to his life but the Sicyonians believing it a dishonour to them if he were interred any where but in their City prevail'd with the Achaeans to grant them the disposal of the Body But there being an ancient Law that no person should be bury'd within the Walls of their City and a strong superstition also as to this matter they sent to Delphos to ask counsel of the Pythioness who return'd this Answer Thou ask'st Sicyon Aratus Resting place If thee his Vrn and Funeral Rites shall Grace Who grutches him the Light Earth where he lies Is the Disgrace o th' Sea the Land and Skies This Oracle being brought all the Achaeans rejoyc'd much at it but especially the Sicyonians who changing their Mourning into publick Joy immediately fetcht the Body form Aegium and in a kind of Solemn procession brought it into the City being Crown'd with Garlands and array'd in white garments with singing and dancing and choosing the most conspicuous place they bury'd him there as the Founder and Saviour of their City The Place is to this day call'd Aratium and there they yearly make two Solemn Sacrifices to him the one on the day he deliver'd the City from Tyranny being the fifth day of the Month Daisium which the Athenians call Anthesterion and this Sacrifice they call Soteria The other on his Birth-day now the first of these was performed by the Priest of Jupiter Soter the second by the Priest of Aratus wearing a linnen girdle not pure white but mingled with Purple The Hymns were sung to the harp by the Choire belonging to Bacchus the Procession was led up by the Rector of the Gymnasium with the boys and young men these were follow'd by the Senate wearing Garlands and other Citizens such as pleas'd whereof some small footsteps remain to this day But the greatest part of the Ceremonies have through time and other intervening accidents been disused And such as History tells us was the life and manners of the Elder Aratus And for the younger Philip abominably wicked by Nature and cruelly insulting gave him such poisonous Medicines as though they did not kill him indeed yet made him run stark mad and drove him to attempt horrid and absurd things and to desire to do actions and satisfie appetites that were ridiculous and shameful so that his death which happened to him young and in the Flower of his Age cannot be so much esteem'd a misfortune as a deliverance and end of his misery But Philip paid dearly all the rest of his Life for these violations of friendship and hospitality for being overcome by the Romans he was forc'd to give up all into their hands and being deprived of his other dominions he lost all his ships also except five and was constrain'd to pay a fine of a thousand Talents and to give his Son for Hostage only out of meer pity he was suffer'd to keep Macedonia and its dependences where continually putting to death the noblest of his Subjects and the nearest relations he had he fill'd the whole Kingdom with horror and hatred of him And whereas amidst so many misfortunes he had but one good chance which was the having of a Son extremely vertuous him through Jealousie and Envy at the honour the Romans had for him he caus'd to be murder'd and left his Kingdom to Perseus who as some say was not legitimate but born of a Semstress called Gnathenion This was he whom Paulus Aemylius led in Triumph and in whom ended the Succession of Antigonus's Line and Kingdom But the Posterity of Aratus continues still in our days at Sicyon and Pellene ARTAXERXES THE LIFE OF ARTAXERXES Translated from the Greek By Mr. OAKLY THE first Artaxerxes among all the Crowned Heads of Persia the most remarkable for a Meek and Noble Spirit was surnamed Longimanus his right hand being longer than his left And he was the Son of Xerxes The second whose Story I am now writing being for his vast memory stil'd Mnemon was his Grand-son by his Daughter Parysatis Who brought Darius four Sons the Eldest Artaxerxes the next Cyrus and two younger than these Ostanes and Oxathers That Cyrus borrow'd his Name of the ancient Cyrus as they say he had his from the Sun which in the Persian Language is call'd Cyrus And Artaxerxes was at first call'd Arsicas though Dinon says Oartes But it is highly improbable that Ctesias though otherwise he has cast into his book an universal Rapsody of incredible and senseless Fables should be ignorant of the name of the King as being Physitian in ordinary to him his Wife his Mother and Children This Cyrus presently even in his tender years was fierce and violent on the other side Artaxerxes seem'd in all respects more gentle and more soft more effeminate in his Passions He marry'd a Fair and Vertuous Lady with the consent of his Parents but kept her as expresly against it For King Darius having put her brother to death was projecting likewise how to destroy her too But Arsicas throwing himself at his Mothers Feet and having mov'd her with whole streams of tears at last with much ado persuaded her that they should neither put to death nor divorce that his dear Consort from him However Cyrus was the Queens darling and the Son whom she most desir'd to settle in the Throne And therefore his Father Darius now lying ill and he being sent for from Sea to Court set out thence with a full gale of hopes that by her means he shoul'd be declar'd his Successor in the Empire For Parysatis urg'd this specious plea in his behalf which Xerxes by the advice of Demaratus had of old made use of viz. that she had brought him Arsicas when he was a Subject but Cyrus when a King Notwithstanding she prevail'd not with Darius but the eldest Son Arsicas was pronounc'd King his name being chang'd into Artaxerxes and Cyrus left Prefect of Lydia and Duke of the Maritine Provinces It was not long after the decease of Darius before his Successour went among the Pasargades that he might consummate the ceremony of his Inauguration by the assistance of the Persean Priest There is a Temple dedicated to a Warlike Goddess which a man would guess to be Minerva into which when the Royal Person to be anointed has pass'd he must strip himself of his own robe and put on that which Cyrus the First wore before he attain'd to the Monarchy then having devour'd a frail of Figs he must eat Turpentine and drink a cup made of vinegar and milk To which if they superadd any other rites it is unknown to any but those that are present at them Now Artaxerxes being about to address himself to this Solemnity Tisaphernes came to him bringing a certain Priest who having train'd up Cyrus in his Youth according to the establish'd Discipline of Persia and having taught him Philosophy was likely to be as much concern'd as any man that his Pupil mounted not the
ease Nevertheless he returned not without the loss of many and valiant Subjects and of almost all his Horses Wherefore having imagined that he should grow little in the eyes of his people through the misfortune and ill success of this expedition he suspected that he was despis'd by some of his Nobles many of whom he slew in his rage and yet still was jealous of more For fear is the bloodiest passion in Princes whereas the bold and couragious amongst them are merciful gentle and confiding And thus the timerous and sluggish brutes are ever untractable and the most unruly whilst the Nobler being made confident by their spirit refufe not the acquaintance of their owners In process of time after Artaxerxes being very old perceiv'd that his Sons were in controversie about his Kingdom and that they made parties among his Favourites and Peers Those that were equitable among them thought it fit that as he had receiv'd it so he should bequeath it to Darius whose just inheritance it was The younger Brother Ochus who was hot and violent had indeed a considerable number of the Courtiers that espoused his interest but his chief hope was that by Atossa's means he should prepare his Father For he had smooth'd her up with the thoughts of being his Wife and Queen after the death of Artaxerxes And truly it was buzz'd abroad that before it Ochus maintain'd too great correspondence with her but secret and unknown to the King Who being willing timely to dash his Son Ochus's hopes lest he attempting the very same things his Uncle Cyrus did Wars and Contentions might again afflict his Kingdom proclaimed Darius then fifty years old his Successor and gave him leave to wear the Imperial Hat cockt up It is a Rule and usage of Persia that the Heir apparent to the Crown should beg a boon and that he that declared him so should give whatever he askt provided it were within the Sphere of his power Darius therefore requested Aspasia the most tenderly beloved Miss of Cyrus but then the Kings Concubine she was originally a Phocian born in the Country of Ionia of gentile Parents and well educated Once when Cyrus was at Supper she was led into him with other Women who when they were sat down by him though he sported and dallied and talked wantonly with them did without shyness admit that his fulsome Courtship but she stood by the Table with a graceful silence refusing to come to him when Cyrus call'd her And when his Chamberlains were going to force her towards him she said whosoever lays hands on me shall rue it so she seem'd to the company a sullen rude country thing However Cyrus being well pleas'd with her reserv'd humour laugh'd it off and said to the Man that brought the Woman dost not thou plainly see that this Woman alone of all that came with thee is truly Noble and of an impregnable Chastity After which time he began to regard her and lov'd her above all of her Sex and call'd her Aspasia the Wise But Cyrus being slain in the fight she was taken among the spoils of his Camp whom when Darius did demand no doubt he much offended his Father For the Barbarous people keep a very jealous and watchful Eye over their Carnal pleasures so that 't is death for a Man not only to come near and caress any Concubine of his Prince but likewise in his journey to make an excursion or pass over to the Coaches in which they are carried And though to gratify his Lust he had against all Law marry'd his Daughter Atossa and had beside her a Seraglio of three hundred and sixty the most exquisite beauties in his Dominions yet being importun'd for that one by Darius he urg'd that she was a free-woman and allow'd him to take her if she had an inclination to go with him but by no means to force her away against it Aspasia therefore being sent for and contrary to the King's expectation making choice of Darius he gave him her indeed being constrain'd by Law but when he had done so a little after he took her from him For he consecrated her Priestess to Diana of Ecbatane whom there they name Anitis that she might spend the remainder of her days in a strict Chastity thinking thus to punish his Son not with rigour but moderation by a revenge checquer'd with jest and earnest But he took it heinously either he was a passionate admirer of Aspasia or because he lookt upon himself as highly affronted and scorn'd by his Father Tiribazus perceiving him thus divided betwixt Lust and rage did exasperate him yet farther after he had obsâ—rv'd in his injuries a representation of his own Of which take the following account Artaxerxes having many Daughters promis'd to give Apama to Pharnabazus to Wife Rodogeune to Orantes and Amestris to Tiribazus whom alone he disappointed by marrying Amestris himself and yet was just to the other two However to make him amends he betroth'd his youngest Daughter Atossa to him But after he had being enamour'd of marry'd her too as has been said Tiribazus had an irreconciliable grudge against him who was seldom at any other time steady in his temper but uneven and inconsiderate Wherefore whether he were in the number of the choicest Favourites of his Prince or whether he were offensive and odious to him he demean'd himself in neither condition with moderation But being advanc'd he was intollerably insolent and in his degradation his deportment was not submissive and peaceable but fierce and haughty And therefore Tiribazus was to the young Prince as Oyl thrown upon a flame ever urging him and saying that in vain those wear their Hats upright who consult not the Success of their affairs and that he was ill befriended of reason if he imagin'd whilst he had a Brother who that he might have his choice of Women endeavour'd to undermine him and a Father of so rash and fickle a humour that he should by sucession insallibly step up into the Throne For he that out of fondness to a lewd Ionian female hath eluded a Law Sacred and inviolable among the Persians is not likely to be faithful in the performance of the most important promises He added too that it was not all one for Ochus not to attain to and for him to be put by his Crown since Ochus as a Subject might live happily and no body could hinder him but he being proclaim'd King must either take up the Scepter or lay down his Life These words presently inflam'd Darius That of Sophocles perhaps being generally true Ill Councel soon is at its Journeys End For the path is smooth or upon an easie descent that leads us to what we are inclin'd and for the most part of us are propense to Vice through our strangeness too and ignorance of the loveliness of Vertue And no doubt the greatness of the Empire and the jealousie Darius had of Ochus furnisht Tiribazus with materials for his remonstrance
although he had invested several private persons in great Governments and Kingdoms and bereaved many Kings of theirs as Antigonus of Judea whose head he caused to be struck off the first crown'd head that ever suffer'd that opprobrious death Yet nothing was so grievous to the Romans as the vile profusions he made upon that Woman and their dissatisfaction was much augmented by giving the Sirnames of the Sun Moon to Alexander and Cleopatra Twins born to him by her But he who knew how to varnish over the most dishonest Action with specious colours would say that the greatness of the Roman Empire consisted more in giving than in taking Kingdoms and that the Noble Blood of Kings was communicated to all the World when they left their Off-spring in every place they came and that by this means he had the honour to descend from Hercules who never recommended the hopes of his Posterity to the guard of any one Woman nor feared to transgress the Laws of Solon in order to observe the great Dictates of Nature which gives such lively instruction towards the continuance of our Race After Phraortes had killed his Father Herod and taken possession of his Kingdom many of the Parthian Nobility left their Country among the rest Moneses a Nobleman of great Authority who making his application to Antony was received with great kindness for he look'd upon him as one in the Circumstances of Themistocles and his own Fortune considering his great Wealth was comparable to the Persian Kings for he gave him three Cities Larissa Arethusa and Hierapolis which was formerly called Bombyce But the King of Parthia did soon recall him giving him his Word and Honour for his Safety and Antony was not unwilling to give him leave to return hoping thereby to surprize Phráortes for he sent him word he would remain his Friend upon condition he would send back the Roman Standards and Ensigns which were taken hy the Parthians when Crassus was slain and withall the Prisoners that remained yet alive of that Battel This done he sent Cleopatra into Egypt and gathering his Forces together and joyning the associate Kings for there were many of them the most considerable was Artuasdes King of Armenia who came at the head of six thousand Horse and seven thousand Foot he made a general Muster there appeared sixty thousand Roman Foot ten thousand Horse consisting of Spannâ—rds and Gauls who were esteem'd of as Romans of other Nations horse and Foot thirty thousand and these great Preparations that made India tremble and put all Asia into a consternation were of no use to him because of Cleopatra for in order to pass the Winter with her every thing was done in haste he was so charm'd and bewitch'd with the Thoughts of his Mistress that his Soul was employ'd in overcoming the Difficulties that kept him from her more than in any design of vanquishing the Enemy for whereas he should have taken up his Winter-Quarters in Armenia to refresh his Men who were tired with long Marches having come at least five hundred Leagues and then to have taken the advantage in the beginning of the Spring to invade Media before the Parthians were drawn out of Garrison he had not patience to expect his time but march'd into the Province of Atropatene leaving Armenia on the right hand and laying waste all that Country his haste was so great that he left behind all the Engines of Battery which follow'd the Camp in three hundred Chariots among the other Engines there was a Ram of fourscore foot long which was of great use in his Designs and it was impossible if they were either lost or endamaged to repair them or make the like for the Proâ—inces of the upper Asia produce not Trees long or strait enough for such Uses nevertheless he left them all behind as a great impediment to the Designs he had then projected so that he had left a Party commanded by Tatianus to guard them and he himself laid Siege to Phraata the principal City of the King of Media wherein were that King's Wife and Children Here it was that he was soon made sensible of the Errour he committed in leaving the battering Rams behind him for not having wherewithal to make a Breach he was constrained with infinite pains to cast up a Mount of Earth against the Wall during the Siege Phraortes arrives with a great Army who understanding that the Chariots were left behind with the battering Engines he sent thither a strong Party of Horse by which Tatianus with ten thousand Horse are flain the Engines all broke in pieces many taken Prisoners and among the rest King Polemon This great Miscarriage in the opening the Campagne did much discourage Antony's Army and Artuasdes King of Armenia despairing of any better Success withdrew himself with all his Forces from the Roman Camp although he had been the chief Promoter of the War The Parthians encouraged by this Success came up to the Romans at the Siege of their Royal City and gave them many Affronts upon which Antony fearing that the Souldiers might lose Courage or have a less esteem of him if he lay idle he with all the Horse three Pretorian Cohorts and ten Legions was resolved to go out and forrage designing by this means to draw the Enemy with more advantage to a Battel and to effect this he marched a Day 's Journey from hiâ— Camp which did bring the Parthians to a Battel who were drawn up in readiness to charge him so soon as he should march he orders therefore the Tents and Baggage to be pack'd up as if his intention were to decline the giving Battel and only to lead his Men back to the Camp The Enemy was drawn up in a Half-Moon and Antony had given order to the Horse to charge them briskly so soon as the Legions were come up nigh enough to second them The Parthians standing still while the Romans march'd by them were in great admiration of their man-like Behaviour and exact Discipline nothing could be more just than the distance which was kept between the Ranks and the shaking their Pikes as they pass'd by in a profound silence was very graceful but when the Signal was given the Horse turn'd short upon the Parthians and with loud Cries charg'd them home they were bravely receiv'd at first but the Legions coming up with loud shouts and ratling of their Arms did so frighten the Horses and soon the Parthians themselves that they could keep their ground no longer Antony press'd them hard in great hopes that this Victory should give an end to the War the Foot had them in pursuit three Leagues and the Horse nine and the Advantage summ'd up they had but thirty Prisoners and there was but fourscore slain This was a great discouragement to them to consider that when they were victorious their Advantage was so small and that when they were beaten they lost so great a number of Men as it happened when the
Nor was Venus wholly unconcern'd in the matter upon the loss of her Votary Aspasia Darius therefore resign'd himself up to the dictates of Tiribazus and many now conspiring with them an Eunuch detected their Plot to the King and the way how it was to be managed being very well informed that the Traitors had resolved to break into his Bed-Chamber by night and there to kill him as he lay After Artaxerxes had been thus advertised he did not think fit by disregarding the discovery to despise so great a danger nor to believe it when there was little or no proof of it Thus then he did He charged the Eunuchs constantly to be amongst and accompany the Conspirators wherever they were In the mean while he broke down the Wall of the Chamber behind his Bed and when he had made a door he hid it with Tapestry So the hour approaching and the Eunuch having told him the very nick of time in which the Traytors design'd to assassinate him he waited for them in his Bed and rose not up till he had seen the faces of his aggressors and accurately discern'd every man of them But as soon as he saw them with their Swords drawn and coming up to him throwing up the hanging he made his retreat into an inner Chamber and bolting to the door he alarm'd the Court. Thus when the Ruffians had been seen by him and had attempted him in vain they with speed went back through the same doors they came enjoyning Tiribazus especially and those near him to retire because clearly discovered They therefore made their escape different ways but Tiribazus as they were laying hold on him slew many of the Kings Guards and at length being struck through with a Dart at a distance he fell And as for Darius who was brought to the Bar with his Children the King appointed Princely Judges to sit over him who because he was not himself at the Trial but accus'd Darius for Proxy commanded his Notaries to write down the opinion of every one of the Judges and shew it to him In short after they had resolv'd all as one man and sentenc'd Darius to death the Officers seiz'd on him and hurryed him to a prison not far off To which place the Executioner when summoned came with a razour in his hand with which men of his employment cut off the heads of high offenders But when he saw that Darius was the person thus to be punished he was appall'd and started back offering to go out as one that had neither power nor courage enough to behead him who a little before had been proclaim'd King yet at the threats and commands of the Judges who stood at the Prison-door he return'd and grasping the hair of his head and binding his face to the ground with one hand he cut off his neck with the Razour he had in the other Some affirms that sentence was pass'd in the presence of Artaxerxes that Darius after he had been convicted by clear evidence falling prostrate before him did humbly beg his pardon that instead of giving it he rising up in rage and drawing his Scymeter smote him till he had kill'd him that then leading them to his Palace he did Worship the Sun and said Be gone in Triumph O ye Persians and declare to your fellow Snbjects how the mighty Oramazes hath dealt out vengeance to the contrivers of unjust and unlawfull things Such then was the issue of this Conspiracy And now Ochus was big with expectation being puff'd up with the interest he had in Atossa but yet was afraid of Ariaspes the only Male surviving beside himself of the Legitimate off-spring of his Father and of Arsames one of his natural Sons For indeed Ariaspes was already declar'd Prince by the wishes of the Persians not because he was the elder Brother but because he excell'd Ochus in gentleness plain dealing and good nature whereas Arsames appear'd by his Wisdom accomplish'd for the Throne and that he was most dear to his Eather Ochus very well knew So he laid Snares for them both and being no less treacherous than bloody he made use of the Cruelty of his nature against Arsames and of his craft his willingness against Ariaspes For he suborn'd the Kings Eunuchs and Favourites to convey to him menacing and harsh expressions from his Father as though he had decreed to put him to a cruel and ignominious death When they seem'd daily to communicate these things as secrets and said one while that the King would do this to him ere long at another within a few moments they so astonish'd the good Prince they struck such a terrour into him and cast such a confusion and anxiety upon his thoughts that having prepared some fatal drugs he drank them that he might be deliver'd from his hated Life The King knowing what kind of death he died heartily lamented him and gave a shrewd guess at the impulsive cause of it But being disabled by his age to search into and prove it he was after the loss of his Son more indulgent to Arsames did manifestly place his greatest confidence in him and made him privy to all his designs Whereupon Ochus had no longer patience to defer the execution of his purpose but having procured Arsaces Tiribazus's Son for the undertaking he kill'd Arsames by his hand Artaxerxes at that time had but a little while to live by reason of his very old age So when he heard of the Fate of Arsames he could not at all bear it but straight sinking under the load of his grief expired after he had enjoyed life ninety four years and an Empire sixty two And then he seem'd a moderate and gracious Governour especially if compar'd to his Son Ochus who outdid all his Predecessors in blood and Cruelty THE LIFE OF DION English'd from the Greek by Robert Vvedale L L D. DIO M Burg. sculp Now we may draw a Parallel of the Lives of these two great Men from their Fortunes wherein Chance not Design made them much alike for they were both cut off by an untimely death not being able to accomplish those ends which through many risques ond difficulties they aimed at But above all this is most wonderful that by Divine Permission both of them had notice given of their approaching death by a frightful and ominous Daemon which visibly appear'd to them Altho' there are a sort of men who utterly deny any such thing and say that no man in his right wits ever saw a Phantom or apparition but that Children only and silly Women or Men craz'd by some Distemper of their Mind or Disease of their Body entertain such idle and absurd Fancies overfondly conceiting themselves haunted with Sprites and Goblins Yet if Dion and Brutus men of great Courage and Learning not easily deluded by Fancy or discompos'd by any sudden apprehension were so disturbed at these Visions that they forthwith declar'd to their Friends what they had seen I know not how we can
PLUTARCH'S LIVES VOL. V. Ingraven by MBurgesies THE FIFTH and LAST VOLUME OF PLUTARCH S LIVES Translated from the Greek BY SEVERAL HANDS LONDON Printed for Jacob Tonson at the Judge's-Head in Chancery-lane near Fleet-street 1693. The Lives contained in the Fifth Volume DEmetrius Poliorcetes Translated by Dr. Nalson p. 1 Marcus Antonius Dr. Frazer p. 137 Demosthenes p. 262 Marcus Tullius Cicero Dr. Fuller p. 297 Aratus Dr. Bateman p. 353 Artaxerxes Mr. Oakly p. 427 Dion Dr. Vvedale p. 277 Marcus Brutus Mr. Duke p. 361 Galba Mr. Taylor p. 701 Otho Mr. Beaumont p. 739 A Chronological Table to the Fifth Volume of Plutarch's Lives  The Olympiad The Year of the Olympiad After the Building of Rome After the Worlds Creation Before the coming of Christ The Julian Period Demetrius 117 1 441 3638 310 4402 Antonius 181 3 699 3896 52 4660 Aratus 132 2 502 3699 249 4463 Artaxerxes 94 4 352 3549 399 4313 Dion 105 4 396 3593 355 4357 Marcus Brutus 184 2 710 3907 41 4671 Demosthenes 105 3 395 3592 356 4356 Cicero 175 1 673 3870 708 4670 Galba 211 4 820 4017 00 4781 Otho 212 1 821 4018 00 4782 DEMETRIUS M Burghers sculp THE LIFE OF DEMETRIUS POLIORCETES Rendred into English By JOHN NALSON LL. D. VOLUME V. INgenious men have frequently compared Arts and Learning to our Natural Senses and doubtless they were induced to do so from that resemblance which the one hath to the other in distinguishing between different objects But still we must allow the precedence to Learning and Knowledge for that the highest attainments of sense arrive only to an Exact destinguishing between mean and Common Objects as black and white sweet and bitter hot and cold soft and hard and this too in an humble subserviency to the Understanding to which they make reports according to the different impressions which they do receive Whereas skillful Arts and Sciences having the more elevated advantages of Inquiry and Reasoning do not only enable us to know what is most agreeable but by a prudent foresight to abstain from what is Evil and prevent what may be dangerous Thus the Wise Physician comes by his successful Art not only to understand how to combat a present Distemper but to secure the Health of his Patients for the future and the artful Musician does not only know how to avoid ungrateful discords but even from those disagreeing Notes to compound a wondrous Harmony But above all Temperance Justice and Prudence the noblest of all the Moral Virtues do not only assist us with the knowledge of what is Honourable Just and Good but give us the Reverse of the contrary Vices which ought to be avoided as dishonest unjust and altogether disadvantageous to us and even this sort of knowledge of what is evil is so necessary to the Prudent conduct of humane Life that without it there would be no glory or vertue in abandoning those evils which we did not know since otherways it must be attributed to the stupid simplicity of ignorant Chance and not to a wise and prudent Choice It was for this Reason that the ancient Spartans were used in their most celebrated festivals and entertainments to load their slaves with prodigal glasses and then expose those drunken miserables to the publique view that so the young Gentlemen of the City seeing the deformity and antick dresses into which that transforming Vice degrades Humane Nature they might at the expence of those poor wretches imprint an early aversion to debauchery in their tender minds And tho' possibly it is but an indifferent method nor very consistent with Humanity to chastise vice in one by forcing it upon another yet it will not be unacceptable amidst the great variety of examples in this Book to expose to the view of the World some pairs of noble Lives who being advanced in the triumphant Chariot of Sovereign Authority have by their own inconsiderate folly and imprudence tumbled from the height of Fortune into great extremities and thereby have made themselves great examples of the Impotence and danger of great vices even in the greatest Men. There is a strange pleasure in variety but yet I must averr That my design is not only to divert the Fancy of the Reader by shewing diversity of curious Figures but to advantage him in the management of his own Affairs to which nothing can contribute more than the easy way of being wife and Vertuous at the expence of other Mens Misfortunes for as Ismenias the fam'd Theban Artist was wont to shew his Scholars both the most excellent Masters in Musick and the veriest Bunglers in the Science that so they might imitate the one and despise the other and Antigenidas was used to say that such young Gentlemen as applied themselves to the attaining skill in Musick would be more encouraged in their Industry by the pleasure they received from hearing sprightly Airs and Composures after they had been first tired with the dull entertainments of Common and unskillful Musicians so it appears highly reasonable that the examples of those Lives whose Vices and Follies have deservedly exposed them to the Censure of the whole vertuous World should raise in us a Noble Emulation to imitate the glories of such others as were the illustrious Characters of Great and Good For this Reason this Volume presents the Reader with the Lives of Demetrius Poliorcetes and Antonius the Triumvir Two Persons who have abundantly justified the opinion of the Divine Plato that great Minds are apt to produce great vertues and no less vices And that they may not seem unequally Paired these two great Persons were equally Amorous and Intemperate Warlike and Munificent Sumptuous in their way of Living and haughty in their enterprizes and undertakings Nor did Fortune seem to make any great disparity in their Destinies for as during the whole course of their Lives they were many times glorious and triumphant Victors so were they also miferably vanquished at one time they got much at another they were forced to abandon all sometimes they were tumbled down from the top of their glory beyond even the Hope of almost a possible recovery and on the sudden beyond the expectancy of Imagination raised again to their former Dignity and Dominions nor were the Fatal periods of their Lives without a Resemblance the one ending his unfortunate days in a deplorable captivity and the other to avoid that lingring misfortune taking Sanctuary in the Cold embraces of a voluntary Death Antigonus had by his Lady Stratonice the beautiful daughter of Correus two Sons the one after the Name of his Uncle he called Demetrius the other carried the name of his Grandfather Philip and died young This is the most authentick Account although some have reported that Demetrius was not the Son of Antigonus but of his Brother and that his own Father dying young and his mother being afterwards married to Antigonus he was pleased to adopt him his Son Demetrius who was one
of the goodliest Princes of the World tho' he was not altogether so tall as his Father Antigonus yet he was of the largest proportion of men but withal he had a Face so delicate and exact that the most curious Painter or Graver was not able to form any Idea out of his own Imagination comparable to those sweetnesses which every feature of his inimitable Face had only peculiar to it self there was something one knows not how to express it so soft and yet so fierce that it did at the same time appear both charmingly tender and Imperiously astonishing challenging both an irresistible veneration and a passionate kindness such a mixture of Majesty Youth beauty and vivacity as gave him one of the most August and Noble Airs in the World Nor did his outward adornments at all contradict the inward Inclinations of his nature for there was no person who had so great an Art to render himself both lov'd and fear'd for as he was the most easie and agreeable person in his conversation the most splendid in his entertainments and in short one who indulged himself and his friends the utmost liberty and freedoms in the enjoyment of his pleasures so was he of all the Princes of his age the most vigilant dexterous and addressful in the prosecution of his martial affairs so that his whole life seemed divided between the Love of pleasure and glory herein proposing to himself the example of Bacchus the Divinity he chiefly adored equally famous for his successful achievements in the time of Action and his luxuriant gaieties in the Leisure of Peace He was a most passionate lover of his Father Antigonus and the natural tenderness and deference which he had for his Mother obliged him for her sake to redouble that love which it was evident was not so much owing to fear or barely Duty as the more powerful ties of Choice and Inclination Insomuch that it is reported that returning one day from hunting he went up immediately into the Apartment of Antigonus who had newly given Audience to certain foreign Embassadors and after he had made his Obeysance to Antigonus who tenderly caressed and kissed him he reposed himself upon one of the chairs still holding the Javelins in his hand which he had brought with him from the chace whereupon Antigonus who had just dispatched the Embassadors commanded them to be again introduced and shewing them his Son in that free posture and equipage You may my Lords said he if you so please relate to your Masters above what you have already received in Commission after what manner of unjealous freedom my Son and I live together By this Action informing them that this was no flender mark of the power and security of this Government where there was so perfect a good Understanding between the Prince reigning and his Heir apparent and that whereas commonly unsociable Majesty is surrounded with Armed Guards and inward jealousies and distrusts it was the glory of the Greatest of all the Successors of the mighty Alexander that he had the happiness to be so perfectly assured of his son that he could without difficulty permit him the freedom of coming thus Armed into his presence And to speak the truth among all the Successors of Alexander that of Antigonus was the only House which for many descents was exempted from blushing with the shedding of their own Royal blood and whereas in this illustrious Family only Philip was guilty of the death of his son all the rest afforded frequent examples of Fathers who brought their Children Husbands their wives Children their Parents to untimely Funerals and for the Brothers to dispatch each other was so common that as Mathematicians lay down to themselves certain first Principles so this was esteemed by them as a Maxim to assure themselves of the Royal Diadem by sacrificing their Brothers to the fears and jealousies of their proving dangerous Rivals to their Sovereignty But that we may the better understand the excellent temper of the young Demetrius and what just and honourable sentiments even his early years had for his Friendships we must recount an odd adventure which passed betwixt him and Mithridates the son of Ariobarzanes this young Prince who was about the same age with Demetrius was educated in the Court of Antigonus and although he had the Reputation of an innocent and undesigning person yet could he not avoid falling into the displeasure of Antigonus who became extreamly suspicious of him by reason of a Dream which he had one night concerning him for in his sleep Imagination which then most abusively plays the wanton with us when she has put all our senses the servants of reason into their downy manacles presented Antigonus with this Fantastique scene He thought himself in a fair and spacious Field where he sowed Golden seed from whence he saw a most wondrous crop of that shining Metal immediately to spring and successively to grow up to that maturity to hang its ripened heads ready to bow to the fatal stroak of the sickle that shortly after returning in high expectancy to reap the tempting Harvest he found it all cut down and nothing left but chaff and stubble whereupon extreamly discontented at the unexpected disappointment he thought he overheard certain persons discoursing that it was Mithridates who having reaped the Golden Harvest was returned with it into the Kingdom of Pontus Antigonus strangely perplexed with this Dream relates it to the Prince and having first obliged him by whatever was sacred not to discover his intention acquaints him with the Resolution he had taken against the life of Mithridates Demetrius was most sensibly touched with this cruel resolution of Antigonus against an Innocent Prince his Familiar his Confident Companion and Friend and not knowing how to manage himself with Innocence betwixt his Friendship to the Prince and his promise to his Father but the next morning Mithridates coming according to his custom to divert himself with Demetrius he drew him aside from the Company and without opening his lips with the point of his Javelin he traced these few words in the Dust obliging Mithridates to read them fly instantly and save your Life Dear Mithridates and without further notice putting them out with his foot they returned to their Company and pursued their accustom'd Divertisements and Sports Mithridates who was very apprehensive easily perceived by this Artifice that something fatal was determined against him by Antigonus and therefore secretly taking Post that very Night he quitted the Court and made his Escape into Cappadocia where resolving to be revenged of Antigonus for this intended Perfidy he immediately raised a numerous Army and not long after accomplished the Dream of Antigonus whom by the force of his Armies he despoiled of many large Provinces and Territories and by his great successes Established the Royal House of Pontus The last of his Race and Name and the eight in lineal succession from him being that unfortunate Mithridates
Father King Antigonus and assembling their united strength Demetrius was constrained to abandon Greece and to joyn with his Father to weather the storm which was gathering from all Quarters and threatned to discharge its violence upon their Heads Antigonus upon the occasion of this War shewed a Courage and Fierceness much disproportionate to his Years he was a Prince of an undaunted Spirit and could he but have preserved a little Temper in his vain Ambition in aspiring at an absolute Sovereignty over others he might in all probability not only have continued in the first Rank of the Princes of his Age but have left that Honour to his Descendants but he was of a violent and haughty Spirit much addicted to undervalue all other Princes and to treat them both in his Words and Actions more insolently than was either consistent with his Interest his Prudence or the Honour due to Kings and though by this rash freedom of his Language he had drawn a most formidable Power of the most considerable Princes against him yet when he first heard of the Confederacy he could not forbear despising the Confederates by a Vanity peculiar to him Oh! said he are they flocking I 'll make no more to disperse them than a Company of Rooks in a Corn-field with throwing a Stone among them and crying Hush So soon as the Troops which composed the Gross of his Army could be brought together Antigonus took the Field at the Head of seventy thousand Foot and ten thousand Horse and seventy five Elephants His Enemies were little inferiour to him in number of Men for they had sixty four thousand Foot and ten thousand five hundred Horse but they far surpassed him in Elephants of which they brought four hundred into the Field and a hundred and twenty Chariots of War When these two mighty Armies approached near there happened an odd kind of alteration in the Humour of Antigonus and though his Courage and Resolution received no great abatement yet his Hope and Confidence seemed something to flag and hang their Wings for whereas formerly there was wont to be a certain joyous Fierceness dwelling in his Eyes that he used to speak boldly and bravely and even in his Encounters to drop some witty Ralleries to encourage his Souldiers to contemn their Enemies he now became very thoughtful silent and retired One Day above all the rest taking Demetrius along with him he shewed him to the Captains and the whole Army which was drawn out upon this occasion and recommended him to them as his declared Successor these uncustomary Actions occasioned some admiration in those who observed them but that which increased the Wonder was that now he took Demetrius into his most secret Counsels whereas formerly he never used to communicate his Designs to any Person but when he had resolved any thing to give out his peremptory Commands for the execution in so much that it is reported that when Demetrius was a youth he enquiring of the King what time the Army should decamp He answered him in a little Passion What do you trouble your self Are you the only Person that are afraid you shall not hear the Trumpet But there were other very ominous Presages besides this Change in the Humour of Antigonus which according to the Superstition of those Times abated the hopes and courage of the Army For in his Dream the Great Alexander compleatly armed seemed to appear to Demetrius and demanded of him what Word they intended to give in the time of the Battel And Demetrius answering That he intended the Word should be Jupiter and Victory Well then I see said Alexander turning short from him with an Air of Displeasure you have no Service for me I will go over to your Enemies who I am assured will entertain me with Joy And the very Morning of the Combat as the Armies were drawing up Antigonus going out of the door of his Tent by some Accident or other stumbled so that he fell flat upon the Ground and bruised himself very sorely this he as well as others took for no good Augury and therefore so soon as he had recovered his Feet lifting up his Hands towards Heaven O ye immortal Gods cried he if you so please I beg a Victory from you this day but if that cannot be granted let me obtain the Favour of death at your hands and that I may not live to blush to see my self vanquished and with shame survive my dying Glory When these two great Armies had for some time faced one the other the Signal being given after whole Showers of mortal Arrows which obscured the very Sun had been exchanged as the first Complements of Death they quickly came to handy-blows and Demetrius who commanded the greatest and best part of the Cavalry gave such a furious Charge upon Antigonus the Son of Seleucus that unable to endure the Shock he and the Body which he commanded turned their Backs and fled and Demetrius transported with the Success pursued them so eagerly and so far as that it fatally lost him the Day for when perceiving his Errour he would have come in to the assistance of his own Infantry he was not able the Enemy with their Elephants having cut off his Retreat and on the other hand Seleucus observing the main Battel of Antigonus left naked of their Horse he made an Offer of charging them in Front but then suddenly by wheeling about as if he intended to attack them in the Flank and Rear he thereby gave opportunity to those among them who had before resolved it perfidiously to revolt from Antigonus and come over to his Party as great numbers of them did and this put the rest into such a consternation no man knowing who were Friends and who Enemies that the whole Army was instantly put to the Rout. In this amazing state of his Affairs the old King Antigonus still kept his Post and when a strong Body of the Enemies drew up to charge him one of those about him seeing it cried out to him Sir consider with your self what you will do do you not see that Party which are coming down upon you to which he only replied And how shall they know me Demetrius will come in to my rescue and assistance There was his last Hope But alas it was in vain for after he had looked on every side to see if he could perceive Demetrius coming to his relief he was with a Storm of Arrows Darts Javelins born down dead upon the earth where being fallen there remained with him of all the numerous Company of his flattering Followers not one to take care of his Body after his Death besides only Thorax of Larissa the Thessalian thus ended this fatal Battel and thus the Life of the unfortunate Antigonus After the unlucky event of this deciding Combat the Kings who had gained the Victory tore all the Empire which Antigonus and Demetrius before possessed â—â—to pieces and shared those large Territories among themselves
from a Window she let down Cords to which Antony was fastned and she and her two Women which were all that was susfered to enter the Monument drew him up 'T is reported that nothing was more sad than this Spectacle to see Antony cover'd all over with Blood just expiring still holding up his hands to her and lifting up his body with that little force was left nor was the Women's an easier task Cleopatra taking great pains and straining hard with her head to the ground tugging at the Rope they that stood below encouraging her and pitying her Condition When she had got him up she laid him on the Bed tearing all her Cloaths which she spread upon him beating her Breasts with her hands and wiping the Blood from off his Face she call'd him her Lord her Husband her Emperour and seemed to have forgot her own miserable condition she was so intent upon his Misfortunes Antony comforted her as well as he could and called for Wine to drink either that he was thirsty or that he imagined that it might put him the sooner out of pain when he had drank he advised her to take her own Affairs into consideration and as far as it would consist with her Reputation to compose them and that among all the Friends of Caesar she should apply her self to Proculeius that she should not pity him in this late turn of Fate but rather rejoyce in remembrance of his past happiness who had been of all men that ever liv'd the most illustrious and powerful and in the end had bravely fought like a Roman and been by a Roman overcome Just as he breath'd his last Proculeius arrived from Caesar For when Antony gave himself his Death's Wound and was carried in to Cleopatra Dercetaeus one of his Guards took up Antony's Sword and hid it and when he saw his opportunity stole away to Caesar and brought him the first News of Antony's death and withall shewed him the bloody Sword Caesar upon this news retir'd into his Closet and paying some tears to the memory of one that had been his Kinsman Partner and faithful Companion in so many Wars and Dangers he came out to his Friends and bringing with him many Letters he read to them with how much reason and moderation he had always treated Antony and in return what fierce and arrogant Answers he receiv'd From thence it was he sent Proculeius to use his utmost endeavours to get Cleopatra alive into his Power for he was afraid of losing a great Treasure and besides she would be no small Addition to the Ornaments of his Triumph but she refused to conferr with him but from within her Monument he standing on the outside of the Door which was strongly barr'd but so that they might well enough hear one another's voice her demand was that her Kingdom might be dispos'd to her Children he still insisting that she would be of good Courage and leave intirely to Caesar the consideration of her Affairs he having taken particular notice of the place return'd to Caesar who sent Gallus to parly with her the second time who being come to the Door did on purpose prolong the conference while Proculeius had fix'd his scaling Ladders in the Window through which the Women had pull'd up Antony and being follow'd by two Servants he went streight down to the Door where Cleopatra was discoursing with Gallus one of the Women who was shut up in the Monument with her was heard to cry out Oh wretched Cleopatra thou art taken alive she turn'd quick and spying Proculeius drew out her Dagger to stab her self but Proculeius running up to her and seizing her with both his hands for shame said he Cleopatra you wrong your self and Caesar much who would rob him of so fair an occasion of shewing his clemency to the whole World and in this unjust action of yours would seem to accuse the most courteous and worthiest of Men of being implacable and not fit to be confided in and disarming her he examined her Robe for fear of any poyson that might be hid therein After this Caesar sent Epaphroditus one of his Servants with order to treat her with all the gentleness and civility imaginable but withal to be very intent that he left her no opportunity of making her self away In the mean while Caesar makes his entry into Alexandria with Areius the Philosopher by his side holding him by the hand and talking with him that he receiving so great honours from him might be the more considered by his fellow Citizens then entring the open place where they usually perform'd their Exercises he mounts the Throne which was there on purpose erected from whence he commanded the Citizens who in great fear and consternation lay prostrate at his Feet to stand up and told them That he forgave the People of Alexandria all their Crimes they had committed First for the sake of Alexander who built their City then for the City's sake it self the largest and most beautiful in the World and Thirdly to gratifie his friend Areius These honours did Caesar confer upon Artius by whose intercession many others lives were sav'd amongst the which was Philostratus a Man of all the Professors of Eloquence the most ready and fam'd for his extemporary Speeches but he having insinuated himself without any merit into the Academy and his morals being detested by Caesar had his Petition rejected He with a long white Beard and a black Cloak was always at Aâ—eius his Heels repeating this Verse The wise Men will the wise Men save If that the wise Men wisdom have Which Caesar hearing gave him his pardon to prevent rather the ill report might be rais'd of Areius than in any consideration of Philostratus Of Antony's Children Antyllus by Fulvia betray'd by his Tutor Theodorus was put to death while the Soldiers were murd'ring him his Tutor contriv'd to steal a precious Jewel which he wore about his Neck and put it into his Pocket which he denying was convicted of Theft and hang'd Cleopatra's Children with their Governours had a Guard set on them and were treated very honourably Caesario who is reported to have been the Son of Caesar the Dictator was sent by his Mother with a great Sum of Money through Ethiopia to pass into India but his Tutor being as honest as Theodorus had perswaded him to turn back to Rhodes for that Caesar design'd to make him a King Caesar consulting what was best to be done with him 't is reported of Areius that he should say * plurarity of Caesars is not safe and afterwards he was put to death so soon as Cleopatra was dead Many Kings and great Commanders made petition to Caesar for the body of Antony to give him his Funeral rights but he would not dispose of his Corps from Cleopatra who buried him with her own hands with all splendor and magnificence it being granted to her to employ what she pleas'd in his Funeral In this extremity
was not so much as a spot found or any suspicion of Poison in her Body nor was any living Creature found within the Monument but a certain track of a creeping Creature imagin'd to be seen on the Window side upon the Sand nigh the Sea Others say that Cleopatra had two marks in her Arm imprinted very small by the Sting of the Asp to which Caesar seem'd to have given credit for that Cleopatra's Statue was carried in Triumph with an Asp fix'd to her Arm with these uncertainties are these things related Although Caesar were very much disappointed by her death yet he could not but admire the greatness of her Mind and did grant that her Body should be buried by Antony with all the Ceremony and Magnificence which was due unto her Quality her Women also were buried in great splendor Cleopatra died in the Nine and Thirtieth Year of her Age of which she had Reigned Twenty Two the Fourteen last years joyntly with Antony Antony died at the Age of Fifty three some say Fifty Six the Statues of Antony were all demolish'd but those of Cleopatra remain'd untouch'd for Archibius her Friend had given Caesar a Hundred and fifty thousand Pound that they should not run the same fate with Antony's Antony left by his Three Wives seven Children of which Antyllus the eldest only was put to death Octavia took the rest and bred them with her own Cleopatra his daughter by Cleopatra was Married to Juba a comely Prince Antony his Son by Fulvia was in that esteem that whereas Agrippa was the chief Favourite of Caesar and the Sons of Livia held the second Rank the third Place without any dispute was reckon'd to be possest by Antony Octavia also having had by her first Husband Marcellus two Daughters and one Son named Marcellus Caesar gave unto him his Daughter in Marriage and by that means adopted him and Octavia gave one of her Daughters in Marriage to Agrippa but Marcellus dying soon after his Marriage and she perceiving that her Brother was not easie to determine whom to chose for his Son-in-Law was the first that did persuade him to give his Daughter Julia to Agrippa though in so doing he was to quit her Daughter Caesar agreed to this Proposal and married Julia to Agrippa and she receiving her Daughter back married her to Antony of the two Daughters which they had by this Marriage the one was married to Domitius Aenobarbus and the other Antonia famous for her Beauty and Discretion was married to Drusus the Son of Livia and Son-in-Law to Caesar of this Line came Germanicus and Clodius Clodius was Emperor and Caius also the Son of Germanicus who having reigned very wickedly was slain He his Wife and his Daughter Agrippina who had Lucius Domitius by Aenobarbus was afterward married to Claudius Caesar he adopted Domitius whom he named Nero Germanicus he was Emperor in our time and put his Mother to death and with his madness and folly did well nigh ruin the Roman Empire he was in the Fifth Degree from Antony DEMOSTHENES M Burghers delin et sculp THE LIFE OF DEMOSTHENES Translated from the Greek VOLUME V. WHoever it was Sossius that wrote the Poem in praise of Alcibiades upon his winning the Horse race at the Olympian Games whether it were Euripides as 't is most commonly reported or some other person he says That to a Man's being happy it is in the first place requisite he should be born in some famous City But for him that would attain unto true happiness which for the most part is placed in the qualities and disposition of the mind it is in my opinion of no other disadvantage to be of a mean obscure Country than to be born of a Woman that is uncomely and low of stature For it were ridiculous to think that Julis a little part of Ceos which it self is no great Island and that Aegina which a certain Athenian once ordered to be removed as a small eye sore out of the Haven of Piraeus should breed good Actors and Poets and yet should never be able to afford a Just Temperate Wise and Valiant Man Other Arts indeed whose end it is to acquire Riches or Honour are sikely enough to wither and decay in poor obscure Towns but Vertue like a strong and durable plant takes root and thrives in any place where it can lay hold of an ingenuous Nature and a mind that is industrious Wherefore if either in our judgment of things or course of Life we fall short of what we ought to do such failer we may justly attribute to our selves and not to the meanness of our Country Nevertheless whosoever shall design to write an History consisting of materials which must be gathered from Observation and the reading of Authors not easie to be had nor writ in his own Native Language but many of them Foreign and dispers'd in other hands for him it is in the first place and above all things most necessary to reside in some City of good Note and Fame addicted to Liberal Arts and populous where he may have plenty of all sorts of Books and upon enquiry may hear and inform himself of such particulars as having escaped the Pens of Writers are yet more faithfully preserv'd in the memories of men lest otherwise he publish a Work deficient in many things and those such as are necessary to its perfection But for my own part I live in a little Town where yet I am willing to continue lest it should grow less and having no leisure while I abode in Rome and other parts of Italy to exercise my self in the Roman Language both by reason of some publick Business and for the sake of those who came to be instructed by me in Philosophy it was very late and in the declination of my Age before I applied my self to the reading of Latin Authors Upon which occasion that which happened to me may seem strange though it be true for it was not so much by the knowledge of Words that I came to the understanding of Things as having gained some sort of experience in Things by this means I attained to the signification of Words But to acquire a gracesul and ready pronunciation of the Roman Tongue to understand the various Figures and connexion of Words and such other Ornaments in which consists the beauty of that language it were I must confess a pleasant and very agreeable diversion but the Study and Exercise which is required to this is not easie and will better suit with those who have more leisure and time enough yet before them for such Gallantries Wherefore in this Book which of my Parallel Lives is the Fifth intending to write concerning Demosthenes and Cicero we will from their Actions and Employments in the Common-wealth consider the Natures and Dispositions of both of them together But to examine and compare their Orations one against the other to shew which of the two was the more fluent and pleasing
Arm. Many and various are the reports of those who have writ concerning this matter which it is no way needful to recount Yet I must not omit what is said by Democharis a familiar intimate acquaintance of Demosthenes who is of opinion it was not by the help of Poyson that he met with so sudden and so easie a death but that by the singular favour and providence of the Gods he was thus rescued from the barbarous cruelty of the Macedonians He died the Sixteenth of October a day the most sad and solemn of all the year on which the Women celebrate the Thesmophoria of Ceres and fast all day in the Temple of that Goddess Soon after his death the People of Athens bestowed on him such honours as he had deserved They erected his Statue of Brass they decreed that the Eldest of his Family should be maintain'd in the Prytaneum and on the Base of his Statue was ingraven this famous Inscription If with the Wisdom of thy Mind An equal Courage had been joyn'd Greece ne'er had suffered so great harms Enslav'd by Macedonians Arms. For it is very ridiculous which by some Men is reported that Demosthenes should make these Verses himself in Calabria as he was about to take the Poyson A little before we came to Athens 't is said there hapned such an accident as this A Soldier being summon'd to appear before his superior Officer and to answer an Accusation brought against him put that little Gold which he had into the hands of Demosthenes his Statue The Fingers of this Statue were folded one within another and near it grew a small plane Tree from which many leaves either accidentally blown thither by the Wind or placed so on purpose by the Man himself falling together and lying round about the Gold concealed it for a long time At length the Soldier return'd and finding his Treasure entire the fame of this accident was spread abroad And many of the Wits upon this occasion strove to vindicate Demosthenes from corruption in several Epigrams which they made on the same subject M. TVLLIVS CICERO M Burghers sculp THE LIFE OF MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO Translated from the Greek By THO. FULLER D. D. VOLUME V. IT is generally said that Helvia the Mother of Cicero was both well Born and lived in good Fashion but of his Father nothing is reported but in extremes For whilst some would have him the Son of a Fuller and educated in that Trade others reduce the original of his Family to Tullius Attius an illustrious King of the Volsci Howsoever he who first of that House was sirnamed Cicero seems to have been a Person worthy to be remembred because those who succeeded him did not only not reject but were fond of that name though vulgarly made a matter of reproach For the Latins call a Vetch Cicer and a flat excrescence in the resemblance of a Vetch on the tip of his Nose gave him the sirname of Cicero But this Cicero whose story I am writing is said to have briskly reply'd to some of his Friends judging it fit to lay aside or change that Name when he first stood for publick Office and engaged in Affairs of State that he would make it his utmost endeavor to render the Name of Cicero more glorious than that of the Scauri and Catulli and therefore when being Questor of Sicily he had made an Oblation of Silver Plate to the Gods and had inscribed thereon the Initial Letters of his two names Marcus and Tullius instead of the Third he merrily commanded the Artificer to engrave the Figure of a Vetch by them These things are related of his Name Of Cicero's Birth it is reported that his Mother was delivered without pain or labour on the Third of the Nones of January that Day on which now the Magistrates of Rome Pray and Sacrifice for the Emperor it is said also that a Spectre appear'd to his Nurse and foretold the Child she then suckled should afterwards become a great Benefit to the Roman State which things would otherwise have appear'd dreams and trifles had not himself soon demonstrated the truth of the Prediction for when he came to the age of going to School he was of such eminent Pregnancy and had such Fame and Glory amongst the Boys that their Fathers would often visit the School that they themselves might behold that Cicero and as Eye Witnesses report his quickness and aptness in Learning so much celebrated but the ruder sort of them were angry with their Children to see them as they walked together receiving Cicero with respect into the middle place Now he being as Plato would have the Scholar-like and Philosophical Temper to be disposed to all manner of Learning and neglectful of no Art or Science had a more peculiar propensity to Poetry and there is a Poem now extant made by him when a Boy in Tetrameter Verse call'd Pontius Glaucus In progress of time applying himself more generally to those Studies he became not only an excellent Orator but also one of the most eminent amongst the Roman Poets and the Glory of his Rhetorick still remains notwithstanding the many new Modes in Speaking since his time but his Poetry is become wholly obsolete and without Fame by reason of those many witty Poets which have since succeeded and surpassed him Leaving his Juvenile studies he became an Auditor of Philo the Academick whom the Romans above all the other Scholars of Clitomachus admired for his Eloquence and lov'd for his pleasant Conversation He also apply'd himself to Mutius Scaevola an eminent Statesman and as they term'd it Prince of the Senate of whom he acquir'd knowledge of the Laws For some time he served in Arms under Sylla in the Marsian War but perceiving the Commonwealth running into Factions and from Faction all things tending to an absolute Monarchy he again betook himself to his retired and contemplative Life and conversing with the Learned Greeks wholly apply'd to his Study till Sylla had obtain'd the Government and the Commonwealth was in some kind of settlement About this time Chrysogonus Scylla's emancipated Slave being informed by some body of an Estate belonging to one who was said to be put to death by proscription had bought it himself for two thousand Drachma's of which when Roscius the Son and Heir of the dead complained and demonstrated the Estate to be worth two hundred and fifty Talents Sylla took it so heinously to have his Actions question'd that he preferr'd a Process against Roscius for the murther of his Father Chrysogonus managing the evidence None of the Advocates durst assist him but fearing the cruelty of Sylla avoided the Cause The young Man being thus deserted fled for refuge to Cicero His Friends encouraged him as never being like again to have a fairer and more honourable introduction to Glory he therefore undertakes the defence carries the Cause and was admired for it But fearing Sylla he travelled into Greece
had seen so many turns of fortune he must needs Revel it in the open Streets and midst of the Market-places crown'd with Garlands and attended with Minstrels Inviting every body he met to partake in his Debauch So much more does joy without discretion transport and ruffle the mind than either fear or sorrow Antigonus therefore having in this manner possessed himself of Acro-Corinthus he put a Garrison into it of those he trusted most making Persaeus the Philosopher Governour Now Aratus even in the life-time of Alexander had an intention to get it for his Country but a Confederacy being made between him and the Achaeans he desisted but now another opportunity of effecting the thing offer'd its self which was this There were in Corinth four brothers Syrians born one whereof called Diocles served as a Soldier in the Garrison but the three others having robbed the Kings Treasure retreated to Sicyon to one Aegias a Banker whom Aratus made use of in matters of Money to him they immediately sold part of their Gold and the rest one of them called Erginus coming often thither exchanged by parcels Becoming by this means familiarly acquainted with Aegias and being by him led into discourses concerning the Fortress he told him that climbing up to his brother amongst the steep Rocks he had observed a winding path leading to that part of the Wall of the Castle which was lower than the rest at which Aegias drolling with him and saying will you then for the sake of a little Gold Pilfer thus from the King when you may if you please Sell one hour for a great sum of Money for Traitors and House-breakers if taken are alike punished with death Erginus smiling upon him promised to breake the thing to Diocles for he did not so fully trust his other Brothers and returning within a few days he bargain'd to conduct Aratus to that part of the wall where it was no more than fifteen foot high and to do what else should be necessary together with his Brother Diocles. Aratus therefore agreed to give them threescore Talents if he succeeded but if he failed in his enterprise and yet he and they came off safe then he would give each of them a House and a Talent Now the threescore Talents being to be desposed in the hands of Aegias for the use of Erginus and his Partners and Aratus neither having so much by him nor willing by taking it up of others to give them a jealousie of his design he pawn'd his Plate and his wives Jewels to Aegias for the money For so generous was his soul and so strong a passion had he for great exploits that remembring that Phocion and Epaminondas were esteemed the best and justest of all the Grecians because they scorned the greatestresents and would not prostitute their honour for money he chose to be at secret charges about those attempts in which he ran all the hazard alone for the sake of the rest that did not so much as know what was a doing Who therefore is there that does not admire and sympathize with the great mind of this man who at so vast expences purchas'd so extraordinary danger and lent his richest Jewels to have an opportunity to expose his own life by falling upon his Enemies in the dead of the night without desiring any other security for them than the hope of glory Now this exploit though dangerous enough in its self was made much more so by an error happ'ning through mistake in the very beginning For Technon one of Aratus's Servants was sent away to Diocles that they might together view the wall Now he had never seen Diocles but made no question of knowing him by the marks Erginus had given him of him namely that he had curled hair was of a swarthy complection and beardless Being come therefore to the appointed place he stayed waiting without the gates for Erginus and Diocles The place was called Ornis In the mean time Dionysius Elder Brother to Erginus and Diocles who knew nothing at all of the matter but much resembled Diocles happ'ned to pass by Now Technon incourag'd by the likeness of his features ask'd him if he was any thing related to Erginus who answering he was his Brother Technon fully perswaded that he talk'd to Diocles not so much as asking his name or staying for any other token gave him his hand and began to discourse with him and ask him questions about matters agreed upon with Erginus Dionysius cunningly laying hold of his mistake seemed to understand him very well and returning towards â—he City held him on in discourse insenbly And being now near the gate he was just about to seise on him when by chance Erginus met them and apprehending the cheat and the danger beckn'd to Technon to make his escape and immediately both of them betaking themselves to their heeles ran away as fast as they could to Aratus who for all this despaired not but immediately sent away Erginus to Dionysius to bribe him to hold his tongue and he not only effected that but also brought him along with him to Aratus Whom as soon as they had him they no longer left at liberty but binding him they kept him close shut up in a room whilest they prepared for executing their design All things being now ready he commanded the rest of his forces to pass the night in Arms and taking with him four hundred chosen men few whereof knew what they were going about he led them to the gates by the Temple of Juno It was about the midst of summer when the Moon was at full and the night was clear without any clouds so that there was great danger lest the Armes glistering by Moon-light should discover them But as the formost of them came near the City a great mist came off from the Sea and darkned the City and places thereabout Then the rest of them sitting down put off their shoe 's both because they make less noise and also climb surer that go up ladders bare-footed but Erginus taking with him seven young men habited like Travellers got unobserved to the gate and kill'd the Sentry with the other Guards and at the same time the Ladders were clapp'd to the walls and Aratus having in great hast got up a hundred men he commanded the rest to follow as they could and immediately drawing up his Ladders after him he marched through the City with his hundred men towards the Castle being overjoy'd that he was undiscover'd not doubting of the success When immediately four of the Watch were seen coming towards them with a light But they discover'd them not because they were in the shade wherefore covering themselves a while near some walls and old ruines they lay'd in wait for them and three of them they kill'd But the fourth being wounded in the head with a sword fled crying out that Enemies were got into the City and immediately the Trumpets sounded and all the City
making use of the assistance of Pantaleon the most potent man amongst the Aetolians he not only made a Peace but a Confederacy betwixt those two States But being desirous to free the Athenians also he was censured and accus'd by the Achaeans for that notwithstanding the Truce and Suspension of Arms made between them and the Macedonians he had attempted to take the Haven of Piraeum But he denies this fact in his Commentaries and lays the blame on Erginus by whose assistance he took Acro-corinthus alleaging that he upon his own private account indeavour'd to Scale the Piraeum and his Ladders happening to break being hotly pursued called out upon Aratus as if present by which means deceiving the Enemy he got safely off but methinks this excuse is very weak and improbable for it is not very likely that Erginus a private man and a Syrian Stranger should conceive in his mind so great an attempt without the instigation and assistance of Aratus nor was it twice or thrice but very often that like obstinate Lovers he discovered a design to be Master of the Piraeum and was so far from being discourag'd by his disappointments that his missing his hopes but narrowly was an incentive to him to proceed the more boldly in his design One time amongst the rest making his escape through Thriasium he put his Leg out of joint and was forced to Scarifie it in order to his cure so that for a long time he was carry'd in a Litter to the Wars And as 〈…〉 n as Antigonus was dead Demetrius succeeding him in the Kingdom he was more bent than ever upon setting Athens at Liberty openly despising the Macedonians Wherefore being overthrown in Battle near Phylacia by Bythis Demetrius's General and there being a very strong report that he was either Taken or Slain Diogenes the Governour of the Piraeum sent Letters to Corinth commanding the Achaeans to depart that City seeing Aratus was dead When these Letters came to Corinth Aratus happen'd to be there in Person so that Diogenes's Messengers being sufficiently mockt and derided were forced to return to their Master King Demetrius also sent a Ship wherein Aratus was to be brought to him in Chaines But the Athenians exceeding all bounds of Flattery to the Mecedonians Crown'd themselves with Garlands upon the first news of his Death Wherefore invading their Territories in a rage he pierced as far as the Academy but then suffering himself to be pacified he did no further act of hostility by which means the Athenians having full proof of his vertue when afterwards upon the death of Demetrius they attempted to recover their Liberty called him in to their assistance and although at that time another Person was General of the Achaeans and himself had long lain Bed-rid of an infirmity yet rather than fail the City in a time of need he was carry'd thither in a Litter and prevailed with Diogenes the Governour to deliver up the Piraeum Munychia Salamis and Sunium to the Athenians in consideration of a hundred and fifty Talents whereof Aratus himself gave twenty to the City Upon this the Aeginetae and the Hermonians joyned themselves to the Achaeans and the greatest part of Arcadia became Tributary to them so that the Macedonians ceasing to molest them by reason of their Wars with other Neighhouring Nations and the Aetolians being their Allies the Achaean power increased very considerably Now Aratus desirous to effect a design he had long had in his mind and impatient that Tyranny should still Nest its self in so neighbouring a City as Argos he sent to Aristomachus to persuade him to restore Liberty to that City and to associate it to the Achaeans and that following Lysiades's Example he should rather chuse to be the General of a great Nation with Esteem and Honour than the Tyrant of one City with continual Hatred and Danger Aristomachus slighted not the Message but desired Aratus to send him fifty Talents with which he might pay off the Soldiers In the mean time whilest the Mony was providing Lysiades being then General and extremely ambitious that this advantage might seem to be of his procuring for the Achaeans he accus'd Aratus to Aristomachus as one that bore an irreconcileable hatred to the Tyrants and persuading him to commit the affair to his management he presented him to the Achaeans But there the Achaean Counsel gave a manifest proof of the great Credit Aratus had with them and the good Will they bore him For when he spake against Aristomachus's being admitted into the Association they rejected him with great anger but as soon as being pacify'd he began to appear for it they chearfully and readily Decreed that the Argives and Phliasians should be incorporated into their Common-wealth and the next year they chose Aristomachus General who being in credit with the Achaeans was very desirous to invade Liconia and for that purpose sent for Aratus from Athens Aratus wrote to him to disswade him all he could from that Expedition being very unwilling the Achaeans should be ingaged against Cleomenes who was a daring man and grown to a strange power But Aristomachus resolving to go on he obey'd and served in person and when Cleomenes coming upon them on the suddain near Pallantium Aristomachus would have fought him Aratus hindred him for which he was accused by Lysiades and openly oppos'd by him in his pretensions to the Office of General but carry'd it by plurality of Voices and was chosen General the twelfth time This year being routed by Cleomenes near Lycâ—â—um he fled from it and wandering the whole Night was believed to be Slain and indeed it was confidently reported so throughout all Greece but he having escaped this danger and rallyed his forces was not content to March off in safety but making use of the present Conjuncture when no body dreamt any such thing fell suddainly upon the Mantineans Allyes of Cleomenes and taking the City put a good Garrison into it and made the stranger inhabitants free of the City procuring by this means those Advantages for the beaten Achaeans which being Conquerours they could hardly have obtain'd The Lacedaemonians again invading the Megalopolitan territories he marched to the assistance of the City but refused to give Cleomenes who did all he could to provoke him to it any opportunity of ingaging him to a battle nor could be prevailed upon by the Megalopolitans who urged him to it extremely For besides that by nature he was averse to set Battles he was then much inferiour in number of men and was to deal with a daring man and in his prime himself being now in the declension of his courage and ambition He considered also that he ought to maintain that Glory he was now in possession of by caution which the other aspired to by forwardness and daring so that tho' the Light armed Soldiers had sallyed out and driven the Lacedaemonians as far as their Camp
of Cyrus since Xenophon as being himself no eye-witness of it toucheth upon it but lightly and in few words it may not be amiss perhaps to run over on the one hand what Dinon and on the other what Ctesias has said of it Dinon then affirms that the death of Artagerses Cyrus having violently attack'd the Vanguard of Artaxerxes wounded his horse and so was he dismounted and when Tiribazus had soon lifted him up upon another and said to him my Liege remember this day which ought not to be forgotten that Cyrus again spurring up his horse struck down Artaxerxes But at the third assault the King being enrag'd and saying to those near him that death was more eligible than such insolence he made up to Cyrus who madly and blindly rush'd upon the Spears of the Enemy So the King struck him with his javelin as likewise did all those that were round about him And thus Cyrus falls as some say by the hand of the King as others by the Dart of a Carian whom Artaxerxes for a reward of that his atchievment did the honour to set him ever after bear a Golden Cock upon his Spear before the first rank of his Army For the Persians call those of Caria Cocks by reason of the Crests with which they adorn their Helmets But the account of Ctesias that I may draw in little what he has branch'd out at large is thus as follows Cyrus after the slaughter of Artagerses rode up fiercely against the King as he did against him not either exchanged a word with the other But Arieus Cyrus's confident darted first at the King yet wounded him not Then the King let fly a Dart at his Brother but miss'd him though he both hit and slew Tisaphernes a man truly generous and devoted to the interest of Cyrus who having directed his Lance with a surer hand against the King pierced his breast with it quite through his Armour two inches deep so that he tumbled with this stroke upon the Earth At which those that attended him being put to flight and disorder he rising with a few among whom was Ctesias and recovering a little Hill not far off rested himself But Cyrus's horse being high-mettled carry'd him a great way into the midst of his Enemies the approaching night making it hard for them to know him or his followers to find him However being made fierce with conquest being withal naturally bold and violent he pass'd thro' them crying out and that more than once in the Persian Language submit your selves poor men submit which they indeed did throwing themselves down at his feet Then his Tiara which kind of Hat none but Princes of the blood or Generals wore dropt off his head and a lusty young Persian by name Mythridates rnnning by and not knowing who he was with a Dart pierced one of his Temples near his Eye out of which wound much blood gush'd so that Cyrus swooning and senseless fell off his horse which stragling ran away from him But Mithridates's Mate gather'd up the Caparison of his horse and his Cap that had slipt off all dyed with Gore Then some few Eunuchs that were with him being by reason of that stroak scarcely and with much difficulty come to himself endeavour'd to mount him upon another horse and so to convey him safe away Now because he was not able to ride nor to walk without great toil by himself they led and supported him being indeed in body vertiginous and reeling but heal'd in his mind by the comfortable thoughts of his Victory whilest he hears the vanquistt salute the King and shew to their Lord and Master Cyrus for Grace and Mercy In the mean time some wretched and indigent Caunians who upon the account of some vile employments follow'd the Royal standard were by chance joyn'd with those attendants of Cyrus supposing them to be of their own party But as soon as they discover'd their red coats when all the Loyal Subjects wore white ones they knew that they were Enemies One therefore of them not dreaming that it was Cyrus ventur'd to strike him behind with his Spear So Cyrus being ham-string'd and falling he did at the same time dash his wounded Temple against a Stone and dy'd Thus runs Ctesias account wherein methinks he as it were with a dull knife saws him to death and has much ado to shut up the Tragedy As he now lay dead Artosyras his Majesties Intelligencer it seems passed by on horse-back and having observ'd the Eunuchs of Cyrus dolefully deploring his Fate he ask't Pariscas the most trusty of them saying whom dost thou sit by here Lamenting He reply'd do not you see O! Artosyras that it is my master Cyrus Then Artosyras wondring bid the Eunuch be of good Chear and keep the dead Body safe So going in all haste to Artaxerxes who now dispaired of the success of his affairs and was highly indispos'd both by his drowth and wound he with much joy assur'd him that he had seen Cyrus dead Thereupon he presently desir'd in person to go to the place and commanded Artosyras to conduct him where he lay Yet seeing there was a great noise made about the Grecians and that they were become formidable as being said to be in Chace of their Enemies and to conquer and carry all before them he thought fit to send out no less than thirty men with Torches in their hands to inquire more fully into the truth of the matter In the interim there being in appearance but a few steps between him and death by reason of his thirst his Enunch Satibarzanes ran about seeking out drink for him For the place had no water in it and he was then at a good distance from his Camp After a long search he at last luckily met with one of those poor Caunian Slaves who had in a nasty leathern Bottle about four pints of base stinking water which he took and bare and gave it to the King which when he had drunk all off Satibarzanes ask't him if he did not altogether loath that nauseous draught but he swore by all he thought Sacred that he never drank wine with such a gust nor water though out of the swiftest or purest Stream And therefore says he if after a hearty desire to reward him who gave thee this I shall not have opportunity to do it I humbly beg of Heaven to make him rich and prosperous No sooner had he said this but his thirty Scouts arriv'd with joy and triumph in their looks bringing him the tidings of his unexpected fortune And now he was encouraged by the great number and confluence of his Soldiers that flockt to him and he descended into the plain with many lights and flambeaus round about him As soon as he came near the dead Traitour and according to a certain law of the Persians his right hand and head were lopt off from his body he gave a strict charge that the latter should be brought to him and
that Parysatis dividing this Bird with a knife drencht in poyson on the one side and free from it on the other did eat the untoucht and wholsome part her self and gave Statira that which was infected But Dinon will not have it to be Parysatis but Melantas that cut up the Bird and presented the envenom'd part of it to Statira who dying with horrid Agonies and Convulsions was both her self sensible of the virulent Drug she had taken and intimated her suspicion of the Queen Mother to the King who knew her brutish fierceness her implacable temper Whereupon being resolved upon a speedy Inquest he seized upon his Mothers Pursivants and domestick Servants that attended at her Table and put them upon the Rack Parysatis kept Gigis at home with her a long time and tho' the King commanded her she would not produce her But she at last desiring that she might be dismiss'd to her own home by night Artaxerxes had intimation of it and saying wait for her hurried her away and adjudg'd her to death Now Poysoners in Persia suffer thus by Law There is a broad Stone whereon placing the head of them they do with another dash press it till they have broke both it and the face in pieces which was the punishment Gigis lost her life by But as for his Mother Artaxerxes neither denounc'd nor inflicted any other penalty upon her save that he banish'd and confin'd her not much against her will to Babylon protesting that whilst she liv'd he would not come near that mighty City This was the State of the Kings Affairs at home But he no less vigourously endeavour'd to captivate the Grecians that came along with Cyrus than to conquer him and keep possession of the Empire and yet could not do it For when they had lost their General Cyrus and their other Commanders they escap'd with safety almost out of the Persian Court convincing and demonstrating to all men that the business of that Prince and People was to be Rich Riotous and Effeminate or else to be Pompous and Stately insomuch that all Greece took courage and dispised those mean Barbarians especially the Lacedemonians who thought it strange if they should not now deliver their Country-men that dwelt in Asia from their Subjection to the Persians nor put an end to their contumelious usage of them And first having an Army under the conduct of Thimbron then under Dercylidas but doing nothing memorable they at last committed the War to the menage of their King Agesilaus Who when he had arriv'd with his Men in Ships at Asia as soon as he had landed them fell to work and got himself great renown For he defeated Tisaphernes in a pitcht Battle and forc'd many Cities to revolt After these great Actions when Artaxerxes had wisely consider'd how he might wage War most advantageously with them he sent Hermocrates of Rhodes into Greece with vast Treasures of Gold commanding him by a free distribution of it to corrupt the leading men in the Cities and to stir up the rest of the Grecians to an united engagement with Sparta So Hermocrates following his instructions the most considerable Cities conspiring against it and all Peloponnesus being in an uproar the Ephori remanded Agesilaus from Asia At which time they say as he was upon his return he told his Friends that Artaxerxes had driven him out of Asia with thirty thousand Archers the Persian Coyn having an Archer stampt upon it He scour'd the Seas too of the Lacedemonians Conon the Athenian and Pharnabazus being his Admirals For Conon after the Sea Fight in a place called the Goats River resided in Cyprus not that he consulted his security but looking for a vicissitude of affairs with no less hopes than men wait for a low or full tide in the Sea Who perceiving that his Stratagems wanted power to actuate them and that the Kings forces wanted a Wise-man to steer them sent him an account by Letter of his projects and charged the Bearer to hand it to his Majesty if possible by the meditation of Zeno a Cretian or Polycratus the Mendaean the former being a dancing-Master the latter a Physitian or in the absence of them both by Ctesias who is said to have taken Conon's Letter and foisted into the Contents of it a request that his Majesty would be pleased to send over Ctesias to him as being a serviceable Man in Maritine affairs Yet Ctesias is positive That the King of his own accord deputed him to this Province But Artaxerxes geting the better of the Lacedemonians in a Sea-Fight under the Conduct of Pharnabazus and Conon after he had stript them of their Jurisdiction by Sea did at the same time reduce almost all the Grecians to their allegiance so that upon his own terms he made that celebrated Peace with them which is stil'd the Peace of Antalcidas This Antalcidas was a Spartan the Son of one Leon who stickling for the Kings Interest oblig'd the Lacedemonians to covenant to let all the Greek Cities in Asia and the Islands adjacent to it to become Subject and Tributary to him when this Peace was concluded If we may give the venerable name of Peace to that which was the reproach and ruin of Greece a Treaty which was as 〈…〉 glorious to the vanquished as any War in its issue had ever been to them And therefore Artaxerxes though always abominating other Spartans and looking upon them as Dinon says to be the most impudent Men living did yet put a strange value upon Antalcidas when he came to him into Persia So that one day the King taking a Garland of Flowers and dipping it in the most precious Oyntment sent it to him after Supper a favour which all were amaz'd at Indeed he was a person fit to be thus delicately treated and to have such a Crown who had among the Persians in his dancing imitated Leonidas and Callicratidas Whereupon Agesilaus it seems one having said O ye deplorable Fate of Greece now when the Spartans turn Medes Reply'd nay rather when the Medes become Spartans Notwithstanding the subtilty of the Repartee it did not wipe off the infamy of the Action But a little after the Lacedemonians lost the Principality of their State having fought unfortunately at Leuctres tho their glory was utterly lost before them in that scandalous and dishonourable League So long indeed as Sparta was Empress of Greece Artaxerxes did not only entertain Antalcidas generously but endear'd him by the name of his Friend But when routed and humbled at the Battle of Leuctres being under great distresses for money they had dispatcht Agesilaus into Egypt and Antalcidas had address'd himself to Artaxerxes beseeching him to supply their necessities he so despis'd slighted and rejected him that returning the scorn of his enemies and in dread of the States he pin'd himself to death Ismenias also the Theban and Pelopidas who got the day at Leuctres arriv'd at the Persian Court where the latter did nothing
unworthy of himself But Ismenias being commanded to do obeisance to the King dropt his Ring before him upon the ground and so stooping to take it up he seem'd to pay him homage For some secret intelligence that pleas'd him he bestowed upon Timagoras the Athenian ten thousand Darius's by the hand of his Secretary Beluris and fourscore Milch Kine were driven after him standing in need of Milk from the Cow by reason of his indisposition Moreover he sent him a Bed Furniture and Valets the Grecians having not skill enough to make it as also Chair-men to carry him being infirm in Body quite to the Sea side Not to mention the Treat made for him at Court which was princely and splendid Insomuch that Osthanes the Kings Brother thus spoke to him Be mindfull of this Table which is not put before you thus spread for nothing Which was rather a reflection upon his Treason than to remind him of his Brothers bounty The Athenians therefore condemned Timagoras to death for taking Bribes But Artaxerxes gratify'd the Grecians in one thing in lieu of the many wherewith he plagu'd them and that was by taking off Tisaphernes their most hated and malious Enemy whom he put to death Parysatis adding her charge to those accusations that were already drawn up against him For the King persisted not long in wrath with his Mother but was reconciled to her and sent for her being assur'd that she had Wisdom and Courage fit for an Empire and there being now no cause discernable but that they might converse together without suspicion or offence And from thence forward humouring the King in all things according to his hearts desire and by brooking nothing ill which he did she got a mighty influence upon him and prevail'd in whatever she requested of him She perceiv'd he was desperately in love with Atossa one of his own Daughters and that he conceal'd and checkt his passion chiefly for fear of her self tho' if we may believe some Writers he had privately enjoy'd the young Princess already Now as soon as Parysatis suspected the intrigue she was more fond of her Grand-daughter than before and extoll'd both her vertue and beauty to him as being truly Imperial and Majestick In fine she persuaded him to marry the Maiden and to declare her to be his lawfull Wife in spight of the opinions and determinations of the Greek Sages forasmuch as she said he was designed by Providence for a Law to the Persians and to be the great Arbitrator of good and evil Some Historians further affirm in which number is Heraclides the Cumean that Artaxerxes married not only this one but his second Daughter Amestris also of whom we shall speak by and by But he so intirely lov'd Atossa when she became his Consort that tho' Leprosie had run through her whole body he was not in the least offended at it but putting up his prayers to Juno for her he ador'd her alone among the Deities being prostrate upon the earth His Nobles also and Favourites made such Offerings to that Goddess by his direction that all a long for about two miles betwixt the Court and her Temple the road was choaked up with Gold and Silver with purple and Horses devoted to her He wag'd War out of his own Kingdom with the Aegyptians under the Conduct of Pharnabazus and Iphicrates but was defeated by reason of their dissensions So in his expedition against the Cadusians he went himself in person with three hundred Thousand Footmen and ten Thousand Horse And making an incursion into their Country which was scarce through its roughness passable and withal very misty having neither Seed-time nor Harvest but with Pears Apples and other Tree-fruits breeding up Warlike and valiant men he unawares fell into great distresses and dangers For there was nothing to be got fit for his men to eat of the growth of that place nor to be imported from any other He would only have beasts for burthen slaughter'd insomuch that the head of an Ass was sold for near forty shillings In short the King himself was at a loss for provision and there were but few horses left the rest they had spent for food Then Tiribazus a man for his Valour often in great favour with his Prince and as often for his buffoonery quite out of it particularly at that time being low and despicable did yet preserve the King and his Army There being two Kings amongst the Cadusians and both of them encamping separately after he had made his application to Artaxerxes and imparted his design to him he went to one of the Princes and sent away his Son privately to the other So each of them deceived his man assuring him that the other Prince had deputed an Embassador to Artaxerxes suing for friendship and alliance with him alone and therefore if he were wise he told him he must apply himself to his Master before he had decreed any thing and that he would lend him his assistance in all things Both of them gave credit to these Words and because they suppos'd there was a mutual grudge betwixt them the one dispatcht away Envoys along with Tiribazus the other with his Son But Tiribazus staying somewhat long the surmises and accusations of his Enemies made an impression upon Artaxerxes Who was very Melancholick and being sorry that he had confided in Tiribazus gave ear to his Rivals who impeacht him But at last he came and so did his Son both of them bringing the Cadusian Agents along with them and so there was a League and Peace sign'd with both the Princes And now Tiribazus being great and splendid return'd with the Persian Monarch who plainly prov'd that cowardice and effeminacy are the effects of a base degenerous Nature guided by erroneous notions and not of niceness and superfluous excesses as most men suppose For notwithstanding his Jewels of Gold his Robe of State and the rest of his costly attire worth no less than twelve thousand Talents with which he was constantly clad his labours and toils were no less than those of the meanest persons in his Army Nay turning up his Horse with his Quiver by his side and his Shield on his Arm he led them through craggy and steep ways insomuch that the other Souldiers observing his cheerfulness and unwearied strength took wing and went the more swiftly along with him Whose daily march was above two hundred furlongs After he had arriv'd at one of his own Mansions which had lovely Parks nobly kept in order though situated in a Region naked and without Trees the weather being very cold he gave full Commission to his Soldiers to provide themselves with wood by cutting down any without exception even the Pine and Cypress When they were at a stand and for sparing them being large and goodly Trees he taking up an Ax himself fell the greatest and fairest of them After which his men us'd their hatchets and piling up many Fires past away the Night with
aviod admitting again the exploding Opinion of the Ancients That the Devils and evil Spirits out of an envious hatred to good men vigorously oppose whatever they do and by raising distractions and terrors in their minds endeavour to shake and undermine their Vertue lest by a steady and unbyass'd perseverance in Goodness they should after death obtain a happier condition of futurity than those wretched Beings can ever hope for But I shall refer these things to another place and in this Twelfth Book of the Lives of great Men compar'd one with another begin with his who was the elder Dionysius the First having seiz'd the Government of Sicily took to Wife the Daughter of Hermocrates a Syracusian She in an Insurrection which the Citizens made before the Government was well settled was abused in such a barbarous and outragious manner that for shame she put an end to her own life But Dionysius soon re-established and confirmed in the Throne married two Wives one named Doride of Locris the other Aristomache a Native of Sicily and Daughter of Hipparinus a Nobleman of the first Quality in Syracuse and Collegue with Dionysius when he was chosen General of the Army 'T is said he married them both in one day but which he enjoyed first is uncertain ever after he divided his kindness equally betwixt them both accompanying him together at his Table and in his Bed by turns Indeed the Syracusians were urgent that their own Country-woman might be preferred before the Stranger but Doride to recompence the aspersion of being a Foreigner had the good Fortune to be the Mother of Dionysius's eldest Son whilest Aristomache continued a long time without Issue tho' the King was very desirous to have Children by her and caused Doride's Mother to be put to death laying to her Charge that she had bewitch'd Aristomache to prevent her being with Child Dion Aristomache's Brother at first found a very Honourable Reception at Court for his Sisters sake but his own worth and parts soon procured him a nearer place in the Princes Affection who among other favours gave special Command to his Treasurers to furnish Dion with whatever Money he demanded enjoyning them withal the same day to give him a particular account of what they had delivered out Now tho' Dion was before reputed a person of extraordinary Parts a noble Mind and daring Courage yet all these excellent Qualifications received a considerable improvement by Plato's happy arrival in Sicily It was without doubt no humane Contrivance but the direction of Providence designing that this remote Cause should hereafter occasion the recovery of the Sicilians lost Liberty and the subversion of the Tyrannical Government which brought the Philosopher out of Italy and settled him at Syracuse Dion soon gain'd his acquaintance and became the most considerable among his Scholars by his wonderful disposition to Learning and inclination to Vertue far above what his years could promise as Plato himself reports of him and his own Actions sufficiently testifie For tho' he was bred up under the Tyrant in a condition much below himself inur'd to a dissolute and servile kind of life under a haughty and imperious Command glutted with extravagant Pleasures and a customary regard to nothing but Wealth and Luxury the mistaken happiness of life yet no sooner had he tasted the Sweets of more rational Notions and was made acquainted with the Precepts of Philosophy which direct the way to Vertue and true Satisfaction but his Appetite increas'd and his Soul was inflamed with a desire of more knowledge and greater Attainments Hereupon innocently tho' not judiciously concluding from his own ingenuous disposition that the same powerful Reasons would work the same Effects upon Dionysius he made it his business and at length obtain'd the favour of him at a leisure hour to admit and hear Plato At this their meeting the Subject-matter of their Discourse in general was Vertue but more particularly they disputed concerning Fortitude which Plato prov'd Tyrants of all men had the least pretence to and thence proceeding to treat of Justice he asserted the happy Estate of the Just and the miserable condition of the Unjust Here the King touch'd to the quick and not able to answer his Arguments would not endure to hear him out being highly displeas'd with the rest of the Auditors there present who with wonder and delight had listned to his Discourses At length exceedingly exasperated he asked the Philosopher in a great rage what business he had in Sicily To which Plato answered I came hither to seek an honest man It seems then replyed Dionysius you have lost your labour Dion supposing the Kings anger pretty well over at Plato's Request conveyed him suddenly aboard a Galley the Captains name Pollis a Lacedemonian bound for Greece but Dionysius privately dealt with Pollis by all means to kill Plato in the Voyage If not to be sure to sell him for a Slave alledging for an inducement that as a good man he could not be endammaged but would still enjoy his happiness tho' he lost his Liberty Pollis therefore as 't is reported carryed Plato to Aegina and there sold him to the Aeginetes then at War with Athens having made a decree That whatever Athenian was taken on their Coasts should forthwith be exposed to Sale Notwithstanding Dion was in no less Favour and Credit with Dionysius than formerly but was entrusted with the most considerable Employments and sent on an Honourable Embassage to Carthage in the management of which he gained very great Reputation Besides the King bore with the Liberty he took to speak his mind freely he being the only man who upon any occasion durst so boldly say what he thought witness his smart Repartee upon the account of Gelon Dionysius on a time ridiculing Gelon's Government and alluding to his Name said Gelon was 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the laughing-stock of Sicily while others seem'd to admire and applaud the Quibble Dion very warmly reply'd Sir you got the Crown by being trusted for Gelon's sake but for your sake no man will ever hereafter be trusted again for indeed Gelon made it appear that Monarchy was the best of Governments and you have convinced us 't is the worst Dionysius had three Children by Doride and by Aristomache four two of which were Daughters Sophrosyne and Arete Sophrosyne was married to his Son Dionysius Arete to his Brother Thearides after whose death Dion took his Niece Arete to Wife Now when Dionysius was sick and like to die Dion endeavour'd to discourse with him in behalf of the Children he had by Aristomache but was still prevented by the Phisitians designing thereby to ingratiate themselves with the next Successor who also as Timaeus reports gave him as he desired a sleeping Potion which soon depriv'd him of his Senses and made him sleep his last Hereupon at the first Council Dionysius the Second held with his Confidents Dion
die What do you not know your self Brutus Or do you think that those Inscriptions that you find upon your Praetors Seat were put there by Weavers Victuallers or the vile Rabble and not by the first and most powerful Men of Rome From other Praetors indeed they expect Largesses â—nd Shows and Gladiators but from you they claim as an hereditary Debt the extirpation of Tyranny they are all ready to suffer any thing on your account if you will but shew your self such as they think you are and expect you should be Which said he fell upon Brutus and embrac'd him and after this they parted each to try their several Friends Among those of Pompey's Faction there was one Caius Ligarius whom Caesar had pardon'd tho' accus'd for having been in Arms against him This Man not being so thankful for having been forgiven as stomaching that Power which made him need a Pardon hated Caesar but was one of Brutus his most intimate Friends Him Brutus visited and finding him sick O Lygarius says he what a time have you found out to be sick in At which words Ligarius raising himself and leaning on his Elbow took Brutus by the Hand and said But O Brutus if you are on any Design worthy of your self I am well From this time they try'd the Inclinations of all their Acquaintance that they durst trust and communicated the Secret to them and took also into the Conspiracy not only their familiar Friends but as many as they believ'd bold and brave and despisers of Death For which Reason they conceal'd the Plot from Cicero tho' he was very much trusted and as well belov'd by them all leâ—t to his own Disposition which was naturally timorous adding the wariness and caution of old Age and weighing every Particular that he might not make one step without the greatest security he should blunt the edge of their forwardness and resolution in a Business which requir'd all the dispatch imaginable There were also two others that were Companions of Brutus Statilius the Epicurean and Favonius a Follower of Cato whom he left out of the Conspiracy for this Reason As he was discoursing one day with them at a distance and proposing some Questions to be disputed of as among Philosophers to try what opinion they were of Favonius declar'd his Judgment to be that a Civil War was worse than the most unjust Tyranny And Statilius held that to bring himself into Troubles and Danger upon the account of evil or foolish men did not become a man that had any Wisdom or Discretion But Labeo that was present contradicted them both and Brutus as if it had been an intricate Dispute and difficult to be decided held his peace for that time but afterwards discover'd the whole Design to Labeo who readily undertaking it the next thing that was thought convenient was to gain the other Brutus sirnam'd Albinus a man of himself of no great Bravery or Courage but considerable for the number of Gladiators that he bred up for the publick Shews and the great confidence that Caesar put in him When Cassius and Labeo discours'd with him concerning this Matter he gave them no Answer but meeting Brutus himself alone and finding that he was their Captain â—he readily consented to partake in the Action and the very Name of Brutus brought many others and those of the best Quality over to the Conspirators who tho' they neither gave or took any Oath of Secrecy nor us'd any other sacred Rite to assure their Fidelity to each other yet all kept their Design so close were so wary and manag'd it so silently among themselves that tho' by Prophesies and by wonderful Apparitions and Prodigies and by the Entrails of sacrific'd Beasts the Gods gave warning of the Conspiracy yet could it not be believ'd Now Brutus considering that the greatest Men of all Rome for Virtue Birth or Courage depended wholly upon him and surveying with himself all the Dangers they were to encounter strove as much as possible when abroad to keep his uneasiness of Mind to himself and compose his unquiet Thoughts but at home and especially at Night he was not the same Man but sometimes his working Care would make him start out of his Sleep and other times he was so taken up with Thoughts and so perplex'd in his Mind that his Wise that lay with him could not choose but take notice that he was full of unusual Trouble and had in Agitation some dangerous and difficult Affair Porcia as was before said was the Daughter of Cato and Brutus tho' her Cousin-german had marry'd her very young tho' not a Maid but after the Death of her former Husband by whom she had one Son that was nam'd Bibulus and there is a little Book call'd The Memoirs of Brutus written by him yet extant This Porcia being addicted to Philosophy a great lover of her Husband and full of Courage and Prudence resolv'd not to enquire into Brutus his Secrets before she had made this tryal of her self She turn'd all her Attendants out of her Chamber and taking a little Knife such as they use to cut Nails with she gave her self a deep gash in the Thigh upon which follow'd a great Flux of Blood and soon after violent pains and a dangerous Fever occasion'd by the anguish of the Wound Now when Brutus was mightily afflicted for her she in the heighth of all her pain spoke thus to him I Brutus being the Daughter of Cato was given to you in Marriage not like a Concubine to partake only in the common Civilities of Bed and Board but to bear a part in all your good and all your evil Fortunes and for my part when I look upon you I find no Reason to repent the Match but from me what Evidence of my Love what satisfaction can you receive if I may not share with you in bearing your most hidden Griefs nor be admitted to any of your Counsels that require Secrecy and Trust I know very well that Women seem to be of too weak a Nature to be trusted with Secrets but certainly Brutus a virtuous Birth and Education and a Conversation with the Good and Honourable are of some force to the forming our Manners and strengthening our natural weakness And I can boast that I am the Daughter of Cato and the Wife of Brutus in which two great Titles tho' before I put too little confidence yet now I have try'd my self and find that even against Grief and Pain it self I am invincible Which words having spoke she shew'd him her Wound and related to him the whole tryal that she had made of her own Constancy At which he being astonish'd lifted up his Hands to Heaven and begg'd the assistance of the Gods in his Enterprize that he might live to be a Husband worthy of such a Wife as Porcia So having comforted his Wife he left her A Meeting of the Senate being appointed at which it was generally believ'd that Caesar would be
present the Conspirators agreed to make use of that Opportunity For then they might appear all together without suspition and besides they had hopes that all the noblest and leading Men of the Common-wealth that would be then assembled as soon as the great Deed was done would immediately appear for them and assert the common Liberty The very Place too where the Senate was to meet seem'd to be by divine appointment favourable to their purpose it was a Porch that had one Nich towards the Theatre in which there stood a Statue of Pompey erected to him by the Common-wealth when it adorn'd that part of the City with the Portico's and the Theatre To this place it was that the Senate was call'd on the Ides of March so that some God seem'd to bring Caesar thither to revenge upon him the Death of Pompey As soon as it was Day Brutus taking with him a Dagger which none but his Wife knew of went abroad the rest met together at Cassius his House and brought forth his Son that was that day to put on the Manly Gown as it was call'd into the Forum and from thence going all to Pompey's Porch stay'd there and expected the coming of Caesar to the Senate Here it was chiefly that any one who had known what they had purpos'd would have admir'd the unconcern'd Temper and the steady Resolution of these men in the most dangerous Undertaking for many of them being Praetors and by their Office oblig'd to judge and determine Causes did not only hear calmly all that made any Application to them or had any Suits depending before them as if they were free from all other Thoughts but decided Causes with as much Accuracy and Judgment as they had heard them with Attention and Patience And when one Person refus'd to stand to the Award of Brutus and with great Clamor and many Attestations appeal'd to Caesar Brutus looking round about him upon those that were present said Caesar does not hinder me nor shall he hinder me from doing according to the Laws Yet there were many unusual Accidents that disturb'd them and by meer chance were thrown in their way The first and chiefest was The long stay of Caesar tho' the Day was far spent and his being detain'd at home by his Wife and forbidden by the Soothsayers to go forth upon some Defect that appear'd in his Sacrifice Another was this There came a Man up to Casca one of the Conspirators and taking him by the Hand You conceal'd said he the Secret from us but Brutus has told me all At which words when Casca was surpriz'd the other said laughing How come you to be so rich of a sudden that you should stand to be chosen Aedile So near was Casca to have discover'd the Secret being deceiv'd by the Ambiguity of the others Discourse Then Popilius Lena a Senator having saluted Brutus and Cassius very obligingly whisper'd them softly in the Ear and said My Wishes are with you that you may accomplish what you design and I advise you to make no delay for the thing is now no Secret This said he parted and left them in a great Consternation suspecting that the Design had taken Vent In the mean while there came one in all hast from Brutus his House and brought him News that his Wife was dead For Porcia being extremely disturb'd with Expectation of the Event and not able to bear the greatness of her Cares could scarce keep her self within Doors and at every little Noise or Voice she heard leaping forth and starting suddenly like one of the mad Priestesses of Bacchus ask'd every one that came to the Forum What Brutus was doing and continually sent one Messenger after another to enquire At last after long Expectation the strength of her Body could hold out no longer but overcome with her Doubts and Fears she fainted away She had not time to betake her self to her Chamber for as she was sitting amongst her Women a sudden want of Spirits and a great Stupidness seiz'd her and her Colour chang'd and her Speech was quite lost At this Sight her Women made a great and lamentable Out-cry and many of the Neighbours running to Brutus his House to know what was the matter the Report was soon spread abroad that Porcia was dead tho' she recover'd in a little while and came to her self again When Brutus receiv'd this News he was extremely troubled nor without Reason yet was not so carry'd away by his private Grief as to neglect the publick Concern for now News was brought that Caesar was coming carry'd in a Sedan for being discouraged by the ill Omens that attended his Sacrifice he had determin'd to undertake no Affairs of any great Importance that day but to defer them till another time pretending that he was sick As soon as he came out of his Sedan Popilius Laena he who but a little before had wish'd Brutus good Success in his undertaking coming up to him discours'd a great while with him Caesar standing still all the while and seeming to be very attentive The Conspirators not being able to hear what he said but guessing by what themselves were conscious of that this Conference was the discovery of their Treason were strangely dejected and looking upon one another agreed from each others Countenances that they should not stay to be taken but should all kill themselves And now when Cassius and some others were laying hands upon their Daggers under their Robes and were drawing them out Brutus viewing narrowly the Looks and Gesture of Laena and finding that he was earnestly petitioning and not accusing said nothing because there were many Starngers to the Conspiracy mingled amongst them but with a chearful Countenance encourag'd Cassius And after a little while Laena having kiss'd Caesar's Hand went away shewing plainly that all his Discourse was about some particular Business relating to himself Now when the Senate was gone in before to the Place where they were to sit some of the Conspirators got close to Caesar's Chair pretending they had some Suit to make to him and Cassius turning his Face to Pompey's Statue is said to have invok'd it as if it had been sensible of his Prayers Trebonius in the mean while drew Antony towards the Door and kept him in Talk without the Court Caesar now enter'd and the whole Senate rose up to him As soon as he was sate down they all seemingly very officious crowded round about him and set Tullius Cimber one of their own Number to intercede in behalf of his Brother that was banish'd they all joyn'd their Prayers with his and took Caesar by the Hand and kiss'd his Head and his Breast But he rejecting at first their Supplications and afterwards when he saw they would not desist violently rising up Tullius with both Hands catch'd hold of his Robe and pull'd it off from his Shoulders and Casca that stood behind him drawing his Dagger gave him the first but a slight Wound about the
quintam sortis partem quod vulgo dicimus viginti in centum Salmasius de Usura p. 188. Lugd. Bat. 1639. Vsurae communes Atticis majores nauticae minores quà m Romanis rationem dat Salmasius quia Navigationes At he 〈…〉 enses omnes fere Bosphorum petebant qui longissimae Pontum Salmas Ibidem Who may be allowed to praise their Ancestors The Government and State of the City of Sicyon Aratus's narrow escape His Education at Argos Aratus attempts to free Sicyon His marches towards Sicyon Delivers the City without bloodshed And aessociates it to the Achaeans The Charactar of Aratus He sails into Aegypt The Sicyonian Painting in much esteem Ptolomy's liberality to Aratus Antigonus indeavours to win Aratus to his party Aratus plunders Locris Resolves to attempt the taking of the Cittadel of Corinth * Here the old English Translator makes a pleasant mistake for whereas Amyoâ— calls Peloponnesus Presqu'Isle that is Peninsula the old Translator tells us news of a certain Island of Peloponnesus call'd Presche Sister to the Isle of Pines The Acro-corinth seis'd by Antigonus * A famous Muâ—itian of that time Erginus discovers a secret path leading to the weakest part of the Cittadel Technon Servant to Aratus his mistake Aratus marches to Corinth by night Surprises the City Stormes the Acro-Corinth and takes it Makes an Oration to the Citizens The good effects of this Exploit Aratus attempts to free Argos But fails in his design The surest Guard of a Prince The Tyrant Aristippus's manner of life Aristippus fights Aratus and beats him Aratus regains his credit and Aristippus is killâ—d The Tyrant Lysiades voluntarily frees Megalopolis Emulates and opposes Aratus And thereby loses the favour of the Achaeans The Aetolick War Pellene recover'd by a Panick fear Peace made with the Aetolians Aratus excuses the assaulting the Piraeum * The Territory between Athens and Eleusis He is defeated by the Macedonian General and reported to be Slain Invades the Athenians in a rage for their flattery is pacify'd and assists them to recover their Liberty Perswades Aristomachus to see free Argos Aristomachus oontrary to Aratus's advice invades Laconia Aratus is routed by Cleomenes But shortly after takes Mantinea Lysiades ingaging rashly in a Battle with Cleomenes is slain Aratus in disgrace Fights Megistonus and takes him Prisoner Refuses the Generalship of the Achaeans and why I seensur'd for calling in Antigonus and the Macedonians The Achaeans lose Mantinea and are beaten at Hecatombaeum by Cleomenes Their affairs in very ill posture Aratus being commission'd to punish the Traitors is forced to shift for his own life Aratus in great distress Antigonus called in to the assistance of the Achaeans Receives Aratus very Honourably A Prediction pleasantly fulfill'd Argos revolts from Cleomenes Aratus is blam'd for the death of Aristomachus and upon other accounts Philip the Son of Antigonus comes into Peloponnesus Aratus ill success against the Aetolians occasion'd the calling in of Philip into Greece Who suffers himself to be govern'd by the Counsel of Aratus Aratus affronted by Philips Courtiers Is ill us'd by Philip himself Aratus falls out with Philip Taurion poisons Aratus by the command of Philip. He dies at Aegium And is bury'd at Sicyon * The fifth of November The youngest Aratus poisoned also by Philip dyes Philip smarts sufficiently for these murders The Comparison of Dion and Brutus Dionysius the Tyrant of Sicily Marries two Wives Dion comes to Court Plato comes into Sicily Dion Plato's Scholar Dionysius hears Plato discourse Plato leaves Si 〈…〉 y. Dion sent Embassador to Carthage Dionysius his Children His Death Dionysius the Second succeeds his Father His Debauchery Dion's haughty Humour His Edution Dionysius the first very timorous Dion perswades Dionysius to send for Plato Plato sent for Philistus the Historian Why banish'd Recalled from Banishment Plato arrives in Sicily Dion railed at by the Courtiers Out of favour at Court Is forced away into Italy His Riches Plato sent away Dion sojourns at Athens Exhibits a Play for the Youth Travels in Greece Is made Citizen of Sparta His Revenues stopt Plato sent for Plato arrives in Sicily Sent away again Theste's Answer to Dionysius the First Dion resolves upon a War with Dionysius Is encourag'd by the Sicilians readiness to assist him Zante Dion Sacrifices to Apollo The Moon Eclipsed Prodigies before the War in Sicily Dion sets Sail with his Fleet. Passes the Cape Pachinus Iâ— driven 〈…〉 e Coast of Africk Arrives at Minoa in Sicily Takes the Town And delivers it up again Marches to Syracuse By a strange Accident Dionysius hears not Dion's arrival The Citizens meet him at the Gates Dion marches into the City in triumph Proclaims the Sicilians free Is chosen General Besieges the Castle Dionysius arrives Sends to treat with Dion and the Citizens Their Answer Dionysius puts the Deputies in Prison Makes a Salley Is wounded And carried off Dionysins's men beat into the Castle Letters sent to Dion from Dionysius Read publickly Dion suspected Heraclides arrives Courts the Mobile Is chosen Admiral Sosis plots against Dion Is found guilty of false Accusation and condemn'd to die Philistus arrives with a Fleet to help Dionysius Taken Prisoner and slain Timaeus the Historian Ephorus the Historian Dionysius makes offer of Surrender Receives no Answer Makes his Escape by Sea Hippon a Leveller Heraclides joyns with him Sets the Citizens against Dion They choose five and twenty Commanders Dion's Soldiers guard him out of the City The Citizens set upon them Fly before them Dion marches to the Leontines The Syracusians march after him and are beaten The Leontines receive Dion Nypsius arrives with a Fleet. Storms the Works and 〈…〉 ters the 〈…〉 ty Dion sent for back by the Syracusians Calls an Assembly His Speech to his Soldiers Dionysius's Men retreat into the Castle Make another Sally Fire the City Dion and his Men come to their succour March in great danger thró the Ruins Beat Nypsiuâ—'s Men into the Castle The Demagogues leave the City Dion pardons Heraclides and Theodotes Carries on the Siege Repeals the Votes of the Levellers A Famine occasion'd by the Sedition in the Army Dion forc'd to engage Pharax is beaten Prevents Heraclides Design of Possessing himself of the City Gaesylus the Spartan Apollicrates delivers up the Castle upon Articles Dion enters the Castle Takes again his Wife He is murther'd by Dion's means Calippus the Athenian Dion sees ae strange Apparition His Son breaks his Neck Dion inform'd of the Plot. Calippus denies it upon Oath Calippus Chief at Syracuse Kill'd at Rhegium Dion's Sister Wife and Son drown'd * Labio †Flavius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Quod ab urbe Semitertio miliari distat 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉