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a28556 The Character of Queen Elizabeth, or, A full and clear account of her policies, and the methods of her government both in church and state her virtue and defects, together with the characters of her principal ministers of state, and the greatest part of the affairs and events that happened in her times / collected and faithfully represented by Edmund Bohun, Esquire. Bohun, Edmund, 1645-1699.; Johnston, Robert, 1567?-1639. Historia rerum britannicarum. 1693 (1693) Wing B3448; ESTC R4143 162,628 414

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was granted by Henry the IVth in the year 1596. did them more damage than the breach of all the other Six that went before it because by its long duration it disarmed and effeminated that Party and robbed them of their Fears their Martial Courage and that keen Zeal for their Religion which the Perfidy and Violence of the former Times had kept alive We desire Peace and good days but God who knows our temper and what will follow very often sends us Troubles for our good which like Physick keeps us alive tho it doth not please us In the year 1565. there was a secret League made at Bayone between the Crowns of France and Spain which was called The Holy League because chiefly designed for the Extirpating the Protestant Religion out of France and Flanders tho it was managed with all the Privacy and Secrecy that was possible yet the suspicion of the Protestant Party gave them the first hint to dive into it and within a little time it was discovered both by its effects and by the cross Interests of many of the Roman-Catholicks who were to be deprived of their Civil Privileges in lieu of having their Religion established and preserved This gave the occasion to all those fearful Commotions in Flanders which I have just now related And in France there followed a Civil War in the year 66. another in the year 1568. which in the year 1572. was ended by a Treaty of Marriage between Henry of Bourbon King of Navarre Head of the Protestants and Margaret Sister of Charles the IXth then King of France Here the Roman-Catholick Party played their last Card and with a Diabolical Perfidy and Cruelty which has no Example in Sacred or Prophane History and Massacred vast Numbers of the Principal Nobility and Gentry of the Protestants who were come to Paris to see the Marriage not being able to suspect a Court could be so base as to stain it self in so Treacherous a manner with the blood of men who relied upon their Faith The next year after Charles died and Henry the IIId his Brother who had been a great Actor in the Massacre succeeded him in the Kingdom of France Under him the Holy League as it was called went slowly on and he was not so forward to involve his Kingdom in War and Blood as the weaker Princes his Brothers had been but he was rather inclined to destroy them insensibly by the Arts of Peace as it came afterwards to be done but this Method was disliked by the Popish Party in France which is for the most part Fiery and Cruel and will never use slow and gentle ways but when it is impossible they should do otherwise Hereupon the Duke of Guise a Valiant but very Factious Gentleman began in the year 1576. to set up himself against his Prince and in the year 1584. he got himself declared Head of the Holy League against the King his Master as a Favourer of Heresie by Gregory the XIIIth then Pope of Rome and a great part of the bigotted and discontented Clergy and Nobility of France Whereupon in the year 1585. followed the Seventh Civil War in France upon the Pope's Excommunicating the King of Navarre and the Prince of Conde for Heresie This last War was began by the Popish Party against the opinion and without the consent of Henry King of France and accordingly it thrived the King of Navarre beating them in the Battel of Courtay in the year 1587. After which Victory the King was desirous to have a Peace and the Guises and the Popish Party to continue the War And upon this the Roman Catholick Party subdivided it self into two Factions part siding with the King for a Peace and part joining with the Guises to carry on the War and depose this King as a Favourer of Heresle softned with Pleasures and unfit for Government The Duke of Guise was a younger Branch of the Family of Lorrain which is esteemed the Direct Heir of the House of Charles the Great and consequently it has a Pretence to the Crown of France which is foreclosed by nothing but the too great Antiquity of the Claim and the Weakness of that Family Henry the IIId the then King of France was become the last of the House of Valoise and thought unfit for Generation and upon his Death the Crown of this Kingdom was to devolve to Henry King of Navarre who was the Head of the Protestant Party and all the Family was in the same Interest but the Cardinal of Bourbon who was a very old Gentleman so that if things were suffered to go quietly on the Death of Henry III. would put the Protestants of France in Possession of the Throne in the Person of Henry IV. This was the true ground of that dreadful Revolution which shook the Foūndations of the French Monarchy and Nation They considered that if a Protestant Prince was once quietly setled in the Throne nothing but a Miracle could preserve the Roman-Catholick Religion in France and they durst not trust an Event to the Providence of God and the Reasons and Consciences of men which in all probability would put an end to the Romish Religion in France and so weaken it in all the rest of Europe that it would never be in a condition to make use of Force more against those that had forsaken it so the Design was laid between the King of Spain the Pope and the Duke of Guise That Henry the IIId should be Deposed and turned into a Monastery as Chilperick was and Henry the IVth should be excluded as an Heretick relapsed and Excommunicated and a new King of France should be chosen and then each of these Heads of this League hoped to make their own Market in the end Henry the IIId saw all this and to save himself in the year 1588. called an Assembly of the Three Estates of France at Bloise but finding the greater part of his Subjects by the procurement of the Popish Clergy inclined to join with the Duke of Guise against him he ordered Henry Duke of Guise and Charles his Brother Cardinal of Lorain to be both Assassinated by his Guards and secured many of their Friends but the Duke of Maine another of the Brothers of the Duke of Guise escaped the slaughter and thereupon almost the whole Kingdom of France revolted and took up Arms against him under the Duke of Maine so that he had no way to save his own Life and Crown but to call Henry King of Navarre and his Protestant Subjects to his Assistance against these his enraged Catholick Subjects who were now become his implacable enemies Being thus in a condition to have forced Paris and to have driven the Conspirators out of France one James Clement a Dominican Monk stabbed him the first of August in his Tent under the Walls of Paris The House of Valoise thus failing in him when it had enjoyed the Crown of France Two hundred and
not remember that I have read elsewhere this Order for burning the Popish Books The Complaints of the Popish Bishops The Reformation estab●ished The Miseries of Scotland in the Reform●…tion The Happines●… of England Her Care to settle Pious and Learned Bishops and Clergymen And to curb the immoderate liberty of the Protestant Dissenters Anabaptists discovered Two of which were burnt The 〈◊〉 Conventicles suppressed The Behaviour of Pope Pius IV. The Council of Trent recalled The Plea of the Protestant Princes against it Martiningo sent Nuncio into England And rejected by theQueen The Popish Party well disposed to rebel The Settlement of the Civil State taken into consideration The Money reduced to the old Standard The Security of the Nation providently taken care for Maga●…ines and Naval Stores provided LargeShips of War built The means by which she improved and enriched her Kingdom Laws and Orders made for the publick good of her people The Bishops and Commons favoured as a Balance to the Nobility She f●…oured her Kindred and advanced them Her advice to the Nobility Her care to change or abolish evil Customs and Laws of former times 1559. The Parliament Address to the Queen to Marry Which she refused and in a set Speech told them she resolved to live in Celebacy Her wonderful Temperance and Chastity The Princes and Great men that Cou●…ted her * In 1560. * In 1560. † In 1568. ⸫ In 1574. By degrees she became more averse to Marriage than the seemed at first to be The character of the the Earl of Leicester She Prefer'd him in Title and estate and advanced his Brother The ill effects of Luxury His designs in debauching the Nobility Anno 1583. Leicester recommends Robert Earl of Essex to the Queen The Actions of that Earl in Holland His Character The Queen very much oppressed by the Inf●…my and Villanies of Leicester The Character of Thomas Ratcliff Earl of Sussex The Character of Sir William Cecil afterward Lord Burleigh The Earl of Sussex sent Ambassador to the Emperor The Ruin of Leicester HisDeath and Dishonour The Character of the Lord Willoughby The Character of Sir Francis Walsingham Burleigh made Lord Treasurer for his Virtue The Character and Story of Mary Queen of Scotland The Character of Sir N. Throgmorton The French desirous of a War with England T●…rogmorton kindles the Civil Wars in France The French design to improve their Interest in Scotland to the Ruin of England The Scotch complain and arm against them The French retire to Leith The Scots send into England for assistance A Fleet sent into Scotland And an Army which besieged Leith Leith dismantled The first Civil War in France The Death of Francis II King of France Mary Queen of the Sco●…s Marrieth James 1. borr The beginni●…g of the Mi●…ortunes of Mary Qu. of Scotland Her Impri●…onment at Carl●… The Queen of Scots Letter to Q. Elizabeth upon her first Landing in England The Thi●…d Letter The deplo●…ble state of the Princes of the earth The Difficulties attending the keeping or dismissing the Queen os the Scots A Resolution taken to detain her as a Prisoner of War The Queen of England not acted by a spirit of Jealousie and Revenge Mildmay sent into Scotland to threaten the Regent Murray upon Q. Elizabeth's threats comes into England Q Elizabeth durst not restore the Qu. of the Scots to her Throne The Queen prevailed upon to put the Queen of Scots upon her Trial. The Trial of the Q. of the Scots Hatton's wheedling Speech The Speech censured Foreign Princes and the Popish Priests guilty of the Murther of the Q. of the Scots Pins V Excommunicates the Qu and absolves all her Subjects Thereupon followed Rebellions and Insurrections in England The E. of Northumberland leads the way And is followed by the E. of Westmorland Northumberland taken in Scotland Westmorland fled into Flanders The Causes of the Miscarriage of this Insurrection The Calamities of the Earl of Northumberland The Earl of Sussex prosecutes the Rebels with great Severity Another Rebellion springeth out of this The Duke of Norfolk the secret Head of these Rebellions The Character of the D. of Norf●… After these Rebellions followed a shoal of Treasons and Conspiracies Which occasioned the Acts of P. against the Recusants The Colleges of the Jesuits opene lin Eanders c. And called Seminaries Parson and Campian the two first Seminary Priests sent into England Parry's Conspiracy against the Queen Babington's Conspiracy His Character Savage sent to assassinate the Q●…en The Persons in Babington's Conspiracy Babington the great Actor in it This Conspiracy proved fatal to the Queen of the Scots A Justification of Queen Elizabeth against the Reproaches of the Papists The Queen has a plentiful Supply given her in Parliament She dischargeth a Part of what was granted by her Proclamation The Spaniards send Lopez and two others to murther the Queen Cullin York and Williams sent from Flanders on the same Errand And executed in 1595. She spared none of those who fell into her hands A Digression concerning William Parry Parry's Confession His Design discovered by one Nevil The Queen's Severity to these Conspirators made her terrible to the English Papists But it was God that preserved her There has been but one Protestant Prince Murthered since the Reformation by them The second Civil War in France The third Civil War of France She sends 100000 Crowns and great Stores of Arms and Ammunition into 〈◊〉 to the Protestants A Reflection concerning Passive Obedience The King of France laboureth to divide the Protestants without Success The true Causes of this and the other Civil Wars of France The Queen of England preserv'd the Protestants of France The beginning of the Low-Countrey War Liberty of Conscience treacherously granted and re-called The King of Spa●…n enraged at the Edict for Liberty of Conscience The Spaniards design to settle an Absolute and Arbitrary Government in the N●…therlands The Regent grows severe against the Protestants on various pretences Valenciennes commanded to receive a Garison The rest of the 〈◊〉 petition for a General Assembly of the States The Design●… of Spain discovered to the Nobility of the Netherlands The Discovery at the first only terrified and divided them Valenciens besieged A bloody Persecution against the P●…otestants of the Netherlands The Breakers of Images not put upon it by the Reformed The use Spain designed to make of this Disorder The Character of the Duke of Alva He comes into Fland●…rs The Council of Blood setled Their Rules The Counts of Egmont and Hoorne the first they seized And after them vast numbtrs of the meaner Inhabitants These Proceedings alarm all the Protestants in France and Queen Elizabeth They fly into England and set up many Manufactures The Conduct of this Prince considered The reasons which mov'd the Queen of England to oppose the Spaniards The Inhabitants of the Netherlands follow the Example of Q. Elizabeth He com-plains to Q. Elizabeth of her Harbouring the Netherland Pyrates
March with the English Army for England where he was rewarded for this Service with the Government of Berwick which he did not long enjoy for he died the 14th of December 1562. This War saith Mr. Cambden preserved all Britain from Ruin restored the Scots to their Ancient Liberty and setled the Peace and enlarged the Reputation of the English Nation so that from thenceforward during all her happy Reign she had no reason to apprehend any danger from Scotland the Protestants of that Nation esteeming the Queen their Patroness and Deliverer and the English acknowledging she had laid a sure foundation for their future Security Thus she delivered Scotland from those Foreigners who designed by Violence and Force to suppress not only the Protestant Religion but their Civil Rights and Liberties also and to bring upon that Free Nation an intolerable French Slavery Of this the Scots were then so extremely sensible saith my Author who was of that Nation That they being delivered by her means from Foreign Servitnde they thereupon subscribed to a League to maintain the Protestant Religion and to use the English Worship and Rites After this a Civil War arose in France and the Queen sent Supplies under the Earl of Warwick in 1562. to the Prince of Conde the Count de Rohan and Coligny the Defenders of the Protestant Religion and of the Liberties of that Kingdom To these Forces when the Protestants themselves opposed th●…m she sent afterwards Additional Forces and great Sums of Money At this time the French Protestants put Havre de Grace into her hands as a Cautionary Town and it was Garison'd with English Soldiers but so soon as their Fear of the Popish Party was a little abated by a Peace granted to them which yet wa●… of no duration they joined with their Popish Countreymen to drive out their Benefactors and with equal Violence endeavoured to reduce the Town under the Crown of France again The Earl of Warwick seeing his men consumed by a War without and a Pla●…ue within the Town and no Relief to be expected in due time he thereupon began a Treaty with the Enemy and the 28th of July 1563. the Articles of Surrender were signed the next day there came a Fleet of 60 Sail of English Ships into the Haven on which the Garison was Transported into England And the Protestants of France had the chief hand in the driving them out as all sides acknowledge The Death of Francis II. King of France the 5th of December 1560. when he had Reigned but Seventeen Months put an end to all the French Ambitious Designs of Conquering England and Reducing Scotland and to the Fears of both these Kingdoms on that score Mary Queen of Scotland being thus deprived of her Beloved Husband soon grew weary of that Kingdom and getting a small Number of Ships together for that purpose she went on board at Calais the 14th of August and she landed at Leith the 20th of the same month in the year 1561 being attended by many of the Nobility and some great Ladies of both the French and Scots Nation Not long after the Queen of England having opposed this Princess's designs of Marrying Charles Archduke of Austria and rather recommending to her choice the Lord James Darnley Eldest Son to the Earl of Lenox and the next Heir after her of the Crowns of England and Scotland so that this Match would undoubtedly secure her Title to England too after the Death of Queen Elizabeth whereupon she married him at Edinburgh in the year 1565 and the next year after James their only Son was born to the great Joy of both the Nations for he was then thought one of the Pillars of Christendom the Ornament of his Native Countrey and Family and all men presaged That he would one day become the King of Great Britain as it came afterwards to pass by the wonderful good Providence of God This Marriage was attended with a Catastrophe and Tragick Event which is grievous to the thoughts and scarce possible to be enough lamented Mary Stewart the Relict of Francis II. King of France and the Immediate Heiress and Lawful Queen of Scotland and the Presumptive Heir of the Kingdoms of England and Ireland the Mother of James VI. soon after became a Lamentable Example of the Unsteadiness of Human Affairs The Lord Darnley her Husband having out of Jealousie ordered the Murther of one David Rixio the Queen's Secretary was afterwards himself Poisoned first and then Murdered at Edinburgh in the year 1567 The effect of which was the Deposing the Queen her self who was suspected to have an hand in it and the Imprisoning her in a Castle in the Lake of Locklevin where she was forced to subscribe a Resignation of the Crown and Government of Scotland in the year 1568. The Queen by the Providence of God escaped afterwards out of this Restraint the 2d of May and raised some Forces to recover her Crown again which were intirely routed and dispersed by the Forces of the Regent of Scotland So that having nothing more to trust to in that Kingdom she took shipping with intention to pass into France but being by stress of Weather or the Treachery of those that carried her brought into England she was landed at Warkinton in Cumberland the 17th of the same Month and not long after committed Prisoner to the Castle of Carlisle so that being driven from her Native Countrey by her own Subjects she found an uneasie and cruel Restraint where she expected a Refuge and a Sanctuary The Laws of Hospitality and that Kindness which Nature teacheth all men to use towards those that are of the same Lineage and Blood not being able to protect her against the Jealousie of a Rival Queen When Mary Queen of the Scots saw her self reduced to this Calamitous Condition forsaken of all her Subjects and Servants and forced to flee in one day about Sixty Miles and then not thinking her self secure till passing to Sea she was thrown upon the English shore She wrote a Letter to the Queen of England before she left Scotland and sent it by one Beton and she gave him a Diamond which the Queen had sent her before this as a Pledge of her Friendship she also ordered him to tell the Queen That she intended to leave Scotland and to come into England and did most earnestly beseech her to send her such Help and Assistance as was necessary in case the Scots should persist in the same Methods of Oppression Queen Elizabeth assured this Gentleman That she would shew the Queen of Scots all that Affection that she could possibly expect from a Sister Before this Gentleman could get back again she left Scotland contrary to the Advice of all her Friends and came into England and as soon as she was on shore she sent the Queen a Second Letter in French in the Conclusion of which she tells the Queen of England That she was come into her