according to the Poets was the Sun of Nox and Erebus Ovid L. 11. Metamorph. describes him thus Near unto the Cimmerians says he there was a great Cave dug in a Mountain where stupified Sleep dwelt the Sun-beams never enlightened that Place the same being covered with a very thick Mist The Birds never sing there at Break of Day neither do the Dogs disturb the Silence of the Nights by their Barkings A profound Silence reigns continually there at the Cave's Mouth there grows a great many Poppies and Mandrakes Plants that create Stupidity whose Juice the Night extracts in order to throw it into the Eyes of Men. In the Midst of the Cave there is a Bed of Ebony all of one Colour where the God Sleep lies down soft and takes his Rest there are a great many Dreams who skip up and down round about him Seneca the Tragedian gives an admirable Description of Sleep whom he represents in the same manner as Ovid does to be a favourable God that gives Rest to the Mind and puts an End to our Labours The Greeks as Pausanias says sacrificed on the same Altar to Sleep and to the Muses pretending that Sleep was the best Soul of the Muses Sleep is a good old Man King of a certain Palace whose Masters were Taraxion and Plutocles the sovereign Lord of the Fountain Careotis great Master of the Temple of Imposture and Truth and Possessor Time out of Mind of a Sanctuary or Oracle taken away by Antipho he is Death's younger Brother who is an old Carcase as ancient as all Ages says Coluthus M. Iollius pretends that Sleep is a young Man and this he grounds upon the Inscription wherein Sleep is represented much like unto a Youth This Sleep appeared indeed young but according to M. Cuper it was Somnus aeternalis because of the Torch that was thrown down which was a true Representation of a Life extinct or by reason of this Torch being thrown down it was necessary for keeping of the Children harmless to light one for them in Hell His datum solis minùs ut timerent Igne praelato relevare noctem M. Tollius insists upon it and instances in Euclids Two Sleeps one of which was easie to be perswaded and driven away from the Soul and the same belonged to young People and the other was perfectly gray with Age and appertained to old Men. But the Moral is very good Euclid would hereby shew that young People were easily brought of from their idle Fancies but that 't is hard to bring old Men from their Opinions Euclid did not pretend they were Two Deities SOMNIUM a Dream Ovid puts an infinite Number of Dreams under the Empire of Sleep but he takes notice of Three who were much more potent than the rest viz. Morpheus Icelus or Phobetor and Phantasos The first imitated Men the second Animals and the third Mountains Rivers and other inanimate Things All these Names were taken from the Greek and they very well signifie what they intimate to us Hereby we may know that the Grecians were those who formed both the Names of and made Distinctions between Dreams as well as the God of Sleep Lucian tells us Dreams were painted with Wings because they flew away in an Instant Homer mentions Two Gates thro' which Dreams come to us the one made of Ivory from whence proceeded doubtful and troublesome Dreams the other of Horn through which clear and certain Dreams passed Virgil in these Verses borrowed the Thought from Homer Sunt gemina Somni portae quarum altera fertur Cornea quâ veris facilis datur exitus umbris Altera candenti perfecta nitens elephante Sed falsa ad coelum mittunt insomnia Manes Lucian describes the Island of Dreams unto us in this manner We had not sailed long before we saw the Isle of Dreams but obscurely as Dreams are wont to be for she seemed to remove farther off as we drew nearer to her at last having reached the Island we entred into the Haven of Sleep and there went ashoar The Island was encompassed with a Forest of Poppies and Mandrakes full of Owls and Bats for there were no other Birds upon it It had a River whose Waters did not run but in the Night and Two Fountains of standing Water the Wall of the City was very high and of a changeable Colour like the Rainbow It had Four Gates though Homer makes it to have but Two the first looked towards the Plain of Negligence the one being made of Iron and the other of Earth through which frightful and melancholy Dreams passed the other Two look towards the Harbour the one being made of Horn and the other of Ivory which is that through which we enter Sleep is the King of the Island and his Palace stands on the Left-hand as you go in On his Right-hand is the Temple of Night which the Goddess worshipped there and afterwards that of the Cock Sleep has Two Lieutenants under him viz. Taraxion and Plutocles who were begotten of Fancy and Nothing In the Midst of the Place stands the Fountain of Sence which has Two Temples by the Sides of it the one of Falshood and the other of Truth There is the Oracle and Sanctuary of that God to whom Antipho the Interpreter of Dreams is Prophet and has obtained this Favour of Sleep All the Inhabitants of the Island differ from one another some are handsome and tall others little and ugly these appear to be rich and clad in Gold and Purple like Kings in a Play and the others poor beggerly and all in Rags We met with several of our Acquaintance who carried us to their Houses and treated us nobly Prophetick Dreams were formerly as frequent as they are now rare and so they made a Part of and were an Ornament to History both sacred and prophane God threatened King Abimelech in a Dream and made him release Sarah Abraham's Wife It was in a Dream that Jacob saw the mysterious Ladder The Angel appeared to Jacob in Mesopotamia and told him in a Dream that he was the God who appeared to him in Bethel Joseph's Dreams are well known his Brothers Sheafs of Corn which worshipped his and the Sun Moon and Eleven Stars which they adored have in a manner no need of Interpretation The Dreams of Pharoah's Two Eunuchs and the Interpretation given them by Joseph and Pharaoh's Two Dreams after that which were so happily interpreted by the said Joseph were the Steps by which he was advanced to the Height of Honour and Power Gideon was also instructed what he should do by a Soldier 's Dream Saul answered Samuel who was conjured up by the Witch of Endor that he made his Application to her because God would neither answer him by the Mouths of the Prophets nor by Dreams for they were the Two usual Ways they had to learn the Will of God under the Old Testament The Devil imitated these Prophetick Dreams and made it a Piece of the wicked
Genebrard one very well vers'd in Rabbinical Learning thinks that the Aborigines were a People driven by Joshua out of the Land of Canaan who cross'd over the Mediterranean Sea and came and dwelt in Italy where they had for King Sabatius or Saturn who was set over them by Janus and reign'd there Thirteen Years They were banish'd beyond the Tyber on account of the corruption of their Manners But as to Janus he settled on this side of the River upon a Hill which he call'd Janiculum ABROGARE in the Roman Law to Abrogate make void annul to bring into disuse any Law or Custom This word has reference to these other words rogare c. when they are spoken of Laws whose Confirmation was demanded of the People First Rogabatur Lex a Law was propos'd to the People for their Approbation which they gave in these Terms Vti rogas I approve it Be it so as is requir'd 2ly Abrogabatur it was abrogated 3ly Derogabatur something was taken away from it Sometimes Subrogabatur some Clause was added to it And lastly Obrogabatur some Exception or Limitation was put to it Lex aut rogatur i. e. fertur aut abrogatur i. e prior lex tollitur aut derogatur i. e. pars prima tollitur aut subrogatur i. e. adjicitur aliquid primae legi aut obrogatur i. e. mutare aliquid ex prima lege Vlp. in Leg. 1. D. ad Leg. Aquil. And Cicero l. 3. of Ep. to Atticus Si quid in hac rogatione scriptum est quod per legem Claudiam promulgare abrogare derogare obrogare sine fraude sua non llceat And again in lib. 3. of the Republick Hinc legi nec obrogari fas est nec derogari ex hac aliquid licet neque tota abrogari potest It was not lawful to change this Law or take any thing from it neither could it be wholly abrogated ABSOLVERE in the Roman Law to absolve a Person accus'd to acquit him of a Crime or any Accusation laid against him to dismiss him with Absolution The ordinary method in these Cases was this After the Cause of the accus'd had been pleaded on both sides the Pretor us'd the word Dixerunt i. e. the Advocates have said and then three Balots were distributed to each Judg one mark'd with the Letter A to absolve the accus'd another with the Letter C to condemn him and a third with the Letters N and L to respite Judgment till further information There was often also a fourth which Suetonius calls Tabula remissionis which was a pardon for a Crime whereof the accus'd was found guilty In a Suit concerning a forg'd Will says the same Historian all the Witnesses who had sign'd it being declar'd guilty by the Lex Cornelia not only two Balots were given to the Judges for absolving or condemning the accus'd but a third also for pardoning the Crime in those who had been surpriz'd or drawn in to sign it by fraud or mistake Cum de testamento falsi ageretur omnesque signatores Lege Cornelia tenerentur non tantùm duas tabellas absolutoriam condemnatoriam simul cognoscentibus dedit sed tertiam quoque qua ignosceretur iis quosfraude ad signandum vel errore inductos constitisset The Judges having receiv'd these Balots took an Oath that they would judg according to their Conscience without Partiality to either side either for Love or Hatred After which Oath they threw one of the Balots into the Urn according as their Judgment was either for absolving or condemning the Party accus'd If the accus'd was condemn'd the Judg gave his sentence in these words Videtur facisse The Crime is proved he is attainted and convicted of it and concluded his Sentence in these Words I lictâ—â— liga ad paluâ—â— expedi virgas when the Criminal was not condemn'd to death But if the Crime was capital then he used these words I Lictor colliga manus capus â—bâ—â—bito inselici arbari suspendito lege age Go Lisâ—â—r seize the Criminal cover his Face and hang him up by vertue of the Sentence now pronounc'd against him But if the Person accus'd happen'd to be Absolv'd the Judg pronounc'd Sentence upon him thus Videtur 〈◊〉 facisse or Nihil in 〈◊〉 damnationis dignum invenio or Non invenio in eo causam which Expression was us'd by Pilate being a Roman in his Answer to the Jews who had a mind to force him to put Jesus to death whom he had declar'd to be innocent ABSYRTUS otherwise call'd Egialus according to Pacâ—â—â—â—s the Son of Etesâ—â—s King of Goâ—aâ—os 'T is said that his Sister Madâ—â— when she fled from her Father's House with Jason whom she lov'd tore the Body of her Brother Absyrtus in pieces and scatter'd them up and down in the way on purpose to hinder her Father from pursuing after her by meeting with those sad Remains of his Son which he was oblig'd to gather up as Cicero tells us in his Oration pro Lege Manilia Ut Medea illa ex pâ—â—to profâ—gisse dicitur quam praedicant in fuga fratris sui membra in iis locis quà se parâ—â—s persequeretur dissâ—â—â—isse ut eorum collectia dispersa marorque patrius celeritatâ—â— persequendi retardaret Valerius Flaccus Lib. VIII Aâ—gonaâ— says That it was not her Father Etesius who went after her but that he sent his Son Aâ—syrtus with a Naval Force to pursue her and that coming up with her at the mouth of the Danube when Jason and she were upon the point of Marriage he broke off the Match by threatning to burn them both together with their Ship Qui novus incaeptos impediit hymenaeos Turbavitque toros sacra calentia rupit Orpheus thinks that Etesius commanded Absyrtus to go after his Sister and fetch her back again but that he following after her by a mischance fell into the River Phasis and was drowned and that his Body was afterwards cast by the Waves upon the little Islands which are call'd from his Name Absyrtides But Pliny on the contrary tells us that he was kill'd on the Coasts of Dalmatia where these little Islands are situate which from his Name are call'd Absyrtides Absyrtides Graiis dicta à fratre Medeae ibi interfecto 〈◊〉 Absyrto lib. 3. cap. 2. Let us see how Myginus relates this Story Etesius says he being inform'd that his Daughter Medea and Jason had fled away from him he sent his Son Absyrtus in a Ship after them who pursu'd them as far as the Adriatic Sea along the Coasts of Seâ—â—vonia and found them out at the House of King Alcinous At their first meeting they were ready to go to blows but the King interpos'd his Authority and offer'd them his Mediation which they accepted of The King resolv'd to restore Medea to her Father provided that Jason had not yet enjoy'd her But Jason being inform'd of this by the Queen to whom the King had entrusted this Secret enjoy'd her that night and by
to the People that all the Commonwealth was but one great Body of which the Senate is the Head and Stomach which seems alone to devour all that the Labour and Industry of the other Parts can get but in Reality 't is only to distribute it to the rest of the Body to nourish and strengthen it and if the Members do not daily supply them with the usual Nourishment they themselves would soon be found to be without Vigour Heat or Life This excellent Comparison was so aptly apply'd and so zealously explained by Agrippa that the People were reconciled to the Senate who consented to the Election of a Tribune chosen out of the People to protect them against the Authority of the great Ones This Magistrate had a right to oppose the Consultations of the Senate by saying this Word Veto i. e. I oppose it and forbid you to proceed further AGRIPPA named Marcus a Man of a mean Original a Favourite of Augustus Admiral of the Empire a great Captain and a Companion of that Prince in his Victories He assisted him much in obtaining that Victory which he had in the Sea-fight against Sextus Pompeius of which Virgil speaks Augustus bestow'd the Consulship upon him twice together and as a Surplus of his Favour he made him his Son-in-Law by marrying his Daughter Julia to him who had been first married to Marcellus his Nephew who died without Children This Agrippa had two Daughters and three Sons viz. Calus Lucius and Agrippa who was a Posthumous Child i. e. born after his Father's Death Augustus adopted Caius and Lucius before they were seventeen years of Age he had them proclaimed Princes of the Youth and earnestly desired that they might be chosen Consuls The first married Livia the Sister of Germanicus These two Princes were soon taken from him by the Wickedness of another Livia their Mother-in-Law or by their own Misfortunes one in a Voyage to Spain whither he went to command the Armies and the other in his Return from Armenia from whence he came ill of a Wound As for Agrippa the posthumous Child Augustus complain'd of him and caused him to be banish'd by a Decree of the Senate into the Isle Planasia He was indeed a stupid and brutish Prince and withal a simple Man Tiberius who succeeded Augustus made his Access to the Empire remarkable by the Death of Agrippa who being surpriz'd was slain by a Centurion whom he sent on purpose without making any Defence Tacit. Annal lib. 1. AGRIPPA Herod the Son of Aristobulus whom Herod the Elder put to Death He was King of the Jews and had the Favour of the Emperour Caligula who at his coming to the Crown released him from Prison where Tiberius had shut him up for wishing Caligula had his place This Emperour besides his Liberty gave him a Chain of Gold of the same weight with that which he had worn out of Love to him while he was in Prison and gave him the Tetrarchy of his Uncle Philip who died without Children and allow'd him to take upon him the Title of The King of the Jews He made himself infamous at his Arrival at Jerusalem by the Death of St. James the Great and the Imprisonment of St. Peter But his Cruelty was not long unpunish'd for as he was in Caesarea Palaestine busied in the Celebration of the Publick Plays for the Health of the Emperour he was struck on a sudden as he was making a Speech to the People with a surprising terrible Pain of which soon after he died AGRIPPINA the Grand-daughter of Augustus and Daughter of Marcus Agrippa was the Wife of Germanicus the Son of Drusus the Brother of Tiberius Some believe that her Husband was poisoned by Cn. Piso tho this Crime was but weakly proved at the Condemnation of Piso She carried her Husband's Ashes to Rome and laid them in the Tomb of the Caesors Tacitus says she was a Woman of an haughty and untameable Spirit but she aton'd for her Passions by her Chastity and the Love she bare to her Husband AGRIPPINA named Julia who married at her second Marriage the Emperour Claudius who was her Uncle but she soon after poison'd him with what she put into Mushrooms which afterwards at Rome were called The Food of the Gods Britannicus who was Claudius's Son by his first Marriage ought to have succeeded him in the Empire but Agrippina advanc'd her Son Nero to it contrary to his Right that she herself might reign under the Name of her Son She had him by Domitius Aeneobarbus her first Husband and Claudius adopted him into his Family which opened a way for his Accession to the Sovereign Dignity But this ambitious Princess was well rewarded for it for Nero caused her to be slain by Anicetus and for compleating her Infamy order'd that the Day of her Nativity should be reckon'd among the unfortunate Days AJAX the Locrian the Son of Oileus so named from the City and Country of Locris near Mount Parnassus He signaliz'd himself at the Siege of Troy by many notable Exploits After the taking of the City he pluck'd Cassandra the Daughter of King Priam from the Altar of Minerva to which she was fled as an Asylum Some say he ravish'd her and that Minerva being provok'd reveng'd the Fact by slaying him with a Thunderbolt which sir'd his Ship and so drowned him in the Sea But Philostratus says the contrary that Ajax offer'd no Force to Cassandra but that Agamemnon took her away from him having seen her in his Tent and to avoid the Mischief he might design against him fled by Sea in the night and suffer'd Shipwrack by a Tempest that overtook him The Greeks much lamented him and made an extraordinary Funeral for him for they fill'd a Ship with Wood as if they would make a Funeral-Pile for him slew several black Beasts in honour of him and having also set up black Sails in the Ship they set it on fire about break of day and left it to run into the Main Sea all in a flame till it was consum'd to Ashes AJAX TELAMONIUS the Son of Telamon King of Salamis and the fair Eriboea according to Pindar He was one of the most valiant Greeks that was at the Siege of Troy After the Death of Achilles he pretended that his Armour belonged to him as the next of kin but Thetis exposing them to the Publick that every one that pretended a Right to them might claim them V lysses disputed it with him and gained them Ajax was thereupon so much enraged that he fell upon a Flock of Sheep with his Sword drawn and brandished and slew them supposing them to be Grecians and then he thrust himself through with his own Sword and died AIUS LOCUTIUS a Speaking Voice to which the Romans erected an Altar according to Cicero and Aulus Gellius or a small Temple according to P. Victor in the New-street The occasion of it as Cicero and Livy relate was thus One named M. Ceditius a Plebeian
are not till'd in all places and most of the Inhabitants live upon Milk and the Flesh of their Flocks and wear their Skins for Clothing All the English paint their Bodies with Woad which makes them of a blewish Colour and renders them more formidable in Battel They shave off all their Hair except that of their Head and Whiskers Their Women are common to ten or twelve but their Children belong to those who married them Tacitus in the Life of Agricola gives us this Character of England It is the biggest Isle which is yet known it has Germany on the East Spain on the West Gallia on the South and the Main Ocean which has no Bounds on the North. Fabius and Titus Livius the two most eloquent of our Historians as well antient as modern have compared it to a long Buckler or the Head of an Ax because the hither side is of that figure It was not known till our time that 't was an Isle after a Tour was made about the Northern Coast of it where there are discover'd other Isles at a further distance called the Orcades and Island it self which a perpetual Winter keeps from our View The Original of the Inhabitants is not known whether they are Indigenae or Strangers The Scots have Hair and a Stature like the Germans Those who dwell on the side next Spain have frizled Hair and are of a Tawny Colour The rest are like the Gauls to whom they are Neighbours The Sky is always thick and cloudy but the Cold is never very fierce the Days are longer than in France but the Night is very clear especially about the extreme parts of the Isle where there is but little distance between the End of one day and the Beginning of the next some say that in a clear and serene Sky they do not wholly lose their Light but it seems to turn about above the Horizon so that properly speaking they never see the Sun either rise or set They have neither Vines nor Olive-teees nor other Fruit-trees which grow in hot Countries altho otherwise it is very Fruitful their Fruits come out early but are a long time in ripening for want of Heat and by reason of the abundance of their Moisture ALBO-GALERUS a sort of Cap made of white Wool which had a Tuft on the Top and upon which they wore Branches of Olives embroider'd The Flamen Dialis or Priest of Jupiter only had a Right to wear it ALBULA a River where Tiberius Sylvius was drown'd who was King of the Albini from whom it was immediately named Tiber. ALBUNA a Goddess worshipped in the Country of Tibur now Tivoli Some think she was Ino the Daughter of Athamas who fearing her Husband cast her self headlong into the Sea with her Son Melicerta Other Authors confound her with the tenth Sibyl call'd Tiburtina because she was born at Tibur ALBUTIUS the Father of the Sorcerer Canidius He was extraordinarily nice in his Victuals and in the Cookery of it insomuch that he beat his Servants before they offended Horace speaks thus of him lib. 2. Sat. 2. v. 66. Hic neque Servus Albutî senis exemplo dum munia didit Savus erit He will not follow the Example of Old Albutius when he commands his Slaves any thing ALCESTIS the Daughter of Pelias and Wife of Admetus King of Thessaly Apollo obtained of the Destinies that if Admetus could procure any Person to die in his stead he should live as many years as he had done already The Father and Mother of Admetus having refus'd him that Favour his Wife Alcestis offer'd to die for him Hercules came unexpectedly and having heard what had pass'd went to the Tomb of Alcestis and rescu'd her from the Jaws of Death and restored her to her Husband Others say he went down into Hell and took her from Proserpina Euripides in his Alcestis relates That Hercules was entertained by Admetus the day that Alcestis his Wife died and all his House was in Mourning Admetus lodg'd him in an Apartment by himself that he might not disturb his Guest by so doleful an Object Hercules requited his Host well for he undertook to encounter Death who had taken away the Soul of Alcestis he chas'd Death away brought back her Soul to her Body and restor'd his Wife alive to Admetus This seems to be the History of Elisha counterfeited who rais'd the Son of the Shunamite from the dead ALCIBIADES the Son of Clinias and Dinomache he was the most beautiful Man in the World and of the neatest shape that ever was seen The Grandees of his Family gave him as great preheminence above all the Athenians as Athens had above the rest of the Cities of Greece His Courage and Conduct were shewn in the Wars against the Lacedaemonians and Persians But this Great Man had so great a Mixture of Vices and Corruptions with these rare Endowments of Mind and Body that he was condemn'd to Death and his Goods to be confiscated because he blasphemed the Gods When he repented of his Extravagances after this Disgrace he banish'd those that had debauch'd him and put himself under the Instruction of Socrates who made him a good Man Afterwards flying to King Artaxerxes he was basely slain by the Lacedaemonians who bore him a mortal Hatred and had made themselves Masters of Athens and all Greece His Statue because he was one of the most Valiant Grecians was set up by a Decree of the Senate in a publick Place at Rome according to the Pythian Oracle ALCIDES an Epithet given to Hercules from the Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies Strength and Virtue or from Alcaeus his Grand-father by the Father's side ALCITHOE a Theban Woman who despising the Orgiae or Festivals of Bacchus and beginning a Journey whilst they were celebrating was changed into a Screech-Owl and her Sisters into Batts ALCMENA the Daughter of Electryo and Lysidicae whose Father was Pelops and Mother Hippodamia she married Amphitryo her Cosin-German upon condition that he should revenge the Death of her Brother which the Theleboans a People of Aetolia had kill'd While Amphitryo was employ'd against them Jupiter who was in Love with Alcmena took the shape of Amphitryo and lay with her a whole Night which he made as long as Three having commanded the Night and Sleep by the Mediation of Mercury not to leave Men for that time and by this Conjunction Alcmena became the Mother of Hercules Lucian has related this Fable in his Dialogue between Mercury and the Sun which we shall set down here entire Phoebus Jupiter says you must not drive to day to morrow nor the next day but keep within that during that time there may be one entire Night bid the Hours unharness their Horses and do you put out your Light and repose your self a while Sun You bring me very strange News Mercury I do not know that I have in the least drove beyond my just limits or disturb'd the Mountains why then is he so angry
invicto comiti which signifies that they had vanquish'd and subdu'd many Provinces by the Assistance of Apollo or the Sun Lucian in his Dea Syria informs us that there si a Temple in that Country where the Statue of Apollo has a Beard and appears to be of perfect Age and not like a young Man as he is usually represented because say they this is an Imperfection His statue there has also this peculiar to it that it is clothed whereas all the other Statues of this God are not In this Temple Apollo delivers his Oracles himself whereas in other places it is done by his Priests When he has a mind to fore-tell any thing he shakes himself then the Priests take him up upon their Shoulders and if they do not he moves of himself and sweats When they hold him he leads them whither he will and guides them as a Coachman does his Horses turning here and there and going from one place to another As soon as the High-Priest asks him what he has a mind to know if the thing displeases him he goes backward if not he goes forward Thus they divine what his Will is and they do nothing either in publick or private until they have first consulted him and he foretells the Change of Times and Seasons and even Death it self Among Animals the Wolf the Raven the Crow the Cigale the Cicada of the Antients a flying Insect like a Grashopper the Cock and the Spar-Hawk as also the Laurel and Olive-Tree among Trees were consecrated to him by the Antients Apollo was esteem'd a God different from the Sun for the latter was suppos'd to be the Son of Hyperion one of the Titans from whence he was call'd Hyperione natus and Titania proles whereas Apollo was the Son of Jupiter and Latona nevertheless they are frequently confounded Vossius thinks that the Jubal mentioned in Holy Scripture was Apollo to whom the Pagans attributed the Invention and Honour of Vocal and Instrumental Musick Bochart has observed that the Isle of Delos where Apollo was born takes its name from Dahal i. e. Terror Deus that the name of Mount Cynthus where Latona was brought to bed is deriv'd from Chanat i. e. in lucem edere This Fable then of Apollo comes originally from the East and Apollo is an Egyptian God according to Pausanias who relates that a Senator call'd Antoninus built at Epidaurus a Temple to Apollo and Aesculapius Egyptian Gods for of the four Apollo's mentioned by Cicero the three latter were certainly of Greek original but the most antient was he of Egypt Lactantius proves that Apollo was no more than a mere Man and that he was like other Men not only in his Birth but in his Crimes which tho the Fable did not invent yet could not conceal Vossius further tells us That the Fable of the Raven sent by Apollo is plainly copied from the History of the Raven sent by Noah for as the Raven sent to discover whether the Waters of the Deluge were gone off from the Face of the Earth did not return again into the Ark so the Poets feign'd that Apollo having sent a Raven to fetch Water this lazy and unfaithful Bird rested on a Fig-tree and waited till the Figs were ripe to eat them as Ovid tells us Bochart remarks with great probability that the Fable of the Serpent Python kill'd by Apollo took its original from Phoenicia because the Name of Python or Pethon in the Hebrew Tongue signifies a Serpent and from thence Apollo was call'd Pythian APOLLONIUS TYANAEUS a Philosopher and Magician who was for some time one of the Friends of the Emperour Domitian but this Happiness lasted not long for being accused of having foretold his Accession to the Empire and sacrificing an Infant upon this occasion he was first ignominiously shav'd and then sentenc'd to die but when the Sentence was just ready to be put in execution he made himself invisible and vanish'd out of their sight who were present by the Help of a Demon who transported him to Pouzol The Church of Christ never had a greater Enemy than this Magician for by the seeming Innocence of his Life and his deceitful Tricks which were accounted true Miracles he gave occasion to Hierocles a Philosopher to compose a Book wherein he compares him with mischievous artifice to JESUS CHRIST After he had a long time deceiv'd the World by his Prodigies he died all alone having no body with him to bear witness of his Death not so much as Damis his dear Disciple and the Companion of all his Impostures No doubt he had a mind to make People believe that his Body which never appear'd any more upon Earth was carried up into Heaven and that in this also he resembled JESUS CHRIST whom he pretended to imitate in his Life-time Philostratus has given a large account of it but it is rather a well-contriv'd Fable than a true History As he was one day haranguing the People of Ephesus he stopt all on a sudden and going back two or three paces while he look'd down upon the ground with frightful Eyes he cry'd out Smite the Tyrant smite the Tyrant meaning Domitian his Auditors were mightily astonisht at this Discourse and all of them expected he should explain himself which he did immediately by telling them That in that very Hour Domitian was killed the News of his Death came quickly after and the Curious finding that his Words did so exactly agree with the Action which happen'd at so great a distance from him this wonderfully increas'd his Reputation to the Prejudice of the Christian Religion The Emperour Caracalla and the Ephesians erected a Statue to him under the Name of Hercules 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or He that drives away Evils and the Emperour Severus had his Image together with that of JESUS CHRIST in his Oratory APOPHRAS a Greek word us'd among the Athenians to signifie an Unhappy Day on which nothing was to be undertaken or for some great Defeat which happen'd on that day or for any other publick Calamity APOTHEOSIS the Consecration or Deification of Great Men after their Death The Greeks and Romans plac'd the Inventors of Liberal and Mechanical Arts amongst the Gods so they did Ceres Bacchus and Vulcan they deified also the Founders of Cities great Generals and in process of time their Kings and Emperours This we learn from Horace lib. 2. Ep. 1. where he writes thus to Caesar Augustus Cùm tot sustineas ac tanta negotia solus Res Italas armis tuteris moribus ornes ........... Praesenti tibi maturos largimur honores Jurandasque tuum per nomen ponimus aras The Description which Ovid gives of the Apotheosis of Hercules made by Jupiter himself cannot be read without Admiration and every one must apply it to the Brightness of a pure Soul when it goes out of the Filthiness of Body and Matter that then being purified from all the Stains of this Mortal Life it enters upon a
other answers si appenderes in â—anibus meis mille argenteos This sicle of Silver was of the value of 2 Shillings and Six Pence in our Money ARGILETUM a long Street in the City of Rome over against the Mens Palatinus which reach'd from the end of the Velabrum or Tuscan Street as far as the Theatre of Marcellus to the Herb-Market It was so called from one Argus who a had mind to kill Evander but he himself was slain and buried there Varro thinks that this Place was also call'd by this Name from Argilla or fat Earth whereof there is a great quantity in that Place ARGONAVIS the Ship of the Argonauts in which Jason sail'd to Colchos to fetch the Golden Fleece This Ship was built by Argus with the help of Miuerva of the Pine Trees in the Forest of Pelens or Dedona Phaedrus in the 4th Book of his Fables Fab. 6. speaks of it after the following manner I would to God that the Thassalian Ax had never cut down the high Pines of the Forrest of Peleus and that the subtil Argus having a mind to go upon the Waters a daring Voyage expos'd to many visible dangers of Death had never fram'd a Ship by the Art of Pallas which by opening the 1st Entrance into the Sea that hitherto had continued inaccessible has been so fatal both to the Greeks and Barbarians You will tell me doubtless continues the same Author that all this Prayer is impertinent and founded upon a mistake about the 1st Ship since it is certain that a long time before the Argonautes Minos overcame the Violence of the Egâ—an Sea by covering it with a great Fleet and reveng'd the Death of his Son by a Punishment no less just than Exemplary ARGONAUTAE the Argonauts a great number of Illustrious Greeks who embark'd with Jason to go and fetch the Golden Fleece viz. Hercules Theseus Castor and Pollux Orpheus Typhis Lynaâ—â—s and some others who arrived all safe at Colchos after they had escap'd some Dangers ARGUS the Son of Apis succeeded his Father in the Kingdom of the Argives and from him the Argives took their Name for they were not so call'd before It was under his Reign that Greece 1st began to maâ—sure the Ground and sow Corn. Argus after his Death was honour'd as a God and Temples and Sacrifices were appointed for him which Honour had been given before him to one called Honogyrus who was struck dead with a Thunderbolt and was the 1st who yok'd Oxen to draw St. August B. 〈◊〉 Of the City of God Chap. 6. Argus the Son of Aâ—estor a vigilant Prince and one of great Circumspection to whom the Poets gave a hundred Eyes to denote his Vigilance They also feign'd that Juno employ'd him to observe the Actions of Jupiter her Husband and to guard Io the Daughter of Inacus whom he lov'd But Mercury killed this Argus by the order of Jupiter after he had lulled him asleep with the sound of his Pipe Juno to recompence the Faithfulness of her Spy chang'd him into a Peacock which has as many golden Circles in his Tail as Argus had Eyes Ariadne the Daughter of Minos King of Crete or Candia by Pusiphae When Thescuâ— was sent to Candia by the Athenians to be devour'd by the Minotaure she instructed him how to get out of the Labyrinth in which this Monster was enblos'd by giving him a Clue of Thread which succeeded so well that after he had killed the Monster he got out of the Labyrinth though the escape was very difficult by reason of the many turnings and windings that were in it After his Escape he forgat his Benefactress and abandon'd her in the Isle of Chio or Naxos where she married Bacthus who plac'd the Crown she had then upon her Head amongst the Stars ARICIA a little of City Latium in Italy which was built by Hippoliâ—us the Son of Theseus in Memory of his Wife who had the same Name as Martial tells us B. 4. Her Name was also given to a Forest wherein Diana concealed Hippolytus after he was rais'd from the Dead by Aesculapius as an acknowledgement for so great a Benefit he erected a Temple to him whose Priests were to be fugitive Slaves Hard by there was a Fountain sacred to the Nymph Egeria where King Numa having learned Hydromancy or the Art of Divination by Waters boasted that he had frequent Conversation with that Nymph that he might the more firmly establish his Empire raise his own Reputation to a higher Pitch and conciliate greater Authority to his Laws among the common People â—oliâ—ms and Cassius Hemina think that the City of Aricia was built by Archilacus the Sicilian in the Year 425. from the building of Rome It obtain'd the Priviledge of the Roman Freedom and was at first a Municipal City and afterwards a Roman Colony as Florus tells us Marius Anttum Ariciam Laviniâ—n colonaias devastavit It was the Place of the Nativity of Accia the Mother of the Emperor Augustus ARIES a Ram a Warlike Engine us'd by the Ancients It was a great Beam of Wood strengthned with Iron at the end which represented the Head of a Ram wherewith the Ancients were to batter the Walls of Cities there were Three sorts of them one was hang'd upon Ropes another run upon Wheels and a third sort was born up in the Arms of those who made use of it This Machine was first invented after this manner when the Carthaginians laid Siege to Gades they thought it convenient immediatly to demolish a Castle which they had taken but having no proper instruments for that purpose they made use of a great Beam of Wood which many Men bore up in their Arms and striking the top of the Walls with the end of this Beam by their redoubled blows they made the uppermost Stones to come down and so descending lower from one Lay of Stones to another they batter'd down the whole Fortification After this a Carpenter of the City of Tyre call'd Pephasmenos taking the hint from the former Experiment hang'd one Beam upon another like a Balance which being thrust forward with great force by many repeated blows he beat down the Wall of the City of Gades Cetras the Caelcdonian was the 1st who made a Carr of Wood which moved upon Wheels Upon the Carr he laid many pieces of Timber whereof some stood upright and others lay athwart which he join'd together and made a Hut of them in which he hung up a Ram and then he cover'd it with Ox-hides to secure those who play'd the Engine for battering down a Wall And this Hut was called a Snail to the Ram because it moved but very slowly Polydus the Thessalian at last perfected the Engine at the Siege which King Philip the Son of Amyntas laid to Bizantium This is what Vitruvius tells us B. 10. Ch. 17. But Athenaeus in his Book De Machinis thinks that Geras the Carthaginian was the Inventor of this Engine He says also that this
to perswad us that they had Chimneys in their Chambers Suetonins tells us that the Chamber of Vitellius was burnt the Chimney having took fire Nec ante in Praetorium rediit quam flagrante triclinio ex conceptu camini Horace writes to his Friend to get a good fire in his chimney Dissolve frigus ligna super foco Large reponens Od. 9. l. 1. Tully writing to his Friend Atticus tells him Camino Luculento tibi utendum censco And Vitruvius speaking of the cornishes that are made in Chambers give warning to make them plain and without Carver's work in places where they make fire However in those ages if they had any chimneys like ours they were very rare Blondus and Salmuth say that chimneys were not in use among the Ancients but Pancirollus and many others affirm the contrary Wherefore without deciding absolutely the question 't is most certain they had Kilns to warm their Chambers and other apartments of their Houses called Fornaces vaporaria and Stoves called Hypocausta Philander says that the Kilns were under ground built along the Wall with small Pipes to each story to warm the Rooms They had also Stoves that were removed from one Room to another for Tully writes that he had removed his Stove because the Pipe thro which the fire came out was under his Chamber Hypocausta in alterum apodyterii angulum promovi propterea quod ita erant posita ut eorum vaporarium ex quo ignis erumpit esset subjectum cubiculo The Romans did not only make use of Wood to warm their rooms but also of the Beams of the Sun which they gathered in some Kilns as we do with our Burning-glasses This Kiln was called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in Latin Solarium or solare vaporarium and it was not allowed to plant Trees that might be a hindrance to the gathering of the Beams of the Sun as Ulpian says It doth not appear neither by the writings or buildings that remain of the Ancients that they had Privies in their Houses And what they call latrinas were publick places where the persons who had no Slaves went to empty and wash their Pans and these persons were called latrinae from lavando according to the Aetymology of M. Varro for Plautus speaks of the Servant-maid quae latrinam lavat who washes the Pan. And in this place of Plautus latrina can't be understood of the publick Houses of Office which were cleansed by Pipes under the ground which carried the Waters of the Tiber to these places and 't is likely that Plautus made use of the word latrina to insinuate that sella familiaris erat velut latrina particularis The Publick Necessary Houses for the day were for the conveniency of the People in several places of the Town and were called Sterqulinia covered and full of Spunges as we learn of Seneca in his Epistles As for the night they had running Waters thro all the Streets of Rome and there they threw all their ordure but rich men used Pans which the Servants emptied into the Sinks that carried all their Waters into the great Sink of the Town and from thence into the Tiber DONARIA Gifts and Presents offered to the Gods and hung up in their Temples DONATIVUM A Gift and Largess in Money which the Emperors bestowed upon Soldiers to get their affection and votes in time of need DRACHMA A Dram a kind of weight composed of two Scruples and each Scruple of two oboli and so a Dram was six oboli As for the proportion that the Dram of the Greeks did bear with the Ounce of the Romans Q. Rommus in his Poem of Weights and Measures makes the Dram the eighth part of an Ounce which is not much different from the Crown of the Arabians which weighs something more than the Dram. The Dram and the Roman Denarius were of the like value so that the Dram may be worth about Sevenpence Halfpenny of English Money DRACONARIUS The Dragonbearer the standard of the Roman Infantry the head whereof was drawn in Silver and the rest of the Body was of Taffety hung up at the top of a Pike fluttering in the Air like a Dragon and out of it hung down great Bands with tufts of Silk at the end DRACO A Dragon so called from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to see plain to be clear-sighted and for his watchfulness this Animal is dedicated to Minerva 'T is said that he loves Gold wherefore a Dragon watched the Golden Fleece at Colchos and the Golden Apples of the Garden of the Hesperides and 't is reported that the Dragon of Pallas dwelt near Athens because the Athenians did wear their Hair tuckt up with Tresses of Gold DRUIDAE The Priest of the Ancient Gauls Thus Caesar speaks of them l. 4. of the Wars of the Gauls The Druides of the first Order are Overseers of the worship of the Gods and Religion and have the direction of both Publick and Private Affairs and teaching of Youth If there is any Murther or Crime committed or Suit at Law about an Inheritance or some other Dispute they decide it ordaining Punishments and Rewards and when a Man won't stand to their Judgment they suspend him from communicating in their Mysteries And those who are so excommunicated are accounted wicked and impious and every Body shuns their Conversation if they are at law with other Men they can have no Justice and are admitted neither to Employments nor Dignities and die without Honour and Reputation All the Druides have an High Priest who has an absolute Power After his Death the most worthy among them succeeds him and if there are many Pretenders to his Office the Election is decided by Votes and sometimes by force of Arms. They met every Year in the Country of Chartres which is in the middle of Gaul in a place consecrated and appointed for that purpose where those who are at Law or at Variance met from all places and stand to their Decisions 'T is thought that their Institution came from Brittain and those who will have perfect knowledge of their Mysteries travell'd into that Country They never follow the War and are free from all Taxes and Slavery wherefore many get into their order and every one puts in for a place among them for his Son or Kinsman They must learn by heart a great number of Verses for it is forbid to write them either to exercise their Memory or lest they should profane the Mysteries in publishing them wherefore they remain sometimes twenty Years in the College In other things they make use of writing in Greek Characters One of the chiefest points of their Theology is the Immortality of the Soul as a profitable Belief that inclines Men to Vertue by contempt of Death They hold Metempsychosis and have many Dogma's of Theology and Philosophy which they teach their youth Diodorous Siculus joins the Druides to Poets in the Authority of pronouncing like Soverâ—ign Judges about Controversies
did eat in one Day Forty Pounds of Victuals and drunk as many Pints of Wine He was killed together with his Son by the Soldiery having reigned only Three Years MECOENAS a Roman Knight descended from the Kings of Etruria which made Horace speaking concerning him say Mecaenas atavis edite Regibus He was the Patron of learned Men and had a singular Kindness for Virgil and Horace He was a Favourite of the Emperor Augustus and of a very healthy Constitution All the Patrons of learned Men are at this Day called Meccanas's MEDEA the Daughter of Aetes King of Colchos who by her Magical Art assisted Jason to take away the Golden-Fleece she married him afterwards and had Two Children by him but that did not hinder him from wedding Creusa the Daughter of Creon King of Corinth whither had retired Creon banished Medea scarce allowing her a Day 's Respite the which she improved to make enchanted Presents to Creusa whereby she was destroyed Creon afterwards died embracing of his Daughter Medea killed her own Children and in a Charriot drawn by winged Serpents made her Escape to Athens where she married King Egeus by whom she had a Son named Medus But going about to poison Theseus the eldest Son of Egeus her Design was discovered and she was forced to fly to Asia with her Son Medus who left his Name to the Country of Media MEDICINA Physick it is an Art according to Galen to preserve present Health and to restore that which is lost and according to Hippocrates 't is an adding of that which is wanting and a retrenching of what is superstuous in Herophilus his Sence 't is a Knowledge of such Things as are conducive to Health or noxious thereunto This Art was not introduced to Rome till about 600 Years after the Building thereof as Pliny says wherein he is mistaken unless he means that it was not practised in Rome by Forreign Physicians till such a Time The Art is divided into Anatomy Pathology Therapeutick Chymistry Botanism and Surgery Julian the Apostate made a Law concerning Physicians which is printed among his Greèk Letters and runs thus in English It being known by Experience that the Art of Physick is beneficial to Manking 't is not without Cause that the Philosophers have given out it came down from Heaven seeing that by it the Infirmities of Nature and accidental Sicknesses are removed wherefore in Pursuance to the Rules of Equity and the Decrees and Authority of the Emperors our Predecessors we of our good Will and Pleasure require and command that you who profess Physich be dispensed with and discharged of all Offices and Charges laid by the Senate MEDICUS a Physician is one who practises the Art of Physich in Curing of Diseases and Wounds for of old Physicians practised Chyrurgery some Authors pretend that Physick was practised by no other than Slaves and Freedmen but Causabon in his Comments upon Suetonius refutes this and so does Drelincourt Professor of Physick at Leyden and the same may be farther justified by old Inscriptions Dioscorides a Grecian of Anazarba coming to Rome was made a Citizen thereof and became the intimate Friend of Licinius Bassus an illustrious Roman The Physician who view'd the Wounds of Julius Caesaer was called Antistius and consequently was a free Citizen of Rome for Slaves had only a Surname without any Name for their Family Pliny who seems not to treat well of Physick says That the Quirites as much as to say the Romans practised it and 't is well known that no Roman Citizens were Slaves Those who are acquainted with History must know what Esteem Physicians were in of old at Rome and elsewhere since Princes themselves disdained not the Study of it Mithridates King of Pontus did himself prepare a Remedy against Poyson Juba King of Mauritania writ a Book of Plants and Evax King of Arabia according to the Testimony of Pliny dedicated a Book to Nero concerning the Medicinal Vertues of Simples It s true Suetonius in the Life of Caligula speaks of a Slave that was a Physician Mitto tibi praeterea cum eo ex servis meis Medicum I also send you one of my Slaves who is a Physician with him There might have been some Slaves who were Physicians but it does not follow that there were no other but Slaves that were Physicians It s farther pretended that they were banish'd out of Rome in the Time of Cato the Censor according to the Sentiments of Agrippa in his Book concerning the Vanity of Sciences but for this there is no other Foundation than the Misunderstanding of the following Passage in Pliny This Art of Physick is subject to a Thousand Changes and a Thousand Additions so lyable are our Minds to change upon the first Wind that blows from Greece and there is nothing more certain among such as practise it than that he who abounds most in Words becomes uncontroulably the Arbiter of Life and Death as if there were not a Multitude of People who live without Physicians tho' indeed they should not be without Physick and this may be observed concerning the Romans themselves who lived above 600 Years without them tho' otherwise they were not a People flow to receive good Arts but manifested the Inclination they had for Physick till having had Experience thereof they condemned it expertam damnarunt However they did not condemn the Art of Physick it self but the Male Practice thereof non rem sed artem Cassius Hemina an old Author says That the first Physician who came from Peloponesus to Rome was Archagatus the Son of Iysanias when L. Aemilius and M. Livius were Consuls in the Year DXXXV after the Building of Rome that they made him a Citizen and that the Government bought him a Shop in the Cross-street of Acilius 'T is said they gave him the Title of Healer of Wounds and that he was at first very much made of but soon after his cruel Operations which went so far as to the Cutting off and Burning of some Parts of the Patient's Body procured him the Nickname of Hangman and made the People out of conceit both with Physick and Physicians And to go a little farther with this Matter take the Words of Marcus Cato the Censor to his Son says he I 'll tell thee now my dear Son Mark what my Thoughts are of these Greeks and what I desire you to learn during your Stay at Athens Take care to inform your self of their Customs but learn them not They are a wicked and indocible People which I cannot endure Believe it as if it came from a Prophet that when this Nation communicates her Sciences to others she corrupts the whole and especially if she should send her Physicians hither to us They are bound to one another by Oath to kill all Barbarians with their Physick ..... They call us Barbarians nay and give us more opprobrious Names I forbid you therefore above all Things to have to do with the Physicians We
of small Wares His Father brought him up in good Literature which afterwards he taught at Rome but as his Inclinations carried him more unto Arms than unto Letters he quitted his Profession and followed the Military Art wherein he signalized himself in divers Wars which made the Emperor Marcus Aurelius give him the Government of Asia and Syria after whose Death his Successor Commodus banished him from Rome but he recalled him some time after and made him Governour of the City Upon the Death of Commodus Aelius Laetus Captain of the Guard went to Pertinax his Lodging and made him a Tender of the Empire and obliged him to go to the Camp where he was proclaimed Imperator Augustus and the same was joyfully confirmed by the Senate and People At his Accession to the Imperial Throne he went about to reform the Extorsions and Violences practised by the Praetorian Bands over the poor Citizens but this drew their Hatred so far upon him that they adventured to kill him in the Middle of his Palace after he had reigned Three Months By the Medals which we have of his it may be observed that he had a fortunate Countenance a handsom Head large Forehead curled Hair a long and venerable Beard that he was tale burly and pretty big-belly'd as may be known by his Medals and the Paintings of Capitolinus All this seemed to promise him a healthful Constitution a large Capacity with the Respect of the People which his venerable Air must gain him But his Empire was so short that he had not an Opportunity to make his Inclinations known However he shewed much of an intrepid Spirit in the Sedition wherein he lost his Life for when he saw the Mutineers enter into his Palace he went to meet them and unconcernedly spoke to them with much Courage and Gravity insomuch that they were all appeased save one who stirred up the Soldiers anew and brought his Companions to cut off so good a Prince PETRONIUS lived in Nero's Time tho' that Emperor loved this Poet very well yet he was put to Death by his Command as Cornelius Tacitus says PHAEDRA the Daughter of Minos King of Creet who fell in Love with Hippolytus her Son in Law she discovered her Passion to her Nurse that was her Confident who attempted to engage Hippolytus his Consent several times but to no purpose Phaedra out of Shame and Despair hanged her self having first tied to her Cloaths some Letters wherein she charged Hippolytus with a Crime of which she her self only was guilty PHAEDRUS a Latin Poet and the Freed-man of Augustus who turned the Fables of Esop and several other Things into Jambick Verse PHAETON the Son of Sol and the Nymph Clymene or of Cephalus and Aurora Lucian in a Dialogue between Jupiter and Sol explains the Fable to us Jupit. Wretch what have you done to leave your Chariot to be guided by a young Fool who has burnt one Half of the World and froze up the other insomuch that had not I struck him down to the Ground with a Thunder-bolt there had been an End of Mankind Sun I confess Jupiter I was mistaken that I could not manage my Son nor endure the Tears of a Mistress but I did not think so much Mischief would have come of it Jupit. Did not you know the Fury of your Horses and that if they turned never so little out of the Way an universal Ruine followed Sun I know it very well and therefore I put Phaeton into the Chariot my self and gave him all necessary Instructions but the Horses not finding their Conductor with them took head and he became dazzled with the Splendor of the Light and frightned with the Abyss he saw beneath him But he has been sufficiently punished and I also in his Punishment Jupit. In the mean time give Phaeton's Sisters Order to bury him on the Banks of the Eridanus where he fell and as a Recompense I will change them into Poplar-trees from which Amber shall distil as a Symbol of their Tears The same Lucian in his Judicial Astrology seems to refute this Fable saying that Phaeton busied himself in observing the Sun's Course and the various Influences thereof and that he left this Art imperfect by his Death adding that whatever is said of him is not likely at all PHAETUSA Phaeton's Sister and one of the Heliades who according to the Fable was changed into a Poplar PHALANX a great square Battalion formed by the Ancients which was so compact that the Soldiers had their Feet set close to one another with their Shields joined and Pikes turned cross-ways insomuch that it was almost impossible to break them It consisted of 5000 Men. Livy says that this sort of Battalion was invented by the Macedonians from whence came the common Epithet given it of Macedonian Phalanx PHALARIS says Lucian was born of a noble Family in the City of Agrigentum in Sicily after he had been brought up in all the genteel Exercises of his Time and such as were suitable to his Condition he was admitted into the Government as others were where he behaved himself so well that there was never any Complaints made of his Administration But as he understood that his Enemies and such as envyed his Prosperity had laid secret Ambushes for him and sought all manner of Ways how they might make away with him he was constrained for his own Safety to make himself Master of the State and to exercise Justice very rigorously upon those who would have destroyed him One Perillus devised with himself he could not do him more acceptable Service than to invent some new sort of Punishment and as he was an excellent Statuary he made a brazen Bull so very artificially that Phalaris cried out as soon as he saw it that it was a Present fit for Apollo But Perillus taking him up said If you did but know what I made it for you would not talk at that rate Shut up a Criminal within it and put Fire underneath you shall hear the Bull bellow which is the only Thing it wants to imitate Nature to Perfection Upon which Words Phalaris who detested so abominable an Invention caused him himself to be shut up in his Bull to make a Trial thereof and having again taken him out alive that by his Death he might not pollute a Present which he had a mind to consecrate to the Gods he gave it to Apollo and caused this Story to be graven upon it Suidas represents Phalaris to us as a very cruel Prince and will have it that his Subjects shut him up and tormented him to Death in the same Bull wherein he had inclosed and put so many others to Death PHALERUS an ancient Gate of the City of Athens where Altars were erected to the unknown Gods of whom St. Paul speaks Going along said that Apostle and contemplating your Devotions I found an Altar on which was this Inscription To the unknown God I therefore declare him unto you whom you worship
Brother of Attalus under the Conduct of the Consul Licinius Crassus of whom Orosus speaks and in this War Pylaemenes who then reigned assisting the Romans against Aristonicus was dispossest of his Kingdom by Mithridates and Nicomedes Authors do not well agree concerning the Re-establishing of Pylaemenes upon his Throne and the End of the Kingdom of Paphlagonia Paulus and Rufus say the Kingdom was given him after Mithridates had been conquered and expelled and that after his Death it was reduced into a Province Strabo an Author worthy of Credit and that lived near that time relates that Dejotarus a Son of one Castor Philadelphus was the last King of Paphlagonia and it appears by one of Cicero's Orations that this Castor was a Grandson of one Dejotarus whose Cause he pleaded against the unjust Usurpations of Castor who had dispossest his Grandfather Dejotarus of the Tretrarchy of Gatatia Justin seems to differ from all these Authors for he says that Nicomedes and Mithridates setting forth their Pretensions to Capadocia before the Senate and the Senate discerning the Artifice of those Kings who under false Pretences had seized upon Kingdoms that of Right did not belong to them took away Capadocia from Mithridates and Paphlagonia from Nicomedes from whence forwards Paphlagonia had no Kings And this Strabo says also PYRACMON one of Vulcan's Smiths who is always at the Anvil to forge the Iron and this his Name does imply for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek signifies Fire and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 an Anvil PYRAMIS is an heap of Square Stones always rising up in a taper manner like a Flame whence comes the Name for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek signifies Fire There are some Pyramids of a vast height and Pliny speaks of one for the Building of which 32000 Men were imploy'd for Twenty Years He says it took up Eight Acres of Ground This Author informs us that the Kings of Egypt who put themselves to such great Expence did it for no other End than to keep the People from Idleness and thereby to prevent the Insurrections that otherwise might have happened See Obeliscus PYRAMUS a Babylonian who was passionately in Love with Thysbe these Two Lovers having appointed a Meeting under a Mulberry-Tree Thysbe came thither first and was set upon by a Lion from whom she made her Escape but happening to let her Vail drop the Beast tore and bloodied it Pyramus coming and finding the Vail of his Mistress bloody thought she had been devoured and so in despair killed himself Thysbe returning and finding her Lover dead fell also upon the same Sword Ovid. L. 4. Metam describes their Love and says that their Death made the Mulberries change Colour and turn Red from White which Colour they bore before PYRRHICHA a kind of Dance invented by Pyrrhus which was performed with Arms wherewith they struck certain Shields by the Cadency and Sound of Musical Instruments PYTHAGORAS a Philosopher who intermixed some Tables Allegories or Enigmatical Expressions with his Works wherein he imitated Numa Pompilius the Second King of Rome He was indeed both a King and Philosopher and was so very much addicted to the Doctrine which Pythagoras published to the World that many who were gâ—osly ignorant of the Series of Time took him for one of Pythagoras his Disciples but Dionysius of Hallicarnassus has refuted this Error and shewed that Numa lived Four Generations before Pythagoras having reigned in the 16th Olympiad whereas Pythagoras did not teach in Italy till after the â—iftieth In order to let you know the Doctrine and Life of Pythagoras I 'll give you what Lucian says upon this Occasion in his Dialogue of the Sects or Sale Philosophers Jupiter Let these Seats be put in order and clean every â—lace as long as there is an Obligation to make Things ready for the Sects that so they may come and shew themselves Mercury See here are Buyers enough we must not let them cool With whom shall we begin Jupit. With the Italian Sect Let that venerable Old Man with long Hairscome down Merc. Hoâ— Pythagoras come down and walk round about the Place that you may shew your self to the People Jupit. Make Proclamation Merc. Here is a Coelestial and Divine Life who will buy it Who has a mind to be more than a Man Who is he that would know the Harmony of the Universe and rise again after his Death Merchant Here are great Promises indeed and the Person looks with a good Aspect but what does he chiefly know Merc. Arithmetick Astronomy Geometry Musick Magick and the Knowledge of Prodigies you have an accomplish'd Prophet here Merchant May one ask him a Question Merc. Why not Merchant Where were you born Pythagoras At Samos Merchant Where did you study Pythag. In Egypt amongst the Wise Men of that Country Merchant If I become a Chapman what will you teach me Pythag. I 'll teach you nothing but I 'll cause you to call to mind again what you did formerly know Merchant How is that Pythag. By purifying your Soul and cleansing it from all its Dregs Merchant Suppose it be already purified how will you instruct me Pythag. By Silence You shall continue Five Years without speaking Merchant Go and teach Craesus his Son I 'll continue to be a Man and not become a Statue But yet what will you perform after so long Silence Pythag. I 'll teach you Geometry and Musick Merchant It s very pleasant indeed a Man must be a Fidler before he is a Philosopher And what will you teach me after that Pythag. Arithmetick Merchant I understand that already Pythag. How do you reckon Merchant One Two Three Four Pythag. You are mistaken for what you take to be 4 is 10 that is 1 2 3 4 make 10. A perfect Triangle and the Number we swear by Merchant By the Great God Four I never heard any Thing so strange and so divine as this Pythag. After this you shall know that there are Four Elements Earth Water Air and Fire and know also their Form Qualities and Motion Merchant How Have the Air and Fire any Form Pythag. Yes and visible enough for if they had no Form they could not move Then you shall know that God is Number and Harmony Merchant You tell us strange Things Pythag. Again you are another Thing than you appear to be and there are several Men in you Merchant What say you that I am not the same Person that speaks to you Pythag. You are the same now but you have been another formerly and will pass again into other Persons by a perpetual Revolution Merchant I shall then at this rate be immortal But enough of these Things What do you live upon Pythag. I eat nothing that has Life in it but every thing else except Beans Merchant Why will not you eat Beans Pythag. Because they have something that is divine in them 1st They resemble the Privy Parts which you may easily observe if you will take a
Heaven he gave over the Intreague And this we are informed of by Lucian in a Dialogue between Prometheus and Jupiter Prometheus If I tell you whither you are going will you believe me Jupiter Why not Prom. You go to lie with a Nereid Jup. Suppose it should be so Prom. You will get a Child who shall dethrone you as you have done your Father at leastwise the Destinies threaten it and therefore you will do well not to go Jup. I 'll believe you for once Jupiter gave Thetis to Pelaeus and this Wedding was celebrated by the Golden Apple which Discord threw into the Hall and fell as on purpose at the Feet of Venus Pallas and Juno and about which was written It is for the most beautiful The Word Tethys comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Nutrix because it nourishes all Sublunary Bodies and even the Stars themselves with its Moisture Some took Tethys for the Earth because the Ocean embraces it as if she were his Wife Now if Tethys be taken for the Earth the Name might be as well deduced as that of the Titans from the Phoenicians or Hebrew Word T is Lutum But yet 't is much more common to take Tethys for the Sea it self There was another Thetis to whom Tethys was Grand-mother for Doris who married Nereus and had Thetis by her was the Daughter of Oceanus and Tethys and so Tethys was the Grand-mother of Thetis who married Peleus and bare Achilles to him THYESTES the Son of Pelops and Hippodamia Father of Egistus and Atreus his Brother who made him eat the Children he got on his Sister-in-Law In Seneca's Tragedies you have the Sun disappearing and obscured with Darkness when Atreus tore Thyestes his Brother's Children in pieces and made him eat them and Thyestes on his part who had committed a Crime no otherwise than thro' a Surprize and Ignorance by having to do with his own Daughter without knowing her to be so conceived such an Horrour for the Fact that he pray'd Jupiter to dart all his Thunderbolts at his Head Jaculare flammas lumen ereptum polo Fulminibus exple THYMELE a certain noted Dancer whom Domitian took Delight in Some Songs made in Honour of Bacchus were called Thymeliae from his Name And all the Persons belonging to the Stage who danced and sung in the Interludes were also called Thymelici and the Place where they performed their Parts Thymele TIBERIUS a Roman Emperor Son to the Empress Livia who was adopted and made Partner in the Empire and Tribunicial Power by Augustus By his Medals we find he was fat and tall and had also large Eyes Suetonius observes somewhat very extraordinary in Respect to this Prince's Eyes that he could see as well in the Dark when he awoke as at Noon-day which shews there was a great deal of Fire and Subtilty in his Nature The same Author says that besides this he had a fixed Look and extended his Neck so as he walked and was oftentimes so thoughtful that 't was a hard Matter to get a Word from him Augustus taking Notice of his Air and Deportment took him to be arrogant though he endeavoured to excuse him saying it was rather a Defect of Nature than of the Mind he had a small Chin that was a a little turned up which was a Sign of Cruelty and indeed he was cruel for he put his Wife Julia to Death and slew Sempronius Tiberius was smoothered with the Bed-cloaths at the Age of 78. He was very famous as long as he continued a private Man or commanded under Augustus having the Art to conceal his Vices and discover his Virtues TIBIA a Pipe used among the Ancients in their Comedies The Title of their ancient Comedies ran thus Egerunt L. Ambivius Turpio L. Attilius Praenestinus Modos fecit Flaccus tibiis paribus dextris sinistris This Comedy was acted by the Company of L. Ambivius Turpio and L. Attilius of Preneste Flaccus invented the Musick wherein he made use of equal Pipes on the Right and Left There is nothing about which the Ancients differed so much as about the Pipes which they called Right and Left equal and unequal The Pipers always play'd upon two Pipes at once in their Comedies That which they touched with the Right-hand was called the Right for that Reason and that with the Left must consequently be termed the Left The first had but a few Holes and made the Base the other had more and a clearer and sharper Sound Now when the Musitians play'd upon these two Instruments of a different Sound they said the Part was play'd Tibiis imparibus with unequal Pipes or Tibiis dextris sinistris with Right and Left ones and when they play'd with two Pipes of the same Sound with two Rights or two Lefts they said that Part was play'd with Tibiis paribus dextris with equal Right-pipes if they used the Base or Tibiis paribus sinistris with equal Left-pipes if they used the Treble Donatus says if the Subject was grave and serious they only made use of equal Right-pipes which they also called Lydian Pipes and made a Base but that when it was a merry Subject they used no other than the Left-pipes which were named Tyrian Pipes or Sarranae that performed the Treble and consequently were fitter for the Occasion Lastly when the Subject was an Intermixture of Things merry and serious they used the unequal Pipes that is the Right and the Left which were called Phrygian Pipes TIRESIAS the Gods took him to be a Judge of their Differences and Juno took his Sight from him but Jupiter in way of Recompence gave him the Gift of Prophesie he had been both a Man and a Woman and said the Woman's Pleasure was greater than that of a Man's he having tried both of them TISIPHONE one of the three Furies of Hell and a Revenger of Murders as her Name imports TITAN the Son of Coelum and Vesta and Saturn's Brother whose Right it was to succeed his Father but he quitted it in Favour of Saturn upon Condition he should put all his Male Children to Death but Rhea his Mother privately convey'd Jupiter away which coming to be known by Titan he made War upon Saturn but Jupiter set him free See Gigantes TITANES the Titans were the Sons of Vranus and Titea who gave them her Name and who her self was called the Earth This Name comes from the Earth or Mud called Tit by the Hebrews See Gigantes TITHONUS the Son of Laomedon whom Aurora stole away for his Beauty and by whom she had Memnon Jupiter at Aurora's Request made him immortal He forgot to ask of him that he might not grow old therefore when he became very aged and took no more Pleasure in worldly Things he was transformed into a Grashopper TITUS a Roman Emperor and Vespatian's Son he proved quite contrary to other Prince's who grew more wicked when they became Emperors than they appeared before to be in a private State for he grew better