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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A65019	The travels of Sig. Pietro della Valle, a noble Roman, into East-India and Arabia Deserta in which, the several countries, together with the customs, manners, traffique, and rites both religious and civil, of those oriental princes and nations, are faithfully described, in familiar letters to his friend Signior Mario Schipano : whereunto is added a relation of Sir Thomas Roe's Voyage into the East-Indies.; Viaggi. Parte 3. English	Della Valle, Pietro, 1586-1652.; Havers, G. (George); Roe, Thomas, Sir, 1581?-1644.; Terry, Edward, 1590-1660. Relation of Sir Thomas Roe's voyage.	1665 (1665)	Wing V48; ESTC R10032	493,750	487

the Women of Sig Giovan Maria with very great kindness F. Orsino and I remain'd in the Consul's House being entertain'd with the greatest Love and Courtesie imaginable And indeed he hath been extreamly obliging to me not onely in this particular but in all other matters occurring about my departure from Aleppo which we have determin'd to be shortly in some of the Dutch or French Ships which are now in the Port of Alexandretta ready to set sailupon the next fair wind and perhaps together in consort which in regard of the many Pirates now infesting the Medeterranean would be the securest way LETTER XII From a Ship-board in the Port of Della Saline of Cyprus Sept. 6. 1625. DUring my stay at Aleppo from whence I writ my last to you on the seventh of August I took the Altitude of the Sun with an Astrolabe and found him decline Southwards from the Zenith 19 degrees 20 minutes He was that day according to the Ephemerides of David Origano which I much esteem but have now with me in the deg August the twelfth The great Caravan of Bassora arriv'd at Aleppo it set forth a considerable time before us but had encounter'd so many difficulties in the Desart that our sufferings were pleasures in respect of theirs August the sixteenth I was inform'd by Sig. Gio. Maria de Bona of many passages of the Turkish affairs which as appertaining to things before or hereafter to be mention'd in these Letters and to the full knowledg of the history of things in my time I will not omit to relate in this place He gave me certain intelligence how Sultan Mustafa Brother of the deceased Sultan Ahmed who reign'd in Constantinople at my being there reign'd and was depos'd for an Ideot as really he is twice namely once before and once after Sultan Othman How Othman who was a Prince sufficiently odd humor'd being ill-bent against the Christians and very desirous to make an Expedition against Rome after the bad success befallen him in Poland was slain by his own Grandees who would not suffer his government which was somewhat rigorous and violent and that as a sign of his being slain he that slew him carri'd one of his ears to Mustafa's Mother who was yet living and was likely to be well-pleas'd therewith That it was not true that the said Othman in the beginning of his Reign had put to death Qizlagarasi of so great authority in the time of Sultan Ahmed his Father because he had too much power having been the man that depos'd Mustafa and plac'd Othman himself in the Throne but indeed he banisht him from Constantinople sending him into a kind of exile to live privately in Aegypt from whence he was afterwards recall'd by the present Emperor and restor'd to his ancient favour and at length dy'd of a disease at Constantinople How the present Emperor was Sultan Murad Son of Sultan Amed and Sultana Chiose of whom in the time of Amed I have elsewhere in these made long mention And that Murad was not the eldest Son of Chiose who was seen at Constantinople in my time and was of the same age with Othman but was a Son much younger that elder having been put to death by Othman when he design'd to go into Poland How the said Sultana Chiose was still living and of more authority then ever her Son Murad now raigning since the death of Othman wherein perhaps she had a hand because he was not her Son but the Son of another Woman after the second deposition of Mustafa and indeed I fore-saw many years ago that the said Chiose having one day remov'd all other pretenders would at length by her wisdom and the power she had in Court bring the Scepter into the hand of one of her sons as accordingly she hath done How the Government of the Turks was very ill-manag'd in this nonage of the Emperor and all their affairs grew worse and worse because there being no head there was likewise no obedience all the Ministers did what they pleas'd every one more or less according as he had more or less power without any regard of the Prince whom as a child they not only esteem'd kept remote from the Government but endeavour'd to keep always so by educating him only to delights and pleasures Lastly how the Serdar or Grand Vizier lately sent to the War of Persia was Hhapidh Mahhammed Basha that he was not sent from Constantinople but created Serdar or GrandVzier whilst he was at Amid or Diarbekir as Basha or Governor from whence without being seen to pass by Aleppo or spending much time by the way he hapned to be the same year in Mesopotamia which I said above that I much wondred at and could not believe in case he had come from Constantinople as ordinarily it uses to be He told me that indeed he was still at Amid and had not pass'd further because he continually waited for the coming up of the Army which was not yet gather'd together Whereby it appears to be true what I had always affirm'd at Bassora namely that nothing would be done this year in the War of Baghdad because it would scarce suffice for the uniting of an Army the expedition being begun and the same year and the Serdar who was to be General being newly created Sig. Giovan Maria added to these relations concerning the Turks some news about the affairs of the European Tartars pertaining also to the former namely that the Tartarian Princes of Cafa were three Brothers Chan who first reigned a man of spirit and valour Chan who was a hostage at Constantinople and a third Chan an enemy to the two others but a Vagabond from his own Country and a fugitive at the Court of the Persian on whom he depends and where he was seen by me in the year 1618. when we marcht against the Turkish Army Now of late years I know not upon what occasion the first Chan being sent for to Constantinople was there detain'd Prisoner and his Brother Chan their Hostage a person of little valour and age establish'd in his stead under whom the affairs of his State proceeded very ill and the forces were very feeble by which occasion the Chan that was in Persia being invited by the help of the Persian and many Tartars of the same Stare devoted to him he enter'd with an Army into his paternal Territories and driving his Brother from the Throne made himself Lord thereof by force continuing also to possess himself of all that Country by the help of the Cossacks of Poland with whom he confederated in despight of the Turks a thing indeed of very prejudicial consequence to them August the second I saw at Aleppo a Mahometan of the Country who writing in the right hand of a Child or Woman of any Age whatsoever certain words and characters which again he presently defaced by making a great blot of Ink in the palm of the hand and pouring Oil over it caused by

me Wherefore proceeding to the Church of the Carmelites which stands at the edge of the City upon a pleasant Hill with a very delightful prospect I heard Mass there and stay'd both to dine sup and lodg with them April the tenth Early in the Morning I went to the Ship landed my Goods dispatch'd them at the Custom-house and having carry'd them to the House of Sig ra Lena da Cugna where Mariam Tinatin was I went to quarter till the House taken for me were emptied clean'd and prepar'd in the Covent of the Profess'd House of the Jesuits where I was receiv'd by the Visitor the Provincial the Provost and the rest with much courtesie and with their accustomed Charity and Civility I found there many Italian Fathers of which Nation the Society makes frequent use especially in the Missions of China Iapan India and many other places of the East besides the two above-nam'd I found of Italians F. Christoforo Boro a Milanese call'd Brono in India not to offend the Portugal's ears with the word Boro which in their Language do's not sound well a great Mathematician and another young Father who was afterwards my Confessor F. Giuliano Baldinotti of Pistoia design'd for Iapan whither he went afterwards Moreover in the Colledge which is another Church and a distinct Covent F. Alessandro Leni an ancient Roman and Friend of my Uncles with whom especially with Sig Alessandro he had studied in our Casa Instituta or Academy F. Giacinto Franceschi a Florentine all who with infinite others of several Nations Portugals Castilians and others were all my Friends and particularly F. Pantaleon Vincislao a German well skill'd in Mathematicks and a great wit Procurator of China F. Per Moryad the Vice-Roy's Confessor and F. Francesco Vergara both Castilians F. Christoforo di Giavanni a Portugal learned in Greek and Arabick F. Flaminio Carlo of Otranto Master in Divinity Of Fryers I also found many Italians namely in the Colledge of Fryer Ioseph Masagna a famous Spicerer and a Man of much business in the Profess'd House a Neapolitan a Venetian and a Thuscan call'd Fryer Bartolomeo Pontebuoni a good Painter and also a Man of much employment who were all my great Friends April the eleventh my Birth-day The Jesuits shew'd me all their Covent which is indeed a large and goodly Building and though not much adorn'd according to our custom yet perhaps is the best thing that is in Goa as also the front of their Church April the fourteenth which was Holy Fryday Being present at Holy Service in the Quire of the Jesuits because I was still in my Persian Habit the Portugal Clothes which I had bespoken being not yet made and therefore I appear'd not in publick Sig Constantino da Sà a Portugal Cavalier or Hidalgo design'd General for the Island of Zeilan whither he was preparing to go speedily with his Fleet coming also to hear the Office in the Quire saw me there and understanding who I was was pleas'd to take notice of me and after the Office was ended came together with the Fathers very courteously to complement me offering himself to serve me as he said in the Island of Zeiland if I pleas'd to go thither Whereunto I also answer'd with the best and most courteous words I could This Sig Constantino had been sent with an Armado of many Ships to relieve Ormuz when it was besiedg'd but not arriving there till after the place was taken he return'd back with his Fleet to Goa April the sixteenth being Easter-Day I first resum'd an Europaean to wit a Portugal Habit as 't is the fashion at Goa amongst the graver sort after I had worn strange garbs for many years together and ever since the death of my Sig ra Sitti Maani cloath'd my self and my servant in mourning April the seventeenth F. Vincislao Pantaleon my Friend above-nam'd who was skill'd in the China Language having been many years in these parts and intended to return thither shew'd me the Geographical Description of all China written very small or rather printed in a China Character after their way very handsomely On which occasion I must not omit to note that the Chineses as the said Father shew'd me in their Books are wont in writing to draw the line or verse of their writing not as we and the Hebrews do cross the paper but contrary to both from the top to the bottom beginning to write at the right side of the paper and ending at the left which to all other Nations seems a very strange way Moreover their Letters are not properly Letters but great Characters each of which denotes an intire word whence the Characters are as many as there are words in the Language and they reckon to the number of eighty thousand a thing indeed not onely strange and superfluous but also in my opinion unprofitable yea disadvantageous and onely for vain pomp for in learning these Characters they spend many years unprofitably which might be imploy'd in the acquisition of other better Sciences without being always Children as Hermes Trismegistus said of the Greeks yea in their whole life they cannot learn them all so that there are none among themselves or if any they are very rare and miraculous who can write and read all the words and know all the Characters of their own Tongue which is certainly a great imperfection although they say that he who knows four thousand Characters may speak and write well enough and he that knows six or eight thousand may pass for eloquent The Iaponeses seem to me more judicious in this point having for ordinary and more facile use invented an Alphabet of few Letters written likewise from the top downwards wherewith they write all words and all their own Language and also that of China But in the Sciences and more weighty matters the learned amongst them most commonly make use of the China-Characters which as mysterious and sacred are venerable to all these Nations and although they have all several Languages yet they do and can make use of the same writing because being the said Characters are not Letters but significative of words and the words although different in sound yet in all these Languages are of the same signification and number it comes to pass that divers Nations adjacent to China as these of Iapan Cauchin-China and other although different in Language yet in writing making use of the China-Characters at least in matters of greatest moment understand one another when they read these Characters each in their own Tongue with the different words of their proper Language which indeed in reference to the commerce and communication of Nations is a great convenience April the seven and twentieth This Morning being the first Thursday after the Dominica in Albis there was a solemn Procession at Goa of the most Holy Sacrament for the Annual Feast of Corpus Christi as the custom is But in Goa it is kept out of the right time upon such a day because

Women and who had been formerly punish'd for the same fault In the mean time we walk'd up and down but saw nothing worth mentioning and at at dinner-time we went to the Captain 's House where we all din'd namely Sig Gio Fernandez the Ambassador the Chief Commander of the Fleet call'd Hettor Fernandez F. Bartolomeo Barroso the Ambassadors Chaplain Sig Consalvo Carvaglio and I who came in the Ambassador's Company The Entertainment was sumptuous and very well serv'd dinner ended we return'd to our House October the twentieth In the Evening the Chaplain and I went in a Palanchino a mile out of Onòr to see a fine running water which issuing out of the Earth in a low or rather hollow place as it were the bottom of a Gulph falls into a Tanke or Cistern built round with stone and this being fill'd it runs out with a stream watering the neigbouring-fields The water is hot to wit not cold and therefore the Country-people come frequently to bathe themselves in it for pleasure The Cistern is square every side being five or six yards and the water would reach to a man's neck but by reason of the ruinousness of the walls in some places it is not very clean Within it are small fishes which use to bite such as come to swim there yet without doing hurt because they are small and the place being low is consequently shady and so affords a pleasant station at all times The Gentiles have this Cistern in Devotion and call it Ram-tirt that is Holy Water Water of Expiation c. The Portugals call it O Tanque da Pedre that is the Cistern of the Father or Religious person from the Gentile-Monastick who uses to remain there We stript our selves and spent a good while in swimming here The fields about Onòr through which we pass'd were very pleasant Hills and Valleyes all green partly with very high herbage partly with wood and partly with Corn. October the one and twentieth I took the Altitude of the Sun and found it distant from the Zenith 24. degrees 20. minutes upon which day the Sun according to my manuscripts was in the 27th degree of Libra and declin'd from the Aequinoctial to the South 10. degrees 24′ 56″ which deducted from 24. degrees 20′ in which I found the Sun there remain 13. degrees 55′ 4″ and precisely so much is Onòr distant from the Aequinoctial towards the North. In the Evening the Ambassador Vitulà Sinay who was lodg'd beyond the River more South of Onòr came to the City to visit the Captain in the Fort. The Captain with all the Citizens and Sig Gio Fernandez with us of his Company went to meet and receive him at the place where he landed three pieces of Ordnance being discharg'd when he entred into the Fort. October the four and twentieth was the Davàli or Feast of the Indian-Gentiles and I believe was the same that I had seen the last year celebrated in Bender di Combrù in Persia The same day if I mistake not in my reckoning the Moors began their new year 1033. In the Evening I went to see another great Town of Gentiles separate from that stands upon the Sea near Onòr and they call it the Villa de' Brahmani because most of the inhabitants are Brachmans whereas they that live by the Sea-side are Fishermen and of other like profession This Town of the Brachmans stands about a Canons-shot within land remote from the Fortress of Onòr towards Hordete or Greco The inhabitants keep Cows or Buffalls and live upon other Trades In the entrance of the City is built for publick use a handsome square Cistern or Receptacle for Water each side of which contain'd about a hundred of my paces in length 't is fill'd with rain water which lasts for the whole year October the five and twentieth came News to Onòr how on Thursday night last October the nine and twentieth Venk-tapà Naieka lost his chief Wife an aged Woman and well belov'd by him her name was Badra-Amà Daughter of a noble-man of the same Race of Lingavant which Venk-tapà himself is of Badrà was her proper name Amà her Title denoting Princess or Queen We stay'd all this while at Onòr because as soon as we arriv'd there Vitulà Sinay writ to Venk-tapà Naieka his Master giving him an account of our arrival and so it was necessary to stay for his Answer and Orders from the Court we also waited for men to carry us upon the way the whole journey being to be made in Litters or Palanchinoes together with our Goods and Baggage which were likewise to be carry'd by men upon their shoulders And the Davàli or Feast of the Gentiles falling out in the mean time we were fain to stay till it was pass'd and I know not whether the Queens Death and Funerals may not cause us to stay some time longer I will not suppress one story which is reported of this Lady They say thar twelve or thirteen years since when she was about five and thirty years old it came to her ears that Venk-tapà Naieka her Husband being become fond of a Moorish Woman kept her secretly in a Fort not farr from the Court where he frequently solac'd himself with her for two or three dayes together whereupon Badra-Amà first complaining to him not onely of the wrong which he did thereby to her but also more of that which he did to himself defiling himself with a strange Woman of impure Race according to their superstition and of a Nation which drank Wine and eat Flesh and all sort of uncleannesses in their account told him that if he had a mind to other Women he need not have wanted Gentile-Women of their clean Race without contaminating himself with this Moor and she should have suffer'd it with patience but since he had thus defil'd himself with her she for the future would have no more to do with him and thereupon she took an Oath that she would be to him as his Daughter and he should be to her as her Father After which she shew'd no further resentment but liv'd with him as formerly keeping him company in the Palace tending upon him in his sickness and other things with the same love as at first helping and advising him in matters of Government wherein she had alwayes great authority with him and in short excepting the Matrimonial Act perfectly fulfilling all other Offices of a good Wife Venk-tapa Naieka who had much affection for her notwithstanding the wrong he did her with his Moor endeavor'd by all means possible to divert her from this her purpose and to perswade her to live a Matrimonial Life still with him offering many times to compound for that Oath by the alms of above 20000. Pagods Pagod is a gold coin near equivalent to a Venetian Zecchine or English Angel but all in vain and she persever'd constant in this Resolution till death which being undoubtedly an act of much Constancy and Virtue was the

Age of her Children to avert her from her purpose by moving her to compassion for them well knowing that no argument is more prevalent with Mothers then their Love and Affection towards their Children But all my speaking was in vain and she still answer'd me to all my Reasons with a Countenance not onely undismay'd and constant but even cheerful and spoke in a such manner as shew'd that she had not the least fear of death She told me also upon my asking her that she did this of her own accord was at her own liberty not forc'd nor perswaded by any one Whereupon I inquiring Whether force were at any time us'd in this matter they told me that ordinarily it was not but onely sometimes amongst Persons of quality when some Widow was left young handsome and so in danger of marrying again which amongst them is very ignominious or committing a worse fault in such Cases the Friends of the deceas'd Husband were very strict and would constrain her to burn her self even against her own will for preventing the disorders possible to happen in case she should live a barbarous indeed and too cruel Law However that neither force nor perswasion was us'd to Giaccamà that she did it of her own free will in which as of a magnanimous action as indeed it was and amongst them of great honor both her Relations and her self much glory'd I ask'd concerning the Ornaments and Flowers she wore and they told me that such was the Custom in token of the Masti's joy they call the Woman who intends to burn her self for the death of her Husband Masti in that she was very shortly to go to him and therefore had reason to rejoyce whereas such Widows as will not dye remain in continual sadness and lamentations shave their Heads and live in perpetual mourning for the death of their Husbands At last Giaccamà caus'd one to tell me that she accounted my coming to see her a great good fortune and held her self much honour'd as well by my visit and presence as the Fame which I should carry of her to my own Country and that before she dy'd she would come to visit me at my House and also to ask me as their custom is that I would favour her with some thing by way of Alms towards the buying of fewel for the fire wherewith she was to be burnt I answer'd her that I should much esteem her visit and very willingly give her some thing not for wood and fire wherein to burn her self for her death much displeas'd me and I would gladly have disswaded her from it if I could but to do something else therewith what her self most lik'd and that I promis'd her that so far as my weak pen could contribute her Name should remain immortal in the World Thus I took leave of her more sad for her death then her self cursing the custom of India which is so unmerciful to Women Giaccamà was a Woman of about thirty years of age of a Complexion very brown for an Indian and almost black but of a good aspect tall of stature well shap'd and proportion'd My Muse could not forbear from chanting her in a Sonnet which I made upon her death and reserve among my Poetical Papers The same Evening Lights being set up in all the Temples and the usual Musick of Drums and Pipes sounding I saw in one Temple which was none of the greatest a Minister or Priest dance before the Idol all naked saving that he had a small piece of Linnen over his Privities as many of them continually go he had a drawn Sword in his Hand which he flourish'd as if he had been fencing but his motions were nothing but lascivious gestures And indeed the greatest part of their Worship of their Gods consists in nothing but Musick Songs Dances not not onely pleasant but lascivious and in serving their Idols as if they were living Persons namely in presenting to them things to eat washing them perfuming them giving them Betlè-leavs dying them with Sanders carrying them abroad in Procession and such other things as the Country-people account delights and observances In rehearsing Prayers I think they are little employ'd and as little in Learning I once ask'd an old Priest who was held more knowing then others grey and clad all in white carrying a staff like a Shep-herds crook in his Hand What Books he had read and what he had studied Adding that my self delighted in reading and that if he would speak to me about any thing I would answer him He told me that all Books were made onely that Men might by means thereof know God and God being known to what purpose were Books as if he knew God very well I reply'd that all thought they knew God but yet few knew him aright and therefore he should beware that himself were not one of those November the seventeenth By Letters brought from Barcelòr with News from Goa we heard that the Prince of England was gone incognito into Spain to accomplish his Marriage with the Infanta and that his arrival being known and the King having seen him preparations were making for his publick Reception That the Fleet was not yet arriv'd at Goa except one Galeon and that the News from Ormuz was that Ruy Freyra was landed in that Island and having entrench'd himself under the Fort held the same besieg'd with that small Armado he had with him Whence 't was hop'd that great supplies being to be sent to him from Goa and the enmity of the English ceasing in consideration of the Marriage between the two Crowns and consequently their assistance of the Persians Ormùz would shortly be recover'd and indeed in respect of the above-said circumstances I account it no hard matter November the twentieth In the Evening either because it was the next night after Monday or that 't was their weekly custom or perhaps for some extraordinary solemnity Tapers were lighted up in all the Temples of Ikkeri a great noise was made with Drums and Pipes together with the Dancings of the Ministers of some Temples before the Gates as is above described Wherefore I went to the great Temple where being the principal I thought to see the greatest and most solemn Ceremonies After the people were call'd together by the sounding of several Trumpets a good while without the Temple they began to make the usual Procession within the Yard or Inclosure with many noises of their barbarous instruments as they are wont to do here every Evening Which after they had done as often as they pleas'd they went forth into the street where much people expected them carrying two Idols in Procession both in one Palanchino one at each end small and so deck'd with Flowers and other Ornaments that I could scarce know what they were Yet I think that in the back-end was Agorescuèr to whom the Temple is dedicated and the other Parveti or some other Wife of his First march'd the Trumpets

a mile off to see a work which she had in hand of certain Trenches to convey water to certain places whereby to improve them I spoke to the Queen with my head uncover'd all the while which courtesie it being my custom to use to all Ladies my equals onely upon the account of being such I thought ought much rather to be us'd to this who was a Queen and in her own Dominions where I was come to visit and to do her Honour After she was gone her way I with my people enter'd into a little village and there took a lodging in an empty house belonging to a Moor of the Country and near the Palace but I caus'd my diet to be prepar'd in an other house of a neighbour Moor that so I might have the convenience of eating flesh or what I pleas'd which in the houses of Gentiles would not be suffer'd The inhabitants of Manèl are partly Gentiles and partly Malabar-Moors who have also their Meschita's there which was of much convenience to me The Name of the Queen of Olaza is Abag-deui-Ciautrù of which words Abag is her proper Name Deui signifies as much as Lady and with this word they are also wont to signifie all their gods nor have they any other in their Language to denote God but Deù or Deurù which are both one and equally attributed to Princes whereby it appears that the gods of the Gentiles are for the most part nothing else but such Princes as have been famous in the world and deserv'd that Honour after their deaths as likewise which is my ancient opinion that the word God where-with we by an introduc'd custom denote the Supream Creator doth not properly signifie that First Cause who alone ought to be ador'd by the World but signifi'd at first either Great Lord or the like whence it was attributed to Heroes and signal persons in the world suitable to that of the Holy Scripture Filii Deorum Filii Hominum and consequently that the gods of the Gentiles though ador'd and worship'd both in ancient and modern times were never held by us in that degree wherein we hold God the Creator of the Universe and wherein almost all Nations of the world always held and do hold him some calling him Causa Prima others Anima Mundi others Perabrahmi as the Gentiles at this day in India But that the other gods are and were always rather but as Saints are amongst us of the truth whereof I have great Arguments at least amongst the Indian Gentiles or if more then Saints yet at least Deifi'd by favour and made afterwards Divi as Hercules Romulus Augustus c. were amongst the Romans But to return to our purpose they told me the word Ciautrù the last in the Queen of Olaza's Name was a Title of Honour peculiar to all the Kings and Queens of Olaza and therefore possibly signifies either Prince or King and Queen or the like As for this Countries being subject to a Woman I understood from intelligent persons of the Country that in Olaza Men were and are always wont to reign and that 't is a custom receiv'd in India amongst the greatest part of the Gentiles the Sons do not succeed the Fathers but the Sons of their Sisters they accounting the Female-line more certain as indeed it is than the Male. Yet that the last King of Olaza having neither Nephews nor other Legitimate Heirs his Wife succeeded him and she also dying without other Heirs left this Abag-Deui who was her Sister to succeed her To whom because she is a Woman and the descent is certain is to succeed a Son of hers of whom I shall hereafter make mention but to him being a Man not his own Sons but the Son of one of his Sisters hereafter likewise mention'd is to succeed Not to conceal what I know of the History of this Queen I shall add that after her Assumption to the Throne upon the death of her Sister she was married for many years to the King of Banghel who now is a fugitive depriv'd of his Dominions but then reign'd in his own Country which borders upon hers Yet though they were Husband and Wife more for Honors sake then any thing else they liv'd not together but apart each in their own Lands in the Confines whereof either upon Rivers where they caus'd Tents to be erected over boats or in other places of delight they came to see and converse with one another Banghel wanting not other Wives and Women who accompany'd him where-ever he went 'T is reported that this Queen had the Children which she hath by this Banghel if they were not by some other secret and more intimate Lover for they say she wants not such The Matrimony and good Friendship having lasted many years between Banghel and the Queen I know not upon what occasion discord arose between them and such discord that the Queen divorc'd Banghel sending back to him as the custom is in such case all the Jewels which he had given her as his Wife For this and perhaps for other causes Banghel became much offended with the Queen and the rupture proceeded to a War during which it so fortun'd that one day as she was going in a boat upon one of those Rivers not very well guarded he sending his people with other boats in better order took her and had her in his power Yet with fair carriage and good words she prevail'd so far that he let her go free and return to her Country In revenge of this injury she forth-with rais'd War against Banghel who relying upon the aid of the neighbouring Portugals because he was confederate with them and as they say of many Royolets of India Brother in Arms to the King of Portugal the Queen to counterpoize that force call'd to her assistance against Banghel and the Portugals who favour'd him the neighbouring King Venk-tapà Naieka who was already become very potent and fear'd by all the Neighbours and under his protection and obedience she put her self Venk-tapà Naieka sent a powerful Army in favour of the Queen took all Banghel's Territories and made them his own destroying the Fort which was there he also made prey of divers other pety Lords thereabouts demolishing their strength and rendring them his Tributaries one of which was the Queen of Curnat who was also confedrate with the Portugals and no friend to her of Olaza he came against Mangalòr where in a battel rashly undertaken by the Portugals he defeated a great number and in short the flower and strength of India carrying the Ensigns Arms and Heads of the slain to Ikkeri in triumph He did not take Mangalòr because he would not answering the Queen of Olaza who urg'd him to it That they could do that at any time with much facility and that 't was best to let those four Portugals remain in that small place which was rather a House then a Fortress in respect of the Traffick and Wares which they

first Having heard Mass in a little Church there we left Paola and passing by Scoglio del Marchese and other Islands in the Evening we supp'd at Sea under Belvedere and sailing all night the next day we din'd on Land at Camerota from whence we sail'd and came to an Anchor in the Port of Palinuro which place I beheld with pleasure through the delightfull remembrance of Virgil's Verses which relate the misfortune of the Pilot Palniurus and with-all give immortal fame to the place February the fourth We departed from Palinuro and lodg'd on shore at Acciaruolo where Passengers are notoriously abus'd by being constrain'd to lodg in a lewd Inn there and pay the Host what he pleases to demand who is also to pay the Lord of the place what Rent he desires The next day we pass'd the Gulph of Salerno and bocche di Capri arriving late in the Port of Naples under the Dogana of Corn but because it was so late that we could not get Prattick we slept all night in the Felluca's February the sixth Sig Andrea Pulice my Comrade being by me advertis'd of my coming brought Sig Mario Schipano and many other Friends to visit me in my Felluca which interview after so many years was as pleasant as can be imagin'd As soon as the Officers negotiated for Prattick they obtain'd it but for less trouble and because I intended to stay little at Naples I dispatch'd one of my Felluca's wherein was the Body of Sitti Maani and other goods immediately to Rome Upon Sig Schipano's invitation I lodg'd in his House together with all my people At Naples I receiv'd the first Letters from Rome after above four years wherein I had not receiv'd any nor heard any certain tidings of my Relations These advertis'd me of the death of Sig Vallerio della Valle which hapned four years before and also of that of Sig Tomasso della Valle my Uncle which fell out about a year before my arrival At whose deaths I also being no longer accounted living certain Pious Places seis'd upon part of my goods and revenues and would have gotten all the rest with the writings as they attempted to do had not my kinred and particularly Sig ra Laura Gaetana stoutly with-stood them making it apparent that I was alive by shewing some of my Letters which she had lately receiv'd whereto nevertheless they would by no means give credit I found entertainment for many dayes in reading abundance of Letters from Rome which almost all my kindred and friends writ to me and in answering the same as also in receiving and returning the visits of many Neapolitan Cavaliers and Titolado's and indeed I am much oblig'd to all the Nobility of that City for the Civilities they shew'd me in this my Return February the tenth I sent to Rome authentical Certificates of my survivance attested by many Persons of Naples who acknowledg'd me for what I was twelve years before when I departed thence as also Letters of Attorney and other writings to the end my Relations might make use thereof to my benefit against who-ever at Rome attempted to molest my Estate February the three and twentieth A brave Tournement was publickly made at Naples with great splendor in the Piazza of the Palace for the Birth of the Princess of Spain the King 's first-born Daughter to behold which there interven'd with the Duke of Alva the Vice-Roy the Duke of Alcala newly arriv'd from Rome where he had been extraordinary Ambassador about the troubles of Italy The Tourneyment was gallant consisting of abundance of Squadrons and Cavaliers but without any Inventions and nothing near so brave as that which I saw here in the year 1612. upon the Marriage of France and Spain February the four and twentieth Which was the day of Carnival a Mascherade was made in Naples and Balls in the Palace for an entertainment to the Duke of Alcala as also the next day although it was Lent another Mascherade was made on Horseback with a Tilting and at night Balls in the Palace March the ninth About seven a clock at night a very great Earth-quake hapned in Naples which shook the strongest walls as if they had been but of paper but it lasted little and was very short so that God be prais'd it did no considerable hurt although for the small time it continu'd it was sufficiently dreadful March the tenth The Abbess and other Nunns of San Marcellino and particularly Donna Feliciana and Donna Beatrice d' Avalos to whom I have always had great respect did me the favor to cause a Mass to be sung in their Church whilst I was present in thanks to God for my safe return into Italy where twelve years before I had begun and took the Ensignes of my Peregrination March the thirteenth The fit time for my departure by Sea to Rome being come I took leave of Sig Mario Schipano who had entertain'd us nobly all the time of my stay at Naples during which we frequently review'd our Letters and Travels with much Curiosity and Pleasure and also of all other Friends and after due thanks to Sig Angelo Crescentio and Sig Andrea Pulice who accompani'd us to the Scoglio di Euplea vulgarly call'd Gaiola I went aboard and departed LETTER XVI From Rome April 4. 1626. AT length I am come to Rome the place of my Nativity but though I walk upon the banks of Tyber and the seven Hills yet my mind runs wandring through Turkie and Persia hoises sail again to the wind and roams as far as the Indian shores reviewing Ikkeri Manel and Calecut Whence embarquing again in the great Dolphin it reconducts me over Seas and Lands to my recent and late Peregrinations and even to the Rock of Euplea whither now I return both with my Thought and Pen. Being divided there from Sig Angelo Sig Andrea and the rest with expressions of much affection whilst they in another boat return'd towards Naples I with my Felluca's set sail and Post varios casus post tot discrimina rerum Tendimus in Latium In a few hours I came to Procida where I was entertain'd by Sig Antonio d' Antonii in his Garden and not onely din'd there but in expectation of a fit hour to depart because I would not touch at Gaeta but intended to go directly to Terracina I also lodg'd there all night The Judge of Procida being inform'd whether by the Mariners or others I know not of the Coffin of Sitti Maani which I had according to the cheating tricks us'd in the Kingdom of Naples thought to get something from me upon this occasion and to make the case more heinous he waited till mid-night when we were all asleep notwithstanding he might have done it in the day-time when I walkt up and down the whole Island with the Women and at that unseasonable time came with many armed people to disquiet us in the House where I was saying that he would see my goods and stop the Coffin

be made sensible of that their basest bondage But to return again to the place from whence I have made some excursion When I was in India there was one sentenced by the Mogol himself for killing his own father to dye thus first he commanded that this Parricide should be bound alive by his heels fastned to a small iron chain which was tied to the hind-leg of a great Elephant and then that this Elephant should drag him after him one whole remove of that King from one place to another which was about ten miles distant that so all his flesh might be worn off his bones and so it was when we saw him in the way following that King in his Progress for he appeared then to us a Skeleton rather than a body There was another condemned to dye by the Mogol himself while we were at Amadavar for killing his own Mother and at this the King was much troubled to think of a death suitable for so horrid a crime but upon a little pause he adjudged him to be stung to death by Snakes which was accordingly done I told you before that there are some Mountebanks there which keep great Snakes to shew tricks with them one of those fellows was presently called for to bring his Snakes to do that execution who came to the place where that wretched Creature was appointed to dye and found him there all naked except a little covering before and trembling Then suddenly the Mountebank having first angred and provoked the venemous creatures put one of them to his Thigh which presently twin'd it self about that part till it came near his Groin and there bit him till blood followed the other was fastned to the out-side of his other Thigh twining about it for those Snakes thus kept are long and slender and there bit him likewise notwithstanding the wretch kept upon his feet near a quarter of an hour before which time the Snakes were taken from him But he complained exceedingly of a fire that with much torment had possessed all his Limbs and his whole body began to swell exceedingly like Nasidius bit by a Lybian Serpent called a Prester Now much after this manner did the stinging of those Snakes work upon that wretch and about half an hour after they were taken from him the soul of that unnatural monster left his groaning Carkass and so went to its place And certainly both those I last named so sentenced and so executed most justly deserved to be handled with all severity for taking away the lives of those from whom they had receiv'd their own Some of our family did behold the execution done upon the later who related all the passages of it and for my part I might have seen it too but that I had rather go a great way not to see then one step to behold such a sight After the example of that King his Governours deputed and set over Provinces and Cities proceed in the course of Justice to impose what punishment and death they please upon all offendors and malefactors That King never suffers any of his Vicegerents to tarry long in one place of Government but removes them usually after they have exercised that Power which was given unto them in place for one year unto some other place of Government remote from the former wherein they exercise their power and this that King doth that those which be his Substitutes may not in any place grow popular I told you before that this people are very neat shaving themselves so often as that they feel the Rasor almost every day but when that King sends any of them unto any place of Government or upon any other imployment they cut not their hair at all till they return again into his presence as if they desired not to appear beautiful or to give themselves any content in this while they live out of the Kings sight and therefore the King as soon as he sees them bids them cut their hair When the Mogol by Letters sends his Commands to any of his Governours those Papers are entertain'd with as much respect as if himself were present for the Governour having intelligence that such Letters are come near him himself with other inferiour Officers ride forth to meet the Patamar or Messenger that brings them and as soon as he sees those Letters he alights from his horse falls down on the earth and then takes them from the Messenger and lays them on his head whereon he binds them fast and then returning to his place of publick meeting for dispatch of businesses he reads them and answers their contents with all care and diligence The King oft times in his own person and so his Substitutes appointed Governours for Provinces and Cities Judge in all matters Criminal that concern Life and Death There are other Officers to assist them which are called Cut-walls whose Office is like that of our Sheriffs in England and these have many substitutes under them whose business it is to apprehend and to bring before these Judges such as are to be tried for things Criminal or Capital where the offender as before knows presently what will become of him And those Officers wait likewise on other Judges there which are called Cadees who only meddle with Contracts and Debts and other businesses of this nature 'twixt man and man Now these Officers arrest Debtors and bring them before those Judges and their Sureties too bound as with us in Contracts confirmed as before under their hands and seals and if they give not content unto those which complain of them they will imprison their persons where they shall find and feel the weight of fetters nay many times they will sell their Persons their Wives and Children into bondage when they cannot satisfie their debts And the custom of that Country bears with such hard and pitiless courses such as was complain'd of by the poor Widow unto the Prophet Elisha who when her husband was dead and she not able to pay the Creditor came and took her two sons to be bond-men 2 Kings 4. 1. The Mogol looked to be presented with some thing or other when my Lord Embassadour came to him and if he saw him often empty handed he was not welcome and therefore the East-India Company were wont every year to send many particular things unto him in the name of the King of England that were given him at several times especially then when the Embassadour had any request unto him which made a very fair way unto it Amongst many other things when my Lord Embassadour first went thither the Company sent the Mogol an English Coach and Harness for four Horses and an able Coach-man to sute and manage some of his excellent Horses that they might be made fit for that service The Coach they sent was lined within with Crimson China Velvet which when the Mogol took notice of he told the Embassadour that he wondred the King of England would trouble himself so

Relion yet all agreed in the story and in all the circumstances thereof Now for the disposition of that King it ever seemed unto me to be composed of extreams for sometimes he was barbarously cruel andat other times he would seem to be exceeding fair and gentle For his cruelties he put one of his women to a miserable death one of his women he had formerly touched and kept Company withall but now she was superannuated for neither himself nor Nobles as they say come near their wives or women after they exceed the age of thirty years though they keep them and allow them some maintenance The fault of that woman this the Mogol upon a time found her one of his Eunuchs kissing one another and for this very thing the King presently gave command that a round hole should be made in the earth and that her body should be put into that hole where she should stand with her head only above ground and the earth to be put in again unto her close round about her that so she might stand in the parching Sun till the extream hot beams thereof did kill her in which torment she lived one whole day and the night following and almost till the next noon crying out most lamentably while she was able to speak in her language as the Shunamits Child did in his 2 King 4. Ah my head my head Which horrid execution or rather murder was acted near our house where the Eunuch by the command of the said King was brought very near the place where this poor Creature was thus buried alive and there in her sight cut all into pieces That great King would be often overcome by Wine yet as if he meant to appropriate that sin to himself would punish others with very much severity who were thus distempered Sometimes for little or no faults the Mogol would cause men to be most severely whipt till they were almost ready to die under the rod which after they must kiss in thankfulness He caused one of his servants of the higher rank to be very much whipt for breaking a China-Cup he was commanded to keep safe and then sent him into China which is a marvellous distance from thence to buy another Sometimes in other of his mad distempers he would condemn men to servitude or dismember or else put them to death as sacrifices to his will and passion not Justice So that it might be said of him quando male nemo pejus that when he did wickedly none could do worse as if it had been true of him which was spoken of that monster Nero observed before who was called Lutum sanguine maceratum Dirt soaked in blood For his good actions he did relieve continually many poor people and not seldom would shew many expressions of duty and strong affection to his Mother then living so that he who esteemed the whole-world as his Vassals would help to carry her in a Palankee upon his shoulders The Mogol would often visit the Cells of those he esteemed religious men whose Persons he esteemed sacred as if they had been Demigods And he would speak most respectively of our blessed Saviour Christ but his Parentage his poverty and his cross did so confound his thoughts that he knew not what to think of them Lastly the Mogol is very free and noble unto all those which fall into and abide in his affection which brings me now to speak SECTION XXVI Of the exceeding great Pensions the Mogol gives unto his Subjects how they are raised and how long they are continued c. WHich great revenues that many of them do enjoy makes them to live like great Princes rather than other men Now for those Pensions which are so exceeding great the Mogol in his far extended Monarchy allows yearly pay for one Million of Horse and for every Horse and Man about eighteen pounds sterling per annum which is exactly paid every year raised from Land and other Commodities which that Empire affords and appointed for that purpose Now some of the Mogol's most beloved Nobles have the pay of six thousand horse and there are others at the least twenty in his Empire which have the pay of 5000 horse exceeding large Pensions above the revenue of any other Subjects in the whole World they amounting unto more than one hundred thousand pounds yearly unto a particular man Now others have the pay of four thousand horse others of three or two or one thousand horse and so downward and these by their proportions are appointed to have horses always in readiness well mann'd and otherwise appointed for the Kings service so that he who hath the pay of five or six thousand must always have one thousand in readiness or more according to the Kings need of them and so in proportion all the rest which enables them on a sudden to make up the number at the least of two hundred thousand horse of which number they have always at hand one hundred thousand to wait upon the King wheresoever he is There are very many private men in Cities and Towns who are Merchants or Trades-men that are very rich but it is not safe for them that are so so to appear lest that they should be used as fill'd Sponges But there is never a Subject in that Empire who hath Land of inheritance which he may call his own but they are all Tenants at the will of their King having no other title to that they enjoy besides the Kings favour which is by far more easily lost than gotten It is true that the King advanceth many there unto many great honours and allows them as before marvellous great revenues but no Son there enjoys either the Titles or Means of his Father that hath had Pensions from that King for the King takes possession of all when they are dead appointing their Children some competent means for their subsistence which they shall not exceed if they fall not into the Kings affection as their Fathers did wherefore many great men in this Empire live up to the height of their means and therefore have a very numerous train a very great retinue to attend upon them which makes them to appear like Princes rather than Subjects Yet this their necessary dependance on their King binds them unto such base subjection as that they will yield with readiness unto any of his unreasonable and willful commands As Plutarch writes of the Souldiers of Scipio Nullus est horum qui non conscensa turri semet in mare praecipaturus sit si jussero There was never a one in his Army by his own report that would not for a word of his mouth have gone up into a Tower and cast himself thence head-long into the Sea and thus the people here will do any thing the King commands them to do so that if he bid the Father to lay hands of violence upon his Son or the Son upon his Father they will do it rather than the will