ground begging a happy death and tho' the disease increased stayed at Matins heard Mass and received The Day following he returned to the Church of S. Isidorus and three days after Dyed This is what the Archbishop D. Roderick and D. Lucas de Tuy write yet others say he dyed at Cabeçon a Town near Valladolid neither do Authors agree in the time of his death King Ferdinand's Life was so holy that his Feast is Celebrated at Leon as a Saint He built many Churches and repaired others Queen Sancha was not inferior to her Husband in Vertue she dyed two Years after him and was buryed by the King in the Church of S. Isidorus Garibay says King Ferdinand dyed in the Year 1067 and quotes many Authors who all vary in the time as they do in the place of his death so that these things are very uncertain King Ferdinand by his last Will divided his Kingdoms among his Three Sons To D. Sancho the Eldest he left Castile extending from the Rivèr Ebro till that of Pisuerga for all that was taken upon the death of D. Garcia was added to Castile The Kingdom of Leon fell to D. Alonso with the Territory of Campos and that part of Asturias that reaches to the River Deva running by Oviedo as also some Towns in Galicia D. Garcia the Youngest had the remaining part of Galicia and as much of Portugal as had been recovered from the Moors All three called themselves Kings Besides King Ferdinand left the City Zamora to his Daughter D. Vrraca and that of Toro to D. Elvira These Cities were then called Infantado which is as much as the Principality signifying thereby the Estate left for support of the Younger Children Spain being divided it was impossible it should enjoy Peace all People were in suspence expecting great revolutions upon the King's death To prevent these misfortunes many of the Nobility had endeavoured to disswade him from this Resolution and the matter had been handled in Parliament Arias Gonzalo an Ancient Wise and Experienced Man had stirred most in this affair but Fatherly Love suffered not his Prudent advice to take place D. Sancho became the Throne as being a Comely and Graceful Youth better versed in War than in State affairs and therefore called the Strong Pelagius Ovetensis says he was very Beautiful and Expert in Martial affairs He was naturally Mild and Affable if not provoked or incensed by false Friends Upon the death of his Father he openly complained of the wrong had been done him by dividing the Kingdom Yet his Mother whilst she lived restrained him from falling upon his Brothers especially for that after the King's death the Crown of Leon devolved upon her as being her own Dower D. Sancho Reigned 6 Years 8 Months and 25 Days At the beginning of his Reign he had War with the Moors and soon after with the King of Aragon King Ramiro of Aragon desiring to enlarge his Territories laboured successfully to expel the remainder of the Moors out of that Kingdom He obliged Almugdadi King of Zaragoça and Almudafar King of Lerida to become tributary and overthrew the King of Huesca Those about Zaragoça having been subdued by King Ferdinand were become tributary to him but now upon the change of Kings and relying on the assistance of D. Ramiro they resolved to fall off King Sancho having speedily gathered an Army marched against them Those of Toledo immediately submitted but the Aragonians stood out Hereupon having wasted all the Country he layed Siege to Zaragoça and press'd it so vigorously it was surrendred to him upon Condition he should be obliged to support the City against all Enemies as well Christians as Moors This Capitulation seem'd directly levell'd against the King of Aragon D. Sancho was offended that the King of Aragon join'd with the Navarrois who often made Inroads upon the Dominions of Castile and besides that he receiv'd Tribute from those Aragonians that were his Subjects The Aragonians had then laid Siege to the Castle of Grados built by the Moors on the Banks of the River Esera to curb the Christians King Sancho in pursuance of his Capitulation with the Moors marched to raise that Siege The Army of Aragon being surpriz'd and attack'd in Front and Rear by the Christians and Insidels was easily routed some fled others were kill'd amongst which number was the King himself This was much about the Year 1067. D. Ramiro of Aragon had Reign'd 31 Years his Body was Bury'd in the Church of St. John de la Pen̄a where many of his Predecessors lay D. Sancho Ramirez his Son succeeded in the Throne at the Age of 18. a Prince not unlike to his Father in Virtue In this Princes time and in the Year of Grace 1068. Guinard Earl of Russillon built the Town of Perpignan on the Borders of France not far from the antient City Russillon the name of Perpignan was taken from one Bernard Perpignan who kept two Inns in that place This King Sancho is said to have abrogated the Laws of the Goths as the Catalonians had done before and established the Imperial Civil Law He was Married to D. Felicia Daughter to Armengaud Earl of Vrgel by whom he had three Sons D. Peter D. Alonso and D. Ramiro who were all successively Kings of Aragon A Bastard Son of his called D. Garcia was afterwards Bishop of Jaca At the same time there Reign'd in Spain three Kings who were Cousin-Germans tho' not equal in power yet all alike in the manner of their Death D. Sancho King of Castile was the greatest he had blemish'd the beginning of his Reign by killing his Uncle King Ramiro and growing fierce with Success was daily driving at greater mischiefs his strength being terrible to the others D. Sancho King of Navarre maintain'd his small Kingdom by making a League with him of Aragon to secure both against Castile He of Castile understanding their design thought to be beforehand with them and broke into Navarre without stoping till he came in sight of Viana There the two Kings met him and they came to a Battle in which the Castilians were defeated and their King having lost many Men return'd into his own Country The Victors resolving to make use of their Success broke into the Territories of Rioja and Briviesca where they recovered all that King Ferdinand had taken Thus were those three Princes destroying one another without reflecting upon what they might expect from the Moors The King of Castile could not at that time take revenge of his Cousins being ingaged in a new War against his Brothers He was ambitious rash and hot and pretended a right to all that had been his Fathers and did not want other grounds to raise a Quarrel upon His Brothers tho' weak could not be perswaded to Unite their Forces against their common Enemy D. Sancho having gathered a powerful Army resolved to carry on his designs On the other side D. Alonso whom that
his Sword saying There was no Reason such Men should fall out about that Dog The Arch-Bishop's Head and left Hand were cut off This Disaster was so much the more to be lamented for that the Enemy in that Fight might have been utterly overthrown had the Christians expected till D. Lope de Haro could joyn them for he coming up soon after with only his own Forces oblig'd the Moors to retire but could not totally defeat them because Night came on The Body Head and Hand of the Arch-Bishop being ransom'd at a great rate were bury'd in the Royal Chappel of Toledo where lay Alonso the Emperour and his Son Sancho Ferdinand Abbot of Covarrubias succeeded in the Archbishoprick and he having after six Months resign'd it because the Pope would not confirm his Election the Pope made choice of D. Gonzalo the second of the Name who had been Bishop of Cuenca first and then of Burgos He is said to have been a Cardinal and dyed in the Year 1299. This unhappy Year we now write of was yet more remarkable for the Death of Prince Ferdinand He dyed at Villareal where he had appointed the Rendezvous of all the Forces His Body was bury'd at Huelgas and his Death caus'd no less Grief at present than it afterwards produc'd Troubles his Brother Sancho pretending the Crown of Right appertain'd to him as second Son to King Alonso then Living notwithstanding Prince Ferdinand by his Wife the Lady Blanch left two Sons call'd Alonso and Ferdinand whom at the time of his Death he recommended to D. John de Lara eldest Son to D. NunÌ„o de Lara Prince Sancho being a Youth of good Conduct made Head against the Moors and put a stop to their proceedings He garison'd all strong Places and avoided giving Battle by that means gaining time for the fury of the Infidels to spend it self The Moors of Valencia encouraged by the success of the others and despising King Jayme who was grown old revolted notwithstanding Prince Peter was upon the Borders of Murcia wasting the Lands of Almeria with a good Body of Men. Navarre was no better setled at that time Philip King of France having contracted Joanna the Heiress of Navarre to his Son Philip who succeeded him and was called the Fair made Stephen de Belmarc a French-Man Viceroy of Navarre taking that Imployment from Peter de Montagudo A stranger had not sufficient Authority to quell the Tumults that then were in the Kingdom and Peter de Montagudo offended that he had been removed from that Post joyning with Garcia Almoravides who had always favour'd the Castilians they both headed the Mutineers Within the City Pamplona the Two Factions came to Blows Such was their cruelty that they burnt the Ripe-Corn and dash'd out the Brains of Children but the French had the worst of it Peter de Montagudo inclining afterwards to the French Party either for the sake of Peace or some other Cause was kill'd by his own People A Man unworthy that hard Fate for his many Virtues CHAP. II. Three Popes Dye in one year Prince Sancho of Castile contrives to Vsurp that Crown from his Nephews The Death of Jayme King of Aragon and of Alonso of Portugal Peter succeeds the first and Denis the latter THE following Year 1276 was remarkable for the death of Three Popes which were Gregory the Xth Innocent the Vth and Adrian the Vth. Innocent held it but Five Months and Two Days and Aâ—rian only Thirty Seven Days John the One and Twentieth succeeded him he was born at Lisbon and a great Scholar as appears by his Writings In the Ninth Month of his Pontificate he was kill'd at Viterbo by the fall of the Roof of the Room where he was Nicholas the III. was his Successor At this same time in Castile were sowed the Seeds of a Civil War which prov'd lasting and destructive Prince Sancho us'd all means to gain the affections of the Nobility and People which the King his Father had utterly lost His Journey into France had increas'd their Discontent The People was desirous of Novelties and the Nobles were well dispos'd to Rebel D. Lope de Haro a Man in great power was reconcil'd at Cordova to Prince Sancho A Truce was concluded with the Moors for two Years This done the King of Morocco pass'd over into Africk Prince Sancho with great speed went to Toledo upon pretence of visiting his Father then newly return'd from France His chief Design was to have the Succession settled upon himself with the consent of the King and Nobility D. Lope de Haro undertook to propose this Affair which highly displeas'd King Alonso both for that they urg'd the Succession whilst he was yet living and because he thought it a great wrong to exclude his Grand-children However by the Advice of his Brother Prince Emanuel then a great Friend to Prince Sancho it was resolv'd the Cortes or Parliament should meet at Segovia to determine this Affair Their Judgment was given in behalf of Prince Sancho in which doubtless regard was had to the Peace of the Kingdom which he would otherwise never have ceas'd to disturb In Aragon King Jayme us'd all his Endeavours to quell the Moors by Policy or if that fail'd to apply Force To this purpose he March'd through Valencia and in several Rencounters sometimes the one sometimes the other Party had the better Whilst the King was at Xativa his Forces were so intirely cut off at Luxen that from that Day which was Tuesday the People began to account Tuesday an unlucky Day Garci Ruiz de Açagra Son to Peter de Açagra Lord of Albarazin was slain in that Fight and the Head-Commendary of the Knights Templers taken The King griev'd at this loss and being very much broken with continual Labour left the Charge of the War to his Son Prince Poter and was carry'd away sick to Algezira a Town in Valencia There being given over by the Physicians he resign'd up the Kingdom to his Son giving him much wholesome Advice Then he put on the Habit of S. Bernard intending to spend what remain'd of Life in the Monastery of Poplete where he would also be buryed His Sickness gave him not so much Leisure he dy'd at Valenica on the 27th of July His Fame will be immortal not only for his great war-like Exploits but also for his Piety since Authors assirm that he built 1000 Churches I suppose he caus'd most of them to be Consecrated having taken them from the Moors For Martial Affairs he may be compar'd to the most renowned antient Commanders having fought Thirty pitched Battles with the Moors and been Victorious in them all whereby he obtained the Name of Conquerour He reigned Sixty Three Years and somewhat blemish'd his Good Name by his Incontinency By Queen Violante he had Peter Jayme Sancho the Arch-Bishop Elizabeth Queen of France Violante Queen of Castile Constance marryed to Prince Emanuel and Mary and Elenor who dyed
at Paris where were found two Letters one for the King of France giving him an account of his design In the other he advised his Son immediately to cause himself to be Crowned King His Son having read this Letter was Crowned on the 11th of November only Five days before the arrival of his Father at Cascaes For the King of France had immediately sent some Persons after him who forced him to come back He advis'd him to return to his Country which he accordingly did The King came to Portugal very sad and lean His Son went out with joy to receive him and restored him his Crown and Dignity This was the event of the King of Portugals Voyage and Attempts which at first were hot but in the Conclusion fell to the Ground The following Year 1478 was unfortunate and remarkable because on the 23th of January was Born in Flanders of the Lady Mary Heiress to Charles the Bold Duke of Burgundy and Maximilian Duke of Austria Philip who was afterwards happy in the great Dominions he acquired and the Successor he left tho his prosperity was not lasting Death snatching him away in the prime of his youth In the Month of April in the City of Florence certain Citizens conspiring against the Brothers of the House of Medicis who they suspected design'd to Usurp the Sovereignty of that City till then Free Murder'd Julian in the Church of St. Librada the other called Lawrence de Medicis saved himself in the Sacristy of the said Church Hereupon the other Citizens ran to Arms and apprehended Salviato Archbishop of Pisa one of the Conspirators in the Pallace of the Seigneury whither he went to exhort the People to defend their Liberty Without farther Process he hanged him out of the Window The Cardinal of St. George who was said to favour the Conspirators was in great danger Florence was Excommunicated for the Murder of the Archbishop but the King of France interposing the City was absolv'd rather through fear than for any good-will The Pope and King of Naples had also made War upon the Florentines but now also a Peace was Concluded and they were left at Liberty as they were before CHAP. VII Sardinia entirely reduced The Birth of John Prince of Castile The Inquisition first settled in Spain Peace Concluded betwixt France and Castile the death of King John of Aragon IN Sardinia the War continu'd hot and both parties looked for supplies from abroad The Genoeses who ought to have assisted the Marquess de Oristan as their ancient Allie forbore because they had lately concluded a Truce at Naples with the House of Aragon Fresh succours came daily to the Royallists from Aragon and Sicily and at last the Earl of Cardona Viceroy of Sicily went over in Person After several skirmishes the two Armies met near a Castle called Machomera There the Battle was given in which the Marquess was killed and his Army routed Artal his Son endeavouring to make his escape in a Boat was taken by Two Aragonian Gallies and carried Prisoner into Spain by Villamarin the Admiral He was Confined to the Castle of Xativa and all his Estate which was considerable as well in Sardinta as the Continent Confiscate Particularly the Marquisates of Oristan and Gociano were for ever annexed to the Crown and added to the other regal Titles This Battle was fought on the 19th of May. Thus that Island which had been so long contended for was at last wholly subdued by the Aragonians King Ferdinand of Castile tho the Affairs of Andaluzia were not altogether settled and his Queen was with Child returned to the Kingdom of Aragon for two reasons The first to reduce the Archbishop of Toledo and perswade him not to call in the King of Portugal again The other to revive the Association of the Towns against Robbers and Outlaws which decayed much by reason of the great charge of keeping Soldidiers in Pay To this effect the Cortes were held at Madrid where the Association was continued for Three Years longer Nothing could be concluded with the Archbishop tho endeavours were used to satisfie him there had been no design of killing him After the Cortes broke up King Ferdinand returned to Sevil the Queen earnestly desiring it because she was near her time Thither came Ambassadors from the King of Granada to desire the Truce might be renewed which was refused unless besides doing Homage he would pay the Tribute used formerly The King sent Ambassadors to Granada to treat of it and the Moore answered That the Kings who used to pay that Tribute were dead many Years before and that at present in the Mint of Granada no Gold or Silver was Coined but instead of it they made Spears Darts and Cimiters King Ferdinand tho' offended at this Answer necessity obliging him to it renewed the Truce On the 28th of June the Queen fell in labour and was delivered of a Son called Prince John who was unfortunately cut off in the Flower of his Age as we shall relate in its Place The King of Aragon tho tired with Age demanded this Child should be sent to him to be bred up after the manner of Aragon At this time the King of Aragon contended for the Archbishoprick of Zaragoça His aim was to confer it upon D. Alonso Bastard Son to King Ferdinand The Pope was willing to dispence with his Illegitimacy but not with his Age for he was but Six Years old and therefore desired to bestow that See upon the Cardinal Ausias Despuch believing the King would allow it by reason of the great services done by his Brother the Master of the Order of Montesa It proved otherwise for the King in a passion seized the Cardinals Estate and affronted his kindred The King of Naples interposing who was great with the Pope the King of Aragon obtained his desire and that Dignity was given to D. Alonso as perpetual Administrator This was the foundation of a Custom prejudicial to the Church ever since in use and meerly extorted from the Pope at that time It was then the Custom in Spain that all Bishops had their nomination from the King whence ensued another dispute about the See of Taraçoza for the Cardinal Andrew Ferrer dying the Pope bestowed it upon Andrew Martinez King Ferdinand opposed it designing that Church for the Cardinal of Spain who at last carried it Such another debate hapned about the See of Cuenca in which the King also prevailed A Bull was also granted by which the whole power of nominating their Bishops was granted to the Kings of Castile for ever Four years before another Bull had been obtained which excluded for the future all Strangers from reversions of Bishopricks James Saldan̄a Ambassador from King Henry at Rome procured it He went to Portugal with the Princess Joanna and from him is descended a noble Family there of his Name F. Alonso de Burgos Bishop of Palencia Built at Valladolid the famous Monastery of St. Paul of his
the Carthaginians and gives them a great Overthrow First Nero then Publius Scipio comes into Spain and takes Carthagena p. 26 Chap. VII Publius Scipio Routs Asdrubal and drives the Carthaginians quite out of Spain other notable Actions of his there Cornelius Lentulus and Lucius Manlius succeed him and overthrow the Spaniards that had Revolted p. 28 Chap. VIII The Spaniards Revolting are again Subdu'd by the Romans Cato being Consul comes into Spain Several Pretors succeed him Their Government and Actions p. 30 The Third BOOK Chap. I. THE first War of Numantia and Peace concluded with that City The War in Lusitania and other parts and Treachery of the Pretor Sergius Galba p. 33 Chap. II. Viriatus 's Original and Actions against the Romans The Government of several Roman Generals and among them of Metellus and Pompey and Death of Viriatus p. 35 Chap. III. The second War betwixt Rome and Numantia The Consul Mancinus concludes a dishonourable Peace with that People and is therefore delivered up to them Scipio Africanus sent against them The City destroy'd p. 38 Chap. IV. Other Occurrences in Spain after the War of Numantia The beginning of the War of Sertorius His Actions Defeat and Death p. 40 Chap. V. Pompey appeases the Tumults in Spain Julius Caesar comes into Spain The beginning of the Civil Wars there Pompey 's General defeated the whole Country reduc'd by Julius Caesar who returns to Rome p. 44 Chap. VI. Longinus Governs Spain His Actions The War betwixt Caesar and Pompey 's Sons The famous Battle of Munda Caesar returns Victorious to Rome p. 46 Chap. VII Other Commotions in Spain after the Death of Caesar The beginning of the Empire of Augustus and War of Cantabria p. 48 The Fourth BOOK Chap. I. THE Birth of Christ our Lord. The Death of Augustus and Reigns of the Emperors Tiberius Caligula and Claudius With an Account of the coming of St. James the Apostle into Spain and first Preaching of the Gospel p. 51. Chap. II. The Reigns of the Emperors Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian and Titus With an Account of the Colonies Free-Towns and Courts of Judicature then in Spain p. 53 Chap. III. The Reigns of the Emperors Domitian Nerva Trajan Adrian Antoninus Verus Marcus Aurelius and Commodus the Persecutions under them The building of the City Leon and rise of the Heresie of the Gnosticks p. 55 Chap. IV. The Reigns of the Emperors Pertinax Severus Caracalla Macrinus Heliogabalus Alexander Severus Maximinus Gordianus Philip Decius Tribonianus Gallus and Aemilianus p. 57 Chap. V. The Reigns of the Emperors Valerianus Galienus Flavius Aurelianus Tacitus Flavianus Probus Carinus Dioclesian and Maximian Constantius and Galerius Maximinus and Licinius p. 58 Chap. VI. The Reign of the Glorious Constantine the Great the first Christian Emperor The Arian Heresie The first General Council of Nice p. 60 Chap. VII The Reigns of the Emperors Constantine Constantius and Constans Julian the Apostate Jovianus Valentinian and Valens p. 62 Chap. VIII The Reigns of the Emperors Gratianus Valentinian Theodosius Arcadius and Honorius p. 64 The Fifth BOOK Chap. I. THE coming of several Barbarous Nations into Spain as the Vandals Alans Suevians Silingians and Goths Their Original and where they setled p. 67 Chap. II. The Goths vanquish and subdue all the other Barbarous Nations in Spain The Vandals after this Successful go over into Africk The rise of the Kingdom of the Suevians p. 69 Chap. III. The Reigns of the Kings Theodoredus Torismund and Theodorick Attila King of the Huns twice routed The General Council of Chalcedon p. 71 Chap. IV. The Death of King Theodorick and Reigns of Euricus and Alaricus The Goths twice overthrown by the Franks p. 73 Chap. V. The Reigns of the Kings Gesaleycus Theodorick and Amalaricus Several Spanish Synods Defeat of the Franks And Tryal by Ordeal p. 74 Chap. VI. The Reigns of Theudiselus Agila and Athanagildus A great Plague The 5th General Council An Interregnum And the Conversion of the Suevians p. 76 Chap. VII Of the two Sisters Galsuinda and Brunechilda The Reigns of the Kings Liuva and Leuvigildus This last makes his two Sons his Companions in the Throne p. 77 Chap. VIII Ermenegildus Son to Leuvigildus Marries the Lady Ingundis is Converted to the Catholick Faith is Besieg'd by his Father in Sevil and put to Death by him p. 79 Chap. IX The remaining part of the Reign of King Leuvigildus He Persecutes the Catholicks Subdues the Suevians his Death and causes of his Conversion p. 81 Chap. X. The Reign of Recaredus his and Peoples Conversion Conspiracies against him detected and punish'd He overthrows the Franks The third Council of Toledo p. 82 The Sixth BOOK Chap. I. THE remaining Actions of King Recaredus He Marries Clodosinda Sister to Childebert King of Lorrain His Death Original of Dukes and Counts p. 84 Chap. II. The Reigns of the Kings Liuva Witericus Gundemarus Sisebutus and Recaredus II. Several Synods the Jews banish'd Spain p. 86 Chap. III. The Reigns of the Kings Suinthula Rechimirus Sisenandus and Chintila The Romans quite expell'd Spain Three Synods at Toledo p. 87 Chap. IV. The Reigns of the Kings Tulga Chindasuinthus and Recesuinthus Several Synods of Toledo Increase of the Mahometan Power The Election and Coronation of King Wamba p. 89 Chap. V. The War with the Rebels in Gallia Gothica Paul Wamba 's General joyns with them The King marches against them and reduces all the Country to his Obedience p. 91 Chap. VI. Wamba returns into Spain Punishes the Heads of the Rebels His Publick Works Eleventh Council of Toledo A great Fleet of Sarazens destroy'd Wamba depos'd Ervigius Vsurps the Crown p. 93 Chap. VII The Reigns of the Kings Ervigius and Egica p. 94 Chap. VIII The Reign of King Witiza Roderick ascends the Throne Ravishes Count Julian 's Daughter and breaks open an old Castle at Toledo said to be Inchanted p. 96 Chap. IX The first coming of the Moors into Spain They prove successful and flock over in great Multitudes King Roderick overthrown in a great Battle His Death The Moors over-run the greatest part of Spain p. 98 Chap. X. The Moor Muza comes over with Supplies His Actions The Moorish Computation of Years call'd Hegira Abdalasis Son to Muza his Actions End of Count Julian and his Family Deplorable state of Spain p. 100 The Seventh BOOK Chap. I. PRince Pelayus or Pelagius takes up Arms against the Moors Is declar'd King and Miraculously Vanquishes the Infidels The Death of Muza Alahor Governs Spain p. 102 Chap. II. Pelayus 's Power increases he takes several Towns His Death The short Reign and Death of Favila Several Moorish Governours in Spain Actions of the Infidels in France p. 104 Chap. III. The Reign of D. Alonso the Catholick His Conquests and Death Several Moorish Governours in Spain Affairs of the Mahometans both in Spain and Africk p. 105 Chap. IV. The Reigns of the Kings Froyla Aurelius Silon Alonso Mauregatus and Veremundus or Bermudo Monarchy
of the Moors erected in Spain by Abderhaman His Death and Wars among his Sons p. 107 Chap. V. The Reign of D. Alonso the Chast The Nestorian Heresie reviv'd The Kings Sister debauch'd he takes Lisbon Wars among the Moors Invention of the Body of S. James the Apostle and defeat of Charlemaine p. 109 Chap. VI. The remaining part of the Reign of King Alonso Rebellion among the Moors Alhaca the Moor dies and Abderhaman succeeds him The Reign of King Ramiro he overthrows the Moors in a great Battle His Death and Invasion of the Normans p. 110 Chap. VII The Persecution rais'd by the Moors at Cordova The Reign of D. Ordonno over the Christians and Mahomet over the Moors p. 112 Chap. VIII The Reign of King Alonso the Great He is expell'd and restor'd His Brothers Conspire against him and are punish'd The Church of St. James the Apostle made an Archbishoprick Mahomet the Moorish King dies p. 114 Chap. IX The Death of King Alonso the Great The Reigns of D. Garcia and D. Ordonno II. of Oviedo and of Almundar Abdalla and Abderhaman of Cordova p. 116 The Eighth BOOK Chap. I. THE Original of the Kingdoms of Navarre and Aragon and Earls of Barcelona with their Succession and Actions down to the time of King Ordonno II. of Leon. p. 118 Chap. II. Of the Earls of Castile The Reigns of D. Fruela II. King of Leon. Fictions concerning the Kings of Navarre The Reign of their King D. Sancho Abarca p. 120 Chap. III. The Reigns of Alonso IV. and Ramiro II. Kings of Leon. Sancho Abarca King of Navarre slain by Fernan Gonzalez Earl of Castile Several Defeats of the Moors Agreat Eclypse p. 121 Chap. IV. The Reigns of D. Ordonno III. D. Sancho the Gross Kings of Leon and of Garcia Sanchez King of Navarre and Actions of Fernan Gonzalez Earl of Castile p. 123 Chap. V. The Reign of Ramiro III. King of Leon. Death of Earl Fernan Gonzalez Normans infest the Coasts of Spain Divisions among the Moors Rebellion against the King of Leon and his Death p. 126 Chap. VI. The Reign of Bermudo II. call'd the Gouty King of Leon. Discord betwixt him and the Earl of Castile Leon and Barcelona taken by the Infidels Garcia King of Navarre dies His Son Garci Sanchez succeeds him p. 127 Chap. VII The Death of King Bermudo the Gouty and beginning of the Reign of D. Alonso V. King of Leon. Many troubles among the Moors The Earl of Castile slain by the Infidels p. 130 Chap. VIII Continues the mighty Revolutions among the Infidels with the dismembring of the Mighty Kingdom of Cordova and erecting of several other little Sovereignties in the chief Cities of Spain p. 132 Chap. IX The last Actions of D. Alonso King of Leon and his Death The Reign of D. Bermudo III. His Son Sancho Earl of Castile Poisons his Mother His Son Garcia Murder'd p. 133 Chap. X. The remaining part of the Reign of Sancho the Greater King of Navarre Wicked Contrivance of his Sons against their Mother He settles Religious Affairs Rebuilds Palencia and is Murder'd p. 135 The Ninth BOOK Chap. I. THE Posture of Affairs in Spain Actions of D. Berenguel Earl of Barcelona Kingdoms of the Moors Wars betwixt the Kings of Castile and Leon. Ferdinand Crown'd King of Leon. p. 137 Chap. II. Ferdinand King of Castile and Leon the most Powerful King of Spain overthrows the Moors takes several Towns and ravages the Territories of the Infidels Ramiro King of Aragon Wars on his Brother of Navarre p. 138 Chap. III. S. Isidorus 's Body translated to Leon. Conversion of two Moorish Princesses Garcia King of Navarre kill'd by his Brother Ferdinand Ramiro King of Aragon recovers his Dominions p. 140 Chap. IV. The manner how Spain came to be exempted from the Roman Empire The famous Roderick Diaz de Bivar commonly call'd Cid His Extraction and first Actions Three Synods held in Spain p. 141 Chap. V. The remaining part of the Reign of Ferdinand King of Castile and Leon. His Dominions divided amongst his Children Of D. Ramiro King of Aragon Perpignan built p. 143 Chap. VI. The Progress of the War D. Sancho made upon his two Brothers He expels Alonso King of Leon first and then Garcia King of Galicia lays Siege to the City Zamora and is there murder'd p. 144 Chap. VII King Alonso returns from among the Moors and recovers his Brothers Kingdoms The first part of his Reign Actions of Roderick de Bivar King Sancho of Navarre murder'd by his own Brother p. 146 Chap. VIII The Death of Almenon King of Toledo and of D. Ramon Earl of Barcelona The Conquests of the Moors in Italy The Conquest of Toledo resolv'd upon Ramon Earl of Barcelona murder'd p. 148 Chap. IX The famous City Toledo closely Besieg'd and Surrendred many other Places taken King Alonso stiles himself Emperor p. 150 Chap. X. The Election of the new Archbishop of Toledo The abolishing the old Missal and Breviary The Original of the Archbishop of Toledo His Spiritual Jurisdiction over all Spain King Alphonso's Wives and Children New Wars break out in Spain p. 151 The Tenth BOOK Chap. I. THE Moorish Family of the Almoravides comes into Spain King Alonso twice overthrown by them Several Strangers come out of France to serve under him he bestows three of his Daughters on them The Holy War in the East p. 153. Chap. II. The great Actions of D. Sancho Ramirez King of Aragon He is kill'd at the Siege of Huesca His Sons continue the Siege rout a great Army of the Moors and Christians that come to raise it and take the Place p. 155 Chap. III. Great Preparations thro' Christendom for the Holy War Valencia taken by Roderick de Bivar other Actions of his suspected to be Fabulous His Death and that of Joseph the Moorish Monarch p. 156 Chap. IV. The Death of Sancho Prince of Castile and of the two Kings Peter I. of Aragon and Alonso IV. of Castile The Moorish King of Zaragoça Of two Holy Men. p. 158 Chap. V. The Reign of Queen Urraca Her Lewdness She is Divorc'd from her Husband Depos'd from the Government Her Son Alonso Proclaim'd King of Castile p. 160 Chap. VI. The Wars of Majorca and Zaragoça The Schism of Burdinus Peace concluded betwixt the Crowns of Castile and Aragon The Original of the Kingdom of Portugal p. 162 Chap. VII A Schism in the Church on account of the Antipope Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon War with the Moors Original of the Kingdom of Portugal p. 163 Chap. VIII The War betwixt the King of Castile and the Moors The Death of King Alonso of Aragon and Revolutions of that Kingdom and Navarre The former choses Ramiro a Monk the latter Garcia for their King p. 165 Chap. IX The King of Castile aspires to the Crowns of Aragon and Navarre Stiles himself Emperor Ramiro King of Aragon resigns and his Son-in-law Raymund Earl of Barcelona assumes the Crown p. 167 Chap. X. D.
Alonso of Portugal takes the Title of King His Wars with the Moors War betwixt the Christian Princes and Peace concluded Baeça and Almeria taken by the King of Castile and Lisbon by him of Portugal p. 169 The Eleventh BOOK Chap. I. THE coming into Spain of the Moors call'd Almohades The Death of D. Garcia King of Navarre by a fall from his Horse his Son Sancho succeeds him King Alonso and his Daughter both Marry'd Many Places taken from the Moors p. 171 Chap. II. King Luis the Younger of France comes into Spain Alonso of Castile and Leon call'd the Emperor dies His Sons Sancho and Ferdinand inherit the Crowns of Castile and Leon. Original of the Knights of Calatrava p. 174 Chap. III. The Death of Sancho King of Castile The great Commotions that ensu'd The Death of Raymund Prince of Aragon his Issue Alonso his eldest Son succeeds in his Dominions p. 176 Chap. IV. Alonso the young King of Castile takes upon him the Government recovers most of his Dominions joyns in League with the Aragonian and Marries Ellenor the Daughter to Henry II. King of England Some Actions of Ferdinand King of Leon. p. 178 Chap. V. The League made against Peter Ruiz de Açagra The Original of the Knights of Santiago The taking of Cuenca by the Christians Increase of the Knights of Santiago or S. James the Apostle Several Places in Navarre taken by the Castilians p. 180 Chap. VI. Rebellion in the Kingdom of Leon suppress'd Alonso King of Portugal taken by Ferdinard of Leon and set at liberty Being Besieg'd in Santarem by the Moors is reliev'd by him He Vanquishes the Infidels Actions of his Son Sancho p. 182 Chap. VII The Death of the Kings of Leon and Portugal Alliances betwixt the Kings of Spain The Defeat of the Christians at Alarcos Sancho the Wise King of Navarre dies Sancho I. King of Portugal Alonso IX of Leon. p. 183 Chap. VIII King Alonso of Aragon dies and his Son Peter succeeds him The King of Leon Divorc'd Castilians and Aragonians over-run Navarre Alonso King of Castile 's two Daughters Marry'd to the Kings of England and Leon. Plague and Famine in Spain p. 186 Chap. IX The Marriage of the King of Aragon and Death of some Persons of Note Peace concluded and Alliance betwixt all the Christian Kings of Spain The beginning of the War with the Moors A vast Multitude of Foreigners comes to the Assistance of the Christian Kings of Spain p. 187 Chap. X. The further Progress of the Christian Army which obtains a most signal Victory over the Infidels of whom 200000 are slain and this call'd the Battle of Navas de Tolosa Many Towns taken after this Success p. 189 The Twelfth BOOK Chap. I. THE Original and Growth of the Heresie of the Albigenses which spread all over France and some part of Spain Preaching against them unsuccessful War is resolv'd upon p. 191 Chap. II. The Death of Peter King of Aragon and of Alonso King of Castile Simon Earl of Montfort General of the Catholicks Overthrows the Hereticks and takes the Towns they had possessed themselves of p. 193 Chap. III. Disorders in Castile and Aragon under the two Infant Kings Sancho King of Navarre altogether decripid The Lateran General Council Honours done there to the Archbishop of Toledo p. 195 Chap. IV. The Family of Lara take the Government of Castile into their Hands They commit many Insolencies and oppress the Nobility Young King Henry Marry'd and Divorc'd The King of Aragon escapes from his Keepers p. 197 Chap. V. Great Disorders in Castile rais'd by the Family of Lara Young King Henry kill'd by the fall of a Tile Ferdinand Prince of Leon succeeds his Mother Berengaria renouncing her Right Orders of S. Dominick S. Francis and La Merced Instituted p. 198 Chap. VI. The Marriages of two Kings Ferdinand of Castile and Jayme of Aragon King Ferdinand quells many Commotions Death of the Kings of France and Portugal p. 200 Chap. VII King Ferdinand of Castile 's great Success against the Moors King Jayme of Aragon seiz'd by some Rebellious Nobles makes his escapes and commences War against the Rebels p. 202 Chap. VIII The War with the Moors renew'd The Island of Majorca Conquer'd by the Aragonians The Popes Legate disanuls the Marriage of King Jayme on account of Consanguinity Raymund Earl of Toulouze a Heretick reduc'd p. 204 Chap. IX Alonso King of Leon defeats the Moors takes Merida and Badajoz and dies Crowns of Castile and Leon united under Ferdinand Sancho King of Navarre dies Theobald succeeds him Interviews of several Kings p. 205 Chap. X. The beginning progress and end of the War against Cordova with the Conquest of that Noble City p. 206 Chap. XI A Moorish King Baptiz'd Description of Valencia its Siege and Surrender to the King of Aragon who is wounded before it Theobald King of Navarre goes with others to the Holy-War p. 207 The Thirteenth BOOK Chap. I. THE taking of many Towns by the Christians The Kingdom of Murcia surrendred to King Ferdinand His Marriage Salamanca made an Vniversity 20000 Moors defeated by the Christians p. 208 Chap. II. A defeat of the Christians who recover and are successful take Jaen and many other Places The King of Granada made Tributary King Sancho II. of Portugal expell'd by his Rebellious Subjects p. 209 Chap. III. The beginning of the War against Sevil. Aragon under a General Interdict The Siege and Surrender of Sevil. Carmona and several other Places p. 210 Chap. IV. S. Luis King of France sends Presents to the Church of Toledo and makes an unfortunate Expedition to the Holy-Land Aragon embroyl'd King Ferdinand of Castile after gaining much from the Moors dies p. 211 Chap. V. The beginning of the Reign of King Alonso he is chosen Emperor by part of the Electors and Richard Duke of Cornwal by the rest Theobald I. King of Navarre dies his Son Theobald II. succeeds him p. 212 Chap. VI. Aragon and Castile at variance and reconcil'd Sancho King of Portugal dies in Exile Death of the Queen and Prince of Aragon Portugal under an Interdict Marriages of the King of of Navarre and Prince of Aragon p. 213 Chap. VII The Family of the Merines obtains the Empire of Africk The War against the Moors renew'd in Spain Cuidad Rodrigo built Troubles in Aragon The City Murcia taken and the King of Granada made Tributary p. 214 Chap. VIII The Kingdom of the Normans in Sicily extinguish'd by the French The Empress of Constantinople comes into Spain and Jayme King of Aragon to Toledo p. 215 Chap. IX The King of Aragon 's Expedition for the Holy-Land The Kings of France and Navarre and the eldest Son of the King of England move upon the same Enterprize The Nobles of Castile revolt Troubles in Aragon p. 216 Chap. X. Rodulphus of Ausburg chosen Emperor Henry King of Navarre dies His Daughter Joanna Inherits Alonso King of Castile agrees with his Nobles then goes into France
Queen Mother joyns them the King gets the better and Executes many of them p. 272 The Seventeenth BOOK Chap. I. THE beginning of the War in Aragon many Rebellious Nobles in Castile put to Death The War betwixt Castile and Aragon carry'd on by Sea and Land p. 275 Chap. II. The Kings of Castile and Aragon both call the Moors to their assistance The War is carry'd on vigorously on both sides The Castilians treacherous to their King He punishes many of them The Computation of Time in Aragon altered p. 277 Chap. III. The Death of Queen Blanch and D. Maria de Padilla Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon The War with the Moors and Death of their King The King of Aragon 's Daughter Marry'd to the King of Sicily p. 278 Chap. IV. Castile and Navarre joyn in League The War is carry'd on successfully against Aragon by King Peter of Castile who declares the Lady Mary de Padilla to have been his lawful Wife The Death of John King of France and Constance Queen of Aragon p. 281 Chap. V. Count Henry Proclaim'd King of Castile King Peter expell'd the Kingdom Refus'd Entertainment in Portugal gathers a Fleet in Galicia and flyes into France to the Protection of the English p. 282 Chap. VI. The War betwixt France Navarre and Aragon King Peter of Castile supported by the English in France is brought into Spain by the Prince of Wales with an Army Overthrows Henry the Vsurper and recovers his Kingdom p. 284 Chap. VII King Peter Excommunicated and Absolv'd Count Henry returns into Spain is again receiv'd by many Places Toledo opposes him and is Besieg'd King Peter comes to its relief is overthrown betray'd to and murder'd by Henry the Bastard p. 286 Chap. VIII Several Foreign Princes pretenders to the Crown of Castile War with Aragon Portugal and Granada Affairs of Aragon Sardinia and Navarre The League betwixt Portugal and Aragon p. 288 Chap. IX The Siege of Carmona The King of Portugal Marries the Lady Ellenor de Meneses Peace betwixt Castile Portugal and Navarre p. 289 Chap. X. Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Aragon Several Matches of Princes French and Spaniards Besiege Bayonne in vain The Papal Chair restored to Rome Death of Frederick King of Sicily p. 292 The Eighteenth BOOK Chap. I. THE Wars of Navarre Matches of some of King Henry 's Children The Schism in the Church caused by the Election of the two Popes Urban and Clement The Death of the King of Castile and of Mahomet the Moorish King of Granada p. 294 Chap. II. King John succeeds his Father in the Throne of Castile Charles King of France dies Charles VI. succeeds him Pope Clement own'd in Spain thro' the French Interest p. 296. Chap. III. Charles Duke of Durazzo Crown'd King of Naples The War with Portugal Peace concluded The King of Portugal dies Actions of the Aragonians and Catalonians in Greece and of the former in Sardinia p. 297 Chap. IV. Portugal full of Divisions about the Succession to the Crown King John of Castile having been Proclaim'd at Lisbon enters that Kingdom has many places deliver'd to him Besieges Lisbon but is forced to raise the Siege and return to Castile p. 299 Chap. V. John the Bastard Master of Avis Proclaim'd King of Portugal King John of Castile sends his Fleet then enters Portugal himself with an Army The famous Battle of Aljubarrota and rout of the Castilians p. 301 Chap. VI. The Portugueses make an Inroad into Castile and defeat a Body of Castilians The Duke of Lancaster lands at Corun̄a and takes several Towns The Death of the Kings of Naples Aragon and Navarre p. 303 Chap. VII Peace concluded with the English The Heir of Castile in imitation of the Prince of Wales in England is created Prince of Asturias A Truce with Portugal and the Moors King John of Castile kill'd by a Fall from his Horse p. 304 Chap. VIII John King of Aragon upon complaint of his Subjects complies with their demands Irruptions of the French into Aragon Henry III. Proclaim'd King of Castile The Form of Government appointed there during his Minority p. 307 Chap. IX The Contentions betwixt the Nobility of Castile about the Government They agree on a Settlement then alter it The Affairs of the Moors at Granada War renew'd with Portugal King Charles VI. of France runs distracted p. 308 Chap. X. The Divisions among the Nobility of Castile continue A Truce betwixt Castile and Portugal for 15 Years The Nobility at length pacify'd Sicily brought under the Aragonian Yoke p. 310 The Nineteenth BOOK Chap. I. KIng Henry takes upon him the Government The Cortes at Madrid Discontents among the Nobility The Death of the Master of Alcantara The Biscainers invade the Canary-Islands The Plague at Madrid p. 313 Chap. II. Another Rebellion in Castile quell'd by the King Pope Clement dies and Benedict XIII is Elected which continues the Schism The strange Death of John King of Aragon p. 315 Chap. III. The Queen of Navarre returns to her Husband The Earl of Faux invades Aragon The War betwixt Castile and Portugal renew'd Joseph King of Granada dies Mahomet his second Son Vsurps The Turks come over into Europe p. 317 Chap. IV. Two Franciscans Preaching to the Moors of Granada suffer Martyrdom The Truce with Portugal renew'd Two great Plagues in Spain and France The Year of Jubilee 1400. p. 319 Chap. V. The Death of the Queen of Sicily Of Tamerlan and Bajazet Pope Benedict again receiv'd in Castile The King of Castile has a Son born Pope Boniface dies Innocent VIII chosen at Rome p. 321 Chap. VI. Great Tumults in Aragon appeas'd by the Cortes A Battle betwixt the Castilians and the Moors The Cortes of Castile meet at Toledo and King Henry dies there A Notable Action of his p. 322 Chap. VII The Crown offer'd to Prince Ferdinand be refuses it John II. Proclaim'd King of Castile The Death of the Queen of Aragon The War of Granada Several Places taken by the Christians who also obtain a Victory at Sea p. 324 Chap. VIII The Murder of the Duke of Orleans by him of Burgundy The War carry'd on with the Moors and a Truce concluded Original of D. Alvaro de Luna Continuation of the Schism p. 326 Chap. IX The Death of Martin King of Sicily Several Pretenders to the Crown of Aragon Their several Claims Martin King of Aragon prefers that of his Nephew Prince Ferdinand of Castile tho' unjust p. 328 Chap. X. The Moors having done much harm in the Christian Territories Prince Ferdinand marches against them defeats them and takes Antequera and other Places Martin King of Aragon dies A Love Adventure p. 329 The Twentieth BOOK Chap. I. THE State of Christendom Nine Judges appointed in Aragon to decide the dispute about the Succession Arguments us'd by each of the Candidates The Government of King John of Portugal p. 332 Chap. II. Ferdinand Prince of Castile declar'd King of Aragon by the Judges and afterwards Proclaim'd at
Zaragoâ—a He settles the Kingdom Besieges and takes the Earl of Urgel who aspir'd to the Grown p. 333 Chap. III. The Christian Princes all Combine with the Emperor to put an end to the Schism in the Church In order to it King Ferdinand of Aragon has a Conference with Pope Benedict The Council of Constance The two Popes John and Gregory Abdicate p. 335 Chap. IV. The Portugueses pass over into Africk and take Ceuta All endeavours us'd to move Pope Benedict to resign the Papacy prove vain Ferdinand King of Aragon 's Death The Council of Constance puts an end to the Schism in the Church p. 337 Chap. V. The Death of the Queen of Castile Marriages of Princes Prince Henry of Aragon seizes the King of Castile Tumults in that Kingdom Strange Prodigies Many Colleges built in Castile p. 339 Chap. VI. Original of the Portuguese Discoveries King Alonso of Aragon adopted Heir to the Crown of Naples The King of Castile escapes from his Confinement and suppresses many of the Rebels D. Alvaro de Luna made an Earl p. 341 Chap. VII The Death of the Moorish King of Granada A Truce betwixt Castile and Portugal The Interest of the Aragonians decays at Naples The Death of the pretended Pope Benedict p. 343 Chap. VIII The pretended Pope Benedict dying another is supported by the King of Aragon who plunders Marseilles prepares to make War upon Castile but comes to an Accommodation yet loses all his Interest at Naples p. 344 Chap. IX The Death of King Charles of Navarre King John Proclaim'd D. Alvaro de Luna Banish'd the Court of Castile Villanous Practices of the Nobility The King of Granada depos'd p. 347 Chap. X. D. Alvaro de Luna returns to Court greater in the Kings favour than ever The banish'd King of Granada restor'd Some Affairs of France and final end of the Schism in the Church p. 348 The Twenty First BOOK Chap. I. THE War betwixt Aragon and Navarre on the one side and Castile on the other The King of Navarre Crown'd John King of Castile breaks into Aragon with a powerful Army and does much harm there p. 351 Chap. II. Actions of the Aragonians against Castile Several Assemblies of the Cortes The Estates of the Princes of Aragon in Castile Confiscated A Truce concluded with that Crown for 5 Years War with the Moors p. 353 Chap. III. The Death of Pope Martin V. Eugenius IV. succeeds him The Moors of Granada overthrown in Battle Peace concluded with Portugal A Truce with the Moors Prince Peter of Aragon made Prisoner p. 354 Chap. IV. The declining posture of the Aragonians at Naples Yet that King is again invited thither and adopted anew by the Queen He agrees with Castile King John of Portugal dies Edward succeeds p. 356 Chap. V. The Council of Basil The Affairs of Naples And Death of the Duke of Anjou and Queen of Naples The Nobility of that Kingdom incline to favour the Aragonians The Pope expell'd Rome and restor'd p. 358 Chap. VI. Mighty Inundations throughout Spain A great Victory over the Moors The further Actions of the Aragonians at Naples The Kings of Aragon and Navarre taken by the Genoeses and set at liberty by the Duke of Milan p. 360 Chap. VII The Affairs of Italy after the King of Aragon was releas'd Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Aragon The Prince of Castile Marries the Princess of Navarre The Portugues loss in Africk p. 362 Chap. VIII The State of Spain and of the Catholick Church under great apprehensions of Troubles Actions of the Argonians at Naples King Edward of Portugal dies The Rebellion in Castile p. 364 Chap. IX The King of Castile and the Rebels agree The Rebellion breaks out again The King taken Prisoner Blanch Queen of Navarre dies Her Son Charles succeeds The Council at Basil deposes Pope Eugenius and choses Felix p. 365 Chap. X. The Progress of the Aragonians in Naples That City taken by them New Disorders in Spain The Archbishop of Toledo dies Of some Men famous for Learning p. 368 The Twenty Second BOOK Chap. I. THE success of the Aragonians in Italy The Rebellion in Castile The Death of the Queens of Portugal and Castile The Battle of Olmedo and Death of Prince Henry of Aragon p. 369 Chap. II. The Marriage of Ferdinand Bastard Son to the King of Aragon and appointed Heir to the Kingdom of Naples Mahomet King of Granada depos'd D. Alvaro de Luna chosen Master of the Order of Santiago p. 371 Chap. III. Disorders continue in Spain The Florentine War Pope Eugenius dies Nicholas V. succeeds him The Breach betwixt Castile and Aragon continu'd Several Noblemen of Castile apprehended Others fly p. 373 Chap. IV. The Earl of Benavente escaping raises new Tumults The Affairs of Portugal The Mutiny of Toledo Fresh Tumults among the Nobility of Castile The Mutiniers of Toledo punish'd p. 374 Chap. V. The Mutiny of Segovia The Affairs of the Crown of Aragon The Civil War in Navarre The Factions of the Agramonteses and Biamonteses there The Emperor Frederick Marries Ellenor Sister to the King of Portugal The Moors twice defeated by the Christians p. 376 Chap. VI. D. Alvaro de Luna the King of Castile 's great Favourite's Character and fatal end Mamet the Turk takes Constantinople Mahomet King of Granada depos'd Cruzadoes coin'd in Portugal p. 378 Chap. VII The Designs and Death of King John of Castile Discoveries of the Portugueses along the Coast of Africk Prince Henry Proclaim'd King of Castile Peace concluded betwixt Castile Aragon and Navarre The Character of Henry the new King of Castile p. 380 Chap VIII The great League made in Italy The Death of Pope Nicholas Calixtus succeeds him War of Granada King Henry of Castile Marries Joanna Sister to the King of Portugal Earthquakes in Italy p. 382 Chap. IX The Prince of Viana flies to Naples The Kings of Castile and Navarre meet and conclude a Peace The War with the Moors The Death of Alonso King of Aragon His Character and Will John King of Navarre Inherits the Crown of Aragon p. 384 Chap. X. The new War at Naples upon the Death of King Alonso and Succession of his Bastard Son Ferdinand Pope Calixtus dies Pius II. succeeds him Alcazar on the Coast of Africk taken by the King of Portugal Prodigies in Spain p. 386 The Twenty Third BOOK Chap. I. THE Council of Mantua Beginnings of Tumults in Castile War at Naples betwixt the Aragonians and House of Anjou Scanderberg Prince of Epirus comes to the assistance of Ferdinand King of Naples p. 401 Chap. II. War renew'd with the Moors of Granada The Prince of Viana Imprison'd and Releas'd His Death The Rebellion of Catalonia also in Navarre The Kings of France and Castile meet p. 402 Chap. III. The Catalonians send for Peter Constable of Portugal and Proclaim him Earl of Barcelona The Kings of Castile and Portugal meet The Rebellion in Castile D. Beltran de la Cueva great Favourite to King
Henry of Castile Created a Duke p. 404 Chap. IV. Proceedings and Defeat of the Rebels in Catalonia Death of Ismael King of Granada Progress of the Rebellion in Castile and most Villanous Action of the Rebels who Proclaim Prince Alonso King The King and they Disband p. 406 Chap. V. Peter Constable of Portugal dies The Rebels in Catalonia chose the Duke of Anjou for their King The Battle of Olmedo The Death of the Queen of Aragon and Prince Alonso of Castile The King recovers Toledo The Rebels of Castile affront the Pope's Legate and are Excommunicated p. 408 Chap. VI. John Duke of Lorrain supports and heads the Rebels in Catalonia for his Father Ferdinand Prince of Aragon declar'd King of Sicily The Crown of Castile offer'd to the Princess Elizabeth she refuses it Peace betwixt the King and Nobles p. 410 Chap. VII The Marriage of Ferdinand King of Sicily with the Princess Elizabeth of Castile and of the Duke of Guienne with the Princess Joanna who is sworn Heiress of Castile Differences betwixt the Knights of Alcantara and their Master and Troubles in Biscay The Portugueses take Arzila and Tangier in Africk p. 412 Chap. VIII The Tumults and Confusions in Aragon Sardinia and Navarre The King of Castile labours to reduce his Rebels Pope Paul II. dies Sixtus IV. chosen King Alonso of Portugal takes Arzila and Tangier in Africk p. 414 Chap. IX Catalonia reduc'd Charles Duke of Guienne dies Cardinal Borgia the Pope's Legate comes into Spain Interview of the Kings of Castile and Portugal The Master of Santiago strengthens himself against his Enemies Barcelona surrendred to the King of Aragon p. 416 Chap. X. The Pope's Legate's Practices against King Henry of Castile Massacre of the Jews Signal Loyalty of Peter de Peralta Traiterous Practices of Elizabeth Sister to King Henry of Castile A Synod at Aranda p. 417 The Twenty Fourth BOOK Chap. I. THE Princess Elizabeth pretends to be reconcil'd to her Brother and openly aspires to the Crown upon his Indisposition D. John Pacheco Master of Santiago dies Differences betwixt the French and Aragonians King Ferdinand goes to Barcelona Jews Massacred in Sicily Ferdinand and Elizabeth Proclaim'd King and Queen of Castile The King of Portugal undertakes the Protection of the Princess Joanna his Niece p. 420 Chap. II. The Death of Henry King of Castile Ferdinand and Elizabeth Vsurps the Crown of Castile from Joanna the Rightful Heiress and are Proclaim'd King and Queen The King of Portugal undertakes the Protection of the Rightful Heiress his Niece p. 422 Chap. III. The King of Portugal calls himself King of Castile and is assisted by many of the Nobility being contracted to Joanna the Rightful Heiress He takes several Places in Castile The French make Peace with England and engage to assist Portugal against Ferdinand p. 424 Chap. IV. Prince John of Portugal comes into Castile with Forces to his Father's assistance The Battle of Toro betwixt King Ferdinand and him of Portugal The latter defeated The Castilian Nobility forsake him and he returns home p. 426 Chap. V. The Tumults of Navarre The King of Portugal 's Zoyage into France Toro recover'd by the Castiliano from the Portugueses Several other Places retaken Charles the Bold Duke of Burgundy and Galcazzo Duke of Milan murdred p. 428 Chap. VI. King Ferdinand possesses himself of the Mastership of Santiago in trust which has ever since continued in the Kings of Spain War with the Moors of Andaluzia The King of Portugal after having Abdicated his Crown returns home and is restor'd by his Son p. 429 Chap. VII Sardinia entirely reduc'd The Birth of John Prince of Castile The Inquisition first setled in Spain Peace concluded betwixt France and Castile The Death of King John of Aragon p. 431 Chap. VIII Ellenor Queen of Navarre The Troubles of that Kingdom and her Death The Countess of Medellin raises Tumults in Castile Portugueses overthrown by the Castilians Heretical Opinions started and condemned in Spain King Ferdinand goes into Aragon p. 434 Chap. IX Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Portugal The Turks get footing in Italy and are again expell'd King Alonso of Portugal dies Henry the late King of Castile 's Grants vacated by the Cortes Prince John Son to King Ferdinand Sworn Heir of Castile p. 435 Chap. X. Francis King of Navarre comes out of France is Crowned and soon after dies A Conspiracy against the King of Portugal punished and the Conspirators punished Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal ratified Luis XI King of France dies p. 437 The Twenty Fifth BOOK Chap. I. THE beginning of the War with Granada King Albahazen surprizes Zahara Alhama taken from the Infidels and in vain besieged by them again p. 440 Chap. II. Preparations for carrying on the War against the Moors Loxa in vain besieged and that War laid aside for some time Some Tumults in Galicia A great slaughter of Christians on the Mountains of Malaga p. 441 Chap. III. The Moors defeated and Boabdill their King taken and afterwards released The Affairs of Navarre Pope Sixtus dies Innocent VIII succeeds him Marquess del Gasto and Pescara from whom descended p. 444 Chap. IV. Alora and other Places taken from the Moors Albohardil Vsurps the Crown of Granada and defeats the Earl of Cabra The Rebellion in Naples Birth of the Princess Katherine of Castile afterwards Wife to Henry VIII King of England p. 446 Chap. V. The Tumults in Aragon and Catalonia Several Towns taken from the Moors A Sedition in Galicia King Albohardil attacks the Castle called Albayzin in Granada and is repulsed Azamor on the Coast of Africk delivered to the Portugueses p. 448 Chap. VI. King Ferdinand takes Malaga and other Places from the Moors Albohardil King of Granada having been defeated by the Christians is expelled by his Subjects and Boabdil Proclaimed King Mighty Discoveries made by the Portugueses in the East p. 450 Chap. VII Tumults in Aragon the Cities Associate there The War with the Moors renewed and several Places taken from them which they with the same facility recover Maximilian King of the Romans aims to Marry the Princess Elizabeth of Castile p. 452 Chap. VIII The Masterships of all the Military Orders in Spain annexed to the Crown for ever Three Cities and other Places taken from the Moors Elizabeth Princess of Castile Married to Alonso Prince of Portugal His and his Father's Death p. 453 Chap. IX The War with the Moors now effectually renewed The Description of the City of Granada King Ferdinand lays Siege to it and Builds a Town for his Army to Quarter in during the Siege to shew his Resolution not to depart without being Master of that City p. 456 Chap. X. A mighty Mutiny raised in Granada by a Phanatick Moor. The City surrendred to King Ferdinand The Character of King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth Their Triumphal Entry into Granada and Vniversal Joy for their Success p. 457 The Twenty Sixth BOOK Chap. I. THE Affairs of Britany The
Jews expelled Spain Pope Innocent VIII dies Alexander VI. succeeds him Navarre pacified Roussillon and Cerdagne restored to King Ferdinand p. 460 Chap. II Discoveries and Conquests of the Spaniards in the West-Indies Controversies arise betwixt the Crowns of Spain and Portugal concerning their Discoveries Roussillon and Cerdagne restored to King Ferdinand p. 461 Chap. III. Palma one of the Canary-Islands Conquered The Mastership of the three Military Orders annexed to the Crown of Castile The Original of the Neapolitan War The Death of Ferdinand King of Naples p. 464 Chap. IV. The French invade the Kingdom of Naples An Account of Luis Sforcia Duke of Milan The French King at Rome Alonso King of Naples Abdicates The French possess themselves of the Kingdom of Naples p. 465 Chap. V. The League against the French carried on with wonderfull secrecy The French King returns home The Venetians overthrown by the French King Ferdinand of Naples successful against them and recovers that Noble City p. 468 Chap. VI The Death of John II. King of Portugal The French quite expell'd the Kingdom of Naples Ferdinand King of Spain honoured by the Pope with the Title of Catholick King The posture of Affairs in Portugal under Emanuel the new King p. 469 Chap. VII The Death of Ferdinand King of Naples The Emperor passes into Italy The Popes Forces defeated by the Ursini The Death of the Duke of Gandia The Marriage of Prince John of Spain Proposals concerning setling the Kingdom of Naples p. 472 Chap. VIII Progress of the Portugueses Discoveries in the East Peter Covillam and Alonso de Paira sent to India by Land Vasca de Gama sent to discover India by Sea with four Ships His Voyage till he came to Calicut p. 474 Chap. IX A short but particular Account of India what happened to Vasco de Gama at Calicut His bold Enterprize there and a Relation of his return to Portugal p. 476 Chap. X. An Account of the Navigation of Vasco de Gama and of all the Coasts of Africk as they lay in his way Of the Island of Zocotora and of all the Coast of Asia as far as China and the Method observed by the Portugueses in Sailing thither p. 478 The Twenty Seventh BOOK Chap. I. THE Death of the Prince of Castile Of Charles VIII King of France Matches of two Daughters of Spain The Prince of Salerno expelled Naples France and Spain agree Hierom Savonorola burnt at Florence p. 480 Chap. II. The King of Portugal sworn Heir to the Crown of Castile Elizabeth his Queen delivered of a Son dies The Duke of Milan expelled his Dominions Vniversity of Alcala founded Rebellion of the Mountain Moors p. 481 Chap. III. The Birth of the Emperor Charles V. The French possess themselves of the State of Milan and take the Duke and his Brother the Cardinal The great Year of Jubelee 1500. The League betwixt France and Spain Cefalonia taken from the Turks p. 484 Chap. IV. King Ferdinand 's double dealing The Princess Mary of Castile Marry'd to the King of Portugal The French and Spaniards jointly subdue the Kingdom of Naples Actions of the Great Captain p. 486 Chap. V. The French and Spaniards fall at variance about divideing their Conquest The Description of the Kingdom of Naples Frederick King of Naples puts himself into the French King's hands French perish by Pestilence and stress of Weather The coming of the Arch-Duke into Spain p. 488 Chap. VI. Further Actions of the Great Captain at Naples The Duke of Calabria contrary to Articles sent into Spain The French and Spanish Generals consult their Kings and have a Conference to adjust Differences in the division of Naples The beginning of the War betwixt them p. 490 Chap. VII The Arch-Duke of Austria and Princess his Wife sworn Heirs of Aragon He goes away for Flanders The Spaniards offer Battle to the French several small Actions betwixt them The Spaniards decline in Calabria are defeated p. 492 Chap VIII Great Booty taken by the Spaniards as also the Sieur de la Palisse A Combat betwixt 13 French and as many Italians Several losses of the French The Marques del Gasto comes over to the Spaniards p. 494 Chap. IX The Peace concluded by the Arch-Duke with France It takes no effect Succours from Spain arrive at Naples The Lord Aubigni defeated and taken p. 496 Chap. X. The Battle of Cirinola and great overthrow of the French Almost all the Kingdom of Naples subdued by the Great Captain His Reception into that Noble City p. 497 The Twenty Eight BOOK Chap. I. THE Siege of Gaeta The Death of Pope Alexander VI. Pius III. chosen Practices of the Spaniards The French invade Roussillion p. 501 Chap. II. The French Besiege Saulses or as the Spaniards call it Salsas The Siege raised Nineteen Sail of Infidels destroyed Pope Pius III. dies Julius II. chosen The French Army marches thro' Italy Two Defeats given them p. 502 Chap. III. The City Gaeta surrendred A Truce betwixt France and Spain The Prefect of Rome submits to Spain The Nobility of Naples swear Allegiance to Spain and several Cities of Italy sue for its Protection Truce for 3 years betwixt France and Spain p. 505 Chap. VI. Perfidiousness of Duke Valentine who is as perfidiously sent into Spain by the Great Captain contrary to his Promise and he ill represented to the King Projects of Peace betwixt France and Spain come to nothing p. 507 Chap. V. The League betwixt the Emperor the Arch-Duke and King of France The League against the Venetians The Death of King Frederick of Naples and Queen Elizabeth of Castile Contention about the Government of Castile betwixt King Ferdinand and King Philip. Treaties with France p. 509 Chap. VI. King Ferdinand becomes odious to his People The posture of Affairs in Italy The Emperor and King Philip of Castile Ratifie the Peace with France King Ferdinand agrees with the French King p. 511 Chap. VII Mazalquivir in Africk taken from the Moors The Nobility of Spain divided for and against King Philip. The Agreement made betwixt the two Kings Ferdinand and Philip The latter in England p. 513 Chap. VIII The Affairs of Portugal A bloody Mutiny at Lisbon King Ferdinand Marries Queen Germana King Philip comes into Spain and declares against the Treaty with King Ferdinand Death of Christopher Columbus p. 515 Chap. IX The Spaniards and Flemings at variance upon their first Meeting King Ferdinand raises Forces pretending to rescue his Daughter Many forsake him and he is forced to quit Castile An Interview of the two Kings p. 517 Chap. X. The two Kings of Spain agree and join in League Joanna King Philip 's Queen Distracted thro' Jealousie Troubles in Castile King Ferdinand and his Queen go to Zaragoca Jealeusie started against the Great Captain King Philip dies p. 519 The Twenty Ninth BOOK Chap. I. THE Settlement made by the Nobility of Castile after the Death of King Philip. The Catholick King goes over to Naples His Reception
all the Coast of Africk but of several Islands in the Mediterranean Till this time they could never get footing in Spain which made them the more eager to fit out this Fleet the command whereof they gave to Maherbal who passing along by the Islands Baleares and touching at Iviça arrived at length at Cadiz in the Year after the building of Rome 236. Others say it was but a small time before their first War with the Romans whensoever it was from that time forward they ravaged the Coast of Spain taking the Spainish Ships plundering along the Shore and raising Forts in several parts The Spaniards provoked by these Injuries met again in the City Turdetum and again appointed Baucius their General He getting together what Men he could by Night surpriz'd one of their Forts that was nearest to Turdetum and put all that were in it to the Sword except Maherbal and some few that escaped privately a By-way This done Baucius pursu'd his good Fortune and Vanquish'd and made great Slaughter of the Enemies in several Places The Carthaginians perceiving they were not like to prevail by open Force had recourse to Policy and Artifice they proposed an Accommodation with the Spaniards with great shows of Amity and the better to convince them of their Sincerity offered to withdraw their Garrisons out of all the Forts they still held To this the Turdetani gave a resolute answer concluding they should give credit to the Carthaginians when their Actions were suitable to their Words Still the Carthaginians under shadows of a Truce Fortify'd themselves on the Coast and sometimes made Inroads which when any Danger appear'd they excused blaming the Insolency of the Soldiers and so deceiving that ignorant People they continued their Robberies in other parts Those of Cadiz were pleased with this Success of their Allies the Spaniards made no great account of it for Men little value publick Losses in which they are not particularly concerned and the Carthaginians daily increased in Power which was the more advanc'd by the Death of Baucius which hap'ned about this time but whether he left any Successor is not known CHAP. VI. The Carthaginians make War upon the Phenicians Peace made in which the latter become Subject to the former Sappho comes into Spain Discoveries made by Himilco and Hanno AFter the Death of Baucius the Carthaginians aiming at the Sovereignty of all Spain and forgetting that the Phenicians were their Friends and Allies and had invited them into Spain resolved to Expel them the Island of Cadiz To compass their Design it was requisite to make use of Fraud and Deceit therefore they began to sow Discord betwixt the Phenicians and the Natives and by cunning Insinuations gain'd the Love of the latter and made the others Odious The Phenicians complained of the unjust Proceedings of the Carthaginians but Words being of no effect they had recourse to Arms and falling unexpectedly upon them slew many and obliged the rest to fly for shelter to a Fort they had built in the farthest part of the Island opposite to the Cape called Cronium This done they turned all their Fury against the Houses and Lands of the Carthaginians which they Burnt and Plundred these Losses no way grieved the Carthaginians but they rather rejoiced they had now the Opportunity they had so long sought after Having gathered Forces from all their Garrisons they took the Field and because the Phenicians refused to come to a Battle sate down before the City of which after a Siege of some Months they made themselves Masters At this Siege some Authors will have it that one Pephasmenus a Tyrian invented the Engine called Aries or the Battering-Ram This Injury done to the Phenicians rendred the Carthaginians odious to all the neighbouring People but more especially those of the Port of Mnesteus who were great Friends to the Phenicians and threatned that so great Wickedness should not pass unpunished From Words they passed to Action and great Numbers were drawn together on both sides but before they came to Blows some Accommodation was endeavour'd and chiefly by the Carthaginians who fear'd to commit the fate of their acquired Dominion to the fortune of a Battle and therefore were the first at offering Conditions of Peace which was concluded without any difficulty It was agreed that Trade should be re-establish'd Prisoners restor'd and reparation made of Damages and a general Amnesty passed Hence it is believed the River Guadalete that falls into the Sea at the Port of Mnesteus had the Name Lethe signifying Forgetfulness given it I do not believe all I Write but will not reject what others Relate nor confirm what they say Great Joy was at Carthage at this Treaty because they were not in a Condition to relievé Cadiz and the Phenicians tho' they lost the Sovereignty were content with the Trade which brought them great Riches About this time being 252 Years from the building of Rome hap'ned a great Drought and Famine in Spain and many Earthquakes which occasioning the Earth to open discover'd vast Treasures of Gold and Silver and thence follow'd a great Resort thither of sundry Nations After this a Fleet was set out of Carthage for Spain under the Command of Asdrubal and Amilcar but Asdrubal being Killed in a Descent they made by the way in Sardinia and other Dangers pressing Carthage the Design was then laid aside In the Year of Rome 271. those Dangers being blown over the Senate of Carthage sent 900 Men drawn out of the Garrisons of Sicily in four Ships to the Relief of Cadiz with a Promise of greater Succours By the way they touch'd at Majorca and Minorca but were repulsed by the Natives with the Slings they made use of and forc'd to put to Sea in great Confusion and at length arriv'd at Cadiz At this time 't is reported a Colony was sent from Tarifa under the Command of Capion to Plant in the Island made by the two Mouths of the River Guadalquivir Certain it is that those of Tartessum built near the Oracle of Mnesteus a City call'd the Mouth of the Cartesii to distinguish it from other Cities in Spain that formerly bore the same Name for even Tartessum was formerly named Carteia and on the Mouth of the Guadalquivir was built a Tower nam'd Capion When this hap'ned is not certainly known but this is the time some Wits have allotted it All Africk now joyn'd in a League against the Carthaginians and among them the Mauritanians who endeavoured to draw the Spaniards into the Confederacy The Senate of Carthage foreseeing the Storm that threatned them sent Sappho the Son of Asdrubal to Govern what they held in Spain that he might at once encourage their People against all that might happen and endeavour to disswade the Spaniards from joyning with their Enemies He play'd his part so dexterously that the Spaniards were not only diverted from assisting the Africans but gave him leave to
Foreign Enemies remov'd there hap'ned no War at least none of note The good Government of the King and Authority of the Bishops kept the Subjects from offering at any Revolt Chintila dy'd in the Year of our Lord 639. when he had Reign'd three Years eight Months and nine Days CHAP. IV. The Reigns of the Kings Tulga Chindasuinthus and Recesuinthus Several Synods of Toledo Increase of the Mahometan Power The Election and Coronation of King Wamba INstead of Chintila by the unanimous consent of the Nobility was chosen Tulga young in Years but old in Virtue particularly Justice Zeal for Religion Prudence Military Experience and Bounty towards the Needy a quality most requisite in Kings who ought to think they were intrusted with the Treasures of Kingdoms to relieve the wants of such as are in distress His Perfections seem'd still to be in their increase when Death cut him off at Toledo in the Year 641. when he had Reign'd only two Years and four Months Sigibertus Gemblacensis says Tulga was a debauch'd Youth and on that score Deposed by his own People but it is more reasonable to believe St. Ildefonsus who writes as an Eye Witness than a Stranger that either writ maliciously or was imposed upon After the Death of Tulga Flavius Chindasuinthus who being General of the Army was before in Rebellion against the King with the assistance of the Soldiery mounted the Throne none of the Nobility daring to oppose him that had all the standing Forces of the Kingdom on his side It must be granted that tho' he Usurp'd the Crown Tyrannically yet afterwards he Governed with great Moderation as if he design'd that way to make good his bad Title to it The first thing he did was to settle the Common-wealth by Establishing wholsome Laws and Ordinances for the better Administration of Justice and the publick Good In the 6th Year of his Reign he called together to Toledo all the Bishops in his Kingdom whereof 30 met on the 28th of October and this is counted the 7th Council of Toledo Before this time the King had Banish'd Theodiselus Archbishop of Sevil for that he sow'd scandalous Doctrines and to gain himself the greater Authority had corrupted the Works of his Predecessor St. Isidorus Theodiselus went over into Africk and there turn'd Mahometan so blind is Man when once he strays from the right way Those Authors that write in favour of the See of Toledo and particularly the Archbishop D. Rodrigo will have it that upon this occasion King Chindasuinthus made Toledo the Metropolitan See of all Spain whereas before Sevil had enjoy'd that preheminence but they have not the Testimony of any ancient Writers to confirm their Opinion and therefore we shall not lay much stress upon it About these times Theodorus and his Successor Martin I. Govern'd the Catholick Church Chindasuinthus being desirous to enrich Spain with good Books and Learning sent Tajus Bishop of Zaragoça to Rome to obtain of Theodorus then Pope St. Gregory's Books upon Job which are full of Allegories and excellent Morality and to bring them into Spain The King thought those Books would be useful to Propagate and Confirm the Catholick Religion and be a great Addition to the Ecclesiastical Library as believing now he had Peace on all sides nothing could add more to the Glory of his Kingdom than the increase of Religion and Learning Tajus having delivered his Embassy the Pope was very willing to oblige the King But those Books thro' the Ignorance and Negligence of the times were so hid among other Papers that it was hard to find them Much time was spent in searching and the Bishop seeing little hope of Success had recourse to God and spent the Night in Prayer begging of God not to suffer the good Intentions of the King to be frustrated He fail'd not of Success for that Night God revealed or as he says in a Letter St. Gregory appear'd to him and discover'd where those Books were Now it was that Fructuosus began to be famous in Spain he being of the Royal Blood of the Goths left the World to go live in a Desart and in time at his own Expence near Coplutica at the Foot of the Mountain Irago in the place now call'd Vierço built a Monastery of Monks of the Invocation of the Martyrs Justus and Pastor The King was assisting to him in building of this Monastery and afterwards the number of Monks being too great not far off in a rough and uncouth place Founded another Dedicated to St. Peter Fructuosus Founded a third Convent in the Island of Cadiz and a fourth on the Continent nine Leagues from the Coast besides many others as well of Men as Women This was the Posture of Affairs in Spain in the latter Years of Chindasuinthus at which time he to secure the Succession of the Crown he had obtained by force in his Family chose his Son Flavius Recesuinthus his Companion in the Throne in the Year of our Lord 648. after he had Reigned alone 6 Years 8 Months and 20 Days It is true he lived three Years after but that time is allotted to the Reign of his Son because by reason of his great Age he left the whole charge of the Government to him Chindasuinthus dyed at Toledo according to some of Sickness but as others will have it was poisoned His Body and that of his Wife Riciberga were buryed in the Monastery of S. Romanus now called de Hormisda betwixt Toro and Tordesillas on the Banks of the River Duero founded by himself for his place of Burial as was accordingly performed In the Reign of Recesuinthus Eugenius the Third was Archbishop of Toledo a Person of great Learning as appears by many of his works still extant and by some reckoned among the Number of Saints In his time and by his procurement 52 Bishops met at Toledo which is counted the eighth Council held in that City This was rather a Parliament than Synod all the Nobility of the Kingdom being present at it and signing to all the Decrees which rather respected the Temporal than Spiritual Power Two Years after by the King's Order there met 16 Bishops who Celebrated the 9th Council and published 17 Acts upon several Articles The following Year 656. 20 Bishops met again in the same City and this is reckoned the tenth Council of Toledo The Acts of all these Councils as also the Lives of St. Isidorus and St. Ildefonsus whereof F. Mariana here Treats at large I thought would not be so acceptable to most Readers nor so pertinent in this as the Ecclesiastical History which I do not pretend to write and have therefore purposely omitted them In the Year 660 Twelve Bishops of Portugal held a Synod at Merida and published 23 Decrees most relating to the Celebration of Divine Service At the same time the power of the Mahometans grew formidable in Africk for Abdalla Duke of Moabia
Ecclesiastical Persons to Marry Another Law was also Established disowning the Pope To give the greater force to these Laws a Council of Bishops met at Toledo but the Decrees of it are not placed among those of the other Councils as being contrary to the Canons of the Church From this time all things began to fall into confusion for tho' many were pleased with Libertinism yet some were Zealous for the Observation of the Laws and ancient Customs and began to think of restoring the Family of King Chindasuinthus as the only Remedy against so many evils Witiza was not ignorant of it and from it took occasion to prosecute what he had began in his Father's days which was to embrue his Hands in the Blood of that Family There were living two Sons of Chindasuinthus Brothers to K. Recesuinthus the one called Theodofredus the other Favila Thedofredus was Duke of Cordova where he built a Palace then and long after very famous He had resolved not to go to Court as being jealous of the King Favila was Duke of Cantabria or Biscay and whilst Witiza in his Father's time resided in Galicia had bore him Company with the charge of Captain of his Guards which the Goths then called Protospatarius Witiza slew him with a stroke of a Club as some think on account of his Wife These were the first Works of his Cruelty and Hatred to that Noble Family before he came to the Crown Favila left a Son called Pelayus or Pelagius who afterwards began to restore Spain after its general Desolation and at that time was Lieutenant to his Father but upon his Death retired to his Estate in Cantabria and Count Julian Marry'd to Witiza's Sister had the charge of Protospatarius Witiza being come to the Crown turned his Rage against Pelagius and his Uncle Theodofredus The latter he caused to have his Eyes put out Pelagius escaped out of his reach as did Roderick Son to Theodofredus who was afterwards King It is said Pelagius went in Pilgrimage to Jerusalem as a Testimony whereof the Staves used by him and his Companion were shown long after at Arraria a Town in Biscay These Cruelties and his other Vices made Witiza odious to his People he despairing of gaining their Affections resolved to keep them under by Terror and to this end caused the Walls of almost all the Cities in Spain to be Demolished I say almost all because some were exempted as Toledo Leon and Astorga Besides he destroy'd all the Arms of the Kingdom pretending it was to secure the Peace He Persecuted Gundericus the Archbishop of Toledo and some Priests that still preserved their Innocence and would not approve of his Enormities Sinderedus Successor to Gundericus overcome by Witiza's cruelty comply'd with him and consented that Oppas his Brother or as some will have it his Son should be Translated from the Archbishoprick of Sevil to that of Toledo The Death of Witiza was suitable to his Life yet Authors differ in the manner of it D. Roderick the Archbishop says He was killed by the contrivance of Roderick whose Father ended his Days at Cordova in perpetual Imprisonment and Darkness Other good Authors affirm Witiza dy'd a natural Death at Toledo in the 12th Year of his Reign which was of Christ 711. He left two Sons whose Names were Eba and Sisebutus Some People favouring these two Youths and others their Adversary there arose great Contests and Confusions which ended in a greater Destruction than could have been imagined Since the Division of the Goths about these two Families brought on their total Desolation it will not be amiss to declare the Descent of them both Chindasuinthus by his Wife Riesberga left Recesuinthus who succeeded him in the Crown Theodofredus Favila and one Daughter whose Name is not known Recesuinthus dy'd without Issue therefore the Nobles chose Wamba to succeed him Chindasuinthus's Daughter was Marry'd to Ardebastus who tho' a Greek for his Valour and Birth merited the King's Daughter and had by her Ervigius he that was the Beginner of all those Calamities Usurping the Kingdom and Deposing Wamba by wicked means Ervigius by his Wife Liubigotona had a Daughter called Cixilona Marry'd to King Egica a Kinsman of Wamba this Marriage being designed to cut off all Animosities by uniting these two Houses Of this Marriage were born Witiza that was King Oppas Bishop of Sevil and a Daughter as grave Authors say Marry'd to Count Julian Witiza as was said above had two Sons Eba and Sisebutus Theodofredus the second Son of Chindasuinthus by his Wife Ricilona a noble Lady had Roderick the Plague and Ruin of Spain Favila the third Son of Chindasuinthus had Pelayus no way like his Cousin for by his Valour the Christians in Spain began to make Head after they had been cast down and oppress'd thro' the madness of Roderick Spain being in this condition Roderick excluding the Sons of Witiza ascended the Throne of the Goths by choice as is believed of the Nobles The Kingdom was full of Distractions by reason of the several Interests the People were grown Effeminate giving themselves up to Feasting Drink and Lewdness the Military Discipline was quite lost and the Kingdom of the Goths was now running headlong to Destruction The new King had good natural Parts and seemed to be well inclined He was hardy resolute bountiful and had excellent ways of gaining of Men. Such he was before his Accession to the Crown but no sooner put into possession of it than he sullied all these Vertues with no less Vices Above all he was implacable when offended wholly given up to Lust and had no Discretion in his Undertakings and in fine was more like to Witiza than to his Father or Grandfather There are Pieces of Money of his to be seen with his Name and Effigies armed and with a stern Countenance on the reverse these Words Igeditania Pius a Motto he merited not but was given to Flatter him King Roderick enlarged and beautified the Palace built by his Father near Cordova which the Moors afterwards called Roderick's Palace He called home his Cousin Pelayus and made him Captain of the Guards the greatest Trust at Court Witiza's sons he treated so ill that they for fear of worse Consequences fled into that part of Barbary that was subject to the Goths called Mauritania Tingitana At that time Count Requila Governed that Province as Lieutenant I believe to Count Julian a Man in such Power that besides it he had the Government of that part of Spain about the Streight of Gibraltar whence is a short cut into Africk Besides all this he held a great Estate of his own about Consuegra inferior to none in the Kingdom Hence sprung all the Mischiefs that ensued for Witiza's Sons before they went over into Africk had sowed the Seeds of a Rebellion and were assisted by Oppas the Bishop who was of the Blood Royal and very Powerful These Beginnings which ought to have been
great compass with the Light-Horse and before he could be discovered fell upon the Enemy in the rear which put them all into Confusion This Fortunate Battle was fought in the Year of our Lord 734. one and twenty after the destruction of Spain Abdelmelich succeeded Abderhaman and Governed the Moors in Spain and its dependencies the space of four Years without being remarkable for any thing but his Cruelty and Avarice He had Orders to invade France but was forced to turn back after losing many Men in attempting to pass the Pyrenean Mountains At the same time which was in the Year of our Lord 737. Pelayus the first King of Spain after its Desolation being of a great Age and renowned for his Exploits departed this Life at Cangas His Body was Buryed in the Church of Saint Eulalia Velaniensis which he himself had founded in the Country of Cangas There also his Wife Queen Gaudiosa was interred His Son Favila by Consent of all the People succeeded him and Reigned two Years being more famed for his Unfortunate Death and dissolute Life than for any good Actions he performed For notwithstanding the mighty War he had in hand and that his Kingdom was still tottering as subsisting rather by the Confusion of the times than the strength of the Christians yet he apply'd himself not to the cares of the Government but was wholly devoted to his Pleasures neglecting the Publick good Particularly he was addicted to Hunting and at this Sport pursuing a Bear was killed by it inglorious both in his Life and Death His Body was interred in the Church of the Holy Cross built by himself in the Territory of Cangas in which formerly was to be seen the Tomb of his Wife Froleud About this time one Julian a Grecian and Deacon Learned in the Greek and Latin Tongues wrote the Antiquities of Spain and Actions of Pelayus at Toledo Vrban Bishop of Toledo Evancius Archdeacon of the same Church and Fredoarius Bishop of Guadix Men of singular Sanctity and Learning flourishing in those Days of darkness and ignorance John Archbishop of Sevil was their Contemporary he Translated the Bible into Arabick for the good of the Christians and Moors because Latin was then little used some Copies of that Translation are to be seen to this Day in Spain CHAP. III. The Reign of D. Alonso the Catholick His Conquests and Death Several Moorish Governours in Spain Affairs of the Mahometans both in Spain and Africk FAvila dying without Issue D. Alonso and Ormisinda his Wife as Pelayus had ordained in his Will were Proclaimed King and Queen with great Satisfaction of the People and to the great good of the Kingdom D. Alonso was equally qualified in the Arts of Peace and War of a wonderful Constancy in Adversity fortunate in all his Undertakings and so very Religious that on that account the Title of Catholick was given to him as had been before to King Recaredus by the Third Council of Toledo when renouncing the Heresie of Arius he was reconciled to the Church This Title was afterwards laid aside till Pope Alexander the sixth bestowed it on Ferdinand of Aragon King of Spain to be perpetuated in his Successors Spain at that time enjoyed the Fruits of Peace Africk and France were consumed with Civil Wars Charles Martel upon the Death of Eudo seized all his Dominions in France Eudo's three Sons Aznar Hunnoldus and Vayferus sought to maintain their right by Arms. Aznar in that part of Spain which lies near Navarre took from the Moors the City Jaca with many other Towns and Castles and became the Founder of the Kingdom of Aragon a name taken from the River Aragon which runs through that Country and together with the River Ega falls into Ebro Hunnoldus and Vayferus did great harm and spread their terror throughout France The Moors desiring Revenge for their late Overthrow and being invited by Maurice Earl of Marseilles and Hunnoldus and Vayferus renewed the War in France At this time Aucupa Governed Spain at his first coming he put Abdelmelich upon his Tryal and pretending he could not clear himself laid him in Prison Aucupa was of Noble Extraction and so Zealous in his Superstition that he punished no Crimes so severely as those that related to it Having agreed with Maurice Earl of Marseilles and the Sons of Eudo with their assistance and his own Forces he pierced so far into France as to take Avignon a noble City upon the River Rhosne burning and pillaging all the Country about All this hap'ned five Years after the famous Battle of Tours that is in the Year 739. which was the first of the Reign of D. Alonso But the Valour of Martel relieved France for he drove the Enemy over the Pyrenean Hills and took Avignon and Narbonne so that nothing was left either the Goths or Moors in all France In Africk the War continued more obstinate for Belgius Abenbexius a famous Commander among the Moors Rebelled against the Emperor Ischam Several Battles were fought for the most part with Success to the Rebels whereupon Belgius resolved to pass over into Spain Abdelmelich was then again possessed of the Government for Aucupa dying ordered he should be taken out of Prison and restored to his Command This was his Ruin for Abderhaman sent before by Belgius with a great Army took him in Cordova and put him to Death with all manner of Torments in the Year of our Lord 743. The same Year dy'd the Emperor Ischam and Alulit the Son of Izit succeeded in the Empire as had been agreed We must not run too far into the Affairs of Africk Alulit at his Accession to the Crown sent Albuelcatar a Noble and Wise Man to Govern Spain who by his good Management and sending the Mutinous to the War in Africk appeased the Tumults in Spain Soon after he was killed by the contrivance of Zimael and Roba Zimael's Companion and the head Conspirator took upon him the Government and Usurp'd the Crown of Spain without any opposition for the Emperor Alulit dy'd in the second Year of his Reign which was of our Lord 744. Ibrahim his Brother succeeded him and was no longer liv'd nor fortunate for Matoan tho' his Kinsman and of the most Noble Family of the Humeyas killed him in his Palace the second Year of his Reign and made himself absolute Lord of all In this Emperor's time Roba being killed in a Battle Toba Governed Spain and he also dying within a Year Juseph a Man of great Parts was sent out of Africk to succeed both Tho' of a great Age he was much addicted to Women but made some amends for this Fault by his great Valour and the fame of his Exploits Whilst he Governed Spain Abdalla of the Noble Family of the Alavecines killed Matoan in Africk in the Year 750 Usurp'd the Crown and the better to secure himself destroyed most of the Family of the Humeyas
himself King of Pamplona Najara and Alava He increased his Dominions by the addition of the Lordship of Biscay and City of Najara the chief of that Principality His Piety and Liberality appears by the Lands he gave to the Monastery of S. Salvadot de Leyte S. Millan de Najara S. John de la Pen̄a His Wife was Da. Vrraca by whom he had D. Garci Sanchez called the Trembler because he used to quake at the beginning of a Battle for which defect he made amends by his great Courage and Conduct when heated in fight Thro' the neglect of the Historians of that Age nothing else of note appears in the Life of D. Sancho In Galicia there broke out new Commotions that Country being full of Factions at a very unseasonable time when they had enough to do against the Moors The cause of these Tumults is not known but it appears they were soon appeased by the King 's good Management Some of the Mutiniers were Executed others Banished to that part of Portugal which was under the King upon the Frontiers of the Moors That Province was govern'd by an Earl called Gonzalo a Man of wicked Principles who in defence of those Banished Persons they being of his Faction Rebelled and broke in as far as the River Duero There not confiding in his strength he had recourse to Fraud and with much entreaty obtain'd pardon He had formerly been in great Esteem and Favour with the King and was now restored to the same Honour whereby he found means to give the King a poisoned Apple As soon as he had eaten it the violence of the Poison spred it self thro' all his Veins and seized the Vitals he ordered himself to be carried to Leon tho' given over by the Physicians but dy'd before he could reach the City the third day after he was Poisoned in the 967. having Reign'd 12 Years His Body was bury'd in the Church of St. Saviour at Leon. CHAP. V. The Reign of Ramiro the Third King of Leon. Death of Earl Fernan Gonzalez Normans infest the Coasts of Spain Divisions among the Moors Rebellion against the King of Leon and his Death IT is a thing beyond all dispute that King Sancho was Marry'd to Da. Teresa and that D. Ramiro was but 5 Years old when his Father dy'd He Reign'd 15 Years but by reason of his tender Age the Government was in the hands of his Mother and of Da. Elvira his Aunt whom others call Geloyra both Ladies of singular Prudence and extraordinary Qualities yet because the King was little and they Women there hap'ned many Broils Sisnandus the Successor of Ermenegildus Bishop of Compostella and Son to the Earl Menendus was Deposed and Imprisoned by King Sancho for that he lived a dissolute Life and spent the Revenue of the Church profusely and in his stead was chosen Rodesindus who was first Bishop and after a Monk of the Order of S. Benedict in the Monastery of Celanova he was besides of the Blood Royal as Son to the Earl Gutierre Arias and his Wife Aldara Sisnandus upon the Death of the King being set at liberty took possession of the Bishoprick of Compostella forcing Rodesindus for fear of Death to resign and return to his Monastery where he spent the rest of his Life well pleased to be rid of that charge There was Peace betwixt the Kingdoms of Leon and Cordova for Alhaca King of Cordova to gain the good will of the new King sent him the Body of the Martyr Pelayus which was laid in the Monastery built at Leon by King Sancho who desired to Enrich it with those Reliques This Monastery was formerly called of S. John Baptist afterwards of St. Pelagius or Pelayus now of St. Isidorus The cause of changing the Names was the Translation of the Bodies of those Saints at several times The Peace was now disturbed at the persuasion of that D. Vela who we said above fled to Cordova and at his instigation the Moors inclined to make War upon Castile to revenge the great losses they had sustained by means of that Earl King Alhaca tho' of himself more addicted to Peace than War yet overcome by the importunity of his People he gathered a Powerful Army and breaking into Castile possessed himself of Sepulveda Gormaz Simancas and Duen̄as Encouraged with this Success he broke the Peace that was between him and the King of Leon and invading his Dominions took Zamora and levelled it with the Ground The great Grief the Earl Fernan Gonzalez conceived for these Losses was the cause of his Death which hap'ned the ensuing Year 968. He dy'd at Burgos and was bury'd near the River Arlança in the Monastery of S. Peter near the High Altar where are to be seen his and his Wife's Tombs with inscriptions declaring whose they are His Funeral was no less remarkable for the Tears of the People lamenting the loss of so good a Prince by whose Valour the Christian cause had been so long supported than for the Grandeur and Magnificence of the Ceremony By two Wives he had these Sons D. Gonzalo D. Sancho D. Garci Fernandez others add Peter and Baldwin He had also one Daughter called Da. Vrraca of whom we have spoken before Garci Fernandez succeeded his Father either because the others were dead or if alive he was preferred before them for his good Inclinations and the early hopes he gave of his future Vertues which soon increased and grew to a mighty head At the same time the Normans Inhabiting that part of France formerly called Neustria now Normandy who some Years before were Converted to the Christian Faith by Herveus Bishop of Rheims being accustomed to Rob upon the Coast of Spain gathered a numerous Fleet and wasted all the Coast of Galicia burnt Villages Castles and Towns took the Men and carried away all that was in their way This Plague lasted 2 Years The King by reason of his tender Years could not defend his People Sisnandus Bishop of Compostella a Man fitter to be a Souldier than a Prelate gathering a number of the Natives and charging the Enemy near a Town call'd Fornellas was kill'd with a Dart on the 20th of March 979. What was commendable in him is that he indeavour'd to Wall the Town of Compostella that so holy a place might not be expos'd to the insolency of the Enemy The Earl Garci Sanchez being chosen to Command on that side behaved himself better for surprizing the Normans near the Sea as they marched loaded with plunder and out of order he made a great slaughter of them This Captain Gunderedus was killed the Booty and Prisoners recovered and of their Ships not one escaped being taken or burnt Thus Spain after long suffering by those Cruel and Barbarous People was at length delivered from that Calamity by so total an overthrow of them as they had scarce received the like in any other Country Let us now see what was doing among the Infidels
desperately not so much for any hopes of Victory as to revenge their own Deaths They were all killed and with them their Tutor Salido the Heads being sent to Cordova afforded a pleasant Spectacle to the King but a sad one to their Father to whom tho' wounded and disfigured they were shown This misfortune moving the King to Compassion he freely dismiss'd Gonzalo Gustio Mudarra begoten on the King's Sister being 14 Years of Age was by her sent to his Father and afterwards revenged the Death of his Brothers killing Ruy Velasquez Da. Lumbra his Wife the cause of all these mischiefs was stoned to Death and burnt Mudarra by revenging his Brothers gained the Love of his Mother-in-Law and all the Family to that degree that he inherited his Fathers Estate Besides Da. Sancha adopted him after this strange yet remarkable Manner The same day he was Baptized and Knighted by the Earl Garci Sanchez his Mother-in-Law resolving to adopt him put over him the Sleeve of a very large Smock and his Head coming out at the top of it she Kissed him and thus he was received into the Family and looked upon as her Son Ordon̄o was Son of Mudarra his Grandson was James Ordon̄ez de Lara he that fought the Sons of Arias Gonzala who defended their Country from the infamy of having killed King Sancho slain by Vellido Dolphos as shall be related in its place This James Ordon̄ez was Father to Earl Peter well known for the Love Queen Vrraca showed him and Grandfather to Amalaricus de Lara Lord of Molina from whom is descended the Family of Manriquez and even that of the Kings of Portugal by the Mother's side for Mafalda Daughter of Amalaricus was Marryed to D. Alonso the first of the name and first King of Portugal tho' some will have it that Mafalda was of the House of Savoy But more shall be said of this hereafter The Tomb of Mudarra is to be seen in the Cloister of the Monastery of S. Peter de Arlanza That Monastery and the other of S. Millan de la Cogulla are at Variance about which of them has the seven Brothers Spain was now at Peace after so many Combustions and there rather wanted the Power than the will to raise new ones This quiet lasted till the 7th Year after the Death of the seven Brothers which was the Year of our Lord 993. when the Moors wasted the Country of Portugal and breaking a new into Galicia again took and burnt the City Compostella Nor had they spared the Apostles Sepulcher but that a sudden Light which appeared over it terrifyed them The Bells as a Trophy of their Victory they caused to be carryed on the Backs of Christians to Cordova where for many Years they served instead of Lamps in the Mosque Divine Vengeance pursued them many dyed of the Flux many of the Plague and many at the hands of the Christians the King keeping close in their rear and doing them great harm Few returned home One of them was Mahomet the General This same Year dyed D. Garcia King of Navarre his Son Garci Sanchez called the Trembler as was said before succeeded him He Reigned 7 Years was very Famous for many Victories obtained Liberal or rather Prodigal which drained his Treasures and obliged him to lay new Taxes In the Monastery of S. Millan̄ there are Grants of this King let every one judge what credit is to be given to them In them 't is specified that he had a Brother called Gonzalo and that he with his Mother Vrraca had the Kingdom of Aragon which if true either that Dominion lasted not long or he dying without Issue it fell again to his Brother King Bermudo joyful with his success against the Moors began to consider that if the Forces of the Christians were united it were easie to gain upon the Infidels and keep them under Hereupon he sent Embassadors to the King of Navarre and Earl of Castile to invite them laying aside all Animosities to enter into a League with him for the common Good Those Princes readily agreed to such advantageous Proposals and a powerful Army was formed of the three Nations The King of Navarre came not in Person being as is supposed busie in setling his new acquired Kingdom King Bermudo tho' Sick of the Gout was carried in a Litter and with the Earl of Castile moved towards the Moors of whom they were informed that having raised new Forces and plunder'd great part of Galicia they now marched towards Castile Near a Town called Calacanaçor on the Frontiers of Castile and Leon the two Armies met and came to a Battle which was obstinately fought till Night parted them without discerning which side had the better only that the Moors marched away in silence by Night which show'd they had got the worst of it Besides it was more like a Flight than Retreat for they left much of their Baggage in the Camp and for haste droped no less along the way they marched It is said this misfortune went so much to the heart of the Moorish General Mahomet that he dy'd in the Valley of Begalcorax refusing to take any Sustenance in the Year of our Lord 998. This Man managed the Government of the Moors 25 Years for his King who minded nothing but his ease He was a Man of great Courage an Enemy to Idleness and entred the Territories of the Christians 52 several times coming off very often Victorious The same day the Battle was fought at Calacanaçor one in the Habit of a Fisherman was seen at Cordova on the Bank of the River Guadalquivir singing in Arabick and Spanish Metre At Calacanacor Almanzor lost the drum It was believ'd the Devil in Humane Shape proclaimed their Defeat because the People of Cordova endeavouring to lay hold of him he vanished like a Shadow The dead General 's Body was carried to Medinaçeli CHAP. VII The Death of King Bermudo the Gouty and beginning of the Reign of D. Alonso the Fifth King of Leon. Many Troubles among the Moors The Earl of Castile slain by the Infidels AFter the Death of Mahomet his Son Abdelmelic took upon him the Government of that Kingdom the same Year his Father dy'd and continued in that command 6 Years and 8 Months From this time forward the Kingdom of the Moors which had been supported by the Valour of Mahomet began visibly to decline Civil Discord the Bane of all Empires and bad Government were the cause of its decay Abdelmelic who was more inclinable to Peace than War took little notice of the first Eruptions of those Tumults which ought to have been suppressed in their first rise True it is immediately after his Father's Death he entred the Teritories of the Christians spreading a great Terror and threw down to the Ground all that had been built since the City Leon was last destroyed Yet the beginning of this War was more successful to the Moors than the end for
possessed themselves of the Revenues of several Churches he caused them to be all restored To the Monks of the Monastery of St. Salvador de Leyte he gave the Privilege of choosing the Bishop of Pamplona as appears by his Grant bearing date in the Year 1032. The continual Incursions of the Moors had caused the Seat of the Bishoprick of Pamplona to be removed from that City to the Monastery of Leyte as the securer place being seated on the top of the Pyrenean Mountains Now Peace being established thro' the Valour of King Sancho a Synod was held at Pamplona at the request of Sancho Abbot of Leyte and Bishop of that City in order to restore the See thither For the present it was deferred but agreed to in the time of his Successor D. Peter de Roda. In his last days the King caused the City Palentia to be Rebuilt The occasion that moved him it to as related by some if ever there was any such was in this manner That City during the Wars was totally ruined so that nothing remained but some old Walls and a Church dedicated to S. Antholin Thither the King being a Hunting pursued a wild Boor which took shelter in the very Church by the Altar and the King lifting his Arm to strike in that Holy Place found it became on a sudden numb'd and without motion Whereupon invoking the Saint the use of his Limb was again restored and the King as an acknowledgement of the relief received caused the Town and Church to be rebuilt making it an Episcopal See Methinks I am writing Fables or Romances but many of this nature are recounted in the Chronicles of Spain which I will neither Condemn nor approve of let the Reader judge of them as he shall think most agreeable to reason Let us conclude with this King who by his great Actions both in Peace and War gain'd to himself immortal Renown and large Dominions to his Posterity His Life was glorious but his Death unfortunate for on the way to Oviedo whither he was going to visit the Bodies of the Saints that make that place famous he was treacherously murdered by Assassines that way-laid him Who the Contrivers of that base Action were is not known nor perhaps was it then It is suspected some one of the Princes that envy'd his greatness was the cause of taking him off His Body was Buryed at Oviedo with Royal Solemnity Some Years after his Son D. Ferdinand King of Castile caused him to be translated to Leon and Interr'd in the Church of S. Isidorus where upon his Sepulcher is this Inscription Here lieth Sancho King of the Pyrenean Mountains and of Toulouse a Catholick Prince that stood by the Church He was killed on the 18th of October 1035. To his Children he left great cause of Debates and much unhappiness to his Kingdoms by dividing them as he did without any occasion Commonly the Subjects pay for the Sins and Extravagancies of their Princes THE History of SPAIN The Ninth BOOK CHAP. I. The Posture of Affairs in Spain Actions of D. Berenguel Earl of Barcelona Kingdoms of the Moors Wars betwixt the Kings of Castile and Leon. Ferdinand Crowned King of Leon. THE mighty Wars that hap'ned in Spain the great Calamities and Desolation thereof and the irreconcilable Enmities betwixt near Relations and even Brothers may be a sufficient warning to Sovereigns not to divide their Dominions especially when their Limits are but narrow It is a certain Maxim that Sovereignty admits of no Fellowship and Ambition is not curbed by any ties tho' never so Sacred Hence may be inferred how much King 's err who misled by Fatherly Affection rend their Kingdoms to raise many Monarchies to their Children D. Sancho King of Castile and Navarre whose Life was related in the last Book has left us an example of that fatal Policy The Christian Dominions then well extended in Spain were for the most part reduced under one head as if Heaven had purposely contrived it for the Extirpation of the Moors who thro' their own distractions were evidently tending to ruin But this King by dividing his Dominions caused that Opportunity to be lost We now enter upon more variety of matter and consequently shall not be so concise as hitherto Therefore in the first place it will be requisite to lay down the posture the Affairs of Spain were in after the Death of King Sancho He divided his Kingdoms among his Sons in this manner D. Garcia the eldest had Navarre and the Dominion of Biscay with all the Country that lies betwixt the City Najara and Mountains Doca D. Ferdinand the second Son during his Father and Mother's Life was put in possession of Castile the Title of Earl thereof being changed into that of King To D. Gonzalo the youngest of the legitimate Sons was given Sobrarve and Ribagorça with the Castles of Loharri and S. Emeterius D. Ramiro the Bastard Son had the Kingdom of Aragon given him by his Father saving some Castles which were adjudged to his Brother D. Garcia They all Stiled themselves Kings and assumed Regal Honours whence ensued dangerous and bloody Wars Each looking back upon his Father's Grandeur aspir'd to equal it and repined that his Dominions should be confined to such a narrow compass At the same time D. Bermudo Brother-in-law to Ferdinand King of Castile Reigned at Leon. Under the Crown of Leon were comprehended the Provinces of Galicia and Portugal and part of old Castile as far as the River Pisuerga D. Ramon called the old Earl of Barcelona dy'd the same Year as D. Sancho which was of Grace 1035. D. Berenguel Borello his Son succeeded him who tho' little in Body was not inferior in Valour to any of his Ancestors He recovered from the Moors by force of Arms Manresa a place called Prados del Rey Galafre Tarragona Cervera and other neighbouring Towns Besides he subdued several Moors who possessed Lands thereabout and obliged them to pay him Tribute He had two Wives called Ramalduri and Almadi The first brought him two Sons D. Peter and D. Berenguel the second had only D. Ramon Berenguel commonly nick-named Cabeca de Estopa that is Flaxen Head from the colour and softness of his Hair This was the posture of the Affairs of the Christians in Spain The Moors as was said above had as many Kingdoms as capital Cities Nevertheless the Kingdom of Cordova as the ancientest was still the most considerable as to extent of Territory but weak thro' intestine Broils The next was that of Sevil then Toledo Zaragoça Huesca and several other inferior Kings who might easily have been over-run had the Christians been united That Discord which hap'ned betwixt the Princes tho' near Relations and Brothers prevented the Execution of so holy an Undertaking D. Garcia King of Navarre at the time of his Father's death was gone to Rome to visit the Churches of St. Peter and Paul D. Ramiro his Brother thought good
The Siege was carried on with Vigour and all sorts of Engines then in use apply'd against the Works so that the Citizens being streightned began to waver and think of a Surrender Such was the condition of the Town when a treacherous Fellow called Vellido Delphos whether of his own design or by advice of others is not known resolved to Murder the King and by that means put an end to the Siege He got admittance to the King upon pretence of discovering the designs of the Besieged and showing him the weakest part of the Wall Men easily believe what they desire so the King went out with only that Man to view what he promised to show him but when he least thought of it Velledo Dolphos threw a Spear he had in his hand at him which pierced thro' his Body No sooner was this done but the Murderer fled to the City pursued by several of the King's Soldiers who being at some distance could not overtake him the Guards letting him in at the Gate This gave occasion to the Besiegers to believe all or most of the Townsmen had consented to the Murder The Troops of Leon and Galicia who were not well affected to the King immediately quitted the Field and returned home Those of Castile being the ancienter Subjects divided themselves part went to carry his Body to the Monastery of On̄a where it was Bury'd without any Pomp the greater number stay'd to carry on the Siege and revenge his death They threatned to subvert the City and put all the Inhabitants to the Sword as Traitors Particularly James Ordon̄ez of the Family of Lara a Youth of great strength and valour appeared before the City armed at all points and a Horse-back and standing on a high Ground to be the better heard rent the Skies with loud cries threatning Ruin and Destructions The Citizens between fear and shame durst not open their Mouths Only Arias Gonzalo tho' he might well have been excused by his great Age offered himself and his Sons to fight that Gentleman for the Honour of his Country It was the Custom of Castile that whosoever charged a City with Treason was obliged to fight five one after another to make good his charge The three Sons of Arias Gonzalo Peter James and Roderick entered the Lists one after another and were all three killed by D. James Ordon̄ez Yet the last tho' mortally wounded striking at his Enemy wounded his Horse and cut his Reins so that the Horse affrighted carryed D. James out of the Lists which according to the Law of Arms was a token he was beaten The Judges could not determine the case one side Insisting upon the Custom and Law of Arms and the other pleading this was meer accident and thus ended that much celebrated Dispute CHAP. VII King Alonso returns from among the Moors and recovers his Brother's Kingdoms The first part of his Reign Actions of Roderick de Bivar King Sancho of Navarre Murdered by his own Brother D. Vrraca being in care for her Brother D. Alonso sent away a Messenger to him to Toledo acquainting him with the unfortunate death of his Brother and advising him to come away with all speed and take possession of the Crown The Moorish King wanted not Intelligence having Spies in the Christian Army At length the Messenger from the Princess arrived and gave D. Alonso an account of all that had hap'ned Count Peranzules advised him to get away privately without acquainting the Moorish K. for fear he should stop him yet D. Alonso acquainted the King with the news he had received and desired his leave to go take possession of the Kingdom that was fallen to him The Moor was pleased with this sincere dealing assured him the ways were laid in case he had attempted to steal away caused him to renew his Oath to be a Friend to him and his Son Hissem and that done not only lent him Money for present use but accompanied him a considerable space This I look upon to be more likely than what D. Lucas de Tuy writes that he was let down over the Walls and made his escape having Horses provided for that purpose Being come to Zamora he consulted with the Princess what was best to be done and dispatched Expresses to all Parts to give notice of his being there The People of Leon without any difficulty admitted and proclaimed him King Galicia was dubious D Garcia upon this Revolution having broke Prison and endeavouring to recover his Crown D. Alonso sent Persons of note to treat with him and he being fair conditioned and easie was easily prevailed upon so that without any further security asked he came away to his Brother not doubting to obtain what he desir'd But he was deceived being presently seized and sent back to Prison where he continued the rest of his life with good usage if any could be thought such where a Crown and Liberty were lost at once Thus Galicia was brought under The Nobility of Castile being assembled at Burgos agreed to admit D. Alonso for their King if he would first swear he had no hand in the Murder of his Brother D. Alonso hearing of it went thither and every Body fearing to tender him this Oath Roderick Diaz called Cid undertook it The Oath being solemnly taken he was Proclaimed with great Joy For the present he connived at this affront but reserved a grudge in his Heart against Roderick Diaz D. Alonso was 37 Years of Age when he returned to his Crown and for his Military Exploits was called the Brave Besides he was Prudent Temperate Modest and Bountiful The death of D. Sancho and Restauration of D. Alonso hap'ned in the Year 1073. At this time Gregory VII was Pope and the same Year dy'd in Spain S. Dominick de Silos a Monk of Cluni famous for sanctity of Life The beginning of D. Alonso's Reign was not free from some troubles which were soon appeased and ended well In the second Year of his Reign which was 1074. the Kings of Cordova and Toledo were at War about the limits of their Kingdoms D. Alonso as being so much obliged to him of Toledo gathered a good Army to assist him King Almenon at first feared this Preparations was against him but being better informed both Kings joyn'd their Forces and in that manner entred the Territory of Cordova where they wasted all the Country and brought away great numbers of Cattle and Prisoners No Battle was fought because the King of Cordova shunned it About this time dy'd the first Wife of D. Alonso her Name was Agnes He Married a French Lady called Constantia by whom he had one only Daughter whose Name was Vrraca and who afterwards inherited all her Father's Dominions as shall be seen in its place At the instance of this Queen as I suppose an Embassy was sent to Rome to desire the Pope to send a Legate into Spain with full Power to Reform the Clergy grown very
afar because the Country about it is barren being Sandy and Stony there is also much scarcity of Springs and it rains but seldom it being very remote from the Sea and the highest Land in Spain Only along the Meadows through which Tagus runs the Land is Fruitful and Pleasant At the same time the Conquest of Toledo was undertaken Roderick Diaz continued the War in Aragon with great success taking several strong holds from the Moors and wanted nothing to perfect his happiness but to be restored to his Prince's favour which he much desired It fell out very opportunely that in the Year 1080. the Moors of Andaluzia fell at variance for that a Man of note among them had seized the Castle of Grados Adofir the rightful Owner had recourse to King Alonso for Assistance to recover his Castle The King finding it advantageous to himself granted the Moors request sent a Body of Troops before and followed with a greater Force in Person but the Enemy being subtle protracted the War so that the King feared Slipping the Season of going to Toledo This moved him to send for Roderick Diaz who was then in Aragon and to whom he gave that Command having received him with great affection and the more to oblige him ordained that for the future no Gentleman should be obliged to go into Banishment under Thirty days warning whereas before they had but Nine The King marched to Toledo and Roderick Diaz put an end to the War in Andaluzia recovering the Castle of Grados and taking the Moor that had seized it whom he sent to the King Thus much in Andaluzia this Year The next which was 1081. D. Garcia the King's Brother departed this Life having caused his Veins to be opened in the Prison where he was kept so highly did he resent the loss of his Kingdom and Liberty His Body was carryed to the City Leon and there honourably buryed in the Church of St. Isidorus his two Sisters many Bishops and Nobles attending the Solemnity He dyed ten Years after he had been a Prisoner and fifteen after his first Accession to the Crown Roderick Diaz having settled Andaluzia returned to the War in Aragon where in Battle he overthrew the Moorish King of Denia and D. Sancho King of Aragon who assisted him This Victory was so considerable that King Alonso sent for him did him much honour and gave to Him and his Heirs the Three Towns of Briviesca Berlanga and Arcejona Alfagio the Moorish King having recruited his Forces after the defeat entred Castile wasting the Country as far as Consuegra Tho' King Alonso was then busy before Toledo he â—â—eedily marched to oppose the Infidel Both Armies met a great number of Moors was slash and their King escaped by flight to a Castle The joy of this Victory was much allayed by the unfortunate Death of James Rodriguez de Bivar Son to Roderick Diaz a Youth of great hopes who began to follow his Father's Footsteps His Body was buryed in the Monastery of St. Peter de CardenÌ„a where his Tomb is still to be seen Alfagio the Moor tho' twice defeated gave not over but still gathering a fresh Army broke into Castile without stopping till he came to Medina del Campo Alvaryanez Minaya a brave Man related to Roderick Diaz met and defeated him the Third time This hap'ned in the Year of our Lord 1082 at which time D. Ramon Earl of Barcelona was basely Murdered near a Town called Percha betwixt Ostalric and Girond His Brother Berenguel was the contriver of his Death and was therefore so hated by the People that he went away to the holy War and at Jerusalem is said to have lost his Speech and there Dyed His Body was buryed in the Cathedral of Girona His Son D. Ramon Arnaldo succeeded him being not full a Year old but famous for the time he enjoy'd that Principality for the greatness of his Actions inferior to none of his Predecessors and for that he enlarged his Dominions not only by the addition of Besalu and Vrgel which for want of Heirs devolved to him as Feifs of the Earldom of Barcelona but also by Marrying D. Aldonça whom others call Dulcis Daughter and Heiress of Gilbert Earl of Provence with whom he had that large Province in Dower By her he had two Sons D. Ramon and D. Berenguel and three Daughters one called D. Berenguela or Berengaria Marry'd to D. Alonso stiled the Emperor The Names of the others are not known but both were Marry'd in France This Prince was long at variance and held War against Alonso Earl of Toulouse and after much contention they agreed among themselves to adopt one another's Families so that whichsoever was first Extinct the other should Inherit But this hap'ned long after the time we are now writing of Let us return to the War of Toledo CHAP. IX The famous City Toledo closely Besieged and Surrendred Many other Places taken King Alonso stiles himself Emperor THE continual waste the Christians made in the Country about Toledo burning plundering and driving all before them had reduc'd the Moors of that City to great streights The Christian Inhabitants ceased not to press King Alonso to sit down before it promising they would soon open the Gates to him That lasting War had exhausted the Subjects yet the King's resolution overcame all difficulties Great Levies were made and all things provided with a full design never to desist till the City were taken It is naturally strong and so seated that there was a necessity of dividing the Army into several Bodies and consequently a greater Force was requisite It is a matter of great consequence to have the good Will of neighbouring Princes as appeared in this War for besides the King 's own Subjects of Castile Leon Biscay Galicia and Asturias Sancho King of Aragon and Navarre brought a good Body of Men to the Siege Supplies also came from Italy and Germany and the French as being nearer came in greater numbers Because the latter served well in this War and upon other occasions great Privileges were granted to such of them as would stay in Spain whence as I suppose such as are free from Taxes are among us called Franc. Of all these Nations was formed a mighty Army which marched without delay towards Toledo full of hopes of speedy success The Moorish King made all the necessary Preparations to endure a Siege but most of all rely'd on the natural Strength of the Place encompassed with high and craggy Rocks thro' which the River Iagus in a wonderful manner breaks his way and runs almost round the City except on the North side where is a steep and difficult ascent defended by two strong Walls one above the other To Besiege this Place the Army was divided into seven Brigades which took up all the Avenues so that no Relief could be carried in The King with the best of the Army Encamp'd and Entrench'd himself
before Santarem King Alonso tho' very Aged and Lame since his hurt at Badajoz in so much that he could not ride having assembled all the Force of his Kingdom marched to Santarem He charged the Moors in the Front and his Son Sallying out of Town upon the rear they were easily put to flight Great Slaughter was made The Moorish King Mortally wounded endeavouring to pass the River Tagus which is there deep and rapid was drown'd This Victory was obtained in the Year 1184. Abenjozeph Brother to Abenjacob succeeded him in the Empire of Africk and Spain CHAP. VII The Death of the Kings of Leon and Portugal Alliances betwixt the Kings of Spain The defeat of the Christians at Alarcos Sancho the Wise King of Navarre dies Sancho the first King of Portugal Alonso the Ninth of Leon. THE Death of Armengaud Earl of Vrgel somewhat abated the joy all Spain conceived for the Victory of the Portugueses over the Moors He was Son of Armengaud of Castile Earl of Barcelona Marryed to a Sister of the King of Aragon and had not only great Dominions in Catalonia and Aragon but was also Lord of Valladolid in Castile as being great Grandson to Peranzules before spoken off This Prince to advance the Christian Cause with his own Forces broke into the Territory of Valencia and after some successful Exploits was killed in an Ambush laid by the Moors near the Town of Requena Others will have it that he was slain by the Castilians but that is not so probable He left a Son of his own Name who inherited his Dominions On the other side the King of Navarre entred Castile plundering all the Country as far as Atapuerca where the Abbot of S. Peter de Carden̄a met him with the Standard of Roderick Diaz Sirnam'd Cid begging he would restore the Booty The King not only condescended to his Request but accompanied that Standard back to the place whence it was brought These things hap'ned in the Year 1185. At the same time the King of Portugal and his Son went to Coimbra and thence to Porto where the Marriage betwixt Teresa the King's Daughter and Philip Earl of Flanders was Celebrated the Flemings call her Maud. After the Solemnity they return'd to Coimbra there the King worn out with Age and Diseases dy'd on the 6th of December being 91 years old His Body as he had ordered was bury'd in a mean Tomb in the Church of Santa Cruz built by him and thence remov'd by King Emanuel to a stately Sepulchre of Marble He was a Man accomplish'd in all manner of Virtue the Founder and Conqueror of the Kingdom of Portugal His Zeal for Religion appears by the many Churches and Monasteries he Founded in Lisbon Ebora and other places His Queen Malfada was not inferior to him in Piety and perform'd many like Acts of Christian Generosity Spain enjoy'd Peace after the late Agreement among the Christian Princes and Death of Abenjacob the Moorish King Peter Ruiz de Açagra Lord of Albarazin was willing to assist the Christian Kings in their Wars but would not be Subject to any of them and therefore stiled himself the Vassal of S. Mary The strength of his City and the Emulation of the Kings each striving to draw him to himself secur'd his Possession In the Year 1186. in January the Kings of Castile and Aragon meeting at Agreda by mutual consent Banish'd out of their Dominions all the Kindred of the said Peter de Açagra that were of his party No more was done at that time At the beginning of the Year following Gaston Viscount of Bearn did Homage to the King of Aragon at Huesca as his Predecessors had done This Year was unfortunate for the taking of Jerusalem Baldwin King of that City and the Great Master of the Templers by Saladin In Castile King Alonso regulated the Order of Calatrava In the Year 1188. dy'd Frederick King of Leon at Benavente having Reign'd 31 Years and was bury'd in the Royal Chappel at Santiago He was judg'd more fit for War than Peace immoderate in the desire of Ruling but brave and generous Martin a Priest of Leon at that time writ many Books and is said to have attain'd all his Learning in a Vision in which S. Isidorus appear'd to him and gave him a Book to eat whereas before he was very Ignorant Sancho succeeded King Alonso of Portugal and Alonso IX his Father Ferdinand in the Kingdom of Leon. Upon the Death of his Father Alonso turn'd back being then on his way to Portugal whither he was going only to shun his Mother-in-law who accounted him a Bastard and could not endure that he should take place of her Children Hence arose continual Disgusts and tho' the new King allowed her the Joynter setled by his Father yet at last she was oblig'd to retire to Najara where she spent the remainder of her Days In the Monastery of S. Mary Royal in that City are the Tombs of that Lady and her Brothers D. Lope Bishop of Segovia and D. Martin de Haro Alonso King of Leon was twice Marry'd first with Teresa Daughter of King Sancho of Portugal by whom he had three Children Sancha Ferdinand who dy'd young and Dulcis then being Divorc'd by reason of Consanguinity he Marry'd Berengaria Daughter to Alonso King of Castile his Cousin-german Sancho the first of the Name King of Portugal call'd the Peopler and the Fat was Marry'd to Aldonça Dulcis Sister to the King of Aragon By her he had many Children which were Alonso the eldest Ferdinand Peter and Henry who dy'd young and 5 Daughters Teresa Malfada Sancha Blanch and Berengaria After the Death of the Queen he had many Children by two Mistresses by the first call'd Johanna he had Vrraca and Martin by the other whose Name was Mary Teresa Egidius Constance and Roderick Teresa was Marry'd to Alonso Tello who Founded the Town of Albuquerque Alonso King of Castile by one Wife had eleven Children whereof Blanch was the happiest for that being Marry'd to Luis VIII King of France she was Mother to S. Luis After Blanch follow'd Berengaria Sancho Vrraca and Ferdinand born in the Year 1189. then Malfada and Constance then two or three Sisters whose Names are not known and lastly Ellenor and Henry the youngest who came to succeed his Father as shall be shown in its place The King of Castile was the greatest Potentate in Spain and consequently terrible to the others which mov'd them to joyn in a League Offensive and Defensive They endeavour'd to draw the King of Leon into this Confederacy but he was more inclinable to his Cousin the King of Castile and therefore as soon as setled in the possession of his Kingdom he went of his own accord to Carrion where the Cortes or Parliament of Castile was held in the Year 1188. There he was Knighted by the King and kissed his Hand a Submission misbecoming the Regal
Authority Conrad Son to the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa who was going a Pilgrimage and Raymund Earl of Toulouze were present at that Assembly and Knighted by the King according to the Custom of Spain A Match was also agreed upon betwixt Conrade and Berengaria the King's Daughter but at last it took no effect The Kings of Aragon and Navarre in the Month of September 1190. had a Conference at Borgia and there concluded a League against Castile Afterwards Leon and Portugal were drawn into the Confederacy at Huesca where the Embassadors of those two Crowns met the King of Aragon There to the former Articles it was added that none of those Princes should make Peace or Truce or declare War without the consent of the others The Treaty was signed in May 1191. This same Year Pope Clement III. departed this Life at Rome and Celestin III. succeeded him Gonzalo Archbishop of Toledo dy'd in August the same Year In his time King Alonso gave the Towns of Talamanca and Esquivias to that Church Martin Lopez for his extraordinary Actions and Generosity call'd the Great succeeded him This same Year the River Tagus was Frozen at Toledo a thing very rare in that Temperate Climate James Lopez de Haro Lord of Biscay the greatest among the Nobility of Castile and Governour of Briviesca Najara and Soria perswaded the King to assemble the Cortes or Parliament at Carrion in the Year 1192. for carrying on the War against the Moors Least the Kings of Leon and Navarre with whom Castile was at Variance should take any advantage while the King was employ'd against the Infidels a Peace was concluded with those Princes Then Martin Archbishop of Toledo was Ordered to Commence the War as a prelude to what follow'd In Aragon the Earl of Vrgel who since his Father's death had been out of the Kingdom upon account of the Enmity betwixt him and Ponce de Cabrera a Powerful Man now at length came and submitted himself to the King Gaston Earl of Bearne Marry'd a Daughter of Bernard Earl of Cominges and with her had in Dower the Lordship of Bigorre in Feof of the King of Aragon Berengarius Bishop of Tarragona was kill'd on the 16th of February 1194. by Michael de Moncada as is reported but the cause of their Enmity is not known On the 17th of June following dy'd at Pamplona Sancho King of Navarre for his more than Ordinary Learning Sirnamed the Wise His Body was bury'd with great Pomp in the Cathedral of that City He Reign'd 43 Years 7 Months and 6 Days By his Wife Sancha Aunt to the King of Castile he left Ferdinand Ramiro Berengaria Teresa Blanch and the eldest of them all that succeeded him was Sancho VIII King of Navarre who for the greatness of his Spirit and Warlike actions obtained the Title of the Strong He was also called The Confin'd for that towards his end he was long shut up in the Castle of Tudela by reason of a Cancer he had and would suffer no Body to see him There remain many Footsteps of his Magnificence and particularly he turned the Channel of the River Erbo to bring it to Tudela and built a Bridge over it He founded two Monasteries of Cistercians called Fitero and Oliva and a Church of the invocation of St. Mary at Roncesvalles for himself and his Successors to be Bury'd His Wife was Clemencia Daughter to Raymund IV. Earl of Toulouze by her he had Ferdinand who dy'd before his Father of a fall he had from his Horse in hunting and was bury'd in the Church of S. Mary at Tudela At the time of D. Sancho's Accession to the Crown all Spain was under the apprehension of a Bloody War Martin Archbishop of Toledo had broke into Andaluzia and made great havock putting all the Country to fire and Sword and no Body attempting to oppose him returned with a rich Booty The Moors incensed at this loss gathered all their Forces and Abenjoseph Mazemute Miramamolin of Africk came into Spain with a vast Multitude of Men for not only the Almohades but the Arabs and Ethiopians follow'd him This Inundation pass'd over Sierra Morena and incamped near Alarcos a Town built not long before by the Christians King Alonso was no ways daunted but having sent to the Kings of Leon and Navarre for aid advanced to Alarcos and pitch'd his Camp near the Enemy whose Multitude fill'd all those Hills and Plains Some advised to wait the coming of the two Kings others more hot would not give them any share in the honour of that Action The worst advice took place both Armies drew out and a Battle was fought near Alarcos upon Wednesday the 19th of June 1195. Great Bravery was shown on both sides but the Multitude of the Enemy prevailed our Army was put to flight great Numbers slain and among them Martin Martinez Great Master of Calatrava Some say Martin Archbishop of Toledo was in this fight James de Haro the Principal Promoter of this War behav'd himself ill and withdrew at the beginnig of the Battle to Alarcos either despairing of success or as some will have it being disgusted with the King for comparing the Gentry of Andaluzia to the Nobility of Castile in Bravery The Moors after the Victory not only took Alarcos but entred the Kingdom of Toledo as far as Yevenes which is Six Leagues from that City and then turned back In our days there remain only some ruins of Alarcos and a Church of Our Lady held in great Veneration it is supposed the Infidels destroyed that place This misfortune was deem'd a judgment of God on the King for that Neglecting his Wife he was fallen in Love with a Jewish Woman whom the Nobility in scorn caused to be killed The King being in a rage for the loss of her an Angel appeared to him in the same form he had one painted and with threats oblig'd him to give over that fondness In the Church of Illescas on the right hand of the High-Altar is a Chapel called the Angel with an Inscription signifying that to be the place where the Angel appear'd to King Alonso the Good so he is stiled The Kings of Leon and Navarre hearing of the disaster befallen at Alarcos drew back their Forces He of Leon visited King Alonso but he of Navarre returned without so much as Saluting him which affront the King of Castile highly resented and resolved to take revenge not only of the Moors but of the Navarrois CHAP. VIII King Alonso of Aragon dies and his Son Peter succeeds him The King of Leon divorc'd Castilians and Aragonians over-run Navarre Alonso King of Castile 's two Daughters Marry'd to the Kings of England and Leon. Plague and Famine in Spain THE following Year being 1196. dyed King Alonso of Aragon the second of the Spanish Kings in Power in Valour inferior to none He breath'd his last at Perpignan at a time his Kingdom enjoy'd Plenty and
charge The King warn'd Mancada to forbear violence and stand to judgment and he refusing invaded his Lands so furiously that he took from him 130 Towers and Castles and the Town of Cervellon near Barcelona The Castle of Moncada being strongly fortified and William himself in it could not be so easily carry'd Thus much in the Year 1223. in which on the 15th of July dy'd Philip King of France at Medun His Son Luis VIII Husband to Blanch of Castile and Father to S. Luis succeeded him The Year following Alonso II. Sirnamed the Fat King of Portugal deceased at Coimbra and was buryed in the Monastery of Alcobaça near his Wife D. Vrraca in a mean Tomb as was used in those days He left Three Sons Sancho Sirnamed Capelo his Successor Alonso who Marry'd Maud Countess of Bologne in France and Ferdinand Lord of Serpa who Marry'd Sancha the Daughter of Ferdinand de Lara He also left one Daughter called Ellenor Marryed to the King of Dacia as the Histories of Portugal say I will not dispute the truth of it CHAP. VII King Ferdinand of Castile his great success against the Moors King Jaime of Aragon seized by some Rebellious Nobles makes his escape and Commences War against the Rebels THE Tumults in Castile being over King Ferdinand granted a general Pardon He chose the Wisest and most Virtuous Persons to commit the Government of the Cities to and was a mortal Enemy to Hereticks for some of the Albigenses had crept into Spain These good qualities had gained him the Love of his Subjects and he to improve it resolved to make War upon the Moors The People of Cuenca Huete Moya and Alarcon understanding his design Assembl'd together and entring the Kingdom of Valencia brought thence a rich Booty On the other side the King marched towards Andaluzia and when he had passed Sierra Morena Embassadors met him from Mahomet King of Baeça offering to surrender the City and furnish Provisions and Money Having signed Articles the Army moved to Quesada a Town of note now in the Government of Caçorla At first the Inhabitants relying on the strength of their Walls defended themselves but the place was taken by Assault all that could bear Arms put to the Sword and the rest to the number of 7000 made Slaves This slaughter was a Terror to others It were tedious to relate the particulars of this expedition In short many Towns were abandoned by the Moors many surrended Of them some were destroyed others Garrisoned D. Lope de Haro and the Masters of the Military Orders attacked a Town called Mivoras and took it notwithstanding it had a Garrison of 1500 Arabs whereof part was slain the rest fled Thus the Summer and Autumn were spent and in November the Season growing bad they returned to Toledo where the Queens waited the coming of the King in the Year of our Lord 1224. Some days were spent in Publick Rejoycing and Thanksgiving after which as soon as the Weather would permit the King Ordered the Army to march towards Cuenca designing to invade the Kingdom of Valenca Zeit the King of that place terrified with his former losses came to Cuenca submitting himself to the Will of King Ferdinand The Aragonians pretending Valencia fell within the Limits of their Conquest sent Embassadors to complain and at the same time to show their resolution made an inroad into Castile by the way of Soria New troubles arising in Aragon they could not then push on that undertaking William of Moncada Peter Ahones and Ferdinand the Kings Unkle had a consultation at Tahuste where it was resolved to seize the King's Person on pretence of removing evil Councellors but in reality to make their own advantage of him Moncada was offended for the Lands he had lost Ferdinand tho' a Monk still aspired to the Crown and Ahones could not bear to be removed from the Government To strengthen their party they resolv'd to gain Nun̄o Son to Prince Sancho Earl of Russillon All things being thus Order'd they went to Aragon where the King was and coming together upon him advised him to go to Zaragoca there to settle the important affairs of the Kingdom The King tho' he saw into their drift was obliged to condescend They conducted him to his Palace at Zaragoça and plac'd Guards upon him that he might converse with nor write to no Body William Boy and Peter Sanchez Martel were Captains of this Guard and for the greater security lay at Night by the King's Bed-side In this manner they kept him 20 days till he condescended to all their demands Particularly he caused all that had been taken from William de Moncada to be restored and promised to pay him 20000 Ducats for Damages Prince Ferdinand still kept the Government in his hands and the King had no hopes of Relief but in God In Castile all things succeeded prosperously In the Year 1225. as soon as Summer came on King Ferdinand having recruited his Army entred Andaluzia The King of Baeça relieved them with Provisions and received them into the City Andujar and Martos were taken the last was given to the Knights of Calatrava Besides the Town of Jodar was gain'd and the Army return'd home loden with Plunder The same was continued the following years The Affairs of Aragon began to mend and the King departed from Zaragoça towards Tortosa a City at the Mouth of Ebro He resolved to rid himself and the Kingdom of that Oppression and therefore privately made his escape to Huerta a Town belonging to the Knights Templers Thence he sent Circular Letters to summon the Nobility to the City Teruel in order to Invade Valencia They look'd upon this as a Childish heat yet some few Aragonians and more Catalonians came at the day appointed With this small Body he broke in on that side where were before the Ilergaones and sate down before Peniscola a strong place on a Rock opposite to Majorca Zeit the King was so terrified that he sent to beg Peace and agreed to pay the fifth part of the Revenues of Valencia and Murcia This done the Aragonians return'd to Tervel and thence to Zaragoça By the way at a Village called Calamocha they met D. Peter de Ahones and his Brother the Bishop leading a Party raised at their own cost to make an Incursion into Valencia The King would not have him proceed because of the Peace he had made with the Moors but Ahones excused himself with the charge he had been at in raising those Men. Whereupon the King endeavouring to have him apprehended he was killed by the Soldiers His death was so grievously resented that except Calatayud which continued Loyal to the King all the other Cities declared for his Uncle Ferdinand Fair means failing the War broke out and was continued in the Year 1226. This same Year Luis King of France made War upon the Albigenses and having taken Avigron from them dismantled it
from prosecuting of it King Alonso would not give ear to any advice Therefore leaving his Queen and Children at Perpignan in the Spring he passed thro' France as far as Belcayre in Provence where the Pope having dismissed the Council had appointed to meet him There the King on the day appointed before the Pope and Cardinals made a long Harangue in vindication of his Right to the Empire The Pope in few words answered to all his Pretensions intreating him if still he thought himself any way wronged for the love of God and for his sake to put it up since it concerned the Peace and Quietness of all Christendom Then the Pope being a meek Man and understanding how to appease Generous Spirits embraced and kissed him Thus that Pretension was given over Yet he set up other new ones He pleaded a Title to Suevia since the Death of Conradin as being descended by the Mothers side from the Princes of that Country and said Rodulphus besides taking the Empire from him did him wrong in Usurping that Country Besides he urged that he had an ancient Right to the Kingdom of Naples and that the French acted unjustly in seizing that Kingdom which they could pretend to Title to but that of a forcible possession To conclude he demanded that the Pope would order his Brother Henry to be set at liberty because Charles King of Sicily excused himself pretending it was not the Will of the Pope that he should be released The Pope and Cardinals being deaf to all these as he thought just demands he stormed with Passion In fine towards the end of Summer and beginning of Autumn he departed out of France much offended at the Pope Being returned into Spain he ceased not to take the Title of Emperor and use the Imperial Robes till the Archbishop of Sevil by order from the Pope obliged him with Ecclesiastical Censures to desist The Tenth of Church Revenues was granted him towards carrying on the War against the Moors This was the Original of the Custom of making use of the Church Revenues in Castile And this was all that King Alonso profited by that troublesome Journey made in hopes of obtaining the Empire The End of Book XIII THE History of SPAIN The Fourteenth BOOK CHAP. I. The King of Morocco passes over into Spain The War with the Moors the Christians twice defeated death of Prince Ferdinand the Heir of Castile Troubles in Navarre betwixt the Natives and the French JAcob Abenjoseph King of Morocco having now obtain'd the Empire of all Africk and understanding Andaluzia was left defenceless by King Alonso's departure into France was dubious whether he should invade Spain and revenge the Losses sustain'd by his Nation or whether he had not better stay at Home and settle his new accquir'd Dominions An Embassy that came to him out of Spain soon put him out of this doubt Mahomet King of Granada having more regard to his Profit than the Oath he had taken was no sooner gone from Sevil but he began to Meditate how to possess himself of all Andaluzia Considering of himself he was not able to deal with the Christians notwithstanding the absence of King Alonso he resolv'd to invite the King of Morocco then a famous and potent Prince to his Aid The King of Morocco overcome by the Perswasions of the Spanish-Moor resolv'd upon the War in Spain He rais'd Men gather'd Ships Horses and Arms and made all manner of Preparations throughout his Dominions Nothing troubl'd him so much as want of Money and the care of keeping his Design private lest the Christians being inform'd thereof should be provided to receive him To remedy his Want and colour his Intentions he sent Embassadors to the King of Aragon to borrow Money of him upon pretence of making War against a powerful Moor who had rebell'd at Ceuta Fame spread abroad what he endeavour'd to conceal Therefore neither the King of Aragon sent him Mony nor did the Castilians neglect providing to oppose him True it is Things were carry'd on slowly because King Alonso was absent and Prince Ferdinand stay'd at Burgos after taking a Progress through the Kingdom The African Moor sent Officers to take Possession of Algezira and Tarifa which as had been agreed between them were to be deliver'd to him by the King of Granada as cautionary Towns There he Landed a vast Number of Africans The Horse are said to be 17000 the Number of Foot not known but proportionabe to so great an undertaking The first care was to reconcile the Moors among themselves so those of Malaga and Guadiz came to agreement with the King of Granada At Malaga they held their Council of War where it was resolv'd to divide the Army into two parts that the Multitude might the better subsist and the Christian Territories be the more endamag'd Thus the King of Morocco undertook the Country about Sevil he of Granada that of Jaen D. Nun̄o de Lara was General of the Frontiers who with all speed sent to Prince Ferdinand for supplies whilst he gathering what Forces he could put himself into Ezija a strong place by which the King of Morocco must of necessity pass A great number of Gentry resorted to him from the neighbouring Parts whereby finding himself strong lest the Enemy should take courage at his shunning them he resolv'd to hazard a Battle At first the Christians seem'd to have the better but the Multitude at last prevailing were put to flight D. Nun̄o himself with 250 Horse and 4000 Foot were slain in the Fight Those that escaped fled to the City which was near D. Nun̄o's Head was sent of a Present to the King of Granada which was not very pleasing to him remembring his former Friendship and how by his Means he had obtained the Crown Therefore he sent it to Cordova to be buried with the Body This misfortune which happen'd in May 1275 struck a great Terror into all the Kingdom Some comfort it was that the Enemy tho' Victorious could not enter Ezija yet another disaster follow'd Sancho Arch-Bishop of Toledo having heard this sad News gather'd all the Gentry he could about Toledo Madrid Guadalaxara and Talavera and march'd in all hast towards Andaluzia The Moors of Granada destroy'd all the Lands of Jaen without sparing Man or Beast These the Arch-Bishop attacks with more Heat than Prudence contrary to the Opinions of the wisest who advis'd to expect D. Lope de Haro who was upon his March to joyn them with a good Body of Men. Near Martos on the 21st of October they fought and were easily vanquish'd not only by reason of the disparity of Number but also because the Christians were raw and the Infidels disciplin'd Souldiers The Rout was shameful the Dead but few for so remarkable a Victory D. Sancho the Arch-Bishop was taken and the two Moorish Kings being at variance about which of them he belong'd to Atar Lord of Malaga run him through with
Bun̄ol There they met on the Fourteenth of Sept. 1272 and laying aside all former Animosities concluded a League After the conference the King of Aragon went away to Catalonia then in an Uproar caus'd by the Nobility Armengaud de Cabrera Son to Alvaro de Cabrera to whom the King not long before had given the Earldom of Vrgel was the great incendiary The King besieg'd Balaguer the chief City of that Earldom and in it took Armengaud himself and his Uncle Roger Bernard and some other Lords whom he long kept Prisoners especially the Earl of Faux who had Rebell'd several times Thus the Troubles of Catalonia ended Prince Sancho of Castile went to Badajoz whither his Father was gone from Sevil to endeavour to make Peace between his Grandson Denis King of Portugal and Alonso that Kings Brother whom he labour'd by Force to deprive of the Possessions his Father had left him King Alonso of Portugal Father to Denis dyed at Lisbon the beginning of this same year He Liv'd 70 years Reigned 32. and was buried in the Monastery of S. Dominick Built by himself in that City Prince Sancho having seen his Father was sent away to make New Levies throughout the whole Kingdom in order to March against the King of Granada who was then taken up in Building the Palace of that City call'd Alhambra an excellent Structure which cost much Mony that King being no less skill'd in Works of that Nature than in Military Affairs What pretence there was for this War I know not but suppose he was not included in the late Treaty made with the King of Morocco Denis the King of Portugal either that he confided not in his Grandfather or fearing he was more inclinable to his Brother tho he came as far as Yelves which is but Three Leagues from Badajoz on a sudden turn'd back and went away King Alonso in a great Rage to be so disappointed return'd to Sevil. At this time Conrade Lança Admiral of Aragon with a Fleet of Ten Galleys scour'd the Coasts of Africk particularly of Tunez and Tremezen because they refus'd to pay the Tribute agreed upon some years before A certain Author affirms this Expedition was undertaken to restore Mirabusar Expell'd his Kingdom of Tunez by his Brother All agree a great Booty was taken by the Aragonians and that at the Streights of Gibraltar they defeated Ten Galleys of the King of Morocco Taking some and Sinking others The King of Aragon at Valencia where he commonly resided gave a Grant of the Lordship of Segorve to his Bastard Son D. Jayme about the Month of November CHAP. III. The Practices of Prince Sancho He Rebels against his Father The King of Morocco comes to Aid King Alonso Returns home leaving a Thousand Horse to serve under him King Alonso Disinherits and Curses his Son Prince Sancho IN Castile the Affection the People bore Prince Sancho daily increas'd and many believ'd when he was once well rid of his Nephews he would ease his Father of the Burden of the Crown His Father suspected nothing less than such a Design Prince Sancho in the Spring of the Year 1280. March'd with the Army he had rais'd to the Frontiers about Jaen and being there Recruited with Forces sent by his Father from Sevil entred the Territories of Granada where he Burnt all the Country as far as that City and then return'd with a great number of Cattle and Captives to Cordova and thence bore his Father Company to Sevil. This Success endear'd him more to the People which was what he chiefly aim'd at to secure the Succession to the Crown Philip K. of France sent Embassadors to demand that his Nephews should be set at liberty and deliver'd up to him and in case fair means would not prevail to threaten War Nothing being concluded it was agreed the Three Kings upon sufficient Security given should meet and commune together All the Kings set forward but they met not for Prince Sancho cunningly broke off that Interview fearing his Father who was inclinable to his Grandchildren might conclude something that might be prejudicial to him However it was agreed that Charles Prince of Taranto Son to the King of Sicily should carry the messages between the Kings yet all came to nothing Prince Sanoho undermining their Designs The French only ask'd that Prince Alonso should have the City Jaen given him with the Title of King and to hold of the Crown of Castile After this Disappointment the Kings of Aragon and France met about the same Affair and with the same success only the King of France took an Oath he would resign the Lordship of Mompellier to which he had pretended a Right to Jayme King of Majorca Prince Sancho was extreamly pleas'd that he had disappointed all the Designs of those Kings yet fear'd his Fathers Love towards those Children and there wanted not some who incensed King Alonso against his Son Therefore the Prince resolv'd to strengthen himself with Foreign Aids and to that purpose procur'd an Interview between his Father the King of Aragon and himself at a Town call'd Campillo between Agreda and Taraçona on the 27th of March 1281. At this Conference a League offensive and defensive was established between the two Kings upon penalty of 20000 pound weight of Silver to him that first broke it Palaçuela Teresa Xera and Ayola were now given to the King of Aragon and in lieu of them to Prince Emanuel the King's Brother whose those Places were Escalona was given This is what was publickly acted In private they concluded with jont Forces to invade Navarre and agreed what part each was to have when Conquer'd Prince Sancho obtain'd that the young Princes his Nephews should be secur'd in the Castle of Xativa and the more to oblige the King of Aragon he promised after his Fathers Death to yield him up all the Kingdom of Navarre and to give him in Castile the Town of Requena with all its Dependencies which lies on the Borders of Valencia towards Murcia He valu'd not what promises he made to secure his Power D. John Nun̄ez de Lara a powerful Man was then Lord of Albaracin having Marry'd the Daughter and Heiress of D. Alvaro de Açagra the Son of Peter Rodriguez de Açagra both Lords of that City Thence he made inroads into both the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon carrying away much Booty and gave Protection to all those that fled to him on account of any Crimes whatsoever Particularly D. Lope Diaz de Haro a mighty Lord being offended at King Alonso and Prince Sancho for the Death of Prince Frederick and the Lord of Cameros was retir'd thither The King of Aragon and Prince Sancho consulted at Taraçona about taking that City and expelling D. John de Lara King Alonso went to Burgos to Celebrate the Neptials of his two Sons Peter and John Peter marry'd a Daughter of the Lord of Narbonne and John the Daughter of the Earl of
should not assume the Title of King of Castile and â—â—ould hold that Crown of him and do him 〈◊〉 for it That if D. Alonso dy'd without 〈◊〉 his Brother Ferdinand should 〈…〉 That the King of Castile should send â—000 Horse to the Assistance of the King of France to make War upon Aragon but give 〈◊〉 Army free passage through his Dominions if there was Occasion That the Two Princes then Prisoners being by the Two Kings set at Liberty should be deliver'd to the King of France This Agreement was so displeasing to Blanch the Mother of â—â—â— Princes that leaving her Brother she went away to Portugal She labour'd with a 〈◊〉 Spirit to get assistance against 〈◊〉 but the Success answer'd not the Pains she took Denis King of Portugal having 〈◊〉 the Moors his Dominions â—njoy'd perfect Peace and would by no 〈◊〉 be perswaded to hazard his own Quiet for the good of others This King had good natural Parts and who happy in a numerous â—â—ue By his Queen Elizabeth he had Two Daughters Elizabeth and Constance and one Son called Alonso who 〈◊〉 him By other Women he had Alonso de Albuquerque from whom descends a Noble Family in Portugal Peter given to 〈◊〉 as appears by a Book he wrote of the Nobility of Spain 〈◊〉 and Ferdinand 〈◊〉 two Daughters one marry'd to D. John de la Cerda the other to 〈◊〉 CHAP. VIII Troubles in Castile The rightful Heirs to that Crown before Prisoners in Aragon set at liberty Wars on that account betwixt those two Crowns Badajoz Mâ—tinies and is reduc'd An Interview betwixt the Kings of France and Castile CAstile was at peace with the Moors Amity being establish'd with the King of Granada and a Truce with the King of Morocco A Civil War was fear'd by all Men. These Troubles were occasion'd by the Death of D. Lope de Haro kill'd in the Court and even in the King's presence in this manner D. Alvar NunÌ„ez de Lara dying soon after he was reconcil'd to the King his Competitor D. Lope de Haro return'd to Court hoping to recover his former Favour But no sooner was D. Alvar dead than D. John his Brother was rais'd to the same degree of Esteem to the great satisfaction of the People and no less Grief of D. Lope de Haro who so highly resented it as to complain to the King himself Prince John D. Lope's Son in Law 〈…〉 Incursions far as Guidad 〈◊〉 The King complain'd thereof to D. Lope who had the Boldness to say 〈…〉 by his Consent and added that if the King went to Valladolid his Son in-Law would come to â—igules a Town 〈◊〉 that 〈◊〉 which was threatning of him The King tho inrag'd at this Affront dissâ—â—â—'d it at present and going to Valladolid spoke with D. John his Brother â—o those Troubles â—â—as'd for some time From Valladolid the King 〈◊〉 to Roa thence to 〈◊〉 then to Soria and then set forward towards Taragona to meet the King of Aragon and treat about delivering the Two Princes his Nephews This Meeting of the Two Kings was prevented by the Policy of D. Lope de Haro who pass'd betwixt them and made Proposals to each of them which the other never thought of His Design was by 〈◊〉 of these two Princes to pull down King Sancho from whom he was wholly 〈◊〉 Therefore nothing being concluded King Sancho return'd to Alfaro a Town or 〈◊〉 on the Borders Beacon and Navarre Prince John and D. Lope de Haro came thither to attend him without a sufficient Retinue to guard them There were 〈◊〉 at that 〈…〉 Arch-Bishop at Toledo the Bishops of Plasencia Callahorra Osma and Tuy besides the 〈…〉 Lord 〈…〉 and the Abbot of Valladolid all summon'd to a Council Prince 〈◊〉 and D. Lope being come into the Kings Presence he commanded them immediately to deliver up all the 〈◊〉 they held of the King and they excusing themselves he order'd them to be apprehended D. Lope 〈◊〉 Hand on his Sword and wrapping his Cloak about his Arm call'd the King Tyrant gave him much more opprobrious Language and stepp'd forwards to kill him All that were by 〈◊〉 and falling upon him first out off his Right Hand and soon made an end of him Prince John after wounding some of the King's Servant seeing his Father in Law Dead fled to the Queen's Chamber who stood before him to stop the King that follow'd with his drawn Sword and by her intreaties sav'd his life However he was put in Prison to stand Tryal for his Offences It would be tedious to relate all the particulars of this Treason and the Confusion in the Royal Family These Heads being taken off all Tumults ceased for the present and the Example terrifyed others from attempting just then to Rebel But when the Terror was somewhat abated that Action of the King 's began to be openly censur'd The Friends and Kindred of those two great Men withdrew from Court and many got out of the Kingdom Thus a mighty Storm seem'd to threaten and therefore the King as was said made hast to conclude the League with France Joanna Wife to the late D. Lope de Haro Daughter to D. Alonso Lord of Molina all clad in Mourning went to see the Queen her Sister at Santo Domingo de la Calçada where the Court then was and prevail'd so far with her Tears and the Queens intercession that the King was appeased and granted her Son should not be depriv'd of his Lord-ship of Biscay as had been design'd the Town of Haro and Castle of TrevinÌ„o being already seiz'd Moreover the Queen promis'd her Sister that if her Son would be quiet and submit himself to the King he should be restor'd to his Father's Honours The Lady Joanna like an unconstant Woman thinking this proceeded from Fear incens'd her Son against the King and perswaded him to cast off his Allegiance and go over to Aragon Mary Wife to Prince John then a Prisoner fled to Navarre and with her many of her Friends but others better advis'd stay'd to see the Event of Things Gaston Viscount of Bearne came speedily to Aragon resolving to hazard his Person and Estate in defence of his Kindred At the Request of all these Nobles the King of Aragon releas'd the Two Brothers Princes of Castile and the more to incense King Sancho in the Month of September at Jaca saluted Alonso the eldest King of Castile and Leon. This was the Foundation of new Wars which presently broke out between Castile and Aragon The Commonalty of Castile were for a Change the Gentry for the most part stood by King Sancho He about that time went to Vitoria in the Province of Alava and there the Queen was deliver'd of a Son who was call'd Henry This Journey was undertaken in order to meet the King of France at Bayonne as had been agreed and to subdue Biscay This War prov'd more difficult than was expected by reason of the natural Strength of
should be Marry'd to D. John de Lara's Son Her Portion was the Lordship of Molina her Father having no Issue-male The Marriage was solemniz'd at Cuenca thence the King Queen and D. John went to Toledo the latter took up his Lodging in the Monastery of S. Paul of Dominicans without the City on the Banks of Tagus Being at Dice late at Night with a rich Jew on a sudden a Servant of his call'd Nun̄o Churuchao advis'd him to make his Escape for there was a Design to kill him and in order to it Arms had been carry'd into the Court He credited the Intelligence but could not get away for that the City Gates were shut and his Servants and Horses within He spent the Night in Fear and having call'd his Servants at break of Day they perswaded him not to stir for that there was not the least ground for any Suspicion The King was much concerned that he should be Suspected and the more he endeavour'd to satisfy D. John the more Jealous he was At this time the League with the King of Granada was renew'd upon Condition he should pay the usual Tribute for that King was before wavering Hernan Ponce de Leon who commanded upon the Frontiers was the chief Instrument of continuing this good Understanding betwixt the two Kings From Toledo the King and Queen went to Burgos and thence to Palencia where was held a general Chapter of the Order of S. Dominick D. John de Lara could not be oblig'd by any Favours but endeavour'd to stir up the Nobles to revolt To oppose him Prince John the King's Brother who was belov'd by all Men was taken out of Prison and took the Oath of Fidelity to the King and his Son Ferdinand as Heir apparent kissing his Hand according to the Custom of Castile By his means many were reduc'd to the King's Service The King also going to Santiago of Galicia under colour of Devotion perswaded D. John Alonso de Albuquerque a Man of great Power who at the Instigation of D. John de Lara had revolted to lay down his Arms. These Things happen'd in Castile in the Year of our Lord 1291 when in the Month of February the Pope's Legates in France at Tarascon compos'd the Differences betwixt the Kings of France and Aragon Charles King of Naples was present with the Embassadors of the other two Kings Peace was concluded upon the following Conditions That the King of Aragon send Embassadors to Rome humbly to beg Pardon of his past Contumacy and Disobedience That he pay the yearly Tribute of 70 Ounces of Gold to the Church as was promis'd by his Grandfather That he go with a powerful Fleet to the Service of the Holy Land That at his return he advise his Mother and Brother to quit Sicily That he publish an Edict commanding all Aragonians under severe Penalties to depart that Island That Charles of Valois resign his Claim to the Crown of Aragon on Account of the Gift of the Pope That his Holiness shall receive the Aragonian into Favour and send a Prelate to take off the Interdict from his Kingdom to whom the King shall deliver the Hostages he has from the King of Naplas At the concluding of these Articles the Embassadors of Sicily were not present by the Contrivance of the King of Aragon knowing they would break all these Measures at which King Jayme and all the Sicilians were highly offended They complain'd he who ought to have Protected had deceiv'd and forsaken them yet resolv'd rather to dye than return under the Dominion of the French and they obtain'd their Ends. The French were disappointed of recovering Sicily and the King of Aragon's Voyage to the Holy Land was prevented the City Ptolemays the last that remain'd in the Hands of the Christians being taken and utterly subverted by the Infidels The Kings of Aragon and Naples met a second time at Junquera in order to establish a lasting Peace both of them being weary of the War Therefore as soon as they parted King Charles marry'd his Eldest Daughter Clemencia to Charles of Valois giving her in Dower the Earldom of Anjou and Province of Main upon Condition he should quit all Pretensions to the Crown of Aragon The King of Aragon was resolv'd to fullfil all that had been agreed upon when Death cut him off at Barcelona in the midst of his Preparations to receive the Princess Ellenor his Bride He dy'd in the Flower of his Youth being but 27 Years of Age and on the 18th Day of June His Body was bury'd in the Monastery of S. Francis in that City with the Habit of that Order Upon the News of the King of Aragon's Death his Brother Jayme presently came over from Sicily to take Possession of that Crown which appertain'd to him as next of Blood his Brother dying without Issue and having in his Will appointed him his Successor He was receiv'd without any Opposition and Crown'd at Zaragoça with the usual Solemnity on the 24th of September He would not allow of that Clause in his Brother's Will which appointed Prince Frederick his younger Brother King of Sicily but resolv'd to keep and maintain that Kingdom Alonso de la Cerda who had only the Title and Right to the Crown of Castile and was then present and King Sancho who was in Possession of the Kingdom both strove for his Friendship The Aragonian was more inclinable to the Fortune of King Sancho than the Justice of D. Alonso whose Strength decay'd especially since the Queen politickly drew away D. John Nun̄ez de Lara from his Party Besides King Sancho to strengthen himself had made a League with the King of Portugal and concluded a Match betwxit his Son and Heir Prince Ferdinand and Constance that King's Daughter giving some Towns in Castile to secure the Performance The Kings of Castile and Aragon at length concluded a Peace and for the Ratification of it agreed to meet at Montagudo a Town on the Borders of the two Kingdoms There on the 20th of November they made a League Defensive and Offensive and articled that neither should protect the others Rebels but deliver them up Moreover for that the King of Morocco notwithstanding the Truce had lay'd Siege to Beja the Aragonian oblig'd himself if it were requir'd to send 20 Galleys to relieve it To make this Agreement the sirmer it was resolv'd the Aragonian should marry Elizabeth the Daughter of the King of Castile tho' but 9 Years of Age hoping the Pope would dispense with the Consanguinity and accordingly they were Contracted at Soria on the first of December The Child was deliver'd to her Husband and then the two Kings went to Calatayud where there were great Entertainments of all sorts The Nobility of Aragon for some Years had been very Mutinous and in the Reign of King Alonso they endeavour'd to Retrench the King's Houshold and still labour'd to alter the Laws and erect a new Form of Government
Now by means of King Sancho they were reconcil'd and pardon'd The Kings parted about the end of the Year when he of Morocco rais'd his Siege and returu'd to Africk fearing Benedict Zacharias who was Equipping a great Fleet upon the Coast of Galicia besides the Town was strong and bravely defended These things concluded Spain at length was restor'd to Peace both at Home and Abroad Only D. John de Lara could not be pacify'd therefore King Sancho bent his Force against him and took the Towns of Moya and Canete which he had given him when he return'd from Aragon D. John having no Refuge left in Spain fled to France After him went the Arch-Bishop of Toledo sent by King Sancho to appease that King and continue the Amity that was betwixt them excusing the League made with Aragon as of absolute Necessity to prevent Civil-Wars The King of France answer'd he was no ways displeas'd at it but that his Brother Charles would freely renounce his Claim to Aragon provided that King would restore Sicily to the See of Rome While these things were in Agitation at the beginning of the Year 1292. Benedict Zacharias Admiral of Castile on the Coast of Africk fought 20 Galleys of the Moors and took 13 of them This Loss prevented the King of Morocco from passing over to Spain again as he had intended having a great Army ready for that purpose at Tangier King Sancho was encourag'd by this Success to set down before Tarifa which after a long Siege he took on the 21st of September The King of Portugal tho it was ask'd sent no Succour At the same time the Queen of Castile at Sevil was deliver'd of a Son call'd Philip. At first Roderick Master of the Knights of Calatrara was made Governour of Tarifa afterwards Alonso Perez de Gusman offer'd to defend it for one third of what was given to other Governours He had gather'd much Mony not only in Spain but in Africk while he serv'd the King of Morocco With it he bought several Towns in Andaluzia and added them to his paternal Estate He also gave great Alms and was therefore call'd the Good which Name his Family still keeps up From him are descended the Dukes of Medina Sidonia D. Alonso had a Son call'd John and a Grandson by him of the same Name marry'd to Beatrix Bastard Daughter to King Henry the II. who gave him the Town of Niebla in Dower with the Title of an Earl and therefore he call'd his Son Henry John the Son of Henry was by King Henry the Fourth created Duke of Medina Sidonia which Title continues in the Family Let us return to the Kings CHAP. X. Alcala de Henares made an Vniversity Tarifa Besieg'd by the Moors A brave Action of the Governour Sancho King of Castile dyes Ferdinand the Fourth succeeds Peace betwixt France and Aragon POpe Nicholas the Fourth and Sancho King of Castile earnestly endeavour'd to compose the Differences betwixt France and Aragon The Pope sent to this purpose Boniface Calamandra a Knight of S. John into Aragon but Death put a stop to his good Intentions The Sea of Rome was vacant two Years the Cardinals not agreeing King Sancho as to the Affairs of Aragon made amends for the want of a Pope for having receiv'd a favourable Answer from the King of France he invited the Aragonian to Guadalajara hoping they would terminate that Affair They met but nothing was concluded only they agreed upon another Conference at Logron̄o and invited Charles King of Naples thither who came not the Reason is not known but the Aragonian restor'd him his Children as had been promis'd by his Brother The following Year 1293. the Kings of Castile and Aragon met at Logron̄o all the fruit of the Conference was that they grew Jealous of each other The Father in Law treated the Son harshly and wrested all things to his own Advantage From that time the Aragonian began to have no Kindness for the Lady Elizabeth and to think of another Match and to this purpose pleaded Consanguinity and want of a Dispensation By the means of Calamandra he had a Conference with the King of Naples at Junquera where they treated of Contracting an Allyance by Marriage but very privately Time that discloses all Secrets made it appear they consulted about the Restitution of Sicily and marrying the King of Aragon to Blanch the Daughter of King Charles At this time King Sancho by a special Charter granted there should be publick Schools at Alcalà de Henares with the same Priviledges as at Salamanca Elizabeth Wife to D. John de Lara the younger dying the Lordship of Molina return'd to the King as next of Blood D. John de Lara the younger and Prince John the King's Brother began to raise Tumults The King to prevent a War reduc'd them by fair means D. John de Lara and his Father who now return'd from France were reconcil'd to the King Prince John the King's Brother retiring to Portugal thence together with D. John de Albuquerque made Incursions into the Country of Leon. The King sent D. John de Lara the Elder with Forces to oppose him but he was overthrown and taken Being set at Liberty he came to Toro where the King was very joyful for that he had a Daughter born there call'd Beatrix There was a Report that the King of Granada design'd to make War and he of Morocco to return into Spain therefore the King sent D. John de Lara with his two Sons D. John and D. Nun̄o to the Frontiers of Andaluzia But all this came to nothing for the Moorish Kings were quiet and D. John de Lara dy'd at Cordova This Storm being blown over Prince John the King's Brother rais'd another for he being commanded by the King of Portugal lest he should seem to infringe the Peace to depart his Kingdom went over to Tangier The King of Morocco thinking he might be of Use for carrying on the War in Spain entertain'd him Honourably and sent him with 5000 Horse to attack Tarifa Passing over into Spain he batter'd that Place with all manner of Engines and the Besieg'd encourag'd by their Commander Alonso Perez de Gusman and the Strength of their Wall defended themselves as resolutely It happen'd the Governour 's only Son was taken whom the Moors presented to the View of the Besieged threatning to cut off his Head unless they Surrendred The Father not the least daunted answer'd if he had an Hundred Sons they should all dye sooner than he would Stain his Honour by delivering that Place he had been Entrusted with and to shew his Resolution threw a Sword down from the Wall for them to Execute him with This done he went away to Dinner Soon after he return'd call'd by a great shout the Souldiers gave seeing those Bloody Barbarians execute the Innocent Child The Fact was more hainous because done by the Command of Prince John The Father understanding the Cause of that
Ferdinand Peace concluded betwixt the Kings of Sicily and Naples A Synod of Bishops Troubles in Castile Pope Boniface dyes Benedict the Eleventh succeeds him AT this time dy'd Raimundus Lullus born in the Island Majorca who being bred a Merchant retir'd to the Desert where he tho ignorant even in the Latin Tongue wrote several Books of all Arts and Sciences and even of Divinity but so obscure they are scarce Intelligible He affirms he had it all by Revelation from our Saviour who appear'd to him Crucify'd What is most to be commended in him is that he went over twice to Bugia in Africk where not ceasing to instruct that Barbarous People he was the first time Imprison'd and the second stoned to Death His Body carry'd to Majorca is there held in great Veneration tho not Canoniz'd as a Saint His Books are variously spoken of some Condemn and others highly Esteem them but 500 Propositions taken out of them were condemn'd at Avignon by Pope Gregory the XIth Thus much of Raymundus Lullus Garci Lopez de Padilla Master of the Knights of Calatrava by his great severity and harsh Temper had offended his Knights who endeavour'd to cast him off It happen'd under the present Confusions the Christians were not able to make Head against the Moors who the last Year took from those Knights the Town of Alcaudete attempted Vaena and tho they entred it were repuls'd by the Garrison and now lastly they lay'd Siege to Jaen The blame of all these Misfortunes was lay'd upon Garci Lopez and besides they accus'd him of keeping private Correspondence with D. Alonso de la Cerda This was what they pretended but in Reality they hated him for his Severity and envy'd his Valour The Knights held a Chapter and depos'd Garci Lopez de Padilla their Master contrary to Equity as was afterwards determined by the Cistercian Monks constituted Judges in that Case by the Pope In this Place D. Aleman Commendary of Zorita was chosen Master Garci Lopez about the end of the Year was restored to his Dignity and govern'd those Knights a long time yet their hatred not ceasing in his Old Age they charg'd him with fresh Articles and having again wrongfully depos'd him chose D. John Nun̄ez de Prado in his Place He being past Service voluntarily left the Mastership to his Competitor only reserving to himself some Towns in Aragon for his Maintenance Pope Boniface being well Affected to Spain the Kings of Spain and Portugal had a Meeting at Plasencia where they agreed to send an Embassy to him as they did and obtain'd a Dispensation for consummating the Marriages betwixt those Kings and their Queens he also dispens'd with the Marriage of the late King Sancho tho then dead As soon as the Dispensation came the Nuptials were Celebrated betwixt King Ferdinand and the Lady Constance at Valladolid having been put off till this time as well in regard to the King 's tender Age as the Consanguinity The King setled his Houshould and took upon him the Government D. John Nun̄ez de Lara was made Steward of the Houshould Prince Henry the King's Uncle had Atiença and Santistevan de Gormaz given him in lieu of the Government he lost All these Favours could not overcome his Wicked Inclination for still he held Correspondence with the Aragonians and Moors and caus'd the Siege of Almaçan which Place held for D. Alonso de la Cerda to be rais'd and the Forces to be sent to other Parts At Hariza he had a Meeting with the King of Aragon That King held Lorca a strong Place in the Kingdom of Murcia Besieg'd a long time and at last it was Surrendred to him at the beginning of the Year 1302. On the first day of April a Synod of the Province of Toledo was celebrated at Pen̄afiel a City in old Castile at which Gonçalo Arch-Bishop of Toledo Presided The third Canon of this Council forbids the Clergy keeping of Concubines openly The sixth upon pain of Punishment such was that Age they thought it enough to punish publick Sins ordains that any Priest who Reveals what he hears in Confession be kept in perpetual Imprisonment and fed with only Bread and Water Many other Constitutions were made relating to Ecclesiastical Affairs In May following dy'd Mahomet King of Granada His Son Mahomet Almahor succeeded him but he being Blind his Brother in Law Farraquin Lord of Malaga had the Administration of the Government At the same time in Sicily after those tedious Wars spoken of Peace was establish'd The Sicillian Fleet near the Island Ponça was overthrown and their Admiral Conrade Doria a Genoese taken Prisoner The French immediately lay'd Siege to Mecina which was bravely defended by the Townsmen and the great Care of King Frederick Queen Violante bore her Husband Company in that Expedition and was then at Catanea Through her Procurement the two Kings met upon the Coast of Siracusa to Treat and tho they could not conclude a Peace yet a Truce was agreed on Two Accidents happen'd that might have cut off all hopes of a Peace One the Death of Queen Violante at Termini a Town Possess'd by the French near Palermo The other the coming of Charles of Valois into Sicily as he was going to recover the Grecian Empire King Frederick to avoid coming to a Battle caus'd all Provisions to be convey'd into Places of Strength and what could not to be destroy'd This oblig'd the Enemy to make Overtures of Peace in order to which those three Princes met between Jaca and Calatabelota where after much contesting they agreed upon these Articles That Philip Prince of Taranto and all Prisoners on both sides be set at liberty That King Frederick quit all the Places he is possess'd of on the Continent and the French all they have in Sicily That the Lady Ellenor Sister to Robert be married to King Frederick and retain Sicily as her Portion till such time as with the Popes leave and assistance Sardinia or some other Kingdom be conquer'd If this succeed not King Frederick's Heirs shall be oblig'd to quit Sicily upon receiving 250000 Crowns of the King of Naples That deserters on both sides be pardon'd These Conditions were Sign'd the last day of August and all Hostilines ceas'd This Year there was great scarcity of Corn especially in Spain because as grave Authors affirm the fourth part of the Country People was consum'd during the Troubles About this time D. Jayme eldest Son to the King of Majorca resigning his Right to that Crown became a Franciscan Friar and his Father dying Sarcho the 2d Son succeeded who did Homage and swore Fidelity to the King of Aragon for his Dominions In Castile all was not very quiet and there was great want of Mony The Cortes or Parliament was held at Burgos and Zamora where publick Expences were Retrenched and a great Sum of Mony rais'd Besides Pope Boniface by his Bull granted to Queen-Mother a Remission of
of October 1306. They were all put to the Rack where some through excess of Pain said any thing they would have them yet many dy'd with Resolution The Great Master of the Order James de Mola as he was led to be Burnt being proms'd his Life if he would confess openly protested the Innocency of his Order declaring he had falsly charged them with those Crimes at the instigation of the Pope and King of France for which he beg'd Forgiveness of God Many others did the like The following Year Pope Clement by his Bulls appointed the Arch-Bishop of Toledo and Santiago with other Prelates Judges over the Knights Templers in Castile the Bishops of Valencia and Zaragoça for Aragon and so in all other parts of Spain and throughout Christendom They had all Orders after examining the Case to give Sentence in the Provincal Synods In Aragon those Knights stood upon their Defence in several strong Places but particularly at Monçon yet the King's Forces coming upon them they were all taken In Castile the King summon'd them to appear before the Arch-Bishop of Toledo and at the same time caus'd them to be apprehended and their Estates to be put into the Hands of the Bishops till such time as they were try'd A Synod met at Salamanca where after a full Hearing the Templers were acquitted Yet the final Determination was referred to the Pope whose Decree superseded the Opinions of all those Prelates and the whole Order was abolish'd By virtue of this Decree King Ferdinand seiz'd upon all they possess'd as well in Lands as Goods In Galicia they had the Towns of Ponferrada and Faro In Lean Balduerna Tavara Almansa Alcanizes In Estremadura Valencia Alconita Xeres de Badajoz Fregenal Nertobriga Capilla and Caracuel In Andaluzia Palma In old Castile Villalpando In the Territory of Murcia Caravaca and Alconchel In the Kingdom of Toledo Montalvan Besides S. Pedro de la Zarça Burguillos and many other Towns and Houses too tedious to repeat They are said to have had Twelve Monasteries in Spain They were summon'd before the Arch-Bishop of Toledo in the Year 1310. In a Synod held at Munster in Germany the Templers were declared innocent At last the Council of Vienne was open'd upon the 16th of October 1311. Here it was decreed that Pope Boniface should not be condemn'd Some Discourse there was about renewing the War in the Holy Land but to no effect As to the Knights Templers it was ordain'd their Order should be totally abolish'd their Goods to be given to the Knights of S. John who had then taken the Island of Rhodes Only Spain allow'd not of that Decree by reason of the War with the Moors which it was thought would prove dangerous All the World was astonish'd at the Ruin of the Templers Castile was full of Joy for the Birth of Prince Alonso of whom the Queen was delivered on the 3d of August and he soon after succeeded his Father Ferdinand The Joy was the greater because the Queen had never before been with Child and was thought to be Barren A Match was agreed betwixt Prince Peter King Ferdinand's Brother and Mary Daughter to the King of Aragon The two Kings met at Calatayud with a great Court and there the Marriage was celebrated with extraordinary Pomp. Ellenor the Sister of King Ferdinand before contracted to Prince Jayme the King of Aragon's Son was now marry'd and deliver'd to her Father in Law Some Discourse there was about carrying on the War against the Moors in the Spring There was a Difference betwixt the Kings of Castile and Portugal about the Towns of Mora and Serpa near Cape S. Vincent which had been deliver'd to the Portugues contrary to Equity during King Ferdinand's Minority The King of Aragon was chosen Umpire in this Difference This done Prince John the King of Aragon's Brother was sent into Portugal about that Affair King Ferdinand went to Valladolid where he assembl'd the Cortes or Parliament and demanded Mony for carrying on the War which was readily granted in hopes of driving the Infidels quite out of Spain Prince Peter the King's Brother being made General in the Spring of the Year 1312. march'd and lay'd Siege to Alcaudete which as was before said the Moors had taken The King follow'd to Martos there a very strange Accident happen'd Two Brothers Peter and John Carvajal were apprehended for the Murder of a Gentleman of the Family of Benavides kill'd at Palencia Many had been troubled for this Fact but it could not be prov'd upon any Body Lastly these two Gentlemen were condemn'd for it without being sufficiently Convicted or Confessing They were adjudg'd to be cast headlong off from a Rock and no Intercession could mitigate the King for he was inexorable As they were led to Execution they call'd God to witness their Innocency and appeal'd to his Tribunal before which they summon'd the King to appear within 30 Days These Words at first look'd upon as Vain were afterwards much Reflected on The King little regarding them went away to the Camp before Alcaudete there a violent Sickness forc'd him to return to Jaen not withstanding the Moors were upon surrendring His Disease increas'd so that he could not attend any Business and one day being somewhat Joyful with the News brought him that the Moors had surrendred he retir'd after Dinner to Sleep and was found Dead His Death was upon a Thursday the 7th of September He was taken off in the Flower of his Youth at the Age of 24 Years and 9 Months when he began to know somewhat of Happiness He Reign'd 17 Years 4 Months and 19 Days and was the Fourth of the Name Some said excessive Eating and Drinking caus'd his Death others that it was a Judgment for that he dy'd exactly the 30th Day after he was Summon'd For this reason he was call'd King Ferdinand the Summon'd His Body was deposited at Cordova because by reason of the great Heat of the Weather it could not then be carry'd to Sevil or Toledo the Burial Places of the King It was the more confidently believ'd he dy'd in pursuance of the Summons because the same happen'd at the same time to the Pope and King of France who were also cited by several Knights Templers as they were led to Execution What the King of Aragon decreed as to the Difference betwixt Castile and Portugal is not known but it was visible he favour'd the Portugues and King Ferdinand dying he still kept those Towns which remain to that Kingdom to this Day CHAP. VI. The beginning of the Reign of Alonso the XIth King of Castile The many Confusions in that Kingdom by reason of his Infancy The Moors of Granada expel their King The Turks their Original and Growth GReat Troubles ensu'd upon the Death of King Ferdinand because the new King was but a Year and 26 Days old As soon as the King dy'd Prince Alonso his Son was proclaim'd by the
call'd the Simple who two Years before succeeded his Brother Luis was Young and Weak as well in Judgment as Forces and preserv'd the Title of King in the City Catanea The Power of the French daily increasing he was so dismay'd that he freely made over all his Dominions of Sicily Athens and Neopatria to his Sister Ellenor Wife to the King of Aragon to whom he sent a publick Instrument of this donation to oblige him to send Forces to his Aid but the Aragonian had his Hands so full at Home that he could not relieve his Brother-in-Law The Affairs of Sicily reduc'd to this miserable Condition were up-held by the Valour of D. 〈◊〉 de Aragon Earl of Mistreta and Lord Justice of Sicily who overthrew the Enemy in Battel punish'd some Rebels and redu'd others CHAP. II. The Kings of Castile and Aragon both call the Moors to their assistance The War is carry'd on vigorously on both sides The Castilians treacherous to their King He punishes many of them The computation of time in Aragon alter'd REvenge carry'd the King 's of Castile and Aragon headlong to their Ruin and so blinded them that they call'd the Moors to their assistance The King of Granada sent a Body of Horse to the Service of Castile as was agreed betwixt them The King of Aragon call'd over the King of Morocco Pope Innocent by Letter grievously complain'd of this Action but in vain The Nobles of Castile were wrought upon by the Aragonians and forsook their Prince The first was Prince Ferdinand of Aragon as was said above Yet Jumilla by him betray'd was retaken at the beginning of the Year 1358 by D. Frederick Master of Santiago This done he went away to the King then at Sevil who caus'd him to be put to death in his presence by his Guards understanding he dealt underhand with the Aragonians From Sevil the King went with great speed to Biscay designing the same Fate for the other Brother D. Tello who suspecting it fled by Sea into France and thence into Aragon D. Tello being gone Prince John of Aragon begg'd of the King he would put him into Possession of the Lordship of Biscay to which he had right by his Wife the Lady Elizabeth Daughter to D. John Nun̄ez de Lara The King knowing he was associated with the rebellious Peers caus'd him to be slain by his Guards in his presence and his Body to be thrown out at a Window and say'd to some Biscayners that look'd on Behold him that would have been your Lord. His Body was carry'd to Burgos there cast into the River and never after seen Queen Ellenor that Prince's Mother and the Lady Elizabeth his Wife were sent Prisoners from Roa to the Castle of Castroxeriz Six Heads of Men of Note were brought to him to Burgos from several Places He had resolv'd to execute others at Valladolid but was prevented by the Incursions Count Henry and Prince Ferdinand made into his Territories the former wasted all the Country of Campos Soria and Almaçan the other the Kingdom of Murcia From Osma the King went to Burgos to provide against these Irruptions Thence he sent to complain to the King of Aragon that he had broke the Truce That King answer'd the Truce had been broken in retaking Jumilla and calleng'd him to decide the Quarrel with 20 50 or 100 Men of a side King Peter made small account of his Challenge but sent D. Gutierre Gomez de Toledo lately made great Prior of St. John to secure the Kingdom of Murcia others had other Commands given them He himself went away to Sevil where he had fitted 12 Galleys which were joyn'd by 6 from Genoa with which he design'd to scour the Coast of Valencia and attempt the Maritime Towns These Galleys took the Town of Guardamar belonging to Prince Ferdinand but were prevented from taking the Castle by a suddain Storm in which they all perish'd except two that were out at Sea This loss no way discourag'd the King who burnt the Town and march'd away to Murcia Thence he sent his Favourite Martin Yanez to Sevil to equip another Fleet and he having gather'd an Army from all parts march'd away to Almaçan and thence into the Enemies Country where he took several Towns Winter drawing on he return'd to Sevil resolving to fit out a great Fleet to which purpose the King of Portugal his Uncle sent him Ten Galleys and he of Granada Three This Year was remarkable for the Birth of the Lady Ellenor Daughter to Peter King of Aragon and of D. John Son to Count Henry whom Heaven had decreed should be marry'd together and inherit the Crown of Castile This Year also it was ordain'd in the Cortes of Valencia that the computation of Years should no longer be taken from the Era of Cesar but from the Birth of Christ At the beginning of the Year 1359 the King of Aragon laid Siege to the strong Town of Medina Celi but it being well defended return'd to Zaragoça without any Success The King of Castile being on the way to relieve Medina Celi understood the Cardinal of Bolonia the Pope's Legate was arriv'd at Almaçan In that place the Legate had Audience and earnestly exhorted the King in the Pope's Name to incline to Peace with the Christians and employ his Arms against the Infidels The King answer'd he had been already impos'd upon by the King of Aragon under pretence of Peace and therefore was resolv'd to give no more Ear to it unless the Aragoman would banish the out-Laws of Castile restore the Towns wrongfully taken during his Grand-fathers Minority and pay 500000 Florins for the Charge of War With this Answer the Legate went to the King of Aragon who excus'd himself and laid the blame upon his Enemy as is usual The time was spent in Messages to and fro and yet not so much as a truce could be concluded All hopes of Peace being laid aside the King of Castile at Almaçan declar'd Prince Ferdinand and the two Brothers Count Henry and D. Tello Traytors Queen Ellenor was put to death in Prison and soon after the Lady Joanna de Lara Her Sister the Lady Elizabeth was sent with Qu. Blanch from the Castle of Siguença to Xerez de la Frontera This done the King imbarqu'd aboard a Fleet of 41 Galleys and 80 Ships so well stord and carrying so powerful an Army that they were provided for any great Enterprize By the way he took a mighty Venetian Garack only because it resisted it was carry'd to Cathagena and all its rich Lading secur'd The Fleet sail'd to Guardumar and took both the Town and Castle by Storm Alicant was abandoned by the Aragonians D. Gutierre de Toledo was left with a good Force to secure the Towns taken The King with the rest of the Fleet sail'd to Tortosa at the Mouth of the River Ebro There the Legate came aboard his Galley and again made some Overtures of Peace but in
vain Thence he sail'd to Barcelona where he found 12 Galleys of Aragon which he twice attempted to carry off but could not because they lay near the Shore and were bravely defended by the Catalonians Thus disappointed he sail'd for the opposite Islands He landed at Yviça and tho he assaulted the Town of that Name could not take it Mean while the King of Aragon having gather'd 40 Galleys sail'd over to Majorca designing to Fight the Castilian Fleet. The King at the Request of his People stay'd in the Island and sent the Fleet under the command of Bernard de Cabrera his Admiral and the Viscount to find out the Enemy who leaving Yviça were come to Calpe with the same Resolution The Aragonian Fleet lay at the Mouth of the River that falls into the Sea neat Denia both Parties seem'd desirous to Ingage yet both were cautious so all this threaten'd Storm vanish'd The Aragonians put into Barcelona and the King of Castile from Cartagena sent his Fleet to Sevil and went by Land himself to Tordesillas to see Da. Maria de Padilla who was there deliver'd of a Son call'd Alonso The King's Joy for his Birth was not lasting for he dy'd soon after In the Fields of Araviana at the foot of the Mountain Moncayo Count Henry and his Brother D. Tello with 700 Aragonian Horse charg'd a Party of Castile and overthrew them killing about 300 and taking many Men of Note Among the rest was killed John Fernandez de Hinestrosa the Commander in Chief The King of Castile in a rage caus'd two Bastard Brothers he kept Prisoners to be put to Death which were John and Peter It is likely they were convicted of keeping Correspondence with the Rebels yet this Action terrify'd the whole Kingdom All the great Ones trembled but doubtless it was their Guilt made them do so for many Men of Quality not thinking themselves secure in Castile fled into Aragon The King was charg'd with Cruelty but the Subject consider'd not how many frequent Rebellions oblig'd him to make Examples of Justice Having Intelligence that 12 Venetian Galleys were ready to pass out of the Streights the King sent 20 to Intercept them but a Storm disappointed the Design This is represented as a hainous Crime without reflecting that is was say'd before the Venetians were in League with Aragon and might therefore be justly looked upon as Enemies to Castile But it was the Misfortune of this King to have all his Actions misrepresented and to have those things call'd Cruelty in him which were but just Punishment of Rebels Yet because a Bastard prevail'd against him that Bastard was applauded as lawful King and the true King stiled a Tyrant Such is the Judgment of the World that Misfortunes make the best King a Tyrant and success Crowns the vilest Vsurper with the Name of a Lawful Prince The Cardinal Legate took much pains to set on Foot a Treaty of Peace which he compass'd at the beginning of the Year 1360. Embassadors were sent on both sides with full Power and the King was near a Conclusion Yet neither at Tudela nor at Sadua where the Treaty was renew'd and continu'd could any thing be brought to Perfection for the Aragonians were incourag'd with their late Success and the King of Castile after so many Disappointments would not yield the least Point Yet finding so much Falshood among his People he knew not who to trust and therefore every Day chang'd the Officers of his Household and Army This was the unhappy condition of King Peter CHAP. III. The Death of Queen Blanch and Da. Maria de Padilla Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon The War with the Moors and Death of their King The King of Aragon 's Daughter marry'd to the King of Sicily THE Treaty of Peace was so carry'd on that still fresh Preparations for War were made on both Sides The King of Castile went from Sevil towards Leon in speed to apprehend Peter Nun̄ez de Guzman Lieutenant of that Kingdom but he having Notice of the King's approach fled to Portugal a sign he was not Innocent Peter Alvarez Osorio being at Dinner with D. James Garcia de Padilla Master of Calatrava was put to Death by two of the King's Guards From Leon the King went to Burgos where he put to Death James Arias Maldonado the Archdeacon for keeping a Correspondence with Count Henry Many others sav'd their Lives by the sudden Irruptions of the Aragonians under Count Henry D. Tello and the Count de Osona into the Territory of Rioja where they took the Town of Haro and City Najara killing a great Number of Jews and making great Slaughter and Destructions In this heat they advanc'd as for as Pancorvo Gonzalo Gonzalez de Lucio Governour of Taraçona for the King of Castile deliver'd it up to the Aragonians The King of Castile march'd towards the Enemy then at Najara and encamp'd near a small Town call'd Azofra Here a Priest came to tell him he had a Revelution that his Bastard Brother Count Henry would kill him unless he mended his Life but the King for his Intelligence caus'd him to be publickly Burnt in the Camp From Azofra the King march'd towards Najara and there totally routed the Aragonians who fled to the City which might have been taken but the King could not be perswaded to besiege it Within two or three Days the Aragonians abandon'd Haro and Najara and the King put Garrisons into them Having secur'd the Frontires he return'd to Sevil and there agreed with the King of Portugal that each should deliver up the Out-laws that fled from the other The King of Portugal put to Death one Peter Coello and another because they had murder'd the Lady Agnes de Castro James Lopez Pacheco who had a Hand in her Death fled to Count Henry who afterwards for his good Service gave him an Estate in Castile and he was the Founder of the Noble Family of Pacheco Others were deliver'd to the King of Castile who put them to Death at Sevil. One of these was Peter Nun̄ez de Guzman the Lieutenant of Leon. Another was Gomez Carillo beheaded in a Galley as he was going by the King's Order from Sevil to Algozira upon pretence of being Governor of that Place Gutierre Fernandez de Toledo was put to Death at Alfaro for favouring the Party of Count Henry Gutierre Gomez and Toledo and James Gomez Brother to the deceas'd understanding he was Executed fled to Aragon D. Vasco Arch-bishop of Toledo was banish'd the Kingdom without allowing him time to change his Cloaths He went to Coimbra where in a Monastery of Dominicans he ended his Days holily Some Years after his Body was Translated to the Cathedral of Toledo Many call this Archbishop Blase It is suppos'd D. Vasco resign'd the Archbishoprick as soon as he was Banish'd for the same Year we find D. Gomez Manrique succeeded him Whilst these things happen'd in Castile the King of Aragon sent 4 Galleys well
stay to besiege it resolving to advance towards his Enemy who was incamp'd at Santaren The King of Portugal being too weak for his Enemy kept himself within the Walls and King Henry march'd away to Lisbon At his first coming he enter'd and burnt the Suburbs but the City being strong and well defended could not be taken However some Ships were burnt in the River and others taken by the Fleet of Castile a great Number of Prisoners and a rich Booty was carry'd away Mean while the Legate ceas'd not to labour for Peace and at last brought the two Kings together into a Boat upon the River Tagus on the 28th of March and they agreed to these Conditions That the King of Portugal by a certain Day should banish his Kingdom the Gentlemen that fled from Castile who were about 500 in Number That all Places taken during that War should be restor'd on both Sides That Beatrix Sister to the King of Portugal should be marry'd to D. Sancho Brother to King Henry and Earl of Albuquerque and Elizabeth Bastard Daughter to the King of Portugal to Alonso the Bastard of King Henry King Ferdinand gave Hostages for Security of Performance D. Sancho and the Lady Beatrix were presently marry'd at Santaren The Lady Elizabeth being but 8 Years of Age was delivered to King Henry and then the two Kings parted King Henry march'd directly against Navarre but the Pope's Legate reconcil'd those two Kings also The Navarrois restor'd the Towns of Victoria and Logron̄o Charles his Son was contracted to Ellenor Daughter to the King of Castile her Portion 120000 Crowns of Gold The Kings met at Briones a Town on the Frontiers where the Princes were marry'd and the King of Navarre gave his younger Son Peter to him of Castile as a Hostage When the King of Navarre return'd out of France he found that Bernard Bishop of Pamplona and Cruzate Dean of Tudela whom he had joyn'd in Commission with the Queen had not discharg'd their Trust faithfully They understanding the King's Displeasure fled the Bishop got to Avignon but the Dean was kill'd by the way as was suspected by the King's order The Bishop went on to Rome where he dy'd CHAP. X. Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Aragon Several Matches of Princes French and Spaniards besiege Bayonne in vain The Papal Chair restor'd to Rome Death of Frederick King of Sicily FRom Briones the King of Castile return'd to the Kingdom of Toledo he of Navarre to his Court whence he sent the Queen into France to appease that King who was highly offended suspecting the Navarrois had employ'd People to Poison him Then the King of Navarre went in Person to Madrid to perswade King Henry to forsake the French and side with the English Offering if he would pay the Arrears due to the Prince of Wales and his Army from King Peter that the English would quit their Claim to the Crown of Castile and lay down all other Animosities King Henry answer'd he would never depart from the Interest of France where he had found Relief in his Distress but that if the English would make Peace with France he would join in it and pay them as much as should be adjudg'd by impartial Judges Thus nothing was concluded and the Navarrois return'd to Pamplona the Castilian to Andaluzia The Lady Mary Daughter to D. Ferdinand de la Cerda marry'd in France to the Earl of Alençon sent to demand of King Henry the Lordships of Biscay and Lara as of right appertaining to her He reply'd if she would send two of her Sons to reside at his Court they should be put into Possession but having better Estates in France they never came In October Balthasar Spinola a Genoese came into Aragon as Embassador from the English to conclude a League against Castile They offer'd him if the Kingdom were conquer'd the Cities of Murcia Cuenca and Soria with all their Dependencies but the King of Aragon could not be prevail'd upon In February happen'd a great Earthquake in the Earldom of Ribagorça in which many Towns were wholly swallow'd up Luis Duke of Anjou came to Carcassonne to endeavour to settle a Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon fearing lest the English the mortal Enemies of France should become Masters of Castile After much debating it was resolv'd to referr the Dicision of their Differences to Guido Cardinal of Bolonia the Pope's Legate On the 15th of October Pope Gregory the XIth confirm'd the Order of the Fryers of S. Hierome first invented by certain Italian Hermits near the City Toledo Some Years after the Order of the Isidorians was taken from this same In December tho Peace could not be concluded a Truce was agreed upon till the Feast of Pentecost In the Year 1374 John Duke of Lancaster landed with an Army at Calis and being join'd by the Duke of Britany march'd across the Country to Bourdeaux with a Design to conquer Castile He sent Embassadors to the Kings of Aragon and Navarre to ask Supplies but they thought it safest to look on as Neuters King Henry fearing this Storm went to Burgos where he made all possible Preparations to withstand it D. Sancho his Brother endeavouring to appease a Sedition among the Souldiers was wounded in the Face with a Spear and dy'd The Lady Beatrix his Wife left with Child was deliver'd of a Daughter called Ellenor who was marry'd to Prince Ferdinand afterwards King of Aragon King Henry near Ban̄ares made a review of his Forces and found 1200 Horse and 5000 Foot a small Number but good Men. The English Forces consum'd by their long March when they came to Bourdeaux were not above 6000 strong and therefore had lay'd aside the Design of entring Spain Luis Duke of Anjou thinking this a good Opportunity to expel them France advis'd King Henry to joyn his Forces with him and besiege Bayonne King Henry took his Advice and besieg'd the Place but was forc'd by the Rains and want of Provisions to quit it Beltran de Guevara Lord of On̄ate did good Service in this Expedition for which the King at his return gave him the Valley of Leniz In August the Prince of Majorca enter'd the Country of Russillon with a powerful Army yet did nothing considerable On the other side the Lord of Bearne and Godfrey Recco a Breton made an Incursion into the Territory of Borgia and destroy'd all they came near The King of Aragon sent Francis de Perellas Viscount Roda to conclude a League with the Duke of Lancaster A violent Storm cast him upon the Coast of Granada where he was made Prisoner by that King in revenge for certain Vessels of his taken by the Aragonians and to please the King of Castile A new Embassy was sent by King Henry to Barcelona to establish Peace with the Aragonian On the 3d of November dy'd in Normandy Joanna Queen of Navarre at whose Request her Brother the King of France often pardon'd her Husband
She now dy'd of Grief because he refus'd her Her Body was bury'd among the Kings at S. Denis The King her Husband made himself odious by persecuting the Kindred of those who had been against him Aragon besides the Wars this Year suffer'd by Famine which was somewhat abated by bringing Corn from Africk and did some good by forcing the Enemy to depart the Kingdom Jayme King of Naples who marched into Castile with his Army to look for Provisions dy'd there at the beginning of the Year 1375. His Sister Elizabeth who was with him led the Army back into France there she resign'd all her Claims against the House of Aragon to Luis the King of France his Brother which caus'd new Troubles Now the Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon was concluded on the 12th of April the Conditions were That the Lady Ellenor before promis'd to Prince John should be marry'd to him her Dower 200000 Florins lent by the Araganian to King Henry at the beginning of the Civil Wars That Molina should be restored to Castile and That the Aragonian should pay 12000 Florins towards the Charge of the War This Agreement was celebrated with great Joy in both Kingdoms This Year was Fortunate to all Christendom as well as Spain because Pope Gregory the XIth return'd to Rome after the Popes his Predecessors had resided 70 Years at Avignon Bertran Claquin having for his good Service got the Earldom of Longueville in France ◠sold his Lands in Spain to King Henry for 260000 Doubles At Soria on the 27th of May Prince Charles of Navarre marry'd Ellenor King Henry's Daughter and on the 19th of June Prince John his Son took to Wife Ellenor Daughter to the King of Aragon News was now brought that D. Ferdinand de Castro who the last Year fled to Portugal was dead in England Also that Ferdinand de Tovar Admiral of Castile had done much harm along the Coasts of that Island From Soria King Henry went to Burgos He design'd to assist the French with all his Power against the English His Son Alonso Earl of Gijon to avoid marrying Elizabeth Daughter to the King of Portugal fled into France but was soon brought back by his Father At the end of this Year dy'd D. Gomez Manrique Arch-bishop of Toledo The Chapter having chosen two to succeed him the Decision of the Controversy was left to the Pope who allow'd of neither of them but gave that Dignity to Peter Tenorio then Bishop of Coimbra About this time dy'd some Men of Note of Navarre Particularly D. Roderick Vrriz a Man of a great Estate and Interest was by the King's Command apprehended and Beheaded in Pamplona at the latter end of March 1376. Some private Correspondence he held with the King of Castile was the cause of his Death It was Reported he intended to betray the Castles of Tudela and Caparroso but it is not likely they should so soon design to disturb the Peace D. Bernard Folcaut Bishop of Pamplona dy'd on the 7th of July in Banishment at Agnani in Italy D. Martin Calva a most learned Man was chosen to succeed him Frederick King of Sicily departed this Life at Messina on the 26th of July His Daughter the Lady Mary was left sole Heiress of that Kingdom and the Dutchies of Athens and Neopatria which produc'd Differences betwixt several Princes aspiring to marry her This also administred to the Aragonians a fair Opportunity of enlarging their Dominions The End of the Seventeenth Book THE History of SPAIN The Eighteenth BOOK CHAP. I. The Wars of Navarre Matches of some of King Henry's Children The Schism in the Church caus'd by the Election of the Two Popes Urban and Clement The death of King Henry of Castile and of Mahomet the Moorish King of Granada SPAIN now enjoy'd a perfect Peace all its Kings being Ally'd by Marriages and grown weary of the long Wars With the Moors there was a Truce The Duke of Lancaster ingag'd in the Wars of France could not apply himself to the Conquest of Castile King Henry having thus put an End to all the Wars apply'd himself to the Civil Government and reformation of many Abuses crept in by the liberty of the Times Only Aragon was under the Apprehensions of a War for Luis Duke of Anjou to whom Jayme Prince of Majorca had made over his Title to that Kingdom began now to set up his Pretensions The King of Aragon assembled the Cortes at Monçon where new Impositions were laid upon the Jews and Moors only for none would be allow'd upon the Christians yet they offer'd to defend the Country at their own Charge Great Preparations were made for that War It is reported that 40 Galleys were fitted out on the Coast of France and 4000 Men at Arms gather'd and it was fear'd in Aragon that peace being concluded with the English as was expected the Pope interposing all the Power of France would fall upon that Kingdom Besides a Matter of small Moment had like to have produc'd another War D. John Ramirez de Arellano returning from Rome through Aragon at Barcelona was challeng'd and call'd Traitor in the King's presence by the Viscount de Rota for that he had entic'd D. Jayme Prince of Majorca to invade Aragon The Challenge was accepted and the time fix'd for fighting 90 Days after King Henry labour'd to prevent the Combat but the King of Aragon favouring the Viscount they could not agree The King of Castile hereupon said They should Fight but he would send 3000 Horse to see Justice done which was as good as declaring War This mov'd the Aragonian to desist A Treaty of Peace was set afoot at Bruges in Flanders first and in the Year 1377 at Bologne in Picardy betwixt the English and French the Embassadors of Castile being present in Order to have their King Comprehended but nothing was concluded The Death of the Prince of Wales and his Father King Edward the IIId broke all their Measures Richard the King's Grandchild and Son to the Black Prince succeeded King Edward The Duke of Burgundy after the Treaty broke up came into Spain to pay a Vow he had made to visit the Body of the Apostle S. James in Galicia In his return Home he was nobly entertain'd by King Henry at Segovia The rest of the Summer the King spent at Leon and the Winter at Sevil. All the Warlike Preparations made in France fell upon the King of Navarre's Dominions Charles Peter and Mary Princes of Navarre were in France With Charles went Baldwin who was Governour of several strong holds in Normandy and Jaques de la Rue his Favourite who had Orders to propose to the English that the King would make War upon France if they would give him the Dutchy of Guienne to be held in Feof of them The French having intelligence of this Design secur'd Rue put him to the rack and he confessing was executed at Paris Baldwin was commanded to deliver up
make Peace and unite their Forces against the Enemies of the Gospel in Asia Death cut him off without doing any thing of what he intended In the Church of the Celestines at Paris there is to this Day an Arch in the Wall of the great Chappel with a curious Marble Tomb and an Inscription signifying LEO King of Armenia lies there The Christian Princes were weary of hearing the Legates of the Two Popes The King of Castile resolv'd to hold the Cortes at Medina del Campo to decide this debate in Castile The Legates of both Popes labour'd hard to be receiv'd believeing all Spain would follow whatever was decreed there Opinions differ'd some were for the one some for the other but the wiser sort were for standing Neuter as if there were no Pope till a general Councel had determin'd that Controversy Mean while the Queen on the 28th of November was deliver'd of a Son who was call'd Ferdinand exceeded all the Princes his contemporaries in greatness of Spirit and good fortune and at length came to be King of Aragon A great Number of Benedictine Monks came to the Cortes complaining that the Noble Men who were their Patrons did them signal Wrongs whereupon it was order'd that the King alone should be their Protector which lasted during his Reign D. Peter de Luna was one of the Cardinals that favour'd Clement who at the beginning of the Year 1381 sent him as his Legate into Spain to draw those Kings to his Party In Aragon he effected nothing but in Castile the Cortes which had been adjourn'd to Salamanca on the 20th of May acknowledg'd Pope Clement who resided at Aivignon The Interest of France sway'd more with them than Equity and Justice Many look'd upon it as a Judgment for this wrongful Decree that Queen Joanna the King's Mother a most Pious Woman and of so great Charity that she was call'd the Mother of the Poor dy'd soon after During her Widowhood she wore the Habit of a Nun and was bury'd with it at Toledo near her Husband Henry CHAP. III. Charles Duke of Durazzo Crown'd King of Naples The War with Portugal Peace concluded The King of Portugal dies Actions of the Aragonians and Catalonians in Greece And of the former in Sardinia CHarles Duke of Durazzo call'd by Pope Vrban came out of Hungary into Italy The Florentines gave him a great Summ of Mony that he might not enter Tuscany in warlike manner At Rome the Pope gave him the Title of Senator of that City and crown'd him King of Naples All things succeeded better than he had expected for all places even the City of Naples receiv'd him joyfully The Queen fortify'd herself in Castel Nuovo Otho her Husband was defeated and taken whereupon she deliver'd her self up to the Victor Soon after she was hang'd in the same place where she had strangl'd her Husband Andreasso Otho was set at Liberty Thus Pope Vrban was successful The Duke of Anjou had enter'd Italy with a powerful Army but he dy'd in Apulia Prince Luis of Navarre and the new King Charles had married two Sisters but that Prince was not with him in this Expedition being ingag'd in a War for recovering of Athens and Neopatria on the account of the antient Title the Kings of Naple had to those Dominions The chief of that Country being descended from Catalonia ceas'd not to invite the King of Aragon to take possession of those Dutchies as at last he did A new Storm broke out betwixt Castile and Portugal which reduc'd the Country to great Streights and put King John in danger of losing his Kingdom The English and Portugueses entred into a League and joyn'd their Forces against Castile The English pretended a right to the Crown of Castile because the Duke of Lancaster had marry'd the eldest Daughter of King Peter and the King of Portugal was not pleas'd to see his Title laid aside Besides he look'd upon John as an Excommunicated Person for adhering to Clement whereas Portugal was for Pope Vrban Alonso Earl of Gijon laid hold of this Opportunity to mutiny King John hasten'd to Oviodo the capital City of Asturias to reduce him and at the same time order'd Levies to be made and a Fleet equip'd against Portugal The Earl easily submitted but whether sincerely will appear hereafter The Rendezyouz of the Army was appointed at Simancas Assoon as all things were in readiness the King repair'd thither march'd directly into Portugal and laid Siege to Almeyda a Town not far from Badajoz The Place being strong and bravely defended the Siege went on slowly At Sea 16 Galleys of Castile met with 23 of Portugal They fought and the Castilians obtain'd a memorable Victory taking 20 of the Enemies Galleys and in them their Admiral D. Alonso Telez Earl of Barcelos This Victory had been more advantagious if well prosecuted but the Admiral of Castile Fernan Sanchez de Tovar satisfy'd with what he had done return'd to Castile which gave the Portugueses time to recover themselves and the English Fleet to come to Lisbon which was the greatest damage Nevertheless King John encourag'd by that Success sent a formal Challenge to the Enemy by a Herauld offering as soon as Almeyda were taken to advance two Days March to meet him The English being hot and resolute were for Fighting but they wanted Horse having brought none in the Fleet and it being difficult to raise them in Portugal Therefore the Herauld contrary to Justice was secur'd Winter drawing on the King of Castile withdrew without doing any thing of Moment but resolving to return with a greater Power at the beginning of the Spring of the following Year 1382. The Earl of Gijon again rebell'd and fled to Bragança but his Friends forsaking him and the Marques de Villena interposing he again submitted and was the second time pardon'd by the King The Marques for his good Service was created Constable an Honour new in Castile tho long us'd in other Countries Fernan Alvarez de Toledo and Peter Ruiz Sarmiento were made Mareschals equal to our Major-Generals Winter being spent the Randezvous was again appointed at Simancas that Country being plentiful to supply the Army As soon as all was in a readyness the King set out for Badajoz being inform'd that the Enemy design'd to invade Castile that way and were already advanc'd as far as Elvas which is but three Leagues from Badajoz The Portugues Forces were 3000 Horse and a great Number of Foot the English 3000 Horse and as many Archers In the Army of Castile were 5000 Horse and a much greater Number of Foot all old Soldiers and eager to fight Yet the King of Castile rather than put all to the hazard of a Battel thought good to make overtures of Peace D. Alonso de Castro was sent to make the Proposals The English were inclinable to harken to Peace being sorry they had undertaken a trouble some War so far from Home notwithstanding
their Title to Castile and that the King of Portugal offer'd to marry his Daughter Beatrix the Heiress of that Crown to Edward the Son of Edmund Earl of Cambridge A Treaty being set afoot the following Articles were agreed upon That Beatrix the Daughter of Portugal should be contracted to Ferdinand younger Son to the King of Castile that so Portugal might not be united to Castile That the Prisoners and Galleys taken in the Sea Fight should be restor'd to the Portugues That the King of Castile should furnish the English with a Fleet to return Home These were hard Terms for the King of Castile but the Desire of Peace overcame all Difficulties and he gave Hostages for the Performance of those Conditions Thus the Battel was prevented and the War ended The Joy conceiv'd for this Peace was interrupted by the death of some eminent Persons King John return'd to the Kingdom of Toledo and lay Sick at Cuellar when his Wife Queen Ellenor dy'd in Childbed of a Daughter that liv'd not long Her Body was Buried in the Royal Chappel at Toledo Her death mov'd the King of Portugal to alter the first Article of the late Treaty and he sent to offer his Daughter to the King thinking by that means to secure the Succession of the Crown of Portugal it being tedious to expect till Prince Ferdinand were grown up They easily agreed and one of the Articles was that in case King Ferdinand dy'd the Queen Dowager should govern Portugal till the Princess had a Child of Age. The City Elvas was the place appointed for the Marriage These things happen'd in Spain about the end of the Year At the same time in Greece the Aragonians and Navarrois were at War about the Dutchess of Athens and Neopatria Philip Dalmao Viscount Rocaberti Admiral of the Aragonian Fleet subdu'd those Dominions for he expell'd the Navarrois put Garrisons of his own into the Towns leaving Romanus de Villanucva Governour and return'd home himself Sicily was also in Confusion for Artal de Alagon Count de Mistreta being a Man of great Power would marry the Queen to his own liking and bestow the Crown on whom he pleas'd To this purpose he call'd out of Lombardy John Galeazzo who was not yet Duke of Milan but he would not go because the Aragonians had taken his Fleet in the Port of Pisa some time before The Nobility of Sicily were offended that D. Artal should pretend to the whole Power of Government William Raymund de Moncada having Communicated his Design to the King of Aragon enter'd Catanca seiz'd the Queen and convey'd her away to Augusta a strong Fort of his own on the Sea Shore into which he had put a good Garrison of Catalonians sent him by the King under the Command of Roger de Moncada D. Artal seeing himself disappointed lay'd Siege to Augusta Dalmao in his Return out of Greece touch'd in Sicily and understanding how Affairs stood forc'd the Enemy to raise the Siege and convey'd the Queen safe into Spain The Queen afterwards marry'd in Aragon and by that means the Kingdoms of Aragon and Sicily were united with a stronger and more lasting Band than they had been before Charles the Heir of Navarre was still detain'd a Prisoner in France The King of Castile interceding for him he was set at Liberty which 〈…〉 oblig'd him that he ever continu'd firm to the Interest of Castile He came to 〈◊〉 at the beginning of the Year 1383 and was receiv'd with Joy His Father grown Old corrected his course of Life The Marriage of the King of Castile with the Princess of Portugal was solemniz'd with great Pomp at the Place appointed Her Father could not be Present being then Sick D. Alonso Earl of Gijon again rais'd Uproars in Asturias Some Forces were sent which easily reduc'd him to his Duty and the King went to hold the 〈◊〉 at Segovia where nothing memorable was done but altering the Common Account as had been done before at Valencia of reckoning from the Aera of Cesar to begin at the Birth of our Saviour On the 20th of October after a languishing Sicknels Ferdinand King of Portugal dy'd at Lisbon He liv'd 43 Years 10 Months and 18 Days and Reign'd 19 Years 9 Months and 10 Days and may be reckon'd among the good Princes for his Meekness Learning and Sweetness of Temper His Body was bury'd in the Monasters of Franciscans of Santarem near to his Mother Queen Constance Sardinia was not yet free from Tumults Hugh Arborea Son to Marianus aim'd as well as his Father at a Crown but being of a cruel and haughty Temper was murder'd by his own People It was hop'd his Death would put an end to those Troubles Therefore Brancalcon Doria who had serv'd the King faithfully repair'd to Aragon to regulate the Affairs of the Island but was secur'd because his Wife Ellenor Arborea a Masculin Woman attempted by force of Arms to Revenge her Brother's Death and recover her Father's Estate and took several strong Holds Her Husband Brancalcon was carry'd under a strong Guard to pacify her but could not prevail wherefore he was long in Custody at Caller and the Interest of Aragon went down the Wind the King being wholly taken up with other Cares which touch'd him nearer CHAP. IV. Portugal full of Divisions about the Succession to the Crown King John of Castile having been proclaim'd at Lisbon enters that Kingdom has many Places deliver'd to him Besieges Lisbon but is forc'd to raise the Siege and return to Castile THE King of Portugal's Death was the cause of bloody Wars betwixt that Crown and Castile The People would not hear of submitting to a Stranger all were for Electing a King of their own A Meeting of the Nobility was held at Lisbon but nothing concluded Some of the great Ones underhand invited King John of Castile to take Possession of the Kingdom Among these was D. John the Master of Avis who dealt subtilly because he had not yet gain'd the Affections of the People Time was spent in Castile consulting the Affair till the Opportunity was lost never to be recover'd At last it was decreed the King should go before in peaceable manner and the Army follow to subdue if there were Occasion such as offer'd to oppose him The Bishop of Guardia which is on the Borders of Portugal offer'd to deliver up that City to the King Before he set out upon this Expedition it was requisite to put a stop to the wicked Designs of some Men in Castile D. John Brother to the late King of Portugal who had fled to Castile was imprison'd at Toledo for no other Crime but because he might pretend a Right to that Crown being Brother to the late King The Earl of Gijon was secur'd in the Castle of Montalvan because after he had been pardon'd so often he still kept Correspondence with the Portugueses All his Estate was Consiscated and he left in Charge with
Yet she acted very indiscreetly in keeping the King as she did till her Death which was for above 6 Years lock'd up at Valladolid in a House near the Monastery of St. Paul without suffering him to go abroad or permitting any Body to visit him but his menial Servants This she did that the Nobility might not seize him and disturb the Peace of the Kingdom A miserable sort of Education for a Prince so that afterwards he knew not the Noblemen that came to visit him The riper Years are for the most part answerable to the Education as appears by this Prince For after the Queen's Death as if he had been kept in a dark Place or were just come from his Mother's Womb he always behav'd himself like an utter stranger to the Affairs of the Government Business perplex'd and troubl'd him This is the reason he was always govern'd by his Courtiers and Favourites which was the cause of great and continual Troubles At the beginning of the following Year which was 1420 the King went to Tordesillas a Town in Old Castile Prince Henry Master of the Order of Santiago either to facilitate his Marriage with the Princess Catherine or to get the upper hand of his Adversaries came to that Town with a party of his followers secur'd John Hurtado de Mendoça Lord Steward of the Houshold and others belonging to the Court and took the King himself not permitting him to go any whither or to dispatch any Business A great disgrace to the Kingdom that the King should be detain'd Prisoner by his own Subjects This Affront mov'd the Nobility to take up Arms. Prince John of Aragon headed them who having spent but four Days in celebrating the Solemnity of his Marriage at Pamplona set out immediately for Castile moved to it by the Report of what had happen'd and the Letters of many that invited him thither At Avila the King of Castile was marry'd without any Magnificence or demonstrations of Joy by reason most of the Nobility were absent and he himself no better than a Prisoner Prince Henry for his own security and to strengthen his Party kept 3000 Horse in that City His Brother Prince John was at Olmedo and had an equal number of Horse canton'd in the neighbouring Towns To him resorted all sorts of People from all Parts of the Country designing to revenge the Affront done to the King and Kingdom It was endeavour'd to have the two Brothers meet but it was prevented nor would they suffer Prince John to speak to the King Prince Henry tho he had all the Power in his own Hands yet to provide for the future contriv'd to have the Cortes meet in that City No body had liberty of Speech or durst utter his Thoughts the Town being full of Souldiers and the place where they met surrounded with armed Men. Thus Prince Henry was by those Cortes clear'd of any thing that might be lay'd to his charge till that time No Man durst oppose this Resolution or mutter in so much that as it were to reward that Exploit by the King's Consent it was obtain'd of Pope Martin the Vth that the Mastership of the Order of Santiago should be setl'd hereditary upon Prince Henry and his Heirs which had prov'd a new Plague to Spain had not the King when he came to riper Years cancell'd that Decree The Princess Catherine openly oppos'd Prince Henry She said plainly she would not have a Husband who aimed by force of Arms to take what he ought to hope for as the reward of his good Service However her weak Resolution was vanquish'd and they were marry'd at Talavera a great Town near Toledo whither the King went from Avila He had with her the Lordship of Villena with the Title of a Duke To Alvaro de Luna the chief of the Courtiers for being instrumental in this Affair was given the Town of Santistevan de Gormaz This was the first step he advanc'd towards the great Preferments and Riches he afterwards acquir'd About this time every day there were Earthquaks and noises under Ground in Catalonia from Tolosa to Perpignan Near Girona was a Town call'd Amer where the Earth gap'd in two Places and cast out Fire that burnt all that came within two Stones throw of them Out of another Mouth near those of Fire gush'd black Water and half a mile from thence mixt with a River which I suppose to be Sameroca so that that Town was destroy'd and all the Fish in the River dy'd The stench of the Water was such that the Birds clapt their Wings as they flew that way and it extended as far as Girona tho at four Leagues distance James de Anaya Arch-bishop of Sevil built the College of St. Bartholomew at Salamanca and endow'd it with Revenues to maintain a good Number of Scholars in imitation of the Colledge built at Bolonia by the Cardinal Giles de Albornoz This good Example was afterwards follow'd by several Persons of Quality who built other Colleges which have brought forth many Men famous for Learning Three other Colleges were built at Salamanca and call'd the Great Ones a fourth at Valladolid a fifth at Alcala and many others of less Note CHAP. VI. Original of the Portugues Discoveries King Alonso of Aragon adopted Heir to the Crown of Naples The King of Castile escapes from his Confinement and suppresses many of the Rebels D. Alvaro de Luna made an Earl NOW it was that the two Nations of the Aragonians and Portugueses made themselves way to obtain new Dominions Henry Son to the King of Portugal being much addicted to the study of Astrology imagin'd unknown Countries and Islands might be discover'd in the vast Ocean To this purpose he fent out several Ships and in the way betwixt Lisbon and the Canaries found a small but fruitful Island so full of Trees that they call'd it Madera that is to say Wood. Thus coasting along Africk this Prince and the Kings of Portugal after him at length came to the Coasts of Asia India and China to their no less Honour than Profit Luis Duke of Anjou had besieg'd Joanna Queen of Naples within that City The cause of making War upon her was the antient hatred he bore to that Crown and the Leudness of the Queen whose Husband no longer able to bear with her returned to France and became a Franciscan Fryar The Queen being reduc'd to great Streights sent to invite Alonso the 5th King of Aragon famous for his Valour and the conquest of Sardinia to her assistance promising to adopt him as her Son and leave him the Kingdom of Naples He sail'd from Sardinia to Naples and rais'd the Siege in recompence of which Service he was adopted Heir to the Crown and the Pope approved of that Act. It is needless to dispute the Legality of that Adoption but certain it is it was the cause of tedious and bloody Wars betwixt Spain and France which have lasted till our Days
done It is a wonderful thing that none of all those D. Alvaro had raised now appeared for him He was sent Prisoner to Portillo in keeping of James de Zuniga Son to the Marshal In̄igo de Zuniga This Year so remarkable in Spain for the Death of this great Man was fatal to Christendom for the loss of the City Constantinople taken by Mahomet the Great Turk after a Siege of 54 Days Great Cruelties were committed in it when entred and it has ever since been the Metropolis of the Turkish Empire Charles Prince of Viana was carryed to Zaragoça and there at the Request of the Aragonians pardon'd and set at Liberty on the 22d of June The Prince promised Obedience for the future and to withdraw his Garrisons out of all Places that held for him For Security of Performance he delivered Luis de Biamonte Earl of Lerin and Constable of Navarre and his Children with other Noblemen as Hostages The Joy for this Agreement was not lasting for new Tumults began soon after The Father's Covetousness and Son's Impatience for a long time consumed the Kingdom of Navarre as shall be related in its place Whilst the King of Castile seized upon D. Alvaro de Luna's Lands and Treasures he prepared in Prison to clear himself of the Crimes lay'd to his Charge but there was no likelyhood he should be cleared the King being his Enemy The Judges appointed to examin his Case gave Sentence of Death against him From Portillo he was carryed to Valladolid to be Executed Having confessed and received the Sacrament he was led out to Execution a Cryer proclaiming before him in manner following Our Sovereign Lord the King commands this cruel Tyrant to be Executed for that he with extraordinary Pride and Presumption to the great abuse of the Royal Majesty which is the Image of God upon Earth made himself Master of the King's Court and Palace usurping the place that did not belong to him and committed many great Crimes Extortions Rapines Violences and tyrannical Actions to the hainous offence of God and our faid Lord the King the disgrace and lessening of his Person Crown and Dignity the impairing of his Revenue and obstructing of Justice For which his Offences he is to be beheaded that the Justice of God and the King may appear and he be made an Example to deterr others from committing the like Crimes To such Actions such a Reward In the Market-place was erected a Scaffold with a Crucifix and two Flamboys on the sides of it Being upon the Scaffold he bowed to the Cross and going forward gave his Ring he used to Seal with and his Hat to his Page saying This is all I have lest to give you This moved him to weep and many followed his Example Barrasa Master of the Horse to Prince Henry being present D. Alvaro called and said to him Go warn the Prince from me not to follow this Example of his Fathers in rewarding his Servants Then seeing a high Iron hook he asked the Executioner what it was for and being told it was to fix his Head upon answered When I am dead do as thou wilt with my Body for to a brave Man neither is the manner of his Death disgraceful nor can it come too soon to him that has attained such high Honours This said he opened his Garment and without the least mark of fear bowed down his Head which was cut off on the 5th of July He was a Man in all respects great who for the space of 30 Years absolutely governed the King and directed all his Actions Alonso de Espina a Franciscan Fryar accompanied D. Alvaro de Luna to the place of Execution This Fryar wrote a Book called Fortalitium Fidei an excellent Work The dead Body remained three Days on the Scaffold with a Bason by it to gather Alms to bury him that not long before was equal to some Kings He was interred at St. Andrews the common Burial Place of Persons executed thence removed to St. Francis in that Town and lastly to his own Chappel in the Cathedral of Toledo It is reported an Astrologer told D. Alvaro his Death would be at or on Cadahalso which he supposed to be meant of a Town he had of that Name and therefore never went thither but Cadahalso in Spanish is a Scaffold But these are vain Observations The King besieged Escalona which place after the Death of D. Alvaro was surrendred by his Wife upon Condition his Treasure should be equally divided betwixt the King and her self All the rest was confiscated except the Town of Santistevan left to his Son D. John whose Daughter and Heiress married James the Son of John Pacheco and so the Earldom of Santistevan and Marquisate of Villena were united D. Alvaro had a Daughter married to In̄igo Lopez de Mendoça Duke del Infantado Also a Bastard Son and Daughter Thus much of D. Alvaro At Granada Ismael with the Assistance of the Christians and his Party among the Moors wrested the Crown from his Cousin Mahomet the Lame but being in the Throne soon forgot the Obligations he owed to the Christians In Portugal a new sort of Mony was coined called Cruzados which took that Name from the Croisade then granted by Pope Nicholas the V. to all that went to the War against the Moors in Barbary at the Request of D. Alvaro Gonzalez Bishop of Lanego CHAP. VII The Designs and Death of King John of Castile Discoveries of the Portugueses along the Coast of Africk Prince Henry proclaim'd King of Castile Peace concluded betwixt Castile Aragon and Navarre The Character of Henry the new King of Castile THE Death of D. Alvaro de Luna no way contributed to alter the Posture of Affairs for the better tho the King was resolved had he lived to take upon himself the Government and follow the Advice of the Bishop of Cuenca and Prior of Guadlupe Men of great Integrity and Piety To this purpose he sent for them both to come to Avila whither he went from Escalona He designed also to keep 8000 Horse in constant pay to be a check to his Subjects and a standing Power against Forreign Enemies Besides he resolved that every City should be impowered to Collect the Revenue that there might be no need of Farmers or Collectors who oppress the People to enrich themselves The Portugueses at this time began to make vast Discoveries along the Coast of Africk as far as the Cape of Good Hope Prince Henry Uncle to the King of Portugal being learned in Astrology and zealous of promoting the Christian Faith was the first that undertook this Affair The King of Castile pretended that Conquest appertained to him and threatned War in case the Portugues did not desist He answered he knew no wrong had been done and hoped the King of Castile would not begin a War before that dispute was decided by Law The King of Castile went to Medina del Campo and Valladolid to try
with 4000 Aragonian Horse and 2000 Foot to invade the Duke's Territories on the side of Alexandria la Palla Ferdinand the King's Son and Duke of Calabria who had now 3 Children Alonso Frederick and Ellenor had 6000 Horse and 2000 Foot to make War upon the Florentines He entred the Territories of Cortona and Arezo wasted the Country burnt the Villages and took the considerable Town of Toyano He also overthrew Astor de Faenca who came first to the Assistance of the Florentines whereupon some other Castles were taken On the other side Antony Oleina having made himself Master of Vado a Town in the Territory ceased not thence to infest the Lands of the Florentines The War went on no less vigorously in the Dutchy of Milan Francis Sforcia endeavoured to draw Renée Duke of Anjou to his Assistance promising when that War was ended to aid him in recovering the Kingdom of Naples Renee found the Passes on the Mountains guarded by the Duke of Savoy and Marques of Montferrat and therefore came to Genoa by Sea with only two Ships and a small Retinue which soon rendred him contemptible Luis Dauphin of France who was afterwards King came as far a Ast with Forces to favour the Dukes of Milan and Anjou but at the end of three Months that Army returned into France without doing any Thing Thus the Affairs of the Milaneses and Florentines were in a dangerous Posture but the Ruin of others proved their Safety The loss of Constantinople inclined all Parties to harken to Peace and the more readily because it was given out the Turk design'd to pass over into Italy Simon de Camerino an Augustin Fryar a Man more active and fit for Business than Learned took such pains that in April he concluded a League betwixt the Venetians Florentines and Milaneses which was afterwards ratifyed in August The King of Aragon complained of the Falshood of the Venetians in that they should conclude any Confedracy without his Knowledge or Consent Hereupon he recalled his Son from Florence to Naples The Venetians Florentines and Milaneses fearing to offend so powerful a King sent Embassadors to him to excuse their Hastiness in concluding the League whereof they still offered to make him the Head begging if still he thought them faulty that he would forgive it To back them the Pope also sent the Cardinal of Fermo his Legate to the King He in a long Harrangue laid before him the Danger that threatned from the Turks offered him in the Name of the Confederates to be Head and General of the League and prayed he would not obstruct the Peace of Italy The King answered he neither began the War nor would be any hindrance to the Peace that he forgave the Affront done him in making any Confederacy without his Knowledge and was ready to take upon him the Command against the Infidels After the King had given his Answer the Articles of the League made betwixt the Venetians Florentines and Milaneses were read and were to this Effect That the Venetians Francis Sforcia and the Florentines shall inviolably observe what is here agreed unto among the Confederates for the term of 25 Years and longer if it shall be so thought fit and be in perfect League and Friendship with King Alonso of Aragon for the publick Peace of Italy and to oppose the Designs of the Turks That King Alonso shall defend the Venetians Milaneses and Florentines as if they were his own Subjects against all Enemies either Italians or Forreigners That in time of Peace to be in a readiness for any sudden War the King Venetians and Francis Sforcia be obliged to keep each of them in constant Pay 8000 Horse and 4000 Foot and the Florentines 5000 Horse and 2000 Foot well armed and equipped That if any War break out none of the Confederates shall make Peace without the Consent of the others nor joyn in League with any State in Italy without the Concurrence of all That if any of the Confederates be invaded each of the others be obliged immediately to send to their Assistance half his Horse and Foot which shall not be recalled till the War is ended That whosoever shall receive such Succour be obliged to assign them Quarters and furnish them with Provisions and other Necessaries at the same rates as the Natives have it That if any of the Confederates shall make War upon another of the Allyes then the others be obliged to send the same Supplies to him that is attack'd as if the other were none of the Confederates and yet the League to stand good in all other Respects That if any of the Allyes be invaded none of the others shall give his Enemies Passage through his Country or furnish them with Provisions but rather oppose them with all his Power These Conditions with only some small Amendments were approved of by the King All the Cities and States of Italy were included in the Confederacy except the Genoeses Sigismund Malatesta and Astor de Faença who were not admitted by the King The Genoeses because they observed not the Articles of Peace concluded on some Years before Sigismund and Astor because after receiving Mony from the King of Aragon for to pay their Men they went over to the Enemy This League it was generally hoped would advance the publick Interest of Christendom but all fell to nothing by the Death of Pope Nicholas who supported this great Colossus and departed this Life on the 24th of March. Within 14 Days the Cardinals elected in his place Cardinal Alonso Borgia who had before vowed and given it under his Hand if he were chosen Pope he would make War on the Turks calling himself Calixtus so great was his Assurance of obtaining that Dignity it being as was given out foretold him when a Child by F. Vincent Ferrer To requite whom for that Prophecy he Canonized him as he did S. Edmund an Englishman This Pope was born at Xativa in the Kingdom of Valencia of mean Parentage but he never did any thing that was little He proved a constant Enemy to the King of Aragon either because he thought it conduced to his Grandeur or that as it generally happens he hated him being more obliged than was in his Power to pay Thus he could never be prevailed upon to grant a new Bull of Investiture of the Kingdom of Naples to the King and his Son He was more studious of advancing his Kindred than became him for in one Day he made his two Nephews John Mila and Roderick Borgia Cardinals He also constituted Peter Borgia Brother to Roderick Vicar General of all the State of the Church Pope Alexander and Duke Valentine two Persons afterwards odious to the World for their wicked Practices were Branches that sprang from this Papacy Peace was ratifyed betwixt Castile and Aragon and the King of Navarre as had been agreed ceased pretending to any Towns in Castile receiving a Pension in lieu of them The Tumults in Navarre did not cease
the People being divided into Factions A great Number followed Charles Prince of Viana most Men believing he had the best right His Sister Blanch espoused his Quarrel with all her might which so highly offended the King their Father that he treated with the Earl of Faux his Son in Law about making over the Crown to him and disinheriting Charles and Blanch. The better to secure their Design they courted the King of France to joyn with them The King of Castile favoured Prince Charles and therefore there was danger of a War betwixt France and Spain At the same time King Henry was making Preparations for the War with the Moors of Granada and concluding a new Match then in Hand The Cortes met at Cuellar where all degrees of People encouraged one another to take Arms and laboured to express their Loyalty to the new King During the King's absence the Archbishop of Toledo and Earl of Haro were left at Valladolid joynt Commissioners to govern the Kingdom This done having gathered a powerful Army in which were 5000 Horse the King entred the Territories of the Moors and marched to the Plain of Granada Soon after he destroyed all the Territory of Malaga with Fire and Sword in so short a time that a single Man a Horseback could scarce have overrun it so soon Joanna Sister to King Alonso of Portugal had been contracted to the King of Castile by Proxy The Marriage was celebrated at Cordova on the 21st of May with great Solemnity and Joy the Nobility and Commonalty from all parts flocking thither There was running at Tilt and other Sports and Shows among the Military Men. Some looked upon it as an ill Omen that the Marriage was solemnized in the heat of War and therefore said that Joy would not be lasting They were married by the Archbishop of Tours then Embassador in Castile from the King of France with whom Castile was in amity and at odds with the English they being mortal Enemies to the French The fame of the War against the Moors brought such Numbers of Men that the Army consisted of 14000 Horse and 50000 Foot With these Forces three Incursions were made into the Territories of the Moors firing all the Plain even in sight of the City Granada The Moors assembled on all sides but the King thought not fit to come to a Battle having resolved for three Years continually to destroy the Corn and by that means reduce them to extream want This highly offended the Soldiers who gaped after Plunder and they threatned since so many Opportunities were let pass they would not fight when their Officers commanded The Nobility also conspired to seize the King and carry on the War after another manner Peter Giron Master of Calatrava was the chief of the Conspirators In̄igo de Mendoça third Son to the Marques de Santillana advised the King to return from Alcaudete where that contrivance was hatched to Cordova without acquainting him what was intended against him At Cordova the King was informed of the Conspiracy For that Reason as also because the Season was far advanced he dismissed his Army with Orders to be again ready in the Spring The Nobility were also dismissed and their Posts given to others which was a Punishment for their disloyalty and shewed their Intrigue was discovered The King went away to Avila and thence to Segovia to hunt resolving to return to Andaluzia very soon and to express his Resolution took two Branches of a Pomgranate Tree knotted together for the Orle of his Scutcheon that being the Coat of Arms of the Kings of Granada This denoted he would not desist till he had quite expelled the Moors In Naples at the beginning of the Year 1456 D. Alonso de Aragon Prince of Capua and Ellenor his Sister both Grandchildren to the King of Aragon were married to Hippolito and Sforcia Maria Son and Daughter of Francis Sforcia Duke of Milan Pope Calixtus was much alarmed at this Allyance it being chiefly designed against him The King of Castile returned to the War with the Moors but without the Nobility He observed the same method he had done before of wasting the Country and the Soldiers being kept from fighting were ready to Mutiny To prevent any Tumult the King called them together and in few Words shewed how much better it was to subdue the Enemy without hazarding themselves than to try the event of a Battle which must cost many Lives Thus the Army was rather appeased than satisfyed and returned to Cordova where some were dismissed and others put into Winter Quarters About the latter end of the Year the King went away to Madrid Mean while the King of Portugal sent a great Fleet towards Italy to joyn with the Confederates It arrived there at such time as the heat of the Princes of Italy was abated and new Commotions began to break out at Genoa and Siena Thus the Portugues Fleet returned home without effecting any thing Elizabeth Queen of Portugal dyed at Ebora on the 12th of December It was suspected and even agreed on all Hands that she was Poisoned The great Love the People bore her whilst she lived made this Suspicion the more easily pass for Truth and their Tears for her Death sufficiently declared their Affection The King tho he was in the prime of his Age would not marry for several Years This year was very unfortunate to the City and Kingdom of Naples for great Earthquakes which overthrew or at least endamaged many Towns and Castles The greatest Mischief was done at Brindez and Isernia In the farthest parts of Italy some Buildings were levelled with the Ground from the very Foundations others were abandoned and a Town called Boyano was swallowed up a Lake remaining in the Place of it to this Day as a Memorial of that Disaster 60000 Souls are said to have perished Pope Pius the II. and S. Antoninus say 30000 either of them a prodigious Number CHAP. IX The Prince of Viana flies to Naples The Kings of Castile and Navarre meet and conclude a Peace The War with the Moors The Death of Alonso King of Aragon His Character and Will John King of Navarre inherits the Crown of Aragon SPain found no end of its tedious Troubles The Tumults in Navarre were hotter than ever Their Neighbours the Biscainers took Arms against one another and many were daily killed Among them the great Men and Heads of Families devoured the People confiding in the strength of their Houses which are like Castles King Henry coming in time from Segovia with a sufficient Force to quell these Disorders overthrew many of those Houses which served as an Example to others not to commit the like Insolencies This happened in February 1451. Upon the way the King received into his Family a Youth born at Darango his Name Perucho Munzar who afterwards became his great Favourite Being so near Navarre the King was willing to assist Prince Charles his Friend and Ally but
with a Company of Robbers did great harm thereabouts From Segovia whither he returned he resolved to go Visit his Father who was sick By the way at Alcalà he Visited the Archbishop of Toledo thinking by that Civility to gain him to his Party At Guadalajara he also Visited the Marquess de Santillana and so went on to Barcelona where his Father lay In the Kingdom of Valencia the Towns of Segorve and Exerica Mutinied at the same time and took up Arms. The People of Exerica to free themselves from the Tyranny of Francis Sarsuela who they pretended oppressed them Those of Segorve to follow D. Henry de Aragon contrary to the King's Will and Pleasure These Confusions lasted long but nothing remarkable hapned in them only that at length Segorve was confiscate and Exerica restored to its Owner King Ferdinand was at Barcelona consulting with his Father about the War in Russillon when News was brought him from Castile that that D. John Pacheco Master of Santiago departed this Life on the 4th of October upon whose Death the Nobles were worse divided than before Many aimed at that Mastership The Duke of Medina Sidonia the Marquess of Santillana and the Earls of Albuquerque and Benavente confided in their Riches and hoped that way to carry it D. Alonso de Cardenas chief Commendary of Leon was chosen in that City and D. Roderick Manrique Earl of Paredes at Veles The Marquess de Villena pleaded the Pope during his Father's Life-time had given him that Dignity but because he produced no Bull it was supposed he only did it to delay time till he could make an Interest with his Holiness As he went towards Villarejo de Salvanes to meet the Earl of Ossorno he was apprehended and sent Prisoner to Fuentiduen̄a King Henry Resenting this Affront and believing the Earl of Ossorno would not obey his Orders sate down with some Forces before Fuentiduena tho he was then much indisposed Many Lords as well Spiritual as Temporal repaired thither to serve him Delays were dangerous the King's Sickness increasing and the Weather being bad therefore they resolved to oppose one Fraud against another Lope Vasquez de Acun̄a Brother to the Archbishop of Toledo pretending to Treat with the Earl of Osorno's Wife secured her and a Son of hers and carried them away to Huete This obliged her Husband to release the Marquess Thus the Designs of the Earl of Osorno were disappointed King Ferdinand being informed what had hapned left the Care of the War in Ampurias to his Father and returned to Zaragoça There he thought if the Affairs of Castile would permit to assemble the Cortes of Aragon in order to raise Money whereof he stood in great want The more because the French Forces daily increased and they had besieged Elna with 900 Horse and 10000 Foot That place being reduced to great extremity surrendred on the 5th of December upon Condition the Garrison should march away in safety It was much feared lest Perpignan should be lost the Castle being already in the Hands of the French as were all the Garrisons about it This year was particularly Remarkable for the Havock made among the Jews in all parts of Sicily The Rabble without respect to D. Lope de Urrea their Viceroy who punished some of them killed many of those Wretches and plundered their Houses The Peace with the Moores of Granada was duely observed on both sides In Navarre there were Tumults between the Biamonteses who took part with the Princess Ellenor and the Agramonteses who favoured the King of Aragon CHAP. II. The Death of Henry King of Castile Ferdinand and Elizabeth usurp the Crown of Castile from Joanna the Rightful Heiress and are proclaimed King and Queen The King of Portugal undertakes the Protection of the Rightful Heiress his Neece KIng Henry's Indisposition which had held him long daily encreased and being heightned with Troubles and the Toil of his late Expedition became mortal The Physicians ordered him to be carried to Madrid hoping the Air might contribute to his Recovery but neither that nor any Medicines proved effectual On the 11th of December having prepared himself as became a good Christian he gave up the Ghost at the end of the 45th Year of his Age and having Reigned 20 Years 4 Months and 22 Days His Will was not made in form but written in haste by John de Oviedo his Secretary in whom he reposed great Confidence He appointed the Cardinal of Spain and Marquess de Villena his Executors Being asked by F. Peter de Maçuelos Prior of S. Hierom in Madrid who Confessed him at that time Whom he appointed to Succeed him He said the Princess Joanna whom he recommended to his Two Executors as also to the Duke of Arevalo the Marquiss of Santillana the Earl of Benavente and the Constable in whom he most confided His Body was deposited without much Ceremony in the Monastery of S. Hierom at Madrid and thence as he had ordained translated to the Church of Guadalupe This Prince was for nothing so remarkable as for his loose Life He left no Issue Male and was himself the last of the Male Line of King Henry the Bastard King Henry's death caused a mighty alteration in Castile The greatest number took part with the Princess Elizabeth yet many adhered to the Princess Joanna particularly the Marquess de Villena and the Duke of Arevalo with all their Kindred and Followers supported that Lady They expected she should have the Title of Queen and they all the Power chusing a Husband for her where they thought fit All the Country from Toledo to Murcia sided with these Two Noblemen as did all the Men of Note in Galicia with such Resolution that they took Arms against D. Alonso de Azevedo y Fonseca Archbishop of Santiago because he declared for the other side At Segovia such as were there present publickly took the Oath of Allegiance to Queen Elizabeth upon a Scaffold raised for that purpose Then King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth were proclaimed by a Herauld amidst the loud Acclamations of the People All kissed her Hand and conducted her a Horseback to Church Few Lords were then in Segovia and none of them Grandees The first that came to express their Loyalty were the Cardinal of Spain and Earl of Benavente soon after the Archbishop of Toledo the Marquiss de Santillana the Dukes of Alva and Albuquerque the Constable and the Admiral Others did their Homage and took the Oath of Allegiance by Proxy No Oath was taken to King Ferdinand till he came and swore to preserve the Privileges of the Kingdom He was then holding the Cortes of Aragon and Zaragoça and endeavouring to raise Money but as soon as he heard of the death of King Henry he set out for Castile He left his Sister Joanna Contracted to Ferdinand King of Naples then a Widower to preside in the Cortes It was usual with the Nobility of Castile to sell their Loyalty as dear
great Virtue and Ability and had this Dignity conferred on him as a Reward for his good Services D. Ynigo Manrique Bishop of Jaen was translated in his stead to the Archbishoprick of Sevil. In Navarre a great Joy was allayed by a greater Sorrow King Francis who during the Troubles of Navarre had resided in France at last as had been agreed came to Pamplona with his Mother Uncles and a great Retinue of Nobility of France and Navarre He was received with great Pomp and a general Applause Crowned in the Cathedral and Proclaimed King on the 3d of October He was then in the flower of his Youth being 15 years of Age wonderful Beautiful and well inclined The first thing he did was to forbid upon Pain of Death any Persons whatsoever calling themselves Biamonteses or Agramonteses the hateful Names of those Factions which had so long distracted that Kingdom He made Luis Earl of Lerin Constable and gave him Larraga and other Towns to oblige him because he was powerful This done he took a Progress through the Kingdom punished Malefactors and secured the Authority of Magistrates It was proposed to Marry him to secure the Succession King Ferdinand offered his Daughter the Princess Joanna The King of France advised him to take to Wife the other Princess Joanna Daughter to King Henry then a professed Nun in Portugal thinking by this means to have an opportunity of subduing Castile Magdalen the young King's Mother an Ambitious Woman was more inclinable to this Match and therefore lest any Violence should be offered her Son persuaded him to repass the Mountains where he had large Dominions He was no sooner come to the City Pau or S. Paul in Bearne but he fell sick and died on the 30th of January 1483. His Body was buried in Lescar a City in Bearn His Sister Catherine succeeded him in the Throne as was her due By her Marriage soon after that Kingdom fell under the Dominion of the French who enjoyed it not long In Portugal King John punished some of the Nobility who had conspired to Murder him and with their Blood revenged their wicked Designs against his Person These Nobles were offended at the King 's Austere Temper his Severity in punishing Offenders and for his great freedom in declaring his Mind But above all they resented that contrary to ancient Custom the King's Alguaziles or Officers by his special Command apprehended and punished Malefactors upon their Estates They consulted together and expecting no Redress by fair Means resolved to use Force The Heads of this Conspiracy were the Dukes Ferdinand of Bragança and James of Viseo the most Powerful Men in the Kingdom and of the Blood Royal. Many others joined with them as the Marquess de Montemor the Earl of Haro the Duke of Braganca's Brothers D. Garcia de Meneses Bishop of Ebora his Brother Ferdinand and D. Lope du Albuquerque Earl of Penamacor This Conspiracy was discovered after this manner The Cortes sate at Ebora Some good Laws were Established and among other things it was provided that the Nobility should not have the Power of Oppressing the People This the Duke of Bragança complained was a Breach of the ancient Priviledges of the Nobility and offered to produce the Grants of Kings to his Predecessors Lope de Figueredo his Comptroller searching for these Papers found among them others which made out that the Duke held Correspondence with the King of Castile to the prejudice of the Crown of Portugal He carried them privately to the King who having viewed them ordered him to Copy them and return the Originals to the place where he found them It hapned the Queen in the Spring of the year 1483 was sick at Almarin after Lying in Her Brother the Duke of Viseo and her Brother in Law the Duke of Bragança came to visit her The King Entertained them kindly desiring to put a stop to that Mischief without hazarding a War At length one morning after hearing Mass he took the Duke of Bragança aside there he told him how he was informed of all his Designs and Treasonable Correspondence with Castile that he was with much difficulty induced to believe it and yet being convinced of the truth was willing to Pardon and bury it in oblivion advising him to consider none could be more his Friend than he that was so near a Kinsman and that if any thing had been amiss he ought to have advised him better or winked at any Error in the Government This Discourse of the King 's surprized the Duke He begged the King would not give Credit to Informers who strive to rise upon the Ruins of others assuring him he would not lay the stain of Disloyalty upon his Family and affirming with great Imprecations upon himself that all he said was true The King went away to Santarem the Dukes to their Estates no way departing from their Designs Mean while F. Ferdinand de Talavera Prior of Prado a Monastery of the Order of S. Hierome near Valladolid and the King's Confessor was sent to Portugal to Ratifie the late Peace and Propose that the Prince and Princess given as Hostages might be restored to their Parents which was accordingly done Only this Alteration was made in the former Articles that Prince Alonso should Marry the Princess Joanna the youngest Daughter of King Ferdinand because they were both of an Age. In May the Princess Elizabeth returned to Castile and Prince Alonso to his Father the Duke of Bragança accompanying him to Ebora where the Court was There he was apprehended upon Intelligence given by Gaspar Jusarte that he still held Correspondece with King Ferdinand by the means of Peter Jusarte Both Brothers were Rewarded for the Discovery The Duke was impeached of High Treason Tried and Condemned to Death His Execution was on the 22th of June With him suffered 6 other Fidalgos or Noblemen found guilty of the same Crime The Constable of Portugal the Dukes Brothers and others fled The Dutchess as soon as she received the News of her Husband's Death sent her 3 Sons Philip James and Denis to Castile Philip died there a Batchelor James was Pardoned and returned to Portugal Denis Married the Heiress of the Earl of Lemos in Castile His youth saved the Duke of Viseo the King only giving him a Reprimand the day after the Execution of the other Neither the Punishment of the one nor the Mercy extended to the other Duke had influence enough to prevail with the other Conspirators to desist They complained that no Man was safe and that the Duke of Bragança had been wrongfully put to death Therefore it was resolved the King should be murdered and the Duke of Viseo set up in his place They only waited an opportunity to give the Stroke but before it could be performed all the Conspiracy was detected after this manner James Tinoco had a Sister who was Mistress to the Archbishop of Ebora She having found out what was contrived discovered
that vast Ocean to refresh the Seamen with its Fruit Fish and Flesh tho' scarce Inhabited being but Four Leagues in length and so far from any Land Thence by the way of the Islands Terceras the Ships generally return to Lisbon in August or September The End of the 26th BOOK The History of SPAIN BOOK XXVII CHAP. I. The Death of the Prince of Castile Of Charles VIII King of France Matches of Two Daughters of Spain The Prince of Salerno expelled Naples France and Spain agree Hierome Savonarola burnt at Florence THE Affairs of Spain at one and the same time prospered in Italy and within Spain had a mixture of Felicity and Adversity Two Matches for as many of King Ferdinand's Daughters were concluded that is of the Princess Catherine with Arthur Prince of Wales and Heir to Henry VII King of England and of the Princess Elizabeth with Emanuel King of Portugal These Marriages were of great Importance because together with those of the House of Austria they bound such Mighty Princes to the Interest of Spain The Match with England was fully concluded upon the 15 of August 1497. To forward the Marriage with Portugal D. John Manuel that King's Foster-Brother came to Castile It was agreed that King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth should carry the Princess their Daughter to the Borders of Portugal where King Emanuel should meet them to consummate the Marriage upon the last Day of September Ceclamin was at first the Place appointed to meet but that Town wanting Conveniencies they spent three Days together at Valencia de Alcantara Their Joy was much abated by the News of the Indisposition of Prince John who died the 13 day after he was taken ill at Salamanca on the 4th of October to the great Loss and Grief of the whole Kingdom He left the Princess with Child but that availed little for in a short time after she miscarried The Prince's Body was carried to Avila to be buried in the famous Dominican Monastery of S. Thomas This dismal News came to Alcantara whilst yet the Rejoycing for the Wedding lasted but after King Ferdinand was gone King Emanuel begged of the Queen his Mother-in-Law not to let the Queen his Wife know any thing of it and so went away with her to Ebora There she was at last acquainted with the Death of the Prince her Brother She resented it as became a loving Sister but his Parents bore their Loss with great Magnanimity The Kingdom of Naples was not yet peaceable because the Prince of Salerno and his Party mistrusting the King fortified their Towns and Castles The first Demonstration that Prince gave of his Ill-will was That tho' he appeared when King Frederick was Proclaimed at Naples yet he would not be present at his Coronation under colour of Poverty However the Prince of Basiniano came to Court the day following to excuse himself and intercede for him of Salerno No means of Peace prevailed and the King was forced to march with his Army and besiege him in his strong Town of Diano Gonçalo Fernandez was now about returning to Spain as reckoning the War of Naples at an end To this purpose he had gone into Calabria thence to Sicily and now came to Naples to take his Leave of the King and Queen They pressed him to aid them in that Siege because the Defendants were numerous and the King's Party favoured them The Great Captain gathered 500 Spaniards and the King furnishing him 500 Germans he so straitned the Besieged tho' with much danger of his Person that the Prince was forced to surrender It was agreed That the Prince with all such as would follow him might safely depart the Kingdom with their Goods That all the Towns and Forts belonging to the Prince should be delivered up to the King he paying for the Cannon and Provisions in them Thus Diano was surrendered upon the 28th of December and the Prince put himself into the hands of the Duke of Melfi to be conducted to Sangalla a City in Marca de Ancona which sided with the King of France The Earls of Conça and Lauria his Confederates bore him Company He of Capacho being very old put himself upon the King's Mercy This same Year in Autumn D. John de Gusman Duke of Medina Sidonia sent a Fleet over to Africk to People Melilla which is opposite to Almeria and had been abandoned by the Moors In recompence for the Charge he had been at that Town was given to the Duke and his Heirs for ever The Xeque or Lord of Gelves who was in Rebellion aginst the King of Tunez his Sovereign to secure himself under the Christian Protection delivered up that Island and Port to the Catholick King and in his Name to John de Lanuça then Viceroy of Sicily Captain Margarit was left with the Spanish Forces to secure that Island A solemn Embassie from France now met the King at Alcala de Henares The Proposals made were That the Two Kings with their joint Forces should invade Italy That as to the Kingdom of Naples the Catholick King should possess Calabria till such time as the French King in exchange should give him the Kingdom of Navarre and 30000 Ducats yearly for what it was worth above that Kingdom That the States of Milan and Genoa should belong to the French and all the rest of Italy be equally divided betwixt them The Catholick King was not averse from the Business of Naples but as for the rest of Italy would not be concerned without advertising the Empire who had so great a Right to it At last it was resolved King Ferdinand should send Ambassadors to France to prosecute this Treaty At this time all the Monasteries of Castile were reduced to the strict Observance of their Orders which the Dominicans Augustins and Carmelites easily condescended to The Franciscans at first made some resistance According to Agreement the King sent Ferdinand Duke of Estrada and Two others his Ambassadors to conclude a Peace with France At the same time it was believed the French King resolved to invade Roussillon but Death prevented his Designs He departed this Life at Amboise on the 17th of April 1498. The Duke of Orleans called Luis XII succeeded him At Blois where the New King was and afterwards at Orleans the Treaty of Peace was carried on that King always giving good Words and fair Promises only to gain time till he was settled in the Kingdom and could be divorced from his present Wife Sister to the late King in order to marry the Dutchess of Britany who since the death of the late King her Husband was for returning into her own Country He at last compassed his ends and had by that Dutchess two Daughters only the Eldest of which was married to Francis the Heir of that Crown Before the death of King Charles it was proposed that Caesar Borgia should resign his Cardinal's Cap to which purpose that King promised him an Estate in
he should have taken it and so the Breach had been the greater His chief care was to reestablish the Administration of Justice much depraved by the late Confusions He endeavoured to raise some Supplies of Money to help defray the past Expences and pay the Forces he was to keep on Foot which he Quartered about as might be least offensive to the People Some Companies of Spaniards whom he knew to be Insolent and Injurious he sent away to Spain in Two Ships He forgot not to repair the harms done during the War and particularly the Walls of Naples and Gasto Capua he secured with such Works as made it stronger than if it had been Walled These things he did to be in a readiness in case the Enemy should attempt any thing again and all was easie to him by reason of the great reputation he had gained not only in that Kingdom but throughout all Italy so that many Cities offered to side with Spain Genoa both the Factions of the Adornos and Fregosos consenting offered to revolt from the French so they were supplied with 2000 Spaniards Julian de Medicis Brother to Peter that was drowned in the River Garellano promised 100000 Ducats a Year from himself and his Party if he were restored to Florence whence at present he was Banished The Council of Pisa to avoid falling again into the Hands of the Florentines proposed either to submit themselves wholly to the Catholick King or to put themselves under his Protection The City Areço rather than continue subject to the Florentines made the same offers The Lord of Plombin a City tho' small yet of great importance for the defence of the Kingdom put himself under the Protection of Spain To be short Pandolfo Petrucci and Paul Ballon made the same Overtures for themselves and their Cities of Siena and Perusa Even in the City of Milan 600 of the Citizens offered their Service if he would attempt to Conquer that Dukedom All these practices were at an end by the Truce concluded in France by the Ambassadors Gralla and Antony Augustin for Three Years the Kingdom of Naples included The Catholick King Swore to observe it at Mejorada about the end of January One of the Articles was that the said Truce should be Proclaimed at Naples on the 25th of February which was not performed because the Great Captain would first have it made known to such as were still in Rebellion The Prince of Rosano would not admit of it but because the Commendary Solis on that score did not press Rosano he with his Forces sate down before Cherinthia where he did much harm Luis de Arsi tho' he admitted the Truce drove the Cattle of Andria and Barletta and took what Prisoners he could Our Commanders said that notwithstanding the Truce they might punish such of the Barons as committed any Insult after it and therefore pressed both them we have spoken of Venosa with its Castle was easily taken because Luis de Arsi left it unprovided when he retired thence to Trana and thence to France which in a Bravado he did with Colours flying and Beat of Drum Thus only Six Towns in that Kingdom and those remote from the Sea were left to the French The King of France pretended that all that was taken after the day appointed for proclaiming the Truce ought to be restored as unlawfully gained and suspected the Delay of proclaiming had been advisedly contrived to that purpose On the other side it was guessed he never intended to observe the Truce and had only contrived it to have the better Opportunity of taking the Spaniards at an Advantage which might well be believed because at the same time he had appointed John James Trivulcio his General in Italy besides 5000 Swissers and 500 Horse were daily expected out of France under the Command of the Lords of Aubigni and Alegre and the Marquess of Mantua and Duke of Ferrara raised all the Forces they could in Italy At the same time the Great Captain was dangerously sick which with the Report spread abroad of Re-establishing king Frederick and the Pope's soliciting to have him General of the French Forces gave occasion to People to discourse variously of matters of State and particularly the Coloneses took the Liberty to utter some bold Speeches All was again appeased by the Recovery of the Great Captain who pesently appyled himself to make all the necessary Prepations for a mighty War which was expected would break out again in that Kingdom All Italy and Spain suffered very much this Year by Famine and on the 5th of April being Good Friday there were great Earth-quakes in Castile and Andaluzia which overthrew many Buildings The greatest harm was done in some Towns on the Banks of the River Guadalquivir Lope Soarez de Albergaria Sailed from Lisbon with a good Fleet for India This same Year the Catholick King gave the Office of Lord High Steward to D. Bernard de Sandoval y Rojas Marquess of Denia of whose Family because often mention is made it will not be from the purpose to set down the latter part of their Genealogy Ferdinand Gutierrez de Sandoval who is said to have been chief Commendary of Castile was Father to D. James Gomez de Sandoval first Earl of Castro and Lord Lieutenant of Castile his Eldest Son was Ferdinand the Father of D. James Gomez de Sandoval whom King Ferdinand Created Marquess of Denia His Son was D. Bernard who we said was made Lord High Steward to the same King Ferdinand in which place he continued even after the King's death to Queen Joanna D. Bernard had by his Wife the Lady Frances Enriquez Four Sons and Six Daughters He had also a Bastard Son who for his good Parts came to be Archbishop of Sevil. Luis Eldest Son to D. Bernard was Father to Francis Earl of Lerma who died before him but left a Son called D. Francis Gomez de Sandoval who came to be Duke of Lerma and a Cardinal of whom we shall speak in another Place D. Ferdinand Youngest Son to the said Marquess had many Children and among them D. Bernard de Rojas y Sandoval Cardinal and Archbishop of Toledo to whom that Church is obliged for restoring to it the Lieutenancy of CaÄ™orla after it had been many Years Alienated CHAP. IV. Perfidiousness of Duke Valentin who is as perfidiously sent into Spain by the Great Captain contrary to his promise and he ill represented to the King Projects of Peace betwixt France and Spain come to nothing THE Vâ—netians after the death of Pope Alexander had possessed themselves of several Cities in Romania and aimed at the rest Duke Valentin being no way able to oppose them agreed to deliver such Forts as remained in his power to Pope Julius who sent one Peter de Oviedo to take possession but the Duke changing his Mind gave private Orders to his Lieutenant at Cesana to Hang the said Peter He did so whereupon the Pope Arrested
grew jealous of the Kingdom of Naples fearing lest the Great Captain should encline to favour his Son-in Law Prosper Colona failed not to encrease this Jealousie tho' he had obtained all he came to Spain for and particularly that Bartholomew d' Albianos Company of 400 Men at Arms should be reduced to 200. Besides the Catholick King ordered only 1200 Men at Arms 600 Light Horse and 3000 Spanish Foot to be left in the Kingdom of Naples 2000 Spaniards to be sent to Spain and the Germans dismissed all to save Charges and weaken that Kingdom A particular Council was erected in Castile for the Government of it Ladron de Mauleon was sent Ambassadot from the King of Navarre to confirm the ancient Alliance with King Ferdinand by concluding the Match betwixt the Prince of Viana and the Archduke's Daughter He also pressed to have Duke Valentine then Prisoner released as did many Cardinals created by Pope Alexander The King was willing to renew the League and inclinable to the Match As to the Duke he said it could not be done at present tho' at the same time he thought to make use of him in Italy to balance against the Great Captain He desired Security that he would be true to his Interest and Alonso d' Este Duke of Ferrara offered to be bound for him Emanuel King of Portugal sent the Bishop of Porto and James Pacheco his Ambassadors to Rome to acknowledge Pope Julius After he had sent several Fleets to Trade in India he now sent Francis d' Almeyda with the Title of Governour to reside there that all who passed to those Parts might know who they were to obey Many Difficulties attended the Prosecution of this Enterprize besides the length of the Voyage One was the Opposition made by the Venetians as has been hinted before Another that the Soldan of Babylon either at the Instigation of that State or of his own accord undertook to ruin their Trade in those Parts He sent Maurus Guardian of the Monastery at Hierusalem with Letters to the Pope complaining of the Proceedings of the Catholick King in the Conquest of Granada and Conversion of the Moors and of the King of Portugal for ruining his Trade in India and taking his Ships He desired him to put a stop to any further progress in this Affair otherwise he threatned to destroy the Holy Sepulchre and put to death all the Christians within his Dominions This moved the Pope to send the same Religious Man with the Letters to Spain to both the Kings neither of whom made any account of them or the Threats they contained CHAP. VI. King Ferdinand becomes odious to the People The Posture of Affairs in Italy The Emperour and King Philip of Castile Ratifie the Peace with France King Ferdinand agrees with the French King THE Cortes at Toro passed the Laws called of Toro which had been framed before the death of Queen Elizabeth After the Cortes were dismissed King Ferdinand continued at Toro till the end of April to be thoroughly satisfied whether King Emanuel of Portugal approved of his continuing in the Government The Nobility in hatred to him gave out that he treated about marrying the Princess Joanna Daughter to King Henry and to assert her Title which before he had impugned and by that means to maintain himself not only as Governour but Rightful King of Castile in opposition to his Daughter and Son-in-Law It is scarce credible how much this Report incensed the People Certain it is his Vice-chancellor Alonso de la Cavalleria endeavoured to persuade him to change the Name of Governour for that of Administrator and Guardian as Fathers are to their Children before they are of Age and Queen Joanna might be account such either in regard of her want of Sense or of her being confined and that he ought to take the Title of King either on this account or as Husband to Queen Elizabeth He brought the Example of his Father King John who still called himself King of Navarre tho' he had Children and that Kingdom had been his Wife's The Nobility of Castile and those of the New King's Council were of another Opinion They said it were better for King Ferdinand to retire to the Kingdom of Aragon and from thence to aid his Children in what they should desire for that One Kingdom would not admit of Two Heads Neither could they agree as to his Kingdoms of Granada and Naples The Catholick King pretended a Right to Granada as conquered in his Wife's life-time and as for Naples he said there was no dispute of its appertaining to the House of Aragon and therefore highly resented that his Son-in Law should pretend to dispose of it without consulting him to whom only it belonged This made him suspicious of the Great Captain who was a Castilian for the Emperor had sent to know which side he would encline to in case of a War and the Pope had put the same Question to him To the Emperor he answered in general Terms to the Pope resolutely telling him It was plain he knew not what Men he had to deal with who were not used to commit any thing that was disloyal to their King or unworthy themselves From Toro the Catholick King went to Segovia and thence sent D. John de Fonseca Bishop of Palencia to Flanders to attend upon the Queen his Daughter From the Emperor and his Son came as Ambassadors to the Catholick King Andrew de Burgo of Cremona and Philibert Lord de Vere who was great with the Archduke and had much Knowledge of the Affairs of Castile To him the Catholick King made known his Grievances and again attempted to draw D. John Manuel from King Philip but he instead of it discharged himself King Ferdinand's Service King Philip also kept Lope de Conchillos Secretary to the Bishop of Palencia a long time close Prisoner for writing a Letter from the Queen to the King committing to him the Charge of the Government which Letter was intercepted and thereupon no Spaniard was suffered to speak to the Queen which so heightned her Distemper that she was shut up In Italy the Great Captain sent Nun̄o de Ocampo with 1000 Men of those that were ordered to be dismissed to defend Plombin and Pisa The Florentines laid Siege to Pisa but Nun̄o de Campo throwing himself with his Men into it they were forced to rise and depart without it The Coloness pressed to have Bartholomew d' Alviano's Command reformed which the Great Captain delayed knowing the Worth of that Gentleman but afterwards understanding he held Intelligence with the Pope and designed to Favour the House of Medicis against the Florentines his Command was reduced He knowing of it thought to have seized Plombin but being disappointed aimed at Pisa The Great Captain commanded him to desist upon pain of Forfeiting his Possessions and Command in Naples The Florentines laying wait for him overthrew and wounded him At Naples for his Disobedience his Estate was
being a Stranger had many Enemies at Court by Reason of his too great Authority and Power Particularly D. John of Austria by Letter ceased not to press the Queen to remove him from Court and She to give satisfaction to all that were discontented upon his Account complyed giving him a most honourable Discharge in such manner as if it had been granted at his own Suit and the Choice of being Ambassador either at Vienna or Rome He departed the Court on the 26th Day of February to the great Joy of many Had he made this Retreat voluntarily and of his free Choice he had gone off with Honour but staying to be thrust out went away hated and in disgrace The Translation of S. Isidorus the Patron of Madrid to a Rich Chappel built for that purpose was performed with all Pomp and Magnificence The Feast of the Canonization of S. Peter de Alcantara the Reformer of the Franciscans was celebrated by that Order during the space of 16 Days With him was also Canonized S. Magdalen of Pazzis a Carmelite Nun born at Florence This Year at the Sollicitation of the Pope a League was concluded among several Christian Princes for the Defence of Candia against the Turks Also another in Flanders betwixt the English Swedes and Hollanders for the Defence of the low Countreys The Count de Oropesa President of the Council of Orders was preferred to that of Italy The Duke of Ossuna was appointed Governour of Milan and the Duke of Sessa of Catalonia D. Ambrosio Spinola Archbishop of Santiago was Translated to the Archbishoprick of Sevil. The Count de Medellin was made President of Orders and his Place of Master of the Horse was given to the Marquess de Caslel Rodrigo Three new Counsellors of State were created which were the Constable of Castile who then governed the Low Countreys the Marquess de Astorga Ambassador at Rome and the Admiral of Castile The most sumptuous Palace begun at Barcelona by the Marquess de Castel Rodrigo one of the most Beautiful Structures in all Europe was this Year finished by the Duke of Ossuna He also raised the Citadel at Palamos a most important Sea-Port on the Coast of Catalonia and a great Inlet into that Principality FINIS THE INDEX TO Mariana's History of Spain A. ABdalasis Son to Muza his Actions Pag. 100 He marries the Widow of King Roderick 101 Abdalla dies Abderhaman succeeds him 116 Abderhaman first Moorish King in Spain 107 His Death 113 Abderhaman calls himself King of Murcia 132 Abderhaman inthron'd by the Abenhumeyas 133 Abides his Birth Education and Reign 9 Accommodation betwixt Castile and Leon. 151 Accord betwixt Castile Portugal and Aragon and Portugal 254 Betwixt Castile and Aragon 346 Betwixt France and Spain 480 Betwixt the two Kings Ferdinand and Philip 514 Betwixt the Emperor and King Ferdinand 536 Actions on the Frontiers of Castile and Portugal 433 In Navarre 554 Acts of the Cortes of Castile 305 At Madrid 254 Act of Justice 173 Adrian the Emperor reigns 21 years 56 Aelius reigns 22 years 56 Aemilianus reigns 4 months 58 Affairs of the Infidels 106 and 107 Of Aragon 202 Of Navarre 240 Of Aragon and Sardinia 288 Of Aragon unsuccessful at Naples 345 Of Naples 371 Of Portugal 375 Of Britany in France 460 Of Naples settled 527 Afranius 45 Agila reigns is kill'd having reign'd 5 years and 3 months 76 Agreement betwixt King John of Castile and his Rebels 365 Betwixt the Duke of Milan and French King 470 Betwixt King Ferdinand and the King of England 541 Alans and Vandals call'd in by Stilico 67 Alans who they were 67 They come into Spain 68 Their Progress 69 They and the Silingi subdu'd by the Goths 69 Alaricus proclaim'd King 74 Albarazin taken by the King of Aragon 226 Alcala de Henares made an University 234 Alcazar in Africk taken by the Portugueses 385 Alexander Severus reigns 13 years 57 Alexandet the 5th chosen Pope 328 Dies 330 Alexander the 6th Pope 332 Algezira besieg'd 263 Siege continu'd 264 Surrender'd 264 Alhaca the Moor dies Abderhaman the 2d succeeds him 111 Alhama taken by the Christians 440 In vain besieg'd by the Moors 441 Aljubarrota famous Battel Pag. 303 Alliance betwixt Portugal and Aragon 289 All Spain in Peace except Castile 418 Almenon the Moorish King of Toledo and Ramon Earl of Barcelona die 148 Almeria taken 171 Almohades a Family of Moors invade Spain 172 Almoravides the Moorish ruling Family come into Spain 153 Alonso the first King of Oviedo takes many Towns 106 His Death 106 Alonso the 2d King of Oviedo 108 Is expell'd by Mauregatus 108 Is restor'd His Sister debauch'd by a Count. 109 Alonso the 3d call'd the Great 114 Expell'd and recovers his Kingdome 114 His publick words His Son rebels He resigns the Crown His Death 116 Alonso the 4th calls himself King of Leon. 121 Becomes a Monk and leaves the Crown to his Brother Ramiro 122 Alonso the 5th King of Leon under the Tuition of the Earl of Galicia and his Wife 131 His Actions Is kill'd at the Siege of Viseo 134 Alonso the 6th King of Leon flies to the Moors 144 Returns from among the Moors and resumes the Crown Imprisons his Brother Garcia Takes an Oath for the Crown of Castile Aids the Moorish King of Toledo 146 Stiles himself Emperour 151 His Wife and Issue 153 His Forces overthrown by the Moors and a second time Marries his 3 Daughters to Strangers 154 His Works of Piety 158 His Death 159 Alonso the 7th proclaim'd King of Castile 162 Aspires to the Crowns of Aragon and Navarre 167 Invades them Stiles himself Emperour 168 He and his Daughter both married 173 Breaks into Andaluzia and dies 175 Alonso the 8th the young King of Castile secur'd by some Nobles 177 Receiv'd as King by his People 178 Toledo declares for him 178 Is overthrown by the Rebels 178 Assembles the Cortes or Parliament 179 Meets the King of Aragon 179 Concludes a League with him 179 Marries Ellenor the Daughter of King Henry the 2d of England 179 Invades Leon. 181 Overthrown by the Infidels 185 His two Daughters marry'd to the Kings of France and Leon. 187 His Death 195 Alonso the 9th Is divorced 186 Overthrows the Moors and takes Merida and Badajoz Fol. 205. p. 2 His Death Ibid Alonso the 10th 212 Chosen Emperour by part of the Electors and Richard Duke of Cornwal by the rest Fol. 212 p. 2 His Qualities 213 Aspires to the Empire 216 His Progress Meets the Pope in France Returns home Fol. 216 p. 2 Curses and disinherits his Son Sancho 222 Dies 225 Alonso the 11th his Birth 245 Is proclaim'd King being under 13 Months old Is kept by the Citizens of Avila 246 Enters upon the Government 251 Dies 268 Alonso the 1st King of Aragon 159 Is belov'd of all Men. 160 Is kill'd by the Moors 167 Leaves his Dominions to the Templers and other Knights 167 Alonso the 2d King of Aragon 178
His Death 185 Alonso the 3d King of Aragon Crown'd 226 Dies 333 Alonso the 4th King of Aragon 253 Dies 259 Alonso the 5th King of Aragon adopted Heir of Naples 143 Besieges the Queen of Naples in her Palace 344 Supports an Anti-Pope 345 Again invited to Naples 357 Dies at Naples Ibid Alonso the First King of Portugal his Birth 155 He governs as Earl of Portugal 156 Actions of his 169 Gives the Moors a great overthrow 169 Marries 169 His further Success 172 Title of King confirm'd on him by the Pope 172 Taken by King Ferdinand of Leon and set at liberty 182 Besieg'd by the Moors and deliver'd by the King of Leon. 183 Vanquishes the Moors 183 Dies 184 Alonso the 2d King of Portugal 188 At War with his Sisters 195 His unjust Proceedings Fol. 213 p. 2 His Death 220 Alonso the 3d King of Portugal Dies 276 Alonso the 4th King of Portugal 252 Alonso the 5th King of Portugal Proclaimed King of Castile being contracted to the Rightful Heiress 424 Passes over into Africk and thence into France 428 Resolves to go in Pilgrimage to Jerusalem and resigns his Crown to his Son 431 Dies 437 Alonso King of Naples abdicates 467 Alonso Prince of Portugal his Death 455 Alonso de la Cerda the Rightful Heir of Castile submits to Alonso King in Possession 256 Alonso de Albuquerque his Actions in India 560 Alora taken from the Moors Pag. 446 Alva Duke enters Navarre 549 Alvaro de Luna who he was 327 Becomes the great Favourite 340 Made an Earl 342 Banish'd the Court. 348 Returns to Court 349 Chosen Master of the Order of Santiago 372 His Character and fatal End 378 Amalaricus his Reign His Death 75 Anintosities against Prince Ferdinand of Castile 328 Ancinting of Kings first used in Spain 161 Antequira taken by Storm 331 The Castle surrendred 331 Antient Inscriptions 36 Antioch in danger of-Destruction 66 Apparitions in the Air and other Prodigies 357 Application for uniting the Church 335 Aragon left without Heirs 325 Divided about the Succession 332 Aragonians rout the Mallorquines 205 Destroy the French Fleet. 227 Successful in Italy 229 Successful against the Moors 180 Invade Castile 353 Decline at Naples 356 Gain two Victories at Sea 225 Arcadius and Honorius 66 Archbishop of Toledo chosen 151 Chancellour of Castile 194 Arrested by the King 311 Archbishop of Santiago flies to Portugal 317 Archduke comes into Spain 489 He and his Princess sworn Heirs of Aragon 492 Returns to Flanders 492 Concludes a Peace betwixt Spain and France 496 Archimbaud Earl of Faux his Death and Issue 334 Argantonius his great Age. 11 Argonauts in Spain 8 Arian Heresie 61 Armengaud Earl of Urgel slain 183 Arms of Aragon 174 Of Toledo 168 Of Navarre Articles betwixt Aragon and Navarre Fol. 216. p. 2 Betwixt France and Castile 230 Betwixt King Peter of Castile and the Prince of Wales 284 Betwixt Castile and Portugal 298 Asdrubal succeeds Hamilcar 18 His Death 19 Asdrubal the 2d and Mago routed and 37000 of their Men killed 26 Asdrubal Barchinus routed by Scipio 28 Asdrubal the Son of Gisgo entirely defeated by Scipio 28 Asinius Pollio and M. Lepidus Govern Spain 48 Asturians forced to submit 50 Ataultus and Sigericus Kings of the Goths murder'd 69 Athanagildus ascends the Throne 77 Unfortunate Marriages of his two Sisters 77 Atilius 34 Atlas expels Hesperus and reigns 7 Attempts of the Infidels to murder the King of Castile 264 Attila King of the Huns in France defeated by the Romans Francs and Goths and 180000 of his Men slain 71 Aubigni defeated and taken 497 Aucupa governs Spain 106 Augustus set up in the Place of Julius Caesar 48 Becomes sole Lord of the World Comes into Spain 49 Returns to Rome 50 His Death 51 Aurelius Antoninus and Antoninus Verus Reign 19 years 56 Aurelius Commodus Reigns 12 years and 8 months 56 Aurelius Probus reigns 5 years and 8 months 59 Aurelius Carus reigns 2 years 59 Aurelius King of Oviedo during his Reign does nothing honourable 108 Aza or Adham Governs Spain 104 Azamor in Africk submits to the Portugueses 448 Is taken by the Porugueses 556 B. Babel built Pag. 1 Bacchus builds Nebrixa 8 Bada Wife to Recaredus 79 Badajoz mutinies 312 Taken by the Portugueses 318 Baeca taken 171 Baleares Islands 11 Balbinus and Pupienus reign not out a Year 58 Banish'd King of Granada restor'd Barbarous Action of a Roman 41 Treachery 129 Barbarosla besieges Bugia in vain 562 Barcelona Earidome hereditary 119 Its Earls 122 Taken by the Moors 128 Surrendred to the King of Aragon 417 Battel that lasted 8 days 98 Undecided 177 De la Higuera or of the Fig-Tree 355 Of Olmedo 371 Of Cirinola 497 Of Salado 262 Of Munda 47 Of Najara 253 Of Ravenna 548 Of Blavio vid. Memorable Of Collejares 323 Of Aljubarrota 303 Of Cannas 23 Baucius Capetus General of the Spaniards 12 Chosen a 2d Time against the Carthaginians 13 Beltran de la Cueva Favourite to King Henry the 2d of Castile Created a Duke 406 Benedict the 11th Pope 241 Benedict the 13th Chosen Pope 316 Forsaken 327 Disown'd in Aragon 328 Dies 344 Berengaria Heiress to the Crown of Castile resigns her Right to her Son Ferdinand 199 Berenguel or Berengarius Earl of Barcelona 134 Berenguel Earl of Barcelona his Actions 140 Bergamo and Bressa return to the Obedience of the Venetians 546 Bermudo King of Leon succeeds Mauregatus 108 Bermudo the 2d King of Leon 127 His Death Wives and Issue 130 Bermudo the 3d King of Leon. 134 His good Government 135 Bernard first Archbishop of Toledo when recover'd from the Moors 151 Sets out for the Holy Land Is sent back by the Pope 157 His Death 165 Bernard de Cabrera cruelly put to Death 283 Bilbao City built 112 Biscay rebels 116 United to the Crown of Castile 260 Biscainers and Navarrois at War 251 Biscainers invade the Canary Islands 113 Bishop murder'd 412 Blanch and Berengaria Sisters to King Henry of Castile 199 Blanch Queen of Aragon dies 244 Blanch Daughter to the Duke of Bourbon Contracted to King Peter of Castile 269 Dies 279 Bloody Battel betwixt the Spaniards and Moors 13 Rain 172 Mutiny at Lisbon 519 Boabdil the Moorish King flies to Cordova 446 Bolonia its Siege 560 Rais'd Boniface Pope dies 322 Bravery of a Woman Fol. 208. p. 2 Bresta taken by the Viceroy 552 Broils among the Suevians 73 In Navarre and Biscay 384 Bruneclulda by the French call'd Brunchault 77 Mariana deceiv'd concerning her life 77 Bugia and other Places in Barbary taken by the Spaniards 537 Burgundians who they were 67 C. Caesar in Spain the first time His 2d Coming 44 Kills 36000 Spaniards in Gaul Returns into Spain and expels Pompey's Party 45 Returns again into Spain Reduces Cordova 47 Returns to Rome Is murder'd in the Senate 48 Caius Catinius 32 Calamities of Princes 510 Calatrava taken and given to the Knights Templers 166 Defended by two Monks
Confers with Pope Benedict 336 Dies 338 Ferdinand King of Portugal 285 Marries the Lady Ellenor de Meneses 290 Dies 299 Ferdinand King of Sicily marries Elizabeth Sister to the King of Castile 414 Received as King of Castile and IV. of the Name 422 Labours to gain the Nobility of Castile 424 Goes into Aragon 435 His Son Sworn Heir of Castile Aragon and Catalonia 436 Takes Mallaga and other Places 450 Builds a Town to lie in during the Siege of Granada 457 His Character 458 Called Catholick King by the Pope 471 Two of his Daughters matched 480 Perplexity he is in 482 His double dealing 486 Becomes Odious to the People 511 Agrees with the French King 512 Little Faith in him 515 Marries Queen Germana 516 Forces raised by him 517 Many forsake him Is forced to quit Castile 518 He and his Queen at Zaragoca 520 In Italy 522 Comes to Naples 522 Returns to Castile 529 Desires Peace with Venice 437 Assists the Pope 540 Dies 562 Ferdinand King of Naples Dies 465 Ferdinand King of Naples succesful against the French 469 Dies 472 Ferdinand Prince of Castile Dies 218 188 Ferdinand Infante of Portugal left a Hostage with the Moors 363 Fernan Gonzalez Earl of Castile 121 His Death 126 Fidelity of a Servant 349 Fifty thousand Infidels Slain 107 Fight in which 70000 Infidels were Slain 109 Betwixt the Portugues and Castilian Armies 426 Fire rises out of the Sea and does great harm 125 First Roman and Carthaginian War 17 Flaminius 31 Flavius Claudius Reigns one Year 10 Months and 15 Days 59 Flemmings and Spaniards disagree 517 Floods 17 Florence Siena and Luca join with the Confederates 550 Florentine War 373 Florianus Reigns 3 Months 59 Fonteyus Balbus 32 Forces of Castile Routed by the Aragonians And a Second time 161 Form of Government in Castile during the Kings Minority 308 Form of the Rebels Association 252 Forreigners come to serve Count Henry 283 Forreigners did King Alonso the First of Portugal 172 Four Kings in Spain meet to conclude Peace 188 Fraga besieged and quitted 166 Again Besieged 167 France and Navarre join with Castile 303 France and Aragon make Peace 235 Franciscan Friars Preach to the Moors of Granada 319 Francis Phebus Crowned King of Navarre 437 Francs Invade Spain 76 Defeated by the Goths 83 Overthrown in Italy 81 Frederick King of Sicily beaten at Sea 239 Dies 259 Frederick II. King of Sicily Dies 293 Frederick King of Naples puts himself into the Hands of the French 488 Dies 510 French Army enters Catalonia Invade Aragon 37 Expelled Aragon 320 Support Henry the Bastard 286 And Spaniards besiege Bayonne 292 Invade Navarre 294 And Portugues Forces Invade Castile 425 And Aragonians at variance 421 Invade Naples 465 Possess themselves of the D. of Milan 484 Perish by Pestilence and stress of Weather 489 In Rousillon 502 Advance towards the Confederates 547 Decline in Italy 550 And Spaniards Conquer Naples 486 French Army enters Catalonia 226 French Army marches through Italy 503 French King at Rome 466 Returns Home 468 In Italy 528 Fresh Troubles in Castile quieted 315 Friar stirs up the People of Navarre to Rebellion 403 Friars Preachers and others oppose Hereticks 192 Froyla or Fruela succeeds King Alonso I. 106 Is murdered 107 Fruela II King of Leon. 107 Fulvius Nobilior 31 Fulvius Flaccus 32 Fulvius Nobilior comes into Spain 33 Is repulsed at Axena 34 Furius Philo. 32 Furius Philo the Consul governs Hispania Citerior 39 Further Actions of the Christians 190 G. Gaeta Besieged 501 Surrendred to the Great Captain 505 Galba the Pretor's barbarous Treachery 35 Galba governs Spain Is Proclaimed Emperor Reigns 7 Months and is slain 53 Galicians destroyed 47 Galienus Reigns 15 Years 58 Gallerius raised to the Empire 59 Garcia Earl of Castile 134 Garcia King of Navarre Imprisoned by his Brother Ferdinand Makes his escape Is overthrown and killed by King Ferdinand of Leon. 140 His Issue 141 Garcia the II. King of Navarre 167 Killed by a fall from his Horse 173 Garcia King of Galicia bleeds to death in Prison 140 Garcia de Toledo sent with Forces into Africk 539 Garci Fernandez Earl of Castile his Son Rebels against him Is killed by the Moors 131 Garci Lopez de Padilla Master of Calatrava deposed 240 Garci Sanchez King of Pamplona and Najara 122 Garci Sanches Earl of Castile 128 Garci Sanches King of Navarre 129 Gargoris or Mellicola Reigns 9 Gaston Heir of Navarre Born 343 Genealogy of the Kings of Spain 85 General Peace in Spain 249 Generosity of the Duke of Milan 361 Geneoses join the Catalonians 162 Rebell and join with Pope Eugenius and the Duke of Anjou 362 Gensericus succeeds Gundericus Passes over into Africk 70 Gesaleycus advanced to the Throne His Death 74 Gerion the First known King 6 Girona besieged by the French and taken 227 Gibraltar taken 243 Besieged 267 Gneius Fulvius 32 Gnosticks their Heresie 56 Goa in India taken by the Portugueses 537 Godigisius King of the Vandals makes Peace with the Romans 69 Goths who they were 67 68 Their Religion 68 Two great overthrows given them by the Franks They overthrow the Franks and kill 20000 of them 82 Their Conversion 82 Thrice defeated 95 Government of Castile divided betwixt the Queen Mother and Prince Ferdinand 325 Of Toledo altered And of Pamplona 343 Settled for the present 522 Gracian and Valentinian Emperors 64 Gracian the Emperor murdered when he had Reigned 7 Years 9 Months and 9 Days 65 Granada City surrendred to King Ferdinand 458 Grants made by King Henry of Castile Vacated by the Cortes 436 Great Captains Actions at Naples 490 Subdues almost all Naples 498 His Reception at Naples 499 Contrary to his Faith Given sends Duke Valentine into Spain 507 Is ill Represented to the King 508 Jealousies raised against him 520 Forbid to Pass into Italy 550 Ordered to be Apprehended 561 Dies 562 Great Preparations for the Holy War 156 Victory obtained by the Christians 117 189 Fleet of Saracens destroyed by the Goths 94 Overthrow of the Moors 113 123 Slaughter of Infidels 115 Earthquakes 115 296 355 Overthrow of the Infidels 125 Faith 192 Plague 76 Famine and Plague 194 Floods 296 321 360 Famine and Earthquakes 507 Booty taken by the Spaniards 494 Year of Jubilee 484 Disorders throughout Castile 426 Eclipse and Floods 187 Gregory XI Pope returns to Rome after the Papal Chair had been 70 Years at Avignon 293 Gregory XII chosen Pope at Rome 323 Gregory the Great Pope 84 Several Letters from him 85 His Books sent for to Rome Grounds of the War in Navarre 548 Of new Troubles in Castile 387 Gundemarus his Reign His Death 86 Gundericus King of the Vandals aspires to the Sovereignty of all Spain 70 H. Hali sent to assist the King of Sevil overthrows and kills him 153 Hali the Moor ravages the Country and lais Siege to Toledo 160 Hamilcar sent to Conquer Spain 17 Hannibal the Elder sent to govern Spain
Sertorius 40 Monasteries founded 89 Monks cast off their Subjection to the Bishops 155 Moors 12000 of them pass over into Spain their 2d Coming 98 Their Progress in Spain 99 From Spain they invade France 104 37000 kill'd in one Battel by Charles Martel 105 In Rebellion at Toledo and at Cordova 111 Overthrown 30000 of them kill'd in a Battel 122 Their Kingdom divided into many small Principalities They buy a Peace 133 Rise against King Ferdinand and are suppress'd 143 Intercede for the Queen and Archbishop 152 Routed by the Christians 156 60000 of them kill'd 199 20000 overthrown Fol. 208 p. 2 Vanquish'd in a Sea Fight 210 234 Banish'd Valencia Fol. 212 p. 2 Begin the War Fol. 214 p. 2 Of Granada expell their King 10000 of them slain with their King 246 268 470000 invade Spain 261 20000 slain Call'd by the Christians to their Assistance 277 Overthrown 332 Ravage Andaluzia 376 Of Granada break the Peace 402 Of Granada invade Murcia 430 Recover the lost Towns 453 In the Mountains rebell 483 Moorish Fleet perishes by Storms 116 Moorish King baptiz'd 207 Moorish Kings of Loragoca 159 Moorish Kings in Spain revolt 214 Moorish King of Granada depos'd 244 Moorish King of Granada wrongfully put to Death 280 Moorish King taken and set at liberty 444 Submits himself 454 Besieg'd by his own People 555 More Troubles in Gastile 241 Most villanous Action of Castilian Rebels 407 Mountain falls 103 Mozambique discover'd 475 Mummius defeated and 10000 of his Men slain He Triumphs over the Lusitani 34 Murcia Kingdom deliver'd up by the Moors 209 Murcia City taken by the Aragonians 215 237 Murder of 7 Brothers call'd the Infantes of Lara 129 Mutinous Lords in Castile submit 315 Matiny in Rome about choosing a Pope 63 In Sevil. 309 In Toledo 525 375 At Segovia 376 About Taxes 404 At Toledo and Sevil. 415 At Badajoz 231 In the Spanish Army 504 Muza the Moor comes into Spain Takes several Towns He and Tariff at variance 100 His Death 103 N. Naples besieg'd by the Aragonians 364 Taken by the Aragonians 368 Navarre revolts 91 Brought under by the French 219 Makes Peace with Castle 295 Its Kings Fictions concerning them Un certainties concerning that Country abridg'd 121 It s King defeated and taken by the Earl of Castile 125 Over-run by the Kings of Aragon and Castile 187 United to Castile Invaded by the French 551 Swears Allegiance to King Ferdinand 549 Pacifi'd Navarrois and Arragonians make War 536 Navarrois twice defeated 175 Navas de Tolosa Battel why so call'd 190 Nebuchadnezzar said to conquer Spain 11 Nero reigns 14 Years Kills himself 53 Nerva reigns 16 Months 55 New Debate in Aragon Fol. 215 p. 2 Trouble in Castile 338 520 And Breach of Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon 352 Commotions in Castile 366 War in Naples 386 Nicholas Pope dies 383 Nigidius routed by Viriatus 36 Nineteen Sail of Infidels destroy'd 503 Nobility of Castile raise Tumults 340 Supported in Rebellion by the King of Navarre 375 Conspire against their King Fol. 216 p. 2 Reconcil'd 311 Nobility of Naples favour the Aragonians 359 Swear Fidelity to Spain 506 Noblemen secure to themselves all strong Holds 430 Nobles of Castile reconciled to King Alonso 216 Nobles of Castile join with Portugal in favour of the rightful Heiress 423 Nobles in Castile for and against King Philip 514 Norbanus Triumphs over Spain 49 Normans infest the Coast of Spain 114 126 Their Actions in Italy Their Earls and Kings 148 Notable Combat of 11 Persons on each side 493 Notable Valour of a Spaniard 504 Notes of the Translator 107 110 Numantia its Description Terms of Peace it made with Sempronius Gracchus 33 Prosecrtion of the War 34 Revolts again Is besieged by Pompey 38 Destroy'd by Scipio 40 Nuptials in Germany O Obeydalla calls himself King of Toledo 132 Occasion of the barbarous Nations coming into Spain 68 Of the Wars betwixt France and England 253 Odd Project if true 100 Olmedo doubtful Fight betwixt the King and the Rebels 409 Opilius Macrinus reigns 3 Months and 28 Days 57 Oran in Africk taken 534 Order of the Belt Instituted 257 Orders of S. Dominick La Merced of Redemption of Captives 200 Of S. Hierome and S. Isidore 292 Ordono King of Leon his Reign 113 Ordono the 2d succeeds 117 Ordono the 3d inherits the Crown Is divorced from his Wife and Marries another 123 Ordono usurps and expells King Sancho flies to the Moors Original of the Division of the Goths 97 Of the several Kingdoms of Spain Of the Kings of Navarre Of the Earls of Aragon and those of Barcelona 117 Of the Neapolitan War 464 Orus or Hercules kills the 3 Sons oof Gerion 7 Osiris the Egyptian kills Gerion 6 Otho joins Galba Reigns 95 Days 53 Is defeated and kills himself 34 Ottoman Founder of the Empire of that Name 247 Overthrow given the Infidels 149 Of the Christians 217 Of the Moors 253 Of the Rebels in Catalonia 406 Of the Portugueses 455 Of the Swissers 561 Of the Castilians 303 P. Pacification in Aragon 204 Padua recover'd from the Venetians 536 Palencia rebuilt 136 Palma one oof the Canary Islands conquer'd 464 Particulars of the Christians Success 262 Paul General for King Wamba takes part with the REbels Is declar'd King 91 Taken Prisoner 93 Paul the 2 d Pope dies 415 Paul de Cartagena famous for Learning 319 Paulus Hypseus Peace in Spain 40 Broken by the Infidels 126 Betwixt the Moors and King of Leon. 126 With the Romans 87 With the Moors 227 Betwixt France and Aragon 333 Betwixt Sicily and Naples 240 Betwixt Castile and Aragon 164 168 260 279 For some time with the Moors 208 Betwixt the English and Castilians 355 Betwixt Castile Aragon and Navarre 351 Betwixt Castile and Portugal 290 435 291 336 Betwixt France and Castile 433 Betwixt France and Spain 485 Betwixt France and Venice 553 With France takes no effect 496 Pelayus or Pelagius flies too Biscay 99 Undertakes to oppose the Infidels Cause of his taking Arms. Is declar'd King 102 With 1000 Christians miraculously overcomes a great Power of the Infidels 103 His Power increases 104 His Death 105 Penon in Africk taken by the Spaniards Perfidiousness of Duke Valentin 507 Perpenna succeeds Sertorius Is kill'd 44 Perpignan built 144 Persecution under Severus 57 Under Decius 58 Under Dioclesian 59 At Cordova 112 Under the Moors 173 Peter declar'd King of Castile Is sick and recovers 268 Marries 270 Forsakes his Queen for the Lady Mary de Padilla 270 Changes his Officers Punishes Rebels Marries another and forsakes her his first Wife still living 271 Punishes Rebels 273 Expell'd the Kingdom 283 Flies to the English 284 Restor'd 285 Excommunicated and absolv'd 286 Provides for his Defence Is overthrown Betray'd and Murder'd by his Bastard-Brother 287 Peter the 1 st King of Aragon succeeds his Father 156 Peter the 2 d King of Aragon 186 Peter the 3 d King of
Sempronius Gracchus Q. Fulvius Nobilior the Consul comes into Spain Two Engagements Fulvius Repulsed at Axenia 10000 Romans slain by the Lusitanians 602. Mummius triumphs over the Lusitanians Cl. Marcellus succeeds Fulvius M. Atilius Sergius Galba Licinius Lucullus P. Cornel. Scipio Prosecution of the War with Numantia Lucullus the Consul 's barbarous cruelty Intercasia Surrendred Galba's barbarous Treachery Viriatus's Original and Rise Vitellius's Army routed and he slain 605. C. Plaucius twice Defeated by Viriatus An ancient Inscription 606. Cl. Vnimanus vanquished and killed by him 607. C. Nigidius treated in the same manner C. Lelius successful against Viriatus 609. Fab. Maximus overthrows him 610. Popilius the Pretor sent into Spain 611. Viriatus's further Actions Quincius defeats and is again worsted by him Metellus subdues the Celtiberi 612. Q. Fabius Servilius the Consul streightens Viriatus 613. Pompey in Spain Viriatus defeats the Romans makes Peace with ' em Servilius breaks the Peace and routs Viriatus The Death of Viriatus 614. Numantia again Revolts Is Besieged by Pompey 615. Pompey Treats with the People of Numantia fraudulently 616. Popilius the Consul defeated by the Numantians 617. Mancinus succeeds Popilius Mancinus concludes a dishonourable Peace with Numantia M. Lepidus Consul is routed with the loss of 6000 Romans 618. P. Furius Philo the Consul governs Hispania Citerior Mancinus delivered to the Numantians 619. Piso succeeds Furiu and is worsted Scipio Africanus sent against Numantia 621. Destruction of Numantia Scipio Triumphs over Numantia and is called Numantinus Peace in Spain 631. 643. The Cimbri enter Spain 645. 650. They return with the Germans and are again repulsed 655. A drawn Battle A barbarous Action of a Roman 657. 660. Marius and Cinna Sertorius's Actions He founds an University at Osca 674. Metellus sent by Sylla into Spain Hirtuleyus General for Sertorius twice routs the Romans Mithridates sends Embassadors to Sertorius Pompey the Great comes into Spain 677. Metellus kills 20000 of Sertorius's Men. Sertorius's last Exploits and Death 681. Perpenna succeeds Sertorius Perpenna killed The reason of the Proverb Fames Calagurritana 683. 685. Julius Caesar in Spain the first time 689. 693. Caesar's second coming The Herminii entirely subdued 38000. Spaniards slain by Julius Caesar in Gaul 699. Q. Cecilius overthrown by the Vacei 701. Three Legates sent to Govern Spain Petreyus Afranius and Varro Civil War betvvixt Caesar and Pompey Caesar returns into Spain and expells Pompey's Party 706. Longinus in danger of being murdered for his Avarice and Cruelty Roman Army mutinies Longinus cast away going to Italy Spain divided betwixt Caesar and Pompey Pompey's Sons in Spain 709. Caesar returns to Spain The famous Battle of Munda Gneius Pompey's Death Cordova reduced by Caesar Caesar returns to Rome Asinius Pollio and M. Lepidus govern Spain 710. Caesar Murdered in the Senate Sextus Pompey renews the War in Spian Defeats Pollio Augustus up in the place of Caesar The Proscription Civil Wars of Rome 714. Era Caesais Domicius Calvinus Tirumphs over the Ceretani Augustus sole Lord of the World Norbanus triumphs over Spain Cantabri they were A strange Custom Augustus in Spain Cantabri routed Galicians destroy'd Asturians forced to submit Spain intirely subdued by Augustus Many Roman Colonies planted in Spain Augustus returns to Rome Learned Spaniards Christ our Lord born 752 Years utter the Building or Rome and in the 42th of the Reign of Augustus Augustus's Death 15. Tiberius C. Reign'd 22 Years c. Wonderful Fidelity of a Country-man 26. 38. Tiberius his Death Caligula succeeds and reigns three Years ten Months and eight Days 42. Claudius C. Reigned almost fourteen Years S. James the Apostle in Spain 42. His Martyrdom his Body brought into Spain 55. Nero C. Reigned Fourteen Years Galba governs Spain Is Proclaimed Emperor Otho joins him Nero kills himself 69. Galba but 7 Months viz. slain Otho only 95. days Otho defeated kills him self Vitellius enters Rome Flavius Vespasianus chosen Emperor Vitellius only nine Months Vespasian Reigns ten Years Licinius Larius governs Spain 80. Titus Reigns only two Years 2 Months and 20 Days Decus deliciae humani generis 82. Spain how divided and govern'd Domitian 15 Years 5 Months 97. Domitian Murdered Nerva only 16 Months 99. Trajan 19 Years and a half The City Leon built 102. Persecution under Trajan 118. His death Adrian 21 Years Division of Spain Heresie of the Gnosticks 139. Elius 22 Years 162. Aurelius Antoninus Antoninus Verus 59 Years 181. Aurelius Commodus 12 Years and 8 Months 193. Helvius Pertinax 2 months 28 days Julianus 6 months Severus 17 years and 8 months 283 Persecution under Severus 212 Caracalla 6 years 2 months Opilius Macrinus 3 months 28 days 219 Heliogalus 3 years 9 months 223 Alexander Severus 13 years Maximinus 239. Balbinus and Pupienus not a Year Gordianus not quite 6. Julius Philippus above 5 Years 241. Decius 2 Years 250. Persecution Trebonianus Gallus 18 Months AEmilianus 4 Months 254. Valerianus 7 Years Galienus 15 Years 269. Flavius Claudius 1 Year 10 Months and 15 Days Quintilianus 17 Days L. Domitius Aurelianus 4 Years 11 Months and 7 Days Claudius Tacitus 6 Months and 20 Days Florianus 3 Months M. Aurelius Probus 5 Years and 4 Months 282. M. Aurelius Carus 2 Years 284. Dioclesian and Maximian 20 Years A bloody Persecution 304. Constantius 1 Year and 10 Months Galerius 306. Maxentius Constantine the Great 30 Years 9 Months and 27 Days X P The Arian Heresie The Council of Nice 337. Constantine's Death 337. Constantine Constantius and Constans Constantin Murder'd Constans Murdered Constantius sole Monarch Julian the Apostate chosen Caesar Constantius his death 361. Julian the Apostate 1 year 7 Months and 17 days Liberty of Conscience Julian killed 364. Fl. Jovianus 7 Months 2 days Fl. Valentinianus 11 Years 8 Months and 22 days Valens Emperor of the East Mutiny in Rome about electing a Pope Saxons first mentioned in Roman History Valentinian Death 375. Valens Persecutes the Catholicks His superstitious practices Irruption of the Goths Gratianus and Valentinian Theodosius declared Emperor in 't he East 383. General council of Constantinople Heresie of Macedonius Condemned Gratian the Emperor murdered when he had Reigned 7 Years 9 Months 9 Days Heresie of Priscillianus Priscillianus and his Adherents Condemned to Death Priscillianus's Errors Theodosius the Emperor Excommunicated for his cruelty at Thessalonica Antioch in danger of destruction 392. Eugenius a School-Master stiles himself Emperor 394. Theodosius dies at Milan He Reigned 16 Years and two Days Arcadius and Honorius 398. First Council of Toledo 409. Alans and Vandals called by Stilico 408. In the year 401. Rome was taken Alarick King of the Viso-Goths Who were the Vandals Alans Sùevians Silingians and Goths Burgundians Goths who they were Religion of the Goths Occasion of the Barbarous Nations coming into Spain 411 412 Vandals Alans Suvians and Silingians came into Spain Famin and Plague 413. 415. Godigisius K. of the Vandals makes Peace with the Romans Progress of the Alans Ataulfus and
Sigericus K. of the Goths murdred Walia K. of the Goths agrees with the Romans 418. Alans and Silingi subdued by the Goths Vandals and Suevians submit 410. 421. Gundericus K. of the Vandals aspires to the Sovereignty of all Spain Gensericus succeeds Gundericus 423. Honorius Reign'd above 28 Years Gensericus King of the Vandals passes over into Africk 440. 448. Theodoredus K. of the Goths Attila K. of the Huns in France Ann. Dom. 154. was the great battle fought against Attila K. of the Huns by the Romans Franks Visogoths wherein were 180000 Men slain Torismund succeeds Theodoredus Torismund Murdered 455. General Council at Chalcedon Theodorick K. of the Goths Theodorick K. of the Goths invades Spain 456. 460. 461. Broils ' among the Suevians 467. Euricus King after Theodorick 483. Alaricus Proclaimed King Two great Overthrows given the Goths by the Franks 506. Gesaleycus advanced to the Throne Francs overthrown 20000 killed 510. Gesaleycus his death 516. A Council at Tarragona 517. Three Synods 523. Amalaricus's Reign His death 531. Second Council of Toledo Tryal by Ordeal Theudis made K. by Election 541. Franks again invade Spain A great Plague 548. Theudis's Death Theudiselus Elected K. Is murdered 549. Agila Reigns 554. Is killed having Reign'd 5 Years and 3 Months The 5th General Council Athanagildus ascends the Throne 567. An Interregnum Suevians Converted Cause of the Suevians Conversion First Council of Braga The French call this Brunechilda Brunehault Unfortunate Marriages of the two Daughters of Athanagildus This Theodorick the Franch call Thierri * Doubtless it is Mariana that mistakes for the French Authors are positive in the Crimes of Brunechilda and that she committed them after the Death of Fredegunda Leuvigildus drives the Romans out of Spain 572. Second Council of Braga Leuvigildus chooses his two Sons Companions in the throne Ingundis Wife to Ermenegildus Persecuted for the Catholick Religion Bada Wife to Recaredus Ermenegildus the Kings Son Converted Messages betwixt the Father and Son Begining of the War betwixt Father and Son 580. Mahomet the Founder of Mahometism Born Anno Dom. 580. Sevil Besieged by Leuvigildus 586. Sevil taken Eremenegildus taken Death of Ermenegildus 586. Recaredus makes War in France Franks overthrown in Italy Leuvigildus Persecutes the Catholicks Suevians reduced under the Dominion of the Goths Kingdom of the Sueviens abolished 586. Death of King Leuvigildus The Causes of his Conversion Leuvigildus the first Goth that used the regal Ornament The Reign of Recaredus Conversion of the Goths Troubles on account of the change of Religion Recaredus restores the Church Possessions He Overthrows the Franks 587. Hereticks conspire against the King Conspirators punished Franks defeated by the Goths The third Council of Toledo 589. True Religion flourishes in Spain 590. Gregory the Great Pope Several Letters from him Several Synods Recaredus Marries Clodosinda Sister to Childebert King of Lorrain Romans defeated and Vascones subdued 610. King Recaredus dies Genealogy of the Kings of Spain Original of Dukes and Counts Liuva succeeds his Father Recaredus Is Murdered Witericus the Murderer of Liuva usurps the Crown Is killed and draged about the Streets 610. Gundemarus his Reign 612. His Death Fourth Synod at Toledo Subdues the Asturians Overthrow of Romans Peace with the Romans Jews Banished Synod at Sevil. 621. Sisebutus his Death Recaredus Reigned 3 Months Suinthila chosen King Romans quite expell'd Spain 626. Causes of Suinthila's ruin He is expelled by his own Subjects and the Franks 631. Sisenandus Usurps the Crown having expelled Suinthila and his Son A Synod at Toledo 634. 635 Chintila ascends the Throne by Election 636. The 5th Council of Toledo 〈…〉 5th 〈…〉 of 〈…〉 6th Council there 639. Tulga made King 641. Chindasuinthus Usurps with the assistance of the Army 647. The 7th Council of Toledo St. Gregory's Books sent for to Rome Monasteries Founded 648. Recesuinthus Advanced to the Throne by his Father The 8th Council of Toledo The 9th Council of Toledo 656. The 10th Council of Toledo 660. Increase of the Mahometan Power Recesuinthus his Actions and Death 672. Wamba his accession to the Crown Navarre revolts Rebellion in Gallia Gothica Paul General for the King takes part with the Rebels Paul declar'd King Wamba marches against the Rebels Recovers many Towns Narbonne taken Several otherplaces reduced The Rebels every where worsted Nismes carryed by Assault A miserable slaughter Paul taken Wamba return-into Spain Wamba his publick works Toledo a new Wall raised about it 675. The 11th Council of Toledo Third Council of Braga Laws Establish'd by Wamba A great Fleet of the Saracens destroy'd by the Goths 680. Wamba deposed Ervigius Usurps the Crown Wamba Reign'd 8 Years 1 Month 14 Days Ervigius the Usurper Governs well 681. The 12th Council of Toledo 683. The 13th Council of Toledo 684. The 14th Council of Toledo Many of these were rather Parliaments than Councils 6th General Council at Constantinople 687. Egica Anointed King The 15th Council of Toledo 688. Goths thrice defeated 693. The 16th Council of Toledo 17th and last Council of Toledo Witiza made his Father's Companion in the Throne 701. Egica dies Witiza's Reign His disorderly Life Murders Favila Death of Witiza 711. Original of the division of the Goths Roderick ascends the Throne The famous Count Julian who betrayed Spain to the Moors Roderick Ravishes Count Julian's Daughter Count Julian invites the Moors into Spain 12000. Moors pass over into Spain 713. Second coming of the Moors A Battle that lasted 8 Days 714. Horrid Treason of a Bishop The Christians overthrown Pelayus flies into Biscay The Infidels divide and over-run the Country Toledo taken Progress of the Moors Muza comes into Spain Takes several Towns Merida reduc'd An odd Project if true Abdalasis Son to Muza his Actions 716. Muza and Tarif at Variance The Mahometan computation of time call'd Hegira us'd in Spain Abdalasis the Moor Marries the Widow of K. Rhoderick End of Count Julian and his Family Deplorable State of Spain Irruption of the Moors into France Pelayus of the Blood Royal undertakes to oppose the Infidels Cause of Pelayus's taking Arms. Pelayus declared King 716. 1000 Christians miraculously overcame a great Power of the Infidels A Mountain falls 718. Muza's Death 719. Pelayus his Power increases 722. Leon taken by him Several Towns taken from the Moors Zama Governs Spain Aza or Adham Governs Several Governours 724. 731. The Moors from Spain again invade France Anno Dom. 734. was fought the great Battle between Charles Martel and the Moors that came out of Spain and Africk Pelayus his Death Favila succeeds him Is killed by a Bear Men Famous for Learning and Sancting Recaredus and D. Alonso the first Kings had the Title of Catholick Kings in Spain and then it lay Dormant until Ferdinand of Aragons time and was then revived by gift of Alexander the sixth Pope Aucupa Governs pain 739. Affairs of the Infidels 743. 744. Juseph Governs Spain 750. 753. King Alonso takes many Towns
Castile dies 1158. Infidels twice defeated Faction of the two great Houses of Castro and Lara Ferdinand of Leon enters Castile Alonso the young K. of Castile secured by some Nobles Raymund Prince of Aragon successful against the French and Moors 1162. His Death Alonso succeeds Raymund his Father in the Dominion of Aragon 1163. 1166. Alonso received as King of Castile 1168. Toledo declares for him He is overthrown by the Rebels Siege of the Castle Zurita Just Reward of of Treachery Earthquake and Floods Cuidad Rodrigo built 1170. K Alonso assembles the Cortes or Parliament Meets the King of Aragon Concludes a League with him Marries Ellenor Daughter of Henry II. King of England Aragonians success against the Moors League against Peter Ruiz de Azagra Two Archbishops Murder'd 1171. 1172. War betwixt Aragon and Navarre 1173. 1174. The Order of Knighthood of Santiago or St. James the Apostle 1175. 1176. Alonso of Castile invades Leon. The Conquest of Cuenca resolv'd upon It s description The Siege The Town taken 1177. Increase of the Knights of Santiago 1178. 1179. Several Towns of Navarre taken by the Castillians The Kingdom of Leon Rebels Sancho Son to Alonso King of Portugal sent to Besiege Cuidad Rodrigo defeated Alonso King of 1180. Victoria City built Synod at Tarragona 1181. Alonso of Portugal Besieged by the Moors and delivered by the King of Leon. 1181. A Legate makes Peace among Christians 1183. Alonso King of Portugal vanquisheth the Moors 1184. Armengaud Earl of Vrgel slain King of Navarre breaks into Castile 1185. Alonso the first King of Portugal dies 1186. 1187. Jerusalem lost 1188. Sancho the first succeeds to the Crown of Portugal Alonso 9th to that of Leon. 1189. A League against Castile 1188. 1190. 1191. 1192. Castile Commences War with the Moors 1194. Sancho the Wise King of Navarre dies A vast Multitude of Infidels come into Spain King Alonso overthrown by the Infidels 1195. 1196. King Alonso of Aragon dies his Son Peter II. succeeds him Famine Plague 1197. 1198. A Truce with the Moors 1199. Plague Famine in Portugal 1200. King of Leon divorced Navarre over-run by them Alonso K. of Castile's two Daughters Marry'd to the Kings of France and Leon. 1201. Marriages 1206. A great Eclipse of the Sun Floods 1208. Four Kings of Spain meet and conclude a Peace 1209. Several Exploits against the Moors 1210. Prince Ferdinand of Castile's Death A vast Army of Foreigners comes into Spain to the assistance of the Christians 1212. Sancho K. of Portugal dies his Son Alonso II. succeeds him A mighty Army of Christians in Castile The Christian Army advances against the Infidels A great Victory obtain'd by the Christians 200000 Infidels said to be kill'd in this Battle Arms of Navarre Further actions of the Christian Army This called the Battle of Navas de Tolosa and why 1213. Cause of the War betwixt France Aragon Heresie of the Albigenses its Original Description of the City Albis Disorders raised by the Hereticks in the City of Leon. Fryars Preachers others oppose the Hereticks A Deacon Zealous in this affair Great Faith Hereticks expell'd Favourers of the Albigenses S. Dominick Preaches against the Hereticks Proceedings of the Catholicks against the Albigenses Simon Earl of Montfort General of the Catholicks 1213. A wonderful defeat of Hereticks the King of Aragon slain Jayme or James succeeds to the Crown of Aragon A great Famine and Plague Archbishops of Toledo Chancellors of Castile War with the Moors Original of the Knights of Alcantara Alonso II. King of Portugal at War with his Sisters Alonso the VIII K. of Castile dies 1214. Also Ellenor his Queen others Troubles in Castile and Aragon upon the Accession of two Children Henry and Jayme or James to those Crowns Two Uncles strive to usurp the Crown of Aragon Jayme the young K. comes into Spain Sancho K. of Navarre decrepid 1215. Henry I. King of Castile 11 years of age The House of Lara conspires against the young K. of Castile Lateran General Council Honours done the Archbishop of Toledo Simon of Montfort killed The Family of Lara seizes the Government of Castile into their hands Oath the Archbishop obliges 'em to take Alvaro the elder Brother ex-communicated He seizes upon the Queens Lands and Banishes her Young K. Henry Married Is parted from his Wife on account of Consanguinity 1216. The King of Aragon escapes from his Keepers 1217. Troubles of Castile They break out into open War 1217. Henry I. the young King of Castile's Death 60000 Moors killed Blanch and Berengaria Sisters to K. Henry of Castile Berengaria Heiress to the Crown of Castile resigns her Right to her Son Ferdinand Ferdinand King of Castile The King of Leon makes war upon his Son the K. of Castile D. Alvaro de Lara taken by the King and set at liberty D. Alvaro D. Ferdinand de Lara their Death 1218. The Order of S. Dominick and la Marced for Redemption of Captives instituted S. Francis of Assis 1219. Civil Broils in Aragon 1220. Ferdinand of Castile Marries Beatrix Daughter to the Emperor Philip. His Issue Jaime K. of Aragon Marries Ellenor of Castile 1221. Earthquakes Floods and Storms Commotions in Castile Two several Rebellons quel'd 1222. Cathedral of Burgos built by an Englishman Other structures Affairs of Aragon 1223. Death of the Kings of France and Portugal Ferdinand of Castile makes War upon the Moors A Prosperous Expedition 1224. A Conspiracy against Jaime K. of Aragon The King seized 1225. Success of the Castilians The King of Aragon escapes and invades Valencia Kills the Rebel Peter Ahones 1226. Towns taken by the Castilians Defeat of the Moors 1227. D. Lucas Bishop of Tuy a famous Writer War renew'd with the Moors by King Ferdinand of Castile Raymund Eael of Toulouze a Hetick reduced Pacification in Aragon 1229. The Conquest Majorca resolved upon by the King of Aragon Insolency of a Moor. Pope's Legate in Aragon Majorca described King Jayme lands on it The Aragonians rout the Majorcans Majorca taken by Storm 1230. Alonso King of Leon overthrows the Moors and takes Merida and Badajoz The death of Alonso I. King of Leon. Union of the Crowns of Castile and Leon. Rebellion in Navarre Interview of the Kings of Aragon and Navarre Roderick the Archbishop invades the Moors John King of Jerusalem comes into Spain 1232. The Islands Minorca and Yuisa conquered 1234. Sancho King of Navarre dies Theobald I. King of Navarre King of Castile and Arragon meet Castilians and Aragonians make War upon the Moors Division among the Moors Many places taken by the Christians Part of the City Cordova taken by a handful of Men. 1235. King Ferdinand hasts to secure the Conquest of Cordova Description of Cordova The Siege 1236. City surrendred A Moorish King Baptised Siege of Valencia resolved 1237. The King of Aragon in Danger Description of Valencia Valencia Besieged The King Wounded at the Siege 1238. Valencia deliver'd up to the Christians Theobald King
of Navarre ingages in the Holy-War Peace for some time Ferdinand King of Castile Marries 1239. Two Eclypses Bravery of a Woman Several Towns taken from the Moors Salamanca made an University 1240. 20000 Moors overthrown The Kingdom of Murcia delivered up by the Moors King of Aragon Leagues with 3 Princes against the King of France 1241. A Defeat of the Christians The Christians succesful 1242. 1243. Jaen City described Besieged Surrendred 1243. Discord in Aragon and Catalonia King Sancho of Portugal expelled the Kingdom by his Rebellious Subjects General Council at Lyons King Sancho of Portugal dyes at Toledo Martin de Freitas was the Name of this loyal Governour Ferdinand of Castile prepares to Besiege Sevil. 1245. 1246. Carmona Besieged and other Towns taken The Moors vanquished in a Sea Fight The Kingdom of Aragon under an Interdict Description of Sevil. This measure I believe is mistaken as to height Sevil Besieged 1247. Carmona surrendred to the Christians 1248. Accommodation betwixt Castile and Leon. Besiegers reinforced Bridge of Sevil broken Sevil and its Dependencies delivered up King Luis of France sends Presents to the Church of Toledo undertakes the Conquest of the Holy Land 1249. 1250. Discord among the Aragonians His good Ordinances Alonso the 10th succeeds to the Crown of Castile 1253. Theobald King of Navarre dies Theobald the second King of Navarre Moors Banished Valencia 1254. Queen Violante proves with Child and prevents being divorced from the King 1255. K. Alonso chosen Emperor by part of the Electors and Richard Duke of Cornwal by the other 1256. Contests about the Imperial Crown K. Alonso's qualities Towns in Andaluzia taken Differences betwixt Castile and Aragon compos'd 1256. Sancho K. of Portugal dies at Toledo in Exile 1258. Kings of France and Aragon meet and are reconciled Death of the Prince and Queen of Aragon Theobald King of Navarre Marries Unjust proceeding of Alonso K. of Portugal Portugal under an Interdict Embassy to the K. of Castile from the Soldan of Aegypt 1260. 1261. Succession of Sicily King of Aragon Marries his Son to the Daughter of the King of Sicily 1262. The Family of the Merines obtains the Empire of Africk Moorish Kings in Spain Revolt Moors begin the War Cuidad Real built 1263. Towns recover'd by the Christians 1264. Troubles in Aragon 1265. The Kings of Castue and Aragon invade the Moors 1266. Murcia taken by the Aragonians Charles Brother to the King of France Crown'd King of Sicily Christian Nobles persuade the Infidels to Revolt Empress of Constantinople in Spain 1268. Wars in Italy A new debate in Aragon Jayme King of Aragon at Toledo Preaching among the Tartars Embassy from Tartary 1269. Jayme King of Aragon imbarks for the Holy-Land English French in the Holy-Land Expedition 1270. Theobald King of Navarre dies Portugal made independent of Castile Nobility of Castile conspire against their King Progress of the Rebellion in Castile 1272. Disorders in Aragon Henry King of Navarre Alonso K. of Castile aspires to the Empire 1273. Rodulphus of Ausburg chosen Emperor 1274. Henry K. of Navarre dies Joanna his Daughter Queen Nobles of Castile reconcil'd to King Alonso Articles betwixt Aragon Navarre Progress of King Alonso of Castile 1275. King Alonso of Castile meets the Pope in France King Alonso returns home The Emperour of Morocco called into Spain A vast multitude of Infidels Land in Spain Overthrow of the Christians 1275. A second defeat Prince Ferainand of Castile dies Affairs of Navarre Death of 4 Popes Pr. Sancho aspires to Usurp the Crown from his Nephews Slaughter of the Aragonians Jayme I.K. of Aragon dies His Issue Peter Crown'd King of Aragon Troubles of Navar. Navarre brought under by the French Violante Queen of Castile with her Grand-children slies to Aragon 1277 The true Heirs of Castile imprison'd Commotions in Catalonia Alonso King of Portugal his death Denis succeeds to the Crown of Portugal 1280 Prince Sancho his Practices to gain the Affections of the People 1281 League betwixt Castile and Aragon Rebellion of Prince Sancho against his Father 1282 King Denis of Portugal Marries S. Elizabeth The Cortes summon'd by the King and Prince follow the latter King of Morocco comes to assist King Alonso King Alonso disinherits and curses his Son Sancho Conspiracy against the French in Sicily Pope Martin and the King of Aragon at variance Massacre of the French called the Scicilian Vespers Mecina besieg'd by the French A challenge betwixt the Kings of France and Aragon 1283 The Cortes meet in the Kingdom of Aragon Rebellion in Castile Interdict in Castile and Aragon at one time The enmity betwixt K. Alonso of Castile and his Son Sancho increases 1284. King Alonso of Castile dies Sancho Usurps the Crown of Castile The Aragonians gain two Victories at Sea Albarazin taken by the King of Aragon The King of Aragon seeks Aid against the French 1285. Charles King of Naples dies The French Army enters Catalonia Girona Besieg'd by the French Xeres besieg'd by the Moors and the Siege raised Peace with the Moores Girona taken be the French Aragonian destroy the French Fleet Philip the Fair King of France Death of the King of Aragon Birth of Ferdinand Prince of Castile 1286 Alonso the III. King of Aragon crown'd D. Lope and Haro favourite to King Sancho of Castile Aragonians successful in Italy The rightful Princes of Castile Prisoners Charles Prince of Salerno made King of Apulia and Sicily Articles betwixt France and Castile King Denis of Portugal his Issue Seeds of discord in Castile D. Lope de Haro kill'd at Court The rightful Princes of Castile released War betwixt Castile and Aragon Mutiny at Badajoz 1290 Interview of the Kings of France and Castile D. John Nunnez de Lara revolts from Castile D. John reconcil'd to King Sancho again ready to fly from him 1291. Peace betwixt France and Aragod Death of Alonso the 3d King of Aragon Jayme Crowned King of Aragon A League betwixt Castile and Aragon 1292. Moors vanquished at Sea Endeavours of Accommodation betwixt France and Aragon 1293. Alcala de Henares made an University Tarifa besieg'd by the Moors 1295. King Sancho of Castile dyes Ferdinand the IVth King Pope Celestine the V. Abdicates France and Aragon make Peace Rebellion in Castile Pr. Henry governs Castile 1296 Confederation against Castile Pr. John Proclaimed King of Leon and Galicia Murcia taken by the Aragonians Tarifa again Besieged K. of Portugal invades Castile 1297 The Cortes of Castile raise Mony K. Jayme of Aragon proclaimd K. of Sardinia and Corsica 1298. Castile and Portugal reconcil'd War in Sicily Siracusa in vain besieg by the Aragonians Ferderick K. of Sicily beaten at Sea 1299 1300 Jubile first instituted City Bilbao built 1301 Pr. John reconciled to the K. Raymundus Lullus Garcia Lopez The Master of Calatrava depos'd Marriage of King Ferdinand of Castile 1302. A Synod at Toledo Peace betwixt Sicily and Naples More Troubles in Castile 1303. Pope Boniface dies Benedict
the XIth succeeds Mighty Divisions throughout Spain 1304. K. Denis of Portugal as Arbitrator reconciles Oustile and Aragon 1305. Roger Lauria the great Admiral Clement the Vth. chosen Pope Houses of Haro and Lara reconcil'd Discord among the Moors 1309 Castile and Aragon in League against the Moors Ceuta taken The Infidels twice overthrown Gibraltar taken The Moorish K. of Granada depos'd Queen Blanch of Aragon dies A general Council held at Vienne in Dauphine The Knights Templers destroy'd Possessions of the Templers in Spain 1310 1311 Prince Alonso of Castile has Birth 1312. War with the Moors A wonderful Judgment Ferdinand the IVth King of Castile dies Alonso not 13 Months old declar'd King of Castile â—rago dies The young King kept by the Citizens of Avila 1313. The Moors of Granada expel their new King 1314. The Cortes settle the Government of Castile Turks their Original Growth Ottoman Founder of the Empire of that Name Actions of the Catalonians in Greece They overthrow the Turbs Thier General put to Death They defeat the Greeks They fall out among themselves 1315 Luis King of France dyes and Philip succeeds 1316 John the XXth chosen Pope Infidels defeated by Prince Peter of Castile 1316 1317 Knights of Montesa in Aragon and of Christ in Portugal 1318 1319 Two extraordinary Accidents The death of the Princes of Castile Peter John Jayme heir of Aragon abdicates Several places taken by the Moors Several Governors chosen in the Provinces of Castile 1320 1321 Biscainers and Navarrois at War 1322 A Spanish Synod held at Valladolid King of Granada murder'd King Alonso of Castile enters upon the Government The Rebels associate The form of Association Sardinia conquered by the Aragonians 1324 1325 Denis K. of Portugal dies St. Elizabeth Queen of Portugal Alonso K. of Portugal Rebels of Castile punished 1327. Jayme the IId King of Aragon dies Alonso the IVth succeeds 1328. Occasion of Wars betwixt France and England Castile at War with the Moors Several Places in Castile Rebel 1329 Accord betwixt Aragon Castile and Portugal Affairs of Navarre Acts of the Cortes at Madrid 1330. Overthrow of the Moors Several Places taken from them Description of Africk Mahomet K. of Granada in Africk Alonso de la Cerda rightful K. of Castile submits to Alonso 1332 Order of the Belt instituted 1333 War with the Moors Mahomet King of Granada murder'd 1334 Rebels suppress'd in Castile 1335 Christian Kings of Spain at variance Castilans overthrow the Aragonians and Navarrois 1336. Alonso the IVth K. of Aragon dyes Rebellion of Castro and Albuquerque in Castile Rebels of Castile harden'd 1337. Castilians overthrow the Portuguses at Sea 1337. Frederick King of Sicily dies 1338. Preparations for War Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon Territories of the Moors ravaged 10000 Moors slain with their King Synod at Barcelona 470000 Moors invade Spain The Christian Fleet destroy'd by the Moors Tarifa besieg'd by the Moors The Battle of Salado 200000 Infidels slain Particulars of the successes The Kings after the Victory return to Sevil. Progress of the Christians against the Moors 1341 1342 The defeats of the Infidels at Sea Algezira besieg'd Attempts of the Infidels to Murder the King of Castile 1343. Algezira Siege continu'd Succours from England and other Parts Robert K. of Naples dies 1344. Algezira surrender'd Majorca subdued by the Aragonians 1344. The K. of Majorca delivers himself to him of Aragon Earthquake at Lisbon 1345. Troubles in Aragon 1346. 1347 K. Peter the IV. of Aragon marry'd 1348 Universal Plague Dissention among the Knights of Calatrava Canary Islands 1349 Confusions in Africk Cortes held at Alcalà Places that sent representatives to the Cortes oâ— Parliament Gibraltar besieg'd Castile and Aragon joyn in a League 1350. K. Alonso of Castile dies Peter declared K. of Castile K. Peter Sick and recovers Biscay united â—o the Crown of Castile 1351 Interviews of Kings Blanch Daughter to the Duke of Bourborn contracted to K. Peter of Castile 1352 Seditions arise in the Dominions of Castile Da. Marâ— de Padilla Mistress to King Petir 1353 King Peter marries K. Peter forsakes his Queen for Da. Moria de Padilla K. Peter changeth his Officers 1354 He punishes Rebels K. Peter marries another and forsakes her his first Wife still living Moorish K. of Granada murdered Expedition against Sardinia K. of Aragon makes Peace in Sardinia Progress of the rebellion in Castile Treaty betwixt the K. and his Rebels Queen Mother joyns the Rebels 1355 K. of Navarre murders the Constable of France Pr. Peter of Portugal marries the Lady Agnes de Castro She is murder'd K. Peter punishes Rebels Toro taken by K. Peter Infamous Life and Death of the Queen Mother of Castile War betwixt Castile and Aragon The Causes of the War Victory of the English at Poitiers 1356 1357 Towns taken on both sides Alonso the IIId K. of Portugal dies Peter King of Portugal Rebellion of the Bastards of Castile Moors called by the Christians to their assistance 1358 Rebels punished Era of Cesar abolished 1359 Expedition of King Peter by Sea The Rebels defeat the Royalists 1360 Various accidents Peter K. of Portugal executes the Murderers of the Lady Agnes de Castro Constance the K. of Aragon's Daughter marry'd to the K. of Sicily 1361. Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon Blanch Q. of Castile dies Da. Maria de Padilla dies Peter of Portugal declares his Children Legitimate Presumption of a Legate 1362. Victory of the Moors over the Christians The Moorish K. of Granada wrongfully put to Death Castile and Navarre join in League Da. Maria de Padilla declared by King Peter his lawful Wife 1363. Castile in League with England John K. of France dies Charles the Vth succeeds Constance Qu. of Sicily dies 1364 Confederation against Castile Bernard de Cabrera cruelly put to death 1365 Foreigners come to serve Count Henry 1366 Henry the Bastard proclaims himself K. of Castile Castile divided King Peter expelled the Kingdom King Peter flies to the English War of Navarre Articles betwixt K. Peter and the Prince of Wales 1367. Peter King of Portugal dies Ferdinand K. of Protugal The English pass the Perineans in defence of K. Peter The Battle of Najara Henry routed K. Peter restored Sixteen put to Death for Treason K. Peter excommunicated and absolved The French support Henry the Bastard Henry returns into Spain 1368 K. Peter provides for his defence K. Peter overthrown 1369 Betrayed and Murdred by his Bastard Brother Several pretenders to Castile Martin Lopez faithful to K. Peter Affairs of Aragon Sardinia Of Navarre Henry the Usurper finds many Enemies 1370 Treachery rewarded Allyance betwixt Portugal and Aragon Carmona besieged by the Usurper 1371 Henry the Bastard takes Carmona and breaks the Articles Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal Ferdinand of Portugal marries the Lady Ellmor de Meneses The Pope returns to Rome Victory at Sea of the Spaniards and French over the English War betwixt Castile and Portugal 1373. Peace betwixt
the two Crowns A great Earthquake Orders of St. Hierome and St. Isidort 1374. French Spaniards besiege Bayonne 1375. Pope Gregory the XIth returns to Rome after the Papal Chair had been 70 Years at Avignon 1376. Frederick the IId of Sicily dies A general Peace in Spain 1377 The French invade Navarre Castile at variance with Navarre 1378 Marriages of K. Henry's Bastards Schism in the Church Troubles in Portugal 1379 Navarre and Castile make Peace Death of K. Henry Mahomet K. of Granada dies John succeeds to the Crown of Castile Castilian Fleet ravages the Coasts of Britany 1380. Great Floods Charles K. of France dies Charles the VIth succeeds Leo K. of Armenia in Spain A Schlsm Pr. Ferdinand born in Castile 1381. Pope Clement own'd in Castile Charles Duke of Durrazzo crown'd K. of Naples English joyn with Portugal against Castile 1382. Rebellion suppress'd Articles betwixt Castile and Portugal Death of the Qu. of Castile 1383. Marriage of the K. of Castile with the Princess of Portugal Ferdinand King of Portugal dies Divisions in Portugal about the Succession of the Crown King John of Castile proclaimed K. at Lisbon Portugueses that favour'd the K. of Castile The Master of 〈◊〉 a Bastard aspires to the C own of Portugal Lisbon besieged The Siege raised 1385. John the Bastard proclaim'd K. of Portugal Castilian Fleet ravages the Coast of Portugal K. John of Castile makes his Will Famous Battel of Aljubarota Castilians defeated All Portugal submits to John the Usurper Another verthrow of the Castilians France and Navarre joyn with Castile The Duke of Lancaster lands at Corunna Death of 3 Kings Of Peter K. of Aragon Charles Inherlts the Crown of Navarre John crown'd K. of Aragon Peace establish'd betwixt the English and Castilians 1388. Kings of Castile and Navarre meet Heir of Castile made Prince of Austurias Truce with Portugal 1390. Acts of the Cortes of Castile Truce with the Moors of Granada Pious Gifts of the K. of Castile K. John of Castile kill'd by fall from his Horse Qualities of King John of Aragon French invade Aragon 1391. Henry the IIId proclaimed K. of Castile K. John of Castile his last Will. Form of Government of Castile during the Kings Minority Strife among the Nobility of Castile They raise Forces They agree The Cortes settle the Government 1392. A Mutiny at Sevil. The War with Portugal breaks out again Troubles among the Moors K. John of Portugal his Issue Discord continues in Castile 1393. Truce with Portugal for 15 Years Arch bishop of Toledo arrested by the King Nobility of Castile reconcil'd Sicily reduc'd under the Dominion of Aragon K. Henry takes upon him the Government Biscainers invade the Canary Islands Cortes meet at Madrid 1394. The Plague at Madrid Discontents among the Nobility of Castile The Master of Alcantara cut off by the Moors Rebellion in Old Castile Mutinous Lords submit Fresh Troubled in Castile quleted Pope Clement dies the Schism continues Benedict the XIIIth chosen Pope 1395. Strange Death of K. John of Aragâ—â— Martin K. of Aragon â— Elleâ—â—â— of Navarre returns to her Husband Earl of Gijon declar'd Traytor The Archbishop of Santiago flies to Portugal The Earl of Faux invades Aragon 1396. Turks pass over into Europe Joseph K. of Granada his strange Death Mahâ—met Usurps Badajoz taken by the Portugueses 1397. Franciscan Fryars preach to the Moors of Granada 1398. Truce with Portugal renew'd Paul de Cartagenâ— famous for Learning Plague in Spain and France and great Floods French expell'd Aragon 1399. Works of Peter Tenâ—rio Archbishop of Toledo 1400. Plague in Spain Violante Daughter to the K. of Aragon marryed to Luis Duke of Anjoâ— 1401. Mary Q. of Sicily dies 1402. Tamerlan the Tatrar his exploits Embassies betwixt Tamerlan and the K. of Castile 1403. Great Floods The King of Navarre uses means to recover his Possessions in France 1404. Boniface the Pope dies and Innocent the VIIth is chosen at Rome Jews and Moors distinguish'd in Castile 1406. The Battle of Collejarts Cortes held in Castile Innocent the Pope dies at Roâ—◠〈◊〉 Gregory the XIIth is chosen Henry K. of Castile dies A notable Action of K. Henry 1407. K. Henry's Will Wonderful modesty of Prince Ferdinand who refuses the Crown being offer'd to him John the IId an Infant proclaim'd K. of Castile Aragon left without Heirs Government of Prince Ferdinand of Castile Government divided betwixt the Queen and Prince Victory of the Christians by Sea Luis Duke of Orleans murder'd 1408. Cortes of Castile grant suplies for War with the Moors D. Alvaro de Luna who he was Pope Benedict forsaken 1046. Alexander the Vth chosen Pope Animosities against Prince Ferdinand of Castile Martin K. of Sicily dies Martin K. of Aragon marries Pretenders to the Crown of Aragon Dispute concerning the Crown of Aragon Prince Ferdinand marches against the Infidels 1410. Moors overthrown Pope Alexander dies John the XXIIId is chosen Martin K. of Aragon dies Race of the Earls of Barcelona extinct Several Towns taken by the Christians A Love Adventure AnteqÌ„ueraÌ„ taken by Storm The Castle surrendred Turbulent State of Christendom Aragon divided about the Succession 1411. K. John of Portugal his Government Confusions in Aragon Judges appointed to decide the Right to the Crown of Aragon Earl of Vrgel's Pretensions Ferdinand declared King of Aragon by the Judges He is proclaim'd at â—aragoca Settles the Affairs of Aragon Archimbaud Earl of Faux his Death and Issue The new King's Actions K. Ferdinand and Pope Benedict meer 1413. He besieges the Earl of Vrgel in Balaguer The Earl surrenders himself Application for uniting the Church Ferdinand crown'd at Zaragoca King Ferdinand confers with Pope Benedict Council of Constance Jews converted 1415. Pope John forced to quit the Papacy Marriage of the Prince of Aragon with the Princess of Castile Ceuta taken by the Portugueses Interview of Princes at Perpignan Pope Benedict disown'd in Aragon 1416. Ferdinand of Aragon dies New Troubles in Castile 1417. John Hus and Hierome of Prague burnt Martin the Vth. chosen Pope The Canaries conquered Henry the Vth of England invades France Catherine Queen of Castile dies John King of Castile govern'd by the Archbishop of Toledo Marriages of Princes 1419. Nobility of Castile raise Tumults King John's Character D. Alvaro de Luna the great Favourite 1420. K. John of Castile under restraint Prodigles Discoveries by Henry Infante of Portugal Alonso K. of Aragon adopted Heir of Naples K. John of Castile makes his escape 1421. Prince Henry in open Rebellion Competitors for the Kingdom of Naples 1422. Prince Henry imprison'd Alvaro de Luna made an Earl Government of Toledo altered Also at Pamplona Gaston Heir of Navarre born 1423. Truce betwixt Castile and Portugal Troubles of Naples K. Alonso of Aragon besieges the Queen of Naples in her Palace Luis Duke of Anjou adopted Heir of Naples Joseph K. of Granada dies Benedict the pretended Pope dies Alonso K. of Aragon supports an Antipope Marseilles taken