECE Anaxarchus held the contrary opinion and stifly mainteined it in so much as Callisthenes said vnto him and yet must thou graunt that it is colder here then there For there all the winter time thou couldest goe with a single cloke on thy backe onely and here thou must haue three or foure garments vpon thee when thou art at thy borde This galled Anaxarchus to the quicke and made him more angry then before and for the other rethoritians and flatterers they did also hate him bicause they saw him followed of young men for his eloquence and beloued also of olde men for his honest life the which was very graue modest and contented with his owne desiring no mans els Whereby men found that the reason he alleaged for following of Alexander in this voyage was true for he said that he came to be an humble suter to the king to restore his banished citizens into their contrie againe and to replenish their citie with inhabitantes Now though his estimation made him chiefly to be enuyed yet did he him selfe geue his enemies occasion to accuse him For oftentimes being inuited by the king to supper either he would not come or if he came he would be mute and say nothing showing by his grauery and silence that nothing pleased him that was either said or done Whereupon Alexander selfe said on a time vnto him I can not thinke that person vvise That in his ovvne case hath no eyes It is reported of him also that being at supper on a time with the king diuers requesting him to make an oration on the suddein in commendation of the MACEDONIANS he made such an eloquent oration vpon that matter that all they that heard him rose from the borde and clapping their handes for ioy cast nosegayes and flowers vpon him But yet Alexander at that time said vnto him that which the Poet Euripides said It is no maystry to be eloquent In handling of a plentuous argument Nay but vtter then thy eloquence in reprouing of the MACEDONIANS that hearing their faultes they may learne to amend Then Callisthenes chaunging coppy spake boldly many thinges against the MACEDONIANS Declaring that the dissention amongest the GRAECIANS did increase king Philips power alleaging these verses VVhere discord reignes in Realm or tovvne Euen vvicked folke doe vvin renovvne But by this occasioÌ„ he purchased him selfe great ill will of the MACEDONIANS in somuch as Alexander selfe said at that time that he had not so much shewed his eloquence as the malice he bare vnto the MACEDONIANS Hermippus the historiographer writeth that one Strebus a clearke of Callisthenes did afterwardes tell it vnto Aristotle in this sorte and that Callisthenes seeing king Alexander offended with him did recite these verses of Homer three or foure times as he went. Patroclus vvho farre passed thee VVas slaine as thou art like to be And therefore very wisely said Aristotle that Callisthenes was eloquent but not wise For like a philosopher he stowtely stood against kneeling to the king and said that openly which the noblest auncientest men among the MACEDONIANS durst but whisper one in an other eare though they did all vtterly mislike it whereby he did yet deliuer GRAECE from open shame Alexander from a greater bringing him from that maner of adoration of his person This notwithstanding he vndid him selfe bicause he would seeme rather by presumptiones bringe him to it then by reason to perswade him Chares MITYLENIAN hath written that Alexander hauing dronke at a certain feast where he hapned to be reached his cuppe vnto one of his frendes who after he had taken it of him rose vp first on his feete and dranke also turning him towardes the goddes and first making solemne reuerence he went and kissed Alexander and then sate him downe againe All the rest that were at the feast did the like one after an other and Callisthenes also who tooke the cuppe when it came to his turne the king not looking on him but talking with HephaestioÌ„ after he had dronke came to the king to kisse him as others had done Howbeit one Demetrius called PhidoÌ„ said vnto the king kisse him not I pray your grace for he of all men hath done you no reuerence Alexander turned his head a side and would not kisse him Then cryed Callisthenes out alowde well ê™ he then I will goe my waie with lesse then others by a kisse And thus beganne Alexanders grudge first against Callisthenes by meanes whereof Hephaestion was credited the better when he said that Callisthenes had promised him to reuerence Alexander although that he had broken promise After him also Lysimachus Agnon and diuers others beganne to plaie their partes against him saying that this Sophister went bragging vp and downe as if he had destroyed a whole tyrannie and that all the young men followed him to honor him as if among so many thowsand souldiers neuer a man of them had so noble a harte as he And therefore when the treason of Hermolaus against Alexanders person was discouered they found the accusation probable the which some false detracters had informed against Callisthenes who had aunswered Hermolaus that asked him how he could come to be famous aboue all men thus in killing the famousest person And to animate him to goe forward with this treason he had told him suither that he should not be affraid of a golden bedde but remember that he had to doe with a man which was somtime sicke and hurte as other men were This notwithstanding there was neuer a one of Hermolaus confederates that would once name Callisthenes what tormentes soeuer they abidde to bewray who were their companions And Alexander selfe also writing of this treason immediatly after vnto Craterus Attalus and Alcetas said that their seruauntes which had bene racked and put to the torter did constantly affirme that they onely had conspired his death and no man els was priuie vnto it But afterwardes he sent an other letter vnto Antipater wherein he directly accused Callisthenes and said that his seruauntes had already bene stoned to death by the MACEDONIANS howbeith that he him selfe would afterwardes also punish the master and those that had sent vnto him and that had receiued the murtherers into their cities who came of purpose to kill him And therein he plainly shewed the ill will he bare vnto Aristotle for that Callisthenes had bene brought vp with him being his kinsman and the sonne of Hero Aristotles neece Some saie that Alexander trussed Callisthenes vp Others againe report that he died of sickenes in prison Neuertheles Chares writeth that Callisthenes was kept prisoner seuen moneths together bicause he should haue had his iudgement in open counsaill euen
willing him to come in all possible speede to winne GRAECE and MACEDON which hong but of an old rotteÌ„ threde mocking Antipater in this maner Wherfore Cassander being aduertised of his arriual he made him presently to be apprehended setting his sonne hard by him slue him before his father so neere him that the blood of his sonne sprang vpon him so that the father was all bloodied with the murther of his sonne Then Cassander casting in Demades teeth his ingratitude and trecherous treason against his father geuing him all the reproachfull words he could deuise at the length he slue him with his owne hands Now Antipater before his death had established Polyperchon General of the armie of the MACEDONIANS Cassander his sonne only Colonell of a thowsand footemen He notwithstanding after his fathers decease taking vpon him the gouernment of the realme sent Nicanor with speede to succeede Menillus in the Captaineship of the garrison of ATHENS before his death should be reuealed commaunding him first in any case to take the castell of Munychia which he did Shortly after the ATHENIANS vnderstanding of the death of Antipater they accused Phocion for that he had knowen of his death long before and yet kept it secret to please Nicanor But Phocion regarded not this accusation but fell in acquaintance notwithstanding with Nicanor whom he handled so wisely that he made him not only freÌ„dly vnto the ATHENIANS but furthermore perswaded him to be at some charge to geue the people the pastime of common playes which he made to be done at his cost In the meane time Polyperchon who had the gouernment of the kings person meaning to geue Cassander stampant and blurt he sent letters pattentes vnto the people at ATHENS declaring how the king did restore vnto them their popular state againe and commanded that all the ATHENIANS should vse their former auncient lawes of their citie This was a wile craftie fetche against Phocion For Polyperchon deuising this practise to get the city of ATHENS into his hands as it fel out afterwards by proofe had no hope to obtaine his purpose vnles he found meanes first to banish Phocion and thought that he shoulde easily bring that to passe when suche as had before bene put of their freedom by his meanes should come againe to haue voyces in thassembly and that the seditious Orators and accusers might be turned at liberty againe to say what they would The ATHENIANS hauing heard the contentes of these letters pattentes beganne to be somewhat quickened and moued withall whereupon Nicanor desiring to speake with the ATHENIANS in their Senate which was assembled in the hauen of Piraea he went and hazarded his person amongest them apon Phocions faith and word Dercyllus Captaine for the king being secretly aduertised thereof and in the field not farre from the citie did what he could to take Nicanor but Nicanor hauing warning of it in time saued him selfe Then it appeared that Nicanor would presently be reuenged of the citie and they accused Phocion bicause he kept him not but did let him goe Whereunto he aunswered that he trusted Nicanors word and that he did not thinke he would offer the citie any hurt but if it should fall out otherwise he had rather the world should know that he had the wrong offred him then that he should offer any This truely appeared to be nobly spoken in respect of him selfe But considering that he being then Generall did thereby hazard the safety of his contrie I can not tell whether he did not breake a greater faith which he ought to haue had to the safetie of his contriemen Neither coulde he also alleage for his excuse that he did not laye handes on Nicanor for feare to bring the city into manifest warre but that for a colour he did preferre the faith which he had sworne and promised vnto him and the iustice that he would obserue in his behalfe that for his sake Nicanor should afterwards keepe him selfe in peace and doe no hurte to the ATHENIANS Howbeit in troth it seemed that nothing deceiued Phocion but by the ouer trust he had in this Nicanor The which seemeth to be so bicause when diuers came to him to complaine of Nicanor that he sought all the secret meanes he coulde to surprise the hauen of Piraea and that he dayly passed ouer souldiers in the I le of SALAâ—INA and practised to bribe certaine of the inhabitants within the precinct of the hauen he would neuer heare of it and muche lesse beleue it Furthermore when Philomedes LAMPRIAN made a motion that the ATHENIANS should prepare to be in readines to waite apon their Captaine Phocion to do as he commaunded them he made no account of it vntill he saw Nicanor come out with his souldiers from the fort of Munychia and that he beganne to cast trenches to compasse in the hauen of Piraea But then when Phocion thought to lead out the people to preuent him he fouÌ„d they mutined against him and no man would obey his commaundement In the meane time Alexander the sonne of Polyperchon came with an armie pretending to aide them of the citie against Nicanor where in deede he ment if he could to get the rest of the city into his 〈…〉 then specially when they were in greatest broile one against an other and the rather bicause the banished men entred hand ouer head with him and diuers straungers also and other defamed men so that there was a confused counsel and assembly of Omnigatherum kept within the citie without any order in the which Phocion was depriued of his office of Generall and others were also chosen Captained in his place And had they not seene this Alexander talking alone with Nicanor and returning many times hard to the walles of the citie which made the ATHENIANS affrayed and mistrustfull they had neuer saued it from taking At that time Phocion was presently accused of treason by the Orator Agnonides the which Callimedon and Pericles fearing got them out of the citie betimes And Phocion also with his frends that were not fled went vnto Polyperchon with whom also Solon PLATAEIAN and Dinarchus CORINTHIAN went for company who thought to haue found frendshippe and familiarity with Polyperchon Howbeit Dinarchus falling sicke by the way in the citie of ELATIA they stayed there many dayes hoping of his recouerie But in the meane time the people at the perswasion of the Orator Agnonides and at the request of Archestratus stablished a decree to sende Ambassadors vnto Polyperchon to accuse Phocion insomuch as both parties met at one selfe time and found him in the field with the king about a village of the contrie of PHOCIDE called PHARYGES standing at the foote of the mountaine Acrorion which they surname also Galaten There Polyperchon commaunded a cloth of gold to be set vp and caused the king to be set vnder the same and all his chiefest frendes about him But to beginne withall he
ouertooke him apon the wodden bridge where two of his frends that were with him stayed to defende him against his followers and bad him in the meane time make shift for him selfe whilest they fought with them apon the bridge and so they did and kept them that not a man got the bridge of them vntill they were both slaine Nowe there was none that fled with Caius but one of his men called Philocrates notwithstanding euerie man did still encorage and counsell him as they do men to winne a game but no man would helpe him nor offer him any horse though he often required it bicause he sawe his enemies so neere vnto him This notwithstanding by their defence that were slaine apon the bridge he got ground on them so that he had leasure to crepe into a litle groue of wodde which was consecrated to the furics There his seruaunt Philocrates slue him and then slue him selfe also and fell dead vpon him Other write notwithstanding that both the maister seruaunt were ouertaken and taken aliue and that his seruaunt did so straight imbrace his maister that none of the enemies could strike him for all the blowes they gaue before he was slaine him selfe So one of the murderers strake of Caius Gracchus head to carie to the Consul Howbeit one of Opimius frendes called Septimuleius tooke the head from the other by the way bicause proclamacion was made before they fought by trompet that whosoeuer brought the heades of Fuluius and Caius they should be payed the weight of them in gold Wherefore this Septimuleius caried Caius head vpon the toppe of his speare vnto Opimius whereuppon the skales being brought to wey it it was found that it weyed seuenteene pounde weight and two third partes of a pound bicause Septimuleius besides the horrible murder he had committed had also holpen it with this villanie that he had taken out his braine and in liew thereof had filled his scull with lead Now the other also that brought Fuluius head bicause they were poore men they had nothing The bodies of these two men Caius Gracchus and Fuluius and of other their followers which were to the number of three thowsand that were slaine were all throwen into the riuer their goods confiscate and their widowes forbidden to mourne for their death Furthermore they tooke from Licinia Caius wife her ioynter but yet they delt more cruelly and beastly with the young boy Fuluius sonne who had neither lift vp his hand against them nor was in the fight among them but only came to thē to make peace before they fought whom they kept as prisoner and after the battell ended they put him to death But yet that which most of all other grieued the people was the temple of concorde the which Opimius caused to be built for it appeared that he boasted and in maner triumphed that he had slaine so many citizens to ROME And therefore there were that in the night wrote vnder the inscription of the temple these verses A furious fact and full of beastly shame This temple built that beareth concordes name This Opimius was the first man at ROME that being Consul vsurped the absolute power of the Dictator and that without law or iustice condemned three thowsand citizens of ROME besides Fuluius Flaccus who had also bene Consul and had receiued the honor of triumphe and Caius Gracchus a young man in like case who in vertue reputacion excelled all the men of his yeares This notwithstanding coulde not keepe Opimius from theuerie and extorcion For when he was sent Ambassador vnto Iugurthe king of NVMIDIA he was bribed with money therupon being accused he was most shamefully conuicted and condemned Wherefore he ended his dayes with this reproch and infamy hated and mocked of all the people bicause at the time of the ouerthrow he delt beastly with them that fought for his quarrell But shortly after it appeared to the world how much they lamented the losse of the two brethren of the Gracchi For they made images and statues of them and caused them to be set vp in an open and honorable place consecrating the places where they had bene slaine and many of them also came and offred to them of their first frutes and flowers according to the time of the yere went thither to make their prayers on their knees as vnto the temples of the gods Their mother Cornelia as writers report did beare this calamity with a noble hart and as for the chappells which they built consecrated vnto them in the place where they were slaine she said no more but that they had such graues as they had deserued Afterwardes she dwelt continually by the mount of Misene and neuer chaunged her manner of life She had many frends and bicause she was a noble Ladie and loued euer to welcome straungers she kept a very good house and therefore had alwayes great repaire vnto her of GRAECIANS learned men besides there was no king nor Prince but both receiued giftes from her and sent her againe They that frequented her cōpany delighted maruelously to heare her report the dedes and maner of her fathers life Scipio AFRICAN but yet they wondred more to heare her tell the actes and death of her two sonnes Tiberius and Caius Gracchi without sheading teare or making any shew of lamentacion or griefe no more then if she had told an history vnto them that had requested her Insomuch some writers report that age or her great misfortunes had ouercomen and taken her reason and sence from her to feele any sorowe But in deede they were senselesse to say so not vnderstandinge howe that to be noblie borne and vertuouslie brought vp doth make men temperatly to disgest sorow and that fortune oftentimes ouercomes vertue which regardeth honestie in all respectes but yet with any aduersity she can not take away the temperaunce from them whereby they paciently beare it THE COMPARISON OF Tiberius and Caius Gracchi with Agis and Cleomenes NOw that we be come to the end of this history we are to compare the liues of these two men the one with the other First as touching the two Gracchi their enemies that most hated them and spake the worst they could of them could not deny but that they were the best geuen to vertue and as well taught and brought vp as any ROMANES that were in their time But yet it appeareth that nature had the vpper hand of them in Agis and Cleomenes For they hauing bene very ill brought vp both for learning and good manners for lacke whereof the oldest men were almost spoyled yet did they notwithstandinge make them selues the first maisters and example of sobrietie temperaunce and simplicitie of life Furthermore the two first hauing liued in that time when ROME florished most in honor and vertuous desires they were more then ashamed to forsake the vertues inherited from their auncesters These two last
with the ATHENIANS But Demosthenes in contrarie maner ioyning with the Ambassadors sent from ATHENS into euerie quarter to solicite the cities of GRAECE to seeke to recouer their libertie he did aide them the best he coulde to solicite the GRAECIANS to take armes with the. ATHENIANS to driue the MACEDONIANS out of GRAECE And Phylarchus writeth that Demosthenes encountered with Pytheas wordes in an open assemblie of the people in a certain towne of ARCADIA Pytheas hauing spoken before him had said like as we presume alwaies that there is some sickenesse in the house whether we doe see asses milke brought so must that towne of necessitie be sicke wherein the Ambassadors of ATHENS doe enter Demosthenes aunswered him againe turning his comparison against him that in deede they brought asses milke where there was neede to recouer health and euen so the Ambassadors of ATHENS were sent to heale and cure them that were sicke The people at ATHENS vnderstanding what Demosthenes had done they so reioyced at it that presently they gaue order in the fielde that his banishment should be reuoked He that perswaded the decree of his reuocation was called Damon PAEANIAN that was his nephew and thereupon the ATHENIANS sent him a galley to bring him to ATHENS from the city of AEGINA So Demosthenes being arriued at the hauen of Piraea there was neither Gouernor Priest nor almost any townes man left in the city but went out to the hauen to welcome him home So that Demetrius MAGNESIAN wryteth that Demosthenes then lifting vp his handes vnto heauen sayed that he thought him selfe happie for the honor of that iorney that the returne from his banishment was farre more honorable then Alcibiades returne in the like case had bene For Alcibiades was called home by force he was sent for with the good will of the citizens This notwithstanding he remained still condemned for his fine for by the law the people coulde not dispence withall nor remit it Howbeit they deuised a way to deceiue the lawe for they had a manner to geue certaine money vnto them that did prepare and sette out the aulter of Iupiter sauior for the day of the solemnitie of the sacrifice the which they did yearely celebrate vnto him so they gaue him the charge to make this preparacion for the summe of fifty talents being the summe of the fine aforesayd wherin he was condemned Howbeit he did not long enioy the good happe of his restitucion to his contry and goodes For the affaires of the GRAECIANS were immediatly after brought to vtter ruine For the battell of Cranon which they lost was in the moneth Munichyon to wit Iulie and in the moneth Boedromion next ensuing to wit August the garrison of the MACEDONIANS entred into the forte of Munichya And in the moneth Pyanepsion to wit the October following Demosthenes died in this maner When newes came to ATHENS that Antipater and Craterus were comming thither with a great armie Demosthenes and his frends got out of the towne a litle before they entred the people by Demades perswasion hauing condemned them to dye So euery man making shift for him selfe Antipater sent souldiers after them to take them and of them Archias was Captaine surnamed Phygadotheras as muche to say as a hunter of the banished men It is reported that this Archias was borne in the citie of THVRIES and that he had bene sometimes a common player of tragedies and that Polus also who was borne in the citie of AEGINES the excellentest craftes maister in that facultie of all men was his scholler Yet Hermippus doth recite him amongest the number of the schollers of Lacritus the Orator And Demetrius also wryteth that he had bene at Anaximenes schoole Now this Archias hauing founde the Orator Hyperides in the citie of AEGINA Aristonicus MARATHONIAN and Himeraus the brother of Demetrius the PHALERIAN which had taken sanctuary in the temple of Aiax he tooke them out of the temple by force and sent them vnto Antipater who was at that time in the citie of CLEONES where he did put them all to death and some say that he did cut of Hyperides tongue Furthermore hearing that Demosthenes had taken sanctuarie in the I le of CALAVRIA he tooke litle pinnasies and a certaine number of THRACIAN souldiers being comen thither he sought to perswade Demosthenes to be contented to goe with him vnto Antipater promising him that he should haue no hurt Demosthenes had a straunge dreame the night before and thought that he had played a tragedie contending with Archias and that he handled him selfe so well that all the lookers on at the Theater did commende him and gaue him the honor to be the best player howbeit that otherwise he was not so well furnished as Archias and his players and that in all maner of furniture he did farre exceede him The next morning when Archias came to speake with him who vsing gentle wordes vnto him thinking thereby to winne him by fayer meanes to leaue the sanctuarie Demosthenes looking him full in the face sitting still where he was without remouing sayd vnto him O Archias thou diddest neuer perswade me when thou playedst a play neither shalt thou nowe perswade me though thou promise me Then Archias began to be angrie with him and to threaten him O sayd Demosthenes now thou speakest in good earnest without dissimulacion as the Oracle of MACEDON hath commaunded thee for before thou spakest in the clowdes and farre from thy thought But I pray thee stay a while till I haue written somewhat to my frendes After he had sayd so he went into the temple as though he would haue dispatched some letters and did put the ende of the quill in his mouth which he wrote withall and bit it as his maner was when he did vse to write any thing and held the ende of the quill in his mouth a pretie while together then he cast his gowne ouer his head and layed him downe Archias souldiers seeing that being at the dore of the temple laughing him to scorne thinking he had done so for that he was affrayed to dye called him coward and beast Archias also comming to him prayed him to rise and beganne to vse the former perswasions to him promising him that he would make Antipater his frende Then Demosthenes feeling the poyson worke cast open his gowne and boldly looking Archias in the face sayd vnto him Nowe when thou wilt play Creons parte and throwe my bodie to the dogges without further graue or buriall For my parte O god Neptune I do goe out of thy temple being yet aliue bicause I will not prophane it with my death but Antipater and the MACEDONIANS haue not spared to defile thy sanctuarie with blood and cruell murder Hauing spoken these wordes he prayed them to stay him vp by his armeholes for his feete began alreadie to faile him and thinking to goe forward as he past by the author of Neptune he
assembled in the market place about dispatch of some affaires got vp into the pulpit for Orations where the Orators commonly vse to speake vnto the people silence being made euerie man listning to heare what he would say bicause it was a wonder to see him in that place at length he began to speake in this maner My Lordes of ATHENS I haue a litle yard in my house where there groweth a figge tree on the which many citizens haue haÌ„ged them selues bicause I meane to make some building vpon the place I thought good to let you all vnderstand it that before the figge tree be cut downe if any of you be desperate you may there in time goe hang your selues He dyed in the citie of HALES and was buried vpon the sea side Nowe it chaunced so that the sea getting in it compassed his tombe rounde about that no man coulde come to it and vpon the same was wrytten this epitaphe Heere lyes a vvretched corse of vvretched soule bereft Seeke not my name a plague consume you vvicked vvretches left It is reported that Timon him selfe when he liued made this epitaphe for that which is commonly rehearsed was not his but made by the Poet Callimathus Heere lye I Timon vvho aliue all liuing men did hate Passe by and curse thy fill but passe and stay not here thy gate Many other things could we tell you of this Timon but this litle shall suffice at this present But now to returne to Antonius againe Canidius him selfe came to bring him newes that he had lost all his armie by land at ACTIVM On thother side he was aduertised also that Herodes king of IVRIE who had also certeine legions and bandes with him was reuolted vnto Caesar and all the other kings in like maner so that sauing those that were about him he had none left him All this notwithstanding did nothing trouble him and it seemed that he was contented to forgoe all his hope and so to be ridde of all his care and troubles Thereupon he left his solitarie house he had built in the sea which he called Timoneon and Cleopatra receiued him into her royall pallace He was no sooner comen thither but he straight set all the city of rioting and banketing againe and him selfe to liberalitie and giftes He caused the sonne of Iulius Caesar and Cleopatra to be enrolled according to the maner of the ROMANES amongest the number of young men gaue Antyllus his eldest sonne he had by Fuluia the mans gowne the which was a plaine gowne without gard or imbroderie of purple For these things there was kept great feasting banketing and dauncing in ALEXANDRIA many dayes together In deede they did breake their first order they had set downe which they called Amimetobion as much to say no life comparable did set vp an other which they called Synapothanumenon signifying the order and agreement of those that will dye together the which in exceeding sumptuousnes and cost was not inferior to the first For their frendes made them selues to be inrolled in this order of those that would dye together and so made great feastes one to an other for euerie man when it came to his turne feasted their whole companie and fraternitie Cleopatra in the meane time was verÃe carefull in gathering all sorts of poysons together to destroy men Now to make proofe of those poysons which made men dye with least paine she tried it vpon condemned men in prison For when she saw the poysons that were sodaine and vehement and brought speedy death with grieuous torments in contrary maner that suche as were more milde and gentle had not that quicke speede and force to make one dye sodainly she afterwardes went about to proue the stinging of snakes and adders and made some to be applied vnto men in her sight some in one sorte and some in an other So when she had dayly made diuers and sundrie proofes she found none of all them she had proued so fit as the biting of an Aspicke the which only causeth a heauines of the head without swounding or complaining and bringeth a great desire also to sleepe with a litle swet in the face and so by litle and litle taketh away the sences and vitall powers no liuing creature perceiuing that the pacientes feele any paine For they are so sorie when any bodie waketh them and taketh them vp as those that being taken out of a sound sleepe are very heauy and desirous to sleepe This notwithstanding they sent Ambassadors vnto Octauius Caesar in ASIA Cleopatra requesting the realme of AEGYPT for her children and Antonius praying that he might be suffered to liue at ATHENS like a priuate man if Caesar would not let him remaine in AEGYPT And bicause they had no other men of estimacion about them for that some were fledde and those that remained they did not greatly trust them they were inforced to sende Euphronius the schoolemaister of their children For Alexas LAODICIAN who was brought into Antonius house and fauor by meanes of Timagenes and afterwards was in greater credit with him then any other GRECIAN for that he had alway bene one of Cleopatraes ministers to win Antonius and to ouerthrow all his good determinations to vse his wife Octauia well him Antonius had sent vnto Herodes king of IVRIE hoping still to keepe him his frend that he should not reuolt from him But he remained there and betrayed Antonius For where he should haue kept Herodes from reuolting from him he perswaded him to turne to Caesar trusting king Herodes he presumed to come in Caesars presence Howbeit Herodes did him no pleasure for he was presently taken prisoner and sent in chaines to his owne contrie there by Caesars commaundement put to death Thus was Alexas in Antonius life time put to death for betraying of him Furthermore Caesar would not graunt vnto Antonius requests but for Cleopatra he made her aunswere that he woulde deny her nothing reasonable so that she would either put Antonius to death or driue him out of her contrie Therewithall he sent Thyreus one of his men vnto her a verie wise and discreete man who bringing letters of credit from a young Lorde vnto a noble Ladie and that besides greatly liked her beawtie might easely by his eloquence haue perswaded her He was longer in talke with her then any man else was and the Queene her selfe also did him great honor insomuch as he made Antonius gealous of him Whereupon Antonius caused him to be taken and well fauoredly whipped and so sent him vnto Caesar and bad him tell him that he made him angrie with him bicause he shewed him selfe prowde and disdainfull towards him and now specially when he was easie to be angered by reason of his present miserie To be short if this mislike thee said he thou hast Hipparchus one of my infranchised bondmen with thee hang him if thou wilt or
at thirdly for the loue he bare vnto his verie frend Arrius Thus did Caesar honor Arrius who craued pardon for him selfe and many others specially for Philostratus the eloquentest man of all the sophisters and Orators of his time for present and sodaine speech howbeit he falsly named him selfe an Academicke Philosopher Therefore Caesar that hated his nature condicions would not heare his surt Thereupon he let his gray beard grow long and followed Arrius steppe by steppe in a long mourning gowne still bussing in his eares this Greeke verse A vvise man it that he be vvise in deede May by a vvise man haue the better speede Caesar vnderstanding this not for the desire he had to deliuer Philostratus of his feare as to ridde Arrius of malice enuy that might haue fallen out against him he pardoned him Now touching Antonius sonnes Antyllus his eldest sonne by Fuluia was slaine bicause his schoole-maister Theodorus did betray him vnto the souldiers who strake of his head And the villaine tooke a pretious stone of great value from his necke the which he did sowe in his girdell and afterwards denied that he had it but it was founde about him and so Caesar trussed him vp for it For Cleopatraes children they were verie honorablie kept with their gouernors and traine that waited on them But for Caesarion who was sayd to be Iulius Ceasars sonne his mother Cleopatra had sent him vnto the INDIANS through AETHIOPIA with a great summe of money But one of his gouernors also called Rhodon euen such an other as Theodorus perswaded him to returne into his contrie told him that Caesar sent for him to geue him his mothers kingdom So as Caesar was determining with him selfe what he should doe Arrius sayd vnto him Too Many Caesars is not good Alluding vnto a certaine verse of Homer that sayth Too Many Lords doth not vvell Therefore Caesar did put Caesarion to death after the death of his mother Cleopatra Many Princes great kings and Captaines did craue Antonius body of Octauius Caesar to giue him honorable burial but Caesar would neuer take it from Cleopatra who did sumptuously and royally burie him with her owne handes whom Caesar suffred to take as much as she would to bestow vpon his funeralls Now was she altogether ouercome with sorow passion of minde for she had knocked her brest so pitiefully that she had martired it and in diuers places had raised vlsers and inflamacions so that she fell into a feuer withal whereof she was very glad hoping thereby to haue good colour to absteine from meate and that so she might haue dyed easely without any trouble She had a Phisition called Olympus whom she made priuie of her intent to th end he shoulde helpe her to ridde her out of her life as Olympus wryteth him selfe who wrote a booke of all these thinges But Caesar mistrusted the matter by many coniectures he had and therefore did put her in feare threatned her to put her children to shameful death With these threats Cleopatra for feare yelded straight as she would haue yelded vnto strokes and afterwards suffred her selfe to be cured and dicted as they listed Shortly after Caesar came him selfe in person to see her and to comfort her Cleopatra being layed vpon a litle low bed in poore estate when she sawe Caesar come into her chamber she sodainly rose vp naked in her smocke and fell downe at his feete maruelously disfigured both for that she had plucked her heare from her head as also for that she had martired all her face with her nailes and besides her voyce was small and trembling her eyes sonke into her heade with continuall blubbering and moreouer they might see the most parte of her stomake torne in sunder To be short her bodie was not much better then her minde yet her good grace and comelynes and the force of her beawtie was not altogether defaced But notwithstanding this ougly and pitiefull state of hers yet she showed her selfe within by her outward lookes and countenance When Caesar had made her lye downe againe and sate by her beddes side Cleopatra began to cleere and excuse her selfe for that she had done laying all to the feare she had of Antonius Caesar in contrarie maner reproued her in euery poynt Then she sodainly altered her speache and prayed him to pardon her as though she were affrayed to dye desirous to liue At length she gaue him a breese and memoriall of all the readie money treasure she had But by chaunce there stootle Seleucus by one of her Treasorers who to seeme a good seruant came straight to Caesar to disproue Cleopatra that she had not set in al but kept many things back of purpose Cleopatra was in such a rage with him that she flew vpon him and tooke him by the heare of the head and boxed him wellfauoredly Caesar fell a laughing and parted the fray Alas said she O Caesar is not this a great shame and reproche that thou hauing vouchesaued to take the peines to come vnto me and hast done me this honor poore wretche and caitife creature brought into this pitiefull miserable estate and that mine owne seruaunts should come now to accuse me though it may be I haue reserued some iuells trifles meete for women but not for me poore soule to set out my selfe withall but meaning to geue some pretie presents gifts vnto Octauia and Liuia that they making meanes intercession for me to thee thou mightest yet extend thy fauor and mercie vpon me Caesar was glad to heare her say so perswading him selfe thereby that she had yet a desire to saue her life So he made her answere that he did not only geue her that to dispose of at her pleasure which she had kept backe but further promised to vse her more honorably and bountifully then she would thinke for and so he tooke his leaue of her supposing he had deceiued her but in deede he was deceiued him selfe There was a young gentleman Cornelius Dolabella that was one of Caesars very great familiars besides did beare no euil will vnto Cleopatra He sent her word secretly as she had requested him that Caesar determined to take his iorney through SVRIA that within three dayes he would sende her away before with her children When this was tolde Cleopatra she requested Caesar that it would please him to suffer her to offer the last oblations of the dead vnto the soule of Antonius This being graunted her she was caried to the place where his tombe was there falling downe on her knees imbracing the tombe with her women the teares running downe her cheekes she began to speake in this sorte O my deare Lord Antonius not long sithence I buried thee here being a free woman and now I offer vnto thee the funerall sprinklinges and oblations being a captiue and prisoner and
yet I am forbidden and kept from tearing murdering this captiue body of mine with blowes which they carefully gard and keepe onely to triumphe of thee looke therefore henceforth for no other honors offeringes nor sacrifices from me for these are the last which Cleopatra can geue thee sith nowe they carie her away Whilest we liued together nothing could seuer our companies but now at our death I feare me they will make vs chaunge our contries For as thou being a ROMANE hast bene buried in AEGYPT euen so wretched creature I an AEGYPTIAN shall be buried in ITALIE which shall be all the good that I haue receiued by thy contrie If therefore the gods where thou art now haue any power and authoritie sith our gods here haue forsaken vs suffer not thy true frend and louer to be caried away aliue that in me they triumphe of thee but receiue me with thee and let me be buried in one selfe tombe with thee For though my griefes and miseries be infinite yet none hath grieued me more nor that I could lesse beare withall then this small time which I haue bene driuē to liue alone without thee Then hauing ended these doleful plaints and crowned the tombe with garlands and sundry nosegayes and maruelous louingly imbraced the same she commaunded they should prepare her bath and when she had bathed and washed her selfe she fell to her meate and was sumptuously serued Nowe whilest she was at dinner there came a contrieman and brought her a basket The souldiers that warded at the gates asked him straight what he had in his basket He opened the basket and tooke out the leaues that couered the figges and shewed them that they were figges he brought They all of them maruelled to see so goodly figges The contrieman laughed to heare them and bad them take some if they would They beleued he told them truely and so bad him carie them in After Cleopatra had dined she sent a certaine table written and sealed vnto Caesar and commaunded them all to go out of the tombes where she was but the two women then she shut the dores to her Caesar when he receiued this table and began to read her lamentation and petition requesting him that he would let her be buried with Antonius founde straight what she ment and thought to haue gone thither him selfe howbeit he sent one before in all hast that might be to see what it was Her death was very sodaine For those whom Caesar sent vnto her ran thither in all hast possible found the souldiers standing at the gate mistrusting nothing nor vnderstanding of her death But when they had opened the dores they founde Cleopatra starke dead layed vpon a bed of gold attired and araied in her royall robes and one of her two women which was called Iras dead at her feete and her other woman called Charmion halfe dead and trembling trimming the Diademe which Cleopatra ware vpon her head One of the souldiers seeing her angrily sayd vnto her is that well done Charmion Verie well sayd she againe and meete for a Princes discended from the race of so many noble kings She sayd no more but fell downe dead hard by the bed Some report that this Aspicke was brought vnto her in the basket with figs that she had cōmaunded them to hide it vnder the figge leaues that when she shoulde thinke to take out the figges the Aspicke shoulde bite her before she should see her howbeit that when shew would haue taken away the leaues for the figges she perceiued it and said art thou here then And so her arme being naked she put it to the Aspicke to be bitten Other say againe she kept it in a boxe and that she did pricke and thrust it with a spindell of golde so that the Aspicke being angerd withall lept out with great furie and bitte her in the arme Howbeit sewe can tell the troth For they report also that she had hidden poyson in a hollow raser which she caried in the heare of her head and yet was there no marke seene of her bodie or any signe discerned that she was poysoned neither also did they finde this serpent in her tombe But it was reported onely that there were seene certeine fresh steppes or trackes where it had gone on the tombe side toward the sea and specially by the dores side Some say also that they found two litle pretie bytings in her arme scant to be discerned the which it seemeth Caesar him selfe gaue credit vnto bicause in his triumphe he caried Cleopatraes image with an Aspicke byting of her arme And thus goeth the report of her death Now Caesar though he was maruelous sorie for the death of Cleopatra yet he wondred at her noble minde and corage and therefore commaunded she should be nobly buried and layed by Antonius and willed also that her two women shoulde haue honorable buriall Cleopatra dyed being eight and thirtie yeare olde after she had raigned two and twenty yeres and gouerned aboue foureteene of them with Antonius And for Antonius some say that he liued three and fiue yeares and others say six and fiftie All his statues images and mettalls were plucked downe and ouerthrowen sauing those of Cleopatra which stoode still in their places by meanes of Archibius one of her frendes who gaue Caesar a thowsande talentes that they should not be handled as those of Antonius were Antonius left seuen children by three wiues of the which Caesar did put Antyllus the eldest sonne he had by Fuluia to death Octauia his wife tooke all the rest and brought them vp with hers and maried Cleopatra Antonius daughter vnto king Iuba a maruelous curteous goodly Prince And Antonius the sonne of Fuluia came to be so great that next vnto Agrippa who was in greatest estimacion about Caesar and next vnto the children of Liuia which were the second in estimacion he had the third place Furthermore Octauia hauing had two daughters by her first husband Marcellus and a sonne also called Marcellus Caesar maried his daughter vnto that Marcellus and so did adopt him for his sonne And Octauia also maried one of her daughters vnto Agrippa But when Marcellus was deade after he had bene maried a while Octauia perceiuing that her brother Caesar was very busie to choose some one among his frends whom he trusted best to make his sonne in law she perswaded him that Agrippa should mary his daughter Marcellus widow and leaue her owne daughter Caesar first was contented withall and then Agrippa and so she afterwards tooke away her daughter and maried her vnto Antonius and Agrippa maried Iulia Caesars daughter Now there remained two daughters more of Octauia and Antonius Domitius AEnobarbus maried the one and the other which was Antonia so fayer and vertuous a young Ladie was maried vnto Drusus the sonne of Liuia and sonne in law of Caesar. Of this mariage came Germanicus and Clodius of the which Clodius afterwards
of king Artaxerxes Euenukes whome they called the kings eye in the Court passing by a horsebacke knewe Cyrus Euenukes that mourned very pitifully lamenting the death of their master So he asked the Euenuke whome Cyrus loued best who is that that is dead O Pariscas that thou weepest so bitterly Pariscas aunswered him againe seest thou not Artasyras that it is Cyrus but newly dead Artasyras wondred much when he sawe him So he comforted the Euenuke and willed him in no case to goe from the body and in the meane time he galloped a pace to the king who thought he had lost all and was very ill besides both for the great thirst he suffred as also for his wound he had on his breast Nowe when the Euenuke came vnto the king told him with a smyling countenaunce the newes how he had seene Cyrus dead The king was so ioyfull at the newes that he was desirous him selfe forthwith to goe vnto the place where he lay to see him and commaunded Artasyras to bring him thither But after he had considered better of it he was counselled not to go thither him selfe for feare of the GRAECIANS who they sayd wonne all and were yet chasing killing them in the field that fled But rather that he should send a good company of men thither to bring him iust report whether the newes were true of his death or not Vpon this aduise he stayed and sent thither thirtye men euery man with torches in their handes In the meane tyme one of his Euenukes called Satibanzanes ranne vp and downe to see if he could get any water for the king that was almost dead for thirst for there was no water neare vnto him where he was and besides his campe was farre from him His Euenuke hauing 〈…〉 up and downe a great way to seeke it mette by chaunce with these poore slaues and porters the CAVNIANS amonge the which one of them caried in an olde ragged goates skinne â— above eight glassefulles of naughty stincking water So he presently caried the same to the king who dranke it vp euery whit When the king had dronke it the Euenuke asked him if that 〈…〉 ry water did him no hurt The king sware by the goddes vnto him that he neuer dranke better wine nor sweeter water then that was nor that pleased him better then that did and therefore sayde he I beseeche the goddes if it be not my happe to finde him thâ—â— gave theâ—â— this water to reward him yet that it will please them to send him good fortune As the king was talking thus with his Euenuke the thirty men with their torches returned vnto him 〈…〉 altogether with ioyfull countenaunce confirmed the good newes he looked not for 〈…〉 there were comen together againe a great number of souldiers about him 〈…〉 still come moe one after another that he beganne againe to be coragious Then he came downe into the playne with a world of lights and torches about him and went straight to the be place where his brother Cyrus body lay There following the auncient manner of the PERSIANS against traytors to the king he caused his head and right hand to be striken of and then made his head be brought vnto him the which he tooke by the heares of his head for Cyrus ware them long and thicke and did him selfe shew it vnto them that fled still and were affraid to encorage them againe They wondering to see it did him humble reuerence and so gathered by companies about the king that in a smal time there were gathered together about him three score and tenne thowsand fighting men with the which he tooke his way againe towards the campe In deed Ctesias sayth that he had but foure hundred thowsand fighting men in all but Dinon and Xenophon say more And for the number of them that were slayne Ctesias sayth that word was brought to the king that there were not aboue nyne thowsand slaine howbeit that to sight they seemed to be no lesse then twenty thowsand But for that point he might be talked withall in either of both But furthermore where he sayth that the king did send him with Phayllus ZACYNTHIAN vnto the GRAECIANS and others with him that is a flat lye For Xenophon knew right well that this Ctesias wayted vpon the king bicause he speaketh of him in diuers places of his historie and if he had bene appoynted by the king to cary report vnto the GRAECIANS of so waighty a matter it is like enough Xenophon would not haue concealed it when he nameth Phayllus ZACYNTHIAN But Ctesias as it appeareth by his writings was every ambitious man and partiall vnto the LACEDAEMONIANS but specially vnto Clearchus is glad when he can get any occasion to speake of him selfe for his glory of LACEDAEMONIAN of Clearchus Now after this battell king Artaxerxes sent goodly riche gifts vnto Artaxerxes sonne whose father Cyrus had slayne with his owne hands and as it is reported did also greatly honor Ctesias and many others and did not forget also to cause the poore SAVNIAN slane to be sought out that had giuen him the water to be caried to him which saued his life and when he had found him out of a poore wretch vnknowen before he made him a riche noble man He seuerely punished those also that had offended the martiall law amongest others Arbaces one of the MEDES who when the battell was ioyned he fled first on Cyrus side and then when he vnderstoode he was slayne he returned againe to the kings side For supposing that it was rather timerousnes and cowardly nature then for treason or euil will he bare him he compelled him to carye a whore on his backe starke naked all daye long about the market place And to another who besides he had yeelded him selfe to his enemies falsely boasted that he had slayne two he made his tongue to be bored thorough in three seuerall places with a cordiners alle Now the king being of opinion that it was him selfe that had slayne his brother Cyrus with his owne hand and being desirous that euery man should so thinke say he sent presents vnto Mithridates that had hurt him first in the forehead and commaunded him that caried the giftes vnto him to tell him from the king the king doth send thee these preseÌ„ts bicause thou finding first the capparison of Cyrus horse diddest bring it vnto the king The CARIAN also that had cut the hamme of his legge wherewith Cyrus fell downe asked his gift likewise the which the king gaue him and bad the Messenger tell him the king doth giue thee this bicause thou wast the second person that broughtest him the good newes For Artasyras was the first and thou the second that brought him newes of the death of Cyrus Now Mithridates albeit he was not well pleased in his mind with those wordes he went his way and sayd nothing then nor made any thing a doe but the
vnfortunate CARIAN fondely fell into a foolish vaine common vnto men For the sodeine ioy he felt as it seemeth to see such a goodly riche present before him as the king sent him made him so forget him selfe that he began to aspyre and to pretend greater things then became his state and calling And therefore he would not take the kings gifte as in respecte that he had brought him worde of Cyrus death but began to storme and to rage calling the gods to witnesse that it was he onely and none other that slue Cyrus and that they did him great wronge to take this honor from him The king beeing told of it tooke it so angrily that he presently commaunded them to strike of his head But Parysatis the Queene mother beeing present when the king gaue this commaundement she prayed him not to put him to death in that sort for the Villain sayd she let me alone I will chastise him well enough for his presumption and rashe speeche The king was contended she should haue him Thereuppon she sent the Sergeaunts to take this cursed CARIAN and made him be hanged vpon a gybbet ten dayes together and at the tenne dayes end caused his eyes to be pulled out of his head and last of all poored molten mettell into his eares and so killed the Villaine with this kinde of torment Mithridates also shortly after died miserably by a like sollye He was bidden to supper at a feast whether came also the king and Queene mothers Euenukes and when they came Mithridates sate downe at the bord in the kings golden gowne he gaue him When they had supped and that they beganne to drinke one to another one of Parysatis Euenukes sayd vnto Mithridates the king hath in deede giuen thee a goodly gowne Mithridates and goodly chaynes and carcanets of gold and so is the sword very riche and good he gaue thee so that when thou hast that by thy side there is no man I warrant thee but will thinke thee a happy man Mithridates then the wine fuming into his brayne aunswered straight what meanest thou by that Sparamixes I deserued a better then this when the battell was sought Then Sparamixes langhing on him aunswered I do not speak it for any hurt or euil wil I beare thee Mithridates but to speake franckly among our selues bicause the GRAECIANS haue a common prouerbe that wine telleth true I pray thee tell me what valliant acte was it to take vp a capparison of a horse that fell on the ground and to cary it to the king which the Euenuke spitefully put forth vnto him not that he was ignorant who did it but to prouoke him to speake and to put him in a rage knowing that he was a hasty man of nature could not kepe his tongue least of all when he had droncke so wel as he had done and so it fell out in deede For Mithridates could not byte it in but replyed straight you may talke as long as you lyft of the capparison of a horse such trash but I tell you plainly that Cyrus was slayne with myne owne hands and with no mans els For I hit him not in vaine as Artagerses did but full in the forehead hard by his eye and strake him through and through his head againe and so ouerthrewe him of which blow he dyed He had no soner spoken those words but the rest that were at the bord cast down their eyes foreseeing the death of this pore vnfortunat Mithridates But then the master of the feast began to speake and sayd vnto him friend Mithridates I pray thee let vs drincke and be mery and reuerence and thanke the good fortune of our king and for the rest let this talke goe it is too highe for vs When the Euenuke went from thence he tolde Parysatis the Queene mother what Mithridates had sayd before them all and she went and told the king of it Who was maruelously offended withall to be so belyed and to lose the thing that was most honorable and best pleased him in his victorie For it was his mind that all the world both GRAECIANS and barbarous people should certainly beleue that in the battell betwixt him and his brother he was hurt but yet that he slue Cyrus with his owne hand So the king cōmaunded that Mithridates should suffer the paines of death in botes the which is after this maner They take two botes made of purpose so euen that the one is nether broder nor longer then the other then lay the offender in one of thē vpon his back so couer him with the other do sow both botes together So that the parties feete hands head do come out at holes made of purpose for him the rest of his bodye is all hidden within Now they giue him meate as much as he will eate if he wil not eate they force him to it by thrusting alles in his eies then when he hath eaten they giue him hony to drinke mingled with milke they do not only powre it into his mouth but also all his face ouer turning him ful into the sunne so that his face is all couered ouer with flies furthermore being driuen to do his needes in that troughe of his excrements there ingender wormes that eate his body euen to the very priuities Then when they see the man is dead they take of the vppermost boate find all his flesh deuowred with vermine ingendring of him euen to his very intrals So when Mithridates had miserably languished in this manner seuenteene daies together at length he died in extreme torments Now Parysatis the Queene mother lacked no more to accomplish her wicked desire but Mesabates one of the kings Euenukes that had cut of Cyrus head and hand seing that he was very ware circūspect in his behauior that she could not take him at any aduauntage in the end she deuised a fine way to intrap him She had a maruelous wit amonge other things could play passingly wel at all games at dyce did many times play with the king her sonne before the warres after the warres also when he had made peace she did play at dyce with him as she had done before insomuch as she knew all his secret loue and furthered him to enioy it To be short she would neuer be out of his sight but as litle as she could would let his wife Statira haue as litle time with him as might be that she might gouerne and rule him as she would both bicause she hated her of all creatures liuing and also for that she would beare the greatest sway and credit about him When she saw the king one day at leysure not knowing how to passe the time away she inticed him to play a thowsand Darecks at dyce and was contented to lose them willingly and paied the thowsand Darecks downe seeming notwithstanding to be angry with her
the king referred him to be iudged by his peeres For the king him selfe would not be present to geue iudgement of him but deputed other in his place to accuse him howbeit he commaunded his secretaries to set downe in writing the opinion and sentence of euerie one of the Iudges and to bring it him In fine they all cast him and condemned him to dye Then the officers layed hold on him and brought him into a chamber of the prison where the hangman came with a raser in his hande with the which he vsed to cut mens throates so condemned to dye So the hangman comming into the chamber when he saw it was Darius he was affrayed and came out of the chamber againe his hart failing him and durst not lay handes vpon the person of the king But the Iudges that stoode without the chamber bad him goe and doe it vnlesse he would haue his owne throate cut So the hangman then came in and tooke Darius by the heare of the head and made him hold downe his head and so cut his necke with his raser he had in his other hand Others doe write that this sentence was geuen in the presence of king Artaxerxes selfe and that Darius seeing him selfe conuicted by manifest proofes brought in against him he fell downe at his fathers feete and besought him to pardon him and then that his father being angrie rose vp and drew out his curtelax and wounded him in so many places withall that at lenght he slue him Then returning into the Court he worshipped the sunne and turning him to his Lords that were about him he sayd vnto them My Lordes God be with you and be merie at home in your houses and tell them that were not here how the great Oromazes hath taken reuenge of them that practised treason against me This was the end of Darius treason Now Darius being dead Ochus his brother stoode in good hope to be next heire to the crowne the rather through the meanes and frendshippe of his sister Atossa but yet of his legitimate brethren he feared him called Ariaspes who was onely left of all the rest that were legitimate and of his bastard brethren Arsames not bicause Ariaspes was elder than he but for that he was of a soft plaine nature the PERSIANS desired he might be their king On the other side Arsames was wise and valliant and Ochus sawe that his father loued him dearely So he determined to intrappe them both Now Ochus being a suttle and malicious natured man he first shewed his crueltie vpon Arsames and his malice vpon Ariaspes his legitimate brother For bicause he knewe he was but simple and plaine he sent dayly some of the kings Euenukes vnto him who brought him threatning words and messages as from the king telling him that he had determined to put him to a shamefull and cruell death So forging these newes continuallie as things verie secret they did so terrifie poore Ariaspes telling him that the king was fullie bent to put some of his threats in execution out of hand that he was put in such feare and dispaire of his life that he prepared him selfe apoyson and dranke it to ridde him selfe of his life King Artaxerxes vnderstanding of his death tooke it very heauily began to mistrust the cause that made him to make him selfe away howebeit he coulde not seeke the proofe of it for his extreame age But this chaunce made him loue Arsames better then before shewing plainly that he trusted him better then Ochus and did make him priuie to all things Ochus could no lenger abide to deserte his intent and therefore entised Harpaces Tiribazus sonne to kill his bastard brother Arsames the which he did Now Artaxerxes was so extreame olde that he was as good as done with age but after he heard his sonne Arsames was murdered he coulde beare it no lenger but tooke it so to his hart for sorow that when he had liued foure score and fouretene yeares and raigned three score and two he dyed When he was dead they then found that he had bene a gratious curteous Prince and one that loued his people and subiectes when they saw the proofe of his successor Ochus that passed all men liuing in crueltie and seuerity THE LIFE OF Dion LIke as Simonides ô Sossius Senecio saith that the city of ILIVN was not offended with the CORINTHIANS for that they came to make warre with them with other GRAECIANS bicause Glaucus whose first auncesters came from CORINTHE had taken armes louingly fought for the same euen so me thinkes that neither the GRAECIANS nor ROMANES haue cause to complaine of the Academy sith they be both alike praised of the same in this present booke in the which are conteined the liues of Dion and Brutus Of the which the one of them hauing bene verie familiar with Plato him selfe and the other from his childhoode brought vp in Platoes doctrine they both as it were came out of one selfe schoolehouse to attempt the greatest enterprises amongest men And it is no maruell if they two were muche like in many of their doinges prouing that true which their schoolemaister Plato wrote of vertue that to do any noble act in the gouernment of a common wealth which should be famous and of credit authoritie and good fortune must both meete in one selfe person ioined with iustice and wisedom For as a certaine fenser called Hippomachus said that he knewe his schollers farre of if he did but see them comming from the market with meate in their handes so it must needes follow that men hauing bene vertuously brought vp must nedes be wise in all their doings and beside that it bringeth them to ciuilitie and honesty euen so it frameth their condicions muche like one vnto an other Furthermore their fortunes hauing also fallen out both alike more by chaunce then by any reason do make their liues verie like to eache other For they were both of them slaine before they coulde bring their enterprises to passe which they had determined But the greatest wonder of all is this that their deathes were foreshewed vnto them both by a wicked spirit that visible appeared vnto either of them albeit there be some that can not abide those opinions and doe maintaine that these sights and euill spirits doe neuer appeare to any man that hath his right wits but that they are fancies of litle children or old women or of some men that their wits are weakened by sickenes and so haue a certaine imagination of suche straunge sightes being of this superstitious minde that they haue a wicked spirit and an euill angell in them But if Dion and Brutus both of them graue and learned Philosophers and verie constant men not ouercome by any sodaine passion or imagination of minde haue bene moued by such sights and spirits and haue also tolde it vnto their frendes I can not tell whether we shall inforced to
ACHAIANS were fighting already within the suburbs and gates of the citie against the first that resisted whome they slue They being broken put to flight made the rest so affraid that were gathered together to ayde them that they wist not what to doe In this tumult and great hurly burly there was one of the Ladies a prisoner that was the Daughter of Epigethes one of the noblest men of the citie and she a maruelous goodly woman and passing fayer who being set in the temple of Diana whether a Captaine had brought her that had chosen her for him selfe and had put his burganet on her head she sodainely ranne to the gate of the temple with the burganet on her head when she heard the noyse of them that sought to see them fight The Citizens seeing her in that array found her the goodlier to behold and of greater maiesty then any worldly creature The enemies on the other side were so affraid to see her thinking she had bene some spirit that not a man of them duâ—â—t once defend them selues So the PALLENIANS say that the image of Diana all the rest of the tyme is kept locked vp and no body toucheth it and that when the Nunne that keepeth it doth cary it elswhere no man dare looke on it but euery man turneth his eyes away bicause the sight of it is not onely fearefull and hurtfull vnto men but it also killeth the frute of the trees it passeth by and maketh them barren This was the cause that then troubled the AETOLIANS mindes so muche bicause the Nunne remouing the image of the goddesse Diana she turned it towards them Howbeit Aratus in his commentaries maketh no mention of this at all but onely writeth that when he had defeated the AETOLIANS following them in chase he entred hand ouer head with them that fled into the citie out of the which he draue them and slue seuen hundred of them This noble victory hath bene esteemed amonge the chiefest afterwards and the paynter Timanthes hath drawen and set it forth in table very liuely This notwithstanding bicause diuers Princes and people did immediatly prepare force against the ACHAIANS Aratus presently made peace with the AETOLIANS by the practise of Pantaleon who bare great swaye and authoritie amongest them Furthermore Aratus being desirous to set the ATHENIANS at libertie he sodainly attempted to take the hauen of PIRAEA for the which the ACHAIANS reproued him bicause he had broken the peace they had made with the MACEDONIANS But Aratus in his commentaries doth stowtely denye that it was he and layeth the fault vpon Erginus by whose meanes he wanne the castell of the Acrocorinthe saying that it was he that of his owne minde did set a scaling ladder to the wall and that his ladder breaking vnder him he fled vpon it and perceyuing he was followed neare by the enemies he styll cryed out Aratus as if he had bene there and by this pollicye mocked his enemies and saued him selfe Howbeit me thinkes this aunswer is not true For it is not credible that Erginus a priuate souldier and a SYRIAN borne shoulde haue so greate an enterprise in his head vnles it had bene by Aratus consent and commaundement who had giuen him men tyme and meanes to vndertake it And this appeared playnely afterwardes For Aratus did not attempt it twyse or thryse onely but oftener then so as those that extreamely desire a thinge to take the hauen of PIRAEA on the sodaine not giuing ouer for once fayling but rather imboldening him selfe agayne with good hope bicause he mist it but litle and that he came so neare the taking of it And another tyme also amongest others flying through the playne of THRIASIA he brake his legge and was driuen to haue many incisions to heale it so that he was a longe tyme together caryed in his lytter to the warres After that king Antigonus was deade and that Demetrius his sonne succeeded him in the kingdome he attempted then more earnestly then euer before to set the citye of ATHENS at libertye making small accompt of the MACEDONIANS Aratus therefore beeing ouerthrowen in battell neare vnto PHYLACIA by king Demetrius Lieuetenant called BITHYS and the rumor running straight abroad that Aratus was deade or at the least that he was taken prisoner one named Diogenes Captaine of the hauen of PIRAEA wrote a letter vnto CORINTHA and commaunded the garrison of the ACHAIANS that kept it to deliuer the towne for Aratus was deade But he by chaunce was at the selfe same tyme in CORINTHE so that they which brought the letters went home with a mocke without their purpose and made all the companye meary Furthermore king Demetrius him selfe sent a gallye out of MACEDON to bringe Aratus bound vnto him The ATHENIANS them selues also to please the MACEDONIANS exceeding all lightnes of flatterye ware garlands of their heads a whole day together in token of common ioy when newes was brought them of Aratus death Aratus was so mad in his minde to heare this that he brought his armye presently against them euen to the very suburbes of the Academy Notwithstanding at their earnest requests he did no hurt there And afterwardes the ATHENIANS acknowledging his valliantnes when king Demetrius dyed it tooke them in the heads to recouer their libertie againe So Aratus though that yeare another man was generall of the ACHAIANS and that he kept his bedde lying sicke of a longe disease yet to further this he was caried to ATHENS in alytter and so perswaded Diogenes Captaine of the garrison there that for the summe of a hundred and fifty talents towards the which Aratus gaue of his owne twenty talents he made him deliuer the ATHENIANS the hauen of PIRAEA the castell of MVNYCHIA the I le of SALAMINA and the castell of SVNIVM After this the AEGINETES the HERMIONIANS and the moste parte of ARCADIA it selfe did presently ioyne with the ACHAIANS so that the MACEDONIANS beeing occupied with warres at that tyme in other places agaynst their neighbours the power of the ACHAIANS maruelously increased hauing also the AETOLIANS their confederates Then Aratus to performe his olde promise and being angrie to see the citie of ARGOS being so neere neighbour vnto them yet kept in bondage he sent vnto Aristomachus to perswade him to be contented to set his citie againe at libertie and to ioyne it to the tribe of the ACHAIANS as Lysiadas had done his towne of MEGALIPOLIS and rather too like to be made a Generall with honor and praise of so great and famous a state as the ACHAIANS then tyran of one only citie hated and euerie hower of the night and day in daunger of his life Aristomachus gaue care to his perswasions and sent vnto Aratus telling him that he had neede of fiftie talentes to discharge the souldiers he had about him The money was straight prepared And Lysiadas that was at that time Generall of the ACHAIANS and that
citie of EPIDAVRVM Howbeit the ARGIVES taried not Aratus comming but were all vp before he came and did set vpon king Cleomenes men and had driuen them into the castell Cleomenes being aduertised of it and fearing least his enemies keeping the citie of ARGOS should cut of his way from returning into his contrie againe with safetie if he were driuen to a straight he forsooke the castell of the Acrocorinthe and went his way by night to helpe his men in the citie of ARGOS So he came thither in time and ouerthrewe certeine of his enemies But shortly after Aratus and king Antigonus both being comen thither with all their aide Cleomenes was driuen to flie to the citie of MANTINEA After the recouery againe of the citie of ARGOS all the residue of the cities of PELOPONNESVS did againe returne to the ACHAIANS and Antigonus tooke the castell of the Acrocorinthe So Aratus being chosen Generall by the ARGIVES he counselled them to present Antigonus with all the tyrans goodes and those that had bene traitors to the common wealth And after they had cruellie tormented the tyran Aristomachus in the citie of CENCHREES in the ende they cast him into the sea and drowned him Aratus was maruelouslie reproued for his death that he woulde suffer the poore man to be so vilely handled that was a good man and one that had done him great pleasure who through his perswasion willinglie resigned vp his tyrannie and deliuered the city of ARGOS vnto the ACHAIANS But besides this they blamed him for many other things else For that the ACHAIANS through his meanes had put the citie of CORINTHE into Antigonus hands as though it had bene some meane village for that when they had sacked the citie of ORCHOMENE they suffered him to place a garrison of the MACEDONIANS there for that they had enacted by parlament that they should neither write nor sende Ambassadors any whether without Antigonus priuitie and consent furthermore for that they were compelled to geue pay to the MACEDONIANS for that they made sacrifices feastes and games vnto Antigonus as if he had bene a god following the example of Aratus citizens who were the first that began and had receiued Antigonus into the city by the perswasion of Aratus that lodged and feasted him in his owne house With all these faults they burdened Aratus and considered not that after they had put the reynes of the gouernment into Antigonus hand Aratus him selfe whether he would or not was compelled to follow the swing of the vnbridled Prince hauing no other meanes to stay it but onely the libertie of speache to admonish him and that also was not to be exercised without apparant and great daunger For it is most true that many things were done greatly against Aratus minde as amongest others that Antigonus caused the tyrans images of ARGOSTO to be set vp which he had before pulled downe and also that he made them to be ouerthrowen which Aratus had set vp for those that had taken the castell of CORINTHE and onely left Aratus owne statue notwithstanding all the earnest inn eaty Aratus made to the contrarie yet he could get no graunt of any thing he requested Besides also it appeareth the the ACHAIANS delt not so frendly with the MANTINIANS as became GRAECIANS one to an other For they hauing the citie in their handes by Antigonus meanes did put all the noblest and chiefest men of MANTINEA to death others they solde as slaues and sent the rest into MACEDON with irons on their legges and brought the poore women children into bondage and sold them for slaues and of the money they got by spoile they deuided the third parte among them selues and left the other two partes vnto the MACEDONIANS Nowe surely it can not be sayd but this was done for some cruell reuenge For though it was an ouergreat crueltie in rage passion of minde to handle people of one selfe blood and language in this lamentable sorte yet as Simonides saith when men are driuen and forced to it it is a gentle no cruell thing to ease their great stomackes inflamed with rage and malice But for that which was done afterwards vnto the citie no man can excuse Aratus nor say that he was either driuen to it by necessitie or that he had otherwise any honest occasion to doe it For king Antigonus hauing geuen the citie of MANTINEA vnto the ARGIVES they determined to make it a Colonie and chose Aratus their Generall who made a decree that thenceforth the citie should no more be called MANTINEA but ANTIGONIA as it beareth name vnto this day Thus it seemeth that gentle MANTINEA for so the Poets called it was vtterlie destroyed and bare the name of an other citie through Aratus meanes preferring the name of him that destroied the city did put all the inhabitants of the first to death After that king Cleomenes being ouerthrowen in a great battell by the citie of SELLASIA he left the citie of SPARTA and fled into AEGYPT So Antigonus hauing vsed Aratus with all kind of honorable curtesie he returned againe into MACEDON There falling sicke he sent Philip that should succeede him in the kingdom being a young strippling growen into PELOPONNESVS and straightly charged him speciallie to followe Aratus counsell and to imploy him when he would speake vnto the cities and become acquainted with the ACHAIANS So Aratus hauing receiued him in that sorte made him so well affected and louing towardes him that he sent him againe into MACEDON being throughlie determined to make warres with GRAECE So after the death of Antigonus the AETOLIANS beganne to despise the carelesnesse and cowardlinesse of the ACHAIANS bicause that they being acquainted to be defended by straungers and hauing bene altogether gouerned by the armies of the MACEDONIANS they liued verie idlely dissolutely whereupon they tooke vpon them to make them selues Lords of PELOPONNESVS So they assembled an armie and by the way as they went they onely tooke some pray and spoyle vpon the lands of the PATRAEIANS and the DYMAEIANS but inuading the territorie of MESSINA with all their armie they destroyed the whole contrie before them Aratus being angrie withall and perceiuing that Timoxenus who at that time was Generall of the ACHAIANS did still tract and delay time in vaine bicause he was vpon his going out of his yeare he being appointed Generall for the yeare following did anticipate his time fiue dayes before to goe and aide the MESSENIANS Wherefore leauing an armie of the ACHAIANS whose persons were nowe neither exercised in armes nor yet had any desire to goe to the warres he was ouerthrowen by the citie of CAPHYES Nowe bicause it was thought that he went somewhat too hottely and coragiouslie to the warres he so extremely cooled againe and left things in such case that all hope being cast a side he suffred the AETOLIANS in maner to tread PELOPONNESVS vnder their feete before his eyes with all
Aratus by the hand as if by force he had cast him out of the castell and had also taken the citie of MESSINA from him sayd vnto him come on then lette vs euen take that course But after that time Aratus came as litle to the Court as might be and so by litle and litle left Philippes companie For when he went to make warre in the realme of EPIRVS he was earnestlie in hand with Aratus to goe that iorney with him But Aratus prayed him to hold him excused and so remained at home being affrayed to be brought into an euill name with Philippes doings For Philippe afterwards hauing shamefullie lost his armie by sea against the ROMANES besides hauing had also verie euill successe in all other his affaires he returned againe to PELOPONNESVS thought once more to haue deceiued the MESSENIANS But when they founde his practise then he beganne with open force to spoyle their contrie Aratus then flatlie fell out with Philip and vtterly refused his frendship for that he perceiued then the iniurie he had done his sonnes wife the which grieued him to the harte but yet he made not his sonne priuie to it bicause he coulde gette no other amendes then to knowe what iniurie had bene done to him considering that he had no way nor meanes to be reuenged For king Philip was maruelously changed and from a curteous and chast young Prince becomen a vitious and cruell tyran the which to speake truely was not a chaunge or alteracion in nature but a manifest declaracion when he was no more affrayed of any man of his wicked and deuelish mind the which through feare had of long time bene kept secret Now to prone that Philips first loue and good will he bare vnto Aratus was also mingled with feare and reuerence that which he did afterwards vnto him did plainly shew it For he being desirous to put Aratus to death not thinking him selfe free so long as he liued neither king nor tyran he durst not goe about to kill him him selfe but procured one of his Captaines called Taurion and commaunded him to make him away as secretly as he could possible specially with poyson in his absence This Taurion fell in frendship with Aratus and poysoned him with no violent poyson but so tempered qualified it as it did by litle and litle heate the bodie and procure a pretie coffe which brought him into a consumption Aratus knewe he was poysoned but bicause he sawe it booted not to bewray it he bare it pacientlie and made no words of it as if he had had some naturall disease about him Yet on a time one of his chiefest frends being in his chamber with him who wondred to see him spit blood as he did he told him frēd Caephalon mine this is the reward of a kings loue So he died of this poison in the city of AEOIVM being the seuenteenth time chosen Generall of the ACHAIANS who would haue had him buried in the selfe same place and haue made some honorable monument for him worthie of his noble life But the SICYONIANS thinking them selues dishonored if his body were buried any where else but in their owne citie they so perswaded the counsell of the ACHAIANS that they suffered them to take Aratus bodie with them Yet was there an auncient law that forbad buriall within the walls of the citie of any maner of person whatsoeuer and besides that law they had a certaine superstitious feare in them that made them they durst not Whereuppon they sent to Apolloes temple at DELPHES to aske counsell of his Nunne that gaue the Oracles who made them this aunswere Thou happie soile of Sicyon Aratus natiue place VVhereas thou askest counsell in that noble Captaines case For keeping of a yeareminde and for making feastfull dayes In honor of that vvorthie vvight to last henceforth alvvaien If any hinder your intent through fondnes or through spight Both sea and land and heauen it selfe vvill punish that same vvight This Oracle being brought all the ACHAIANS were maruelous glad of it but the SICYONIANS speciallie who presentlie chaunging their mourning into publike ioy they caried the bodie from the citie of AEGIVM brought it home as in maner of procession in white robes and garlands of flowers on their heades singing hymnes and songes of ioy and daunsing till they came to the citie of SICYONE And there they chose out the chiefest place and buried him as their founder father and sauior of their citie and the place is called at this present time ARATIVM There they yearely make two solemne sacrifices the one the fift of Nouember at which time he deliuered the citie of SICYONE from tyrannie they call this sacrifice Soteria as much to say as the feast of health and the other on his birth day as it is reported For the first sacrifice that was done by the Priest of Iupiter the sauior The second sacrifice also was done by Aratus sonne who was girt about with a cloth not altogether white but mingled with purple colour So during the sacrifice they song hymnes vpon the harpe in praise of him and the maister of the Musitians made a procession round about being accompanied with boyes and young men of the citie after whom followed the Senate crowned with garlands of flowers and other citizens that were disposed to goe a procession How beit the most part of the honors that were appointed to be done vnto him were left of by processe of time chaunge of things that followed afterwards Thus you see what the life of Aratus the father hath bene as we find in histories Now Philip being a wicked man and cruell of nature caused his sonne Aratus also to be poysoned not with a deadly poyson but with such poyson as troubleth a mans wits so that through their deuelish receit he becometh a starke foole without any wit at all and maketh him to attempt straunge and abhominable things and to haue certaine shamefull and detestable desires insomuch as his death though he dyed in the pryme of his youth could not be thought miserable but rather a happy deliuerance to him of all his miseries and mishappes But Philip afterwards so long as he liued payed vnso Iupiter protector of all iustice and frendship the punishment his wicked life deserued For after he was ouercome in battell by the ROMANES he was compelled to yeelde him selfe to their mercy by whome he was depriued from all the rest of his landes and dominions he had and of all his shippes but fiue only and condemned besides to pay a thowsand talents for a fine and to giue his sonne in hostage and they only left him for pities sake the kingdom of MACEDON with all the appertenaunces And there he daily putting to death the chiefest of his nobilitie and neerest of blood vnto him he filled his realme with crueltie and mortall hate against him Furthermore
honor and the slaue enfranchised had priuiledge giuen him to weare ringes of gold and he was called Martianus Vicellus who afterwards of all the infranchised bond men became the chiefest man about his Master Galba In the meane tyme Nymphidius SABINE began at ROME not couertly but with open sorce to take vpon him the absolute gouernment of the Empire perswading him self that Galba was so old that he could hardly be brought in a lytter vnto ROME being at the least three score and thirteene yeare olde besides also that the army of the PRAETORIANS which were in ROME did beare him good will of long tyme and then acknowledged none other Lord but him onely for the large promise he had made them for the which he receiued the thankes and Galba remained the debter So he presently commaunded Tigellinus his companion and Captaine with him of the army of the PRAETORIANS to leaue of his sword and disposing him selfe to bancketing and feasting he sent for all those that had bene Consuls Praetors or Proconsuls of prouinces and made them all to be inuited in the name of Galba So there were certaine souldiers gaue out this rumor in the campe that they should doe well to send Ambassadors vnto Galba to praye him that Nymphidius might be their onely Captaine still without any companion ioyned with him Furthermore the honor and good will the Senate bare him calling Nymphidius their benefactor and going dayly to visite him in his house procuring him to be Author of all their decrees passed in Senate and that he should authorise them this made him hie minded and the bolder by much insomuch that shortly after they that came to honor him in this sort did not onely hate and mislike his doings but moreouer he made them affrayd of him Furthermore when the Consuls had giuen to commoÌ„ purseuants any commissions vnder seale or letters pattents signifying the decrees of the Senate to cary them to the Emperor by vertue of which letters pattents when the officers of the citie doe see the seale they straight prouide the purseuants of coches and â—reshe horses to further their speede and hasty iorney Nymphidius was very angrye with them bicause they did not also come to him for his letters sealed by him and his souldiers to sende likewise vnto the Emperor But besides all this it is also reported that he was like to haue deposed the Consuls howbeit they excusing them selues vnto him and crauing pardon did appease his anger And to please the Commons also he suffred them to put any of Neroes friends to death they could meete withall Amonge other they slue a Fenser called Spicillus whome they put vnder Neroes statues which they dragged vp and downe the citie Another also called Aponius one of Neroes accusers they threw him to the ground and draue carts ouer him loden with stones And diuers others also whom they slue in that manner of the which some had done no maner of offence Hereuppon one Mauriseus one of the noblest men of the citie so esteemed sayd openly in the Senate I feare me we shall wish for Nero againe before it be long So Nymphidius being comen in manner to the fulnes of his hope he was very glad to heare that some repyned at him bicause he was the sonne of Caius Caesar that was the next Emperor after Tiberius For this Caius Caesar when he was a young man had kept Nymphidius mother which had bene a fayer young woman and the Daughter of one Callistus one of Caesars infranchised bond men whome he had gotten of a Laundres he kept Howbeit it is found contrary that this Nymphidius was borne before Caius Caesar coulde knowe his mother and men thought that he was begotten by a Fenser called Martianus with whome his mother Nymphidia fell in fancie for that he had a great name at that time in ROME and in deede Nymphidius was liker to him in fauor then vnto any other So he confessed that he was the sonne of this Nymphidia how beit he did ascrybe the glory of the death of Nero vnto him selfe and thought him selfe not sufficiently recompensed with the honors they gaue him nether also with the goods he enioyed nether for that he lay with Sporus whome Nero loued so dearely whome he sent for to Neroes funeralls whilest his bodye was yet a burning and kept him with him as if he had bene his wife and called him Poppaeus Furthermore all this did not content him but yet secretly he aspyred to be Emperor partly practising the matter in ROME it selfe by the meanes of certaine women and Senators which were secretly his friends and partly also through one Gellianus whome he sent into SPAYNE to see how all thinges went there Howbeit after the death of Nero all things prospered with Galba sauing Verginius Rufus only who stoode doubtfull yet and made him sorely mistrust him for that he was affrayd besides that he was generall ouer a great and puisant army hauing also newly ouerthrowen Vindex and secretly ruling the best parte of the Empire of ROME which was all GAVLE and then in tumult and vprore ready to rebell lest he would harken vnto them that perswaded him to take the Empire to him selfe For there was no Captaine of ROME at that tyme so famous and of so great estimation as Verginius and that deseruedly for that he had done great seruice to the Empire of ROME in tyme of extreamitie hauing deliuered ROME at one selfe tyme from a cruell tyranny and also from the daunger of the warres of the GAVLES This notwithstanding Verginius persiâ—ting still in his first determination referred the election of the Emperor vnto the Senate although that after the death of Nero was openly knowen the common sort of souldiers were earnestly in hand with him and that a Tribune of the souldiers otherwise called a Colonel of a thowsand men went into his tent with a sword drawen in his hand and bad Verginius either determine to be Emperor or els to looke to haue the sworde thrust into him Yet after that Fabius Vaelens Captaine of a legion was sworne vnto Galba and that he had receiued letters from ROME aduertising him of the ordinaunce and decree of the Senate in th end with much a doe he perswaded the souldiers to proclayme Galba Emperor who sent Flaceus Ordeonius to succeede him vnto whome he willingly gaue place So when Verginius had deliuered vp his army vnto him he went to meete with Galba on whome he wayted comming on still towards ROME And Galba all that time neither shewed him euill countenance nor yet greatly esteemed of him Galba him selfe being cause of the one who feared him and his friends of the other but specially Titus Iunius who for the malice he bare vnto Verginius thinking to hinder his rising did vnwittingly in deede further his good happe and deliuered him occasion to draw him out of the ciuill warres and mischieues the which lighted afterwards vpon
Piso that was the yoūger sonne of Crassus Piso whom Nero had put to death a yoūg man faier condicioned shewed by his graue modest countenance he had by nature that he was indued with many noble vertues Galba came downe presently frō his pallace went straight to the cāpe to proclaime Piso Caesar his successor in the Empire Howbeit at his setting out of his pallace there appeared many great signes in the firmamēt which followed him And moreouer whē he was also come into his cāpe that he began to say without booke part of his oratiō partly also to read it it lightned al the while he spake there sel such a great shower of raine vpon it a maruelous thickmist in the cāpe oueral the city that mē mighteaselyse the gods did not like this adoptiō that it would not prosper The souldiers thē selues shewed their discōtentment by their heauy looks the rather bicause at that time there was no spech of reward or liberality And furthermore they that were present also maruelled much for that they could gather by the coūtenance words of Piso that Piso nothing reioiced at this great fauor although he lacked not wit vnderstanding otherwise to acknowledge it And on the other side also they found easely by Othoes lookes many signes proofes that he was maruelously offended in his mind to see that he was thus deceiued of his hope For he being the mā that was first spokē of thought most worthiest of all other being comen also so nere vnto it now to see himselfe thus wiped out of it he supposed that it was a plaine proofe that Galba had no good opinion of him that he maliced him in his hart so that after that time he stilstood in feare of his life For he being affraid of Piso hating also Galba being grieuously offended with T. Iunius he wēt his wayful of diuers thoughts in his mind For the Soothsaiers Astronomers Chaldeans which he euer kept about him they did perswade him not to be discoraged for this to cast all hope aside but specially one Ptolomy in whom he had great cōfidence bicause he had oftētimes before foretold and assured him that Nero should not put him to death but contrarily that Nero should die first he himself suruiue him should become Emperor of ROME Wherby Ptolomy hauing proued his first prediction true vnto him he bad him be bold feare not that to come But now besides him those that secretly cōplained vnto him did prick him forward the more sighing to see him so euil delt with by Galba diuers of thē chiefly which bare great authority credit about Tigellinus Nymphidius who being thē cast of discoūtenāced came all vnto him stirred him vp the more As amongst others Veturius Barbius chiefly of the which the one had bene Optio and the other Tesserarius for so the ROMANES call those that be their messengers spials officers to the Captaines who with an infranchised bondman of his called Onomastus went vnto the campe and there corrupted some souldiers with ready money other some with faire words being of them selues euil inclined expected but occasion to vtter their malice For otherwise had the souldiers bene all of one mind it had not bene an enterprise to haue bene brought to passe in foure dayes space being no more betwext the adoption and murther to make a whole campe rebell in that sorte For they were slaine the fifteenth day of Ianuarie on which day Galba did sacrifice in the morning within his pallace before his frends But at that time the Soothsaier called Ombricius when he had the intralls of the beasts sacrificed in his hands had looked vpon them he spake not doutfully but plainly that he saw signes of great tumult and rebellion and that the Emperour was in present daunger of great treason Whereby it plainly appeared that the goddes had put Galba into Othoes hands for he stood at that time behind Galba both heard saw all that the Soothsayer did So he seeming to be grieued withall in his minde and his colour chaunging oft for the feare he was in his infranchised bondeman Onomastus came and tolde him that the masons and chiefe carpinters were come to speake with him and taried for him This was the watch word agreed vppon betwene them at which tyme Otho shoulde then goe vnto the souldiers Then Otho sayd that he went to looke to an olde house he had bought which was falling downe and in decay and that he would shewe it vnto the workemen So he went his way and came from the pallace by the place they call Tiberius house into the market place where the golden piller standeth where also the greatest high wayes of all ITALIE doe meete together There certaine met him that first called him Emperour which were not in all aboue three twentie persons Thereupon though Otho was not vnconstant as it appeared notwithstanding he was so fine and effeminate a man but rather resolute and stout in instant daunger yet feare so oppressed him at that time that he would saine haue left his enterprise Howbeit the souldiers would not suffer him but compassing his litter rounde about with their armes and their swords drawne in their hands they commaunded the litter men to go fotward So Otho as he went hastening on his driuers he often muttered to him selfe I am but dead Some hearing him as they passed by him rather wondred then that they were otherwise troubled to see such a small nūber of men about him that they durst venter vpon so hard an enterprise Now as he was caried through the market place he was met withall by certaine others and afterwards by others by three by foure in a company all the which came and ioyned with him cried Caesar Caesar hauing their swords drawen in their hands Now the Colonell appointed for that day to gard the field of Mars knew nothing of this conspiracy but being amazed and affraied with their sodaine comming he suffred them to come in So when Otho was come in he found no man that resisted him For they that knew nothing of the practise being compassed in with those that were made priuy to it had knowen it of long time being found stragling here and there by one by two they followed the rest for feare at the first afterwards for good wil. This was brought straight to Galba to the pallace the Soothsayer being yet busie about his sacrifice insomuch that they which before gaue no credit to those diuinations began then to maruell much at this heauenly signe Then there ran immediatly a great number of people from the market place vnto the pallace Thereupon Iunius Lacon certaine other of Galbaes infranchised bondmen stoode to gard Galbaes person with their swordes drawen in their hāds Piso
that he was affrayde they woulde deliuer him into Scipioes hands that perhaps might demaund him of them But whether that was done sodainely or some time after the battel was lost at ZAMA it makes no great matter considering that all the world knoweth that when he sawe things brought to extremitie he presently fled into ASIA vnto king Antiochus So is it most true that king Antiochus receiued him with great curtesie and vsed him very honorably insomuch as he made him of counsell with him all in all both in priuate and publike causes For the name of Annibal caried great reputacion with all men besides that he had a common and mortal hate to the ROMANES which was a pricking spurre still to moue warre against them And therefore it seemeth that he came in happy hower into that contry not onely to pricke forward the courage of the king against them but also to set warres at libertie against the ROMANES So he tolde him that the onely way to make warre with the ROMANES was to goe into ITALY to leauy ITALIAN souldiers by whome onely that victorious contry of all other nations might be subdued He requested of the king a hundred shippes sixteene thowsand footemen and a thowsand horsemen onely With this smallarmy he promised to inuade ITALY and that he would maruelously trouble the ITALIANS whome he knew yet to stand in no small feare of him for the very sound of his name onely bicause of the late warres he had made there so freshe yet in memorie Furthermore he tooke hart againe vnto him to renew the warres of AFRICK if the king would licence him to sende men vnto CARTHAGE to stirre vp the BARCINIAN faction whome he knew hated the ROMANES to death When he had gotten the king to graunt him his request he called Ariston TYRIAN vnto him a fine suttell fellowe and meete for such a purpose to whome he made large promises and perswaded him to goe to CARTHAGE to his friends and to cary them letters from him Thus Annibal being a banished man and fled out of his contry raysed warre in all partes against the ROMANES And surely his counsell had taken good effect had king Antiochus rather followed his aduise as he did at the first then the vaine perswasions of his fine Courtiers But enuy a common plague frequenting Princes Courts bred Annibal great enemies For they beeing affrayd that by his counsells he should growe in great fauor with the king for he was a wise and politike Captaine and that thereby he should beare great sway and authoritie to preuent it they lacked no deuise to bringe him in disgrace with the king And it so chaunced at that time that P. Villius who came Ambassador vnto EPHESVS he had often conference with Annibal Hereuppon his priuie enemies tooke occasion to accuse him and withall the king him selfe became so ielous of it that from thence forth he neuer more called him to counsell At the selfe same time also as some doe report P. Cornelius Scipio AFRICAN who was one of the Ambassadors sent vnto king Antiochus talking famillierly with Annibal prayed him amongest other thinges to tell him truely whome he thought the worthiest Captaine of all others Annibal aunswered him First he thought Alexander king of MACEDON the chiefest next vnto him Pyrrhus king of the EPIROTES and thirdly him selfe The Scipio AFRICAN smyling asked him what wouldest thou saye Annibal if thou haddest ouercome me Truely sayd he then I would be chiefest my selfe This aunswer pleased Scipio maruelous well bicause he saw he was nether dispised nor yet brought to be compared with the other but left alone as peereles by some secret flattery of Annibal After these things Annibal found occasion to talke with king Antiochus and beganne to lay open his life vnto him from his youth and to bewray the malice he had alwayes borne vnto the ROMANES whereby he so satisfied the king that he was againe receiued into his grace and fauor which he had almost vtterly lost Thereuppon the king was determined to haue made him Admirall of his armye by sea the which he had put in readines for ITALY and also to make proofe of his great corage and seruice whome he knewe to be a worthy man and a mortall enemy to the ROMANES But one Thoas Prince of the AETOLIANS thwarting this opinion either for malice or els for that his fancye was such he altered the kinges minde and cleane changed his purpose the which was a matter of greate importance for the warre he pretended to make For he gaue counsell vnto Antiochus that he should goe him selfe into GRAECE and direct his owne affayres and that he should not suffer another to cary away the honor glory of this warre So king Antiochus shortly after went into GRAECE to make warre with the ROMANES Within fewe dayes after when he consulted whether he shoulde make league with the THESSALIANS Annibals opiniō was specially asked who spake so wisely touching the state of the THESSALIANS the chiefest matter of importance that they all went with his opinion and gaue their consents vnto it Now his opinion was that they should not neede much to care for the THESSALIANS but rather to make all the meanes they could to get king Philip of MACEDON to take their part or els to perswade him to be a Newter and to take nether parte Furthermore he gaue counsell to make warre with the ROMANES in their owne contry offred him selfe to ayde him the best he could Euery man gaue good eare to his words but his opinion was rather cōmended then followed Wherefore euery man maruelled that such a Captaine as he that had so many yeares made warre with the ROMANES who had in manner cōquered all the world should then be so light set by of the king when it specially stood him vpon to haue such a mans help coūsel For what captaine liuing could a man haue foūd more skilful or politike or meter to make war with the ROMANES then him Howbeit the king made no reckoning of him at the first beginning of this warre but shortly after disdaining al their coūsell he cōfessed that Annibal only saw what was to be done For after the ROMANES had obtained victory in the war he made in GRAECE Antiochus fled out of EVROPE into EPHESVS where making mery there following pleasure he hoped to liue in peace litle thinking the ROMANES would come with any army into ASIA Now these flattering courtiers stil fed his humor a perpetual plague to kings Princes that suffer them selues to be flattered are cōtēted to be deceiued bicause they giue good eare to that that pleaseth them But Annibal who knewe the power and ambition of the ROMANES perswaded the king to hope for any thing rather then peace and bad him trust to it that the ROMANES would neuer stay till they had proued whether they could enlarge the dominions of their Empire into the
of ROME any more hurt they being Conquerors in manner of all the world But some againe on the other side commended Flaminius for it sayd it was a good deede of him to rid the ROMANES of their mortall enemye who though he had but a weake body yet he lacked no wit wise counsell and great experience in warres to intise king Prusias to make warre and to molest all ASIA besides with newe warres For at that time the power of the king of BITHYNIA was so great that it was not to be lightly regarded For after that Mithridates king of the same BITHYNIA did maruelously molest the ROMANES both by sea and by land moreouer fought battells with L. Lucullus and Cn. Pompey famous Captaines of the ROMANES And so the ROMANES might also be affrayd of king Prusias and specially hauing Annibal his Captaine So some iudge that Q. Flaminius was specially sent Ambassador vnto king Prusias secretly to practise Annibals death Howbeit it is to be supposed that Q. Flaminius was not so desirous to haue Annibal so sodainely put to death as he would haue bene glad otherwise to haue brought him againe to ROME that had done such mischiefe to his contry and this had bene a great benefit for ROME and much honor also vnto him selfe Such was the death of Annibal the CARTHAGINIAN a famous man doubtles highly to be commended for martiall prayse setting his other vertues aside So we may easily iudge of what power and force his noble mind his great wisedom and corage and his perfit skill of martiall discipline was in all thinges For in all the warre the CARTHAGINIANS had so vehemently and with such great preparation enterprised they neuer thought them selues ouercome till Annibal was ouerthrowen at that great battel by ZAMA So it appeareth that all their strength and skill of warres began also ended with Annibal their Captaine THE LIFE OF Scipio African PVblius Scipio a PATRICIAN of the familye of the Cornelij who was the first ROMANE Captaine against whome Annibal fought in ITALY was the father of Cornelius Scipio afterwards surnamed AFRICAN the first so called bicause he had conquered that nation The lame Scipio after he had obtayned many great victories in SPAYNE and done notable feates of armes was in the ende slayne with a wound he had in a battell against his enemies as he was plying and incoraging of his men from place to place thronging in the greatest daunger and fury of the battell Shortly after did his brother Cn. Scipio also ende his life much after one selfe manner and was slayne valliantly fighting So these two Captaines besides the same they achieued by their noble deedes left behind them great prayse of their faithfulnes modestie and corage the which made them not onely wished for of their souldiers that were then liuing but also of all the SPANYARDS besides Cn. Scipio had a sonne called P. Cornelius Nasicae one that had bene Consul and had also triumphed who beeing but a younge man was thought the meetest man of all the citie of ROME to receyue Idea the mother of the goddes This Publius had two sonnes the so famous Scipioes of the which the one was called ASIAN bicause he conquered ASIA and the other AFRICAN bicause he subdued AFRICK at that famous battell of ZAMA where he ouerthrewe Annibal and the CARTHAGINIANS as we sayd before Whose life we purpose nowe to write not so much to make the glory of his name so famous by all the Graeke Latyn Authors the greater by our history as for that we would make all men know the order of his noble deeds moral vertues to th end that all Princes noble Captaines in reading it should behold the liuely image of perfit vertue which may moue an earnest desire in thē to follow the example of P. Cornelius Scipioes life who from his childhod gaue great hope shew of a noble nature excellent vertue after he followed the instruction of martiall discipline vnder the conduct of his father He was caried into the field at the beginning of thesecond warre with the CARTHAGINIANS followed the campe being but seuenteene yeare old in a very short time grew so toward forward in al things in riding in watching in taking all maner of paynes like a soldier that he wan great cōmendacion of his own father besides great estimation also of all the army Furthermore he shewed such tokens of a sharp wit noble corage that it made him beloued also feared of his enemies For this Scipio was present at the battell of the horsemen where P. Cornelius Scipio the Consul fought with Annibal by the riuer of Thesin some writers doe affirme that Cornelius the father being hurt was almost taken by the enemye had not his sonne Scipio saued him who had then but a litle downe on his beard he was so young After that also at the battel that was sought by CANNES to the great losse in maner vtter destruction of the Empire of ROME when the ten thowsand men that fled to CANVSIVM had all together with one cōsent referred the gouernment of the army vnto Appius Pulcher that had bene AEdilis and vnto Cornelius Scipio that was yet but very young the same Scipio shewed then by his deedes what noble mind and corage was in him For when he saw certen young men consult together betwene them selues to forsake ITALY he thrust in among them drawing out his sword made them all sweare they would not forsake their contry These and such like deedes done by him with a liuely corage noble mind being then but a young man wanne him such fauor with the ROMANES that not respecting his young yeares nor their auncient custō they called him forward laid offices of great charge gouernment vpon him Insomuch that when he sued for the office of AEdilis before his due time notwithstanding that the Tribunes of the people were against his sute bicause he was so younge a man yet the people suffered him to be brought from tribe to tribe so was presently chosen AEdilis with the most voyces So after his father Vncle both famous and noble Captaines had bene slaine one after the other in SPAYNE that the ROMANES were in consultacion to appoynt some worthy captaine in the roome they could finde no man that durst vndertake this so daungerous warre considering the losse of two so great captaines before Wherfore the whole assēbly being called to choose a Viceconsul all the other Princes peeres of the Realme being silent at so worthy a motion Scipio onely of all the rest being but foure twenty yeare old stoode vp in the middest of thē laid with a good hope confidence he would willingly take the charge vpon him He had no sooner offred this promise but he was presently made Viceconsul of SPAYNE with the wōderful good wil fauor of the people who
to set vpon the kings Mandonius Indibilis who made warre with the SVESSITANS These souldiers departing froÌ„ SVCRO with good hope in obtaine pardon came vnto CARTHAGE Howbeit the next day after they were come into the towne they were brought into the market place where their armorâ—â—d weapons being taken from them they were enuironned with all the legions armie Then the ROMANE Generall sitting in place of iudgement shewed him selfe before all the coÌ„pany in as good health good disposition of bodies as euer he was in all his youth Then he made a sharp bitter oration full of grieuous complaines insomuch as there was not one of all the souldiers that were vnarmed that durst cast vp their eyes to looke their Generall in the face they were so ashamed For their consciences did accuse them for the fault they had committed and the feare of death did take their wits and senses from them the profence of their gratious Captaine made them blush as well that were innocent at the parties that were offendors Wherefore there was a generall and sorowfull silence of all men So after he had ended his oration he caused the chiefe authors of this rebellion to be brought forth before the whole assembly who after they had bene whipped according to the maner were presently beheaded the which was a fearefull and lamentable sight to the beholders These matters thus pacified Scipio made all the other souldiers to be sworne againe and then went and proclaimed warre against Mandonius and Indibilis For they considering with them selues howe the ROMANE souldiers that had rebelled in the campe were put to death they were out of hope to obtaine any pardon Therefore they had leauied an army of twentie thowsand footemen two thowsand horsemen and came downe with them against the ROMANES Scipio hauing intelligence thereof before that the kings could increase their army that other nations could rebel he departed from CARTHAGE went with as great speede as he could to meete with the enemy The kings were camped in a very strong place and trusted so to their army that they were not determined to prouoke the enemy nor also to refuse the battell if it were offred them Howbeit it chaunced by the nerenes of both campes that within few dayes they being prouoked by the ROMANES came downe set their men in battell ray ioyned battell with Scipio so that a good while together the fight was very bloody cruel But at length the SPANYARDS seeing them selues compassed in behinde and being driuen to fight in a ring to defend the enemy on euery side they were ouercome so that the third parte of them scarcely saued them selues by flying Mandonius Indibilis seeing them selues vtterly vndone that there was no hope nor remedy left they sent Ambassadors vnto Scipio humbly to pray him to receiue them to mercy and to pardon them But Scipio knowing right well how greatly they had offended him and the ROMANES yet thinking it more honorable to ouercome the enemie by curtesie and clemency then by force he did pardon them and only coÌ„maunded them to geue him money to pay his souldiers In the meane time Masinissa came from GADES landed bicause he would him selfe in person confirme the frendship he had offered Scipio in his absence by the meanes of M. Syllanus and also speake with him face to face whom he iudged to be a worthie man for the famous victories he had obteined And in truth Masinissa was not deceiued in the opinion he had of the valliantnes vertues of Scipio but found him the selfe same man whom he before had imagined him to be in his minde the which but seldom happeneth so notwithstanding For besides the great rare giftes of nature that Scipio had aboue all others there was in him also a certaine Princely grace and maiestie Furthermore he was maruelous gentle curteous vnto them that came to him and had an eloquent tongue and a passing gift to winne euerie man He was verie graue to his gesture and behauiour and euer ware long heare Masinissa being come to salute him when he sawe him he had him in suche admiration as it is reported that he could not cast his eyes of him nor haue his fill of looking on him So he thanked him maruelouslie for sending his Nephewe vnto him and promised him that his deedes shoulde confirme and witnesse the frendshippe agreed vppon betwene them the which he euer after inuiolablie kept vnto the ROMANES euen to the hower of his death So all the nations of SPAYNE became subiect to the Empire of ROME or at the least their confederates whereupon those of GADES also following the example of others came and yeelded them selues vnto the ROMANES This is a verie auncient nation and if we may credit the reporte of it as CARTHAGE was in AFRIKE and THEâ—ES in BOEOTIA so was GADES vpon the sea a Colony of the TYRIANS Scipio after he bad conquered all SPAYNE and driuen out the CARTHAGINIANS considering that there remained nothing more for him to doe he left the gouernment of the prouince vnto L. Lentulus and to Manlius Acidinus and returned to ROME When he was arriued at ROME the Senate gaue him audience out of the citie in the temple of Belloua There when he had particularly told theÌ„ of the things he had valliantly fortunately brought to end further that he had ouercome foure Captaines in diuers foughteÌ„ fields also put to flight foure armies of the enemies driueÌ„ the CARTHAGINIANS out of both SPAYNES that there was no nation left in all those parts but was subdued to the ROMANES the Senate gaue iudgement that all these things were worthy of a noble triumphe But bicause neuer man yet was suffred to enter into ROME in triuÌ„phe for any victories he had obtained whilest he was only but Viceconsul and had not yet bene Consul the Senators thought it not good and Scipio him selfe also made no great sute for it bicause he would not be an occasion to bring in any newe custome and to breake the olde So when he came into the citie he was afterwardes declared Consul with the great good will and consent of the whole assemblie It is reported that there neuer came such a world of people to ROME as were there as that time not only for the assemblies sake but more to see P. Cor. Scipio Wherefore not the ROMANES onely but all the straungers also that were there all their eyes were vpon Scipio and sayd both openly and priuately that they should send him into AFRIKE to make warre with the CARTHAGINIANS at home in their owne contrie Scipio also being of the same opinion said that he would aske aduise of the people if the Senate would be against such a worthie enterprise For amongest the peres and Senators there were some that vehemently inueyed against that opinion and among the rest Fabius Maximus speciallie a man
the Megarians Athenians for Salamina Iliad lib. 2. The manner of burial with the MegariaÌ„ the Athenians Solon defendeth the cause of the teÌ„ple of Delphes Epimenides Phaestus taken for one of the 7. sages excluding Periander Solon pacified the sedition at Athens The miserie of dett and vsurie Solons equitie and vprightnes Solon by subtiltie set order betwext the poore rich Solon chosen reformer of the lawe and chief gouernour Salt refuseth to be a tyranne Tynnondas and Pittacus tyrannes Solens aunswere for tyrannie Excellent temperature Things hatefull made pleasaunt with sweete wordes Cleering of detts Solons first lawe Vsurie forbidden vpon gage of the bodie The value of money cried vp by Solon Lawes would be kept secret till they be published Ill consciences by craft preuent LaweÌ„ A good lawemaker beginneth to doe iustice in him selfe Solons absolute authority in the common weale Solon tooke awaye all DracoÌ„s lawes Solon â—ateth euerie citizen at a certen surname Pentacosiomedimnes Zeugite Thetes The darknes of the lawe increased the authoritie of the iudge The counsell of the Areopagites 3 Counsells erected in Athens Other lawes of Solon A lawe against neawters An acte for matching with inheritoâ—s Solon forbiddeth iointers and dowries Dionysius saying of mariages A law forbidding to speake euill of the dead * Drachmeâ— A lawe for willes and testaments marg A lawe for womens going abroade Craftes and occupations aduaunced The authoritie of the courte and counsaile of the Areopagites * Drachmae The tribes of the AtheniaÌ„s howe they were called An acte for welles An acte for planting and setting of trees Drachmae Feasts for townes men in the towne hall of AtheÌ„s Axones Cyrbes Thesmothetes SoloÌ„s trauell Clarius fl AEpia called Soles Solon saâ—e king Croesus in the cittie of Sardis Croesus question to Solon touching happines Solon esteemed Tellus a happie man. Cleobis Biton happy meÌ„ Solon commeÌ„deth the meane No man happie before his endâ— AEsope saying to Solon Solons aunswer to AEsope King Croesus wordes of Solon hanging vpoÌ„ a gibbeâ— to be bâ—ant Riches are but wordes opinion Sedition as AtheÌ„s in Solons absence Solon returneth to Athens Pisistratus wicked crasie subtiltie Thespis a maker of tragedies Solon reproued Thespis for lying Solons libertie constancie A good lawe for reward of seruice The house of P. Valerius Tarquinine Superbus Valerius Brutus companion in expulsing the Kings Lucius Brutus Tarquinius Collatinus Consuls The first embasâ—iâ—e of king Tarquine for recouering his Realme Another embasstate from Tarquine demaunding his goodes Good counsell of Minutius Tarquines ambassadours practise treason The Aquilij and Vitellij with Brutus sonnes traytours to their countrie The confederacy coÌ„firmed with drinking of maÌ„s bloud Vindicius heareth all their treason The conclusion of their treason Vindicius bewrayeth the treason vnto Valerius Titus Valerius Brutus sonnes Brutus seeth his â—ame sonnes punished executed Brutus praised reproued for the death of his sonnes Collatinus softnes perileus Valerius boldly appeacheth Collatinus of iniustice Collatinus resigneth his Consulshippe 〈…〉 departeth 〈…〉 S. Vindicta so called by reason of Vindicius Tarquines flied coÌ„secrated to Mars Vhereof the holy Iland came in Rome that lieth betwene both bridges Tarquine coÌ„meth with a great power of the Thuscans to wage battell with the Romaines Arsia silua AruÌ„s Brutus encountered and slue eche other The victory of the Romaines against the Thuscans Valerius the first Consul that euer triumphed vpon a cherres The first beginning of funerall oration amoÌ„g the Romaines Anaximenes sayeth Solon was the first that instituted prayses for the dead Valerius stately house staÌ„ding on mouÌ„t Velia Valerius a good example for magistrates Valerius ouerthrew his stately house The temple called Vicus Publicus VVhy Valerius was surnamed Publicola Publicolath actes and lawes VVhereof Peculium was called The first Quastores Publius Veturius Marc. Minutius Lucretius Publicola Consuls Publicola Marcus Horatius CoÌ„suls How oft a Iupiter Capitolins temple was burnt and built againe How much was spent in building the Capitoll Domitians mad building humor Personae proclaimeth warres with Rome Publicola Thus Lucretius Consuls Horatius Cocles why so called Good seruice rewarded Publicola Consul The noble acte of Mutius Secuola How Mutius come by the name of Secuola Publicolae maketh Porsena iudge betwext them and the Tarquines Peace graunted the Romaines by Porsena The boldenes of Claelia and other Romaine virgines The liberalitie of king Persona to the Romaines Marcus Valerius Posthumius Tubertus Consuls Marcus Valerius the brother of Publicola triumpheth of the Sabynes Appius Clausus goeth to dwel at Rome The familie of the Claudians The Sabynes slaine The death of Publicola His funeralles Publicola happie Publicola erected the office of Quaestores A politicke precepâ— Cynosargos a place of exercise dedicated to Hercules Thermistocles towardness Themistocles was Anaxagoras Melissus schollar Mnesiphilus Phrearian VVhat wisedome at in olde time Nowe the name of Sophisters came â—â— Themistocles youthe The priuie grudge betwext Themistocles and Aristides Aristides a iust man. Themistocles ambition Themistocles persuaded his contriemen to make gallyes The AtheniaÌ„s beÌ„t their force to sea by Themistocles persuasion Themistocles a good husbaÌ„d to looke for his profit Themistocles extremely ambitious A wise saying of Themistocles Themistocles made Aristides to be banished Epicydes an orator sued to be generall Arthmius defamed for bribing Themistocles generall of the AtheniaÌ„s against Xerxes The coast of Aretemisivm Themistocles straâ—ageame VVodden walles signifie shipps The Athenians forsake Athens by Themistocles persuasion doe goe to the sea Xanthippus dogge The dog goe graue Aristides renorneth from banishement by Themistocles decree Notable aunswers of Themistocles The Sleue is a fishe facioned like a sworde Themistocles stratageame by the which he wanne the ba'tell at Salamina Themistocles Aristides consent together to geue battell Xerxes king of Persia had a thousand ships Ariamenes Xerxes admirall The Grecians victorie of the Persians â—aâ—y by sea Aristides counsell vnto Themistocles for the breaking of Xerxes bridge Themistocles stratageame Themistocles honored aboue all the Grecians Themistocles ambition noted A prety tale of Themistocles Themistocles saying of his sonne Themistocles buylt againe the walles of the cittie of Athens A subtle fetche of Themistocles The hauen of Piraea fortified The equitie of the Athenians Themistocles goddes Loue and Force The AndriaÌ„s goddesses Pouertie Impossibilitie Themistocles banished for fiue yers Pausanias reuealeth his reason vnto Themistacles Themistocles suspected of treason Themistocles fled into the I le of Corphv The manner of supplicatioÌ„ among the Molossians Themistocles dreame The Persian iealous of their wiues Howe Themistocles was conueyed to the king of Persias courte The Persians honour their King as the image of the god of nature Themistocles talke with the â—ing of Persia An excellent comparison of Themistocles Themistocles honoured of the king of Persia. Demaratus fond demaÌ„do of the King. Themistocles had the reuenue of three citties allowed him for his dyet Themistocles escaped murder by a
Anicius Praetor Perseus laye at the foote of the mount Olympus with 4000 horsemeÌ„ 40000 footemen AEmylius admonition to his souldiers Paulus AEmylius would haue the watch to haue no speares nor pikes The originall of springes Fountaines compared to womeÌ„s brests Scipio Nasica and Fabius Maximus offer thens selues to take the straights The height of the mount Olympus Nasica tranne the straights of Macedon Persons pitched his caÌ„pe before the cittie of Pydne The riuers of AEson and Leucus AEmylius aunswer to Scipio Nisca for geuing charge apon the enemies The skill and foresight of a wise captaine The eclipse of the moon The superstitioÌ„ of the Romaines when the moone is eclipsed The cause of an eclipse of the moone AEmylius policie to procure shirmishe The army of the Macedonians marching against the Romaines in battell The battell betwext Perseus and AEmylius PersoÌ„ goeth out of the battell vnto Pydus Victorie woÌ„ne by labour not by slothe Salius a captaine of the Pelignians tooke the ensigne and threwe it among the enemies The valliaÌ„tnes of Marcus Cato AEmilius victorie of Perseus The battell fought and wonne in one hower The vallâ—â—â—nes of Scipio the lesse Perseus fled from Pydne to Pella Time dutie to be obserued to the Prince Death the indignation of the Prince The couetousnes of the Cretans Misers whine for their gooddes The Macedonians submit them selues to AEmylius VVonders Newes brought to Rome out of Macedon in 4. dayes of Aemylius victorie there and no man knewe howe they came AEnobarbus why so called Cn. Octanius AEmylius lleutenaunts by sea The miserable state Perseus was brought vnto by the craft subtletie of a Cretan King Perseê° yeldeth him self in Samothracia vnto Cneus Octauius Perseus vnprincely behauiour vnto AEmylius AEmylius oration vnto Perseus prisoner AEmylius oratiom touching fortune and her vnconstantie AEmylius honorable progresse in Graece AEmylius setteth Macedon at a slaye AEmylius wordes above the care and good order at feasts AEmylius abstinence AEmylius cruell acte spoyling of Epirus AEmylius tooke shippe at the cittie of Orica and returned into Italie The enuie of Seruius Galba vnto AEmylius 〈…〉 abâ—â— AEmylius triumphe Seruilius oration for the furtheraunce of AEmylius triumphe A notable description of AEmylius triumphe Perseus children king Perseus AEmylius scorneth Perseus cowardlines Foure huÌ„dred crownes of gold sent vnto AEmylius by the citties of Graece AEmylius adversitie AEmylius fortitude in his great aduersitie AEmylius oration in his trouble for the death of his children The death of king Perseus A straunge kind of death The statee of Perseus sonnes By AEmylius victorie the people payed no more subsidie AEmylius chosen CeÌ„sor The office authoritie of the Censor AEmylius sicknes AEmylius remoued from Rome and dwelt in the citty of Velia The death of AEmylius in Rome AEmylius funeralles AEmylius goodes what they came to The state of the Syracusas before Timoleons coÌ„ming Icetes tyraÌ„ne of the Leontines By what voice Timoleon came to be generall Timoleons parentage manners Timophanes Timoleons brother what he was Timoleon saued his brothers life The Corinthians enterteined 400. straungers made Timophanes captaine of them to keepe their cittie Timophanes cruelty vsurpation of the kingdom Timophanes slaine by his brothers procurement Our acts must be honest and constant Phocions saying Aristides graue saying TimoleoÌ„ chosen generall to go into Sicile Icetes tyran of the Leontines a traytor A signe happened to Timoleon Timoleon tooke shippe towards Sicile A burning torche appeared in the element vnto Timoleon Icetes beseegeth Dionysia Icetes sendeth Ambassadors vnto TimoleoÌ„ TimoleoÌ„ crafttier then the Carthaginians Rhegio a citie of Greece Timoleon laÌ„deth as Tauvomenion in Sicile Andromachâ— the Father of Timaeus the Historiographer gouerner of the citie of Tauromenion The Carthaginians Ambassador did threaten to destroy the citie of Tavromenion by shewing Andromachâ— the palme and backe of his hand The god Adranus Timoleon ouerthrew Icetes armie made him flye from Adranus The Adranitans yeld vnto Timoleon Mamercus tyran of Catana Dionysius the tyran yeldeth him selfe and the castell of Syracusa vnto Timoleon Dionysius the tyran of Syracusa sent to Corinthe The miseries calamities of Dionysius the tyran Dionysius brought to Corinthe The Inconstancie of fortune Notable sayings of Dionysius Syracusan The benefite of Philosophy A tyranes state vnfortunate This agreeth with AEsops wordes to Solon who wished him oÌ„ming to princes to please them or not to come nere them See Solons life and his answer to AEsop. Diogenes saying to Dionysius the tyrane Timoleons prosperitie Icetes hiereth two souldiers to kill Timoleon at Adranus The treason discouered to Timoleon by one of the souldiers The wonderfull worke of fortune Icetes bringeth Mago a Carthaginian with a great army to Syracusa Leon captaine of the Corinthians within the castell Leon wanne Acradina Contention of fortune and valliancie The stratageame of Hanno the admirall of the Carthaginians Timoleon marcheth to Syracvsa Mago forsaketh Sicile vpoÌ„ suspect of treason Anapus fl Timoleon wynneth the citie of Syracusa Timoleon ouerthroweth the castell of Syracvsa Timoleon made Syracvsa a popular gouernment The miserable state of Sicile Mago slue him selfe being called to aunswer his departure out of Sicile The Corinthians replenished the citie of Syracusa vvith three score thovvsand inhabitants Leptines tyran of Apollonia yelded to Timoleon The armie shippes of the CarthaginiaÌ„s against TimoleoÌ„ Asdrubal Amilcar being generalls Timoleon weÌ„t with 6000. man against the Carthaginians Crimesus fl Smallage an ill signe Prouerbe Garlandes of smallage The order of the Carthaginians armie Timoleon geueth charge apon the Carthaginians as they came ouer the riuer of Crimesus The seruice of the armed cartes Timoleons maruelous biggâ— voyce Timoleons order and fight A maruelous tempest of thunder ligthning rayne winde and â—ayle full in the Carthaginians faces as they fought Timoleons victorie of the Carthaginians Timoleon banisheth the thowsaÌ„d treytorous souldiers out of Sicile Gisco sone froÌ„ Carthage with 70. saile into Sicile Messina viseth against Timoleon Mamercus verses tyrant of Catena Calâ—â—â— of Sicile Damirias fl Strife among Timoleons captaines for passing ouer the riuer Timoleons deuise to draw lottes to pacifie the strife Timoleon taketh Icetes Eupolemus his sonne aliue and did put them to death Icetes wiues and children put to death The crueltie of Icetes towards Dion and his Mamercus ouercome in battel Abolus fl Timoleon maketh peace with the Carthaginians Lycus fl Catana yelded vp vnto Timoleon Hippon the tyranne of Messina Hippon put to death Mamercus the tyranne put to death TimoleoÌ„ quieteth all Sicile Timoleon compared with the famousest meÌ„ of Greece Timoleon attributeth his good successe vnto fortune Timoleon dwelleth still with the Syracvsans Simonides saying Timoleons accusers Timoleons great praise Timoleon in his age lost his sight The great honor the Syracusans did Timoleon being blind A laeâ—â—e made to honor Timoleon The death of Timoleon Timoleons funeralles An honorable decree of the SyracusaÌ„s for the memorie of Timoleon Timoleons
tombe built in the market place The coÌ„parison of Timoleon and Paulus AEmylius for the vvarres The woÌ„derful continencie of AEmylius from bribes Not to take giftes commended for a singular vertue AEmylius Constancie for exceeded Timoleons To be so bold veÌ„turous is not good The aunswere of a souldierâ— to king Antigonus Diuers opinions of life death why the Greecians do punish him that casteth away his target Iphicrates comparison of an armie of men A lieutenant of an armie must be careful to saue him selfe Timotheus saying Pelopidas Marcellus lost both their liues by to much venturing Pelopidas stock liberalitie Aristotles saying of rich men Pelopidas saying for the necessitie of monie The persit frendshippe betwixt Pelopidas Epaminondas The true cause of frendshippe Agesipolis king of the Lacedaemonians Cadmea the castel of Thebes taken by Phebidas captaine of the Lacedaemonians Ismenias death Pelopidas Pherenicus and Androclidas banished from Thebes Archias and Leontidas gouerners of Thebes vnder the Lacedaemonians Androclidas slayne The thanckfulnes of the Athenians vnto the Thebans Pelopidas counsel for the libertie of the Thebans Conspiracie against the Lacedaemonians for the libertie of Thebes Charon kept promise with daunger of life Pelopidas coÌ„meth into Thebes disgised in cloynes apparel Philidas secretary to the tyrans Pelopidas daunger Archias Bishop of AtheÌ„s bewraieth the treason to Archias in a letter VVeighty matters to morrow Prou. Pelopidas killeth the tyrans The Liberty of the Thebans restored Pelopidas receiueth the Castell of Cadmea by Composition Pelopidas ouerthrewe the seigniorie of the Lacedaemonians Pelopidas policy to make the Athenians fall out againe with the Lacedaemonians The Thebans exercise in armes Antalcidas saying to king Agesilaus The victory of Thebans against the Lacedaemonians Pelopidas victory of the Lacedaemonians at the battlle of Tegyra Melas ft. Latona brought to bed betwene two springes called the Palme and the Oliue Pelopidas victorie What enemies are moste terrible to be feared The first institution of the holie bande Men louing together fight desperately against their enemies Hercules Iolaus loue Platoes saying of a louer The Goddesse Harmonia Cleombrotus king of the Lacedaemonians Pelopidas princely aunsweare Se what plagues folowe where iustice is denied Pelopidas dreame vision in the fieldes of Leuetrea Agesileus dreame Godly sayings concerning God. Gods prouidence and sodaine ayde The filly slaine sacrificed The battell at Leuctres The cause of the ouerthrow of the Lacedaemonians Pelopidas and Epaminondas victorie at the battaile of Leuctres Pelopidas Epaminondas iorney into Peloponesus being both gouernors of Boeotia Apenall lawe at Thebes for resigning vp of offices at the yeers end Pelopidas Epaminondas went ouer the riuer of Eurotas with 70. thousand meÌ„ The ingratitude of the Thebans toward Pelopidas and Epaminondas The Lawe Boucation Epaminondas patience Pelopidas coÌ„demneth Meneclidas a seditious orator and accuser The practise of spitefull men Our forefathers did paint and set forth their battailes Alexander the tyran of Pheres Larissa a city Philip of Macedon deliuered for ostage vnto Pelopidas Pelopidas taken prisonner by the tyran Alexander at Pharsale Pelopidas stoutnes Thebe the wife of Alexander the tyran Epaminondas sent into Thessalie with an army The brutishe cruelty of Alexander the tyran Epaminondas deliuered Pelopidas out of prison Artaxerxes king of Persia Pelopidas sent Ambassador to the king of Persia Pelopidas greatly honored of the king of Persia. Pelopidas refused the great giftes of the kinge Artaxerxes Timagoras Ambassador for the Athenians put to death for taking great giftes of the kinge of Persia Pelopidas second iourney against the tyran AlexaÌ„der of Pheres The eclipse of the sunne made the Thebans afraid Battaâ—ll geuen by the temple of Thetis vnto the tyran Alexander Pelopidas slaine The great lamentacion mourning for Pelopidas death The oration of the ThessaliaÌ„s to the Thebans The strange manner of sorowe of Alexander the great for the death of Ephestion Pelopidas happines Esops sayinge of the happines of the dead Death a blessed thing The Thebans reuenged Pelopidas death Alexander the tyran of Pheres slaine by his wife Alexander the tyran of Pheres was the first tyran that was slaine by his wife Marcellus kinred Marcellus condicions The Romaines troubled with warres Marcellus saved his brother Octacilius Marcellus chosen AEdilis and Augure Marcellus accuseth Capitolinus The Romaines had warres with the Carthaginians two twenty yeres together The warre of the Gaules Gessates mercenary Gaules A lawe to exempt ecclesiasticall persone froÌ„ the warr The Romaines did feare the warre of the Gaules Men and women buried aliue Flaminius P. Furius Consulls Newes brought to Rome of strange things seene in Romania Flaminius ouercome the Gaules in battayle The great religion of the Romaines An ordinance for publike sacrifice Marcellus Cneus Cornelius Consulls The Gaules Gessates make warres with Rome and come ouer the Alpes Acerres a city apon the riuer of Po. Clastidium a village or this side the mountaines The maner of the Romaines when they worship The combat a horsebacke betwixt Britomarus king of the Gaules and Marcellus Marcellus slue king Britomaerus as Clastidium Marcellus prayer vnto Iupiter Feretrian The Gaule ouercome by Marcellus Marcellus wanne the city of Millaine Marcellus triumphe Marcellus offeringe up of his rich spoiles The three persones that offered vp Spolia opima in Rome Romulus Cossus Marceâ—us Iupiter Feretrian why so called Spolia opima what they be Marcellus sent into Sicile with an army Posidonius wordes of Fabius Marcellus Lucius Bandius of Nola a valliant man. Marcellus gentlenes Reward made Bandius a true subiect Marcellus victorie of Hanniball at Nola. Marcellus proconsull Certaine Spanyards and Numidians are reuolted from Hannibal Marcellus the third time Consull sent into Sicile The seuerity of the Romaines to cowardly souldiers Cowardes detested of the Romaines Hippocrates generall of the Syracusans Marcellus wanne the city of the Leontines Marcellus besiegeth Syracusa Archimedes a notable mathematician Architas and Eudoxus famous Mathematicians VVhy Plato reproued Eudoxus and Architas Archimedes with an engine drew one of the greatest hackes Hieron the king had a shore The woÌ„derful force of Archimedes engines as Marcellus siege of Syrcusa Marcellus Sambuca Marcellus wondred as Archimedes engynes Archimedes profowndely learned Archimedes Siren. Archimedes demonstracion of the Cylinder Marcellus victories in Sicile Danippus a LacedaemoniaÌ„ Captaine taken prisoner Marcellus winneth Syracusa Acradina Marcellus gentlenes Rich spoyled at Syracusa Archimedes mathematiciaÌ„ slaine in his study Marcellus clemency Engyivm a city in Sicile Nicias craft Marcellus the first that brought in finenes curious tables and pictures into Rome of the spoyles of Syracusa Marcellus entreth into Rome with Ouation triumphe VVhos the Ouation triumphe is Ouation whereof it is called The sacrifices of the quiet triumphe The sacrifices of the litle triumphe Ouation The differeÌ„ces betwixt the Spartans and Romaines in their sacrifices for victorie The Syracusans accuse Marcellus Marcellus being Consull aunswered the Syracusans accusations as a
kinge Philip Philips verses against Alcaeus Priuy grudge betwixt Quintius and the AEtoliaÌ„s T. Quintius graunted Philip peace Hannibal was with kinge Antiochus Chalcide Corinthe Demetriade called by Philip of Macedon the Chaines of Greece Isthmia Crowes flying fell downe by the sounde of mens voices Quintinâ—care to stablish the liberty of the Greecians The feast Nemea kept at Argos Lycurgus the orator rescued Zenocrates the Philosopher saued him from prison Nero did set Greece at liberty VVhy Quintius made peace with Nabis the tyran of Lacedaemon The honor of Philopoemen Twelue hundred Romaines solde for slaues The Achaians redeemed the Romaines that were solde for slaues in Greece The ceremony of slaues maâ—onised T. Quintius triumphe Manius Acilius Consud T. Quintius Lieutenaunt sene into Greece Antiochus ouerthrowen in Thermopyles by Manius the Consull Quintius intreateth for the AEtoliaÌ„s King Antiochus maried Cleoptolemus daughter in the city of Chalcide Honors done vnto T. Quintius for sauing the Chilcidians and the Greecians Quintius curtesie and good nature Emulation betwixt T. Quintius and Philopoemen T. Quintius sayinges Antiochus Ambassadors doe boast of their kinges great army Titus Quintius witty ansâ—ere to the Ambassadors braggeâ— T. Quintius chosen Censor with Marcellus P. Scipio and M. P. Cato great enemies Secret grudge betwixt Titus and Cato A cruell dede of Lucius Quintius Cato beinge Censor did put Lucius Quintius Flaminius of the Senate T. Quintius vnworthy acts against Caro. Lucius Quintius restored to his place by the people T. Quintius ambition T. Quintius cause of Hanniballs death Titus sent Ambassador vnto Prusias king of Bithynia Hannibal deceiued by an oracle concerning his death Hanniball kept at Libyssa in Bithynia Hanniballs death Midas and Themistocles poysoned them selues Hanniballs last wordes Looke in Pyrrus life for the story as large Scipio Africans clemency commended Talke betwixt Scipio African Hannibal Hannibals iudgement of Captaines Aristonicus Mithridates Marius To be meane or great in this life is nothing but death bringeth the estimacion T. Quintius benefits vnto Greece Philopoemenes malice Titus Quintius wiser theÌ„ Philopoemen Quintius coÌ„maunded good souldiers Philopoemen made good souldiers A Generall must nes be at his prayers wheÌ„ he should occupy his sword Quintius clemency to the Greecians Philopoemenes liue to the Romaines Pyrrus kinred and beginning of the kingdome of Epirus Pyrrus redd How Pyrrus being an infant was saued Megares a city of Macedon Glaucias king of Illyria Pyrrus countenaunce and teeth Pyrrus healed them that were sicke of the splene The fier could not burnt Pyrrus great set Pyrrus realme taken froÌ„ him in his absence Pyrrus valliantnes at the battell of Hipsus Pyrrus behauior Pyrrus maried to Antigona the daughter of Philip king of Macedon and of his wife a Berenice Pyrrus restored to his kingdome againe Pyrrus deuideth the realme of Epirus with Neopulemus Pyrrus slue Neoptolemus Berenicida a city of Epirus in the I le of Preseque Pyrrus first iorney into Macedon King Lysimachus craft to deceiue Pyrrus Theodotus iudgement a Soothsayer Pyrrus quarrell and warre with Demetrius Pantauchus Demetrius Lieutenant in AErolis Pyrrus fight with Pantauchus Pyrrus victory of Pantauchus Pyrrus likened to Alexander the great Pyrrus skil in warlike discipline Hanniballs iudgement of Captaines Pyrrus wise answer Pyrrus goodnes and curtesie Certaine witty sayinges of Pyrrus Pyrrus wiues and children Pyrrus called an Eagle Pyrrus inuadeth Macedon Demetrius army both by land and sea Demetrius maried Lanassa Pyrrus wife Pyrrus dreame Pyrrus secoÌ„de iorney into Macedon Pyrrus praises Her Pyrrus ware his head peece Pyrrus proclaimed kinge of Macedon Macedon deuided betwene Pyrrus and Lysimachus Couetousnes hath no ende Peace and warre vsed lyke money Pyrrus ayded the Graecians against Demetrius Lysimachus maketh warre with Pyrrus The Tarentines hauinge a warre wish the Romaines determine to make king Pyrrus their Generall Meton counterfeating the foole wisely perswaded the Tarentines not to send for Pyrrus Tarentum a city in Italie Metons counsell to the Tarentines The Tarentines sende Ambassadors to Pyrrus Cineas the orator a Thessalian borne and attending in Pyrrus courte Cineas great talke with Pyrrus to moderate his ambitious minde Pyrrus iudgemeÌ„t of orators corruption A daungerous thing to withstande the Princes mind Pyrrus iorney into Italy Pyrrus daunger by tempest on the sea Pyrrus cast on shoare apon the contry of the Messapians Pyrrus being receiued of the TereÌ„tines reformed their vaine voluptoâ—s life Marshall discipline Leuinus Consul sent against Pyrrus Pyrrus camped in the plaine betwene Pandosia and Heraclea Siris fl Pyrrus Battel Pyrrus first conflict with the Romaines Pyrrus wisedom foresight in battell Pyrrus changed his armor cloke Megacles slaine taketh for Pyrrus Pyrrus victory of Leuinus the Consull Cineas sent Ambassador to Rome The noble minde of the Romaines Appius Claudius disswated the Romaines from making peace with Pyrrus Appius Claudius oration to the Senate The maiestie of the Senate at Rome Caius Fabricius Ambassador to Pyrrus Caius Fabricius a noble Captaine but very poore Fabricius refused king Pyrrus giftes The opinion of the EpicuriaÌ„s touchinge felicity King Pyrrus Phisitian wryeth to Fabricius offereth to poyson his master Fabricius letter to Pyrrus aduertising him of his Phisitians treason Pyrrus sendeth the Romaines their prisoners without raunsome Pyrrus second battel with the Romaines by the caty of Asculum Pyrrus victory of the Romaines The wyters agree not about Pyrrus battell Ambassadors out of Sicilia to pray aide of Pyrrus Pyrrus iorney into Sicilia Pyrrus wanne the city of Erix in Sicilia Homer of valliantnes The Mamertines why so called Pyrrus cruelty in Sicilia The Samnites and Tarentines sone ser Pyrrus to returne into Italie Pyrrus returne into Italy out of Sicile Pyrrus hurt on his head with a sworde Pyrrus with a blow of his sword claue his enemies head in the middest and layed it on his shoulders Manius Curius Consull Pyrrus thirde battell with the Romaines Pyrrus ouerthrowen by Manius Curius in battell Pyrrus compared to a dyce player Pyrrus returne into Epirus out of Halie Pyrrus victory of Antigonus king of Macedon Antigonus flieth from kinge Pyrrus The couetousnesse of the Gaules Areus made king of Sparta and Cleonymus pus downe The cause of Pyrrus inuading Peloponnesus Pyrrus stratageame to the Spartans Mandricidas stowe aunswer to king Pyrrus Pyrrus besiegeth Lacedaemon The corage of the women of Sparta VVomen wrought in the trench VVomen encoraged their men to fight Pyrrus battel Acrotatus valliantnes Pyrrus dreame Pyrrus in daunger of his life at the siege of Sparta King Areus arriued in Sparta with new aide Sedition in the city of Argos Pyrrus repulsed from Sparta goeth to Argos Ptolomie kinge Pyrrus sonne slaine by Oraesus Cretan Pyrrus slue Eualcus Antigonus aunswere to Pyrrus chalenge Tokens of Pyrrus death Pyrrus fight in the city of Argos Aspides the Castell in Argos A bull and wolfe in copper set up in the â—ity of Argos fighting together Danaus wan the â—â—ty of Argos from king Gelanor Apollo Lycias Gelanor king
Xenophon great about Agesilaus marg The practise of Lysander about alteratioÌ„ of gouernment The wise conÌ„sell of a Senatour at Sparta The policie of Agesilaus to win his enemies Agesilaus Agesipolis kinges of Lacedaemon Teleutias Agesilaus halfe brother made Generall of the army by sea Certaine Apothegmes of Agesilaus * Meaning that he was not well in his wittes to be so presumptuous Agesilaus ouercome the Acarnanians Antalcidas peace Phoebidas possesseth the castel of Cadmea Agesilaus praise of iustice Sphodrias practise to take the hauen of Pirâ—a at Athens Sphodrias accused of treason Home Sphodrias was saued froÌ„ death Agesilaus cockering his children too much Agesilaus iorney into Boeotia Antalcidas saying Rhetra of Lycurgus Agesilaus suâ—till deuise to shewe the weakenes of the allies Agesilaus sell sodainly sicke of a daungerous disease Epaminondas the Theban sent Ambassador vnto Lacedaemon The strife betwext Agesilaus and Epaminondas for the libertie of Boeotia The Lacedaemonians slaine at the battell of Leuctres Cleombrotus king of the Lacedaemonians slaine Cleonymus the sonne of Sphodrias slaine at king Cleombrotus foote Xenophons saying The constancy and fortitude of the Spartans The fortitude of the Spartan women Tresantas be cowardes or faint harted men Punishment at Sparta for cowardly souldiers Epaminondas inuadeth Laconia with three score ten thowsande men Certaine witty aunswers Conspiracies at Lacedaemon vnder Agesilaus Issorium the temple of Diana A fine deuise to apprehende the traitors The departure of the Thebans out of Laconia Agesilaus saued the citie of Sparta The tearelesse battell of Archidamus ouercomming the ArcadiaÌ„s The Lacedaemonians were not wonâ— to reioyes much at any victory Messina restored againsâ— by Epaminondas Epaminondas second iorney vnto Sparta Agesilaus repulsed Epaminondas from Lacedaemon The fortitude of Archidamus The valliantnes of Isadas a Spartan Isadas rewarded amerced The death of Epaminondas Machariones why so called Agesilaus greedy of warres Agesilaus devided of the Egiptians Agesilaus despised al dainty thinges Agesilaus forsaketh Tachos goeth vnto Nectanebos In whom stratageames take most effect The stratageame of Agesilaus against the Egyptians The liberality of king Nectanebos vnto Agesilaus The death of Agesilaus The raigne of Agesilaus Agesilaus body noynted with waxe for lacke of honnie The father of Pompey hated in Rome Strabo the father of Pompey The Loue of the Romanes vnto Pompey The fauour of Pompey Flora the curtisan loued Pompey Flora the curtisan was passing sayer The temperaunce of Pompey in dyes The treason of Lucius TereÌ„tius against Pompey Pompey accused for robbing the common treasure The cause of the crie of Talassio at mariages in Rome Pompey maried Antistia The death of Cinna Pompeyes first Captainshippe vnder Sylla Pompey was Chiefetaine of an army at 23. yeares of age The citie of Auximum Pompey goeth vnto Sylla Pompey victories of the Marians Pompey ioyned with Sylla Pompey called Imperator of Sylla The honor Sylla did vnto Pompey Pompey went to aide Metellus in Gaule VVonderfull victories of Pompey Pompey put away his wife Antistia â— and maried AEmylia the daughter of Metella Syllaes wife The death of Antistius Pompey sent from Syllainto Sicile Lawe must geue place to armie The death of Carbo The death of Q. Valerius The bolde speache of Sthenis Pompey sealed vp his souldiers swordes Pompeis iorney into Msâ—icke vnder Sylla against Domitius Domitius camped by Pompey with his army Pompeis victory of Domitius Domitius slaine Pompey tooke king Iarbas Pompeis conquestes at 24. yeares of age The loue of the souldiers vnto Pompey Pompey called Magnus by Sylla The wisedom of the Romanes commended for rewardinge foreine and home seruice Valerius and Rullus called Maximi in Rome Pompeis slowt aunswere vnto Sylla Pompey not being Senator triuÌ„pheth against the law Marcus Lepidus created Consull Sylla fallow from the loue of Pompey Lepidus moueth ciuill warre Brutus the father slaine by Pompey The death of Lepidus The valliantnes of Sertorius in Spayne Pompeys iorney into Spayne against Sertorius Metellus geuen to royt pleasure Sertorius wan the city of Lauron in the fight of Pompey Pompey slue Herennius Perpenna Battell betwext Pompey and Sertorius Sucron fl The modesty of Pompey Metellus Pompey ouercame Perpenna and slue him Pompey burnt Sertorius letters the like also did Iulius Caesar wheÌ„ he ouercame Pompey Pompey ouercame the rest of the bondemen Pompey and Crassus first Consullshippe The custome of the Knights in Rome Pompey as a Knight of Rome sueth to be discharged from the warres Pompey submitteth to the Censors Pompey and Crassus made frendes Pompeye pride and glory The beginning of the pirates warre The power insolency of the pirates in Cilicia The pirates nauy a thowsand shippes The pirates scorning of the Romanes when they were taken Gabinius law for Pompeys authority against the pirates At the voyce of the people a crow flying fell downe Pompeys preparation against the pirates The courtesie of Pompey vnto Piso. The victory of Pompey vpon the pirate How men are tamed Pompey lewd fact against Metellus Achilles dishonest fact Pompey appointed Lucullus successor The boldnes of Catulus in disswading Manilius law Pompeys great dissimulation Quarrell betwixt Pompey and Lucullus Pompey and Lucullus meeting in Galatia Pompeys iorney against Mithridates Mithridates dreame Pompey ouerthrew Mithridates Hypsicratea Mithridates concubine otherwise called Hypsicrates for his valliantnes like a man. Araxes fl Tigranes yeldeth him selfe vnto Pompey Tigranes laied his diadeame at Pompeys feete Tigranes sonne a prisoner Ambassadors sent from the king of Parthia vnto Pompey Caucasus mont Albani and Iberes what meâ—â—â— of people Cyrnus fl Pompey ouerthrew the Albanians Pompey ouercame the Iberians Phasis fl The AlbaniaÌ„s rebell against Pompey Abas fl Pompey slue Cosis the kinges brother of the Albanians The Amazones Gele and Leleges people that do company with the Amazones Thermodon fl Stratonice Mithridates chiefe harlot Pompeys abstinence from taking of gifts Mithridates remeÌ„brauÌ„ces Rutilius an historiographer Pompeis faâ—e Pompeys iorney into Syria Pompey brought Syria into the forme and gouernment of a prouince Pompeys vertues The power insolency of Demetrius Pompeys infranchised bondman Catoes exclamation against Demetrius Pompeys infranchised bondman Pompeys Theater The king of Arabia Petrea submitted him selfe to Pompey Mithridates death The value of Mithridates scaberd of his sword Pompeys returne out of Asia Mutia the wife of Pompey Pompey forsooke his wife Mutia Pompey at his returne out of Asia discharged his souldiers Pompeis honorable returne to Rome out of Asia A law for triumphe Cato refreseth Pompeis alliance Pompeis third triumphe The canâ—â—ies conquered by Pompey Captiues led in Pompeis third triuÌ„phe Pompey conquered three partes of the world Africke Europe Asia Pompey triumphed thrise before the age of forty yeres The chaunge of Pompeys fortune and honor Lucullus beloued of the Senate at his returne out of Asia Lucullus inueyed against Pompey by Catoes ressistance Pompey ioyned with Clodius Tribune of the people Pompey forsaketh his frend Cicero Caesar reconciled Pompey and Crassus
Tenterides people of Germany Caesars horsemen put to flight The Ipes and Tenterides slaine by Caesar Sicambri a people of the Germaines Caesar made a bridge ouer the riuer of Rheyn Caesars iorney into England The death of Iulia Caesars Daughter The rebellion of the Gaules Cotta and Titurius with their armie slaine Caesar slue the Gaules led by Ambiorix The second rebellion of the Gaules against Caesar. Vercingentorix Captaine of the rebells against Caesar. * Some say that in this place is to be redde in the Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is the riuer Saone The Hedul rebell against the Romanes * Sequani Vercingentorix ouerthrowen by Caesar. The seege of Alexia Caesars daunger and wise policie Caesars great victorie at Alexie Alexia yelded vp to Caesar The discord betwixt Caesar and Pompey and the cause of the ciuill warres Caesars crassines The peoples voices bought at Rome for money Pompey gouerned Spain and Africk Caesar sueth the second time to be coÌ„sul and to haue his gouernment proroged Caesar bribeth the Magistrates at Rome Pompey abused by slauerers Caesars requests vnto the Senate Antonius Curio Tribunes of the people fly from Rome to Caesar Caesars doubtfull thoughts at the riuer of Rubicon The Greeke vseth this phrase of speech cast the dye Caesar tooke the citie of Arminum Caesars damnable dreame Rome in vprore with Caesars comming Pompey flyeth from Rome Labienus forsooke Caesar and fled to Pompey Domitius escaped from Caesar fled to Pompey Pompey flyeth into Epirus Silent leges inter arma Caesar taketh money out of the temple of Saturne Caesars iorney into Spayne against Pompeys Lieuetenants Caesar Dictator Caesar and Isauricus Consulls Caesar goeth into the kingdom of Epirus Complaints of the olde souldiers against Caesar. A great aduenture of Caesar. Anius â—â— Caesars daungers troubles in the Realme of Epirus Caesars armie fled from Pompey Caesars wordes of Pompeys victory Caesar troubled in mind after his losse Pompeys determination for the warre Pompey called Agamemnon and king of kings The citie of Gomphes in Thessaly Pompeys dreame in Pharsalia The securitie of the Pompeians Pompeys armie at great againe as Caesars A wonder seene in the element before the battell in Pharsalia Caesars armie and his order of battell in the fieldes of Pharsalia Pompeys army and his order of battell An ill counsel and fowle fault of Pompey The battell in the fieldes of Pharsalia Caesars strategeme Caesar ouercommeth Pompey Pompeys flight Brutus that slue Caesar taken prisoner at the battell of Pharsalia Signes tokens of Caesars victory A straunge tale of Cornelius an excellent Prognosticatos Caesars clemeÌ„cy in victory The cause of Caesars warre in Alexandria Pothinus the Euenuke caused Pompey to be slayne Cleopatra came to Caesar Cleopatra trussed vp in a mattresse and so brought to Caesar vpon Apollodorus backe The great library of Alexandria burnt Caesars swimming with bookes in his hand Caesar made Cleopatra Queene of AEgypt Caesarion Caesars sonne begotteÌ„ of Cleopatra Caesars victorie of king Pharnaces Caesar wyteth three wordes to certifie his victory Caesars iorney into Africke against Cato and Scipio Caesars troubles in Africke Alga and dogges tooth geuen to the horse to eate Caesars daungers in Africke Caesars great victorie and small losse Caesar trobled with the falling sickenes Caesar was sory for the death of Cato Caesar wrote against Cato being dead Cicero wrote a booke in praise of Cato being dead Iuba the sonne of king Iuba a famous historiographer Caesars feasting of the Romanes The muster taken of the Romanes Caesar Consull the fourth time Battell fought betwext Caesar and the young Pompeyes by the city of Mvnda Caesars victory of the sonnes of Pompey Caesar triumphe of Pompeis sonnes Caesar Dictator perpetuall The temple of clemency dedicated vnto Caesar for his curtesie Cassius and Brutus Praetors Caesars saying of death Good will of subiectes the best gard and safety for Palaces Caninius Rebilius Consull for one day Anienes Tiber flu Caesar reformed the inequality of the yeare * Mercedonius mensis intercularis VVhy Caesar was hated The feast Lipercalia Antonius being Consull was one of the Lupercalians Antonius presented the Diadeame to Caesar. Caesar saued Marcus Brutus life after the battell of Pharsalia Brutus conspireth against Caesar. Cassius stâ—roeth vp Brutus against Caesar. Predictions foreshewes of Caesars death Caesars day of his death prognosticased by a Soothsayeth The dreame of Calpurnia Caesars wife Decius Brutus Albinus perswasion to Caesar. Decius Brutus brought Caesar into the Senate house The tokens of the conspiracy against Caesar. The place where Caesar was slaine Antonius Caesars faithfull frend Casca the first that strake at Caesar. Caesar slaine and had 23. wounds apon him The murtherers of Caesar doe goe to the Capitall Caesars funeralls Cinnaes dreame of Caesar. The murther of Cinna Caesar 56. yere olde at his death The reuenge of Caesars death Cassius being ouerthrowen at the battell of Philippes slue himselfe with the selfe same sword wherewith he strake Caesar. VVonders seene in the element after Caesars death A great Comet Brutus vision A spirit appeared vnto Brutus The second appearing of the spirit vnto Brutus Demades arrogaÌ„t saying The power of vertue and fortune Aduersitie maketh men hasty Ciceroes saying of Cato the common wealth at Rome Catoes plaine maner became not the corrupt and suretie time The parâ—â—age of Phocion Phocion neuer wept nor laughed Phocions maners VVherein excellencie of speech consifieth Phocions first souldier saâ—e The victory of Chabrias and Phocion in the I le of Naxos Phocions notable sayings Aristogiton a Sycophant coward Phocion called by surname goâ—â— Phocions iorney into Euboâ—a Phocion perswadeth his Captaines to suffer the musinous souldiers cowards to depart the campe Phocions victory in Eubâ—â—a Phocion saued the citie of Byzantium PhocioÌ„ draws Philip out of Hellespont Phocion ioyned Megara vnto Athens To reioyce at any mans hurt sheweth a base mind vile nature Alexander pacified with the Athenians by Phocions meanes Phocions vertue and integrity refusing of Alexanders money Phocions house and wiues Phocus Phocions sonne what he was Phocion despiseth Harpalus money Phocion refused to defend his sonne in law in an ill cause Phocions victory of the Macedonians The Graecians ouercomeÌ„ by Antipater Phocion Ambassador vnto Antipater Xenocrates authoritie Xenocrates despised of Antipater Presages of the miseries of the Athenians The crueltie of Antipater Phocion refuseth Menyllus giftes Phocion loued pouertie The insolencie of Demades the Orator Cassander king Antipaters sonne The 〈…〉 end of Demades Polyperchon Generall of the armie of the Macedonians Polyperchon conspiracie against Phocion Nicanor to receiue then to offer an iniury Alexander the sonne of Polyperchon practiseth treason against the Athenians Phocion accused of treason Polyperchon did put Dinarchus to death Phocion sent prisoner to Athens to be condemned The furie of the Athenians against Phocion The crueltie of the Athenians vnto Phocion Phocion condemned to death The constancy and corage of Phocion being condemned
affrayed or offend the law The chappell of feare ioyned to the halle of the Ephores The oration of king Cleomenes touching the first originall of the Ephores Asteropus the first man that gaue authority to the Ephores Cleomenes reformeth the state of the coÌ„mon wealth of Lacedaemon Cleomenes inuadeth the borders of the Megalopolitans King Cleomenes the teacher and example of temperancy Cleomenes moderate dyet Cleomenes curteous entertainment at his bord Cleomenes leadeth his army against Aratus and the Achaians The victory of Cleomenes against the Achaians Aratus treason to his contrie Cleomenes winneth the citie of Argos King Pyrrhus slaine at the citie of Argos The force of Lycurgus laâ—es The Argiues doe rebell against Cleomenes Cleomenes lost the citie of Corinthe Cleomenes lost the citie of Argos The death of Agiatis king Cleomenes wife The noble minde of Cratesiclea Cleomenes mother Cleomenes sendeth his mother and children hostages vnto Ptolomy king of AEgypt Cleomenes wanne the citie of Megalipolis Cleomenes noble saying Cleomenes rased the citie of Megalipolis Cleomenes stratageame A wise Captaine should not rashly put him selfe in hazard The moderacion of Cleomenes to his enemies Money the sinewe of warres The saving of Archidamus Cleomenes ouercomen by Antigonus for lacke of money to pay his souldiers The power of fortune Battell betwixt Cleomenes and Antigonus at Selasia The treason of Demoteles Cleomenes ouerthrowen by Antigonus Antigonus wanne the citie of Sparta The death of Antigonus the sonne of Demetrius king of Macedon Cleomenes flieth out of Peloponnesus The oration of Therycion vnto Cleomenes against death Cleomenes oration of death VVilling death must haue honorable respect Cleomenes flieth into AEgypt vnto king Ptolomy Cleomenes vertue Nicagoras Messenian an enemy to Cleomenes Cleomenes committed to prison to Alexandria Cleomenes practiseth to kill king Ptolomy The ende and death of Cleomenes and his friendes The corage of Panteas Cleomenes hanging vpon a crosse had a Serpent wreathed about his head Liuing things breeding of the corruption of dead beasts VVhy the Dragon is coÌ„secrated vnto Princes The worthines of Tiberius Gracchus the father Tiberius Gracchus the father maried Cornelia the Daughter of Scipio AfricaÌ„ The tender loue of Tiberius to his wife Cornelia The praise of Cornelia mother of the Gracchi A true description of Tiberius Caivs Gracchi Tiberius made Augures Tiberius maried Appius Clodius daughter Tiberius Gracchus souldierfare Tiberius Gracchus chosen Quaestor Tiberius Graecehus coÌ„cludeth peace with the Numantines The peace broken with the Nvmantines VVhy Tiberius preferred the Law Agraria Iugera VVhy Caius Laelius was called the wise Tiberius Graecchus chosen Tribune of the people Counsellers so Tiberius for preferring the law Lex Agraria Tiberius oration Marcus Octauius Tribune did with stand Tiberius lawe The modest contention betwixt Tiberius and Octauius Tiberius deposeth Octauius of his Tribuneship Tiberius preserveth the law Agraria King Attalus made the people of Rome his heire Tiberius law for deuiding of Attalus money Titus Annius a suttell questioner and aunswerer of thinges The oration of Tiberius Gracchus touching the power and authoritie of the Tribune Other lawes made by Tiberius Gracchus Vnluckie signes vnto Tiberius Flauius Flaccus beâ—raieth the conspiracy against Tiberius Nasica doth set apon Tiberius Gracchus Tiberius Gracchus the Tribune slaine Tiberius frends slaine The cruell death of Caius Billius Nasica chiefe Bishoppe of Rome Scipioes sentence of the death of Tiburius Gracchus Caius Gracchus maners Caius Gracchus Quastar in Sardinia Caius Gracchus vision and dreame Caius Gracchus returneth out of Sardinia vnto Rome Caius Gracchus Tribune of the people Caius Gracchus Lawes Cornelia mother of the Gracchi honored of the people of Rome Other lawes preferred by Caius Gracchus Caius Gracchus power Other lawes of Caius Gracchus The Italian myle conteineth eight furlong Caius Gracchus chosen Tribune the second time Liuius Drusus one of the Tribunes Lawes preferred by Liuius Drusus Liuius Drusus pacifieth the people against the Senate Fuluius Commissioner with Caius a verie seditious man. The death of Scipio African the lesse Vnluckie signes appearing vnto Caius This man is named afterwardes Opimius Caius Gracchus fell out with the Tribunes Caius Gracchus repulsed from the third Tribuneship Sedition betwext Caius Gracchus the Senate Antillius C. Gracchus sergeaunt slaine An ordinance made by the Senate against C. Gracchus The people defended C. Gracchus The words of Licinis to her husband Caius Gracchus Fuluius sent his sonne to the Consull with a Heraulds rodde to offer peace The death of Fuluius and his eldest sonne The flight of Caius The faithfulnes of Caius Gracchus seruaunt The temple of concord built by Opimius the Consul Opimius the first Consul vsurping the power of the Dictator Opimius bribed with money of Iugurthe and condemned The Gracchi were maruelously desired of the people The magnanimity of Cornelia the mother of the Gracchi The power of learning to ouercome sorow The wisedom of the Gracchi The Actes of the Gracchi did litle profit Rome The ende of the Gracchi vnfortunate The deedes of the Gracchi The faultes of the Gracchi True happines consisteth in the minde and manners of man not in any place or contry Expedient for an Historiographer to be in a famous citie Plutarkes coÌ„try very litle Demosthenes coÌ„pared with Cicero The parentage of Demosthenes The patrimony lese Demosthenes Demosthenes why he was called Battalus Demosthenes why surnamed Argas Calistratus the Orator The earnest desire of Demosthenes to learne eloquence Isaeus Demosthenes schole master of Rethoricke Demosthenes first practise in drawing penning of orations A remedie for the paine of splene Demosthenes mocked of the people for his long orations Demosthenes impediments of nature Demosthenes celler Demosthenes seldom pleaded on the suddein Demosthenes in his oration studieth to please the people Demosthenes terrified Lamachus in his oration 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The naturall eloquence of Demades the Orator Theophrastus iudgement of Orators Phocion called the axe of Demosthenes orations Demosthenes by industry reformeth his defects of nature Demosthenes countenance and gesture misliked of the nobilitie Demosthenes witty answers The time of Demosthenes comming to practice in the assayres of the state Displeasure betwixt Demosthenes and Midias Demosthenes an enemy to the Macedonians The constancy of Demosthenes defended against Theopompus Note the inconstancy and suttell euasion of these Orators Demosthenes preferreth honesty as a special rule in his orations Demosthenes a timerous man and giuen to bribes Demosthenes franke speech in his orations Demosthenes orations which were true and which false Demosthenes doings against Philip. Demosthenes stirreth vp Graece against the Macedonians Demosthenes force of eloquence ioyned the Thebans with the Athenians and wanne them from Philippe king of Macedon The ouerthrow of the Graecians foreshewed as Chaeronea by signes and auncient oracles The riuer of Thermodon or Haemon in the contry of Chaeronea Another opinion of Thermodon Demosthenes flieth from the battell Demosthenes word and deuise vpon his shield Demosthenes corrected with money of
Ocean sea to be Gouernour of LVSITANIA And there he gouerned so wisely that he was nothing chargeable nor troublesome vnto the contry knowing that this honorable charge was geuen him only to mitigate and hide his banishent Afterwards when Galba had rebelled he was the first of all the Gouernours of the prouinces that ioyned with him and bringing with him all his plate both golde and siluer vnto the mynt maister he gaue it him to put into bullion and so to be conuerted into currant coyne Moreouer he gaue of his officers vnto Galba those which he thought the meetest men to serue a Prince and otherwise when he was tried he shewed him selfe as faithfull and skilfull in matters of state as any one that followed the Emperours traine Insomuch as all the way he went many dayes iorney in coch with Galba him selfe and did maruelouslie currie fauour with Titus Iunius bestowing great gifts vpon him and also enterteining him with pleasant speches but specially bicause he willingly gaue him the vpper had wherby he was assured to be the secōd person in credit about Galba So in all that he did he fat excelled Iunius for that he graūted mens sutes frāckly frely without one penny taking was besids easy to be spokē with of euery man that had any sute to him but specially of the souldiers whom he did greatly help further caused diuers also to be called to honorable office he himself partly mouing the Emperor for thē without any labor or sute made vnto him partly also obteining thē at Iunius hāds of the two infrāchised bond me of Galba Icellus Africus For these three men did beare all the sway credit aboue the Emperor in the court Moreouer alwaies whē he inuited the Emperor to his house he bribed the Praetorian gard that waited vpō him gaue euery souldier a crown Now this in sight semed chiefly to be done to honor the Emperor with though in deede it was a fine deuise to ouerthrow him to bribe the souldiers in that sort as he did So Galba cōsulting whom he should make his successor T. Iunius preferred Otho vnto him the which he did not simply of himselfe nor without reward but only with promise that Otho should marcy his daughter if Galba did adopt him his sonne proclaime him successor in the Empire Howbeit Galba did alway specially regard the comon wealth before his priuat liking sought to adopt such a one as should not so much please himself as otherwise he should be proffitable meete for the Empire But surely in my opinion Galba would not make Otho his heire of his goods cōsidering what an vnreasonable spēder he was how sumptuous in al his things besides far gone in det for he ought aboue fiue thowsand Myriades So when he had heard Iunius coūsell about this adoptiō he gētly without other answer did put ouer his determinatio vntil another time made Otho only Cōsul at that time T. Iunius Cōsul with him whereby it was straight supposed that at the beginning of the new yere he would proclaime him his successor in the Empire Which was the thing the souldiers most desired of all other But now delaying stil his determination the legions of the ROMANES in GERMANY did rise rebel against him al at an instant For he was generally hated of al his souldiers bicause he paid thē not the gift he had promised them So they particularly to cloke their malicious intent alleaged For their cause of rising that he had dishonorably reiected Verginius Rusus and that the GAVLES which had fought against thē were rewarded with great rich priuiledges they that tooke not part with Vindex had bene grieuously punished put to death Moreouer that Galba did only honor Vindex death after he was dead as acknowledging his goodwil vnto him offring publike oblatiōs funeral sacrifices for him as if by him only he had bene proclaimed Emperor Now such speches rumors ran through the cāpe amōgst thē whē the first day of the yere came which the ROMANES cal the calends of Ianuary on which day whē Flaccus had called the souldiers together to sweare them to the Emperor according to the custome they plucked down Galbaes images sware only in the name of the people the Senate of ROME The captaines seing what course they tooke were as much affraid of the daūger to be without a head as they stood doutful of the mischief of their rebelliō So there stept vp one amōgst thē said My fellowes in armes what do we meane We neither choose any other Emperor nor yet do allow of him that is Emperor at this present wherby we shew plainly that we do not only refuse Galba but also all other to be our head Emperor that may commaund vs Now for Flaccus Ordeonius that is but Galbaes shadow and image I would wish we should let him alone there as he is And for Vitellius gouernor of the lower GERMANIE he is not farre from vs but one daies iorney only whose father was Censor at ROME and thrise also Consul and that was in a maner a Peere and companion of Clodius Caesar in the gouernment of the Empire whose pouerty if any man mislike in him is a manifest proofe of his goodnes and magnanimity Him therefore let vs choose let the world know that we can tell how to choose an Emperor better then the SPANYARDS or LVSITANIANS Some of the souldiers that stoode by confirmed these words but others also misliked of thē insomuch that amōg the rest there was an ensigne bearer that stale secretly out of the cāpe to cary Vitellius newes hereof who that night made a great supper had great store of good cōpany with him These newes rūning straight through his cāpe Fabius Valés colonel of a legiō came the next morning with a great nūber of horsemē was the first mā that named Vitellius Emperor who before semed to refuse that name as one that was affraid to take the charge of so great an Empire vpon him but after dinner being full of wine meate he came out amōg thē accepted the name of Germanicus which they gaue him refused the name of Caesar. But there withal incōtinently after Flaccus souldiers leauing their goodly popular oth which they had sworne in the name of the people Senate they all then tooke their othes faithfully to doe what it should please the Emperour Vitellius to commaund them Thus Vitellius was chosen Emperor in GERMANY So Galba hearing of this new chaūge thought it not good to deferre time any lēger for the adoptiō he had intended wherfore certainly vnderstanding that those whom he trusted most about him were parties in this matter some taking part with Dolabella the most part of thē with Otho he neither liking the one nor the other sodainly without any word spokē to any man he sent for