according to the Poets was the Sun of Nox and Erebus Ovid L. 11. Metamorph. describes him thus Near unto the Cimmerians says he there was a great Cave dug in a Mountain where stupified Sleep dwelt the Sun-beams never enlightened that Place the same being covered with a very thick Mist The Birds never sing there at Break of Day neither do the Dogs disturb the Silence of the Nights by their Barkings A profound Silence reigns continually there at the Cave's Mouth there grows a great many Poppies and Mandrakes Plants that create Stupidity whose Juice the Night extracts in order to throw it into the Eyes of Men. In the Midst of the Cave there is a Bed of Ebony all of one Colour where the God Sleep lies down soft and takes his Rest there are a great many Dreams who skip up and down round about him Seneca the Tragedian gives an admirable Description of Sleep whom he represents in the same manner as Ovid does to be a favourable God that gives Rest to the Mind and puts an End to our Labours The Greeks as Pausanias says sacrificed on the same Altar to Sleep and to the Muses pretending that Sleep was the best Soul of the Muses Sleep is a good old Man King of a certain Palace whose Masters were Taraxion and Plutocles the sovereign Lord of the Fountain Careotis great Master of the Temple of Imposture and Truth and Possessor Time out of Mind of a Sanctuary or Oracle taken away by Antipho he is Death's younger Brother who is an old Carcase as ancient as all Ages says Coluthus M. Iollius pretends that Sleep is a young Man and this he grounds upon the Inscription wherein Sleep is represented much like unto a Youth This Sleep appeared indeed young but according to M. Cuper it was Somnus aeternalis because of the Torch that was thrown down which was a true Representation of a Life extinct or by reason of this Torch being thrown down it was necessary for keeping of the Children harmless to light one for them in Hell His datum solis minùs ut timerent Igne praelato relevare noctem M. Tollius insists upon it and instances in Euclids Two Sleeps one of which was easie to be perswaded and driven away from the Soul and the same belonged to young People and the other was perfectly gray with Age and appertained to old Men. But the Moral is very good Euclid would hereby shew that young People were easily brought of from their idle Fancies but that 't is hard to bring old Men from their Opinions Euclid did not pretend they were Two Deities SOMNIUM a Dream Ovid puts an infinite Number of Dreams under the Empire of Sleep but he takes notice of Three who were much more potent than the rest viz. Morpheus Icelus or Phobetor and Phantasos The first imitated Men the second Animals and the third Mountains Rivers and other inanimate Things All these Names were taken from the Greek and they very well signifie what they intimate to us Hereby we may know that the Grecians were those who formed both the Names of and made Distinctions between Dreams as well as the God of Sleep Lucian tells us Dreams were painted with Wings because they flew away in an Instant Homer mentions Two Gates thro' which Dreams come to us the one made of Ivory from whence proceeded doubtful and troublesome Dreams the other of Horn through which clear and certain Dreams passed Virgil in these Verses borrowed the Thought from Homer Sunt gemina Somni portae quarum altera fertur Cornea quâ veris facilis datur exitus umbris Altera candenti perfecta nitens elephante Sed falsa ad coelum mittunt insomnia Manes Lucian describes the Island of Dreams unto us in this manner We had not sailed long before we saw the Isle of Dreams but obscurely as Dreams are wont to be for she seemed to remove farther off as we drew nearer to her at last having reached the Island we entred into the Haven of Sleep and there went ashoar The Island was encompassed with a Forest of Poppies and Mandrakes full of Owls and Bats for there were no other Birds upon it It had a River whose Waters did not run but in the Night and Two Fountains of standing Water the Wall of the City was very high and of a changeable Colour like the Rainbow It had Four Gates though Homer makes it to have but Two the first looked towards the Plain of Negligence the one being made of Iron and the other of Earth through which frightful and melancholy Dreams passed the other Two look towards the Harbour the one being made of Horn and the other of Ivory which is that through which we enter Sleep is the King of the Island and his Palace stands on the Left-hand as you go in On his Right-hand is the Temple of Night which the Goddess worshipped there and afterwards that of the Cock Sleep has Two Lieutenants under him viz. Taraxion and Plutocles who were begotten of Fancy and Nothing In the Midst of the Place stands the Fountain of Sence which has Two Temples by the Sides of it the one of Falshood and the other of Truth There is the Oracle and Sanctuary of that God to whom Antipho the Interpreter of Dreams is Prophet and has obtained this Favour of Sleep All the Inhabitants of the Island differ from one another some are handsome and tall others little and ugly these appear to be rich and clad in Gold and Purple like Kings in a Play and the others poor beggerly and all in Rags We met with several of our Acquaintance who carried us to their Houses and treated us nobly Prophetick Dreams were formerly as frequent as they are now rare and so they made a Part of and were an Ornament to History both sacred and prophane God threatened King Abimelech in a Dream and made him release Sarah Abraham's Wife It was in a Dream that Jacob saw the mysterious Ladder The Angel appeared to Jacob in Mesopotamia and told him in a Dream that he was the God who appeared to him in Bethel Joseph's Dreams are well known his Brothers Sheafs of Corn which worshipped his and the Sun Moon and Eleven Stars which they adored have in a manner no need of Interpretation The Dreams of Pharoah's Two Eunuchs and the Interpretation given them by Joseph and Pharaoh's Two Dreams after that which were so happily interpreted by the said Joseph were the Steps by which he was advanced to the Height of Honour and Power Gideon was also instructed what he should do by a Soldier 's Dream Saul answered Samuel who was conjured up by the Witch of Endor that he made his Application to her because God would neither answer him by the Mouths of the Prophets nor by Dreams for they were the Two usual Ways they had to learn the Will of God under the Old Testament The Devil imitated these Prophetick Dreams and made it a Piece of the wicked
to the People that all the Commonwealth was but one great Body of which the Senate is the Head and Stomach which seems alone to devour all that the Labour and Industry of the other Parts can get but in Reality 't is only to distribute it to the rest of the Body to nourish and strengthen it and if the Members do not daily supply them with the usual Nourishment they themselves would soon be found to be without Vigour Heat or Life This excellent Comparison was so aptly apply'd and so zealously explained by Agrippa that the People were reconciled to the Senate who consented to the Election of a Tribune chosen out of the People to protect them against the Authority of the great Ones This Magistrate had a right to oppose the Consultations of the Senate by saying this Word Veto i. e. I oppose it and forbid you to proceed further AGRIPPA named Marcus a Man of a mean Original a Favourite of Augustus Admiral of the Empire a great Captain and a Companion of that Prince in his Victories He assisted him much in obtaining that Victory which he had in the Sea-fight against Sextus Pompeius of which Virgil speaks Augustus bestow'd the Consulship upon him twice together and as a Surplus of his Favour he made him his Son-in-Law by marrying his Daughter Julia to him who had been first married to Marcellus his Nephew who died without Children This Agrippa had two Daughters and three Sons viz. Calus Lucius and Agrippa who was a Posthumous Child i. e. born after his Father's Death Augustus adopted Caius and Lucius before they were seventeen years of Age he had them proclaimed Princes of the Youth and earnestly desired that they might be chosen Consuls The first married Livia the Sister of Germanicus These two Princes were soon taken from him by the Wickedness of another Livia their Mother-in-Law or by their own Misfortunes one in a Voyage to Spain whither he went to command the Armies and the other in his Return from Armenia from whence he came ill of a Wound As for Agrippa the posthumous Child Augustus complain'd of him and caused him to be banish'd by a Decree of the Senate into the Isle Planasia He was indeed a stupid and brutish Prince and withal a simple Man Tiberius who succeeded Augustus made his Access to the Empire remarkable by the Death of Agrippa who being surpriz'd was slain by a Centurion whom he sent on purpose without making any Defence Tacit. Annal lib. 1. AGRIPPA Herod the Son of Aristobulus whom Herod the Elder put to Death He was King of the Jews and had the Favour of the Emperour Caligula who at his coming to the Crown released him from Prison where Tiberius had shut him up for wishing Caligula had his place This Emperour besides his Liberty gave him a Chain of Gold of the same weight with that which he had worn out of Love to him while he was in Prison and gave him the Tetrarchy of his Uncle Philip who died without Children and allow'd him to take upon him the Title of The King of the Jews He made himself infamous at his Arrival at Jerusalem by the Death of St. James the Great and the Imprisonment of St. Peter But his Cruelty was not long unpunish'd for as he was in Caesarea Palaestine busied in the Celebration of the Publick Plays for the Health of the Emperour he was struck on a sudden as he was making a Speech to the People with a surprising terrible Pain of which soon after he died AGRIPPINA the Grand-daughter of Augustus and Daughter of Marcus Agrippa was the Wife of Germanicus the Son of Drusus the Brother of Tiberius Some believe that her Husband was poisoned by Cn. Piso tho this Crime was but weakly proved at the Condemnation of Piso She carried her Husband's Ashes to Rome and laid them in the Tomb of the Caesors Tacitus says she was a Woman of an haughty and untameable Spirit but she aton'd for her Passions by her Chastity and the Love she bare to her Husband AGRIPPINA named Julia who married at her second Marriage the Emperour Claudius who was her Uncle but she soon after poison'd him with what she put into Mushrooms which afterwards at Rome were called The Food of the Gods Britannicus who was Claudius's Son by his first Marriage ought to have succeeded him in the Empire but Agrippina advanc'd her Son Nero to it contrary to his Right that she herself might reign under the Name of her Son She had him by Domitius Aeneobarbus her first Husband and Claudius adopted him into his Family which opened a way for his Accession to the Sovereign Dignity But this ambitious Princess was well rewarded for it for Nero caused her to be slain by Anicetus and for compleating her Infamy order'd that the Day of her Nativity should be reckon'd among the unfortunate Days AJAX the Locrian the Son of Oileus so named from the City and Country of Locris near Mount Parnassus He signaliz'd himself at the Siege of Troy by many notable Exploits After the taking of the City he pluck'd Cassandra the Daughter of King Priam from the Altar of Minerva to which she was fled as an Asylum Some say he ravish'd her and that Minerva being provok'd reveng'd the Fact by slaying him with a Thunderbolt which sir'd his Ship and so drowned him in the Sea But Philostratus says the contrary that Ajax offer'd no Force to Cassandra but that Agamemnon took her away from him having seen her in his Tent and to avoid the Mischief he might design against him fled by Sea in the night and suffer'd Shipwrack by a Tempest that overtook him The Greeks much lamented him and made an extraordinary Funeral for him for they fill'd a Ship with Wood as if they would make a Funeral-Pile for him slew several black Beasts in honour of him and having also set up black Sails in the Ship they set it on fire about break of day and left it to run into the Main Sea all in a flame till it was consum'd to Ashes AJAX TELAMONIUS the Son of Telamon King of Salamis and the fair Eriboea according to Pindar He was one of the most valiant Greeks that was at the Siege of Troy After the Death of Achilles he pretended that his Armour belonged to him as the next of kin but Thetis exposing them to the Publick that every one that pretended a Right to them might claim them V lysses disputed it with him and gained them Ajax was thereupon so much enraged that he fell upon a Flock of Sheep with his Sword drawn and brandished and slew them supposing them to be Grecians and then he thrust himself through with his own Sword and died AIUS LOCUTIUS a Speaking Voice to which the Romans erected an Altar according to Cicero and Aulus Gellius or a small Temple according to P. Victor in the New-street The occasion of it as Cicero and Livy relate was thus One named M. Ceditius a Plebeian
The Original of the Tuscan Order was in Tuscany one of the most considerable parts of Italy whose Name it still keeps Of all the Orders this is the most plain and least ornamental 'T was seldom us'd save only for some Country Building where there is no need of any Order but one or else for some great Edifice as an Amphitheatre and such like other Buildings The Tuscan Column is the only thing that recommends this Order The Doric Order was invented by the Dorians a People of Greece and has Columns which stand by themselves and are more ornamental than the former The Ionic Order has its Name from Ionia a Province of Asia whose Columns are commonly sluted with Twenty four Gutters But there are some which are not thus furrow'd and hollow'd but only to the third part from the bottom of the Column and that third part has its Gutters fill'd with little Rods or round Battoons according to the different height of the Column which in the upper part is channell'd and hollow'd into Groves and is altogether empty The Corinthian Order was invented at Corinth it observes the same measures with the Ionic and the greatest difference between them is in their Capitals The Composite was added to the other Orders by the Romans who plac'd it above the Corinthian to show as some Authors say that they were Lords over all other Nations and this was not invented till after Augustus had given Peace to the whole World 'T is made up of the Ionic and Corinthian but yet is more ornamental than the Corinthian Besides these Five Orders there are some Authors who add yet Two more viz. the Order of the Cargatides and the Persic Order The former is nothing but the Ionic Order from which it differs only in this that instead of Columns there are Figures of Women which support the Entablature Vitruvius attributes the Origine of this Order to the Ruine of the Inhabitants of Carya a City of Peloponnesus He says That these People having joyn'd with the Persians to make War upon their own Nation the Gracians routed the Persians and obtain'd an entire Victory over them after which they besieg'd the Inhabitants of Carya and having taken their City by force of Arms they reduc'd it to Ashes and put all the Men in it to the Sword As for the Women and Virgins they carried them away captive but to perpetuate the Marks of their Crime to Posterity they represented afterwards the Figure of these miserable Captives in the publick Edifices which they built where by making them serve instead of Columns they appear'd to be loaded with a heavy burden which was as it were the Punishment they had deserv'd for the Crime of their Husbands The Persic Order had its rise from an Accident like this For Pausanias having defeated the Persians the Lacedemonians as a Mark of their Victory erected Trophees of the Arms of their Enemies whom they represented afterwards under the Figure of Slaves supporting the Entablatures of their Houses From these Two Examples divers kinds of Figures were afterwards made use of in Architecture to boar up the Cornishes and support the Corbels and Brackâ—â—s There are still some ancient footsteps to be seen near Athens of those Figures of Women which carry Panniers on their Head and supply the room of the Cargatides There are also Figures of Men who are commonly call'd Atlantes according to Vitrutius tho' the Romans call'd them Telamones The Greeks had some reason to call them Atlantes from Atlas whom the Poets feign'd to bear up the Heavens but it does not appear why the Latins gave them the name of Telamones Boudus in his Dictionary upon Vitruvius says that 't is probable he who first us'd this Word to signifie these Statues which bear some burden wrote not Telamones but 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which Greek Word signifies those that are miserable and labour hard which exactly agrees to these sort of Figures which support Cornishes or Corbels and which we commonly see in the Pillars of our ancient Temples under the Images of some Saints or some great Persons ARCHITECTURE consists of Three Parts The first treats of the Building of publick and private Edifices the second is about the Art of Dialling which treats of the Course of the Stars and the way of making several sorts of Dials the third is about the Engines which are made use of for Architecture and for War ARCHITECTUS an Architect He ought says Vitruvius to be skill'd in Writing and Designing to be instructed in Geometry and to have some knowledge of Opticks He ought to have learn'd Arithmetick and to be well vers'd in History to have studied Philosophy very well and to have some insight in the Musick Laws Astronomy and Physick He should be well skill'd in Designing that he may the more easily perform all the Works he has projected according to the Draughts he hath made of them Geometry is also a great help to him especially to teach him how to make use of the Rule and Compass how to lay out things by the Line and do every thing by the Rule and Plummet Opticks serve to teach him how to admit the Light and to make Windows according to the Situation of the Heavens Arithmetick instructs him how to calculate the Charges which his Work amounts to History furnishes him with matter for the greatest part of the Ornaments in Architecture of which he should be able to give a rational account Philosophy is also necessary to make a perfect Architect I mean that part of Philosophy which treats of things Natural which in Greek is call'd Physiology As for Musick he should be a perfect Master of it that he may know how to Order the brasen Pipes which are lodg'd under the Stairs of Theatres so that the Voice of the Comedians may strike the Ears of the Auditors with more or less force clearness and sweetness An Architect ought also to be skill'd in the Laws and Customs of places that he may know how to make partition Walls Spouts Roofs and Common-shores how to order the Lights of Houses the Drains for Water and several other things of that nature Astronomy is also useful to him for making of Sun-dials by teaching him to know the East West South and North the Equinoxes and Solstices c. He ought to be knowing in Physick to understand the Climates and Temperament of the Air which is wholsome and which Infectious also the Nature of Waters For without considering these things he cannot build an healthful Habitation If so much knowledge is necessary to make a complete Architect 't is to be fear'd there are but few perfect Masters of that Art ARCHON the chief Magistrate of Athens The Nine Magistrates who took upon them the Government of that City after the Death of Codrus who was the last King of it were also call'd so At first they were chosen to be perpetual Governors but in process of time their Office was limited
to perswad us that they had Chimneys in their Chambers Suetonins tells us that the Chamber of Vitellius was burnt the Chimney having took fire Nec ante in Praetorium rediit quam flagrante triclinio ex conceptu camini Horace writes to his Friend to get a good fire in his chimney Dissolve frigus ligna super foco Large reponens Od. 9. l. 1. Tully writing to his Friend Atticus tells him Camino Luculento tibi utendum censco And Vitruvius speaking of the cornishes that are made in Chambers give warning to make them plain and without Carver's work in places where they make fire However in those ages if they had any chimneys like ours they were very rare Blondus and Salmuth say that chimneys were not in use among the Ancients but Pancirollus and many others affirm the contrary Wherefore without deciding absolutely the question 't is most certain they had Kilns to warm their Chambers and other apartments of their Houses called Fornaces vaporaria and Stoves called Hypocausta Philander says that the Kilns were under ground built along the Wall with small Pipes to each story to warm the Rooms They had also Stoves that were removed from one Room to another for Tully writes that he had removed his Stove because the Pipe thro which the fire came out was under his Chamber Hypocausta in alterum apodyterii angulum promovi propterea quod ita erant posita ut eorum vaporarium ex quo ignis erumpit esset subjectum cubiculo The Romans did not only make use of Wood to warm their rooms but also of the Beams of the Sun which they gathered in some Kilns as we do with our Burning-glasses This Kiln was called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in Latin Solarium or solare vaporarium and it was not allowed to plant Trees that might be a hindrance to the gathering of the Beams of the Sun as Ulpian says It doth not appear neither by the writings or buildings that remain of the Ancients that they had Privies in their Houses And what they call latrinas were publick places where the persons who had no Slaves went to empty and wash their Pans and these persons were called latrinae from lavando according to the Aetymology of M. Varro for Plautus speaks of the Servant-maid quae latrinam lavat who washes the Pan. And in this place of Plautus latrina can't be understood of the publick Houses of Office which were cleansed by Pipes under the ground which carried the Waters of the Tiber to these places and 't is likely that Plautus made use of the word latrina to insinuate that sella familiaris erat velut latrina particularis The Publick Necessary Houses for the day were for the conveniency of the People in several places of the Town and were called Sterqulinia covered and full of Spunges as we learn of Seneca in his Epistles As for the night they had running Waters thro all the Streets of Rome and there they threw all their ordure but rich men used Pans which the Servants emptied into the Sinks that carried all their Waters into the great Sink of the Town and from thence into the Tiber DONARIA Gifts and Presents offered to the Gods and hung up in their Temples DONATIVUM A Gift and Largess in Money which the Emperors bestowed upon Soldiers to get their affection and votes in time of need DRACHMA A Dram a kind of weight composed of two Scruples and each Scruple of two oboli and so a Dram was six oboli As for the proportion that the Dram of the Greeks did bear with the Ounce of the Romans Q. Rommus in his Poem of Weights and Measures makes the Dram the eighth part of an Ounce which is not much different from the Crown of the Arabians which weighs something more than the Dram. The Dram and the Roman Denarius were of the like value so that the Dram may be worth about Sevenpence Halfpenny of English Money DRACONARIUS The Dragonbearer the standard of the Roman Infantry the head whereof was drawn in Silver and the rest of the Body was of Taffety hung up at the top of a Pike fluttering in the Air like a Dragon and out of it hung down great Bands with tufts of Silk at the end DRACO A Dragon so called from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to see plain to be clear-sighted and for his watchfulness this Animal is dedicated to Minerva 'T is said that he loves Gold wherefore a Dragon watched the Golden Fleece at Colchos and the Golden Apples of the Garden of the Hesperides and 't is reported that the Dragon of Pallas dwelt near Athens because the Athenians did wear their Hair tuckt up with Tresses of Gold DRUIDAE The Priest of the Ancient Gauls Thus Caesar speaks of them l. 4. of the Wars of the Gauls The Druides of the first Order are Overseers of the worship of the Gods and Religion and have the direction of both Publick and Private Affairs and teaching of Youth If there is any Murther or Crime committed or Suit at Law about an Inheritance or some other Dispute they decide it ordaining Punishments and Rewards and when a Man won't stand to their Judgment they suspend him from communicating in their Mysteries And those who are so excommunicated are accounted wicked and impious and every Body shuns their Conversation if they are at law with other Men they can have no Justice and are admitted neither to Employments nor Dignities and die without Honour and Reputation All the Druides have an High Priest who has an absolute Power After his Death the most worthy among them succeeds him and if there are many Pretenders to his Office the Election is decided by Votes and sometimes by force of Arms. They met every Year in the Country of Chartres which is in the middle of Gaul in a place consecrated and appointed for that purpose where those who are at Law or at Variance met from all places and stand to their Decisions 'T is thought that their Institution came from Brittain and those who will have perfect knowledge of their Mysteries travell'd into that Country They never follow the War and are free from all Taxes and Slavery wherefore many get into their order and every one puts in for a place among them for his Son or Kinsman They must learn by heart a great number of Verses for it is forbid to write them either to exercise their Memory or lest they should profane the Mysteries in publishing them wherefore they remain sometimes twenty Years in the College In other things they make use of writing in Greek Characters One of the chiefest points of their Theology is the Immortality of the Soul as a profitable Belief that inclines Men to Vertue by contempt of Death They hold Metempsychosis and have many Dogma's of Theology and Philosophy which they teach their youth Diodorous Siculus joins the Druides to Poets in the Authority of pronouncing like Soverâ—ign Judges about Controversies
fork like a Gallows This Fork or Pike or Halberd lay on the top and was supported by two others set upright JULIA There were many Roman Matrons called by that name JULIA The Daughter of Augustus who for her wantonness was banished by her Father first into the Island of Pandatauria then into the Town of Reget about the Streights of Sicily She was first married to M. Agrippa of whom she had Agrippina Nero's Mother then she married Tiberius whom she despised as being unworthy of that honour and this was the chief cause of her long exile in the Isle of Rhodes But when Tiberius was raised to the Empire he so barbarously revenged that affront that she died of hunger and misery after she had been banished and had lost all her hopes after the death of her son Agrippa She was debauched by Sampronius Gracchus during her marriage with Agrippa and this constant adulterer still kept company with her after Tyberius had married her and maliciously provoked her against him And it was a common report that he was author of the Letter she wrote to her Father so full of reproaches and injuries against her Husband JULIA called Medullina and Camilla designed to be the second wife of the Empefor Claudius Caesar but she died on her wedding-day JULIA wife to the Emperour Severus and the mother of Geta and Caracalla She is called in an inscription brought from Barbary Juliae Dominae Aug. Matri Castrorum Matri August Spartianus Eutropius and Aurelius Victor assure us that Julia was but Caracalla's mother in law and that he married her after the death of his father Lucius Septimius Severus but yet this is not mentioned by the Writers of that time on the contrary Dio tells us that Julia was the mother of Caracalla and speaking of the temper of this Emperor he says that he had the malicious mind both of his mother and the Syrians and consequently Julia was his mother and when the two brothers Caracalla and Geta fell out she used them both alike and spoke to them in these words related be Herodian You have my dear children divided betwixt you the Land and the Sea but how will you share your Mother If she had been but their step-mother the argument she brought to reconcile them would bear no weight Philostratus who was very great at the Court of Severus calls also Caracalla the son of Julia. JULIA the daughter of the Emperor Titus whom Domitian her Unkle stole away from her Husband to marry her but he caused her to miscarry whereupon she died JULIANUS sirnamed the Apostate because he forsook the Christian Religion after he had made profession thereof The Emperor Constantius his Cousin elected him Caesar and having adopted him gave him his Sister Helena for his wife He was learned chast valiant laborious sober watchful liberal and a great lover of learned men With these qualifications he got the affection of the Legions who proclaimed him Emperor in the City of Paris Constantius was much troubled at the hearing this news and leaving off his design against the Persians to oppose Julian he came to Tharsus where he had some fits of a fever and from thence to Mopvestus in Cilicia where it increased so much that he died Ammianus Marcellinus writ that he named Julian for his successor but St Gregory of Nazianzen says on the contrary that in this last period of his life he repented to have elected Julian to the Empire As soon as Julian saw himself absolute master by the death of Constantius he ordered that the Temple of the false Gods should be opened and their service set up again and took upon him the office of High Priest re-establishing all the Heathen ceremonies and restored those Priests to all their former Priviledges He repaired the ruins of Idolatry ordering that the Temples which were pulled down during the Reign of Constantine and Constantius should be built again and new ones added to them He ordered also that the Images of the Gods should be set up amongst his own to deceive the Soldiers when the Donative was made for it was a custom to offer Frankincence to the Images of the Emperors at the time of that ceremony At first few of the Christian Soldiers took notice of it yet those who perceived that they honoured the false Gods tho they designed only to honour the Emperors were so much concerned at it that they refused the largess of the Prince throwing at his feet in a scornful manner the money they had received from his liberality Sozomen reports that by his own orders Jupiter was represented near him as if he was come from Heaven on purpose to give him the badges of the Empire and Mars and Mercury's images were looking upon him insinuating by that posture that he was eloquent and valiant And this Author observes that he intended by these means to bring his Subjects under pretence of the honor due to him to the adoration of the false Gods who were represented with him Wherefore St. Gregory of Nazianzen says in his invective against Julian that the ignorant people being deceived were brought to adore the Pagan Images Besides to flatter his own vanity he commanded that he should be adored under the Image of Serapis in imitation of Domitian who ordered that he should be represented by the figure of Pallas and Nero who commanded a marble figure of his head to be set upon the body of a Coloss Julian is represented on a medal with a beard contrary to the custom of his age upon which account the Inhabitants of Antioch reproached him with ridiculous affectation whereby he intended it may be to imitate Marcus Aurelius who did wear a Philosophers beard For Eutropius assures us that he affected to be his imitator and was ambitious of the title of a Philosopher At last having engaged the Persians his army was routed and himself mortally wounded and brought into his Camp and the following night having held a long discourse with Maximus and Priscus concerning the immortality of the soul he died at one and thirty years of age having reigned but one year and seven months 'T is reported that when he found himself wounded he took some of his blood in his hand and flung it against Heaven pronouncing these words Thou hast overcome Galilean for thus he called our Saviour in derision The Works he has left us shew both his Wit and Learning The Panegyricks he had writ both in Prose and Verse collected by Eunapius are lost and there remains little of him but the Invectives the Fathers have writ against him JULIUS Julius Caesar of whom I have spoken under the name of Caesar He was both Dictator and High Priest and ordered the Roman Calendar to be reformed wherefore it was called the Julian Calender or the Calender of the Julian Correction Marc. Antony during his Consulat ordered that the Month Quintilis wherein Julius Caesar was born should be called by his name for the future
Word from Sara and Apis as Julius Maternus It s not likely it should come from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Apis i. e. Loculus Apis as if it were the Tomb wherein the Ox Opis was embalmed after his Death Wherefore 't is very probable the Word must be derived from Osirapis by cutting off the first Letter For the Learned are almost agreed that Osiris and Apis were but one and the same Deity or else Serapis comes from Sor Apis for Sor signifies an Ox as if they should say Joseph the Father of Egypt which is symbolically signified by an Ox Sor or Sar does also signifie a Prince Sara is the same as Dominari Nothing agrees better with Joseph's Character than to be the Father Nourisher and Ruler of Egypt Tacitus L. 4. Hist says truly enough that Ptolomy the Son of Lagus was he who sent to seek for the Statue of Serapis to Synope a City in Pontus in order to set it up in Alexandria from which Scaliger concludes that Serapis was a Foreign Deity Clemens Alexandrinus repeats what Tacitus says with some Variation of Circumstances but he adds that the Statue which was sent by the People of Synope was placed by Ptolomy upon the Promontory of Racotis where a Temple of Serapis stood before from whence 't is concluded against Vossius that if there was a Temple of Serapis before in the said Place it was not then the first Time that they began to worship him in Egypt Tacitus himself agrees thereunto by giving the same Testimony as Clemens Alexandrinus does that there stood a Temple of Serapis and Isis in the same Place where they built one for the new-brought Statue Adrian in his Return from Alexandria brought to Rome the Worship of Serapis and Isis who were celebrated Deities among the Egyptians to whom doubtless he promised to erect Altars when he arrived at Rome In a Medal we have of his Serapis holds out his Hand to him and promises him his Protection and Isis swears by the Brazen Timbrel that she would accomplish his Desires Macrobius says the Egyptians ever excluded Saturn and Serapis from their Temples because they offered no other to them than bloody Sacrifices to which they had a strange Aversion in all their Religious Worship but that after Alexander's Death their King Ptolomy forced them to receive those Two Deities in Imitation of the People of Alexandria the Egyptians yielded to Necessity but they still retained Marks of their old Aversion since they would not allow of these new Temples and new Worship within the Walls of their City Pausanias says it was King Ptolomy that perswaded the Athenians to erect a Temple to Serapis who had a very magnificent one at Alexandria but the most ancient stood at Memphis into which the Priests themselves never entred unless it were when they buried the Ox Apis. The God Serapis was usually represented by a kind of a Basket upon the Head which Macrobius says signified the Highth of the Sun Suidas and Rufinus call it a Bathel or Corn-measure because it was believed Serapis taught Men the Use of Measures or because he afforded Men Abundance of Fruit by the Help of the Nile whose Overflowings made Egypt fruitful Some are of Opinion that the Bushel was attributed to this God in Commemoration of Joseph who saved Egypt from Famine by the Stores of Corn he took care to lay up during the Seven Years Plenty as the holy Scriptures inform us SERPENS a Serpent an Animal worshipped by the Heathens they kept Serpents in Baskets made of Bullrushes or Ozier Twigs which they consecrated to Bacchus Ceres and Proserpina Epiphanius in his first Book contra Haereses speaks of a sort of Hereticks called Ophitae who in their Temples kept a Serpent in a Chest worshipped and kissed it and fed it with Bread The Egyptians kept one of them in their Temples and especially in those of Serapis and Isis Aesculapius the God of Physick was worshipped under the Form of a great Serpent and Justin Martyr who had been a Pagan upbraiding them with their Superstitions says You represent next unto those whom you account Gods a Serpent as a Thing that is very mysterious Clemens Alexandrinus in the Celebration of the Bacchanalia says that those who assisted thereat placed Serpents round their Bodies and besmeared their Faces with the Blood of the He-goats which were sacrificed to that unclean Deity SERVUS a Slave one that is brought under his Master's Power whether by Birth or War The Riches of the Romans conusted in Slaves There were Three Ways of having Slaves either when they bought them with the Booty taken from the Enemy distinct from the Share reserved for the Publick or of those who took them Prisoners in War whom they properly called Mancipia quasi manu capta taken with ones own Hand or of Merchants who dealt in them and sold them in Fairs and Markets They used Three sorts of Ceremonies in the Sale of them for they sold them either sub hastâ sub coronâ or sub Plleo Sub hastâ to the highest and last Bidder by sticking a Spear in the Earth sub coronâ when they put a Garland or Crown of Howers upon their Heads like a Nosegay upon the Ear sub Pileo when they put a Cap on their Heads that Notice might be taken of them and the Sellers not be obliged to warrant them They wore a Writing about their Necks wherein their good and bad Qualities were contain'd also their State of Health or Infirmities their Usefulness and Faults according to Aulus Gellius Titulus servorum singulorum ut scriptus siet curato ita ut intelligi recté possit quid morbi vitiique cuique siet Those who were taken in War and sold wore Crowns upon their Heads and thence comes the Phrase sub coronis venere Those Slaves which were brought from beyond Sea to be sold had their Feet rubbed with Chalk and so they called them Cretati The Slaves were so entirely subjected to their Masters that they had Power of Life and Death over them might kill them and make them suffer all imaginable Torments In the mean time Suetonius gives us an Account of the Edicts of some Emperors which lessened this Power in Masters over their Slaves as that of Claudius who ordered that in case Slaves falling sick came to be forsaken by their Masters in the Isle of Esculapius they were declared free if they recovered and that of the Emperor Adrian which prohibited Masters to kill their Slaves any more Slaves were made free and obtained their Liberty divers ways Their Masters many times granted them Freedom and many affranchised them when they had affectionately and faithfully served them as Simon does in Terence Feci è servo ut esses libertus mihi Propterea quòd serviebas liberaliter They sometimes purchased their Liberty with the Money they saved or got by their Labour for they had a Peculium apart and this is also justified by
in Pagan Theology that he might know of them who this Great Pan was and they concluded he was Mercury and Penelope's Son Thus it is Cleombrotus relates this History in a Dialogue where Plutarch treats of Oracles and he says he had it of Epitherses his Grammar Master who was in Thamus his Ship when the Thing happened We may say this Great Pan who died in Tiberius his Reign was Christ whose Death caused a general Grief and Consternation among the Demons who could not now as formerly exercise their Tiranny over Men. THAUMATRON a Greek Word signifying a Reward to be conferred on him who had shew'd some wonderful Thing to the People It was a Gift consisting of Denarii which they were to pay who were present to see it and this was like unto the Prize called Niceterium at the Olympick and Circensian Games and to the Brabeia a Prize among the Ancients given to those that acted on their Theaters Dancers Pantomimes or Jumpers THEATRUM the Theater the Romans entended it farther than the Sence we take it in for hereby we mean no more than a Stage whereon Actors appear and act whereas the Ancients by it meant the whole Circumference of the Place within which the Actors and Spectators were contained Their ancient Theaters were only built of Wood and served but once just as the Stages or Scaffoldings we now erect upon some extraordinary Occasions M. Valerius Messala and Cassius Longinus when Censors took the Freedom so far as to begin a Stone Theater upon Mount Palatine near the She-wolf's Picture that suckled Romulus and Remus but Scipio Nasica did so vigorously oppose it that their Design miscarried L. Mummius after he had destroyed Corinth carried to Rome the Vessels appertaining to a famous Theater there and they were made use of at the Plays acted at his Triumph some will have him to have been the first Author of Wooden Theaters at Rome M. Scaurus says Solinus undertook to build a very costly Theater enriched with extraordinary Ornaments It had 360 Pillars in Three Rows one upon another whereof the first was Marble the second Christal and the third was of gilt Pillars there were 3000 Brass Statues between the Pillars Curio built a Kind of a suspended and folding Theater which might be divided into two at Pleasure Pompey built a Stone Theater with so solid a Foundation that it seemed to have been built to last for ever There was a kind of an Aqueduct made here to convey Water into all the Rows of the Theater either to cool the Place or to quench the Thirst of the Spectators Julius Caesar erected one of Stone near the Capitol and Marcellus built another at the farther End of a Piece of Ground called Argiletum at the End of the Tuscan-Street by the Foot of the Capitol in the second Division of the City It was consecrated by Augustus There were no less than Four Theaters in Campus Flaminius only Trajan built a pompous and magnificent one which was ruined by Adrian The principal Parts of the Ancients Theaters were the Scene or Building which separated between the Proscenium and Postscenium or Place whither the Actors withdrew and where they had their Paintings Tapistry-works Curtains designed for Machines and Musick The Scene took its original from the Simplicity of the first Actors who contented themselves with the Shade of Trees to divert the Spectators with and so the meanest at first consisted of no other than Trees set together and well matched Greens They made them sometimes of plain Linnen Cloth or shapeless Boards till Mens Luxury caused them to be adorned with the best Paintings and made use of the richest Hangings to set them out C. Pulcher was the first who adorned the Scene with Paintings for till his Time they rested satisfied with Diversity oâ— Columns and Statues without any other Ornament Antony to appear extraordinary adorned the Scene with Silver One Petrelus gilt it Catulus covered it with Ebony and Nero to entertain Tiridates gilt the whole Theater As for the Curtains Hangings c. the one served only to distinguish and adorn the Scene the other were for the Conveniency of the Spectators Those of the Scene represented somewhat of the Fable that was acted They had a kind of Versatile Scene which was a suspended Triangle and such as could easily turn about and on whose Curtains some things were painted that had a relation either to the Subject of the Fable or Chorus or Interludes The Sails served instead of Coverings and they made use of the same for the Conveniency of the Spectators only wherewith they were shaded from the Heat of the Sun Catulus was the first Inventer of this Conveniency for he caused the whole Theater and Amphitheather to be covered with Sails extended with Lines tied to the Masts of Ships or pieces of Trees fastned in the Walls Lentulus Spinther made them of such fine Linnen as was never before known Nero not only dyed them Purple but also added Gold Stars thereunto in the midst whereof he was painted in a Chariot all of it wrought with Needle-work with so much Art and Judgment that he appear'd like an Apollo in a Serene Heaven who moderating his Beams form'd a Day in respect to its Light which was agreeable to a fine Night The Machines were very ingenious with them they drew Heroes up to Heaven made the Gods descend upon Earth and represented Hell Palaces and Prisons They used both Vocal and Instrumental Musick The Scene in the Theater of the Ancients generally comprehended all that belonged to the Actors It consisted of four Parts viz. Proscenium Scena Postscenium and Hyposcenium The Proscenium was a raised Place where the Actors play'd and is that which we call the Theater or Stage and this Proscenium consisted of two Parts in the Grecian Theaters the one was the Proscenium purely so called where the Actors acted the other was the Legeion or Thymele or Bomos where the Chorus came to rehearse and the Pantomimes acted their Parts It was called Bomos and Ara because of its square Form that was like an Altar Scena was the Front of the Building by which the Proscenium was separated from the Postscenium which was the Attiringplace behind the Stage whither the Actors withdrew and drest themselves The Hyposcenium according to Polliux was before the Proscenium and reached from the lowest part of the Orchestra to the Level of the Proscenium This Author says it was adorned with Pillars and Statues which shews that the said Hyposcenium could be no where but in the Greek Theaters where the Proscenium was raised 12 Foot high for that of the Romans was too low to admit of Pillars The Orchestra among the Grecians made a part of the Scene but in the Roman Theaters none of the Actors went down to the Orchestra which was taken up with Seats for the Senators The Doors of the Theaters called Hospitalia were those by which they made strange Actors enter that is those