the gate Thereuppon the gates were opened they comming in their gownes went vnto his bed side to see him That selfe day Python Seleucus were appointed by the kings friends to go to the temple of the god Serapis to knowe if they should bringe king Alexander thither The god aunswered them that they should not remoue him from thence The eight and twenty day at night Alexander dyed Thus it is written word for word in manner in the houshold booke of remembrance At that present tyme there was no suspition that he was poysoned Yet they say that six yeares after there appeared some proofe that he was poisoned Whereupon his mother Olympias put many men to death and cast the ashes of Iolas into the wind that was dead before for that it was said he gaue him poyson in his drinke They that thinke it was Aristotle that counselled Antipater to do it by whose meane the poyson was brought they say that Agnothemis reporred it hauing heard it of king Antigonus owne mouth The poyson as some say was cold as Ise and falleth from a rocke in the territory of the citie of NONACRIS it is gathered as they would gather a deawe into the horne of the foote of an asse for there is no other kinde of thinge that wil keepe it it is so extreme cold percing Others defend it say that the report of his poysoning is vntrue for proofe therof they alleage this reason which is of no smal importance that is That the chiefest Capteines fel at great variance after his death so that the corps of Alexander remained many dayes naked without buriall in a whot dry contry yet there neuer appeared any signe or token apon his body that he was poysoned but was still a cleane and faire corps as could be Alexander left Roxane great with childe for the which the MACEDONIANS did her great honor but she did malice Statira extreamely did finely deceiue her by a counterfeat letter she sent as if it had comen from Alexander willing her to come vnto him But when she was come Roxane killed her and her sister and then threw their bodies into a well and filled it vp with earth by Perdiccas helpe and consent Perdiccas came to be king immediatly after Alexanders death by meanes of Aridaeus whom he kept about him for his gard and safety This Aridaeus beeing borne of a common strumpet and common woman called Philinna was halfe lunaticke not by nature nor by chaunce but as it is reported put out of his wits when he was a young towardly boy by drinkes which Olympias caused to be geuen him and thereby continued franticke The end of Alexanders life THE LIFE OF Iulius Caesar. AT what time Sylla was made Lord of all he would haue had Caesar put away his wife Cornelia the daughter of Cinna Dictator but when he saw he could neither with any promise nor threate bring him to it he tooke her ioynter away from him The cause of Caesars ill will vnto Sylla was by meanes of mariage for Marius thelder maried his fathers own sister by whom he had Marius the younger whereby Caesar he were cosin germaines Sylla being troubled in waightie matters putting to death so many of his enemies when he came to be cōqueror he made no reckoning of Caesar but he was not contented to be hidden in safety but came and made sute vnto the people for the Priesthoodshippe that was voyde when he had scant any heare on his face Howbeit he was repulsed by Syllaes meanes that secretly was against him Who when he was determined to haue killed him some of his frendes told him that it was to no purpose to put so young a boy as he to death But Sylla told them againe that they did not consider that there were many Marians in that young boy Caesar vnderstanding that stale out of ROME and hidde him selfe a long time in the contrie of the SABINES wandring still from place to place But one day being caried from house to house he fell into the handes of Syllaes souldiers who searched all those places and tooke them whom they found hidden Caesar bribed the Captaine whose name was Cornelius with two talentes which he gaue him After he had escaped them thus he went vnto the sea side and tooke shippe and sailed into BITHYNIA to goe vnto king Nicomedes When he had bene with him a while he tooke sea againe and was taken by pyrates about the I le of PHARMACVSA for those pyrates kept all vppon that sea coast with a great fleete of shippes and botes They asking him at the first twentie talentes for his ransome Caesar laughed them to scorne as though they knew not what a man they had taken of him selfe promised them fiftie talents Then he sent his men vp and downe to get him this money so that he was left in maner alone among these theeues of the CILICIANS which are the cruellest butchers in the world with one of his frends and two of his slaues only and yet he made so litle reckoning of them that when he was desirous to sleepe he sent vnto them to commaunde them to make no noyse Thus was he eight and thirtie dayes among them not kept as prisoner but rather waited vppon by them as a Prince All this time he woulde boldly exercise him selfe in any sporte or pastime they would goe to And other while also he woulde wryte verses and make orations and call them together to say them before them and if any of them seemed as though they had not vnderstoode him or passed not for them he called them blockeheades and brute beastes and laughing threatned them that he would hang them vp But they were as merie with the matter as could be and tooke all in good parte thinking that this his bold speach came through the simplicity of his youth So when his raunsome was come from the citie of MILETVM they being payed their money and he againe set at libertie he then presently armed and manned out certaine ships out of the hauen of MILETVM to follow those theeues whom he found yet riding at ancker in the same Iland So he tooke the most of them had the spoile of their goods but for their bodies he brought them into the city of PERGAMVM there committed thē to prison whilest he him selfe went to speake with Iunius who had the gouernment of ASIA as vnto whom the execution of these pirats did belong for that he was Praetor of that contrie But this Praetor hauing a great fancie to be fingering of the money bicause there was good store of it answered that he would consider of these prisoners at better leasure Caesar leauing Iunius there returned againe vnto PERGAMVM and there hung vp all these theeues openly vpon a crosse as he had oftentimes promised them in the I le he would doe when they thought he did but ieast
them neither haue they done any vnseemely thing but haue passed the rest of their life like wise constant and vertuous men For it is not loue but weaknes which breedeth these extreme sorowes and exceeding feare in men that are not exercised nor acquainted to fight against fortune with reason And this is the cause that plucketh from them the pleasure of that they loue and desire by reason of the continuall trouble feare and griefe they feele by thincking howe in time they maye be depriued of it Nowe we must not arme our selues with pouertie against the griefe of losse of goodes neither with lacke of affeâ—tion against the losse of our friendes neither with wante of mariage against the death of children but we must be armed with reason against misfortunes Thus haue we sufficiently enlarged this matter The ATHENIANS hauing nowe susteined a long and troublesome warre against the MEGARIANS for the possession of the I le of SALAMINA were in the ende wearie of it and made proclamation straightly commaunding vpon payne of death that no man should presume to preferre any more to the counsaill of the cittie the title or question of the possession of the I le of SALAMINA Solon could not beare this open shame and seeing the most parte of the lustiest youthes desirous still of warre though their tongues were tyed for feare of the proclamation he fayned him selfe to be out of his wittes and caused it to be geuen out that Solon was become a foole and secretly he had made certaine lamentable verses which he had cunned without booke to singe abroade the cittie So one daye he ranne sodainly out of his house with a garland on his head and gotte him to the market place where the people straight swarmed like bees about him and getting him vp vpon the stone where all proclamations are vsually made out he singeth these Elegies he had made which beganne after this sorte I here present my selfe an Heraulde in this case vvhich come from Salamina lande that noble vvorthy place My minde in pelting prose shall neuer be exprest But songe in verse Heroycall for so I thincke it best This Elegie is intituled SALAMINA and conteineth a hundred verses which are excellently well written And these being songe openly by Solon at that time his friendes incontinently praysed them beyond measure and specially Pisistratus and they went about persuading the people that were present to credit that he spake Hereupon the matter was so handled amongest them that by and by the proclamation was reuoked and they beganne to followe the warres with greater furie then before appointing Solon to be generall in the same But the common tale and reporte is that he went by sea with Pisistratus vnto the temple of Venus surnamed Coliade where he founde all the women at a solemne feast and sacrifice which they made of custome to the goddesse He taking occasion thereby sent from thence a trusty man of his owne vnto the MEGARIANS which then had SALAMINA whom he instructed to fayne him selfe a reuolted traytour that he came of purpose to tell them that if they would but goe with him they might take all the chief ladyes and gentle women of ATHENS on a sodaine The MEGARIANS easely beleeued him and shipped forthwith certaine souldiers to goe with him But when Solon perceyued the shippe vnder sayle comming from SALAMINA he commaunded the women to departe and in steade of them he put lusty beardles springalles into their apparell and gaue them litle shorte daggers to conuey vnder their clothes commaunding them to playe daunce together vpon the sea side vntill their enemies were landed and their shippe at anker and so it came to passe For the MEGARIANS being deceyued by that they sawe a farre of as sonne as euer they came to the shore side dyd lande in heapes one in anothers necke euen for greedines to take these women but not a man of them escaped for they were slayne euery mothers sonne This stratageame being finely handled to good effect the ATHENIANS tooke sea straight and costed ouer to the I le of SALAMINA which they tooke vpon the sodaine and wanne it without much resistaunce Other saye that it was not taken after this sorte but that Apollo Delphicus gaue Solon first such an oracle Thou shalt first vvinne by vovves and sacrifice the helpe of lordes an demy goddes full bright of vvhose dead bones the dust engraued lies in vvesterne soyle Asopia that hight By order of this oracle he one night passed ouer to SALAMINA dyd sacrifice to Periphemus to Cichris demy goddes of the countrie Which done the ATHENIANS deliuered him fiue hundred men who willingly offered them selues the cittie made an accorde with them that if they tooke the I le of SALAMINA they should beare greatest authoritie in the common weale Solon imbarked his souldiers into diuers fisher botes and appointed a galliot of thirtie owers to come after him he ankred hard by the cittie of SALAMINA vnder the pointe which looketh towards the I le of NEGREPONT The MEGARIANS which were within SALAMINA hauing by chaunce heard some inckling of it but yet knew nothing of certaintie ranne presently in hurly burley to arme them and manned out a shippe to descrie what it was But they fondly comming within daunger were taken by Solon who clapped the MEGARIANS vnder hatches fast bounde and in their roomes put aborde in their shippe the choycest souldiers he had of the ATHENIANS commaunding them to set their course direct vpon the cittie and to keepe them selues as close out of sight as could be And he him self with all the rest of his souldiers landed presently and marched to encounter with the MEGARIANS which were come out into the fielde Now whilest they were fighting together Solons men whom he had sent in the MEGARIANS shippe entred the hauen wanne the towne This is certainly true testified by that which is shewed yet at this daye For to keepe a memoriall hereof a shippe of ATHENS arriueth quietly at the first by by those that are in the shippe make a great showte and a man armed leaping out of the shippe ronneth showting towardes the rocke called Sciradion which is as they come from the firme lande and hard by the same is the temple of Mars which Solon built there after he had ouercome the MEGARIANS in battell from whence he sent backe againe those prisoners that he had taken which were saued from the slaughter of the battell without any ransome paying Neuertheles the MEGARIANS were sharpely bent still to recouer SALAMINA again Much hurte being done suffered on both sides both parts in the ende made the LACEDAEMONIANS iudges of the quarrell But vpon iudgement geuen common reporte is that Homers authoritie dyd Solon good seruice bicause he did adde these verses to the number of shippes which are in the Iliades of Homer which he rehearsed before the iudges as if they
where they dyd build him a newe house farre more orderly and nothing so stately and curious as the first was and it was in the same place where the temple called Vicus Publicus standeth at this daye Now bicause he would not only reforme his persone but the office of his Consulshippe also would frame him selfe to the good acceptation and liking of the people where before he seemed vnto them to be fearefull he put awaye the carying of the axes from the roddes which the sergeants vsed to beare before the Consul Moreouer when he came into the market place where the people were assembled he caused the roddes to be borne downewardes as in token of reuerence of the soueraine maiestie of the people which all the magistrates obserue yet at this daye Nowe in all this humble showe and lowlines of his he dyd not so much imbase his dignitie and greatnes which the common people thought him to haue at the first as he dyd thereby cut of enuie from him winning againe as much true authoritie as in semblaunce he would seeme to haue lost For this made the people willinger to obey and readier to submit them selues vnto him insomuch as vpon this occasion he was surnamed Publicola as much to saye as the people pleaser Which surname he kept euer after and we from henceforth also writing the rest of his life will vse no other name for he was contended to suffer any man that would to offer him selfe to aske the Consulshippe in Brutus place But he yet not knowing what kynde of man they would ioyne fellowe Consul with him and fearing least through enuie or ignoraunce the party might thwart his purpose and meaning employed his sole power and authoritie whilest he ruled alone vpon highe and noble attempts For first of all he supplied vp the number of Senatours that were greatly decayed bicause king Tarquine had put some of them to death not long before and other also had bene lately slaine in the warres in whose places he had chosen newe Senatours to the number of a hundred three score and foure After that he made newe decrees and lawes which greatly dyd aduaunce the authoritie of the people The first lawe gaue libertie to all offendours condemned by iudgement of the Consuls to appeale vnto the people The secōd that no man vpon payne of death should take vpon him the exercise of any office vnles he had come vnto it by the gifte of the people The third was and all in fauour of the poore that the poore cittizens of ROME should paye no more custome nor any impost whatsoeuer This made euery man the more willing to geue him selfe to some crafte or occupation when he sawe his trauaill should not be taxed nor taken from him As for the law that he made against those that disobeyed the Consuls it was founde to be so fauorable to the communaltie as they thought it was rather made for the poore than for the riche great men For the offendours breakers of that lawe were condemned to paye for a penaltie the value of fiue oxen and two muttons The price of a mutton was then tenne oboles and of an oxe a hundred oboles For in those dayes the ROMAINES had no store of coined mony otherwise they lacked no sheepe nor other rother beasts Hereof it came that to this daye they call their riches or substaunce Peculium bicause Pecus signifieth sheepe and muttons And in the olde time the stampe vpon their money was an oxe a mutton or a hogge some of them called their children Bubulci which signifieth cowheards others Caprarij to saye goateheards and others Porcij as you would saye swineheardes Nowe though in all his other lawes he was very fauorable temperate toward the people yet in that moderation somtimes he dyd set grieuous paynes punishements For he made it lawfull to kill any man without any accusation that dyd aspire to the Kingdome be dyd set the murderer free of all punishement so he brought forth manifest proofe that the party slaine had practised to make him selfe king As being impossible a man should pretend so great a matter and no man should finde it and contrariwise being possible albeit he were spyed that otherwise he might attempt it by making him selfe so strong that he needed not passe for the law In this case he gaue euery man libertie by such acte or meane to preuent him if he could of discretion who by strength otherwise fought to aspire to reigne They greatly commended him also for the lawe that he made touching the treasure For being very necessarie that euerie priuate cittizen should according to his abilitie be contributer to the charges and maintenaunce of the warres he him self would neither take such collection into his charge nor suffer any man of his to medle with the same nor yet that it should be layed in any priuate mans house but he dyd ordeine that Saturnes tēple should be the treasurie thereof This order they keepe to this present daye Furthermore he graūted the people to chuse two young men Questores of the same as you would saye the treasurers to take the charge of this money and the two first which were chosen were Publius Veturius and Marcus Minutius who gathered great summes of money together For numbring the people by the polle there were found a hundred and thirtie thousand persones which had payed subsidie not reckoning in this accompt orphanes nor windowes which were excepted from all payments After he had established all these things he caused Lucretius the father of Lucretia to be chosen fellowe Consul with him vnto whom for that he was his auncient he gaue the vpper hande and commaunded they should carie before him the roddes which were the signes of the chief magistrate and euer since they haue geuen this honour vnto age But Lucretius dying not long after his election they chose againe in his place Marcus Horatius who held out the Consulshippe with Publicola the rest of the yere Nowe about that time king Tarquine remained in the coūtrie of THVSCANE where he prepared a secōde armie against the ROMAINES there fell out a maruelous straunge thing thereupon For when he raigned king of ROME he had almost made an ende of the building of the temple of Iupiter Capitolin and was determined whether by any oracle receyued or vpon any fantasy it is not knowen to set vp a coche of earth baked by a potter in the highest place of the temple and he put it out to be done by certaine THVSCAN workemen of the cittie of VEIES but whilest they were in hand with the worcke he was driuen out of his Realme When the worckemen had formed this coche and that they had put it into the fournes to bake it it fell out contrarie to the nature of the earth and the common order of their worcke put into the fournes For the earth dyd not shut
that ought to be among citizen would beare For this manner of banishment for a time called Ostracismon was no punishment for any faulte committed but a mitigation and taking away of the enuie of the people which delited to plucke downe their stomaks that to much seemed to exceede in greatnes and by this meanes they tooke awaye the poyson of his malice with diminishing his glorie and honour So Themistocles being banished ATHENS went to dwell in ARGOS In this meane season Pausanias trecchery fell out which gaue his enemies occasion to lye heauie on his backe But he which became his accuser was partener of the treason was one called Leobotes Alemeons sonne borne in a village called AGRAVLA Besides this the SPARTANS also dyd sit on his skirtes charged him forely For Pausanias neuer before reuealed to Themistocles the treason he had purposed although he was his very familiar friende But after he sawe Themistocles was banished and dyd take his exile very vnpaciently then Pausanias was bolde to open his treason to him to procure him to take his parte and shewed him the letters the king of PERSIA had written to him and all to sturre him vp against the GRAECIANS as against vngratefull and vnnaturall people Howbeit Themistocles shooke him of and tolde him plainely he would be no partener of his treason Notwithstanding he neuer reuealed it to any liuing creature nor disconered the practise he intended hoping either he would haue geuen it ouer or that shortely it would appeare by some other meane considering he so fondly aspired to things of great daunger and without purpose or possibilite After Pausanias was condemned and had suffered paynes of death for the same they found amongest his papers certaine writings and letters which made Themistocles to be very sore suspected Whereupon the LACEDAEMONIANS on the one side cried out of him and his enemies and ill willers at ATHENS accused him on th' other side To the which he made aunswer by letters from the beginning and wrote vnto the people it was not likely that he who sought all the wayes to rule and was not borne to serue neither had any minde thereto would euer haue thought in his heade to sell his owne libertie and the GRAECIANS also vnto the Barbarous people their enemies Notwithstanding this purgation of his the people by the procurement of his enemies sent to apprehende him and to bring him before the states of all GRAECE to be iudged by that counsaill Whereof Themistocles hauing intelligence in time he dyd conuey him selfe into the I le of CORPHV bicause the citie there was greatly beholding to him for a certen pleasure in time paste he had done them For they being at sute and strife with the CORINTHIANS he tooke vp the matter betweene them and gaue iudgement on their side condemned the CORINTHIANS to paye them twēty talents damages and did set downe an order that they should occupie the I le of LEVCADE in cōmon together as ground that had bene inhabited with the people aswell of the one cittie of the other From thence he fled to Epirus whether being followed by the ATHENIANS the LACEDAEMONIANS he was compelled to venter him selfe vpon a doubtfull and very daungerous hope For he went to yelde him selfe into the hands of Admetus king of the MOLOSSIANS Who hauing heretofore made certen requestes vnto the ATHENIANS and being shamefully denied them by meanes of Themistocles who then was at his chiefest height and authoritie the King was maruelously offended with him and it was a clere case in deede that if he could then haue layed handes on him he would haue bene reuenged of him throughly Howbeit feeling the present miserie of his exile he thought he might lesse feare the Kings olde quarrell and displeasure then the freshe hate enuie of his contriemen Whereupon he went vnto king Admetus trusting to his mercie and became an humble suter to him in a straunge extraordinarie sorte For he tooke the Kings litle young sonne in his armes and went and kneeled downe before the altar in his chappell which humble manner of suinge the MOLOSSIANS take to be most effectuall and such as they dare not denie nor refuse Some saye that Queene Phthia her selfe the Kings wife dyd enforme him of this their country custome and manner brought her litle sonne also neere vnto the altar Other write also that it was Admetus him selfe that taught shewed him this inforcing manner of petition only for a cloke to excuse him selfe to those that should come to demaunde Themistocles of him that by duetie of religion he was so straightly bounde restrained that he might not deliuer him out of his protection In this meane time Epicrates Acharnian founde the meanes secretly to conuey Themistocles wife and children out of ATHENS dyd send them priuelie vnto him whereupon he was afterwards accused put to death vpon Cimons accusation motion as Stesimbrotus writeth Who not remembring those matters I knowe not howe or making as though Themistocles had not remembred him selfe doth saye that Themistocles sayled into SICILE where he sought to mary Hierons daughter the tyranne of SYRACVSA promising him if he would let him haue her he would assure him to conquer all GRECE for him and to bring them vnder his obedience But Hieron refusing this offer Themistocles went from thence into ASIA but that is not likely For Theophrastus writeth in his booke intituled of Kingdomes that Hieron hauing sent certain running horses to the feast of games Olympicall hauing set vp a maruelous riche and sumptuous tent there Themistocles made an oration to the GRECIANS declaring vnto them how they should teare the tyrannes tente in peces and not to suffer his horses to ronne with other swifte and light horses and to cary away the price in those holy games Thucydides againe declareth howe he went vnto the other sea and imbarked in the cittie of PYDNE being knowen of neuer a man in the shippe vntill such time as the winde beganne to carie them into the I le of NAXOS which the ATHENIANS by chaunce dyd besiege at that time where being afeard to be set on lande he was forced to bewraye him self to the master of the shippe the masters mate and wrought them what with fayer wordes and what with threates by saying he would accuse them to the ATHENIANS that they dyd not ignorantly receiue him in but hiered for money so as he compelled them to sayle on further and to cary him into ASIA As for his goodes his friendes saued the most parte of them and sent them into ASIA to him But for those that came to light and were confiscate vnto the state Theopompus writeth they dyd amounte to the value of one hundred talents And Theophrastus sayeth but to foure score talents only So that all his goodes was not worth three talents when he beganne to gouerne the state of the common weale when he came vnto the
desirous to bring his men safe home againe who most of loue had followed him beganne to marche away through narrow bushy places him selfe being in the rereward and turned oftentimes vpon his enemies skirmished with them onely to driue them away from followinge of the rest of his company and not a man that durst once set apon him for they did but cry outaloofe and wheele as it were about him Howebeit Philopoemen sundry times venturinge farre from his company to geue these young noble men leasure to saue them selues one after an other tooke no heede to him selfe that he was alone enuironned on euery side with a great number of ennemies Notwithstandinge of all his enemies there was not a man that durst come to hande strokes with him but still slinging and shooting at him a farre of they draue him in the end amongest stony places betwene hewen rockes where he had much a doe to guide his horse although he had spurred him that he was all of a gore blood And as for his age that did not lette him but he might haue saued him selfe for he was strong and lusty by the continuall exercise he tooke but by cursed happe his body being weake with sickenes and weary with the long iorney he had made that day he founde him selfe very heauy and ill disposed that his horse stumbling with him threwe him to the grounde His fall was very great and brused all his head that he lay for dead in the place a great while and neuer sturred nor spake so that his enemies thinkinge he had bene dead came to turne his body to strippe him But when they saw him lift vp his head and open his eyes then many of them fell all at once apon him and tooke him and bounde both his hands behinde him and did all the villany and mischiefe they could vnto him and such as one would litle haue thought Dinocrates would haue vsed in that sorte or that he could haue had such an ill thought towardes him So they that taried behinde in the city of MESSINA were maruelous glad when they heard these newes and ranne all to the gates of the city to see him brought in When they saw him thus shamefully bounde and pinnioned against the dignity of so many honors as he had receiued and of so many triumphes and victories as he had passed the most parte of them wept for pitie to consider the mishappe and ill fortune of mans nature where there is so litle certainety as in maner it is nothing Then beganne there some curteous speeche to runne in the mouthes of the people by litle and litle that they should remember the great good he had done vnto them in times past and the liberty he had restored them vnto when he expulsed the tyran Nabis out of MESSINA But there were other againe howbeit very few that to please Dinocrates sayed they should hang him on a gibbet and put him to death as a daungerous enemy and that would neuer forgiue man that had once offended him and the rather bicause he would be more terrible to Dinocrates then euer he was before if he escaped his hands receiuing such open shame by him Neuertheles in the end they caried him into a certen dungeon vnder the ground called the treasury which had neither light nor ayer at all into it nor dore nor half dore but a great stone rolled on the mouth of the dungeon and so they did let him downe the same and stopped the hole againe with the stone and watched it with armed men for to keepe him Now when these younge noble ACHAIAN horsemen had fled vppon the spurre a great way from the enemy they remembred them selues looked round about for Philopoemen finding him not in sight they supposed straight he had bene slaine Thereuppon they stayed a great while and called for him by name and perceiuing he aunswered not they beganne to say among them selues they were beastes and cowardes to flie in that sorte and how they were dishonored for euer so to haue forsaken their Captaine to saue themselues who had not spared his owne life to deliuer them from daunger Hereupon ryding on their way and enquiring still for him they were in the end aduertised how he was taken And then they went caried those newes through all the townes and cities of ACHAIA which were very sory for him and tooke it as a signe of great ill fortune toward them Wherupon they agreed to send Ambassadors forthwith to the MESSENIANS to demaunde him and in the meane time euery man should prepare to arme them selues to go thither and get him either by force or loue When the ACHAIANS had thus sent Dinocrates feared nothing so much as that delay of time might saue Philopoemenes life wherefore to preuent it as soone as night came and that the people were at rest he straight caused the stone to be rolled from the mouth of the dungeon and willed the hangman to be let downe to Philopoemen with a cuppe of poison to offer him who was commaunded also not to goe from him vntill he had dronke it When the hangman was come downe he found Philopoemen layed on the grounde apon a litle cloke hauinge no lift to sleepe he was so grieuously troubled in his minde Who when he sawe light and the man standing by him holding a cuppe in his hande with this poison he sate vpright vpon his cowch howbeit with great paine he was so weake and taking the cuppe in his hande asked the hangman if he heard any newes of the horsemen that came with him and specially of Lycortas The hangman made him answer that the most of them were saued Then he cast his handes a litle ouer his head and looking merely on him he sayd it is well seeing we are not all vnfortunate Therewith speaking no moe wordes nor makinge other a doe he droncke vp all the poison and layed him downe as before So nature straue not much withall his body being brought so lowe and thereupon the poison wrought his effect and rid him straight out of his paine The newes of his death ran presently through all ACHAIA which generally from high to low was lamented Whereupon all the ACHAIAN youth and counsellors of their cities and townes assembled them selues in the city of MEGALIPOLIS where they all agreed without delay to reuenge his death They made Lycortas their Generall vnder whose conduct they inuaded the MESSENIANS with force and violence puttinge all to the fire and sword so as the MESSENIANS were so feared with this mercilesse fury that they yelded them selues and wholly consented to receiue the ACHAIANS into their city But Dinocrates would not giue them leasure to execute him by iustice for he killed him selfe and so did all the rest make themselues away who gaue aduise that Philopoemen should be put to death But those that would haue had Philopoemen hanged on a gibbet Lycortas
height of the hill and in certen places amongest the rockes they came to the sworde At the selfe same time the two other troupes on either hande of him did their endeuor likewise to get vp the hill and as it were enuying one an other they climed vp with great corage against the sharpe and steepe hanginge of the mountaine When the sunne was vp they might see a farre of as it were a certen smoke not very bright at the beginning much like to the mistes we see cōmonly rise from the tops of the mountaines The enemies could see nothing bicause it was behinde them that the top of the mountaine was possessed with the same The ROMAINES though they were not assured of it did hope being in the middest of the fight that it was their fellowes they looked for But when they saw it increased stil more more in such sorte that it darkened all the ayer then they did assure them selues it was certainely the token their men did giue them that they were come Then they beganne to crie out clyminge vp the hills with such a lusty corage that they draue their enemies vp the hill still euen vnto the very rough and hardest places of the mountaine Their fellowes also that were behind the enemies did aunswer thē with like lowde cries from the top of the moūtaine wherwith the enemies were so astonied that they fled presently apō it Nothwithstāding there were not slaine aboue two thousand of thē bicause the hardnes straightnes of the place did so gard them that they could not be chased But the ROMAINES spoiled their campe tooke all that they found in their tents tooke also their slaues wan the passage into the moūtaines by the which they entred the cōtry of EPIRVS did passe through it so quietly with so great abstinēce that though they were farre from their ships the sea lacked their ordinary portion of corne which they were wont to haue monthely that vittells were very scant with thē at that time yet they neuer tooke any thing of the cōtry though they founde great store plenty of all riches in it For Titus was aduertised that Philip passing by THESSALIE and flying for feare had caused the inhabitants of the cities to get them to the mountaines then to set fire on their houses to leaue those goodes they could not cary away by reason of the weight vnhandsome cariage therof to the spoyle of his souldiers so as it seemed he left the whole contry to the conquest of the ROMAINES Whereuppon Titus looking cōsideratly to his doings gaue his men great charge to passe through the contry without doing any hurt or mischief as the same which their enemies had now left to them as their owne So they taried not long to enioy the benefit of their orderly and wise forbearing of the contry For so soone as they were entred THESSALIE the cities willingly yeelded them selues vnto them the GREECIANS inhabiting beyond the contry of THERMOPYLES did maruelously desire to see Titus asking no other thing but to put them selues into his hands The ACHAIANS also on the other side did renoūce the league alliance they had made with Philip and furthermore did determine in their counsell to make warre with him on the ROMAINES side And although the AETOLIANS were at that time frendes and confederates with the ROMAINES that they did shew thēselues very louing to take their parte in these warres neuertheles when they desired the OPVNTIANS that they would put their city into their hands and were offred that it should be kept defended frō Philip they would not harkē therto but sent for Titus put thēselues their goods wholly into his protection They say that when king Pyrrus first saw the ROMAINES army range in order of battel from the top of a hill he said this order of the barbarous people setting of their men in battell ray was not done in a barbarous maner And those also that neuer had seene Titus before came for to speake with him were compelled in a manner to say as much For where they had hearde the MACEDONIANS say that there came a Captaine of the barbarous people that destroyed all before him by force of armes subdued whole contries by violence they sayd to the contrary that they found him a man in dede young of yeres howbeit gentle curteous to looke on that spake the Greeke tongue excellētly wel was a louer only of true glory By reason wherof they returned home maruelous glad filled all the cities townes of GREECE with goodwill towardes him and sayd they had seene Titus the Captaine that would restore them to their auncient libertie againe Then it much more appeared when Philip shewed him selfe willing to haue peace and that Titus also did offer it him and the frendshippe of the people of ROME with these conditions that he would leaue the GREECIANS their whole liberties remoue his garrisons out of their cities and strong holdes which Philip refused to do And thereupon all GREECE and euen those which fauored Philip sayed with one voyce that the ROMAINES were not come to make warres with them but rather with the MACEDONIANS in fauor of the GREECIANS Whereupon all GREECE came in offred them selues vnto Titus without cōpulsion And as he passed through the contry of BOEOTIA without any shew at al of warres the chiefest mē of the city of THEBES wēt to mete him who though they tooke part with the king of MACEDON bicause of a priuate mā called Brachylelis yet they would honor Titus as those which were cōtented to keepe league frendship with either side Titus embraced them spake very curteously vnto thē going on his way stil fayer softly entertaining thē somtime with one matter somtime with an other kept them talke of purpose to the end his souldiers being wearied with iornying might in the meane time take good breath so marching on by litle litle he entred into the city with thē Wherewith the Lords of THEBES were not greatly pleased but yet they durst not refuse him thogh he had not at that time any nūber of souldiers about him Whē he was within THEBES he praied audiēce began to perswade the people as carefully as if he had not had the city already that they woulde rather take parte with the ROMAINES then with the king of MACEDON And to further Titus purpose king Attalus being by chance at that time in the assembly did help to exhort the THEBANS very earnestly that they would doe as Titus perswaded them But Attalus was more earnest then became a man of his yeares for the desire he had as was imagined to shewe Titus his eloquence who did so straine and moue him selfe withall that he sounded sodaynely in the middest of his oration whereby the rewme fell downe so fast
where such a fact was committed Titus aunswered he knewe not of it Then Cato opened all the whole matter as it was and in the ende of his tale he bad Lucius Quintius sweare openly if he would deny that he had sayed was true Lucius aunswered not a worde Whereuppon the people iudged the shame was iustly layed vpon him and so to honor Cato they did accompany him from the pulpit for orations home vnto his owne house But Titus beinge much offended at the disgrace of his brother became enemy to Cato and fell in with those that of long time had hated him And so by practise he procured of the Senate that all bargaines of leases and all deedes of sales made by Cato during his office were called in and made voyde and caused many sutes also to be commenced against him Wherein I can not say he did wisely or ciuilly to become mortall enemy to an honest man a good citizen and duetifull in his office for his yeare but vnworthy kinseman who had iustly deserued the shame layed vpon him Notwithstanding shortely after when the people were assembled in the Theater to see games played the Senators were set according to their custome in the most honorable places Lucius Flaminius came in also who in lowly and humble maner went to sit downe in the furthest seates of the Theater without regard of his former honor which when the people saw they tooke pity of him could not abide to see him thus dishonored So they cried out to haue him come and sit among the other Senators the Consulls who made him place and receiued him accordingly But to returne againe to Titus The naturall ambiton couetous greedy minde he had of honor was very well taken and esteemed so long as he had any occasion offered him to exercise it in the warres which we haue spoken of before For after he had bene Consull of his owne seeking he became a Colonell of a thousand footemen not being called to it by any man So when he beganne to stoupe for age and that he had giuen ouer as a man at the last cast to beare office any longer in the state they saw plainely he was ambitious beyond measure to suffer himselfe in olde age to be ouercome with such youthfull violence beinge farre vnmeete for any of his yeares For me thinkes his ambition was the only cause that moued him to procure Hannibals death which bred him much disliking and ill opinion with many For after Hanniball had fled out of his owne contry he went first vnto king Antiochus who after he lost the battel in PHAYGIA was glad the ROMAINES graūted him peace with such conditions as them selues would Wherefore Hanniball fled againe from him and after he had long wandered vp and downe at the length he came to the realme of BITHYNIA and remained there about king Prusias the ROMAINES knowinge it well enough and bicause Hanniball was then an olde broken man of no force nor power and one whome fortune had spurned at her feete they made no more reckening of him But Titus being sent Ambassador by the Senate vnto Prusias kinge of BITHYNIA and finding Hanniball there it grieued him to see him aliue So that notwithstanding Prusias maruelously intreated him to take pitie apon Hanniball a poore olde man his frend who came to him for succor yet he coulde not perswade Titus to be content he should liue Hanniball long before had receiued aunswer of his death from an oracle to this effect The lande of Lybia shall couer vnder movable The valliant corps of Hanniball vvhen he is dead and colde So Hanniball vnderstoode that of LYBIA as if he should haue dyed in AFRICKE and bene buried in CARTHAGE There is a certaine sandy contry in BITHYNIA neere to the seas side where there is a litle village called LIBYSSA and where Hanniball remained continually He mistrusting king Prusias faynte harte and fearing the ROMAINES malice also had made seuen priuy caues and vaultes vnder grounde longe before that he might secretly go out at either of them which way he woulde and euery one of them came to the maine vault where him selfe did lye and coulde not be discerned outwardly When it was tolde him that Titus had willed Prusias to deliuer him into his handes he sought then to saue him selfe by those mynes but he found that all the ventes out had watch and ward apon them by the kinges commaundement So then he determined to kill him selfe Now some say that he wounde a linnen towell harde about his necke and commaunded one of his men he should set his knee vpon his buttocke and waying hard vpon him holding the towell fast he should pull his necke backeward with all the power and strength he could and neuer linne pressing on him till he had strangled him Other say that he drancke bulles blood as Midas and Themistocles had done before him But Titus Liuius wrytheth that he had poyson which he kept for such a purpose and tempered it in a cuppe he helde in his handes and before he dranke he spake these wordes Come on let vs deliuer the ROMAINES of this great care sith my life is so grieuous to them that they thinke it to long to tary the naturall death of a poore old man whom they hate so much and yet Titus by this shall winne no honorable victorie nor worthie the memorie of the auncient ROMAINES who aduertised king Pyrrus their enemy euen when he made warres with them and had wonne battels of them that he should beware of poysoning which was intended towards him And this was Hanniballs ende as we finde it wrytten The newes whereof being come to ROME vnto the Senate many of them thought Titus to violent and cruell to haue made Hanniball kill him selfe in that sorte when extreamity of age had ouercome him already and was as a birde left naked her feathers fallinge from her for age and so much the more bicause there was no instant occasion offered him to vrge him to doe it but a couetous minde of honor for that he would be chronicled to be the cause and author of Hanniballs death And then in contrariwise they did much honor and commend the clemency and noble minde of Scipio AFRICAN Who hauing ouercomen Hanniball in battell in AFRICKE selfe and being then indeede to be feared and had bene neuer ouercome before yet he did not cause him to be driuen out of his contry neither did aske him of the CARTHAGINIANS but both then before the battel when he parled with him of peace he tooke Hannibal curteously by the hand and after the battell in the condicions of peace he gaue them he neuer spake word of hurt to Hanniballs person neither did he shew any cruelty to him in his misery And they tell how afterwardes they met againe together in the city of EPHESVS and as they were walkinge that Hanniball tooke
sacrificed to the Muses and to the GREECIAN Graces that is to say that he had knowen the Greeke tongue to so many famous and glorious deedes as he did both in peace and warres he had to ioyned so vnfortunate and miserable an end as he made through his choller and extreame ambition at such yeares and through an vnsatiable couetousnes which like boysterous windes made him to make shipwracke of all in a most cruell bloody and vnnaturall age The which is easily knowen in reading the discourse of his doinges First of all he was of a meane house borne of poore parents by father mother that got their liuings by sweate of their browes His father as him selfe was called Caius Fulcinia was his mother And this was the cause why he beganne so late to haunt the city and to learne the ciuility and manners of ROME hauing bene brought vp alwayes before in a litle poore village called CIRROEATON within the territory of the city of ARPOS where he led a hard contry life in respect of those that liued pleasauntly and finely in the cities but otherwise well reformed and nearest vnto the manners of the auncient ROMAINES The first iorney he made vnto the warres was against the CELTIBERIANS in SPAYNE vnder Scipio AFRICAN when he went to besiege the city of NVMANTIA where his Captaines in shorte time found that he was a better souldier then any other of his companions For the did maruelous easily receiue the reformation of manners and the discipline of warres which Scipio aduaunced amongest his souldiers that were ill trained before and geuen ouer to all pleasure And they say that in the sight of his Generall he fought hand to hand with one of his enemies and slew him vpon which occasion Scipio to make him loue him did offer him many curtesies and pleasures But specially one day aboue the rest hauing made him suppe with him at his table some one after supper falling in talke of Captaines that were in ROME at that time one that stoode by Scipio asked him either bicause in deede he stoode in doubt or else for that he would curry fauor with Scipio what other Captaine the ROMAINES should haue after his death like vnto him Scipio hauing Marius by him gently clapped him apon his shoulder and sayd peraduenture this shal be he Thus happely were they both borne the one to shew from his youth that one day he should come to be a great man and the other also for wisely coniecturing the end by seeing of the beginning Well it fortuned so that these words of Scipio by reporte aboue all things else put Marius in a good hope as if they had bene spoken by the oracle of some god and made him bold to deale in matters of state and common wealth where by meanes of the fauor countenaunce Cecilius Metellus gaue him whose house his father and he had alwayes followed and honored he obtained the office of Tribuneshippe In this office he preferred a law touching the manner howe to geue the voyces in election of the Magistrates which did seeme to take from the nobility the authority they had in iudgement And therefore the Consull Cotta stepped vp against it and perswaded the Senate to resist that lawe and not suffer it to be authorised and therewithall presently to call Marius before them to yeld a reason of his doing So was it agreed vppon in the Senate Now Marius comming into the Senate was not abashed at any thing as some other young man would haue bene that had but newly begonne to enter into the world as he did and hauing no other notable calling or quality in him sauing his vertue only to commend him but taking boldenes of him selfe as the noble actes he afterwards did gaue show of his valor he openly threatned the Consull Cotta to sende him to prison if he did not presently withdrawe the conclusion he had caused to be resolued apon The Consull then turning him selfe vnto Caecilius Metellus asked him how he liked it Metellus standing vp spake in the behalfe of the Consull and then Marius calling a sergeaunt out commended him to take Metellus selfe and to cary him to prison Metellus appealed to the other Tribunes but neuer a one would take his matter in hand so that the Senate when all was done were compelled to call backe the conclusion that before was taken Then Marius returning with great honor into the market place among the assembly of the people caused this law to passe and be authorised and euery man held opinion of him that he would proue a stowt man and such a one as would stoupe for any feare nor shrinke for bashfullness but would beard the Senate is fauor of the people Notwithstanding he shortly after chaunged opinion and altered the first by an other act he made For when an other went about to haue a law made to distribute corne vnto euery citizen without payment of any penny he was vehemently against it and ouerthrew it so that thereby he came to be a like honored and estemed of either party as he that would neither pleasure the one nor the other to the preiudice of the common wealth After he had bene Tribune he sued for the chiefest office of AEdilis Of the AEdiles there are two sortes the first is called AEdilitas Curulis so named bicause of certaine chayers that haue crooked seete vpon which they sit when they geue audience The other is of lesse dignity and that is called AEdilitas popularis and when they haue chosen the first and greater AEdilis at ROME they presently proceede the same day also in the market place vnto election of the lesser Marius seeing plainely that he was put by the chiefest of the AEdiles turned againe straight yet to demaund the second but this was misliked in him and they tooke him for too bold too shameles and too presumptuous a man So that in one selfe day he had two denyalles and repulses which neuer man but him selfe before had And neuerthelesse all this could not cut his combe but shortely after he sued also for the Praetorshippe and he lacked but litle of the deniall of that yet in the ende being last of all chosen he was accused to haue bribed the people and bought their voyces for money And surely amongest many other this presumption was very great that they saw a man of CASSIVS SABACON within the barres where the election is made running to and fro amonge them that gaue their voyces bicause this Sabacon was Marius very great frend The matter came before the iudges and Sabacon was examined vpon it Whereunto he aunswered that for the great extreame heate he felt he was very dry and asked for colde water to drinke and that this man had brought him some in a potte where he was howbeit that he went his way as soone as euer he had dronke This Sabacon was afterwardes put out of
in the presence of Aristotle him selfe howbeit being very farre he was eaten in the ende by lice and so died about the time that Alexander was hurt fighting against the MALDIANS OXYDRACIANS in the conquest of INDIA but these thinges chaunced a good while after Demaratus CORINTHIAN being very old had a great desire to goe see Alexander and when he had seene him he said that the GRAECIANS which were dead long before were depriued of that blisse and happynes that they could not see Alexander sitte in the royall seate of king Darius Howbeit he did not long enioy the kinges goodwill vnto him for he died of a sicknes soone after he came vnto his campe Alexander did honor his funeralls for all the armie in their armor did cast vp a mounte of earth facioned like a tombe which was a great compasse about foure score cubittes high His ashes afterwardes were brought with an honorable conuoye vnto the sea side in a charriot with foure horses richely set out Alexander being ready to take his iorney to goe conquer INDIA perceyuing that his armie was very heauy vnwildsom to remoue for the wonderfull cariage and spoiles they had with them the cartes one morning being loden he first burnt his owne cariage next his frendes then commaunded that they should also set the cariage of the MACEDONIANS a fire which counsell seemed more daungerous to be resolued of then the proofe of the execution fell out difficulte For there are very few of them that were angry therewith the most part of them as if they had bene secretly moued by some god with lowde cryes of ioy one of them gaue vnto an other such necessary things as they had neede of and afterwardes of them selues did burne and spoile all the rest This made Alexander much more rigorous then he was before besides that he was already become cruell enough and without mercy or perdon did sharpely punish euery man that offended For hauing commaunded Menander one of his frendes to kepe him a strong holde he put him to death bicause he would not remaine there Furthermore he him selfe slue Orsodates a captaine of the barbarous people with a darte for that he rebelled against him About that time there was an eawe that had eaned a lambe which had apon her head the forme and purple culler of the kinges hatte after the PERSIAN maner called Tiara hauing two stones hanging on ech side of it Alexander abhorred this monsterous signe insomuch as he pourged him selfe by certain BABYLONIAN priestes which he alwayes caried about with him for that purpose and said vnto his frendes that this monster did not so much moue him for respect of him selfe as it did for them fearing that the goddes after his death had predestined the force and power of his kingdom to fall into the handes of some base cowardly person This notwithstanding an other signe and token which chaunced in the necke of that did take away this feare and discoragement he had For a MACEDONIAN called Proxenus that had charge of the kinges cariage as he digged in a certain place by the riuer of Oxus to set vp the kinges tent and his lodging he found a certain fatte and oylie vaine which after they had drawen out the first there came out also an other cleerer which differed nothing neither in smell taste nor sauor from naturall oyle hauing the glosse and fattnes so like as there could be discerned no difference betwene them the which was so much more to be wondred at bicause that in al that contry there were no olyues They say also that the water of the riuer selfe of Oxus is very soft maketh their skinnes fatte which wash or bathe them selues therein And yet it appeareth by that which Alexander selfe wrote vnto Antipater that he was very glad of it putting that amongest the greatest signes which the goddes had sent vnto him The Soothesayers did interprete this wonder that it was a signe that he should haue a noble but yet a painefull voyage for the goddes said they haue geuen oyle vnto men to refresh their wearynes And truly so did he susteine many daungers in those warres and was oftentimes hurt in fight But the greatest losse he had of his men was for lacke of vittells and by the infection of the ayer For he striuing to ouercome fortune by valiantnes and her force by vertue thought nothing impossible for a valiant man neither any thing able to withstand a noble harte It is reported that when he went to besiege a strong holde which Sisimethres kept being thought vnsaltable and that his souldiers were in dispeire of it he asked one Oxyarthes what hart Sisimethres had Oxyarthes aunswered him that he was the veriest coward in the world O that is well ê™ Alexander then it is to be wonne if that be true thou saiest sithence the captaine of the peece is but a coward So he tooke it of a sodaine by putting Sisimethres in a great feare After that also he did besiege an other peece of as great strength and difficultie to assault as the other and making the young souldiers of the MACEDONIANS to go to thassault he called one of them vnto him whose name also was Alexander vnto whom he said thus Alexander this daie thou must fight like a man and it be but for thy name sake The yong man did not forget his words for he sought so valliantly that he was slaine for whom Alexander was very sory An other time when his men were affraid durst not come neere vnto the citie of NISA to assault it bicause there ranne a very deepe riuer hard by the walles he came to the riuers side and said oh what a coward am I that neuer learned to swimme and so prepared him selfe to swimme ouer apon his shielde After he had caused them to retire from the assault there came ambassadors vnto him from the cities besieged to craue pardon of him They wondered at him at the first when they saw him armed without any pompe or other ceremonie about him but much more when a chaier was brought him to sit downe on that he commaunded the oldest man amongest them called Acuphis to take it to him and sit him downe Acuphis marueling at Alexanders great curtesie asked him what they should doe for him thenceforth to be his good frendes I will said Alexander that they from whom thou comest as ambassador vnto vs doe make thee their king and withall that they doe send me a hundred of their best men for ostages Acuphis smiling aunswered him againe but I shall rule them better O king if I send you the worst and not the best There was a king called Taxiles a very wise man who had a great contrie in INDIA no lesse in biggenes and circuit then all AEGYPT and as full of good pasture and frutes as any country in the world could be who came on a
party accused might haue a keeper or spiall to follow the accuser to see what he would accuse the party with that he might the better be able to defend him selfe knowing what should be obiected against him Muraena hauing one for him to waite vpon Cato to consider throughly what course he tooke when he saw that he went not maliciously to worke but tooke a plaine common way of a iust accuser â—he had so great confidence in Catoes vpright mind and integritie that not regarding the narrow sisting of him otherwise he did one day aske him him selfe in the market place or at home in his owne house if that day he were determined to prosecute any matter against him touching his accusation If Cato aunswered him that he did not then he went his way and simply beleued him When the day came in deed that his cause was to be heard and pleaded vnto Cicero being Consul that yere defending Muraena played so pleasantly with the STOICKE Philosophers and their straunge opinions that he made all the Iudges laughe insomuch as Cato him selfe smiling at him tolde them that were by him see we haue a pleasant Consul that makes men laugh thus So Muraena beeing discharged by this iudgement did neuer after malice Cato for that but so long as he remained Consul he was alwaies ruled by his counsel in all his affaires and continued euer to honor him following his counsell in all thinges touching his office Hereof Cato him selfe was cause who was neuer rough nor terrible but in matters of counsell and in his orations before the people for the maintenance onely of equitie and iustice for otherwse he was very ciuil curteous to al men But before he entred into his Tribuneship Cicero being yet Consul he did helpe him in many things touching his office but specially in bringing Catilins conspiracie to good ende which was a noble act done of him For Catilin did practise a generall commotion and sturre in the common wealth to ouerthrowe the whole state of ROME by ciuill discorde within ROME and open warres abroade who beeing discouered and ouercome by Cicero he was driuen in the ende to flie ROME But Lentulus Cethegus and many other of the accomplices of this conspiracie blamed Catiline for his faynt and cowardly proceeding in it For their partes they had determined to burne the whole citie of ROME and to put all the Empire thereof in vprore by straunge warres and rebellions of forreine nations and prouinces Howbeit this treason being discouered as appeareth more largely in the life of Cicero the matter was referred vnto the iudgement of the Senate to determine what was to bee done therein Syllanus beeing the first who was asked his opinion therein sayde that he thought it good they should suffer cruell paines and after him also all the rest said the like vntill it came to Caesar. Caesar being an excellent spoken man that rather desired to nourish then to quench any such sturres or seditions in the common wealth being fit for his purpose long determined oft made an oration full of sweete pleasant wordes declaring vnto them that to put such men as them to death without lawfull condemnation he thought it altogether vnreasonable and rather that they should doe better to keepe them in prison This oration of Caesar so altered all the rest of the Senators minds for that they were affraid of the people that Syllanus self mended his opinion againe and said that he ment not they should put them to death but keepe theÌ„ fast in prison bicause that to be a prisoner was the greatest paine a ROMANE Citizen could abide Thus the Senators minds being so sodainly chaunged bent to a more fauorable sentence Cato rising vp to say his opinion beganne very angrily with maruelous eloquence grieuously to reproue Syllanus for chaunging his mind sharply to take vp Caesar that vnder a populer semblance maske of sweete sugred words he sought vnder hand to destroy the common wealth and also to terrifie and make the Senate affraid where he him selfe should haue bene affraid and thinke him selfe happy if he could scape from beeing suspected giuing such apparant cause of suspicion as he did going about so openly to take the enemies and traytors of the common wealth out of the hands of iustice seming to haue no pitie nor compassion of his naturall citie of such nobilitie and fame being euen brought in maner to vtter destruction but rather to lament the fortune of these wicked men that it was pity they were euer borne whose death preserued ROME from a thowsand murthers mischiefs Of all the orations that euer Cato made that only was kept for Cicero the Consul that day had dispersed diuers penne men in sundry places of the Senate house which had maruelous swift hands and had further taught them how to make briefe notes and abridgements which in fewe lines shewed many words For vntill that time writers were not knowen that could by figures ciphers expresse a whole sentence and word as afterwards they could being then the first time that euer they were found out So Cato at that time preuailed against Caesar and made them all chaunge their mindes againe that these men were put to death But that we may not leaue out a ior of his maners as the very pattern and impression of his mind It is reported that when Cato that day was so whot and vehement against Caesar that all the Senate could but looke at them to heare them both a letter was deliuered Caesar sent him into the house Cato began presently to suspect it and so earnestly misliked of it that many of the Senators being offended commaunded his letter should be seene red openly Caesar thereupon reached his letter vnto Cato that sate not farre from him When Cato had red it and found that it was a loue letter which his sister Seruilia had written vnto Caesar whom she loued and had knowen he cast it againe to Caesar said there dronkard After that he went on againe with his matter which he had begon before In fine it seemeth that Cato was very vnfortunate in his wiues for this Seruilia as we haue sayd had an ill name by Caesar. And the other Seruilia also which was his sister was worse defamed For she being maried vnto Lucullus one of the greatest men of ROME by whoÌ„ she had a sonne was in the ende put away from him for her naughty life But worst of all his owne wife Attilia also was not altogether cleare without suspicion For though he had two sonnes by her yet he was driuen to be diuorced from her she was so naught and common After that he maried Martia the Daughter of Philip which by report seemed to be a very honest gentlewoman It is she that is so famous amonge the ROMANES For in the life of Cato this place as a fable or comedy is disputable and hard to be iudged
ouerthrowe of king Cleomenes so muche more lamentable For if he had delayed battell but two dayes lenger when the MACEDONIANS had bene gone he might haue made what peace he would with the ACHAIANS but for lacke of money he was driuen as Polybius wryteth to geue battell with twentie thowsande men against thirtie thowsande where he shewed him selfe an excellent and skilfull Captaine and where his citizens also fought like valliant men and the straungers in like case did shewe them selues good souldiers But his onely ouerthrowe was by the manner of his enemies weapons and the force of their battell of footemen But Phylarchus wryteth that treason was the cause of his ouerthrowe For Antigonus had appointed the ACARNANIANS and the ILLYRIANS which he had in his armie to steale vppon the winge of his enemies armie where Euclidas king Cleomenes brother was to compasse him in behinde whilest did sette the rest of his men in battell When Cleomenes was got vp vpon some hill to looke about him to see the countenaunce of the enemie and seeing none of the ACARNANIANS nor of the ILLYRIANS he was then affrayed of Antigonus that he went about some stratageame of warre Wherefore he called for Demoteles whose charge was to take heede of stratageames and secret ambushes and commaunded him to looke to the rerewarde of his armie and to be verie circumspect all about Demoteles that was bribed before as it is reported with money tolde him that all was cleere in the rerewarde and bad him looke to ouerthrowe his enemies before him Cleomenes trusting this reporte sette forward against Antigonus and in the ende his citizens of SPARTA which he had about him gaue suche a fierce charge apon the squadron of the MACEDONIAN footemen that they draue them backe fiue furlonges of But in the meane time Euclidas his brother in the other wing of his armie being compassed in behinde Cleomenes turning him backe and seeing the ouerthrowe cried out alowde alas good brother thou art but slaine yet thou dyest valliantlie and honestlie and thy death shall be a worthie example vnto all posteritie and shall be song by the praises of the women of SPARTA So Euclidas and his men being slaine the enemies came straight to sette vpon Cleomenes winge Cleomenes then seeing his men discouraged and that they durst no lenger resist the enemie fledde and saued him selfe Many of the straungers also that serued him were slaine at this battell and of sixe thowsande SPARTANS there were left aliue but onely two hundred Now Cleomenes being returned vnto SPARTA the citizens comming to see him he gaue them counsell to yeeld them selues vnto Antigonus the conqueror and for him selfe if either aliue or dead he could doe any thing for the honor and benefit of SPARTA that he would willingly doe it The women of the citie also comming vnto them that flying had escaped with him when he saw them vnarme the men and bring them drinke to refresh them with he also went home to his owne house Then a maide of the house which he had taken in the citie of MEGALIPOLIS and whom he had enterteined euer since the death of his wife came vnto him as her maner was to refresh him comming hot from the battell howbeit he would not drinke though he was extreame drie nor sit being verie wearie but armed as he was layed his arme a crosse apon a piller and leaning his head apon it reposed himselfe a litle and casting in his minde all the wayes that were to be thought of he tooke his frendes with him and went to the hauen of Gythium and there hauing his shippes which he had appointed for the purpose he hoysted sayle and departed his way Immediatly after his departure came Antigonus into the citie of SPARTA and curteously intreated the citizens and inhabitants he found and did offend no man nor prowdly despise the auncient honor and dignitie of SPARTA but referring them to their owne lawes and gouernment when he had sacrificed to the goddes for his victorie he departed from thence the thirde daye newes being brought him that the warre was verie great in MACEDON and that the barbarous people did spoyle his contrie Now a disease tooke him whereof he dyed afterwards which appeared a tisicke mixt with a sore catarre but yet he yeelded not to his disease and bare it out that fighting for his contrie and obteyning a famous victorie with great slaughter of the barbarous people he might yet dye honorably as in deede he did by Phylarchus testimonie who sayth that with the force of his voyce fiercely crying out in the middest of his fight he tare his lunges and lightes worse then they were before Yet in the schooles it is sayd that after he had wonne the battell he was so ioyfull of it that crying out O blessed day he brake out into a great bleeding at the mouth and a great feuer tooke him withall that he dyed of it Thus much touching Antigonus Now Cleomenes departing out of the Isle of CYTHERA went and cast ancker in an other Iland called AEGIALIA Then determining to saile ouer to the citie of CYRENA Therycion one of Cleomenes frendes a man that in warres shewed him selfe verie valliant but a boaster besides of his owne doinges tooke Cleomenes aside and sayd thus vnto him Truely O king we haue lost an honorable occasion to dye in battell though euery man hath heard vs vaunt and say that Antigonus should neuer ouercome the king of SPARTA aliue but dead A seconde occasion yet is offered vs to dye with much lesse honor and fame notwithstanding then the first Whether doe we saile to no purpose Why doe we flie the death at hand and seeke it so farre of If it be no shame nor dishonor for the posteritie race of Hercules to serue the successors of Philip and Alexander let vs saue then our labor and long daungerous sailing and goe yeelde our selues vnto Antigonus who in likelyhoode will better vse vs then Ptolomy bicause the MACEDONIANS are farre more nobler persons then the AEGYPTIANS And if we disdaine to be commaunded by them which haue ouercommen vs in battell why then will we make him Lord of vs that hath not ouercomen vs in steade of one to make vs inferior vnto both flying Antigonus and seruing king Ptolomy Can we say that we goe into AEGYPT in respect to see your mother there A ioyfull sight no doubt when she shall shew king Ptolomyes wiues her sonne that before was a king a prisoner fugitiue now Were it not better for vs that hauing yet LACONIA our contrie in sight and our swordes besides in our owne hands to deliuer vs from this great miserie so doing to excuse our selues vnto them that are slaine at SELASIA for defence of SPARTA then cowardly loosing our time in AEGYPT to inquire whom Antigonus left his Lieutenaunt and Gouernor in LACEDAEMON Therycion ending his oration Cleomenes aunswered him thus Doest thou
also being borne of fathers that had a cleane contrarie disposicion and finding their contrie altogether without any order and infected with dissolute life were not therefore any whit the more moued with desire to do well Furthermore the greatest praise they gaue vnto the two Gracchi was their abstinence and integritie from taking of money all the time they were in office and delt in matters of state euer keeping their handes cleane and tooke not a pennie wrongfully from any man Where Agis on thother side was offended if any man praised him for that he tooke nothing from an other man seeing that he dispossessed him selfe of his owne goods and gaue it to his citizens which amounted in readie coyne to the value of six hundred talents Whereby men may easely iudge how grieuous a sinne he thought it to take any thing wrongfully from any man seeing that he thought it a kinde of auarice lawfully to be richer then others Furthermore there was maruelous great difference in their alteracions and renuing of the state which they did both preferre For the actes of the two ROMANES were to mend high wayes and to reedifie and replenish decayed townes and the worthiest acte Tiberius did was the lawe Agraria which he brought in for diuiding of the lands of the common wealth amongest the poore Citizens And the best acte his brother Caius also did was the mingling of the Iudges adding to the three hundred Senators three hundred ROMANE knightes to be indifferent Iudges with them Whereas Agis and Cleomenes in contrary manner were of opinion that to reforme smal faults to redresse them by litle and litle was as Plato sayd to cut of one of the Hydraes heads of the which came afterwards seuen in the place and therefore they tooke apon them a chaunge and innouation euen at once to roote out all the mischiefs of their contry or to speake more truely to take away the disorder which brought in all vice and mischief to the common wealth and so to restore the citie of SPARTA againe to her former auncient honorable estate Nowe this may be said againe for the gouernment of the GRACCHI that the chiefest men of ROME were euer against their purposes Where in that that Agis attempted and Cleomenes ended they had the noblest ground that could be that was the auncient lawes and ordinances of SPARTA touching temperance and equalitie the first instituted in old time by Lycurgus the other confirmed by Apollo Furthermore by the alteracions of the first ROME became no greater then it was before Where by that which Cleomenes did all GRAECE in short time sawe that SPARTA commaunded all the rest of PELOPONNESVS and fought at that time against those that were of greatest power in all GRAECE for the signioâ—ie thereof Whereby their onely marke purpose was to rid all the GRAECE from the warres of the GAVLES and ILLYRIANS and to restore it againe to the honest gouernment of the race and lyne of Hercules Their deathes me thinkes doe shew great difference of their corages For the GRACCHI fighting with their owne Citizens were slaine flying Of these two also Agis bicause he would put neuer a Citizen to death was slayne in manner voluntarily and Cleomenes receiuing iniurie stoode to his defence and when he had no oportunitie to doe it he stowtly killed him selfe And so may it be said on thother side that Agis did neuer any noble acte of a Captaine or souldier bicause he was slayne before he could come to it And for the victories of Cleomenes on thother side may be opposed the scaling of the walls of CARTHAGE where Tiberius was the first man that at the assault got vp vpon the wall which was no small exployte and the peace which he made also at the seege of NVMANTIA whereby he saued twenty thowsand fighting men of the ROMANES the which had no meanes otherwise to saue their liues And Caius also in the selfe same warre at the seege of NVMANTIA and afterwards in SARDINIA did many noble feates of warre so that there is no doubt but if they had not bene slaine so soone as they were they might haue bene compared with the excellentest Captaines that euer were in ROME Again touching their doings in ciuill pollicie it appeareth that Agis delt more slackly being abused by Agesilaus who likewise deceiued the poore Citizens of the diuision of the landes which he had promised them In fine for lacke of corage bicause he was very young he left the thinges vndone which he had purposed to haue performed On thother side Cleomenes went too rowndly to worke to renew the auncient gouernment of the common wealth againe by killing the Ephores with too much crueltie whom he might easily haue wonne or otherwise by force haue gotten the vpper hande For it is not the parte of a wise Phisition nor of a good gouernor of a common weale to vse the sword but in great extreamitie where there is no other helpe nor remedie there lacked iudgement in them both but worst of all in the one for iniury is euer ioyned with crueltie The GRACCHI on thother side nether the one nor the other began to embrew their hands in the blood of their Citizens For it is reported that though they did hurt Caius yet he would neuer defend him selfe and where it was knowen that he was very valliant in battell with his sword in his hand against the enemie he shewed him selfe as cold againe in the vprore against his Citizens For he went out of his house vnarmed and fled when he saw them fight being more circumspect not to doe hurt then not to suffer any Therefore they are not to be thought cowards for their flying but rather men fearefull to offend any man For they were driuen either to yeeld to them that followed them or els if they stayed to stande to their defence bicause they might keepe them selues from hurt And where they accuse Tiberius for the faults he committed the greatest that euer he did was when he deposed Octauius his colleague from the Tribuneship and that he him selfe made sute for the second And as for Caius they falsely accused him for the death of Antyllius the Sergeaunt who in deede was slayne vnknowen to him and to his great griefe Where Cleomenes on thother side although we should forget the murder he committed vpon the Ephores yet he set slaues at libertie and ruled the kingdom in manner him selfe alone but yet for manners sake onely he ioyned his owne brother with him which was of the selfe same house And when he had perswaded Archidamus who was next heire to the kingdom of the other royall house to be bold to returne home from MESSENA vnto SPARTA he suffered him to be slayne and bicause he did not reuenge his death he did confirme their opinion that thought he was consenting to his death Lycurgus on the other side whose example he did counterfeate to followe bicause he
others of the rude and baser sorte of men were offended with their sonnes bicause to honor Cicero they did alwayes put him in the middest betwene them as they went in the streetes Cicero in deede had suche a naturall witte and vnderstanding as Plato thought meete for learning and apt for the studie of Philosophie For he gaue him selfe to all kinde of knowledge and there was no arte nor any of the liberall sciences that he disdained notwithstanding in his first young yeares he was apter and better disposed to the studie of Poetrie then any other There is a pretie poeme of his in verses of eight staues called Pontius Glaucus extant at this day the which he made when he was but a boye After that being geuen more earnestlie vnto his studie he was not onely thought the best Orator but the best Poet also of all the ROMANES in his time and yet doth the excellencie of his eloquence and commendacion of his tongue continewe euen to this daye notwithstanding the great alteracion and chaunge of the Latine tongue But his Poetrie hath lost the name and estimacion of it bicause there were many after him that became farre more excellent therein then he After he had left his childishe studies he became then Philoes scholler the Academicke Philosopher the onely scholler of all Clitomachus schollers whome the ROMANES esteemed so muche for his eloquence and loued more for his gentle behauiour and conuersation He gaue him selfe also to be a follower of Mutius Scauola who at that time was a greate man in ROME and Prince of the Senate and who did also instruct Cicero in the lawes of ROME He did also followe Sylla for a time in the warres of the MARSIANS But when he sawe that the common wealth of ROME fell to ciuill warres and from ciuill warres to a monarchie then he returned againe to his booke and contemplatiue life and frequented the learned men of GRAECE and alwayes studied with them vntill Sylla had gotten the vpper hande and that he saw all the common wealth againe at some stay About that time Sylla causing the goods of one that was sayd to be slaine to be solde by the â—rier beinge one of the outlawes and proscriptes to witte banished by billes sette vp on postes Chrysogonus one of Syllaes freed bondemen and in great fauour with his maister bought them for the summe of two thowsande Drachmes Therewithall the sonne and heire of the deade person called Roscius being maruelouslie offended he shewed that it was too shamefull an abuse for his fathers goodes amounted to the summe of two hundred and fiftie talentes Sylla finding him selfe thus openlie touched with publike fraude and deceite for the onely gratifyinge of his man he procured Chrysogonus to accuse him that he had killed his owne father Neuer an Orator durst speake in Roscius behalfe to defende his cause but shronke colour fearing Syllaes crueltie and seueritie Wherefore poore Roscius the younge man seeing euerie man forsake him had no other refuge but to goe to Cicero whome his frendes did counsell and perswade boldly to take vpon him the defence of Roscius cause for he shoulde neuer haue a happier occasion nor so noble a beginning to bring him selfe into estimacion as this Thereuppon Cicero determined to take his cause in hande and did handell it so well that he obteyned the thing he sued for whereby he wanne him greate fame and credit But yet being affrayed of Syllaes displeasure he absented him selfe from ROME and went into GRAECE geuinge it out that his trauell was for a disease he had vppon him In deede Cicero was dogge leane a litle eater and woulde also eate late bicause of the greate weakenesse of his stomacke but yet he had a good lowde voyce though it was somewhat harshe and lacked grace and comelynesse Furthermore he was so earnest and vehement in his Oration that he mounted still with his voyce into the highest tunes insomuche that men were affrayed it woulde one daye put him in hazard of his life When he came to ATHENS he went to heare Antiochus of the citie of ASCALONA and fell in greate likinge with his sweete tongue and excellent grace though otherwise he misliked his newe opinions in Philosophie For Antiochus had then forsaken the opinions of the newe Academicke Philosophers and the sect of the Carneades being moued thereunto either through the manifest proofe of thinges or by his certaine iudgement or as some say for that of an ambition or dissention against the schollers and followers of Clitomachus and Philo he had reproued the resolucions of the Academickes which he had of long time defended onely to leane for the moste parte to the Stoickes opinions Howebeit Cicero had most affection vnto the Academickes and did studie that sect more then all the rest of purpose that if he sawe he were forbidden to practice in the common wealth at ROME he woulde then goe to ATHENS leauing all pleaes and Orators in the commonwealth to bestowe the rest of his time quietly in the studie of Philosophie At length when he hearde newes of Syllaes death and sawe that his bodie was growen to good state and health by exercise and that his voyce became dayly more and more to fill mens eares with a sweete and pleasaunt sounde and yet was lowde enough for the constitucion of his bodie receiuing letters dayly from his frendes at ROME that prayed him to returne home and moreouer Antiochus selfe also earnestlie perswadinge him to practise in the common wealth he beganne againe to fall to the studie of Rethoricke and to frame him selfe to be eloquent being a necessarie thing for an Orator and did continuallie exercise him selfe in making Orations vppon any speache or proposicion and so frequented the chiefe Orators and masters of eloquence that were at that time To this ende therefore he went into ASIA vnto RHODES and amongest the Orators of ASIA he frequented Xenocles ADRAMETTIN and Dionysius MAGNESIAN and studied also with Menippus CARIAN at RHODES he hearde Apollonius Molon and the Philosopher Posidonius And it is reported also that Apollonius wanting the Latine tongue he did pray Cicero for exercise sake to declame in Graeke Cicero was verie well contented with it thinkinge that thereby his faultes shoulde be the better corrected When he had ended his declamacion all those that were present were amazed to heare him and euerie man praised him one after an other Howebeit Apollonius all the while Cicero spake did neuer shewe any glad countenaunce and when he had ended he stayed a greate while and sayed neuer a worde Cicero misliking withall Apollonius at length sayed vnto him As for me Cicero I doe not onely praise thee but more then that I wonder at thee and yet I am sorie for poore GRAECE to see that learning and eloquence which were the two onely giftes and honor left vs are by thee obtained with vs and caried vnto the
was many tymes also out of fauor as at that present tyme when he had no authoritie nor estimation he deuised a stratageame whereby he saued the king and all his campe In this contry of the CADVSIANS there were two kinges in the field with their armies both of them camped a sonder one from the other Tiribazus after he had spoken with king Artaxerxes and had tolde him what he ment to doe he went vnto one of the kinges and at the selfe same tyme also secretly sent his sonne vnto the other king and told either of them that the other king had sent Ambassadors vnto Artaxerxes to make peace with him vnwitting to his companion and therefore he counselled him if they were wise one of them to seeke to preuent another with all the possible speede he could and promised them both one after another to helpe them the best he could Both the one and the other of the kings gaue credit to his wordes either of them both mistrusting one another so that the one speedily sent his Ambassadors vnto king Artaxerxes with Tiribazus and the other also his Ambassadors with his sonne But Tiribazus tarying long in his iorney king Artaxerxes beganne somewhat to suspect him his enemies also did accuse him in his absence and the king grewe very chollerycke and repented him that he had trusted him so farre and was willing to heare euery man that spake against him Howbeit Tiribazus at length returned and his sonne also and either of them brought with them the Ambassadors of the CADVSIANS and so peace was taken with them both Then was Tiribazus aloft againe and in greater credit then euer he was and so departed with the king The king then shewed plainely that cowardlines proceedeth not of pompe and curiositie as some take it beleuing that it doth effeminate mens harts but rather of a vile base mind that commonly followeth euill and the worst counsell For nether the iewells of gold the kingly robes nor other sumptuous ornaments which the king euer ware about him worth twelue thousand talents as it is reported did not hinder him at that tyme to trauaile and to take as much payne as any man in all his army For he him selfe marched a foote the foremost man carying his owne trufle in a scarfe vppon his shoulders and his target on his arme and trauelled through highe stony mountaines So that his souldiers seeing the corage and payne the king him selfe tooke they marched so nymbly that it seemed they had wings for he dayly marched aboue two hundred furlongs Now the king at length by sore trauell came to one of his owne houses where there were goodly arbors and parkes with goodly trees passingly sette forth but all the contry besides was naked and barren so that there was not a tree a great way from thence and it was maruelous cold The king suffred his souldiers to hewe downe the goodly pynes and cypres trees in his parkes and bicause they durst not presume to touch them he him selfe as he was tooke an axe in his hande and beganne to bewe downe the goodliest tree there The souldiers seeing that fell euery man of them also to hewing so that in a very short tyme they had prouided themselues well with wodde and made them great fires in euery place and so past ouer the night quietly by the fires side This notwithstanding he lost a great number of valliant men in this voyage and almost all his horses Therefore thinking his men would mocke him bicause he did fayle of his purpose he beganne to growe mistrustfull and to suspect the chiefest noble men he had about him so that in a rage he put many of them to death but much more of them remayned whome he mistrusted For there is nothing more cruell nor a greater bloud sucker then a cowardly tyrant as in contrary manner nothing is more curteous and lesse suspicious then a valliant and hardy man And therefore brute beastes that be neuer made tame nor mastered are commonly cowardly and timerous and the other to the contrary that are noble and coragious are bold straight and doe come to knowe a man bicause they haue no feare nether doe they frie from their clapping and making much of them as they doe Afterwards king Artaxerxes being growen very olde heard that there was great sturre and contencion betwene his sonnes which of them should be heire after his death and that this contencion fell out also amonge his friends and men of great calling The wisest of them wished that as he him self came vnto the crowne as his fathers eldest sonne so that he likewise should after his death leaue it vnto his eldest sonne called Darius But the younger which was called Ochus being a valliant man and of a whoe stirring nature had some in the Court also that tooke his parte and hoped to attayne to his purpose by the meanes of his sister Atossa whome he loued and honored promising to mary her and to make her Queene if he might come to be king after his fathers dissease And besides there went a report abroad that in their fathers life time he secretly kept her howbeit Artaxerxes neuer vnderstoode it Now bicause he would betimes put his sonne Ochus out of all hope to succeede him in the kingdom least this expectacion might make him to goe about to practise that which Cyrus did and that by this meanes his Realme should growe into faction and ciuill warres he proclaymed his eldest sonne Darius being fiftye yeare olde king after his death and furthermore gaue him leaue from thenceforth to weare the poynt of his hat right vp In PERSIA the custome is that when any commeth to be proclaymed successor and heire apparant to the crowne he should require a gifte of him that proclaymeth him successor The which the other doth graunt him whatsoeuer it be that he asketh so it be not impossible Darius then asked his father a concubine called Aspasia who was first with Cyrus in greatest fauor with him aboue all the rest but then was for the kings own bodye She was borne in the contry of IONIA of free parents and being vertuously brought vp she was brought one night vnto Cyrus as he was at supper with other women who sate them downe without too curious bidding hard by him and were verie glad when Cyrus offered to play and be merie with them geuing euerie one of them some pleasaunt word and they made it not coy But Aspasia stoode on her feete by the table and sayd neuer a word and notwithstanding that Cyrus called her she woulde not come at him Moreouer when one of the groomes of his chamber would haue taken her to haue brought her to him the first saith she that layeth hands on me shall repent it Thereuppon all those that were present said she was a foolish thing and simply brought vp and could not tell what was comely for her Howbeit Cyrus being
money to him selfe and lodged Plato that before lay the next Court to his pallace among the souldiers of his gard whom he knewe maliced him of long time and sought to kill him bicause he did perswade Dionysius to leaue his tyranny and to liue without his gard Plato being in this instant daunger Archytas sent Ambassadors foorthwith vnto Dionysius in a galley of thirtie owers to demaund Plato againe declaring that Plato came againe to SYRACVSA vppon his worde and caution Dionysius to excuse him selfe and to shewe that he was not angrie with him at his departure from him he made him all the great cheere and feastes he coulde and so sent him home with great shewes of good will. One day among the rest he sayd vnto Plato I am affrayed Plato sayd he that thou wilt speake euill of me when thou art among thy frendes and companions in the Academy Then Plato smiling aunswered him againe the goddes forbidde that they shoulde haue suche scarcetie of matter in the Academy as that they must needes talke of thee Thus was Platoes returne as it is reported although that which he him selfe wryteth agreeth not much with this reporte These things went to Dions harte so that shortly after he shewed him selfe an open enemie vnto Dionysius but specially when he heard how he had handled his wife Plato vnder couert words sent Dionysius worde of it by his letters And thus it was After Dion was exiled Dionysius returning Plato backe againe he willed secretlie to feele Dions minde whether he woulde not be angrie that his wife should be maried to an other man bicause there ranne a rumor abroade whether it were true or inuented by Dions enemies that he liked not his mariage and coulde not liue quietlie with his wife Therefore when Plato was at ATHENS and had tolde Dion of all thinges he wrote a letter vnto Dionysius the tyranne and did sette all other thinges downe so plainelie that euerie man might vnderstande him but this one thing only so darkelie that he alone and none other coulde vnderstande him but him to whom he had wrytten declaring vnto him that he had spoken with Dion about the matter he wore of and that he did lette him vnderstande he woulde be maruelous angrie if Dionysius did it So at that time bicause there was great hope of reconciliacion betwene them the tyranne did nothing latelie touching his sister but suffered her still to remaine with Dions sonne But when they were so farre out that there was no more hope to returne in fauour againe and that he had also sent home Plato in disgrace and displeasure then he maried his sister Aretè Dions wife against her will vnto one of his frends called Timocrates not following therin his fathers iustice and lenitie For Polyxenus that had maried his fathers sister Thesta being also become his enemie he fled out of SICILIA Dionysius the elder sent for his sister Thesta and tooke her vp verie sharpely for that she knowing her husbande would flie she did not come and tell him of it Thesta noblie aunswered him againe and neuer was affrayed nor abashed why Dionysius doest thou thinke me a woman so faint harted and beastlie that if I had knowen my husband would haue gone his way and left me that I would not haue taken the sea with him and both haue runne one fortune together Truely I knew not of his departure till he was gone for it had bene more for mine honor to haue bene called the wife of the banished Polyxenus then the sister of thee a tyran Dionysius maruelled to heare his sister speake thus boldly and the SYRACVSANS wondred at her noble corage insomuch that when the tyrannie was vtterly destroyed they did not refuse to doe her all the honor they could deuise as vnto a Queene And when she was deade also all the citizens of SYRACVSA by a common decree did accompanie her bodie at her buriall This litle digression from our historie is not altogether vnprofitable But now againe to our matter Dion from thenceforth disposed him selfe altogether vnto warre against Platoes counsell and aduise who did his best endeuour to disswade him from it both for the respect of Dionysius good enterteinment he had geuen him as also for that Dion was of great yeares Howbeit on the other side Speusippus and his other frendes did prouoke him vnto it and did perswade him to deliuer SICILIA from the slauerie and bondage of the tyran the which helde vp her handes vnto him and woulde receiue him with great loue and good will. For whilest Plato lay at SYRACVSA Speusippus keeping the citizens companie more then Plato did he knew their minds better then he For at the first they were affrayed to open them selues vnto him and frankelie to speake what they thought mistrusting he was a spie vnto the tyran sent amongest them to feele their mindes but within a short time they beganne to trust him and were all of one minde for they prayed and perswaded Dion to come and not to care otherwise for bringing of shippes souldiers nor horses with him but onely to hyre a shippe and to lend the SICILIANS his bodie and name against Dionysius Speusippus reporting these newes vnto Dion did put him in good hart againe wherupon he began secretly to leauie men by other mens meanes to hide his purpose and intent The Philosophers doe set forward Dions warres Many citizens dealing in the affaires of the common wealth did aide him and diuers of them also that onely gaue their mindes to the studie of Philosophie and among them Eudemus CYPRIAN on whose death Aristotle wrote his dialogue of the soule and Timonides LEVCADIAN went with him Furthermore there ioyned also with him Miltas THESSALIAN a Soothsayer and that had bene his companion in studie in the Academy Nowe of all them whom the tyran had banished which were no lesse then a thowsande persons there were but onely fiue and twentie that durst accompanie him in this warre For all the other were suche dastardes that they forsooke him and durst not goe with him The place where they appointed to meete was the I le of ZACYNTHE where they leauied all their souldiers that were not aboue eight hundred in all but all of them braue souldiers and valliant men and excellentlie well trained in warres and to conclude such lustie men as would incorage all the armie Dion hoped of at his ariuall in SICILE to fight like valliant men with them These hyered souldiers the first time that they vnderstoode it was to go into SICILIA to make warre with Dionysius they were amased at the first and misliked the iorney bicause it was vndertaken rather of malice and spite that Dion had to be reuenged then otherwise of any good cause or quarrell who hauing no better hope tooke vppon him desperate and impossible enterprises Therefore the souldiers were offended with their Captaines that had pressed them bicause they had not
which requireth secrecy and fidelity I confesse that a womans wit commonly is too weake to keepe a secret safely but yet Brutus good educacion and the companie of vertuous men haue some power to reforme the defect of nature And for my selfe I haue this benefit moreouer that I am the daughter of Cato wife of Brutus This notwithstanding I did not trust to any of these things before vntill that now I haue found by experience that no paine nor griefe whatsoeuer can ouercome me With those wordes she shewed him her wounde on her thigh and tolde him what she had done to proue her selfe Brutus was amazed to heare what she sayd vnto him and lifting vp his handes to heauen he besought the goddes to geue him the grace he might bring his enterprise to so good passe that he might be founde a husband worthie of so noble a wife as Porcia so he then did comfort her the best he coulde Now a day being appointed for the meeting of the Senate at what time they hoped Caesar woulde not faile to come the conspirators determined then to put their enterprise in execucion bicause they might meete safelie at that time without suspicion and the rather for that all the noblest and chiefest men of the citie woulde be there Who when they should see suche a great matter executed would euerie man then set to their handes for the defence of their libertie Furthermore they thought also that the appointment of the place where the counsell shoulde be kept was chosen of purpose by diuine prouidence and made all for them For it was one of the porches about the Theater in the which there was a certaine place full of seates for men to sit in where also was set vp the image of Pompey which the citie had made and consecrated in honor of him when he did beawtifie that parte of the citie with the Theater he built with diuers porches about it In this place was the assembly of the Senate appointed to be iust on the fifteenth day of the moneth of March which the ROMANES call Idus Martias so that it seemed some god of purpose had brought Caesar thither to be slaine for reuenge of Pompeys death So when the day was come Brutus went out of his house with a dagger by his side vnder his long gowne that no bodie sawe nor knewe but his wife onelie The other conspirators were all assembled at Cassius house to bring his sonne into the marketplace who on that day did put on the mans gowne called Toga Virilis and from thence they came all in a troupe together vnto Pompeys porche looking that Caesar woulde straight come thither But here is to be noted the wonderfull assured constancie of these conspirators in so daungerous and waightie an enterprise as they had vndertaken For many of them being Praetors by reason of their office whose duetie is to minister iustice to euerie bodie they did not onelie with great quietnesse and curtesie heare them that spake vnto them or that pleaded matters before them and gaue them attentiue eare as if they had had no other matter in their heades but moreouer they gaue iust sentence and carefullie dispatched the causes before them So there was one among them who being condemned in a certaine summe of money refused to pay it and cried out that he did appeale vnto Caesar Then Brutus casting his eyes vppon the conspirators sayd Caesar shall not lette me to see the lawe executed Notwithstanding this by chaunce there fell out many misfortunes vnto them which was enough to haue marred the enterprise The first and chiefest was Caesars long tarying who came verie late to the Senate for bicause the signes of the sacrifices appeared vnluckie his wife Calpurnia kept him at home and the Soothsayers bad him beware he went not abroade The seconde cause was when one came vnto Casca being a conspirator and taking him by the hande sayd vnto him O Casca thou keptest it close from me but Brutus hath tolde me all Casca being amazed at it the other went on with his tale and sayd why howe nowe howe commeth it to passe thou art thus riche that thou doest sue to be AEdilis Thus Casca being deceiued by the others doubtfull wordes he tolde them it was a thowsand to one he blabbed not out all the conspiracie An other Senator called Popilius Lana after he had saluted Brutus and Cassius more frendlie then he was wont to doe he rounded softlie in their eares and told them I pray the goddes you may goe through with that you haue taken in hande but withall dispatche I reade you for your enterprise is bewrayed When he had sayd he presentlie departed from them and left them both affrayed that their conspiracie woulde out Nowe in the meane time there came one of Brutus men post hast vnto him and tolde him his wife was a dying For Porcia being verie carefull and pensiue for that which was to come and being too weake to away with so great and inward griefe of minde she coulde hardlie keepe within but was frighted with euerie litle noyse and crie she hearde as those that are taken and possest with the furie of the Bacchantes asking euery man that came from the market place what Brutus did and still sent messenger after messenger to knowe what newes At length Caesars comming being prolonged as you haue heard Porciaes weakenesse was not able to holde out any lenger and thereuppon she sodainlie swounded that she had no leasure to goe to her chamber but was taken in the middest of her house where her speache and sences failed her Howbeit she soone came to herselfe againe and so was layed in her bedde and tended by her women When Brutus heard these newes it grieued him as it is to be presupposed yet he left not of the care of his contrie and common wealth neither went home to his house for any newes he heard Nowe it was reported that Caesar was comming in his litter for he determined not to stay in the Senate all that day bicause he was affrayed of the vnluckie signes of the sacrifices but to adiorne matters of importaunce vnto the next session and counsell holden faining him selfe not to be well at ease When Caesar came out of his litter Popilius Laena that had talked before with Brutus and Cassius and had prayed the goddes they might bring this enterprise to passe went vnto Caesar and kept him a long time with a talke Caesar gaue good eare vnto him Wherefore the conspirators if so they shoulde be called not hearing what he sayd to Caesar but coniecturing by that he had tolde them a litle before that his talke was none other but the verie discouerie of their conspiracie they were affrayed euerie man of them and one looking in an others face it was easie to see that they all were of a minde that it was no tarying for them till they were apprehended but rather that they
Aratus by the hand as if by force he had cast him out of the castell and had also taken the citie of MESSINA from him sayd vnto him come on then lette vs euen take that course But after that time Aratus came as litle to the Court as might be and so by litle and litle left Philippes companie For when he went to make warre in the realme of EPIRVS he was earnestlie in hand with Aratus to goe that iorney with him But Aratus prayed him to hold him excused and so remained at home being affrayed to be brought into an euill name with Philippes doings For Philippe afterwards hauing shamefullie lost his armie by sea against the ROMANES besides hauing had also verie euill successe in all other his affaires he returned againe to PELOPONNESVS thought once more to haue deceiued the MESSENIANS But when they founde his practise then he beganne with open force to spoyle their contrie Aratus then flatlie fell out with Philip and vtterly refused his frendship for that he perceiued then the iniurie he had done his sonnes wife the which grieued him to the harte but yet he made not his sonne priuie to it bicause he coulde gette no other amendes then to knowe what iniurie had bene done to him considering that he had no way nor meanes to be reuenged For king Philip was maruelously changed and from a curteous and chast young Prince becomen a vitious and cruell tyran the which to speake truely was not a chaunge or alteracion in nature but a manifest declaracion when he was no more affrayed of any man of his wicked and deuelish mind the which through feare had of long time bene kept secret Now to prone that Philips first loue and good will he bare vnto Aratus was also mingled with feare and reuerence that which he did afterwards vnto him did plainly shew it For he being desirous to put Aratus to death not thinking him selfe free so long as he liued neither king nor tyran he durst not goe about to kill him him selfe but procured one of his Captaines called Taurion and commaunded him to make him away as secretly as he could possible specially with poyson in his absence This Taurion fell in frendship with Aratus and poysoned him with no violent poyson but so tempered qualified it as it did by litle and litle heate the bodie and procure a pretie coffe which brought him into a consumption Aratus knewe he was poysoned but bicause he sawe it booted not to bewray it he bare it pacientlie and made no words of it as if he had had some naturall disease about him Yet on a time one of his chiefest frends being in his chamber with him who wondred to see him spit blood as he did he told him frēd Caephalon mine this is the reward of a kings loue So he died of this poison in the city of AEOIVM being the seuenteenth time chosen Generall of the ACHAIANS who would haue had him buried in the selfe same place and haue made some honorable monument for him worthie of his noble life But the SICYONIANS thinking them selues dishonored if his body were buried any where else but in their owne citie they so perswaded the counsell of the ACHAIANS that they suffered them to take Aratus bodie with them Yet was there an auncient law that forbad buriall within the walls of the citie of any maner of person whatsoeuer and besides that law they had a certaine superstitious feare in them that made them they durst not Whereuppon they sent to Apolloes temple at DELPHES to aske counsell of his Nunne that gaue the Oracles who made them this aunswere Thou happie soile of Sicyon Aratus natiue place VVhereas thou askest counsell in that noble Captaines case For keeping of a yeareminde and for making feastfull dayes In honor of that vvorthie vvight to last henceforth alvvaien If any hinder your intent through fondnes or through spight Both sea and land and heauen it selfe vvill punish that same vvight This Oracle being brought all the ACHAIANS were maruelous glad of it but the SICYONIANS speciallie who presentlie chaunging their mourning into publike ioy they caried the bodie from the citie of AEGIVM brought it home as in maner of procession in white robes and garlands of flowers on their heades singing hymnes and songes of ioy and daunsing till they came to the citie of SICYONE And there they chose out the chiefest place and buried him as their founder father and sauior of their citie and the place is called at this present time ARATIVM There they yearely make two solemne sacrifices the one the fift of Nouember at which time he deliuered the citie of SICYONE from tyrannie they call this sacrifice Soteria as much to say as the feast of health and the other on his birth day as it is reported For the first sacrifice that was done by the Priest of Iupiter the sauior The second sacrifice also was done by Aratus sonne who was girt about with a cloth not altogether white but mingled with purple colour So during the sacrifice they song hymnes vpon the harpe in praise of him and the maister of the Musitians made a procession round about being accompanied with boyes and young men of the citie after whom followed the Senate crowned with garlands of flowers and other citizens that were disposed to goe a procession How beit the most part of the honors that were appointed to be done vnto him were left of by processe of time chaunge of things that followed afterwards Thus you see what the life of Aratus the father hath bene as we find in histories Now Philip being a wicked man and cruell of nature caused his sonne Aratus also to be poysoned not with a deadly poyson but with such poyson as troubleth a mans wits so that through their deuelish receit he becometh a starke foole without any wit at all and maketh him to attempt straunge and abhominable things and to haue certaine shamefull and detestable desires insomuch as his death though he dyed in the pryme of his youth could not be thought miserable but rather a happy deliuerance to him of all his miseries and mishappes But Philip afterwards so long as he liued payed vnso Iupiter protector of all iustice and frendship the punishment his wicked life deserued For after he was ouercome in battell by the ROMANES he was compelled to yeelde him selfe to their mercy by whome he was depriued from all the rest of his landes and dominions he had and of all his shippes but fiue only and condemned besides to pay a thowsand talents for a fine and to giue his sonne in hostage and they only left him for pities sake the kingdom of MACEDON with all the appertenaunces And there he daily putting to death the chiefest of his nobilitie and neerest of blood vnto him he filled his realme with crueltie and mortall hate against him Furthermore
Emperour that they kept him not from killing him selfe for their sakes So there was not a man of them that left his body though the enemies were hard at hand but hauing honorably buryed him and prepared a great stacke of wodde they conueyed him armed to the fire of his funeralls euery man thinking him selfe happy that coulde first set his shoulders to the coffyn to helpe to cary him Others comming to it kneeled downe on their knees and kissed his wound Others tooke and kissed his handes Others that could not come neare him honored him and did reuerence him a farre of and some there were also that after the stacke of woode was set a fire slue them selues hard by the fire who had neuer receiued benefit by him that was dead at the least to any mans knowledge nether had they any occasion to be affraid of him that was Conqueror And truely me thinkes neuer king nor tyrant was so ambitiously giuen to raigne as they vehemently desired to be commaunded by Otho and to obeye him considering that their desire left them not euen after his death but was so liuely rooted in their mindes that in the ende it turned to a deadely hate vnto Vitellius But of this we will speake more hereafter in time and place Now when they had buried Othoes ashes they did set vp a tombe for him nether for magnificence of building nor forglorious epitaphe subiect vnto enuy For I haue seene his tombe in the citie of BRESSELLES a meane thing and the epitaph vpon it translated out of Latine sayeth no more but this This is the tombe of Marcus Otho He dyed being but seuen and thirty yere olde and was Emperor but three moneths there were as many famous men that commended his death as they that reproued his life For though he liued not much more honester then Nero yet he dyed farre more honorably Furthermore when Pollio one of the Captaines would haue compelled his souldiers presently to haue taken their othes to be true to Vitellius they fell out with him and vnderstanding that there were yet remayning some Senators they would not medle with them but onely troubled Verginius Rufus For they came to his dores armed and called him by his name commaunded him to take charge of them and to goe as Ambassador to intreate for them Howbeit he thought it were but a fond part of him to take charge of them that were already ouercome considering he refused it when they had ouercome and also he was affraid to goe Ambassador to the GERMAINES bicause he had compelled them to doe thinges against their willes Therefore he went out at his backe dore and saued him selfe So when the souldiers heard of it they were at length contented to be brought to be sworne vnto Vitellius and so ioyned them selues with Cecinnaes souldiers so they might be pardoned for all that was past THE LIVES OF ANNIBAL AND SCIPIO AFRICAN Translated into French by Charles de la Sluce and englished by Thomas North. Annibal IF we doe call to mind the first PVNICK warre the CARTHAGINIANS had with the ROMANES we shall find many Captaines who by the glorye of their noble deedes haue left great same and renowme vnto their posteritie Howbeit amongest all the Captaines of the CARTHAGINIANS none are found more worthy of fame and so commended of all Greeke and Latine Authors then Hamilcar Annibals father otherwise surnamed Barcha a valliant man doubtles and in his time a skilfull souldier as any was The same Hamilcar first of all made warre with the ROMANES a longer tyme in SICILIA then was looked for who had done greate hurte to his contrye and common wealthe After that also in the warres of AFRICK at what tyme the mercenarye souldiers through their rebellion did put the contrye of CARTHAGE in great daunger he did so valliantly appease the insurrection that to euery mans iudgement he was reputed the onely preseruer of his contrye Then he was sent Gouernor and Captaine into SPAYNE and caryed with him at that tyme as it is reported his sonne Annibal beeing but a younge boye where he did noble seruice In fine in the nynth yeare of his aboade there in that prouince he dyed fighting vallyantly agaynste the VETHEONS After his deathe Hasdrubal his Sonne in lawe whom the CARTHAGINIANS through the ayde friendship of the BARCINIAN faction had made generall of all their armye remayned gouernor there the space of eight yeares This Hasdrubal sent for Annibal into SPAYNE after his father Hamilcars death against the minds of the chiefe of the contrary faction to th end that as he had bene trayned from his youth in the discipline of warres in his father Hamilcars life euen so in like manner that now being come to mans state he should the better harden his body to away with the paines and daungers of the warres Now although at the first the remembraunce of his father was a great helpe vnto him to winne the loue and good will of the souldiers Yet he him selfe afterwards through his diligence and industrie so handled the matter that the olde souldiers forgetting all other Captaines they onely desired to choose him and none other for thier gouernor For they found in him all the perfections that could be wished for in a noble Captaine or generall He had a present and ready wit to giue counsell what was to be done in most greatest attempts besides he lacked nether manhood nor industry to put it in execution He had a valiant and inuincible mind euen in greatest daungers and aduersities of bodye the which are wont to staye others from performing their indeuors and duety He would watche and warde as any priuate souldier and was quicke and ready to doe any kind of seruice either like a valiant souldier or a good Captaine In this sort Annibal continued in seruice in the warres the space of three yeares vnder the conduct of Hasdrubal In that time he so wanne the hartes of all the army that immediatly after Hasdrubals death he was chosen to be Lieuetenant generall with the common consent of all the souldiers this honor was layed vpon him without contradiction of any of the CARTHAGINIANS through the friendship and good will of the BARCINIAN faction Annibal was now six and twenty yeare olde when the souldiers made him their Lieuetenant generall For at what time his father Hamilcar brought him into SPAYNE he was then but nyne yeare olde from that time vnto Hasdrubals death according to Polybius declaration it was seuenteene yeares more So he was no sooner made Lieuetenant generall of all the campe and his contry but he bent him selfe to make warre with the ROMANES hauing long before determined it For first of all he chiefly mainteyned almost a common hate of all the CARTHAGINIANS against the ROMANES bicause of the losse of SICILIA and SARDINIA Besides also he bare them a secret malice in nature as a thing inheritable from
the Megarians Athenians for Salamina Iliad lib. 2. The manner of burial with the MegariaÌ„ the Athenians Solon defendeth the cause of the teÌ„ple of Delphes Epimenides Phaestus taken for one of the 7. sages excluding Periander Solon pacified the sedition at Athens The miserie of dett and vsurie Solons equitie and vprightnes Solon by subtiltie set order betwext the poore rich Solon chosen reformer of the lawe and chief gouernour Salt refuseth to be a tyranne Tynnondas and Pittacus tyrannes Solens aunswere for tyrannie Excellent temperature Things hatefull made pleasaunt with sweete wordes Cleering of detts Solons first lawe Vsurie forbidden vpon gage of the bodie The value of money cried vp by Solon Lawes would be kept secret till they be published Ill consciences by craft preuent LaweÌ„ A good lawemaker beginneth to doe iustice in him selfe Solons absolute authority in the common weale Solon tooke awaye all DracoÌ„s lawes Solon â—ateth euerie citizen at a certen surname Pentacosiomedimnes Zeugite Thetes The darknes of the lawe increased the authoritie of the iudge The counsell of the Areopagites 3 Counsells erected in Athens Other lawes of Solon A lawe against neawters An acte for matching with inheritoâ—s Solon forbiddeth iointers and dowries Dionysius saying of mariages A law forbidding to speake euill of the dead * Drachmeâ— A lawe for willes and testaments marg A lawe for womens going abroade Craftes and occupations aduaunced The authoritie of the courte and counsaile of the Areopagites * Drachmae The tribes of the AtheniaÌ„s howe they were called An acte for welles An acte for planting and setting of trees Drachmae Feasts for townes men in the towne hall of AtheÌ„s Axones Cyrbes Thesmothetes SoloÌ„s trauell Clarius fl AEpia called Soles Solon saâ—e king Croesus in the cittie of Sardis Croesus question to Solon touching happines Solon esteemed Tellus a happie man. Cleobis Biton happy meÌ„ Solon commeÌ„deth the meane No man happie before his endâ— AEsope saying to Solon Solons aunswer to AEsope King Croesus wordes of Solon hanging vpoÌ„ a gibbeâ— to be bâ—ant Riches are but wordes opinion Sedition as AtheÌ„s in Solons absence Solon returneth to Athens Pisistratus wicked crasie subtiltie Thespis a maker of tragedies Solon reproued Thespis for lying Solons libertie constancie A good lawe for reward of seruice The house of P. Valerius Tarquinine Superbus Valerius Brutus companion in expulsing the Kings Lucius Brutus Tarquinius Collatinus Consuls The first embasâ—iâ—e of king Tarquine for recouering his Realme Another embasstate from Tarquine demaunding his goodes Good counsell of Minutius Tarquines ambassadours practise treason The Aquilij and Vitellij with Brutus sonnes traytours to their countrie The confederacy coÌ„firmed with drinking of maÌ„s bloud Vindicius heareth all their treason The conclusion of their treason Vindicius bewrayeth the treason vnto Valerius Titus Valerius Brutus sonnes Brutus seeth his â—ame sonnes punished executed Brutus praised reproued for the death of his sonnes Collatinus softnes perileus Valerius boldly appeacheth Collatinus of iniustice Collatinus resigneth his Consulshippe 〈…〉 departeth 〈…〉 S. Vindicta so called by reason of Vindicius Tarquines flied coÌ„secrated to Mars Vhereof the holy Iland came in Rome that lieth betwene both bridges Tarquine coÌ„meth with a great power of the Thuscans to wage battell with the Romaines Arsia silua AruÌ„s Brutus encountered and slue eche other The victory of the Romaines against the Thuscans Valerius the first Consul that euer triumphed vpon a cherres The first beginning of funerall oration amoÌ„g the Romaines Anaximenes sayeth Solon was the first that instituted prayses for the dead Valerius stately house staÌ„ding on mouÌ„t Velia Valerius a good example for magistrates Valerius ouerthrew his stately house The temple called Vicus Publicus VVhy Valerius was surnamed Publicola Publicolath actes and lawes VVhereof Peculium was called The first Quastores Publius Veturius Marc. Minutius Lucretius Publicola Consuls Publicola Marcus Horatius CoÌ„suls How oft a Iupiter Capitolins temple was burnt and built againe How much was spent in building the Capitoll Domitians mad building humor Personae proclaimeth warres with Rome Publicola Thus Lucretius Consuls Horatius Cocles why so called Good seruice rewarded Publicola Consul The noble acte of Mutius Secuola How Mutius come by the name of Secuola Publicolae maketh Porsena iudge betwext them and the Tarquines Peace graunted the Romaines by Porsena The boldenes of Claelia and other Romaine virgines The liberalitie of king Persona to the Romaines Marcus Valerius Posthumius Tubertus Consuls Marcus Valerius the brother of Publicola triumpheth of the Sabynes Appius Clausus goeth to dwel at Rome The familie of the Claudians The Sabynes slaine The death of Publicola His funeralles Publicola happie Publicola erected the office of Quaestores A politicke precepâ— Cynosargos a place of exercise dedicated to Hercules Thermistocles towardness Themistocles was Anaxagoras Melissus schollar Mnesiphilus Phrearian VVhat wisedome at in olde time Nowe the name of Sophisters came â—â— Themistocles youthe The priuie grudge betwext Themistocles and Aristides Aristides a iust man. Themistocles ambition Themistocles persuaded his contriemen to make gallyes The AtheniaÌ„s beÌ„t their force to sea by Themistocles persuasion Themistocles a good husbaÌ„d to looke for his profit Themistocles extremely ambitious A wise saying of Themistocles Themistocles made Aristides to be banished Epicydes an orator sued to be generall Arthmius defamed for bribing Themistocles generall of the AtheniaÌ„s against Xerxes The coast of Aretemisivm Themistocles straâ—ageame VVodden walles signifie shipps The Athenians forsake Athens by Themistocles persuasion doe goe to the sea Xanthippus dogge The dog goe graue Aristides renorneth from banishement by Themistocles decree Notable aunswers of Themistocles The Sleue is a fishe facioned like a sworde Themistocles stratageame by the which he wanne the ba'tell at Salamina Themistocles Aristides consent together to geue battell Xerxes king of Persia had a thousand ships Ariamenes Xerxes admirall The Grecians victorie of the Persians â—aâ—y by sea Aristides counsell vnto Themistocles for the breaking of Xerxes bridge Themistocles stratageame Themistocles honored aboue all the Grecians Themistocles ambition noted A prety tale of Themistocles Themistocles saying of his sonne Themistocles buylt againe the walles of the cittie of Athens A subtle fetche of Themistocles The hauen of Piraea fortified The equitie of the Athenians Themistocles goddes Loue and Force The AndriaÌ„s goddesses Pouertie Impossibilitie Themistocles banished for fiue yers Pausanias reuealeth his reason vnto Themistacles Themistocles suspected of treason Themistocles fled into the I le of Corphv The manner of supplicatioÌ„ among the Molossians Themistocles dreame The Persian iealous of their wiues Howe Themistocles was conueyed to the king of Persias courte The Persians honour their King as the image of the god of nature Themistocles talke with the â—ing of Persia An excellent comparison of Themistocles Themistocles honoured of the king of Persia. Demaratus fond demaÌ„do of the King. Themistocles had the reuenue of three citties allowed him for his dyet Themistocles escaped murder by a