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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A36730	Atlas Chinensis being a second part of A relation of remarkable passages in two embassies from the East-India Company of the United Provinces to the vice-roy Singlamong and General Taising Lipovi and to Konchi, Emperor of China and East-Tartary : with a relation of the Netherlanders assisting the Tarter against Coxinga and the Chinese fleet, who till then were masters of the sea : and a more exact geographical description than formerly both of the whole empire of China in general and in particular of every of the fifteen provinces / collected out of their several writings and journals by Arnoldus Montanus ; English'd and adorn'd with above a hundred several sculptures by John Ogilby.	Montanus, Arnoldus, 1625?-1683.; Dapper, Olfert, 1639-1689.; Ogilby, John, 1600-1676.; Nederlandsche Oost-Indische Compagnie.; United Provinces of the Netherlands.	1671 (1671)	Wing D242; ESTC R5629	631,298	665

of their Offices before him declaring publickly that they would no longer Serve in their Places and the more boldly they throw them down if the Emperor designs any thing which they fear may prove prejudicial to the Realm and that he will not hearken to them It hapned some years since that the Emperor Vanlie who clouded all his Atchievements by his insatiably lustful desires for notwithstanding he had a lawful Son yet he would declare a Bastard to be Heir of the Empire but the Peers and Governors being against it said they would not suffer so base an Election yet the Emperor not regarding their Saying all the Magistrates that were in the City being to the number of two thousand went to the Palace and forc'd him against his will by laying off their Liveries to declare the lawful Heir to be Successor The like occasion hapned Anno 1651. for when after the Death of the Guardian and Unkle to the young Emperor another Tartar would Govern alledging that the Emperor's Age was not fit for such a Management all the Governors laid down their Badges whereby he was forc'd to desist and in this manner a Youth of sixteen years old call'd Xunghi being the true Heir took upon him the Government Besides these Magistrates or Privy-Councellors at the Court there are several other Offices or Council-Chambers for divers Businesses but the chiefest and most honorable is that which is call'd Hanlinyuen into which none but Learned Doctors are admitted Those which are in this Imperial Office do nothing but Read several Books and may not trouble themselves with publick Concerns when as nevertheless they exceed those that sit at the Helm wherefore many endeavor greatly to get into their Society Their Business is onely to write the Emperor's Letters Annual Chronicles and to make Laws and Ordinances Out of these are also chose the Tutors for the Emperor's and Princes In this Society are several degrees of Honor which every one attains to by their writing a good Style after which they are rais'd to the highest Preferment within the Court None are chose to be of that most eminent Office of Colao but out of them Those that are in this Society make great advantages by writing Epistles and Encomiums of their Friends nay every one accounts himself happy if he can but get them bestowing great Charge and trouble to that end for if they have but the Name that they are made by them they are accounted excellent though never so bad Lastly those that are of this Society are chief Councellors and Judges in the Examinations of Causes both Divine and Moral and are by the Professors of Sciences accounted Masters of Literature Besides all these Courts there is one supream Court which is the chief in the whole Empire None can be receiv'd into this unless they have been of the Imperial Society call'd Hanlin or Hanlinyuen before mention'd and after they have a considerable time been in Places of Government and made sufficient proofs of their Mildness Policy and Prudence and that no Letters of Complaint have been set out against them This Court consists of four or at most of six Persons which are call'd Colaos and Coglogs The Emperor Vanlie Grandfather to the Emperor Zunchin would never suffer more than one Colao alledging that the rest were needless The Quality of Colao to speak properly is no peculiar Office because they take care of the general Government of the State and are just like Supream Judges of all Courts and Dominions in the whole Empire though they are never all together but when they dispatch grand Business for the Emperor who being not always present upon the concluding they are many times forc'd to be in the Palace to answer those Petitions which are hourly brought to the Emperor This done they are necessitated to find out the Emperor and inform him of their several Results which having heard he doth Justice to the Parties and pronounces the ultimate Sentence by either confirming or altering their Conclusions These Colaos are in the highest esteem and above all the Councels or Magistrates who at a certain time come and shew Reverence to them as their Superiors in an open Hall The Colaos during this Ceremony stand up and all the Officers according to their Degrees walk cross the Hall coming before them they turn about and bow their Heads down to the Ground which Ceremony is call'd Quo Tham that is Passing through the Hall There is also a great difference betwixt the Colaos Robes and those of the other Magistrates for their Girdles are beset with Precious Stones which they call Yuxe which none but Colaos may wear in the whole Empire nay they receive their Orders by the Emperor 's own Hand as the Knights amongst us their Honor from the King himself Father Nicholas Trigaut describes the Colaos Authority and Office in the following words Besides these six Courts there is another the most eminent in the whole Realm and the Emperor's Palace those which belong to it are call'd Colaos and are generally three or four in number and sometimes six They have charge of no particular Business but mind the general Concerns of the Empire and sit in private Consultation with the Emperor daily in his Palace And in regard the Emperor at present doth not appear in Person at Treaties of publick Affairs of the Realm which he formerly us'd to dispatch they stay the whole day in the Palace and answer Petitions which in great numbers are brought according as they think fit with which Answers they go to the Emperor who Regio Nutu by his Beck either confirms or alters them Thus far Trigaut The like Quality and Office Father Martin ascribes to them in the following words The six Courts viz. Lypu Hupu Pingpu Cungpu Hingpu are not concern'd in publick Matters of the whole Realm but onely with private Consultations for the Governors make their Requests to the Emperor by way of Petition who having consider'd of the Business sends them to every Court to which they belong the Assistants whereof after serious Consideration acquaint the Emperor with their Opinons in Writing which he then according to his pleasure either vacates or affirms which that he may the better be able to do he chuses some of the prime Philosophers in the whole Empire for his Assistants who are call'd Colaos or Caising that is Assistants in Government These are in the next Degree to the Emperor and aid him in dispatching of Business Consulting with him in Person as being his Privy-Council for he is seldom seen by any other Magistrates Judges Justices or Councellors Thus far Martin Those which the Chineses call Colao we if we observe the original of the Name should term Assistants to the Emperor partly for their honorable Employment and partly as being next the Emperor the prime Governors of the whole Realm Thus far of the general Government and Councils or Offices of the Realm which so

she spreads abroad The sixty first Kieugkong the God of Rainbows the Chineses nick-name him Omho that is Mischievous because at his appearance he spoils all their Fruits of the Field so that they honor him onely because he should come but seldom The sixty second Pankun according to the Chronicles of China finished and compleated the World for they say that the World when God Created it was without shape or form but was by Pankun brought to its full perfection in four years time They represent him with many Iron Instruments such as the Stone-cutters use He was the first that invented the Art of Stone-cutting and therefore is the peculiar God of Bricklayers Stone-cutters and Potters The sixty third Houngkong rules Winds and Spirits and is figur'd like a great Bird with huge long Legs and Feathers sticking up like Hogs Bristles The Chineses say that the fluttering of his Wings occasion great Winds Storms and Tempests therefore Fishers Sea-men Gardners and other People that fear too much Wind adore him The sixty fourth Khuotquan in his life-time was a Vice-Roy in China and the first that made Salt which he accounted the richest and best Commodity in the World Another Vice-Roy having at the same time found out Sugar esteem'd that above Salt upon this they fell at variance but both sides appealing to the Emperor he commanded a Proof to be brought him of each sort and having tasted both he preferred the Sugar as being more pleasant But Khuotquan contradicted this sentence saying That there never was a thing of greater value than Salt which gave a rellish and savoury taste to all things The Emperor angry at Khuotquans petulancy commanded him to go out of his Presence who thereupon much discontented went instantly and drown'd himself in the River Melo which flows by the City Siangin in the Territory of Huquang but highly advanced him that made the Sugar The next day saith Wright after which Khuotquan was drown'd being the fifth Day of the fifth Moon in the Morning as the Chinese Chronicles affirm there began an extraordinary great Rain which without cessation continu'd twelve Moneths wherefore for want of dry Weather no Salt could be made by which means a third part of the People died and some that lay just upon the point of Death having but one Corn of Salt put into their Mouths presently recover'd The Emperor inform'd of this Calamity by his Substitute Governors commanded him that had made the Sugar to be kill'd and that none should dare to make any more mention of him that thereby his Name might be forgotten whereupon the Rain immediately ceasing the Emperor sent strict Edicts through all his Dominions that they should worship the foremention'd Khuotquan as a God On the day of his decease which is kept with great solemnity and call'd Tuonu the Houses are hung round with Garlands of Roses Palm-Boughs and the Ships adorn'd in like manner and every Chinese wears a green Sprig on his Head neither do they any Work in five days all which time they hold his Festival The second day they represent Wayangs or Stage-plays On the third they go with hundreds of curious Gilt and Carv'd Boats hung with all manner of green Boughs Flowers and the like and full of People up and down the River seeming to look for the Corps of Khuotquan coming to the Place where they say they find Khuotquan they lift up their Oars and take hold of their Flags and Pendants and then beating on their Drums cry with a loud voice We have found him This Ceremony which is observ'd in all Places and Rivers in China continues three days one after another This Khuotquan died about three thousand years since and being taken up two days after his Decease was kept ten years Embalm'd before he was Buried The sixty fifth Schante was in his life-time a valiant Man and a great pitier of the Poor to whom he was very charitable The sixty sixth Naon was an Assistant to the God Tegoe before mention'd he is represented with a Ball on his Foot for as they fable when Tegoe groweth weary with carrying so great a burthen as the World then this Naon helps him to support it with his Foot wherefore they place this Naon in Heaven and worship him because when displeas'd he should not let the World fall by taking away his Foot The sixty seventh Atzion was Conceiv'd after a strange manner by his Mother Lintion who walking in the Field and casting her Eyes up toward Heaven espi'd a Lions Head in the Clouds by which Vision she Conceiv'd with this Atzion without knowing Man for which his wonderful Conception he is by the Chineses honor'd for a God The sixty eighth Alsa taught the People first to Boil and Roast their Meat for before his time the Chineses did eat both Flesh and Fish raw He instructed them also to build Huts of Wood for a defence against wild Beasts and to make Clothes to cover their nakedness The sixty ninth Huntzuihoykong they say first invented Fire and taught them to Buy and to Sell. The seventieth Otzoe was Conceiv'd after as strange a manner as the before-mention'd Atzion for his Mother Hautzibon going to the Garden for an Onion she saw some Foot-steps of a Man that had been there before her in one of which she put hers to try how much bigger it was than her own which she had no sooner done but a great Light encompassing her she immediately Conceiv'd this Otzoe who was the first that established Matrimony amongst the Chineses and invented Musical Instruments The seventy first Ezolon the first Finder of Medicines and the Vertue of Herbs had great knowledge in Astronomy Soothsaying and Magick instructed Men in Agriculture by the use of the Plough and Spade and all sorts of Ploughing Tools The seventy second Skadingkon was the first as they say that taught them the use of Arms and Martial Discipline Besides these five Governors of Heaven three Spirits eight and twenty Councellors and thirty six earthly Deities in all seventy two the Chineses according to the foremention'd Wright have three Cacadaemons or evil Spirits The first is call'd Tytsoequi that is Prince of Devils for Tytsoe signifies Prince and Qui the Devil and as their Stories would make out he was first an Angel in Heaven but the supream God observing the wickedness of Mankind on Earth he call'd Tytsoequi to him saying I have seen the wickedness of Men on Earth and their hearts are inclin'd to evil wherefore none of them shall come to me in Heaven Therefore do you descend I have prepared a Place for you and an everlasting Prison of torments for them I elect you as our Substitute to Govern Hell take them to you and punish them they shall stay with you for ever and never come near me The Chineses are of opinion and believe that this Prince of Devils knows all future things and that he sends out his Spirits to fetch vitious People to Hell where he

and had his chiefest Residence on the Islands Ay Quemuy and others lying under the Continent of China The Chineses themselves on the Main Coast who had submitted and in token thereof shav'd off their Hair conform'd to the Tartars brought them all sorts of Provisions and drove also a private Trade with them The Tartars at last to stop all Provisions from going to the Enemy commanded all the Villages Towns and Hamlets that stood along the Sea-shore or the Main Continent to be burnt to the Ground and the Countrey laid waste and no People suffer'd on pain of death to live within three Leagues of the Sea By this means and likewise by the great Losses which Coxinga sustained from the Tartars assisted by the Netherlanders who set upon them both at Sea and Land he found himself so straightned that Anno 1660. he Sail'd with all his Forces to Tayowan and Formosa both which Islands and also the Castle Zelandia he took in March Anno 1661. after a Siege of ten Moneths Very cruelly were several of the Netherlanders dealt withall especially the Ministers Anthony Hantbroel Aren Vincenius Leonard Campen Peter Muts and others and at last put to death others against Agreement kept in Prison without hopes of attaining their Liberty notwithstanding the great trouble the Hollanders took upon them to procure their enlargement Therefore in revenge of Coxinga's Cruelties and also to regain the conquer'd Places a Fleet was sent out the next year after under the Command of the afore-mention'd Admiral Balthazar Bort and Vice-Admiral Iohn van Campen with the Ambassador Constantine Nobel with Letters from his Excellency Iohn Maetzuiker to Singlamong Vice-Roy of the Territory Fokien and the General Taisang Lipoui for the same purpose and also to request liberty for a free Trade Since the Letter to the Vice-Roy Singlamong in brief contains the Reasons and Intentions for sending out the Fleet to the Coast of China and the dispatching of an Ambassador thither and may also serve for a small declaration of our following Discourse I judge it no way amiss to set it down before-hand being to this effect This Letter comes from John Maetzuiker chief Governor and the Councel for the Netherland State in the Countreys of India to Singlamong Vice-Roy or Governor for the Mighty Emperor of Tartary and China of the Territory Fokien whom the God of Heaven grant long Life and Prosperity on Earth Great and Powerful Sir THe Letter sent some time since from Your Highness to our Governor of Tayowan he hath receiv'd in due time and also not been negligent to Answer according to Request and with all speed sent five Men of War with some Soldiers to the Bay of Engeling that according to Your Highness's noble Proposal and Request they might bidding defiance to Coxinga fall upon him But We were so unhappy that as soon as the Ships set Sail from Tayowan they were surpris'd by a mighty Storm which separated them one from another so that some of them came back to Batavia and others were forc'd to return again to Tayowan which is the onely Reason that We could not perform Our good Intentions according to Your Highness's Pleasure Since which time Coxinga hath joyn'd all his Forces together to Master our Castle in Tayowan having Besieged it ten Moneths rais'd great Batteries against it on all sides and so straitned the Besieged with his Army that the Governor and his Councel concluded to deliver him the Fort which We have resented very ill of our People because as We suppose they have not as they ought to have done manfully resisted the Enemy which as an Example to terrifie others We will not pass by unpunished Yet since We have suffer'd so great a Loss and Damage and chiefly for that against his Promise he hath most cruelly Murder'd several Unarmed Christians on the Island Formosa God who is a hater of such Villanies and a righteous Judge commands Us to take Revenge for our sustained Wrongs so that we are resolv'd with all our Forces to prosecute this Tyrant and not leave till by force of Arms We have brought him to nought And since we are inform'd that Your Highness also intends and endeavors the like Ruine towards him so at once to free the Empire of China from the Oppression which it hath suffer'd so many years by his Means Therefore We think it now the most proper time to obtain as well Your Highness's as our own Desires to which end according to Your Highness's own Proposal We are inclin'd to joyn all Our Land and Sea-Forces with Your Highness's Militia against which We suppose Coxinga will not be able to subsist long And to shew that We really intend it We have sent from hence under the Command of Our Admiral Balthazar Bort to the Bay of Hossien the number of twelve well prepar'd Men of War which considering their strength and fit posture for defence may justly be term'd Floating Castles and will be able to make Coxinga quit the Sea which will not a little trouble and disable him of which We hope Your Highness shall in a short time see the Event We therefore fortifie Our selves hoping that Your Highness will do the like that We may enter into a firm League with the Empire of China with Promises faithfully to assist one another against Coxinga and to hold him for our mortal Enemy and with all Endeavors if it be possible bring him and all his Party to utter Ruine so to make him taste the sharpness of Our Revenge for his committed Villanies But since at present having lost Tayowan We have no convenient Harbors to preserve Our Ships in stormy Weather Our humble Request is That your Highness would please to do us that favor as far as your Commands reach along the Sea-Coasts to Permit and Order us a place wherein our Ships if they should chance to be necessitated may come to an Anchor and that they may be kindly receiv'd and our People entertain'd as Friends and buy Provisions and other Necessaries for Money China and Batavia as your Highness very well knows lie a great distance one from another therefore it is very necessary and requisite that we had a convenient place of Rendezvouz near Coxinga's Channel there to keep our Ships together and watch for his Jonks so that we desire of your Highness that you would be pleas'd to direct us to such a place and to give us leave likewise to Fortifie the same against Coxinga's Assaults for we do assure your Highness if this cannot be granted us it is altogether impossible for us to do the Enemy that damage which may be expected Therefore if we intend to manage this War with Prudence we must be there to wait on our business continually or else we shall not be able to clear the Sea of Coxinga's Ships And as the driving of Trade makes all Nations and People flourish and we are us'd from Antiquity to promote the same for the benefit of the

Lastly the Bier on which the Corps lieth is brought in great State under an Arch'd Canopy made very artificially of Wood and hung with Flannel which is carry'd by forty and sometimes by fifty Men. Behind the Bier follow the Sons on Foot every one leaning on a Crutch as if fainting with sorrow Next follow the Women Kindred in Sedans hung with white Curtains so that none can see them The other Women which are not so nearly Ally'd to the Deceased are also carry'd in Mourning Sedans All their Curch-Yards and Tombs are near the City If it happen that the Sons at their Parents Deaths are from home then the Funeral is deferr'd till their Return Also when a Son is inform'd of his Father's Death he prepares if he be a Man of an Estate a great Feast to which he invites and makes mournful Complaints to all his Friends then returning home with the first opportunity he renews the same Ceremonies again in order as before nay a Son is oblig'd by the Law though he enjoy the greatest Office in the Empire or be one of the prime Council in Peking or of the Colaos who is the next Person of the Emperor yet he must come home and spend three years in Mourning before he is permitted to go again to his former Employment But this is onely to be understood for their Parents and not for any other Relations Onely Generals and Magistrates are free from this Law at the Death of their Parents If any one die out of his native Countrey then he who is left to take care of the Corps uses all endeavors without sparing either Cost or Charges to carry it home that there he may be Interr'd in the Grave of his Ancestors for every Family hath a peculiar Burying place on some Hill in the Suburb of the City The Sepulchres are large built of Marble and adorn'd with several Shapes of Men and Beasts They also erect great and stately Tomb-stones on which are Engraven in a noble Style the famous Acts of their Predecessors In this manner hath Trigaut describ'd their Mourning but we will also annex what Alvares Semedo Adrianus de las Cortes and Adam Scall have written concerning the same In many things concerning the Life of Man the Chineses agree with the European Philosophers but differ much about the Concerns of the Dead The Europeans make little ado about their Funerals whereas the Chineses esteem nothing more and are very careful in their Life-time to give Order to their Children for them who shew all obedience and dutifulness in performing the same after their Deaths It is a general Custom in China not to bury the Dead naked though a Child of two years old but put it into a Coffin according to every ones Capacity in which the richer sort notwithstanding the Chineses are of a covetous disposition strive to exceed one another endeavoring to get the best and sweetest Wood that grows Those that have no Children spare not to give a thousand Crowns for the Wood of a Coffin though it be nothing near so much worth which being made and beautifi'd with Ornamentals of Gold Silver Painting Imagery and the like is brought home and oftentimes set in their Chambers to delight them by looking upon it On the contrary those which being stricken in years have no Coffins are always sad and melancholy This Custom they generally observe through the whole Empire and as they receiv'd their Religion from the Indians they have likewise borrow'd many other things of them imitating them especially in three sorts of Burials viz. in the Earth in the Water and in the Fire for the Iapanners will some throw themselves headlong from the tops of Mountains others tying Stones about their Necks leap into Rivers and do many other things to shorten their Lives But the Chineses have not such stout Hearts to bury themselves alive but poor People who have not wherewith to purchase a Coffin burn the Corps and bury the Ashes In the Province of Suchuen the Dead are burn'd and the Ashes gather'd and put into Vessels and so thrown into the Rivers or Brooks Their Coffins are made of hard black Planks the Seams cover'd with Iews-Glue or Gum by the Portuguese call'd Charan or Giaro and by the Chineses Cie and Cia Every one hath his peculiar Place or Tomb without the Wall of the City for they are not permitted within Some build handsom Houses there walling them round and planting Cypress and other Trees according to the nature of the Soyl. These Places are valu'd according to the opinion which they have of the Ground for if a Conjurer hath judg'd it to be lucky to Build on they exceedingly enhanse the value thereof nor do they ever buy any Land without the advice of those People At their Burials they observe one Order to put the chief Corps of the Family at the upper end and set the other side by side according to their Degrees Their Graves are neatly hewn out of Stone and on the top adorn'd with Shapes of Beasts as Harts Elephants and Lyons with Encomiastick Inscriptions Persons of Quality especially those that are single bestow more Cost building stately Palaces and Rooms under Ground like Cells which are made very convenient to lay the Corps in Here all the Relations meet at the time of their Deaths to do their Offerings and other Ceremonies For the Poor which have not Money to buy a peculiar Burying-place there is a common Church-Yard in every City wherein they lie buried all together They chiefly desire to be buried in their Predecessors Graves though never so far from the Place where they die as it often happens to Governors of remote Provinces of the Empire and thither their Friends to do them the last honor convey them The first Ceremony observ'd at any ones Departure is that the Sick when dying is carry'd on a Mat to give up the Ghost in a Hall Yet Persons of Quality are not remov'd but die on their Beds When a Father dies then the eldest Son plucks off his Cap from his Head and comes with his Hair dishevel'd to the Bed and tearing the Curtains and Sheets in Pieces lays them on the Corps then the Body if a Male by Men if a Female by Women is according to their Custom wash'd which done they lay it in a Cotton Cloth or else in Silk and put on his best Apparel next to the Corps they lay the Badges of his Office and Degrees of his Learning which he attain'd in his Life-time The Body thus Garnish'd is laid in a Coffin which stands in a Hall hung round about with black The Effigies of the Deceased drawn to the Life with his Arms and Livery are all plac'd at the Head of the Coffin and at the Feet stands a Table cover'd with a Carpet before which is a Curtain drawn for the Women to stand behind unseen The Children and Nephews sit mournfully on Straw In the first Gallery leading to the Entrance into