steps of Connanus and Duarenus composed the Discipline of the Laws into an order and method of Art taking away those things which the too secure ignorance of the former age had disordered yet not so as that it should give place to modern want of knowledg which in empty dress of words hath infringed the very sinues of that kind of Learning But this man by the infection of the Earl of Leicesters party was carryed so far that he forgot not onely his Studies but even the duties of a private person and a stranger and from thence went away to Altorf For interpreting the Manners and Customs of the Romans and discoveries and dilucidations of Antiquity was Justus Lipsius who added both to his own fame and the Honour of the place by his Learning a person who by the pleasing gravity of his behaviour was honoured beyond his Profession alluring most men to delight in him by the sweetness of his Discourse for since Nature had denyed him neither Rhetorick nor Oratory he rather chose that concise manner of speaking which is intermingled with mirth which was in truth a new mode of Speech but yet in some sort resembling Antiquity which when such did strive to imitate as were not equall to him in wit and Judgement they deviated into the most corrupt conceptions But when publick fear and private injury had forced Lipsius to change his party there was sent for out of France Joseph the Son of Julius who had conferred to the Family of Scaliger from which he was descended not onely Nobility but the vertue of paternal Wisdom by the laying open all things that were to be known either concerning Nations or Ages he was not wearied with continual study even to his old Age and might solace himself with this that from his very Child-hood his Fame and Renown continually encreased The Oriental Tongues were taught by Francis Raphelenge and the Greek by Vulcanius with no little Reputation For disputation in Divinity there was Franciscus Junius a Man of a very sharp Wit and one that would with great inginuity use the subtilty of the Adversaries Arguments against themselves Here also was famous Hadrianus Julius a Hollander for his Learning in natural Philosophy and Medicine nor was he contemptible for other parts of Wisdom Hither also came that great light Aldegonde there seeking leisure to translate the divine Law into the Language of his Country And that most famous Herbalist Charles Clusius of Artois Among the rest we may reckon Janus Dowsa who was appointed by the States to oversee and govern the Students We may call him Chancellour of the University to whom Posterity will attribute great Honour for his description of quality the Honours born and enduring of the Siege of Leyden in everlasting Poetry yet in that kind his Son which bore the same name excelled him the same also being joyned with his Father for composing the Annals of Holland and 't is probable he would have been fit for greater Employments if immature death had not taken him away being a young man of highest expectation for Learning With such Masters and such examples as these were Youth trained up whose number in a short time so encreased that Arts necessary both for publick and private Commodity which before by the unfrequentedness of the place were neglected now were not sufficient for instructing Ingenuity And although others of their own accord do earnestly labour by literature and Poetry to advance their name above the vulgar Holland having never been barren in that kind of Eloquence wherein formerly excelled Peter Mannius and Janus Secundiâ— and his Brothers so now also the like is found in the Writings of many young men But yet the raw Studies of this Nation which rather minds the getting of Wealth were not come to their heighth for yet had it not been the Country either of Erasmus or Longolius But the Reverence I bear to the Names of these great Men and the Reputation of that more peaceable sort of Wisdom hath made run far astray both from the Common-wealth and the War But now I return There were Embassadors sent to Christian the Fourth who now being come to his full and lawful Age was of himself without a Governour King of Denmark and had taken into his own hands the full power of Government and these were to congratulate him in the name of the States with their Joy and well-wishes but they were not to present themselves before the greatest of the Solemnities were past least among so great an Assembly of Embassadors there should arise any Contest for preheminence out of envy or least they should voluntarily give place to all to the diminution of their dignity There wanted nothing but that they for the common fear of the Spanish domineering should have requested ayd The Priviledges of Amsterdam onely were confirmed Those old ones claimed by the Cities of Schidam and Enchuysen from former Kings were disannuâ—led yet the Embâ—ssadors were dismissed with Honour and Gifts and so not long after John Baptista Taxis coming to him from the Spaniard although he brought far richer Gifts yet was not received with the like kindness The Reason hereof was believed to be this because the Spaniard who not long before had promised three hundred thousand Duckets yearly to the Dane instead of a Tribute that he would not suffer the Hollanders to come into these Streights having not performed this was afterwards convicted that he would by treachery have invaded his Castles upon the Sound whereof notice had been sent him by the Vnited States After the taking of Hulst all things about the Hollanders were quiet excepting onely some light and memorable Skirmishes between the Horse For as well theirs as the Enemies Militia was so exhausted that they could hardly defend the Borders of the Netherlands against the French And at the beginning of Autumn fulfilling his promises with an easie hope and the great favour of his Allyes sent against the Artoysians the Marshall Biron Commander of a considerable Body of Horse seeming as if he went to defend Picardy Verembonius earnestly desiring to free the Government committed to him from rapine marched with twelve Troops of Horse against the French being then not so many in number yet nevertheless he was overcome and taken Prisoner together with Count Montecuculi an Italian and several others upon whom was imposed a great Sum of money for their Ransom And presently the Conquerours falling not onely into Artois but Flanders so pillaged the whole Country that they made a greater wast and havock there than had ever been remembred to be made in France in the Wars either of Charles formerly or Philip lately The Country people and Boors flying into the Cities carryed thither not onely Poverty but Infectious Diseases Whereupon the Lord of Cimace was presently sent with a new strength to defend the Borders but he also was put to flight Ambrosio Landriano the General of the Horse undervaluing his Command who being
Multitude of the common People while others after the old manner of Mourning in a vowed Habit promise and swear Never to cut their Hair untill they had revenged the Blood of those Noble-men The Prince of Aurange with many others are cited by a Proclamation to appear and because being absent and out of their reach he laughed at their Threats of Punishment all his Goods are confiscated and his Son which was bred up at Levain in the Study of the Arts is seized upon and carried Prisoner into Spain It was a very sad thing to take notice of the Desolation and Wast that was here made partly by Slaughters and partly by Flight Some few whose exceeding Poverty would not bear out their Banishment retired into the Woods and there hiding themselves where they lived like Salvages upon the daily Spoils committed upon Priests not taking Notice of the Magistrates who came to suppress them by Force but robbing and killing them as they could find advantage until at last they were destroyed and driven away by the greater and more powerful strength of Alva So also at the Rivers Maze and Rhene a few unadvised persons being scatteredly met together and having sworn the Dukes death at the very first Rencounter were all overcome and slain And to cut off all thoughts of hope the Messengers and Curriers from Spain brought word that then was nothing of moderation more to be expected from the King than from Alva for that a publike punishment was there inflicted upon Montaigne who was sent thither in vain bearing with him the Name of an Embassador as to Enemies which among all Nations is sacred and not to be violated for it was not thought fit for Subjects to treat or deal with their Prince after such a manner and so positively denied The Marquess of Berghen by a seasonable Death prevented to himself the like Fate though not without Suspition of Poyson But the very Thoughts of such a thing was condemned as a Crime because Alva had a hand therein There was about the same time a louder though more mystical Rumour of the Death of Charles the Kings Son It was evident that he though the Heir of so many Great Kingdoms was put into Ward whether his too much forwardness in his Youth had raised a Suspition of him that he was ambitious of Rule as if his Care for the Netherlanders had been too great for his Interest there or whether the same Crime were laid to his Charge which had taken off his Step-Mother is uncertain But this is sure that shortly after he died though still very dubious what Causes could so provoke the Fathers Wrath to that heighth as to work his Sonne death The Exiles who now though at distance were every where against their Wills and in Poverty being much grieved at the Oppression of their Country did earnestly sollicies the Prince of Aurange to take up Arms which of his own accord he was not at all propense to do willing rather the the Spaniard should over-un all until all his Counsels were laid open and there might be hoped a more safe Opportunity for the Distressed to gather and unite a Force while the King should for the most part be taken up with other Wars Nevertheless some of the Exiles at present being drawn together under the Leading of Lewis of Nassâ— brake into Frizeland There by the Death of Arembery there slain whom the heat and reviling of his Souldiers compâ—lled to fight though he thought it more Prudenceâ— weary them out by Delays by the Rout and Overthrow his Forces became Conquerours but staying with a fruitleâ— Expectation of some Towns falling off to them their Moâ—eâ—fell short for the Souldiers Pay so that all Discipline was neglected when suddaintly by the Surprize of Alva they were almost all slain Adolph the Prince of Aurange his Brother and Lewis his also being killed in the former Skirmish they had tincted the War alternately both with their own and their Enemies Bloud The Prince of Aurange being throughly moved with this Carriage of Affairs that he might be the better able to relieve his Parties both by strength and the Justice of their Government he sets forth in Books a Narrative the Reasons Causes and Justice of their taking up Arms refuting at once both the Judge and the Crimes objected against him not dissembling That now being taught better things he had lâ—ft the Church of Rome yet calling God to Witness That he took Arms for the Publike Weal and freeing his Countrey from Slavery That this was the Duty of every good Citizen much more of a Noble-man Of Philip he spoke honourably whose Goodness he said was perverted by the Spanish Counsels and that he did not yet despair but that he would at length resume better thoughts of his faithful Subjects and uphold their sworn and setled Laws In the mean while according to the Law of Brabant in regard of his many Errours in Government Obedience was due unto him as to their Soveraign Lastly that which seems to make most for the Justice of their Cause was this The Brabanders as they had a more special and wary care than the rest for the maintaining their Liberty so likewise to prevent the Incroachmâ—nt of their Princes who under pretence of the Publike did not stick somâ—times to break up and dissolve their State-Conventions they used to Covenant of their own proper Right that when any Prince infringed the Laws they should be free from the Bonds of their Fidelity and Obedience to him untill the Wrongs so done should be removed and satisfied And this confirmed by many Examples of their Ancestors who when formerly some of their Princes either through their own weakness or the Delusions of Flatterers had been drawn away they drew to more moderation among whom the most remarkable was John the Second of that Name either by Force or strong Decrees by them drawn up which before they would conclude any Peace they made the Princes freely promise That they would without any violation confirm and establish the same Now the Prince of Aurange though born in Germany yet had obtained many most Noble Heriditary Jurisdictions in Brabant to the Lords or Possessors whereof antient Custom had given the Dignity of being a Peer or chief Governour by which Right he urged That is did belong to him not onely to see the Laws well executed but also to defend and maintain them But here it is not to be omitted that the same Right was claimed by the like Customs by divers other of the Netherlandish Provinces and also that the Decrees of Maximilia of Austria and Mary of Burgundy were to be taken notice of which had made them by the same Sanction of the Laws individually equally with the Brabanders themselves And this appears by what the People of Frizeland Utrechâ— and Gelderland did in the time of the Emperour Charles their Prince when among many other peculiar Agreements and Covenants there was this one common and
sent to assist Embden which entred the City at the same time when Enno drawing near with his Forces hoped to have been admitted by those of his Faction but now being kept out thence he entreth the Villages round about and erects several Forts for the shutting up of the City and the River The States being informed thereof and now after the taking of Grave having some leisure to consult about their neighbours affairs at the request of the City sent Warner Dubois a Colonel of Horse thither with some Troups of Horse and almost nineteen Companies of Foot He within a few daies assaults and wins all the Forts and sets free the City from those rude and ignorant maintainers of Warre Enâ—o that he might remove this disgrace out of his sight with as much envy and bitterness of language as he could invent disputed the Hollanders incroachments upon the rights of anothers dominion of which the States being conscious they published in Print the cause of that action of theirs and the danger that was like to have fallen not onely upon themselves but all Germany by the Count's deeds The Twelfth BOOK of the History of the Dutch AFFAIRES THE Hollanders being oppressed with the French Peace were attended with a greater evil which was the death of Queen Elizabeth about this time whereby they were more deeply plunged in a Warre yet had lost that assistence which as it was the first so had it continued unto the last She died the third day of April being by the length of daies arrived to the toils of life from whence she supposed her old age which she had spun out even to the seventieth year now grew contemptible and that the hopes and counsels of those in whom she had put her greatest confidence were turned towards her successor It was a long reign for a Woman and famous not onely at home but abroad which produced many various censures some conjecturing at the future according as they were led by fear or hope others from the memory of former actions reckoning what prosperity and adversity she had seen during her long life Here was remembred the beheading of her Mother and that for no small fault but onely the supposed crime of Adultery whence arose those many bitter taunts of her Enemies as if she had been the Issue of an unknown Father Soon after when her Sister fate in the Throne she was cast into Prison Which was no small affliction of so great a spirit until by the means and intercessions of Philip King of Spain to whom she owed her Liberty if not her Life she was freed from thence though afterwards she requited his kindness with a long and sharp Warre Besides her Reign was accounted cruel by the execution of so many Noblemen for no other pretence but that they professed the Romane Catholick Religion and also in that no less novel then odious example to all Princes though indeed excusable enough from the necessity that by the command of a Woman not onely a Woman but a Kinswoman and she a Suppliant not as a common person but a distressed Queen was put to death Also there were some that stuck not to exprobrate the divulsions of Ireland and seditions of the English Souldiers in the Low-Countries as if they had been commanded Certainly it was the greatest of her misery that she lived so long without a Husband from whence came the incertainty of her Heir and very various were the several opinions concerning her many objecting her love to the Earl of Leicester and after him her endearments of Essex whose hot and over-hasty youth together with his contempt of her decaying and aged beauty was punished with the loss of his head though soon after her minde was more changed from hatred to repentance then before it had been from love to hatred so that it was by many judged to be the main cause of her sickness and death On the other side it was said that the long continuance of her Government and life manifested the same to be well-pleasing to God and that instead of the customary evils of youth she had shewed great prudence in her carriage and behaviour in the enjoyment of both good and bad fortune Nor was it so great a wonder that her security was established by the death of some Rebels and by Warres as that a Woman's Government after four and fourty years had not onely made England safe but flourishing nor had she at any time taken Arms but for most just causes Religion was by her reformed to the example of King Edward not by force or according to her own fancy but upon debate of the matter in the great Council of the Kingdome and in a lawful manner Nor did she rage with cruelty against those that were of another judgement unless it were when it was too late when by the doctrine and instruction of the Jesuites they had thrown off all reverence love to their Country and Government at once By her help Scotland was vindicated from the French the Prince of Conde's Party from their adverse faction and much of the Netherlands from the Spaniards And although she had so many great allurements to increase her Dominion yet she remained content with her own not desiring from all her victorious atchievements any other thing then the liberty of that Religion by her promoted and to set limits to power that was or might be defervedly suspected Thus did she restore the Towns which she possessed in France preserved Scotland for a Child and rejected the desires of the Hollanders intreating her to take the Dominion over them And now lately the old Garrisons in Ireland being taken and new ones fortified some of the Nobles being taken here some there their faction was so infeebled and the very strength and pretence thereof so weakned and Tyrone himself so broken that falling upon his knees before the Lord Lieutenant he humbly requested pardon of all his offences For that excess of Honour happened to him a little before his fall She had been courted to Marriage not by the English onely but by Charles of Austria brother of the Emperour and by Henry and Francis brothers to the King of France as also by some Kings themselves to wit Philip of Spain and Ericus of Sweden That she was thus sought was her happiness but that she refused all was her prudence because as it was unfit for her Greatness to marry a Subject so the Subjects of England were afraid she should marry a Foreiner The reproches that were spred concerning her took their beginning from her sex and the elegancy of her beauty together with the customary liberty of Princes and could onely be refuted by manlike care and diligence Nor was she onely well skilled in the arts of Government but was learned in the ancient and modern languages an excellency rarely found in Women of a private fortune which made her Name and renown great and famous and not onely terrible to and
in so great mutations and of what advantage Forreign Affairs were to Ours or Ours to them The whole North which consisted of Kingdoms of old replete with many Priviledges and Liberties was broken out into Arms almost for the same causes that the Hollanders War began for Sigismund following the Dictates of the Jesuites had lost Sweden with great difficulty retaining Poland For in Sweden Charls laying aside he name of Duke and by the Decree of his Nobles taking the name of King and repairing his Forces after the loss he had received at the Siege of Riga approached near the borders of Livonia In Poland Amoseius the Chancellor of that Kingdome while he lived had by his Wisdome and the reverent esteem that was had of him prevailed both with the King and Nobles for the observation of Peace and support of the Law But when he was dead first discontents and hatred arose which afterwards broke out into open Force And some there were that said The Nobles were advised soon after his Funeral that their Liberty had been attempted with many artisices That he had left the Commonwealth in as good a Condition to those that survived as it was when he first received the Charge of it and therefore now They should take care that nothing therein might go amiss either out of Ignorance or Sluggishness And in truth not long after the chief of the Noblemen that are there called Palatines broke out into Arms accusing the King That after the death of his first Wife without the advice of the States of Poland he had marryed the Sister of his deceased Wife thereby at once polluting the Kingdome with Incest and by a private League obliging himself to the House of Austria and that in the disposal of Honours he carried not an equal hand but preferred Romanists before Protestants they desired also that the Jesuits might be expelled out of the Jurisdiction of Craâ—ovia and that the contentions growing among Priests should be decided by Domestique Judges and not at Rome whither they must make long Journies with vast charge And thereupon the Great Council of that Kingdome being summoned they called the King before them to purge himself of his Crimes adding threats That unless he appeared they would transfer those Imperial Ensign of Majesty the Crown and Scepter which by the Custome of the Countrey they had the keeping of to another But the King collecting his Army and winning to him many by gifts although at first he was answered with divers successes yet preferring Peace a League was concluded at Sendomir whereby the Old Laws were strengthened and confirmed by New But for all this it might rather he called a laying down of Arms then a taking awâ—y of Offences for as he contemned the Subjects as Conquered so their impunity made them again grow confident so that the Peace was neither safe nor durable Besides these faults before mentioned this also was objected That without the consent of the Publick he intangled Poland in a war by sending aid to Demetrius This Demetrius after Boris had invaded the Dominion sought to slay the Son of the most noted Basilides by cruelty and after him enjoyed Muscovy professing himself the Brother of Theodore another being put into his place that should be killed while he was carryed into Poland where he long dissembled the Nobility of his bloud but at last prevailed in the over-perswading many by shewing upon his body divers private marks But he managed his Arms unfortunately against Boris who was now grown old and experienced both in the Arts of War and Government When he dyed he left a son named Theodore whom we mentioned before in his tender age to be left to his Mother but a great part of the Russians who equally hate the Government of Women and Children fell to Demetrius and presently the common people let him into Mosco the Principal City slaying in favour of their new Lord both the Widow and Son of Boris But the Fortune of his Kingdome was short for the Priests were offended at the Authority of the Jesuites by whose perswasions it was reported That he had sent to the Pope with intent to change the Greek Ceremonies for the Latine Nor were the Noblemen less enraged because he chose for the Guards to his person Foreiners and made use of none but Polanders both in his Court and Privy Counsels But the common people who hate or love not voluntarily but as they are lead and instructed were provoked by common report That he was not the Demetrius as was supposed but a Fugitive Monk instructed by Magick Art and but a slave sent by the Polanders to disturb the Affairs of Russia At the time of his Marriage which he celebrated with a young Polonian Lady the daughter of the Palatine of Sendomer a great tumult arising Demetrius or whoever else he was for even after his death it remained a doubt in vain striving to avoid his ruine by leaping from on high to the ground being weakned by the fall he was presently killed And his death was attended with a great slaughter of Polonians while one Scutskye that had raised this commotion seized the Empire at first indeed very unstable and tottering while their minds were astonished with the cruelty and being very slowly drawn to consent to a new Prince but afterwards it was soon setled by fear add punishments as is usual among Barbarians Now also had the sedition of the Imperial Souldiers involved Transilvania and the parts adjoyning upon Hungary in great troubles which were also increased by the Rapines of the Governours and debarring the Protestants the liberty of their Religion the envy of the War here also being thrown upon the Jesuits as the daily fomenters of mischief At this time also broke forth divers long concealed complaints That they plainly saw they were slighted for the Prince violated that antient Custome of his Predecessors of being present in their Assemblies and hearing the Requests of his People But Robolfus keeping himself within the Court kept the chief maâ—agety both of Arms and Counsels in the hands of Foreiners which is a thing very grievous even to such as are enslaved and therefore the more intollerable to them whose Laws and Foundations of Government are so confirmed to them by the Oaths of their Kings that it is accounted to them neither disgrace of Crime to resist all that would make an infringement thereupon And thus on a sudden they fell to fighting and besieging of Cities to the great rejoycing of the Turk from whom the Crown and Scepter of Hungary was sent to Steplxn Botscay a chosen Captain of the Malecontents who was besides the Publick inflamed with private injuries yet he persisted to refuse the same contenting himself with Transilvania and the Title of Prince But Peace set an end to this short War of which this was the third year The Turk being weakned by the Persians Victories and a new Rebellion in Asia and Botscay endeavouring nothing further
since and these chose to be assistant unto whom they pleased who had Authority to examine upon Oath any person whatsoever wheresoever or under whose Obedience soever he lived And by these subtle Dealings they not onely did wind themselves into the Secrets of Families but dived into the Closet of Mens Hearts for as any one was more or less Conscientiously fearful of Perjury so did he accordingly more or less by closer or more open Discoveries betray himself But if this were not yet were it a hard matter for men to conceal themselves there where it is accounted Religion to fall down before the Shrines of Saints their Host exposed in the Churches or else when it is openly carryed about Suspicion sends a man to Prison but the meanest Discovery is enough to commit him to Torture Nor is it permitted for the Accused Person Guiltless or Guilty to hear or refute the Witness as if such Allowance would be dangerous to the Witnesses and destructive to Truth it self The Temporal Judges are commanded to punish all that are condemned although it onely proceed from Ecclesiastical Cenâ—ure in the cruel executing whereof many strive to shew their Zeal and Piety Others there were who did foresee these manner of Judgments to be subject not onely to Scandal and Hatred but Covetousness because when Goods happened not to be Confiscate they would not suffer them to be taken out of their Cognizance and Power to the use of the Parties untill they had satisfied the Charge of the Complaint But the Spanish Inquisition for Sharpness and Cruelty exceeds all other for the management whereof some Monks of the Order of St. Dominike are chosen and it was of old and originally instituted against the Jews and Moors who being by their Kings compelled to own and profess Christianity did yet clandestinely relapse into the abjâ—â—â—d Errours This at first was not unworthily made use of against those Barbarous Nations though with their Hatred but afterwards it was by a wondrous Sagacity of Inquiry laid premiscuously as a Burden upon all For the most wary speeches nay silence it self Decoles and Treacheries in Friendship nay sideling and oblique Accusations were admitted so that it was plainly evident no man could behave himself with Innocency as could preserve his Safety and Honour if they were minded to question it which makes me think that they are not to be mistrusted for Forging who say onely the real Truth not out of Envy that they have heard in Spain it self and almost all over Italy most grievous Complaint of this Inquisition made by Romanists themselves in the very City of Rome In the Netherlands the Emperour Charles first set out aâ— Edict concerning Religion after he had condemned Luther upon a full Hearing before the Synod of Wormes in Germany and here it began from pecuniary Mults and other Corporeal Sufferings to punish with Death and by reason of the Lenity of the Judges the laws were site ched and seveâ— times proclaimed There was likewise great Care taken that no Books should be published but what had the Approbation of the Doctors of Lonvayne They who would Preach or argue out of the Scriptures were fain to meet â— private Assemblies Death by the Sword was threatâ— unto Men and to Women Inhumation or Burial alive together with the Confiscation of their Goods yet so that the â—ight first come in and acknowledge their Errour for the Obstinate were to be burned Also if any detected ◠〈◊〉 false Opinions and innocent in the rest woâ—â—â— repeat he should be degraded from all his Dignities They who harboured such and did not bring them forth should be lyable to the same punishments as the guilty themselves but Rewards and Impurity to all Accusess Many severe Edicts were set forth against suspected Persons and such as fled but most terrible against Relapsers And the very Judges though terrified by Penalties yet least under the pretence of Pitty they should moderate the Laws had Inquisitors fully instructed by Caesar himself joyned to them Onely the City of Antwerp whom a moderate Liberty together with extraordinary Obedience had mightily enriched daring to complain to the Germans and English that the Severity of that Edict had driven away the best part of her Commerce obtained that Strangers should be a little more kindly used and that that part of the Decree whereby Alienations and Testaments of Delinquents even before Judgment should be rescinded an evident Ruine of all Merchandising should not in that City be of any force These Laws being Dictated by a Disposition or Nature in it self otherwise not at all cruel we may the less wonder that the strength of Religion made them being impatient of any Dissentors which as in it self should rather mollifie and unite mens minds yet is by the wickedness of Humane Frailty made the main Cause of most bitter Discords and Factions Most of the Princes made it their Business to bind up the United Body of the Commonwealth in one Religion as in one Heart and to be as well fixt and well satisfied in the Reason of Sacred and of Profane Laws which might certainly if they were not so commonly admitted to vulgar handling whereby Caesar also was the more easily perswaded after the German Method that they might not with the Despised Reverence of the Clergy cast off the Bond of their Obedience to him by some few Penalties to take away the strength of that Poyson which had its only Aliment from Liberty But the Event proved quite contrary for though many suffered and perished by putting this in effect yet instead of a Decrease from thence they infinitely multiplyed and the Reason hereof might be because those things which we corporally act onely by the Fear and Threatning of Death and Torments are obnoxious to Authority and Power But the Mind as it is free and not to be limited or bound up if it receive any Principles or Documents into it self it will not be evinced either by Fire or Sword but rather incites and scores danger accounting it a Blessed and Glorious thing to suffer Ignominies and Cruelty not being Conscious to themselves of having committed Evil which they learnt not onely from the Primitive Christians but many Examples of these very Times For after the Butchery of no less than One Hundred Thousand Men to make a Triall if this Fire were to be quenched with Bloud such vast Multitudes made Insurrections all over the Netherlands that sometimes the publike Executions especially if upon any more eminent Criminal or Exemplary Torments were hindred and impeded by Seditions And this moved the Queen of Hungary that had the Government of these Netherlands under her Brother Charles to go to him while he yet staid in Germany and to let him know how great a slaughter those things which were pretended for Remedies had made But Philip not at all moved or frighted with these things did more earnestly press what his Father had begun by sharp and threatning Edicts and
Brother of Count Horn and John Marquess of Berghen op Zome glad of the Honour of their Embassie that they might clear themselves of the former and take themselves off from the future Troubles came to him who troubled every day with fresh Messengers and bad News diâ— often advise with the chief of those Spaniards who had been in the Netherlands and of the Senate there what was best to be done The Form of Laws wherein was contained that Ministers teaching Heretical Doctrine Receivers and Abettora of Conventicles and such as by their evil Examples had done great harm to the Publike should suffer Death either by the Halter or Sword and the rest either abjure their Errours or fly of which amendment and moderation was desired and transmitted from the States was altogether unpleasing because he was more careful of his own Dignity than fearful of any Danger in that he would not seem to be compelled by Threatnings to grant such things as were contrary to his Nature and Will But hitherto he seemed to bear therewith that the Authority of the Bishops might be well setled whose Duty it was if any Trouble should happen diligently to take care to prevent the same otherwise by the Pope's express Command they were not without Order to meddle further He refused to grant any Pardon without Examination of the Cause and unless he might with more Severity take notice of the Confederacy than those times would bear though formerly he would willingly have granted them more yet he promised they should partake both of his Presence and Climency But to call a General Meeting of the States though the Cities most faithful and Loyal to him desired the whole Netherlanders perswaded his Sister urged and without which it was almost impossible for him to keep his Government there he most obstinately denied rather commanding them to take Arms and the easier and more readily to raise an Army to take the Germans into present Pay Adding moreover That he doubted not but thâ—â— as his Father had often had Experience of the Fidelity of the Dutch Nobles so he should likewise find them ready and obedient to him desiring onely to put in Execution the Laws made by his Father For though any man may dissent in Opinion yet still the Decision and Judgment thereof is left to the Prince and Obedience onely to the Subjects But oâ— the contrary they had so brought it about that no Force could be raised by laying open the Poverty of the Treasuries and if there were any gotten together the Confederate Noble-man anticipated the same giving out also that Forreign Souldiers on all hands offered to serve under them Which Rumour as it was spread to terrifie the other Party so was it altogether dissonant to the Truth For they recheck the Haughty and Tyrannical Humour of Philip boasted that they had both the Strength and Wealth of some of their Neighbors who either in Point of Religion were of the same Mind with them or very little differing to assâ— them by which means they proceeded at Home both with greater Surety and Safety Now of those who denied the Authority of the Pope there were three sorts in the Netherlands the Anabaptists whereof many were in Frizeland and the Neighbouring Parts were not greatly to be feared by reason of their rashness and infinite Disorders amongst themselves as also because they did renounce both Magistracy and Arms But that Profession which received its Name from Luther and the Augustane Synod was maintained and upheld by the 〈◊〉 king and favour of many of the German Princes and a certain Form of Law Now because the Emperour Charles had taken these his Netherlands into the German League and thaâ— this Part had upheld the Majesty of his Empire there were that said that the Settlement of Religion was also included which may be easily answer'd thus That although the Netherlands might participate with Germany both in Tribute and Immunities yet it was very well known that for man Ages last past they were neither subject to their Laws noâ— the Decrees of their Synods Not much differing from this Doctrine there is another illustrated chiefly by the Ingenuity of Zuinglius and Calvin and now for some time growing up together with the Augustane unless it may be said of Religions that they are all made more subject to Obstinacy in Opinion or Singularity rather than Concord That to wit of Zuinglius part of Germany and Switzerland follow but the other of Calvin onely the famous City of Geneva within the Dukedom of Savoy allows of The same was also used in England different onely in the Retention of some of the antient Rites but the main and violent Followers of this Sect were in France nor did the rest come near them in number and therefore both those and these to wit Zuinglians and Calvinists judged this new Ordinance proposed by Philip no less cruel than he himself esteemed it mild There was too another Complaint that in stead of the desired Meetings of the States General the Judgments of the several Provinces were separately required and that too but partially not of all not after the accustomed manner In which Commotions while the Regent expected further Orders from the King and either to receive from him Souldiers or Money to levy Souldiers hoping Delays would blow over or else mitigate the greatness of the Danger behold on the contrary the Vulgar who till now had been frighted with the noise of Fire and Sword begin now to affright others They come out of their Corners and appear in publike they Celebrate their Devotions and preach after the new Mode as if they would publikely convince their Enemies of those Lies wherewith they had slandered their private Meetings Exiles also and such as had been persecuted onely for Religion of whom there were not a few even weary of their Lives joyned with Straglers and Fugitives from Monasteries So that now there did appear a Formidable Multitude and so great beyond Expectation that those who had frequented and used their Meetings could hardly believe the same This over-much assumed Liberty confirmed their Presumption for now if at any time they fear Danger they go Armed All which Rabble the Confederate Nobles receive into their Protection and arm them as the common Vogue was but that is not always infallible And not long after a great Sedition began of the Rascality of the People but by whose Instigation is uncertain wherein were seen many known Thieves This is not medling with Towns or Fields invades the Churches where onely the Altars and their Furnitures with the Shrines of Saints went to wrack resembling herein the like Commotions of the Jews and altogether imitating that Barbarous Tempest of Image-hateâ— that over-ran Greece for their Savage Rudeness did not abstain from the Persons of Priests and Religious Men but vented it self further on their Books and Sepulchres as if in this so suddain a Rebellion for other it cannot be called there
Regent enforcing them by one Edict to fly commands them by another to stay So that they being voluntarily departed who were displeased at the present carriage of Affairs and other matters by the notable cunning of a Woman set in order there was a setled Peace such as if nothing further had been coveted might have longer continued The second Book of the Dutch Annals BUT the Duke of Alva retarded somewhat by his Disease but more by the exceeding coldness of the Alps at last being past Savoy reached Burgundy by a Journey not onely tedious and troublesome but accompanied with great wants but there was some satisfaction for the same by the present amendment of his quarters here by whose pleasantness and delight his Army was well increased which notwithstanding there were therein above eight thousand men he kept in a moâ— orderly and strict Discipline The Spaniards then being first shewed the way through so great a Continent of Land After this he met with no kind of stop as far as Lutzemburgâ— the chief of whose Governours he had the King being not wholly ignorant thereof drawn to his party for the better upholding the strength of that broken and disjoynted Dominion At this time as if it had been by agreement Warres broke out in France the King having levyed and taken into pay certain Companies of Switzers under pretence of suspecting some soul play upon his Borders And the truth is Alva's Army had been scouring the places thereabout of all such as took part with and upheld that new Religion so much hated by them All this while there was not a Netherlander stirred whether out of an extraordinary Panick fear or too great Security is doubtful to resist or withstand this furious Invasion for though coming as a Generall in Warre unto a quiet People he was received by the concourse of the People not seeming at all discontented for at the beginning he took to himself no other Title untill Margaret weary of this empty shadow of troublesom honour and thought also to have done much harm to the Government by her feminine imbecillity and so much the rather because she had by polite and well composed Letters presaging many of the future evills disswaded the sending of Alva with an Army by her departure thence wholly left the Regency of the Netherlands to his care and ordering none now doubting but he would now make himself a Magistrate contrary to those Laws by whose rule and with whose safety he could not attain thereto It being provided therein cautiously from antiquity that none but a Netherlander or a Prince of the blood could take that upon him The first Experiment of his Tyrannizing Authority was shewed upon Egmond and Horn who being by Policy wrought to come inâ—o the Court were apprehended and put into Custody and when they demanded the Priviledge of the Golden Fleece to be judged onely by the Companions of that Order their Peers it was not onely denied to them but they were sent out of Brabant with a strict Guard contrary to the Rights and Liberties granted even to the meanest of the Commons And from this time Garrisons were set in the prime Cities of the Netherlands which consisted chiefly of Spaniards who were almost the onely men thereof for other Souldiers were made use of onely in times of danger and upon extraordinary occasions Nay further the Troops of Horse which were mostly made up of the Netherlandish Gentry having some Spaniards thrust in amongst them were sent into France under the Leading of Count Aremberg that by a present Supply they might confirm the League made with King Charles In the interim the Castles are begun to be filled with unarmed and peaceable Citizens and which was most grievous to them of all was That their Thraldom was made use of to raise Monies for supply of their Enemies Expences and Charges When Things had proceeded thus far without any gain-saying there were almost Twelve Judges the greatest part of them Spaniards the rest but Servants to them and in that regard as cruel if not worse then they appointed to call before them all such as had any any hands in the late Commotions or but seemed to wink thereat and to punish them as they saw fit not in the least manner taking notice of them who by the Laws of the Country had a Jurisdiction proper thereunto And this very Thing of enjoying the Judicial Power and consequently that of Life and Death was the main prop of their Authority which adding a Majesty to the Religion before violated Recriminations as hateful to good Princes as they are commodious to Tyrants urge That all Guilty Persons should be pâ— out of the Protection of the Law and that onely the Cruelty 〈◊〉 Alva's Name might be sufficient almost to convince them Thâ— strictness of the Guards set upon the Guilty Persons waâ— the cause of the Death of very many People so that every place carryed the Resemblance of a City sacked and taken by the Sword For there were not onely Armies but by reason of the Troubles many sought Refuge and here put in practice their ill-boding Counsels Here also were some earnestly labouring for Honour and others on the other side by all means avoiding it while the slaughter of the Nobles and all others whose Wealth or Authority grieved them made great Additions by their Deaths to the Authority and by their Fortunes to the Treasury and Prey of the Spaniards And the truth is Alva never dissembled his Intentions for from the very first he protested with great Threats suitable to the Cruelty of his Nature that a few Salmons Heads were of more worth than many Thousands of little Fishes Thus after a new Mode making use of that old Sentence which teaches to strengthen a Kingdom by taking away some of the Heads of the chiefest Common-wealths Men. All the Mischiefs which had intervened here since the first Breach with Granvel unto this time were now objected against Egmond and Horn together with a shrewd Suspition of a Conspiracy between them and the Prince of Aurange to throw the King by Force out of his Dominion over the Netherlands and then to divide them among themselves These two that by all mens confession were most eminent men and as well Renowned by their Actions as the Nobility of their Birth at Bruxels after Divine Service according to the Romane manner had been performed in the publike place of Execution yielded their Necks to the Sword of the Headsman and their Heads for a while after fixed upon Poles was to the Dutch both a lamentable and terrible Spectacle and although the Souldiers every where about in Arms watched but for an Opportunity from the Words and almost Looks of the People yet they bearing the same deeply in Mind the pity of all but the Revenge of the more valiant became setled when the Solemnities of their Funerals were Celebrated and their very Coffins washed with the Tears and Kisses of an incredible
sent to take the Government wherein she had formerly been skilled being by her Sex more mild and gracious and by the use of her Age a crafty Moderatâ— for Peace But he who had cut off the Follies and Enormities of Youth to follow after Fame and Honour telling her It was no time for talk there rather wanted Men and Arms and that his Industry and Care was sufficient to win and keep the good-will both of the Souldiery and People The Lady therefore went back again and by that means did wipe away the impious Difference that otherwise might have fallen out between her self and Son But in Frizeland and the adjacent Regions the Inconstancy of Renneberg made as it were a particular War burst furiously out This Man having with great Fidelity and an undanted Courage long taken the part of the Nobles together with all the Frisons at Utrecht subscribed the League of Vnion and by a Siege compelled the refusing Groningers whom he had made hated by those that were present to swear to perform the same But after being overborn by the Authority of his Kinred who had all of their Revolted to Spain who the better to kindle the Coals of Dissention suffer'd the Country-people who inhabited round about the Country to repel the Injuries offer'd to them by the Souldiers Upon a Sign given a great Multitude of the Boors met to take their Revenge and thâ—y were the moâ—e cruel in what they did because now they fought in Defence of all the Remains Fortune had left them But Hohenlo sent thither by the Pâ—ince of Aurange after some small Fights dispersed this disordered Multitude not fit for War And the Frisons suspecting their Governours Fidelity set upon the Castles that remained and in little time made them equal with the ground The Prince of Aurange himself being constrained to go with strong Guards to re-settle Oveâ—-Issel that had likewise bin sollicited to Revolt and through Home-Discords stagger'd not Resolved what to do Then he to wit Rennebergh laying aside any further Dissimulation delivered Groninghen which he then had the possession of into the King's Power Thence wasting his Forces over the Rhine they carryed in thither with them frequent and mutual Slaughters and a terrible misery of fifteen years continuance For the regaining of this Town of Groninghen first Bartolus Entes formerly the Companion of Marques whom after the taking of many great Prizes by Sea and Land and while his Thoughts were filled with the hopes of great Matters out of these Troubles Death nipped all in the Bud a this Siege The Duke of Parma sent Schenck to relieve it who had formerly been a Souldier in these Parts to which he was now returned when he could not obtain the desired Rewards of his going away But then he employed his whole Study and Endeavour for his General for by his Verâ—â— and Judgment the Siege was broke up when the greate Commanders were all in despair thereof and all Honâ—'s men scattered and slain whom afterwards as they were reinforcing their Fortune by some of the dispersed Troops Rennebergh again utterly overthrew and having thus of comfited the Enemy be over-ran many of their Fortifications both at Passes and Rivers But when he strove â— turn all the whole Fury of the War for five Moneths upon Steenwic a City of Over-Issel he was Overthrown and Conquered by the Nassauian Commanders when considering with Regret his Misery with how great Loss of his 〈◊〉 and Repute he had reduced himself from great Wealth â— a horrid Incertainty he was seized by a Disease which quickly brought him to his End Verdugo a Spaniard succeeded him and got the better of Norris in a certain Fight be it advantaged him nothing the Fields now growing we with Autumn's Dews and Foggs Now were the poor Souldiers plagued both with Hunger and Sickness Now there lay open to the Duke of Parma a Possession large enough and worthy to be taken care of if he had pleaded to make use of so many Victories in that part but while the Forces were employed elsewhere and long scattered here and there they who then might have been forced to submit had now drawn the ambiguity of their fortune into better times In the Interim some tumults there were and they such as might almost be called a Sedition both in Brabant and also in some Cities of Over-Issel plotted in the Kings behalf by the design of that multitude which followed the Rites of the Roman Church whereupon it came to passe that all Images wheresoever they remained were taken away from publick use nay they were hardly suffered to meet in private for the exercise of their devotion for fear of Conspiracies The Warre therefore being spread abroad on every side the number of Souldiers for defence was by the States increased as much as the Tributes were decreased and fell short and which was most difficult of all the Souldier inclining to richer Pillage than his Pay neither the Country could be freed without money nor money be raised while the Country was thus beset for now the Cities began to dread their Garrisons the Captains could neither shew their Authority nor uphold any Discipline within their Castles but are like an incurable Disease while they esteem luxury and all other licentiousness as Military Gallantry By reason of which great streights this Government of many became hated by the Citizens the Prince of Aurange having ordered many things as well concerning Law as Tributes and the Souldiery which were necessary for the present State of Affairs then in the Councel of the States he moved this That because the necessities of the Warre were sudden and would not be delayed and the ayds of the Assemblies of Deputies came in so very slow they would Elect and chuse a Senate that might among themselves consult of the chief matters of State Affairs being thus setled as he saw all things incline to him by the eye of that Religion which Philip had condemned and that the valiantest of the dissenters were revolted to the other part he began to discourse to them the Reason why hitherto while they had any hopes of peace they made use of the Kings Name but now since he is grown implacable towards them as to Rebels and that it was eviden◠〈◊〉 any man was fierce and bitter against the Netherlanders thâ—â— he was looked upon in Spain with such favour that he greâ— famous and honourable thereby why would they any longer suffer the people to be led blind-fold With the voyd Region of an old Oath whence come all these troubles 〈◊〉 Commotions but from thence that our fidelity hangs ambiguous between our Country and the Prince But it is not a strange thing among wise men who will grant that all Powers are setled for the Peoples good by the peoples consent that though they are greater then each particular yet they are less than a Conjunct Universall who 〈◊〉 perverted and neglected the care of the publick for t 〈…〉
private ends the People that it to say the States rightly â—â—sembled have power to judge thereof and to punish the same Nor were most Kingdoms any otherwise subject 〈◊〉 their present Kings unless that the People tyred either wiâ—â— the injuries or sloath of the former have translated them 〈◊〉 other hands How much more then should these things prevail in the Netherlands to whom the very name of King is unacquainted and their manner of obedience such that they never took any Oath unless the Prince had first obliged himself according to their desires to maintain the Law It is the Law of Nations that mutuall Obligations are dissolved by the tricks and wickedness of either party And having laid aside Philip they would seek them another Prince And they needed not to doubt those things which would easily be maintained against the Spanish greatness by their Wealth There was need of a present Captain and of such a one who when mischief raged every where would though with the neglect of his own safety incourage the Netherlanders That he had clearly cast out of his thought all hopes from Germany There remains then but one thing and that is that Francis of Valois be chosen to the Governments whom they could not deny already to have given 〈◊〉 certain proof Nor was it a little material to their advantage if that young Prince who was next Heir to the highest Fortune should begin his growth from hence In the Interim he was sure of the Brother-hood of France and in probability the good affections of England would not be wanting against whom the Spaniard of â—aâ—e had prepared a Fleet which partly by Tempest and partly by the Portugall Warre had been destroyed and further he had newly given ayd and incouragement to the Rebels in Ireland nor had the English spared him in the new World of America the Wealth which they took there from the Spaniards and brought into their own Country having laid the foundation of a future Warre After a long doubting and much hesitation the Counsel was approved with a greater fear of the Spaniard than affection or confidence in Mounsieur Francis and Philip for violating and infâ—inging the Laws by the States of the Provinces of the Union is thrown off from the Government and nor that sentence is brought forth wherewith if we may speak the truth the Warre had now been in labour for the space of nine years but thenceforth was his name and all marks of Honours utterly left off and denyed and the words of their solemn Oath made to him absolutely altered so that thereby he who had of late been their Prince was now declared an Enemy The putting in execution of this Counsel was to Neighbour Nations guilded over with the severall excuses of necessity and the severall fruitless Requests they had made to him yet the Spaniards did not cease highly to Brand it as infamous it seems altogether forgetful that their own Predecessors had deposed a King from his Kingdom for his too great cruelty and that they preferred before him a Bastard slip-sprung from an unlawful coition We will not mention old Examples of the like kind is France nor any of fresher memory transacted in England nor those newest of all of the Danes and Swedes laying aside their Kings But to return to the purpose Matthias was dismissed with much affection and great Rewards And this being a matter of so great concernment neither did the greatness of the action it self nor the Authour remain unknown to the Spaniard whence perceiving that the life of one single Person was the onely obstacle to his desired greatness therfore though he had fair Law against him in the field yet he in the first place proscribes him and then by the habits of Wealth Honnur and impunity as well of all forme faults as of that invites some body to assassinate him Against this new fashioned Edict the Prince of Aurange makes his Defence in a Book on purpose set forth as well to the States of the Netherlands as to other Princes of Christendom which Book was penned by the help of Peter Villier a Frenchman who having the Study of the Laws wherein he had been bred up first fell to be a teacher of the new Religion and thence came to be admitted into the secretest Counsels of the Prince of Aurange The Declarations on both sides are yet extant full of equall bitterness wherein after repetition of the Crimes relating to the Cause on the Kings part is objected to the Prince Ingratitude and Treason he on the other side retorts on the Kings Treachery and Tyranny and so intermixing many true and some false Relations at length they directly fall to terms of scurrility like scolding Women for because the Prince of Aurange being seperated from his Saxon Wife for Causes well approved by all her Kindred and having marryed the Daughter of Montpensier who had been devoted for a Nun was accused both as an Adulterer and Sacrilegious Person On the other greater Adulteries were objected to Philip nor was he forgotten to be charged with the severall deaths of his Wife and his Son from the guilt whereof not yet cleared he had married his Neece in blood for the then Wife of the King was the Emperour Maximilians Daughter by the Kings Sister which Conjunction the Pope by his Authority though many judged contrary to the Divine Law confirmed Nor was it smothered in silence how formerly he attempted by his great Minister of State Granvell to have poysoned Maximilian himself being his near Kinsman by the Fathers side but then his Father in Law Whereupon the States contemning both the malice and insinuations of Philip who layed the fault of this great defection onely upon one by publick Testimony vindicated the Prince of Auranges innocency adding moreover for the safety of his Person a Troop of Horse to the old Guard The Embassie of the Netherlanders was most acceptable to Francis of Valois being thereby called to the Government and very pleasing to his Mother who endeavoured by forraign Honours to indulge her Sons already too ambitious by their over-swelling hope But the Kings Ayd and Consent was requested before it was convenient and so did not answer their expectation onely the King wrote to them that he would not have a respect to his Brothers greatness but would also give help and succour to himself and all those which were under his Dominion which that he might more readily perform he wished to his own Kingdom Peace and to his Brother all happiness and prosperity The present necessity forced the United Dutch to rest satisfied onely with words and only to hope for the rest And presently Valois that he might the more strongly work himself into their Affections understanding that Cambray besieged by Horse and Foot and fortified in their Camps had undergone great hardships and extremities He sets forward thither with an Army for the maintenance whereof Queen Elizabeth had supplyed them with a great sum
taken by the Commander in Chief of the Forces of the Garrison But the Lord of Cimace took him off with Gifts and laying hold on that present Opportunity by giving out to the Common People That both himself and the City were to be betrayed into the Enemies hands He conferreth all Publike Offices and the Honours likewise which he took from others upon those who were with him associated in Council And by the help of these be subjected the City to the Romanists and so in them to the King's Obedience In the like manner the Town of Dammâ— was surrendred and the Free Vniversity which of old being exempt from the Command of Bruges and other more Burthensome Duties of the Country is called by the Name of Frankenland And in all Assemblies of State in Flanders hath an equal Voice with the best Cities Nor would Ipre the Third City of Bulk in Flanders being next of all to Gaâ—â— and Bruges any longer wait upon the Hopes of a Common Pacification and endure the miseries of a hard Siege The Gauntoys themselves came to Treat by their Deputies offering Pledges and desiring a Truce But Imbisius his undissembled Treachery preserved the City for he would have delivered to the Spaniard the Town of Dendremund which Rikovius by the Prince of Aurange's Command stoutly defended and this out of a vain hope of greater favour he acted so openly that it could not be hid And when he was hindred in so base and nefarious a Counsel he would have besieged the Senate House with the Senators therein with a Regiment of Souldiers which he had taken into the Garrison to serve his own Designs These two heinous Faults so utterly alienated the Peoples Minds from him that they considered among themselves to punish him being thus convicted of Treachery with the loss of his Head A notable Example of unfortunate Ambition that he who was grown old had been loaden with the highest Honours and enjoyed so long the prosperous Affections of the Common People whom Civil Contentions had carryed so far beyond Reason that the greatness of their Crimes had devoured their Compassion This Ring-Leader of Faction was destroyed though the Tumults were not quite extinct yet for some time they who insisted upon the deceitfulness of the Pacification grew stronger But the Duke of Parma having almost inclosed the City and besieged it strongly with Warlike Troops was well satisfied not to assail them otherwise than by Hunger and to leave their Fate to the punishment of their own Discords But he had a better hope and therefore took more pains to get Sceldt and Antwerp scituate upon the same River the Noblest City of all the Netherlands which disperses all over Brabant the Merchandizes brought out of Zeland in regard his Troops were fresh and that he in breaking up the Siege at Zutphen had much weakned the strength of the Confederate Provinces By this means the one of these Cities was quickly won by force the other gained by fear Setting over therefore part of his Army he drives away those Netherlandish Ships that lay thereabouts as Guards and on each side of the River plants Artillery and Souldiers But the Antwerpers understanding that the Enemy did not lye upon the Coast over against Flanders built from the Ground for the safeguard of their Shipping two Castles or Forts the one below the City at the Village called Lillow the other upon the Coast of Flanders on the Backside overlooked as it were Hulst a Town of Waes This in regard it was not half finished being assaulted was taken but the other was gallantly defended with a great slaughter of Spaniards by Teling the Son of Lenove a noble Imitator of his Fathers Vertues But all these imminent Dangers were by the Prince of Aurange's Death too much hastned and in a time most inconvenient if we mind the Netherlanders because by his single Counsel and Conduct all their Affairs though at the present so full of Trouble and Vexation would have been brought to a setled Method But he to have been in a good Season as to himself because thereby he was taken from the growing Evils of the Publike to the Defence whereof he had most strictly bound himself For after his Death the Commonwealth partly with Intestine Seditions and partly by continual Victories of the Enemies was brought even to the last Gasp nor could it recover till by the appearance of his Son fresh Vigour was infused thereto and the half-forgotten Father's Memory revived in the Heroick Actions 〈◊〉 his Son He was shot with a Bullet at Delph in Holland by oâ— Balthasar Gerard a Burgundian who moved thereto either with the hopes of the Reward promised in his Proscriptionâ— else by the Zeal of his Party with a wonderful Condâ—â— bore up his Spirit as to the committing the Fact so to â— suffering the Torments inflicted on him for the same 〈◊〉 did there want some who much applauded his Resolution although the Duke of Parma an Italian being desired leave that some publike Demonstrations of Joy might be shewed because their Grand Enemy was gone fearing to blast 〈◊〉 Fame and cast an Odium upon the Justice of the War blâ—shed to suffer it The onely Expression of this dying Patriot sent together with his last Breath to the Almighty was this O Lord be mercifull to this poor People And all those who were more intimately acquainted with him now growing into years were well assured That the many Varieties and Changes of Fortune which from his Youth he had for above fifty years undergone and chiefly the Burthen of the present Cause attended with daily Envy replete with many Difficulties fought against with the Passion and Valour of the Great Ones murmur'd against by those of an inferiour Degree and oftentimes hazarded by the rashness of the Vulgar as it had inabled him to bear the greatest brunt of Humane Affairs so it had setled his Devotion and Religion on a firm Basis And this was the cause that he underwent all Businesses with a Mind so Resolute and a Body so indefatigable that he was observed never to be daâ—ced in Adversity nor elated or puffed up in Prosperity I do not hold it fit to bury in silence as a Token of his Abstinency and even as it may be called Infelicity that there was nothing so much by him neglected excepted the Glory he gained from the Civil War as his own private and particular Affairs which he freely assisted the Commonwealth with but left it much disturbed by the several Issues of a four-fold Marriage His first Wife was the Daughter of Count Egmond by whom he had Philip his Son whom the Spaniards carryed Prisoner into Spain and Mary a Daughter afterwards marryed to Count Hohenlo By another of his Wives which was the Second being Daughter to the Duke of Saxony one of the Electors of Germany he had one Son named Maurice and one Daughter His Third Wife was of the Family or Burbon Daughter to the Duke of
as the Government grows famous being â— bounded among a few Families so neither is altogether popular as to be made up out of the multitude The Authority of the Nobles being left to themselves and all our power residing in the chief Citizens of the more Noble Cities Hence as it were by certain steps were they elected who were to govern the Provinces and to look after all other publike business not as in a meer Democratical form by promiscuous and accidentall choyce but by having a regaâ— to their descent and Progenitors the acquisition of their Wealth and their other laudable dispositions and vertuous qualities Nor was the Provision for securing liberty herein any whit mistaken while things of greatest difficulty and concernment were ordered by the judgment of many and the chiefest Authority passeth from hand to hand which â—s the cause that many without the hope of continuing their greatness have made it their study to learn and put in practice the true manner of well governing I have found it an experimented truth even when Wars were maintained against the Romans that the People both of France Germany and Britain were wont to examine and discuss their more weighty matters by the Peers of the Land and such choyces made by the Cities and that some remainders thereof appear even where Kingdoms have been since long setled But if we may dive into Records of greater Antiquity in Greece we shall find the like settlement among them under the name of Amphyctiones by whose unanimity the almost incredible power of the Median Monarch was both resisted and conquered And so in Achaja whose strength at first though inconsiderable yet by an harmonious Agreement waxed formidable But to proceed though every Province hath a Metropolitical City of its own yet now the chief and common Seat of Empire is among the Hollanders who as they far out vye the rest of their Confederates in Wealth so they do not a little go beyond them in Authority The Hague is a Village and the Seat of Prince Maurice exceedingly and choycely pleasant with delightful Woods and Groves and its neighbouring Bank The State of the Commonwealth in the Provinces under the Kings Command differeth not much from the other but that the great Assembly of the States for those parts are seldom called together except it be for setling of Taxes and raising Mony some few are selected to manage the private Affairs of every Province but the Senate with the Regent and the rest assistant thereunto as the Judges of Law and Treasury have the whole Government of all things and whoever is admitted into any Office he continues therein without alteration or change The Revenues of the United Provinces what they were is before declared afterward when they had shaken off all fear of Tyranny they began to settle Tributes for their own Commonwealth and when their Trading and Merchandizing encreased by the decay of Brabant their Spirits were augmented as their Riches and their undertakings were attended with success their confidence boldly venturing upon the greatest attempts enlarged their charges and expences their Fields Houses Victuals Cloaths nay their very Heads were not free but made lyable for payments of Mony They had the Sea open to bring them most certain Customs which not lyable to the hazard of War as other things though it was the endeavour of those in Power not to hinder Trassique if possible least Commodities of great value might by incertainty and hazards be carryed elsewhere But the Wealth of the Spanish Provinces though consisted much of Taxes very hardly and with an ill will gotten â— by the accession of great Sums of Mony from the King of exceed very far the other but that the multitude of â— who were interested in the receiving and payment of the same and the easiness of fraudulent dealing therein intercepted and devoured the greatest part thereof before it caâ—â— to the uses for which it was designed while some of theâ— would keep it as their own and others as profusely and prodigally wast it The Souldiery of the Hollanders consisting of Citizens Allyes and strangers besides the Auxiliary English Forces did not at this time exceed eighteen thousand Foot with a indifferent Cavallery the greatest part of whom lay in Gaâ—risons and were far short of their Enemies in multitude before France had made him divide his strength But the Earl of Leicester's neglect and their other many Seditions had taught them that it was better and more safe for them to defend themselves with small Armies than by exceeding their Treasure under the name of Souldiers to raise themselves enemies And now every day they brought their Discipline to be more strict that those Citizens and neighbouring Provinces and others that redeemed their Lands lying partly in the Enemies Country from spoil and pillage by paying mony for Composition might not be injuriously veâ—ed and when the Souldiers were drawn into Winter Quarters they were not to take any mony under-hand while they were there but the Commonwealth did defray all charges during their stay by this equality a wonderfull thing was brought to passe that every house was glad and willing to entertain them All the Infantry was divided into Regiments for so we will call them every Regiment containing ten Ensigns and seldom more Under every Ensign were to march an hundred men 't is true some Companies were at first greater but if you will look upon them generally what with Death and running away and what with the Captains false Musters they hardly arose to that Number Every Troop likewise was to contain so many Horsemen and three of these Troops as it were a Wing had but one common Commander And that all these might with the more ease be paid every Province took to themselves certain Companies of Foot and Troops of Horse to whom out of their proper Treasure they constantly gave their Pay And as every Province thus answer'd his proportion so they began a new Custom which was That they would in Vacancies name the Captains and other inferiour Officers under their Pay The Captains themselves managed the meaner Services but they who governed the Commonwealth either for their Vertue or out of Favour would appear in such as were more eminent The Forces of the Enemy were much more numerous than the other whereby they kept in awe what or whosoever they suspected and guarded their Borders though of a very great Extent The Common Souldiers Pay was alike on both sides but they had greater and more extraordinary Advantages with the Spaniard with whom also there were a great number of persons who had double Pay yet were they not less burthensome either to Towns or Countries whether in the Camp or in Garrison so that they were more than doubly destructive to the Treasury And their Military Discipline was much neglected by their private Emulations On the contrary Prince Maurice upon whom chiefly the whole Care and Weight of the War lay pretermitted none of
otheâ—wise That they should seize and take her alive if possible but if that could not be then to kill her And as a Reward to encourage the perpetrating so nefarious an Act Impunity was granted for the same on Earth and Pardon from God and other such like Enormous Fooleries which now are onely imposed upon the Ignorant as a Shadow of Power and indeed are no otherwise looked upon by them However this may surely be believed that there were many principal men in England who were much troubled at the present state of Affairs there whose Affection to the Spaniard Bernardinus Mendosa who under the Name of an Embassadour had lain there for many years as a Spy in the Court by his vain Boastings had discovered But whatever his Thoughts were it appeared true afterward that however the English Catholicks might differ in Religion yet there was none of them so imprudent as to trust their Lives and Fortunes to the undistinguishing Sword of a Forreign Conquerour In all the Parts and Coasts of Spain and in Italy where the Spaniard had Command there were raised and armed Twenty Thousand Men and One Hundred and Fourty Ships part of them of an almost incredible Bulk and Burthen which afterwards proved the main cause of their Destruction Among these there were many Galeons and Galeasses which built high with many Turrets and Cabines like Cities or Castles rather than Ships were Rowed with Three Hundred Oars cover'd over Head against the Shot and casting of Darts or other like things and their Belly and Sides made very strong the better to be able to bear the Violence of the Waves Marriners were hired almost from all Nations to put into them and they were Victualled with full Provisions for Six Moneths besides a very great Mass of Coin provided for a War at Land was in them and Cannon and other great Guns for the Land-Service to the Number of Five and Twenty Hundred And all this Preparation the Work of so many Years was publish'd in Print to their own Glory and the Terrour of others that it might evidently appear a sufficient Demonstration of the Spaniard's Wealth and Greatness Now though there were some that would have had Warre proclaimed with a Herald yet others thought the Right of Claim from the Pope's Sentence would make out but a lame Title But so great was their Confidence that the wholesome Counsel both of the Duke of Parma and the Marquess of Santa Cruz was disapproved which was That the first Care should be to get some Part belonging to the Hollanders because all Flanders could not yield one safe Harbour for a Fleet against the Hazards both of Warre and the Sea But most advised That the surest Victory would be gotten by Delay unless the Army were presently landed at the Thames to assault the City of London The Charge and Command of this whole Fleet was committed to Don Alphonso Perez Gusman Duke of Medina Sidonia a Person meriting that Honour as well by the Nobility of his Bloud as any other thing whatsoever and under him many Gentlemen of the noblest Families in Spain and infinite others of inferior Gentry had entred themselves as Souldiers but at their own charges induced as was supposed not so much by the covetousness as the assurance of getting very great booties It was constantly reported that they divided among themselves as the reward of their pains in the War beforehand as well Honours as Lands and Houses There were taken among the spoyls of their Ships many Ropes Halters and other Instruments of death and slavery which they as not doubting the Event had prepared for such as they should conquer The Spring growing now very forward they met at Lisbone whence driven into a Haven in Gallicia they wanted three Ships which by a cruel Tempest together with Slaves that rowed them getting their liberty were thrown upon the Coast of France In the mean while the Duke of Parma upon whom depended the principal part of the Expedition with above thirty thousand Horse and Foot lay in Flanders having cut great Ditches for the easier carriage of all his Forces to the Sea-Towns He had brought thither eight and twenty Vessels serving to ayd other Ships of Burthen and to hold his men besides near four hundred Flat-bottomed Boats that might without hindrance come close to the Shore part of them being bought and the rest built by incessant Labour and working night and day He had ready also Bridges for the better and more safe transporting Horses and Men on a sudden as soon as the Spanish Fleet had entred the Sea But neither the English or Hollander made any provision to prevent the danger of so great a War approaching thinking they had been driven back by the Wind or else vainly imagining that Ships of such Bulk and Burthen would never venter or run the hazard of their narrow Seas Finally some did not stick to affirm that this was only a Convoy for the Indian Fleets return although the King of France upon very good Intelligence publickly declared both the strength and intent of the Fleet. Thus did they flatter themselves with Reports and Conjectures not sensible of the greatness of the danger they were in till it was afterwards avoyded The Hollanders notwithstanding mustred all their Ships and Seamen as well private as publick and fitted them for War and when they had so done they in a manner besieged all the Ports of Flanders that they might stop the Duke of Parma from coming forth of the rest they had no great doubt At last and almost too late the Queen who had hitherto been lulled into security by a Treaty of Peace now claps all that were suspected to wish innovation in Religion either into Islands or Marsh-lands and fills the Thames Banks on both sides whereever it was thought the Enemy might land with Horse and Foot on a sudden gotten together She comes also and views yea by words encourages the multitude that made indeed a goodly appearance but had been much inferiour in the use of their Arms to the Duke of Parma's Souldiers if he could have come However to animate all there were some who compared all the Queens actions with those of the most famous Women however fabulous nâ—y they did not stick to equall her to Tomyris her self or the Queens of the Amazons or that notable piece of Feminine Valour in the same Island of old Queen Boadicia Her Fleet whereinto also she had taken all private Ships fit for Service She thus disposed The Lord Seymor had the Command and Conduct of the lesser Vessels in the Downs and at the Thames mouth the greater being in number one hundred Ships and which for the most part traded up and down in the Spanish Seas were in Harbour at Plymouth from whence when occasion should be they could with ease come out to meet and fight the Enemy over whom the chief Command as Admirall was given to the Lord Charles Howard Earl of _____
plentifully brought to them out of Zeland and the Neighbouring Cities of Holland they fought either with Horse or Foot as if it had been two Camps one against another many light Skirmishes but never without drawing bloud from the Enemy Nor was the Souldiers Valour onely exemplary but the Townsmens Labour spent in fortifying the place was notable but most laudable of all was the Concord between the Captains and the Magistrates whereby they raised Money without grumbling by extraordinary Taxes But a difference beginning among the English Commanders who had a great strength in that Garrison and every thing else besides that of Trouble was publikely setled by Prince Maurice and the Deputies of the States brought thither by a strong and safe Convoy Between the Town and the River Scheld were two Castles on the one side sufficiently defended by Bulwarks on the other by the Estuary of the Sea and for the Battery on that of the North side the Duke of Parma did though in vain endeavour by his great Guns to divide it from the Town to hinder all passage and Trade by Sea and he was induced to that Care and Charge by the hope of Treachery which the Italian Policy is often eluded by Two Spanish Captives sollicited a Cook or Victualler at whose house they were kept and an English Souldier that used to frequent the house his name was Grimston to betray the Castle which passage because it is worthy to be known I will relate They although they could well enough in their own Natures digest any kind of Lucre yet so they resolved that if they could get any thing they would rather cozen their Enemies than their Friends and with this conclusion they come to the Governour tell him of the Design and desire his Instructions which he gives them in this manner That both of them should take opportunity to go to the Duke of Parma that he might not flight their Endeavours or rather which hapned that he might under the Vizor of Observance be circumvented The Duke binds them to him by Oath and for their present Fortune loads them both with Gifts and Promises and when yet he durst hardly trust them unless themselves in the Plot incurred some personal danger it was agreed that they should be bound between two Armed Souldiers with naked Daggers in their Hands that should go to the Fort but kill them before if they perceived any Intention of Deceit Thus imagining there had been caution enough used and that having slighted their own they would not decline the Aid and Protection of Strangers Upon this Confidence therefore Three Thousand Men and among them many of great quality were drawn out to undertake the seizing of the Castle The Gate was open till fifty were entred and thus far the Event made good their Promises But then presently a Port-Cullis the Ropes that held it being cut was let down and all that were come in were kill'd or taken nor did the Spanish Keepers mind the killing of the two bound Traytors being amazed with suddain fear and dreading the Fury of present Revenge But the excluded Multitude seeing they could not make any way back though they pressed and thronged with all their might turning Despair into Valour they scaled the Bulwark running through the Trench which was now empty by reason of the Ebbe and were now past the first Palisadoes through the Breast-work within whence driven with Fire-Balls Hand-Granadoes and their Fire-works prepared by those within fore-warned of the Design and flying whither they could fell into Ambuscadoes and other Traps laid for them and so were destroy'd a great part of them were slain and they that escaped slaughter the Tide now coming in and by their ignorance of the place were smother'd in the Mud The Duke of Parma finding himself thus deceived and that the Cruelty of the Weather wore out his men by Diseases and Death when now in the latter part of Autumn the Plains were by frequent Rains turned into Pools and the Rampires ready to fall by reason of the Mire first he left his Works then deserted his Camp and a long time afflicted with the scarcity of many things but at last with the want of all but especially of fresh Water he was forced by little and little to break up his Siege which he had for six Weeks vainly continued but least it should seem that he had done nothing he left some few places fortifyed against Excursions But the Townsmen of Berghen nothing hindred thereby after that very much inriched themselves by frequent Booties taken from the Enemy and began again to re-flourish being under the peculiar Obedience of Prince Maurico for the States gave him this and other places which had follow'd the Enemies part in lieu of those paternal Inheritances of his own which the Spaniard held from him The Duke of Parma all this Winter quarter'd his men in the Village of Brabant by means whereof that Country was wasted though not so soon as Flanders At the beginning of the Spring the Lord of Cimace the Duke Areschots Son was sent by the Prince of Parma with a Selected Band of Souldiers to besiege Bonne where Schenck not having men enough to defend it but sending to the Princes of Germany for Aid laying before them the danger of that famous City when they returned neither to himself not to Truxius any Forces to resist the Enemy it being their Interest that under the pretence of War in the Netherlands the Spanish Power should not invade all that was near them and by that means by little and little incroach upon their Right for powerful Empires are wont to take first one thing then another till at length they seize the whole their being now no Remedy to help themselves but by sending him present Supplies and out of the common fear to associate and joyn their Powers concluding thus That if they would defend and protect him he would preserve and keep Bonne for them But this Rhetorical Demand was answer'd with a Souldier-like Resolution in the Name of the Germans â— such Tearms as he little expected But We say they shal not embroyl our selves in other mens Quarrels for your sake having been better instructed by the many improspering Aids so often into France The Differences of the Provinces are ambiguous among themselves but would prove certainly very dangerous to any Forreigners that should interlope Some of our Number have never medled with the Netherlands the benefit whereof they are well satisfied in not willing to be rewarded as the King of France was for sending his Brother thither and Katharine of Medices for aiding Antonio And now when the same Spaniards seek Amity and a League shall we go to incense Philip who himself being a part of us by his great Possessions in Germany restored to their Seats the German Bishops Nay rather it behoves us to submit to his Potency with the desire of Peace than exasperate his Fury to the Triall of a Warre
propriety challenged to himself as his own by Conquest for the Garrison consisting of old and well-disciplin'd Souldiers a whole Moneth endured the Thunder of their Cannon and other Guns valiantly returning them the like had made a more than equal Slaughter untill a greater loss hapning upon some few and by the Death of their Captains being at variance after they had turned out the rest and their Ammunition beginning to fail they let the Enâ—my have the place One Remarkable Thing was observed in this Victory to wit a Woman found among the dead Bodies that had in Man's Habit and with a Masculine Courage followed the Warre The like to this was frequently observed at the beginning of the Troubles nor did any Age formerly produce so many such Examples For as the Minds of People were stirred up to the War by the frequent naming of God the Country and the Prince so even the distinction of the Sexes was laid aside that the practice of Hatred and Revenge might with more freedom be made use of But Schenck's Nature always inclined to Cruelty wâ—th the Conjunction of his Loss and Shame together was now more inraged This plâ—ace taking away his Goods he set on fire but chafed without measure because he had not Souldiers enough to relieve the Besieged in Berck however drawing together all both Horse and Foot that he could make he fortified a place upon the Bank of the Rhine not far from the Town call'd Reux in spight of all Varembonius his Endeavours to the contrary from whence he conveyed into the Town of Berck all the Forces he had received Afterwards receiving Intelligence that Verdugo was coming with more Forces by speedy Matches be came upon them at unawares at the River Lup in the Fields of Westfalia with a furious slaughter so that they fled and left to him the Money that they were carrying into Frizeland to pay the Souldiers Not content herewith but grows more confident by his Success he threatned to storm and sack Nieumegen by Night for he bore a spleen to the Town and to that purpose in a Dark chosen for that end sending his Cavallery before and some few Ferry-Boats which the Souldiers carryed and passing the Wael he came to that part of the City which was onely strong by the Rivers Currâ—â— that way commanding his nimblest men to break down the Fences of one of the Houses that stood backward upon the Bank that entring there they might disperse themselves through the City in Troops and so set upon and win the Gates But by chance in the House where this Stratagâ—â— was executed for it was not the same House which Schenck had before marked the mistake being easily made by the darkness of the Night there was a Wedding so that immediatly a great Outery being made there the Townsmen were Allarm'd and beset the House driving back such as came out thence with Arms and shooting at them with Guns The Multitude got new Courage with the approach of Day but Schenck's Men being few in the narrow passages were shut and not knowing which way to go for fear cruelly slain Their Collonel himself standing upon the Bank was not able to withstand their flight sometimes encouraging all another time some particular persons by Name That they would go through with their Noble Undertakings and by a valiant Assault open the way for others to follow them But all would not make them stop their flight And to perfect their Ruine there hapned another fatal Mischance to them for the Boats which they had brought with them from their Garrison were by the force of the stream of the Water carryed before it was Day below the City so that such as fled Could not come at them This over-born with the strength and Weapons of their Enemies and the few Boats that were left not able to contain all with the Weight and Tumult of those that crowded into them sunk and many of them were drowned in the River among whom their Collonel heavily laden with Arms was one This was the end of Collonel Schencke a man exceeding most of his time in noble and generous Courage his Family and Descent was not mean but yet the Glory of it was much inlarged under the Prince of Parma Afterwards the Earl of Leicester made him a Knight and bestow'd on him many other Military Honours for Wisdom and Valour he merited high esteem but yet would subject himself neither to Laws nor Customs for which the Souldiers of Fortune honoured him but the Magistrates and Common People hated his Name his Disposition though it had been fierce and untractâ—ble in his Youth yet now in his latter time it began to grow more mild and flexible His Body when found by the Victors because he had left them and gone over to the States was exposed to publike shame and laughter But the Revenge of the Souldiery forced them to alter the Scene for they severely punished all Captives that came to their hands belonging to Nieumegen Yet for all that two years it lay unburied untill by the taking of the Town by Prince Maurice it had a decent Interment Nienarius also about the same time was kill'd by chance while he was carelesly viewing some Instruments or Engines of War A Man certainly of an unblameable Conversation though at last coming into the War Truxius thus deprived of both his Chief Commanders by whose Valour and Conduct the good Fortune of his Party had hitherto been upheld at length left off the War but especially because the Enemy had won Berck where a long Siege spun out until the following year with the loss of much Bloud at last got the Victory for the Spaniards But Schemk's Souldiers though they had received heir Arrears and were entertained into Pay anew among the rest yet mad with grief for the loss of their Collonel in earned a Sedition because that Island being in their hands would easily procure them a Chapman within the Bounds of the Rhine Nothwithstanding this the Hollanders took great Care afterwards to relieve Berck though with no other hope than to make the Enemy lose time since they could not hinder his taking the City Count Falcosteine being sent with Two Thousand Men besides some choice Horse according to this Advice was follow'd by Varenâ—nius as soon as in his Journey having taken the Castle before-mention'd he had passed the River yet with no intent to fight though he were much the stronger but onely designing to fall upon their Rear as they marched and finding 〈◊〉 Opportunity for the same was at the first received by 〈◊〉 Francis Vere commanding then two English Companies newly raised with which he sustained the Brunt and Heat of the Charge until the Horse came in and shortly after all the Foot Colours Here was a great slaughter considering the Number of Combatants and the choicest the best men of the Enemies being slain there were taken a great number of Horse with one Cornet and Ten Foot Colours Some
with the light security returned to them went to sleep till they were suddainly awaked with the noise of their Enemies Voices at a distance threatning â—errour and crying out that the Camp was taken Nor could the Battel be discover'd either by hastning thither or the place They who were unready or half asleep catching up presently such Weapons as came next to hand by chance made a stand at the doors of their little Huts while the Horse fought with the Enemies Foot Certainly this danger was averted chiefly by the Valour of the Commanders who gather'd together from the innermost Tents the most couragious Souldiers to make strong Defence Above the rest Coun. William of Nassau who was the more careful in this regard for that he contrary to the Opinions of many had perswaded the beginning of this Siege bringing out beyond the Camp as many Horse as he could get together fell in upon the Enemies Flank Alâ— they that entred the Camp were slain and they that follow them were stopped and driven back and by this time the clear Day light appearing turned the Invention of their distinguishable Mark against themselves for being thereby certainly known they were as certainly slain But they who were without stood round about the Camp in a Ring as if they were yet ready or resolved to take the same puft up indeed with a vain Confidence because they had been used to Conquer and for fifteen years together had onely seen the Backs of their Adversaries or their places of abode But now the whole Army of the United States being together in Arms easily beat off the rash Assailants sometimes in one place sometimes in another yet for all their Repulse they retreated in good order not betaking themselves to flight though they were most cruelly gall'd by the Cannon which was a great means of their future safety after such a bloudy Bâ—cketing And Prince Maurice contenting himself prudently to have won the Victory commanded his men not to pursue the Spaniards in their Retreat In the Camp a strange and incredible thing to be fore-told onely two or three were kill'd but many were wounded among whom was Count William the Governour of Frizeland Many days afterwards the Spaniard vauntingly drawing his men into Battalia challengâ— as it were into the field the other Army who were not over-hasty to run into danger as being ruled by more sound Advice And now was the hope of the Besieged turned into fear when they saw their Companions beaten off from those Works where they had at first gained and the rather too because the Top of the Fortress that was to be seen above the Rampire was overthrown and another which the Besiegers had substituted was endanger'd by the Pioneers Hereupon the other Officers and Souldiers also earnestly perswaded Frederick to surrender who was very unwilling thereto blaming him further as not understanding the danger they were in They desired that they might have leave to consult with Verdugo but that would not be granted But the Princes granted the rest of their Desires the more readily because the moist Temperature of the Heaven and inclination of the Air to Rain would cause a difficulty in bringing Provisions to himself and his own Army Thus was Coevorden surrendred and committed by the Prince to the keeping of the Prizons though they of Over-Issel denied their consent to the same maintaining that as well the Castle as the whole Region belonged to them and they of Dreâ—te affirming to be part of their Jurisdiction and never to have belonged by any Antiquity to them of Over-Issel unless that they might not transmit their Enemy through their Borders The Armies were not yet departed from one another but lay idle out of a mutual fear the States gave theirs to the King of France for that the Burden of the War lay more heavy upon him Shortly after when Autumn had made an end of all those that were ill before by choaking them up with Rheums and Catarrhs the Duke of Parma though much indisposed as to bodily health yet undertakes a new Journey into France that he being present with an Army might moderate and sway the Parliaments of that Kingdom which the Companions and Allies of the Spaniards had summon'd to meet the next Year But his strength failed him not being able to undergo so great Toil in the Borders of Artois where either by the increasing of his Disease or as some supposed by poyson he ended his Life For some who pleas'd themselves with the worst of Rumour stuck not to believe so This time of his death agreed with the coming of Fuâ—ain to King Philip who hearing by accident of the Duke of Parma's Infirmity had commanded him that is Fontayn to oversee the Netherlandish Affairs that he might settle any neglect caused by the Duke's sickness and compose any Troubles arising by his Death This Person was a man of a very harsh Nature and privately hated by the Duke of Parma And there were some who not long before did fore-tell either the Duke's Death or Restraint The truth is many Things began to be discover'd that manifested the King to be suspitious of if not highly displeased with him For he alone was looked upon to have hindred his Kinsman Farneze from being Elected Pope And of late had commanded That the Duke should not take up any Money at Interest unless by the Counsel and Consent of those who were set up rather as Spies or Guardians than Counsellors His Physitians said his Disease proceeded from the hard swelling of the Spleen and Hydropical Humour between the Skin and the Flesh of the growing of which Disease it appears he was sensible for that be abstain'd from Wine and accustom'd himself to drink Water and for avoiding the Gout and other pains of the Joynts he drank little of that too or else it may be he was suspitious of Poyson Most believe that he had Poyson given him more than once But herein Authors very much differ Thus dyed Alexander Farneze even in the most flourishing time of his Age being but seven and forty years old of which he had spent fourteen in the managery of this War his last five years had much decayed his Reputation nor indeed did he use the like diligence then as formerly whether that after the business of Antwerp as being glutted with Honour he gave himself over to pleasures or that being advised of Philips jealousie he sought by sloath and stupidness to procure a Remedy to allay the greatness of his fame He was descended from a Family as potent as antient drawing his Originall and greatness from Pope Paul the third At first being a young man under his Mothers tuition he spent his time in the Low-Countries without any honourable Employment and was so contemned that he was said to be of a heavy Spirit There is scarce any man that can say his publike and open Judgments were ever dissembled The first Warlike Honour he atchieved was at the winning
Navarre when he fought for the Spaniard under the Binner of his Uncle Don John of Austria against the Turk Being made Commander in the Belgike War he shewed how great he could be In the quest of Honour he was indefatigible ease and courteous in his access mercifull towards his Enemies and for as much as could ever be discerned by his outward appearance faithfull to the King and not to be corrupted against his own Honour and the Peoples affection He was very conformable to Counsel but was tyed up more strictly than ordinary to an Opinion once affirmed and would not endure such as dissented And then from the success of Affairs he took too much to himself and that very thing raised him many Enemies and caused much of His contrary fortune which indeed he took gently though which is 〈◊〉 more difficult he bore his good fortune with a great Spirit Some do observe that for a long time he followed the advise and Instructions of Caspar Robless a most ingenious and wise man And that after his death no one being prevâ—kâ— with him among variety of Counsellors differing in opinion he became unconstant and wavering in his Resolutions aâ— that from thence his Fortune reculed from him His maâ—er of speech was Majestick but withall amiably pleasant Hâ— Stature and other parts of his Body but of a middle size his Eye sharp and penetrating the true Emblem of a watchâ— disposition The rest of his was not his own naturally 〈◊〉 may be rather called the faults of the Court and the Age. The detractors of his fame among whom Campigny was one commanded lately by him to a recess in Burgundy attributed iâ— to the power of the Kings Forces or the wants and discoâ— of the Enemy Both whose Conditions being changed 〈◊〉 also was the fortune of the War On the other side soâ— wisely considering both affirmed that there was no small difficulty to govern with an equall hand and keep in orderâ— many several Nations in one Army some whereof were aâ— most insociable repressing therein all Animosities which nevertheless broke out soon after his death and so from time to time more bitterly Even in the greatest extremities he carryed security in his presence so that most of the Seditions of his time were begun in his absence 'T is true many Towns were lost but it was when he was employed other-where and as Fortune was pleased to wait on the Armies But how great a part of them did he conquer and certainly he could not resist the same Enemy afterwards with any other Design nor with naked Forces Without doubt all Discipline perish'd with him His Funerals were celebrated even with the Tears of the Netherlanders who wished such as would not grieve for him the Reward of the Severity of former Governours The Third BOOK of the History of the Dutch AFFAIRES BY the Duke of Parma's Death the Expedition into France was broken off and the Regiments staying upon the Borders took some French Castles lying near them and not long after the Town of Nayon the 16th day after it had been besieged the French being first filled up and the Works that were interposed begun to be undermined But the King of Spain was willing now to make a Peace that he might the better employ his whole Endeavours against the Low-Countrey-mens present good Fortune and for the winning their good will he confers greater Honours on those Noble-men who by their continued Obedience were known faithful to him Bestowing upon them the Command of several Provinces and while one could be pitched upon for the chief Regency Peter Count Mansfeldâ— obtain'd the Name of Governour a man as well in Age as Experience before others being now in the Eightieth Year of his Aâ— The Chief in the Council were Peter Herrique Count Fâ—tayn and Stephen Ibarra both Spaniards This in the Agâ—ment of Artois formerly had consented That the Publike Government should be in the Citizens But discovering the Fraâ— he prevail'd for the Institution of a Council of War that might by degrees though not directly draw all Things under thâ— Care and Cognizance That Council consisted for the 〈◊〉 part of Spaniards to whom at this time were added Fontayn and Ibarra who had Order by Command to moderâ— the publike Charges and to overlook the Treasury which it was rumour'd in Spain that he had perform'd with fidelity The cause of believing this might be as it then hapned the unexpected Charges of the War though oftentimes under that pretence are hidden all manner of Deceit and Polling and the Mind being never throughly purged but the stain still increasing so that at last it becomes past all hope of Remedy They said who cast an Eye backward to those Things that the States did more with Two Hundred Thousand â—rens a Moneth than was done on the King's behalf with nine hundred thousand while Interest superstuous Sallaries and private Defraudations scarce left the third part of the Receits for the true intended purposes That King Philip's Forces were sufficient both to Conquer the Netherlands and to assist the French if they were rightly look'd after because his Father Charles the Fifth with far less Wealth had oftentimes maintained many great Armies in several parts of the World Therefore that there might be setled in the new acquired Empire of the Provinces a greater Authority or because the Regent should not be in fear there were added several Regiments and Money sent thither in abundance and this was no more than necessary because the Sea-men that were continually to Guard Antwerp unless they had present satisfaction would be ready to mutiny for their Pay and threaten to behave themselves as Enemies And the Garrisons of 〈◊〉 and Berck were no less audacious than they But the Spaniards who were newly come as they were ignorant of many things so they endeavour'd all they could to repair what they saw amiss that so they might creep into grace and favour And upon a certain day Fontayn coming into the Senate was the Author of a cruel Sentence and calling that them which was inforced by Necessity he began to abolish all the Customs of War for he said That the Dispute had his been thus long maintained by the Wealth or Valour of the Hollanders But that mean and inconsiderable people and if they were looked upon with the Eye of Reason far unequal to the whole Netherlandes did thrive and increase not onely by the Spaniard's Treasure but by their very Forces and Vices That their own negligence and ignorance was the great hinderance of their own fortune and that they fearfully wrought any Evil against a publike Enemy That the vast compass of Ground among the Cities under the King's power do yield Tribute to the Enemy without danger as if it were an easier matter to do an injury by Arms than to repell it Rather then so let all the Inhabitants be forced to take up Arms and so by doing and suffering all Acts of Hostility
of his hopes in answering the Event and that the Wall wherein they put their greatest trust for defence was not as it was supposed solid but made up of two Walls which gaped 〈◊〉 in the middle and that the innermost parts of the Castle were by the Enemies Battery laid quite open The Souldiers that marched out that they might not be abused by the Bishop's men were protected by the Spanish Commanders with so much honour that some of them drew their Swords for their Enemies against their Companions in Arms For Heraugier had Covenanted with them not immeritedly fearing lost the Laws of Arms should not be observed by the Leigâ—ois The Bishop was not content to have punish'd those whom he thought guilty of the Stratagem but he took from the City its Auâ— Liberty as suspecting it to be unfaithful to him Nor did he leave off to seek Revenge against Heraugier himself objecting to him Cowardliness and sending a Transcript of soâ—e Letters to the States wherein he had irreverently spoken against them Prince Maurice and such as with him were conscious of the taking of Hoye defended him chiefly among the rest being thus brought in question The possession of this Forreign City was not kept long it being regained the 41 day after it was taken and the benefit of the Fact was lost though the Envy thereof remained And by chance it had hapned that the same day wherein afterwards a Messenger arrived with the News of the Rendition of the place contrary to all men's Expectation the States believing the strength and security of the place had given a rough Answer to the Bishop's Legate to wit That they would deliver Hoye when the Enemy surrendred Berck But the Spaniards added to the possession of Berck that also of Hoye and when they once had it kept it until their Wages were pâ—id and the Enemy removed from those parts and then they thought they might with safety enough deliver it Herein Philip sought the Fame of Piety protesting That he would rather bestow out of his own upon the Church of Leige the most antient in the Low-Countries then that he would under any pretence whatsoever take ought away that was its proper right Four hundred of them that marched out of Hoye with Heraugier were slain by fourscore Horse of the Enemies while being loaden with prey and too covetous to preserve the same they hindred themselves In like manner were they justly punished who going out of the Garrisons in Over-Issell to plunder the Territory of Munster were in the night by the Enemy surprized Among all these Affairs King Henry that he might compell the Enemy lying about Picardy to look to his own business at home commanded his Generall the Count de Bulloine with as great an Army as he could make to enter into that Burgundy which obeyeth the Spaniard by the name of a County taking opportunity from the conveniency thereof because there was the greatest passage for Traffique both â—t of Italy and Germany The first Onsets were very violent with great terrour taking the Towns and killing every where all such as came to resist which at the best made but a tumultuary croud of the People of that Country who had not through the whole course of their lives known what War was so that it might rather be termed a Butchery or Massacre than a War or Fight Yet did not all this make the Spaniard remove his Forces out of France towards the Netherlands but upon knowledge of the danger Velasco Constable of Castele which is an hereditary nâ—me of dignity who then governed Millayne for the Spaniard with a Select number of Horse and Foot drawn out of the Transalpine Garrisons marched over those Mountains of Alpes in the deep of Winter while their tops were covered with Snow and in the passage took some Cities resting at the River Sâ—one where staying for a great Recruit of Horse and other choyce Souldiers of Germany and Spoleto in Italy and hereby giving no opportunity of sight the French Forces began to moulder away Among these hazards and flying Messengers Ernestus his sickness grown more violent by the Winter weather begin to get the upper hand and besides he knew he had incurred the Spaniards hatred yet had not given any satisfaction to the Netherlanders and that his Enemies accused him to the King as a guilt stuck upon him as well his endeavours of War as Peace with the thoughts whereof his grief so encreased that soon after worn away with a lingring Fever and Flux of blood he dyed His death was suspected as it is generally of all Princes but was without any troubles or commotions attending it the hope of peace subjecting the idle and the tedious labour of a multiplyed War employing the rest The Physitians looking with great circumspection into the true cause of his death upon the dissection of his Body delivered their Opinions That there was a Worm in his Reigns then living which gnawed all the parts lying near it The Vacant Government was by Philips Orders supplyed by the Senate among whom the chief management of War and Peace and all other business Foreign and Domestick rested in Fontayne by the name of President for Ernestus a little before his death had by writing committed that charge to him pro tempore by the advice of the other Spaniards and shortly after the King confirmed it Nor was he unfit for so great a place of Honour although otherwise vitious enough as the Affairs of the Netherlands managed by his care witnessed as well as those of other places But the Low-Country Noblemen that could hardly bear him while his power was fat less and but derivative from that of another now received and carryed with envy and disdain the Ensigns of Honour which they took from his hand crying out that certainly their Fore-fathers were Prophets when speaking of this their own Country they foretold that they should in time become a Province to the Spaniard That after Alva and Requesens or which is later Reda for a short time and as it were for a shew they had their own Laws but the same arrogance of the Spaniard quickly returned That now the whole power of peace was in strangers who being equally vicious with their former Lords yet came not near to them in Honour and Dignity Thus every one murmured to himself and some of the more couragious stuck not to speak out to others viz. That it was very grievous and ignominious to all people to be subject to strangers nor is the hatred of Kings so â—itâ— that when the Governments of many several people is to be bestowed they will give to others the Command of them who are willing to be in servitude Therefore Charles Mansfeldt out of a sense of Military Honour finding himself to have been taken notice of with an eye of Enmity as one who had contested first with the Duke of Parma then with Ibarra and now with Fontayne and that he was laid
League took example either to imitate or revenge the humour For if men follow after their profit nor more out of necessity than Wisdom or Policy while the Enemies Affairs were very unprosperous and themselves had most advantagious Trading and the French War raging that time certainly called for their more vigorous endeavours and not to cast off all to a season when the people being more impoverished must through the mercies of unprosperous events yet run the hazards and bear the burthen and heat of the day Neither did the successes in Lutzenburg answer expectation for though several Forts and Castles were assaulted rashly and taken yet neither was the Enemy much damnified or the Victors any thing advantaged thereby But after King Henry by making a great Progress in Burgundy had drawn thither the Forces of his Kingdom the Earl of Bulloyns Forces being exhausted who by an ostentous defiance had brought the Spanish Army against him he was not onely not able to perform his threats but also unable to defend himself he saw the French Borders pillaged himself being only able to assist them with a helpless and sorrowful look By the irksomness whereof and because the Souldiers began to grow insolent through hunger and thirst having nothing but water to drink Philip of Nassau much against the Earl of Bulloyns will made hast to return but by a contrary way to that he went out for that the Enemy had blocked up But the Foot being commanded to go back by the way where France is encompassed by the Sea that so they might sail into Holland himself with the Horse came into Gelderland through Germany And Fontayne by how much he held a spited Government by so much be the more earnestly studied that his Adversaries might have no cause to accuse him for any thing besides his greatness His chief care was for the Souldiers to strengthen the old and to recruit them with a new Militia and well knowing the Revolt of the Italians and whatever miseries followed thereupon was accounted his fault for the mitigating the envy he had contracted he supposed to reduce them to obedience would be his readiest way wherefore hastning the conclusion of the Agreements begun by Ernestus but interrupted and broke off by his death in regard monies did not yet arrive he gave them pay from day to day and pledges for performance of what was agreed Notwithstanding which being Commanded to take possession of Tilemonte they refused to follow their Colours yet they made an advantage of it averting the use of those Souldiers which they themselves wanted even against the Enemy and shortly after divided them some under new Officers others into Garrisons The King of Spain's Forces were hardly at any time greater or more numerous than now yet being far dispersed in several parts were never able to compass any great matter In Burgundy under Velasius was a strong Army In the Confines of Artois and Picardy after the departure of Charles Mansfield Varembonius was quartered to bridle Cambray and by making excursions into France to revenge Rapine by Rapine Mondragonio attended Prince Maurice to observe his motions and in time to meet or prevent him In this lying about Hulst there were four thousand Armed men Verdugo with six thousand Foot and fifteen hundred Horse being Commanded drew near to Ferte to drive the Earl of Bulloin who had less Forces out of Lutzenburg and to recover the Towns by him taken The Walls of this Town of Fert by continual Batteries and breaches lay open yet a great power of the French being sent to help the Town by a fierce and violent Assault did repress and beat off the Besiegers But this Town thus freed from the Siege being soon after by accident for the greatest part burned and spoyled by Gunpowder by the Earl of Bulloyne himself was dismantled and ungarrisoned In the interim Verdugo turning his strength against weaker places after a few Assaults by a growing Disease and the accomplishment of his Fate dyeth report also being both doubtful and suspicious about his death for he merited a name of Honour although in the unsuccesful Government of Frizeland as rather wanting opportunity and strength then Valour and Industry He was faithful to the heighth of Religion and eloquent beyond the mode of a Souldier His nature was full of urbanity and thereby easily distinguished from other Spaniards who generally do not use so prayse-worthy a quality and because he was raised from nothing to great Honours being born of a House not ignoble though impoverished he remembred his former Fortune as much as was necessary The Cities of the Netherlands made it their general Request to Fontayne at last that he would stick close to the Siege of Cambray offering him a great sum of money and also Souldiers because while neither the City was closely besieged nor the Spanish Army reduced thereto from their lying scattered up and down they were spoiled by both But he of his own accord that the time of his Government might not passe away without something memorable and that be might supply the empty Treasury he sends to Varembonius his Camp and increaseth his Forces to make them up twelve thousand Foot and two thousand Horse With this Army he secured all the adjacent parts from the French and that done he took Castellat being first much weakened by Battery and afterwards forced them to surrender who had retreated into the Castle This is a Town in Vermandois near the Head of the Scheldt which another Henry King of France had appointed for a defence to Cambray and if any invasion should happen out of the Netherlands for a frontire Guard to the Kingdom About the same time Hanen a Town in the same Borders was taken by force with such variety of chances as have made the Relation wonderful and brought it almost within the compass of fabulous The Governour thereof was one Gomero one Of those Frenchmen who under pretence of the Roman Religion had sought to win foreign favour to his advantage This man at what time the greatest Affairs in those parts were turned against the King of France his Fortune Covenanting with the Spaniards for a great sum of money delivered up the Town only retaining the Castle while the Articles were performed But by the Policy of Fontayne drawn out he was overcome together with his two Brothers his Mother and his Kinsman Orvillier still remained to the Garrison with the danger of which dearest Pledges they were threatned unless they forthwith departed The Woman between fear and affection consented but Orvillier being nearer to the incensed French by secret Messengers sent to the Earl of Bulloyne and the rest of the Kings Commanders who then resided in Picardy who coming and being admitted into the Castle all the whole day after there was a sharp conflict with the Towns wherein there were twelve hundred Souldiers Spaniards Walloons Germans and Italians nor was the Dispute ended without the loss of some Noble Blood
possibility to foresee or avoid them In the morning the Garrison was driven out And in this interim the Germans of the same side that they might by policy assist them in the assault with great labour passing through the marishy and unguarded places had won the outer Trench of the Castle and cutting down the Palizadoes fell upon the Watch and killed them not thinking of any danger from abroad Thus keeping one part from the relief of the other he became Conquerour of both and all that day battered the Castle with his Cannon which as it was principally strengthned with a Bank of moist plashy Earth so was it easily beaten down the Besieged therein were no less than eight hundred yet although the breach was not made wide enough and they were sensible of no force near to assault them feared nevertheless the Bridge taken by the Enemy and many other doubtful and unseasonable events of chance but chiefly by the commixture of those who flying from the Battel in the night and mingled themselves among them and would not suffer one among them to remain honest and just And throwing down their Arms with horrible clamours and threats and force against their Commanders if they could not consent forthwith to surrender And just as the Count Solmes was bringing to them Relief they marched out late in the Evening being derided by their Enemies and according to the merits of their cowardise punished by their Commanders in chief so highly oftentimes are the manners and Customs of an Age corrupted that the remedies of evils are more to be feared than the evils themselves The Spaniard having thus sooner nay beyond his hope obtained so easie an entrance against all stops drained all the ground near the Trench and from thence what with Stratagems and what with force he sorely battered all the Fortifications encompassed with the Trench and also by the help of the Fort could now secure the River draw his Forces round the Town and take order for encamping them and which was as much as all this by reason hereof the prices of all things were abated which the difficulty of transporting before had made so scarce that the Souldiers were much pinched with hunger The Besieged laboured and earnestly strove by breaking down some water to have let in an inundation upon their Enemies but they found means to prevent the same and turned all those Banks which they had gotten from the Townsmen to serve against them for present use But they bending their whole study to procure eruption of the Water made a Cave under their Walls whereby they might drown them unawares and after much slaughter some Ensigns and Prisoners were taken without harm to the Assaylants while they took the Souldiers either idle in their Quarters or sometimes at play at Dice which of late is become the passe-time of Military retirements and leysure or if they were forewarned by the Sallyers out-cryes that a greater number came out they would shun the danger either by fighting at distance and waveringly or else by a lingring and flow retreat The Cannon aid the greatest damage together with Granadoes for against all persons that came towards the City there were empty Baskets set out for blindes as well to hinder their sight as to keep off their Darts notwithstanding all which not onely they that were fain to expose themselves to danger in their continual attendance upon the batteries were slain but also not a few of the Commanders were in like manner killed and among these Rones by whose advice all the noble actions of the Spaniards atchieved in France were managed but that both the Archduke Albertus Fontayne and the Duke of Parma took the glory thereof to themselves by commanding the same things He was by Nation a Lorrayner and of a Noble Family who from the beginning of the French Commotions follow'd the Party and Fortune of Francis de Valois Afterwards the Duke of Guise observing him to be a man no less subtilly politike than truly valiant and one that would not think any thing dishonest that was profitable by great Gifts and Bounty made him his own In these last years he had under-hand discover'd many of the Spanish Counsels to King Henry as if his Affection banded towards him but in truth that he might hide his greater Aims The Office of Camp-Master-General being void by his Death was bestow'd upon Hermaâ— Count Heremberg But to proceed The Townsmen were by their own streights compelled to fight the Banks and Hills round about beholding them with a threatning Aspect for Varas being General of the Ordnance under the Duke had armed all those places with Cannon Thus there was nothing cover'd but their filthy biding places under Ground or which lay under the Covert of the lofty Rampire Count Solmes being wounded with a Shot in the Thigh perform'd the Duties of his Command by Messengers and Conference with the Collonels And Prince Maurice himself from the Neighbouring Shore had an Eye towards all Things so as whoever were wounded or unable to bear Arms being near fifty every day were taken out of the Town and plac'd in Hospitals in the several adjacent Cities and Islands Piron also a Collonel of Zealand by continuall labour and studious vigilancy weakned and fallen sick was licensed to depart Supplies and all other Things necessary for War or Provisions were brought thither also from the same place first by the Care of Ernestus of Nassau and afterwards by Captain Dorpius And the Garrison by little and little increased till there were in the Town 36 Companies and in Nassau's Fort 6 Companies Besides such plenty of Corn that when they could not conveniently keep it within the Town part of it was laid up in the Ships But this was hardly to be indured by the Enemy that Ships should so frequently pass to and fro as in Trade while he lay there in Siege And therefore against the Port they raised severall long Works sometimes extending one way anon turning another way that so they might from thence infest the Haven with their Artillery but for the most part in vain For by the interposition of the Marishes and long distance of place the Shot was spent before it came to the place which it was intended to batter And besides the Enemy lay within reach of the Shot from Nassau Fort. And the flowing of the Sea growing more violent prov'd to them both an hindrance and damage From thence the Italians under the Leading of the Marquess of Trevigiana attaqued the Fortification which Count Solms had lately made before the Gate of the Town looking towards the Camp First they begun with plain and open force of Pioneers but as soon as appearing out of the Trench they found themselves gall'd with Shot presently raising two Breast Works they inclosed their Flanks and then began to shoot furiously and the Italians soon after climbing up to the very bottom of the Fortification were thrown down in Fight from whence again rising
by the Valour of the Zelanders thick showrs of Bullets and casting of Wild-fire they were totally put to flight They had joyn'd to them some other Aids of other Nations which stood every one separated by themselves that so their Valour might be the better discerned Nay and a proper Band of Voluntiers was commanded to go forward with not onely Military Ensigns display'd before them but such as were wont to be used at Processions and Solemn Times of Prayer appointed by the Church This was an ordinary thing with the Spaniards of old as often as they had War against any Profane or Barbarous Enemy and because it is a Nation much addicted to the Ceremonies of Religion there is no surer way can be devised to encourage them On the other side the several Regiments by turns took care of the Guards and the whole multitude of Towns-people became subservient to the War bringing Darts to the Souldiers and Faggots Fire-Brands and other Materials both for Offence and Defence Thus for three days one after another continued a sharp Fight but with the greatest slaughter of the Assailants for as the Souldiers of the first Rank by reason of their heavy Armour were like a Wall to the rest their Arms not being penetrable by Shot so if they were kept nigh at hand for the avoiding of stroke by their standing still they hindred both themselves and others At last they fell from Force to Stratagems the one beginning to undermine the other to countermine so as the Damage yet fell equally There were some for the Assailants who partly by the plainness of the overturned Ground in one part and partly by the rising thereof in another were helped by the Slaughters both of their Friends and Enemies But then did Death appear most terrible when the Ground made uneven by daily Graves and slippery with Bloud caused such as stagger'd thereon that they could neither avoid to tread upon the sprawling Limbs of their Fellow-Souldiers nor keep themselves from being annoy'd though in the heat of Fury by their dying spurns Notwithstanding all which the increasing Enemy drove the Defendants to Extremity and lest being the less follow'd they might at once break through the Bulwark which already began to lye open by Breaches made with continuall Battery there was raised more inwardly by the Providential Care of Count Solms a new Work in form of a Half-Moon and with a deep Trench whither was drawn together a great strength of Souldiers to make resistance Neither did the Spaniard keep long the use of that Fortification which they had obtain'd with so much Labour and Bloud For whatever remain'd thereof the Besieged threw down by the force of Gun-powder from a Mine and besides in the void place which lay between that and the Rampire they had made a little lurking Hole from whose obscure mouth they shot against the Enemy who hardly detecting the fraud yet at last when discovered they stopped it up from doing further mischief but when the Besiegers had stopped it up behind also first throwing fire therein the repressed force thereof at length burst out with â—â—â—th violence that it overwhelmed with Earth divers of the Enemies In the interim they ceased not to drain all the rest of the Water out of the Trench and to batter the Rampire with so much the more violence because the breaches of the Walls were sustained by Palizadoes decaying towards the bottom and whereever at any time the Works grew defective the Townsmen brought thither Faggots Wood and other heaps of things to amend of stop up the same Neither was the Assaylants labour small against the mayn Bullwark that reached to the ravelin at the Haven which they began to batter without success for the Gunpowder destined to that Work being by chance fired destroyed many of the by-standers with so much Thunder and terrour that it was heard beyond the Sea of Middleburg At which time either by reason of this chance or else being otherwise wearied the Besiegers fury beginning somewhat to abate a select party out of several Companies of Hollanders to the number of six hundred at open noon-day that being the time of the Waters great ebbe passed over the River partly with Boats and partly by the Fords and attained the parts beyond the River and then so suddenly slying into divers places that they slew the Spaniards even within the Trenches wherein they lay fortified The great Guns that were planted against them as they sailed over the River they clogged because they could not bring them away and presently after so beat down and worsted several Troops of Horse and eight hundred Foot that came to relieve their Fellows or revenge their deaths that they returned with very great Honour and little or no damage And after this they made from other parts of the Town many succesful Sallies yet for all there things the Spaniard continued to batter the Walls and in one place had made a breach in the Bulwark where there was not a more inward Work though Prince Maurice had commanded one to be made there the neglect whereof was excused by them that were guilty of it by the Townsmens poverty and Souldiers inability to undergo so many and great labours at once Albertus according to the Custom of War sent another Summons to the Town being in this Condition denouncing against them great threats unless they would surrender Whereto receiving a couragious Answer he yet durst not begin a new Assault because in the former Skirmishes he had lost above two thousand men among whom fell many Captains and other Commanders with the most vallant men while they drew the Souldiers to prolong the Fight by their Example striving to win to themselves favour and Reputation with the new Governour and also an incredible number of sick and wounded men were scattered in the Fields for the Neighbouring Cities would not entertain them the horribleness of which Spectacle made a mixture together of fear and pity Therefore he endeavours to undermine the Rampire and Bulwark but without any certain hope so long as they daily saw fresh men brought into the Town but Fortune soon after ridded them of this trouble for some did advise suspecting the lying still of so furious and active an Enemy that they should endeavour to get from the Besieged some Islands and Fords whereby they might command the River and Ships Others that Ambushes should be laid to break into the City from the Trenches whereby not onely the Front as heretofore but the backside also should be rendred unsafe or else to give sudden Assaults upon the breaches Thus fear inventing many things first conceived in the brest of one is afterwards made publick by voyce and consent of others whereupon some who were eloquent presently said that to begin to extoll the Enemies Forces and to undervalue their own which had before in those days slighted their greatest Valour was one of the greatest evills that could be Hereupon they go to
more contracted than ordinary and at the same time the Poyson that lay hid in his Bowels broke cut in which and in his Legs being inflamed through pain he was likewise afflicted with a stopping in his Breast These Things being removed by Physical Administrations he fell into a Frenzy and at the same time sad to tell he was follow'd with an infinite quantity of Lice so that by the labour of many hands about him he could hardly be kept clean from the silth that proceeded from them Apon after when his weak Body was not able to indure any longer such handling as was necessary to make him clean his Bowels were eaten up with a filthy Contagion but with such an invincible Courage bore the Torments that they perceived he was yet alive but retired himself to Meditations of his End So commanding the Crown to be laid close by him and afterwards shewing his Lims to his Son and Daughter he instructed them in Humane Frailty and particularly read a Lecture of his own Weakness who had been of so great Esteem in the World Then he commended them to Brotherly Concord among Themselves and to the maintainance of the Romane Faith with great seriousness advising Them That when he was dead and buried they would remember those their Fathers dying words Then while Divine Prayers were singing he received the extreme Unction and now drawing on to his Death he embraced the same Crucifix which his Father before at his Death had also done Then giving in Charge what he had in his Mind concerning Religion and commending to them several Examples of Clemency on the 14. Day of September he dyed which day he had fore-told to be fatal to him from the Dictates of an Astronomer This was the End of that most potent Christian Prince who was the richest in his Time He was of the Age of 71 Years and had Reigned 43. He was of a middle stature of Body and well compos'd onely his Fore-head was somewhat high his Lips were large and hanging down after the manner of all who are related in Bloud to the House of Austria His Countenance carryed the Lineaments of a Netherlander though his Conditions were altogether Hispaniolized you would have believed him to have been of a mild Nature for that he was easie and affable in access and did not fall rashly into passion but as often as he was acquiring or looking after Dominion he did rather prefer his Fame than his Clemency He was not so cunning and subtle as his Father but Age and Diligence supplyed that defect for being very moderate both in Sleep and Recreations he did more Personally than by his Servants and Ministers which the Spaniards extolling to the highest equalled his Praise with Solomon He so well knew the use of Money that he would renounce what Emperours or Popes he pleas'd almost and with that Key unlock'd the Secrets of all Kingdoms bearing both Prosperity and Adversity with an equal Countenance and Courage but being given much to Dissimulation he indulged to himself the Liberty both of Hatred and Jealousie unsatiable in his Hopes and in his Ambition and desire of Rule to be matched with any of the Antients most observant of Religion which he shew'd even in his outward Actions Concerning his Rules of Government excusable as walking by the Pattern of Princes and in those Things wherein he offended as a private man laudably modest He maintain'd Wars continually even from his Childhood yet besides that in France which he onelay saw when he was young he was never personally in any but managed them all by his Deputies He merited variously as to his Progenitors and Successours whose Empire as he augmented by the American Treasures and the Accession of the Crown of Portugal so he lessen'd it by the loss of the Kingdoms of Goleta and Tunis and by his Tyranny over the Dutch At Times it was observed that divers Things hapned untowardly in his Paternal Dominions but not in the Age of those men by whom his Fortune was upheld but when he had Women Children or weak Emulators or Enemies These were for the most part the Judgments of the wiser sort concerning him But others who were offended at him as Enemies say That he on ertook Wars rashly and managed them persidiously Nor do they less accuse him for the Cruelties of his Peace both in Spain and the Low-Countries his throwing France into Troubles by his Ambition and Thirst of Bloud and many other as well Publike as Domestick Evils making the soulness of his Death an Argument against him averring The Justice of Heaven met him at last and punish'd him for the innocent Deaths of his Son and Wife Isabella this murther'd by his Father that by her Husband So that meritedly he dyed as Herod with whom in regard of his Nature and Fortune they compared him or as Pheretino Queen of the Cerenians and with them suffer'd the Vengeance of his Parricides or that he meritedly perish'd as being a most bitter Enemy of True Religion according as the most famous Antiochus another Herod Caesar Maximinus or of the Tyrant Cassander and Sylla that were Oppressors of the Common Liberty whose Memories stink Although if it be true that it is remembred in History that many men famous for Wisdom learned in the Laws skilful in the Art of Poetry and others have dyed of the same Disease Philip the Son had possession of all his Father's Kingdoms by Inheritance being the Third of that Name and there was hardly ever any Change of Government that carryed along with it so great Wealâ—hâ— But among the Hollanders many men in their antient Simplicity who had hitherto believed that they were perpetually bound to that Prince to whom they had sworn Obedience now by the Kings Death thought Themselves freed there-from both in Conscience and Religion And now in Spain they began to take very sharp Counsels against the Hollanders which did much fully the Fame and Repute of the New King as if he had been of an unfound Constitution But many times it appears by use That Things are often better and more safely managed under a Prince who will fit his Ears and Commands of others whom he finds knowing in the State than where a Confidence of his own Wisdom makes him rash and obstinate to his own Humour and Will But these Things will in time be made more plainly appear Albertus going out of Bohemia into Italy in the Venetian Territories finds Margaret who about 14 Years ago having been Betrothed to the King's Son was now upon her Way to King Philip and was come from Graic a City of Hungary through the Streights of the Alps near Trent towards the River Athesis The Brother of this Lady being named Ferdinand to whom the Vicinity of the Turks was hateful and being desirous to change the Form of his Religion for most in that Country had departed from the Roman Church first intreated the House of Austria to intercede and afterwards
that the most wealthy men if they gave two thousand Florens for their two hundreth part they were eased for any further burthen by reason of their Trade or Profession which was given partly for the avoiding of envy and partly for the ease of the Nobility as the pooâ—er sort did not stick to cry out as if the equality of the tax had been laid aside in favour of some few Besides the Fleet sent into Spain whereof we shall speak in its proper place then first of all began new Germane levyes and Switzer Footmen to be first used Then also were Laws of Arms written And Lanoue raised a Regiment of two thousand French that could not endure to live in peace for which cause when the Spaniards complained of violation of the League King Henry answered That nothing was done by his command yet he would not hinder the carrying out of France to either party such as were willing to go to war that thereby the old names of factions might the sooner wear out And the States forces so pleased them that part of their men animated by youthfull vigor and others weary of tedious expences desired a Battle But Prince Maurice shewed them That the Enemy might more safely be eluded otherwise and the matter comming to be disputed by a fight would do no great damage to the Spanish Souldiers but among the people the least wounds were great causes of terror Count William being present applauded this prudence being always averse to rash and hot-headed Counsels Afterwards therefore Mendosa himself came to Bommel with all his strength and then it was furiously contested both by strength of Works and shot of the Cannon yet with no great damage as to the main only some loose straglers were sometimes killed But above two thousand men were in a short time lost in the Spanish Camp among which were two brothers a long time absent from each other and so unknown to one another especially the one of them going by his Mothers name these meeting accidentally and by discourse knowing each other while they were embracing both their heads were struck off with a great shot by which means they obtained this good That after that joy they should never have more cause of grief The like chance happened in Prince Maurice's Camp to a Man and his Wife lying together their sleep being by a like shot turned into a sudden death There fell out sometimes light skirmishes between the Horse as they met abroad in parties but all more like the contests between two adverse Camps then the bickerings at a Siege At last Mendosa returning back to Rossem Prince Maurice also having sufficiently strengthened the Town both above and below which he had made two Bridges for passing the Waell he quartered his Souldiers in the Isle of Voorne which he had fortified with new Works according to the manner of that excellent platform and all about the outer bank of the Waell The Spaniards with continual shooting as much as ever is used against Walls endeavoured to force his passage in the County of Tilen which is from thence beyond the Waell but by the strong opposition of Count Ernest to whom that Region belonged and a small Island in the Waell near Rossâ—m he was hindred Nor was that Prince satisfied in having defended his own but he proceeded further and voluntarily undertook to oppose and assail all that pretended to be of their party and first of all beyond the Maes in the next part of Brabant which looks back upon Voorne he commanded his men to make light and sudden incursions on purpose thereby to weary out the Enemyes Horse that lay thereabouts to guard and oversee the Pastures and Provisions And shortly after being encouraged by success to attempt greater things eaâ—ly in the morning he commanded some well experienced in such matters with three hundred Souldiers to go into the Isle of Bommel in that part where we said Harwarte stands and there to set up Pallisadoes or Stakes in form of an Half-Moon and then hastning it forward as fast as they could to cover them with Earth This space of ground would have contained about six thousand men And at once both the Work and Forces unwitting at first to the Enemy encreased from whence arose so great a confidence that the Prince himself publickly came thither to view it This daring Attempt was much further'd by the long Consultations of Mendosa while his Advisers differ'd in Opinion For now the Work was raised twice the heighth of a Man when the Enemy drawing on some chosen Spanish and Italian Souldiers led by Sapena to the Number of Two Thousand incensed with Fury and Religion gave a sharp Assault but the Monks that carryed before them Crucifixes were slain or taken among the first Some there were whose Ardor of Spirit was such that having carryed them beyond the Trench they were forced to come to Hand-strokes Nor did the Defendants want equal Valour besides the goodness of their Counsel and Conduct which keeping them in an intire â—state made both their Blows and Shot certain Lanove commanded the French Horatio Vere the English and one Edmunds the Scots each of them encouraging their Men both by Words and Example But Prince Maurice's Artillery from the Isle of Voorne and the Bank of the Waell Levoll'd against Them on every side chiefly tyred out the Enemy who at length was glad to go away carrying with them many of their dead Bodies Some Reported That in this Action there were Seven Hundred Men slain surely then the Match was very unequal when not many above Ten were slain on the Defendants side Among the slain Captains was found Paciotto who having been lately taken Prisoner was not to be danted in this fair Assay for Reparation of his last Honour After this the Foâ—t went on together with some smaller beyond the Maes although the forcible Attempt upon that the Enemy had made at Lutten proved in vain Without doubt these Camps were an excellent Pattern for the future Times where an Army was divided by so many Islands and Banks yet by Ships possessing the River and the Artificiall Workmanship of five Bridges moveable whither soever they listed they could by alternate Courses come one to another as they pleased Nor durst Mendosa offer any Assault to Prince Maurice's Works but a Fugitive shewing a place he had taken above Rossem where as is formerly related the bending of the Rivers meet nearest there following the Counsel that formerly Charles Mansfeldt had taken and then revived by Collonel Charles Colonna the same who hath with very great Judgment ahd Fidelity deliver'd these Things to Posterity himself with no small part of his men Erected a strong Fort from the Ground which from the Cardinal Andrew was named Fort-Andrew lying on this hand upon the Waell on that upon the Maes stopped up all Passage as well by Water as by Land Thus was the Summer spent and leaving here a Garrison this was the
overjoyed refused to redeem themselves or their goods but making an excuse of poverty whereupon the Hollanders setting fire both upon the Town and Castles departed their revenge being to them instead of prey The success at Gomera was not much unlike for there an empty Town lay open to them the Guns and other things which the People could not carry away with them in their flight being buried under ground and some who for hope of prey went up into the Mountains were slain to the number of fourscore which was a great Victory to the weak multitude and according to the Custom of Barbarians they shewed great cruelty upon the dead and conquered Bodies which when they had regained they set all the Buildings they came to on fire Douse seeing these his first hopes fait and knowing there would be no need of so great an Army to wast the Coasts he sent one part of the Fleet home with what prey was gotten who happily escaping the Enemies Fleet for at the same time that had set Sail from Corunna and by and by separated by the boysterousness of the Weather yet at last in the middle of Autumn they attained the Harbour Himself with the rest of the Forces appointed to go to Brazil a noble part of America in possession of the Portugueses and abounâ—ing with a rich sort of Wood and Sugar But chusing the Hesperides and all Africa joyning upon the Ocean as a safer Voyage when he saw there many Novelties particularly money made of Shells he wandred from thence increasing his number with some Merchants Ships which he had taken coming from Spain by some fatall Counsel he chooses the Island of St. Thomas a Colony of the Portugalls for the refreshing his Men. They were invited to that place by the fresh waters and Shell-fish called a Tortoise which is no unsavory meat and besides many times full of Eggs which have so hard a Shell as is not easily broken There is also an infinite store of Fish which either for fear of other devourers or through ignorance of humane covetousness because no Fishermen come thither stick to the sides of the Ships There were moreover some fowl which being weary of flying sit down of their own accords This Island of Ethropia which is called Guine lyes in such a Climate that the nights and dayes are equal and tempers the heat of the Sun that is alwayes perpendicular to them and never so declining as to make any Winter which part of this wide World Antiquity asserted neither to bear Corn Fruits or Men because those ages were ignorant of the Art of Navigation But as experience teacheth there is no part of Nature but is usefull some way or other nor is the modesty of men such as that they will leave the most barren and unhealthful soil unsearched for gain The Circuit of the Island is almost round where it is broadest they reckon it but twelve leagues the middle part is mountainous over which clouds continually hanging with their dew make abundance of Reeds or Canes to grow out of which Sugar is taken the profit arising whereof is so great as maintains the Portugueses and imployes for each of them a hundred or more servants Here likewise groweth Ginger and Trees whose juice exceeds the use of Wine both for pleasantness of taste and quenching the thirst Here no man resisted them at their landing the Town of Pavousa after a light â—ickering was taken Douse then gave notice to Francisco Menez that kept the Castle That he was not come to Sea like a Pirate but that he was sent with a well furnished Fleet by the most noble Captain Prince Maurice and the States to punish both old and new injuries with a publick War That he would do well therefore not to make him who had greater matters to look after to stay there for one Garrison assuring mercy and clemency to such as yielded but punishment or death to them that continued stubborn and so bringing thither some Artillery the surrender of the place quickly followed But the Islanders who were fled making a great eruption set fire on the Town whose flames were suffred to expatiate to the great ruine of others for the Hollanders moved at the damage as if it had been their own scattered the fire up and down the fields and Villages But Heaven it self fought most sharply for the Inhabitants for an incurable and violent disease seized the Hollanders in their Tents and pursued them with that malevolence and destruction as is hardly imaginable Nor indeed shall I excuse them as being so ignorant in things of nature that they did not shun places lying directly under the stroke of the Suns heat and pestilenti 〈…〉 Ayres which though if find fit bodies naturalized therâ—to from their very parents there yet is not to be born by a people not used thereto and comming from parts much more North for the Ayre there is neither cleansed cooled not refreshed with any Winds and so by means of the untemperateness grows foul and corrupted with a dusky vapour endammages the earth and this makes the countenances of the Portugueses that dwell there to be of a pale wan colour and the continual recourse of Fevers doth sufficiently argue That even they that were born in a warmer Climate do draw in a more dangerous Ayre At first the Judges sent to inhabite this Island only such as were condemned persons in Portugall but now covetousness doth bring others thither voluntarily Although it hath seldome been found that any European born ever attained there to his middle age But the Seamen besides the heat of the Ayre being wearied with labour were driven to remedies equal to the evills they suffred for a deadly sleepiness very noxious to such as went to take the cool Ayre at the rising of the Moon and Sugar and Indian Nuts and other things causing a flux they eat unmeasurably And now the drinking of water too greedily brought the disease full out among them but whether it were corrupted by the fraud of men I may worthily doubt since it agrees with the malice of that Nation and that not differing from reason Another cause of their ruine was their use of Venereal sports with some of the Women Nâ—tives the most of which are so libidinous that they will endeavour to allure men into their embraces in such diversity that Nature was not able to bear such a traffique of bodies thus they brought upon themselves several causes of death on every hand This Pestilential mortality was made more noted by the death of Dâ—use the Admiral who being of a very gross corpulent body was not capable of much motion in his natural climate being for two dayes rather languishing than sick he dyed not by any disease but only by the melting of his fat as was supposed By whose death all the common rabble were so troubled that their hopes began utterly to droop and soon after the cry of all was to leave that infectious place
the Action of this Day wherein the safety of so many men and in them of their Country and the Honours of so great a Triumph they acknowledged onely to be received from the Goodness of Almighty God But the Courtiers who are a crafty sort of Men in sowing Discord chiefly from this very time began as envying the Great Mens Authority to object the Prince's Anger and some Speeches of the Vulgar as if they being valiant enough among safe Counsels had for their own sakes onely engaged so many Armed Men and the Prince himself in so great Dangers The three first days after the Fight were spent in deliberating concerning Things of greatest moment on both Sides while the Prince advises part of his men to go and receive Oldenburg that so a Passage might be opened into the very Heart of Flanders and other parts to return to the Siege of Newport Now began the Weather to grow Turbulent both with great Winds and Rain which caused a procrastinating Delay in the Transacting of many Affairs besides the Souldiers began to be refractory to Command either grown timorous by the Review of the great Dangers they had lately passed through or else embolden'd by Victory for they quarrel'd and sometimes fought about the Prisoners whom some out of Respect to the Law of Arms or that they might not lose their Ransome endeavour'd to preserve Others especially the Scots offended for the loss of their Companions or pretending the like Wickedness from the Enemy in some Cases without any Respect to their Officers commanding the contrary openly slew them But in the interim Albertus having recollected his Courage to bear his Loss re-inforcing with strong Garrison's Oldenburg and other Forts thereabouts and not far off at Bruges prepar'd to raise a new Army out of those that survived the Fight or could be sent for from all parts of the Borders Some also fled to Newport whither afterwards Prince Maurice came but could not perfect his Siege by reason of the unseasonableness of the Weather At which time first five hundred then two thousand men conducted by Barlotte got into the Town by which means they were so well able to defend their Walls that they could make frequent Sallies and many times successfully enough Which Prince Maurice perceiving the Twelfth Day after he came thither he led away his Army and with like difficulty attempted to besiege one of the Forts about Ostend scituate among the Meadows and call'd by the Name of Isabella Hither also Claudius Barlotte came and did his best and last Endeavour being there slain with a Bullet He was a Man of a noble Courage a Lorrainer by Birth and skill'd in the Art of Chyrurgery by which he got his Living but afterwards by some unworthy Act reconciled to Count Mansfeldt whose Wife he was said to have attempted But arising to Honour he so behaved himself that he was esteem'd worthy of greater Honour every Day by which means his Death was much lamented by his General and as much rejoyced at by those who envyed his new and upstart Rising Prince Maurice being out of all hope of making War in Flanders by reason of the difficulty of the places and the recruited strength of the Enemy at length hoysted Sayl to Ostend carrying no other benefit with him of his hard-gained Victory besides the Glory thereof Before his departure he commanded Fort Albertus to be demolish'd but the Enemy quickly repaired it And as the Fleet went away the Weather by chance being Calm Spinola's Ships ventur'd to set upon some straglers thereof as they lagged behind But the Winds on a suddain rising they could scarce get safe away with all their Oars the Fleet pursuing them until they were hindred by the Shallows Some Attempts of Count Lewis of Nassaw into Brabant about this time came to nothing The rest of the Year being almost the half thereof was spent in quiet as if equally divided between these two great Enemies the one contenting himself in the happy Event of his successful Battel the other in the deserved Honour of saving Flanders from Ruine While Flanders was thus involved in War an Assembly of the States was summon'd at Bruxels according to the old Custom but of late omitted being perswaded hereto because they understood the Disposition of the Netherlanders and he was advised also to put on a moderate Carriage and to use perswasive Language and under pretence of asking Counsel to require Money He said he was very much grieved for the Evils wherewith the People were oppressed nor would he augment them by Dissimulation And if any Remedy for the same could be obtained by Peace he would be ready to further the same But if the Enemies Obstinacy gain-said a Settlement yet they should not despair for that their Cause was better For their Benefit the Spanish Wealth was consumed from whence had been drained for many Moneths to maintain their War Two Hundred and Fifty Thousand Scutes Monthly But that Discipline might be restored the Souldiers employed without injurious Actions it was just that the Netherlanders themselves should give their Assistance that Pay might be raised for the Souldiers and for discharge and maintainance of the Garrisons And when the Revenues of the Prince's Patrimony was in the French Troubles laid to Pledge they ought now to be given to him and his Princely Spouse for the better Support of their Grandeur and Government While the rest of the Things were in Debate the business of Money was laid aside by which means Mutinies and Seditions began every day more and more to spread so that a new Design was laid between the Remains of those of Diest that escaped from the late Battel and the Souldiers of Hamante But the Netherlandish States by this occasion interesting Themselves more nearly in the Common-wealths Affairs fell to Inquiry What was the Advantage they received from the Spanish Aids and what was fit to supply the Garrisons and maintain the War both at Sea and Land But the main Thing they insisted upon was Peace But the Hollanders suspected many Things and not without Reason as That all the Castles in the Netherlands and the chief Offices were in the Hands of Foreiners contrary to the Laws and that which is set down in those very Instruments made of late by which the Netherlands were transferced to the Arch-Dukes For there was a Necessity imposed upon Religion the Indies shut up from them and the Princes themselves obliged to the King of Spain as Pensioners and Clients which things they found fault with partly as grievous partly as mischievous But if King Philip would take away these things and by the Princes leave it might be lawful for them to make a League with the Hollanders that so there may the greater Credit be given to their Covenants they hoped in short time to re-unite all the Provinces under one Government The Arch-Duke consented that Deputies should be sent in the Name of the several States under his Command
great Forces wherewith all the people round about suspected the Spaniard would make War in Italy because also from hence sometimes designs were laid against several Venetian Castles otherwhile new plots were discovered upon some Cities of Low Germany But a sudden peace put a stop to all the Alpine troubles it being agreed That for the Marquisate of Saluzza the County of Breseia in the borders of Lions in which is the bridg of Roan should he delivered to the French adding an exception That it should be lawful to the Spaniard to lead over the said Bridg his Forces either into the Netherlands or Burgundy And now King Henry that after Peace abroad and dissentions in Religion setled at home and ordered by good Laws he might establish his Kingdome in a right Heir desires that the Pope would suffer him to be Divorced from Margaret Valois long since disaffected by him having been of no good fame and besides that for many years barren which was soon granted and he Marryed to Mary the daughter of Francis late Prince of Etruria a Lady of excellent disposition and which by her more mild temper should purge out of France all envy against the Name of Melices And the same Prince confirmed a League of Amity with England by new Conditions wherein was concluded That the boldnese of Pyrats should be restrained by severe Judgments and Pledges The Tenth BOOK of the History of the Dutch AFFAIRES IN this year one thousand six hundred and one The Armies being recruited and augmented did threaten grievous and terrible things for the great Captains lay as it were at watch and fixed in expectancy of the manifestation of each others counsels The whole Winter and Spring was spent in Stratagems and Foraging before the restrained violence of War burst out with greater Force And first of all a Souldier born in Brabant urged by the perswasions of the Jesuits and hired with money that under the pretence of bringing in several prisoners to Gertruydenbergh he should open the Town to the Enemy was apprehended before his design could take effect Soon after some Mauritian Horsemen suddenly forcing a certain Castle in Limburg brought thence a great prey and many Prisoners About the sâ—me time one Captain Cloet was sent to take the Castle of Cracow which is in the Jurisdiction of Meurs and together with the City and Country by gift of the last Earl came to Prince Maurice but had been held by granâ— from the Duke of Parma to Salentine Count Isenborg by the said Count until that time the same Cloet took beyond Wachtendone three hundred Horse and some Foot which being understood one Dulquio Governour of Straten a Town hard by marching out by the Archdukes command with above four hundred Foot and a few Horse in the darkness of the night fell upon the Enemy ere they were aware of him And now he had taken about thirty and killed some before the rest awaked with the noise could make themselves ready but as he retreated through the narrow passages Cloet going another way through the open fields met him who being inferiour to Cloet in Horse the Village being seized he was forced to surrender Thus being Conqueror and hastning about what he was sent he found the trench of the Castle full of Ice and not broken as his spyes had brought him intelligence so that easily comming to the Gate which he forced open with Gunpowder he drove out the Garrison Albertus hitherto had Covenanted with the Souldiers in Hamont that leaving that more inferiour fear they should have the Town and Castle of Waert from whence both the Countreyes of Leige and Gulick were exposed to their plunder whereat the neighbours were grievously troubled But all their frequent Messages and Complaints were slightly passed over because it was known of old to be a kind of gain under the pretence of sedition to maintain War at the charge of others So also were the people of Cleves vexed with the Garrisons of Berck and Geldre and the misery of that people who had deserved better was increased in that the Hollander assessed as much money upon them as had been withdrawn by others saying That it mattered not whether by force or voluntarily they increased the Enemies Wealth since they could not defend themselves from it And because they heard of a Fleet preparing in Spain and that the Duâ—kâ—kers infested the Sea with more then ordinary boldness a greater Navy of Ships was sent to Sea yet for all that some Pyrats appeared still who in the sight of Scheveling which is a Village upon the Sea-Coast of Holland near the Hague they exposed their Captives and received their Ransome But soon after bâ—ing circumvented by some Fisherboats wherein some Souldiers were put they gave satisfaction for their audacious attempt by their usual and deserved punishment Some old Ships also were sent to Dunkirk Haven where being full of stones they were sunk on purpose to choak it up But as oft as the Sea ebbed the wood being cut away with Axes by the Towns-men at the flood by the violent beating of the Waves the place was again cleared of all And some Merchants Ships going into England were taken and made Prize by Spinola's Galleys the Ship of Warr which was to be their Convoy after a long fight with the Enemy a great number of whom was slain by some fire thrown into it utterly perished The same also thought to have set upon Flushing some within the Town being corrupted to have set fire thereon but one of the Conspirators falling by chance sick and by the terrour of approaching death repenting and making confession thereof to his ghostly Father the whole Plot was detected and punished In the interim new Mutinies and Seditions arose among Albertus his Men And the Antwerpers pacified a Man of Warr that lay in the Schelde and made a Mutiny by giving them part of their pay And the Walloons that kept the Forts about Ostend raged even to the wounding and killing of their Officers yet were largely indulged because by the Hollanders Promises they were like to be dâ—awn off from their Obedience and being perswaded to go from their Garrison they passed to Montz After these things the United States setting an Asseâ—sment upon all Chimneys and being assisted with Souldiers out of England and Moneys out of France again fell in Debate upon another Expedition into Flanders but for that all the hopes of that Design lay in the speedy execution thereof and therefore that it was necessary first to divert the Enemy to some other part it was thought sit to make a shew of Warr in the furthermost Borders To which purpose Prince Maurice sending before some Souldiers under pretence of a Marriage between Count Lewis of Nassau and Count Broakens Widow himself came to Arnheym and then making no delay he speeded to Bercke with above a hundred Companies of Foot and Thirty Troops of Horse of which Place Jeronimo Lopez had the Government by the
with his Forces caused him to make the more hast for the Count had taken to him the Souldiers which after their departure from Diest we mentioned before to be translated to the Town of Waâ—rt as also those that then were at Diest Nor did the Prince so much fear them in his Camp which was very strongly fortified as that they should make an incursion over the frozen Rivers into Holland which was then left unguarded the Carriages because they had no use of their Ships as many as could be were sent away before to Hesden and the residue were set on fire The Fortifications were all left standing yielding an ample Testimony of an Expert General and an Industrious Souldier The rest of Autumn and Winter was spent in light excursions The Hollanders forraging that part beyond the Rhine which is opposite to Colen under pretence of what was due to the late deceased Count Moers and on the other sides some parts of Brabant under their obedience being wasted by the Arch-Dukes Command because they refused to pay Tribute The War yet continued about Ostend with equall labour and toyl both to the Besiegers and Besieged for the Winterly Sea now shattered the Works of the Town anon those of the Camp besides the great moysture both of the Ayr and the Ground bred infinite Diseases whereof the English grew weary as finding their daily decay desiring leave of General Vere to return into their Country by these means ' the number of Defendants in the Town was so lessened that of seven thousand there scarce remained three which was not unknown to the Arch-Duke who when he saw the Gollet could not be choked up either by sinking Ships therein nor any other great heaps of Wood or Stones and that his Work could not be forwarded that way the Sea and policies of the Enemy pressing much upon him he resolved to bring the matter to the decision of true Valour hand to hand And first of all for a tryal of his Forces he commanded eight hundred chosen men by night to assayl the Walls of the Town that lye towards the Sea-shore which they valiantly put in execution burning up the Palizadoes and consuming all things of defence towards the Sea for a great space But the Tyde of Flood in a short time beginning caused them to depart leaving behind them not a few of their own number which had been either killed or wounded before by the shot yet they resolved having received new Supplies into the Camp at once with all their force to storm the Town on both sides as well that part which looks backward into the Fields as that which abuts upon the Sea as also the Porcupine and Sandhill the Principal Forts in that part Of which General Vere having Intelligence by a Prisoner and fearing the small number of his men without any advise of his Officers but led by his own single Judgement very few knowing thereof made a short Truce with the Enemy and seeming as if he intended a Surrender both received and gave Pledges But the Souldiers especially they of Rossem mutinying thereat as fearing they should be betrayed to an implacable Enemy Vere was forced to send back the Arch-Dukes Pledges and to declare the Reasons of his actions to his Officers which was this That under pretence of a Treaty he might spin out that time of danger untill his expected Relief came which being understood it seemed good to all That for the safety of those Gentlemen which were then Hostages with the Enemy they should draw some eminent Persons among the Enemy into the Town with whom they would Treat very slowly upon some unusuall and unlikely Termes among which this was one That the Arch-Duke should pay a great sum of Money to the Souldiers upon their marching out of the Town In this interim a prosperous Gale brought out of Zeland five Companies of Men into the Town when immediately General Vere declared both to the Arch-Duke and his Commissioners that he had been driven by necessity to desire a Treaty but now in regard Supplies and Relief were come to him he could proceed no further without breach of his Oath yet that he hoped if he should in the future be reduced to extremity by the Arch-Dukes Forces the Clemency of so great a Prince would vouchsafe to hear him This Affront for so was it looked upon highly enraged the Arch-Duke because all Flanders were in a manner come together to see the delivery of the Town yea and the same of this Treaty was flown into Foreign Kingdoms Neither was this deceitful kind of Policy altogether excused by the States themselves who looked upon it as dishonourable in it self and carrying with it more of danger than necessary convenience This year some Foreign Affairs brought no small disadvantage to the Dutch Affairs for in England the Earl of Essex the great Adversary to the Peace of Spain though he was not at first committed to Custody yet was banished the Court and He that of late was so great in the Princes favour supported with many followers and defended with Armies now could not bear his life without Honour without Command pondering in his Breast variety of Counsels whether he should assault the Court by water or threaten it with War at a distance his Enemy prying into all his actions by the Queens directions whose mind was now much incensed against him for former faults without any regard to his Splendor of Body or Condition was called to answer for his offences He understanding his danger followed onely that Counsel which at the present was worst of all being neither modest enough or bold enough for detaining at his House the Lords that the Queen had sent to him Himself with a small Party hastning to London and there endeavouring to pervert the minds of the common people he was prevented by a publick Herald that by the Queens Command proclaimed him guilty of High Treason unless he presently submitted with which the People being striken into an amaze fearing themselves easily put off the care of another Hereupon the Gates are shut his House Besieged and himself now devoyd of Counsel surrendred himself and was carryed to prison by the Earl of Southhampton Judges according to the Custom of England being Assigned for his Tryal he was heard publickly where he spoke much against his Enemies especially against the Lord Cecill whom among the rest he branded with this Crime That he promoted peace with the Spaniard against whom he had revenged them but never altered his Faith and Allegiance to the Queen A great while the expectation of all people was held in suspence whether the Queens Clemency and old affections would forgive him or the greatness of his Crimes his suspected popularity and powerful Enemies would deprive him of all hopes of Pardon at last he was condemned and privately beheaded giving great Testimonies both of Piety and penitence at the eâ—it of his greatness his Death being attended with many of
the Natives whither of late some Hollanders being driven they were by the Portugueses hanged and put to death the Magistrates of the Chinois being persuaded that they were no other then thieves and robbers Now Macao stands upon the River Canto by which onely strangers are admitted a passage into the Empire of China as to goe out of the same Empire into forein parts there is no way but by Cinceo a Port in another part of the Country Thus wealth being gotten from the publick Enemy and great damage done both to the King and Portugueses great advantage was gotten with honour by the Hollanders both in private and publick yet some were found in this industrious and gain-seeking Nation who would refuse part thereof as not convenient or fitting being by force of Warre taken from Merchants and as it many times happens such as least deserve it And the pretence that moved some to this conscienciousness was the ancient amity with the Portugal believed to be begun four Ages before when the Netherlanders going to Syria to the Holy War conquered Lisbone then the Kingly seat of the Saracens From thence great priviledges were granted to the Netherlanders in Portugal and no less to the Portugueses in the Netherlands Besides after the beginning of the Warre in the Low-Countries and the Conquest of Portugal by King Philip the Portugueses were invited by the States that as they were equally subject with them so they should equally enjoy all manner of commerce and the same benefit with all their Citizens In answer of which desire not a few of them out of hatred to the Castilians of old their neighbours now their Lords or lest the power of the Inquisition should grow high under pretence of Jewish or Arabian Superstition came to the Hollanders but they that remained under the King of Spain's obedience and increased his wealth with their own were by all Law accounted as Enemies especially after so many injuries among the Indians as without doubt they might be And that no man might pretend ignorance thereof the States by a publick Edict declared the same And here a doubt arising whether the goods of Italians in those Ships that were taken should be esteemed Prize the matter was decided by setling a moderation between equity and the practice of Warre Hitherto many Companies of Merchants frequented the Indies whose emulations since they enhanced the price of Commodities there and here on the Contrary brought them low and being several were not able by all their strength and endeavours to resist the Spaniards the States taking this into serious consideration of many separate Bodies made one conjunct Society appointing Consuls and Factors in divers Cities that should sometimes meet together by their Deputies and publishing a Law that no one separately during the space of twenty years should sail beyond the Cape of good Hope or goe to the Streights of Magellan And now a day was set within which all should give in their names that would be partakers both in the charge and revenue of that Company so that at the end of ten years new names should be received and offers made At this time there was collected threescore hundred thousand pounds And from this time a new Warre as it were arising in the East the Indian Company began to be esteemed a great part of the Commonwealth for that not onely a part of all booty came to the publick Treasury but also the common Enemy was exhausted at the charge of private Citizens that daily made spoil of him and made him be at infinite expences in his defence But now the long wants of King Philip were at last in part supplied by the arrival of the American Fleet towards the end of this year when also his animosities against the French as if they had not before been violent enough broke out more clearly Letters being dispersed over Brabant accusing the Marriage of the King with Medices as unlawful during the life of Margaret of Valois and that the issue arising there-from was illegitimate and so passionately reproving the King's lust About this time also was convicted of Treason Gonthalde Duke de Biron King Henry then warring about the Alps he having married the Duke of Savoy's Daughter and covenanted with the Spaniard to have Burgundy in Dowry to the hazard of the ruine of the King and his children Being cited to the Court when he denied his fact to the King who till then was inclinable to pardon him this was the first thing that aggravated the King's anger although he well knew Biron had with his own bloud secured both the publick and his reign This great Duke was of an immense spirit ambitious of honour beyond hopes of satisfaction but in the arts of Warre and his merits towards his Country giving place to no French-man that ever went before him until he dishonoured the glory of his Mareschals staff by his unhappy exit And thus within two years Ambition brought to a miserable end two men that under their Sovereigns of England and France were great Princes But as Essex's attempts were more excusable so was his death more serene and quiet But Biron having conceived a Treason in his minde was so farre followed by Divine revenge that he contaminated his end with a mixture both of impiety and madness Now also the people of Embden began to blow up the coals of new Commotions upon this occasion Enno the son of Edsard succeeded his Father in his Transamasian Principality and being pressed with the complaints of all the States supposing that he might more safely act apart he had easily wrought upon his Nobility that they would follow the Prince with all equal freedome against the Subjects With the City of Embden a Peace was made almost agreeable to the Delphzilian conditions onely some obscure things fraudulently contrived were implied These being drawn to his Party contemning the lesser Towns and the Country he laid upon them a grievous Tax But the Town of Nordam resisting his commands he ran to Arms and was not content to set upon them a mulct onely but publickly erecting Gibbets made Citizens pass under the yoke Whereupon calling to minde old feuds with the Embdeners he terrified other places by the example of Nordam He tears from the Magistrates the most active and ingenious of the Vulgar promising that when the Hollanders were excluded he would transferre the Spanish Trade to them and it was true that they were friendly received that brought Enno's Letters This was very terrible to the United States and so much the more because Christopher the brother of Enno was in pay under Albertus and John another of his brethren being by the Pope married to Enno's daughter to whom he was Uncle advanced the Romane Religion in Paderborn And on every side it evidently appeared that the Count laboured that he might open that large mouth of the Eems to the Spanish Ships But at first the Hollanders strength being imployed elsewhere onely four Companies were
admired by her neighbours but courted by Embassadours even from the Moors and Sarmatians No man hitherto doubted but that great Commotions would have arisen in England upon the death of the Queen who had never declared any certain Successor for it was believed that although James King of Scotland was the next in bloud yet the ancient hatred of the inhabitants and the private fear of those that had consented to his Mother's death would be an obstacle to him there being several ready in England who boasted themselves to be descended of Royal bloud Then also the power of the English Catholicks was feared lest they should hope for that by Troubles which they could never expect while the setled Authority of the Queen remained the Pope also instigating them as unwilling that a King of the new Religion should be admitted although he were next in bloud Nor was that hope onely grown in the Spaniards who lay at watch for the peoples commotions but the Hollanders also although they had by many good offices before-hand pre-engaged King James upon the connexion of Religion yet by tacite wishes did guess that the imputation of their alliance with him would transferre part of the Warre into Britain But it happened beyond hope and expectation that presently after the decease of Queen Elizabeth the old Councel of the Queen and as many of the Bishops and Magistrates of London as were at present at hand and in readiness proclaimed King James not waiting for the authority of a Parliament for the danger of delay and because Interregnum's do many times in the future by new Laws and Covenants diminish the grandeur and power of Authority Thus without any contradiction the King of Scotland got the possession of England and was the first that within the known Records of any Annals enjoyed the whole Island of Great Britain in one entire and undivided Government The United States did not omit forthwith to send an Embassy to congratulate him for his new access of magnitude having first sent some gratulatory Letters The Embassadours sent by them to the King were Count Henry of Nassau Prince Maurice's brother then a Member of the Councel of the States and General of the Horse next to him was Walrave Brederode thirdly John Olden Barneveldt and lastly Jacob Valcken who died before he returned from this Embassy When they were admitted to audience they spake in this manner We are come hither Great King divided in our selves between Grief And Joy for we have lost Her whose goodness and benefits to us we are not able to express in words but we have found You as the Heir of Her Kingdome so the Imitator of Her Vertues That which formerly we desired and since that by publick supplications decreed to the most happy Messengers of Your new-begun Dominion that now in Your own presence with hearts and voices we beseech and begge of God that this Your reign may be happy and prosperous to Your Self to Posterity to Great Britain and to Vs We begge of You Sacred Sir one thing That You would not suffer the insulting Spaniard to trample upon the necks of the Netherlanders and from thence by degrees to incroach upon the Dominions of others his Neighbours It suits with Your Religion to save so many Assemblies of pious men from that Kingdome of sanguinary Superstition it agrees with Your Justice to defend a Cause allowed of by so many Kings and it is an act becoming Your Prudence to drive away those underminers of Kingdomes and supporters of the Papacy by whose judgement all that You now possess is given to them as a Prey Your Predecessor Queen Elizabeth did this and so we hope will You and that with the greater ease by how much You are in the prime of Your age have a more man-like Authority a more ample Power and a House well setled upon the happy foundation of a hopeful Issue Our fidelity shall in part supply Your Work and Charge by whose prosperity and adversity it hath been made evident that the Spaniards could be conquered 'T is true Peace is a most excellent Jewel and worthy of high estimation among Christians but that that is made with Tyrants and treacherous people is little better then Warre If all they that are joyned in the Cause would unite their wealth he would be deprived of the Netherlands and if that punishment would not yet make him wise he should be driven out of the Sea and all his maritime Dominions which would be no hard matter for the Hollanders and English to effect and this certainly would make him glad to come to a true Peace the best maintainer whereof was equality of Forces Now is the siege of Ostend protracted unto the third year so that having endured so long a misery we humbly intreat You to aid us with supplies for relief thereof for which purpose you may make use of those ships which by the Queen 's command were furnished and instructed with Armes and provisions by us being eleven in number and now wait for nothing but your Royal command Hereto the King very courteously answered as to the matter of friendship but as to the rest he excused himself by the infancy of his Dominion but in time he would see what was best to be done in the interim not concealing that as much as he could he would prefer all counsells tending to Peace for hitherto he had had no difference with the Spaniard and also Philip had voluntarily offered him his assistence if any dispute should have arisen concerning his Kingdome and himself being of a mild disposition and well grounded in all kind of Literature had spent his time in studies rather inclinable to Peace then War And the Archduke being supposed to have made war with the Queen not with the Realm had by Edict forbidden any damage to be done to the English sending home besides all Prisoners they had that were that Countrey-men and soon after he sent Charles Prince of Arenberg Embassador to the King as also the Spaniard sent Don John Baptista Taxis to the same for the promoting a Peace concerning which the year following there was an agreement When the Embassadors of Holland saw they could not prevent it they endeavored to delay it and to give the King some hopes that they likewise might obtain Peace together with their Liberty if the King by procrastinations or delay would suffer the Spanish counsells which yet depended upon the event of a few years to grow towards perfection And this was the discovery of Olden Barneveldt who was throughly versed in all the secrets of the United Provinces producing the Duke of Brunswick's hand whom the Emperor Rudolphus had acquainted with that affair But King James his hast was not at all slackened in making that Peace whereupon the Hollanders onely contended that if they could not obtain a shew of assistence yet that they might not be denied right These their desires were seconded by the French King who was very
lying Titles And whatsoever was related to them in Confession ought to be kept secret and to disclose the same was a sin although it tended either to the destruction of Prince or people and in pursuance hereof they named all manner of conferences among themselves Confessions It was not doubted but these hopes of Treason were nourished by the Spanish wealth and the rather because long since some Societies of English Jesuites were maintained by them purposely to disturb the Peace of that Kingdome But some that were knowing herein betraied all those forms of private counsells abroad lest they should still continue unknown but they that continued faithfull to Rome and Spain wanted no convenient supplies from thence upon all occasions And it was told to the Constable of Castile when he was Embassador in England that if the new King would not allow or suffer the Roman Religion he would find some ready to exact the same by force And the Archduke fomented jealousies and suspicions denying to deliver to King James requesting the same such English-men living in those parts with whom the Prisoners confessed they had participated counsells the chief of them being sent away into Spain Yet did not King James take that either as an affront or injury publishing by Proclamation that he was satisfied of the innocency of forein Princes in that business Nor did King Philip omit to congratulate his delivery from so great a danger by Don John de Mendosa both in countenance and serious forms of speech to that onely purpose made The Fifteenth BOOK of the History of the Dutch AFFAIRES THE Defence of Antwerp one of the principal Cities of the Netherlands the taking Towns so strongly fortified and carrying the Warre into the Enemie's Country while with less danger and more hope he might have fought elsewhere added very much to Spinola's honour and renown he being the first that seemed to put new life and courage into and to restore the fortune and discipline of that side which for fifteen years before had been decaying Therefore which way soever he went among the Netherlanders there were great exultations and applauses attended him and when he came into Spain as his custome was every year he was privately envied by the Lords but publickly and with great honour favoured by the King But the many actions of the former year had so drained the Treasury that by the emptiness thereof the present Counsels of the Warre were much retarded and he but slowly obtained pay for both his Armies refusing to undertake the charge of the Warre without it and if he had it boasting he had in a manner already obtained the Victory determining as before he had passed the Rhine so now he would goe over the Wael and the Yssell and so penetrate into the very bowels of the Hollanders Therefore he consented to help the King 's decayed credit with his own and his friends wealth which with what damage to himself it was done will be commemorated towards the end of the year On the other side the Vnited States long foreseeing the approaching evils which Armies are wont to draw along with them increasing their Forces that were at distance and they were infinitely vexed with the vast charges of the Garrisons resolved the following year to give way to that violence which they imagined would not endure long being content to defend their Borders until the fury thereof began to be asswaged Beside the new Levies intended were hindred in France by the Warre of Sedan and in Germany by the troubles of Brunswick Sedan is a City lying hard by the Maes in the confines of the French and Belgick Dominions and was a place of great concernment if at any time the Warre came towards those parts Of old it was possessed by the Family of Le Marque but Henry de Turre Viscount Turein marrying the Daughter and Heir of the Bulionian Family gained the inheritance of the Town and took the name of Bulion and although his Wife was dead retained it by virtue of her Testament but often undermined by the French greatness while the affairs of the House of Bourbon were yet but private He was reckoned among the chief Captains during the unsetled estate of that Kingdome But after the King had changed his Religion and for defence of the Kingdome new Taxes were found our which gave cause of complaint and the great multitude that professed the Reformed Religion had their eies chiefly upon Bulion he being famous in Warre and the frequent author of resolute counsels he was believed to have caused some commotions When he was called to answer his offence at the same time as Marshal Biron was put to death excusing himself against the violent animosities of his Enemies and challenging many of his suspected Judges he departed into Germany And the Prince Elector Palatine being asked that he would remember his Affinity for both of them had married Prince Maurice's Sisters sent some Embassadours to the King to appease his wrath but it little prevailed it being alwaies a thing detested by Kings to have forein Powers interpose themselves for the reconciling their differences Hereupon the matter was undertaken by Prince William's Widow and indeed the Woman's sollicitation proved most effectual but the King required the custody of Sedan as a pledge of his fidelity Bulion offered to deliver both the Town and Castle to the patronage of the Kingdome of France and for performance of that agreement consented that as well the Governour as the Souldiers therein should be bound by Oath and besides this he offered other things while yet he was not removed from the possession and in the interim prepared all things for enduring a War if he should be compelled thereto by necessity This boldness of his together with the potent Enemies which he had lately made himself and besides being a man greedy of honor and impatient to be excelled forced the King that marching out that Spring with a great Army he came with his Camp as far as the Maes Thus did this great King threaten with the fury of a destructive War not the Spaniard nor the Burgundian as heretofore but his old friend the Lord onely of one poor Town But a meanes being found to make Peace Bulion was redeemed from that imminent danger and the King freed from such an inglorious contest The King placed a Governor in Sedan for four years and at the end of that time the custody of the same was to be redelivered to Bulion By that agreement it was forbidden for any to inquire into his former actions and if hereafter he should change his allegiance the Townsmen swore they would chuse them another Prince This Peace being made he was restored to his wonted favor with the King who as he was easily angred so he was ready and free to pardon all men wondring to see him that lately was an Enemy now be at the King's elbow and inseparable from him both in his cares and recesses The
some small Villages All the great Guns both from the Ships at Land were levelled at the Castle but afterwards Captain Molly looking at the matter nearer hand reported that there was a passage through the ruines whereupon they violently run on and though beaten back both by shot and fire thrown among them yet they came on afresh Then did Molly seeing one Torry a Spaniard rushing upon him with a Javelin gently avoiding the stroke catch him in his Arms so that they both fell down together upon the ground where as they lay strugling he called to his next Associate bidding him to shoot the Spaniard in the Head while he held him in his Arms striving which was presently dâ—ne yet but seven being able to get into the Castle they were forced to Retreat in which Captain Molly being found with his Thigh broken was by his Companions carryed off though a long time he resisted it crying out that they should again and with greater valour assayl their Enemies their care of him at present being to no purpose for if they took the Castle they might relieve and take him up at their pleasure when by chance a Tower wherein was a quantity of Gunpowder being shot with a Bullet the Powder took fire and destroyed threescore Portugueses In which affright the Assaylants afresh coming on took the Castleâ— The Women and Children fled into the Rocks which were unpasseable by Armed men but all Victuals and Water being stopped from them they were forced to yield and together with the men that survived the taking of the Castle were transported into the Philippines Thus were the Portugalls driven from their Dominion in the Molucca's save only they had yet one small Fort in the Island Timosa The Hollanders gave not only the King of Tideris his life but granted him all his power lead thereto rather for their Honours than Securities sake But He dissembling amity with the Hollanders made a League with the King of Ternata having no other hopes and then continually laid plots which in time he hoped to bring to pass desiring in the interim as the best means to secure the liberty of the Island that the Castle might he demolished which ought rather to have been kept up and augmented At this time also other Ships returned from the Indies which had been sent thither by several Merchants before they were united into one Company nor did they come without good booty for they had intercepted a Carack coming from Machao at the Island Patany which then a Woman Governed who maintaining that the spoyls taken in Her Kingdom belonged to her made the Hollanders divide the prey with Her which afterwards they redeemed again Part of the Indian Commodities especially Silk is brought out of China a potent and flourishing Empire where it hath ever been esteemed a part of Prudence to forbid an entrance to strangers and the Portugalls residing at the utmost Borders thereof by many Policies affrighted that suspicious People advising them not to admit the Hollanders who were valiant and powerful at Sea to come within their Borders but while by the favour of Neighbour Kings a harmless Voyage was sued fot in the interim by the Merchants of China that frequented Java and other places they participated of the same Commerce Moreover the Hollanders sent to the Indies Paul Carden with Eight Ships the Ninâ—h by chance being burned before it went out And lest their Neighbours should seek to convert to their own uses that Commerce which they had gotten with so much labour and defended in the uttermost parts of Asia the United States did by an Edict declare That no Native of Inhabitant should go into those parts either from home or out of other Lands except such as were Commanded by the Indian Company lately erected in Holland wherein all Objections were answered by the necessity thereof and the like Example and afterwards in following times the same Company was much augmented by new Cautions and severe punishments against offenders as any deceitful practices were detected This Year were Celebrated some Solemn Funerals as of Philip Hohenlo one of the Noble Persons among the Hollanders who dyed among them and of John of Nassau who deceased in Germany Hohenlo was a Man well skilled in War and of an undaunted Resolution but of no great fore-sight in Command although during Prince Maurice's Youth he was wont to lead the Forces but when he saw by the Princes maturity that there was no use of Him at length partly with grief and trouble of mind and partly by the Gout caused by two much repletion he had a slow and lingring death which is very grievous to a valiant mind But Nassau dyed of old Age he was Brother to William Prince of Aurange and with Him shared the antient Inheritance of his Predecessors the Prince enjoying all in France and the Netherlands and He what belonged to their Family in Germany He assisted his Brother with Money while the necessity of his Affairs required it and in the greatest distraction of his business he was not wanting in Counsel He was for a time Governour of Gelderland and the chief Authour of the Trajectine League which was in its time exceedingly necessary Afterwards returning to his own Patrimony he was a continual Assistant to his Sons supporting by Arms his Allyes and Friends of whom Count William Governing the Frizons and Count Ernest about that time marryed to the Duke of Brunswicks Daughter only survived the Counts Philip and Lewis dyed in the War nor was his Off-spring at home any whit less of either Sex Now also dyed Justus Lipsius a Man famons for Learning among the Noblest Wits after he had obtained great Renown from the Precepts of Wisdom and the Roman Gravity and also from a new and concise kind of writing perpetuated the same in his publick Narrations of Halle and Aspricoll And whether He deferred or contemned to answer those Books set out against him his Death so soon following hath left questionable however as well the Hollanders as the Netherlanders did not omit to Celebrate the memory of this worthy Person both in Verses and publick Orations About this time also was a Marriage in the Nassavian Family Solemnized between PHILIP Prince of AURANGE and a Virgin Daughter of the Prince of CONDE of the BORBONIAN Stock by which Affinity the KING as Obliged to Him restored the free Possession of the Town and Principality of AURANGE although the PARLIAMENT of DAUPHINE averred part of the same to be subject to their Jurisdiction and part in general to the Kingdom Before I begin to enter a Work disagreeing to the former discourses I will declare how the Hollanders Affairs were turned from so sharp and long a War unto thoughts of Peace in this year what part of Europe was at Peace and what at War what private or publick motions and inclinations of mind among themselves or their Neighbours when and how that time became every where as it were fatal
the King hath no such need of you as to give assistance to those that despise his Counsels Spencer also in the name of his Master the King of Great Brittain spoke to the same purpose adding that the Common-wealth wherein the right of many Opinions doth not prevail is like to a Virgin which as old Authours remember was pulled in pieces by the hands of many other rivall Lovers contending among themselves and so elegantly set forth how much the Tribunitial Power prejudiced the Romans The same Embassadors also perswaded them for the future to settle a more certain Method of raising their Tributes as also if any thing were distempered in the Common-wealth or disfigured by War that it might be amended whereby they might become more unanimous among themselves and more formidable to their Enemies The like Advice they gave to the Citizens who esteemed their own Government best to wit that they should leave the chief Matters to their Provincces and their Deputies but all suddain and quotidian Business should be in the ordering of the Governours and Senate who were to look after not any particular part alone but the whole Body But it was not convenient to abolish a Custom approved of by the space of Twenty Years with Success fortunate enough wherby it easily appear'd that it would be profitable for all that all Things should remain as at present lest while the Debate of the Truce depended they should involve and intangle one Business in another In these Verbal Contentions this Transient Year was almost expired and a Rumour was frequently spread abroad That the Truce endeavour'd by the Embassadors did no whit please the Spaniards And the Truth is Richardot had written to Janinus That King Philip was grown more averse than before but he assigned the fault thereof to the King of Great Brittain as if he had given some hope that nothing more should be spoken of Liberty And now the sweetness of Peace had so far allured some among the Vnited States that they could digest that but the more discreet sort wâ—thstood it and the Embassadors of the Kings sent to the Arch-Dukes demanding Whether they should give Credit to those things which of late had been begun to be transacted with their Ministers Upon Return of their Messenger being certified That the Arch-Dukes had given Command and likewise had from the King a power of making an Agreement they shew'd the same to the States and admonish them That the Cessation of Arms being near a conclusion should be prolonged for one Moneth in hope of making a League Yet lest they should expect other Articles than what had bin of late prescribed by them They said They would only do their Endeavour that the Truce might continue for 7 years longer and that there might rather be a peaceable than a Warlike Trade in the Indies In the mean while the Arch-Dukes well understanding that there wanted not some in Spain who either desirous of War or striving for the honour of the Kingdom would dispute those Words concerning the Liberty of the Hollanders especially because the Hollanders would not leave the Trade of the Indies nor would suffer any thing to be Decreed in favour of the Romanists Therefore they sent thither Inicus a Priest of Bruxels of a Noble Spanish Family and Father Confessour to Albertus and which is of necessary consequence with the same intimate and privy to all his Counsels This Man was commanded to shew what Commodities would by a Truce accrue to the Ports of Flanders the passage to which was stopped up by War as also that some increase of the Romane Religion was to be hoped by as much as Hatred and Animosities decreased they being a People covetous of Novelty and discordant in Matters of Divinity Neither were those Words much to be fear'd that were ambiguously implyed the Embassadors of the Kings not only averting They would take nothing away from the Spaniard but that many of the Hollanders had shew'd them to be fruitless by subtilly cavilling That these Arguments might prevail against all contrary Attempts and Endeavours they were strengthned by the Authority of the Duke of Lerma a Man most eminent in the Favour of King Philip and therefore drawing after him not onely the Respect of the Court but the whole Source of Counsel he delighted much in the pleasures of Peace and therefore fear'd lest others should over-top him by Honour and Renown gain'd in War This Year came Philip William Prince of Aurange and Elder Brother to Prince Maurice first of all into Holland remaining other where during the time of War but now using the common freedom taken by all The causes of his comming thither he pretended That by the Truce he might take a Care to mind the benefit of his own Affairs as also that being honour'd with the French Affinity he hoped he might the better bring it about by means of the present French Embassadors those Things which were in dispute between him and his Brothers concerning his Paternal Inheritance But others interpreted it in another manner as if he had appear'd there as a Fautor of Peace contrary to the Counsels of his Brother However it was this is certain That by his means Emanuel of Portugal against whom we elsewhere mention'd Prince Maurice to be highly inraged for his Marriage with his Sister was reconcil'd to the House of Nassau During all this time nothing was done by the Souldiery but only near Ardenburg some were slain that lay in wait to take away the Townsmens Cattel Likewise in Germany the Hollanders Horse with more than ordinary Licentiousness foraging the Country were met with and punish'd for some being sent out of the Garrison at Berck slew some of them as they were scatter'd abroad in the Night among whom was kill'd Adolphus of Nassau a Young-man of great Courage but too indulgent to the Souldiery But the Victors Joy continued but a while for the Troops gathering together from all parts repai'd the slaughter of their Companions with the Death of many more of their Enemies This Year also there appear'd the Seeds of a Mischief that was not contemptible for Arms were scarce laid aside before there began a Difference in Religion the beginnings whereof are not known nor more of it but as it broke out by little and little which hapned thus At Leyden two famously learned Men the one named Gomarus the other Arminius publikely read Lectures upon the Holy Scriptures of whom this maintain'd That by God's Eternal Decree it was appointed who should be saved and who should be damned and thereupon that some are drawn to Piety and being so drawn are preserved that they shall not fall away while others are left to perpetrate the common Vices of Mankind and lie totally involved in their own sins This on the other side maintain'd That God would not be altogether a severe Judge but was also a loving Father and made this difference of Sinners That to such as were
besieged by Prince Maurice 390.513 Relieved and the Siege raised by Mondragonio 391 Guiana discovered by Sir Walter Rawleigh 405 Germanes seiz Heredtalls from the Arch-Duke and why 469 Grâ—viwaert attempted by the Spaniards but in vain 487 488 Groening difference between the Citizens and Boors and about what and how setled 489 490 Groll delivered to the Prince 514 Germany a description thereof both antient and modern 587 58â— ad 592 5â—9 Expedition thence intended and whither but hindered and by whom 621 622 Gravewaert beset by Mendosa but in vain 624 Strengthned by Prince Maurice 625 Germanes raise a great Army and for what 633 634 They besiege â—ercke reduce Rees yet at last come to nothing and why 634 635 636 63â— Grobdendouc The Fight between him and Breautee 657 658 Groningen grows mutinous but reduced to order by Count William and a Castle built over them 661 662 Grave besieged by Prince Maurice 720 721 Endeavoured to be relieved by Mendosa but in vain whereupon iâ— was surrendered 722 It is beat to the Hochstrateners and upon what Termes 759 Geletre attempted by Prince Maurice 813 Gunpowder-Treason the description and discovery thereof ow reâ—â— by whom 819 820 821 Groll besieged by Spinola and taken 838 839 Besieged a new by Prince Maurice 844 The Siege raised by Spinola 845 Groeningen the Castle there demolished 867 868 Germanes their desires 915 Giron Don Ferdinando sent Embassador into Brittain and for what 930 Germany great troubles there and whenâ—â— arising and how composed 966 967. H. HOrn Mommorency Count Horn his extract and Character valor fear of the Spaniard apprehension by Alva and lamentable death 13.47.48 He retreats home 4â— Hollanders rebel against Alva in Utrecht Flushing and other places 62 Holland and Zeland continue in Arms. 66 The Description of both those Countries 66.67.68 Harlem besieged and taken by Alva 73 Henalt the Towns there receive Francis of Valois as their Governour 101 Holland the Commonwealth there faulty in its constitution and wherein and why 114 Hobenlo Count his men overthrown by Renneburg 118 Hollanders by advice resolve to throw off King Philip and the reasons for the same 119.120 Which they afterwards effect 122 Hog a base fellow so called troubles Holland 136 He is punished for the same 137 Heremberg William revolts to the Spanyard 138 Hollanders their valor and courage admirable and wherein 147 Their sad condition after the Prince of Aurange's death 150 Hohenlo Count withstands the Earl of Leicester and why and for what 170 Holland enriched by the war Brabant and Flanders undone 180 Howard Earl of Notting ham Admiral of England 209 Hâ—w Castle yielded to Parma by Sidenberg 230 Henry the third King of France slain and by whom 240 Henry of Bourbon succeeded but with great trouble 240 Hulst delivered to Prince Maurice 274 Hollanders their ships wracked by a storm 320 Henry King of France reconciled to the Church of Rome and why and the event thereof 322.323.324 Hartiusâ—â—bo â—â—bo and Jerome Comannus come from Bruxels to the Hague and for what 337.338.339 Henry King of France stabbed and by whom 342 Hollanders and English joyn their Fleets after some contests 346 They send aid to the French King 346.347 Henry King of France sets out an Edict against King Philip and why 348 Hollanders troops return out of France 349.385 They suffer much by inundations 355.524 Hoye a Town of Leige surprised by the States 361.362 Besieged and retaken by the Bishop of Leige 363.361 Henry King of France invades Burgundy 36â— Hohenlo Count Philip solemnly marryed and to whom 374 375 Hanes â—aâ— on and the relation thereof 387.388 Henry Count Heremberg taken Prisoner 396 Henry King of Francâ— accuseth his Allyes and for what with their excuses and answers 399 4â—0 Henry the 〈◊〉 of England first King of Ireland 400 Hollanders a brief relation of some Sea-Voyages whereby the United States Wealth was much encreased 405.406 ad 420 Henry besieged by Albertus a description of the Town 428.429 ad 443 The valor and constancy of the besieged 43â— 43â— The Town delivered upon Articles to him 443 Whereat the Hollanders and Zelanders displeased as also with Count 〈◊〉 and why 443 Henry King of France sends Embassadors to Queen Eliz. and who and for what 457 4â—â— Hollanders relation of a third Sea-Voyage made by them to the North to their great profâ— 471.472 ad 4â—â— Hâ—â—â— Matthias slain and by whom 488 Hâ—â—a Anna buried alive at Bruxells and for what 4â—â— Hollanders resolve to clear Over-Issâ—l of the Enemy and their 〈◊〉 thereby 50â— Henry Frederick Prince Mauricesâ—rother â—rother first comes into the War 505 506. Hollanders their thoughts of the Peace between France and Spain and offers to hinder the same 52â— They forbid Traffick with Spain and why 531 Are very unsuccessful and wherein 534 Increase their Wealth much by Traffiquing at Sea and into what parts they use to go 538.539 They are troubled with Pyrats against which they provide remedy and what 541.542 They send Embassadors to France and England for what and who they were 545 The Holland Embassadors speech to Queen Elizabeth against a Pacification with Spain together with the Queens Answer thereto 546.547.548.549.550.551.552.553 Henry King of France Divorced from his wife falls in love with one Estraea and the trouble ensuing thereon 553.554.693 Holland Embassadors Speech to him and his answer to the same 554.555.556 Hollanders Treat with Queen Elizabeth about the payment or the money lent by her to them and the sum agreed and how to be re-paid and a League concluded 560.561.562 Hâ—lle a Town in Henalt famous for Miracles 573 Herembâ—rg Count wasts the Countrey by the Eems and why 597 Hollanders desire to fight with the Spaniards 630 Their Seamen taken and imprisoned in Spain and why 638 They forbid all Traffique with Spain and why 639.640 Set forth a great Fleet to Sea and for what 640 It is divided and part sent home 644 They scour the Sea of Pyrats 691 Henry King of France marryed to Maâ—y Medices 693 Hochstraten surprised by some seditious Spaniards where they settle a new form of Discipline Military 723 Hochstrateners desire aid of the Hollanders which is granted and upon what terms and this made Albertus prescribe them 724.725.752 Hollanders Wealth much increased by the Trade of the Indies 728 They make a League with the people of Banda and the heads thereof 729.730 Several other Leagues with other Indians 731.732.733 849 Their desires to King James and his grants thereupon 743.744 Hochstrateners their strict Discipline 752 They are besieged by Count Herembâ—rg and relieved by Prince Maurice 753 They Forage the Countrey and take many places 766.767 Are reconciled to the Archdukes and upon what terms 772 Hauteen William Admiral of Zeland meâ—ts the Spaniards at Sea and overcomes them 793.794 Made Admiral of a Fleet of Hollanders to intercept the American Fleet and the success thereof 829 830 Hochstraten seized by some seditious Spaniards that desire aid of the Hollanders
which is granted and upon what terms 843.844 Hautcea sent out with a Fleet to intercept the Spanish ships coming out of America and the success thereof 846 Hohenlo Philip his death and character 856 Hollanders averse to Peace 865 Hague Herman Wittenhorsten comes thither from the Archdukes concerning Peace 866 Hollanders averse to Peace and why 876 Obtain a famous Victory at Sea under the command of Jacob Hemskerk at the straights of Gibralter 881.882.883 ad 888 A description of Hercules Pillars 883.884 Hemskerk Jacob Dutch Admiral his speech to the Captains of his Fleet. 884.885 He is killed and his speech at his death 886 Holland Fleet retires to Tituan to repair their ships where they are received with joy 889 Hollanders recal their Fleet from Spain and why 892.896.897 Send Deputies to the King of Britain and for what and his answer to them 894.895 â—â—gue the place appointed for the Treaty 900 Hollanders take a great booty from the Spaniards and how 908.909 I. INquisition the Spanish Inquisition the Original cause and severity thereof one cause of the Dutch troubles 17.18.31 Command sent from Spain to put the same anew in execution 30 Received in the Netherlands and by whom 55 John Don John of Austria sent Governor into the Netherlands his Character 86 He is received by the Netherlanders 86 Accused by them to the King 87 Overthrows the Dutch Army at Gemblin 91 Offers the Confederates Articles of Peace 91 Imbis a great Incendiary at Gaunt his character and death 97.142 John Don John perswaded to Peace and by whom but in vain 99 His Army is recruited he breaks off the Treaty and pitcheth his Army near Namur 100 His death and character 102 103 Imbâ—s moves a new sedition in Gaunt 104.138 Ipre a Town joyns with the United Provinces 110 Issel a City submits to Parma 111 Ipre besieged by Parma 140 It is surrendred to him 142 Issel the derivation of the name 329 Iesuits hated in France and why banished 342 The original description and character of that order 342.343.344 Ireland Rebels there assisted by the Spaniards with a short description of the Countrey 402.403 First invaded by the English under Richard Earl of Pembroke 402 Beginning of a Rebellion there and by whom 403.404 Indies Holland ships first return thence with a description of the Countrey by them made 502.503 Isabella Clara Eugenia betrothed to Albertus and why 529 She writes to Albertus to take possession of the Netherlands which he doth privately 566.567 Iselburg forceably taken by Mendosa 611 Isabella sets an Edict out against the Hollanders and to what purpose 638.639 Isabella Fort besieged by Prince Maurice 687 Indian Company first rise thereof in Holland and the form of ordering the same 733 734 James King of Scotland Successor to Queen Elizabeth in the Throne of England and Proclaimed King 740.741 An Embassy sent to him by the United States and the Embassadors Speech to him with his Answer 741.742.743 Embassadors come to him from the King of Spain and the Archdukes 743 Indian Company send ships to Sea and whither 764.816 848. James King other Embassadors sent to him from the King of Spain and the Archdukes 777 Jesuits banished out of Britain and why but restored in France 780 Indies several ships return thence very rich 815 816 847 A Description of some part thereof 848.849 ad 856 Indian Company confirmed by Edict of the States 856 Indies West a new Company for those parts raised in Holland the Form and Government thereof 870.871 872 Several Opinions thereof 873 874.875 James King sends Embassadors to the Hague who they were and what they did 895 Indies ships come home thence rich and others sent thither 910 Janinus goes into France and for what 929 His Speech in the Councel of the States 941 942.943 K. KNights of the Golden Fleece the Original thereof and causes of their Institution 5â—6 Drawn into Parties and for what and when and by whom 24 King the Presence of the King necessary in the Netherlands to keep the Peace as the Emperor Charls was sensible 42.43 Knodsenburg Fort built and by whom 253 Knodsenburg besieged by the Duke of Parma 270 Relieved by Prince Maurice and the Duke of Parma's men worsted in sight 272.273 L. LOw Countreyes the antient situation and limits the original language Dukes Earls and how they attained and hereditary Succession 3.4 The antient form of its Government untill they fell to the Burganâ—â—ans and after that to the house of Austria 5. â— Liberty chiefly and first sollicited for at Philips departure 22 League between Philip the second of Spain and Henry the third of France and the effect thereof 30 Divers Lords of the Netherlands against the Inquisition and by whom drawn up and when 33 Lutherans formidable in the Netherlands and why 36 Law utterly laid aside and an Arbitrary Power set up and by whom 56.57 Lumey Admiral of the Prince of Aurange's Fleet his character 60.61 Luyden besieged beats off the Enemy 77.78 Lamot Philip reconciled to the King by the surrender of Gravelin draws in many others 105 Lyra won treacherously by Parma 127 Lâ—chem siege thereof raised and why 128 Lorrain Family of Lorraign claims the Crown of France which much troubles the King 152 153 League with England the heads thereof 164 Leicester Earl sent General into Holland his character 165 Much honoured at first by all and why 166 167.176 He grows ambitious and raises Factions 167.168.175.176 He takes ill the meetings of the States and why 174 And returns to England 17â— He comes back to Ostend for the relief of Sluys but marches thence and doth nothing 180.181 He renews the old factions in Holland 181 Endeavors to seize the Government but is prevented 182 He returns to England is forced to abjure his Authority and dyes 183 â—eban the place of meeting the Spanish Fleet. 207 Besieged by the English and Hollanders 239 Leige Bishopric is difference between is and the Hollanders and for what 259.260 Lopeâ— Lodewick his Treason against Queen Elizabeth and by whom 〈◊〉 341.342 Lutzenburg wasted by the French 360 361 Lâ—ere taken by Heraugier and lost again presently 397 398 Leyden in Holland and University when begun and 〈◊〉 Learned Men bred there 464.465.466.467 Lingen Besieged by Prince Maurice 520 521 And delivered together with the Castle â—â—2 Lisbone beset by the Earl of Cumberland with a Fleet and the success thereof 541 Lovestreyn a City that first threw off slavery 626 Lingen Besieged by Spinola and yielded 801 802 803 Lochem Besieged by Spinola and taken 836 Retaken by Count Ernest of Nassau 844 Lipsius Justus his Death and Character 857 Luther his Opinions 951 M. MOntiny John Count Horn's Brother and the Marquess of Berghen sent into Spain and to what purpose With the King's Answer 34 35 Margaret Lady Regent forced to give way to the Times and agree to the Counsel of the Confederate Lords 38 39 She raiseth more Souldiers and why 41 Maximilian the Emperour's
Advice to King Philip and how resented by him 43 Margaret Lady Regent leaves the Netherlands and her Government 46 Moderation No moderation to be hoped from Spain 49 50 Montiny executed in Spain 49 Maximilian Emperour sends into Spain his Brother Charles and to what purpose 52 Medina coeli The Duke thereof sent to succeed Alva in the Government of the Netherlands but he refused the same 63 Montz in Henalt besieged by Alva Relief sent thither by the French Prince of Aurange and others 64 Montz surrendred 65 Middleburg in Zeland sticks to the Spaniards 68 Marquius called to account and accused by the Prince of Aurange 69 Middleburg won by the Zelanders after a long Siege 74 75 Mutiny The Spaniards frequently mutiny and why 76 77 Maestrickt sacked by the Spanish Souldiery 83 Mechlin submits to Parma 111 Mochlin taken by storm from the Spaniards 116 〈◊〉 Arch-Duke of Austria honourably sent away from his Government of the Netherlands 112 Maurice Prinâ—â—on of William Prince of Aurange succeeds his Father in the Publike Care of Holland 145 His Inheritance ibid. 〈◊〉 Governour of Holland and Zeland 146 〈◊〉 delivered to Parma 162 Maurice Prince wins Axel and how 171 He takes the chief Command of War at the States Desires 179 His Merits and Praises 198 Medina Sidonia Duke Admiral of the Spanish Armado 208 Moncada Hugh with a great Ship driven aground in France but at last taken and pillaged by the English 213 Mansfieldt Charles attaquing Voorn Island departs thence for fear of Hohenlo 231 Mansfeldt Count Peter made Deputy-Regent of the Netherlands 254 Mansfeldt Octavio killed 271 Maurice Prince returns victorious into Holland 278 279 He is wounded 290 Mansfeldt Count Peter Governour of the Netherlands He comes with an Army to relieve Gertruydenburg but in vain 312 Maurice Prince marcheth against Groeningen 328 Murtherers hired by the Spaniards to kill him 340 341 Mansfeldt Charles departs the Netherlands and dies 367 Mondrugonio infests the Hollanders Country 391 Overthrows some Holland Troops 391 392 Withdraws to Winter-Quarters and dies his Character 392 393 Moers a Town in Cleves besieged by Prince Maurice and taken 510 511 Maurice Prince highly applauded and for what 522 〈◊〉 dices Alexander the Pope's Legate Mediator of Peace between France and Spain 526 Mucerâ— Balthazar his bold Attempt and the success thereof 539 540 Mendosa Francisco General of the Spanish Army 573 Margaret King Philip's Consort who she was and how allied 579 Mendosa raiseth a great Army in Germany and for what 585.586 Maurice Prince marcheth to Arnheym and why 593 594 Pitcheth his Camp by Mendosa 595 Moers a Town complains of the Spaniard and the reason thereof 597 598 Maurice Prince endeavours to overflow the Country but is hindred by Mendosa and how 611 612 He pitcheth his Camp at Doesberg and why with a Description of the same 613 614 Brings his Army and Provision to Arnheym and so returns to the Hague 610 Mendosa his Insolence toward the Germans 614 615 Maurice Prince in great perplexity and why 624 He pitcheth his Camp in the Isle of Geldre 625 Mendosa cometh to the Isle of Bommel where he loseth many men by Skirmishes and otherwise he retires to Kâ—ssem 631 Maurice Prince quartereth his men in Vorn Island 634 Raiseth a Fort in Bommel Island which is assaulted by Mendosa but to no purpose 631 632 Mendosa put his Army into Winter-quarters and so doth Prince Maurice 637 Maurice Prince with a great Army goes into Flanders which filled the Country with fear 666 667 The Prince and his Army terrified at the suddain approach of the Enemy 669 670 He draws up his Army into Battalia and the manner thereof 671 672 Mauritian Commanders Speech to the Souldiers and the Prince's in particular 675 676 677 Moers won by Prince Maurice 699 Montiregio a Colonel of the Spaniards slain 702 Mendosa set at liberty and upon what Terms having been taken prisoner at Newport Fight 717 718 Maurice Prince with a great Army sits down at Centron a Village in Leige 718 719 Mendosa goes into Spain his entertainment there 725 Mendosa Andrew Hurtadâ— imployed to beat the Hollanders out of the Indies 728 Mansfeldt Count Peter his Death and Character 782 Maurice Prince comes to relieve Lingen but in vain 803 He pitcheth his Camp 〈◊〉 Wosel and falls upon Spinola's Army but without success 809 810 811 812 Sends his Army into Winter-quarters 814 Marscilles a French City almost betrayed to the Spaniard and how and by whom 817 818 Maurice Prince recollects his Army and re-inforceth Diventer Zutphen and Doesburge 835 He fortifies all the Country between the Rhine and Wael and Issel 836 Muscovy Troubles there whence arising how and by what means composed 860 Maurice Prince perswaded to hearken to Peace and by whom â—77 〈◊〉 perswades against Peace so do several others and who and why 899 935 936 937 Melancton Philip his Opinion 951 Ministers of Holland meet in an Assembly to examine the Books of Armitius and Gomanes 953 â—lison a Captain of Holland returns from the East-Indies with Honour and Wealth 954 95â— A Description of several places there and of the Hollanders Transactions therein 954 955 956 â— 961 Molucca's Islands The Hollanders worsted there and how 961 961 Several Leagues made by the Hollanders in those Parts 962 963 964 N. NEtherlanders They fear the Change of their Government and why 6 7 Netherlands Margaret made Regent of them and why 22 The Government thereof nominally in Margaret but really in Granvel 23 Exempt from Forein Bishops and when 25 The Lords thereof after Granvel's Banishment take notice of all things and take all into their own power 28 Nassau Lewis of Nassau a prime Leader of Faction 33 Netherlands never subject to Germany 3â— Nassau Lewis of Nassau breaks into Frizeland 50 Nâ—olph of Nassau slain there 51 Netherlanders in Bruxels shut up their Shops and stand on their Guard 58 Narda A Town in Holland taken and the Walis pulled down 65 Nassau Lewis of Nassau killed with some others 75 Netherlanders receive Aid from divers Princes 91 Nassau Jobs of Nassau governs Gueldros 94 Netherlands Many Seditions happen there 〈◊〉 both Sides 110 Nienout won by Laâ—ove for the Hollanders and other places in Flanders 116 Netherlanders troubled at Francis de Valeis and why 126 131 132 133 Treat with him for the Town in him power 133 Newport gained by Parma and several other Towns in Flanders 136 Nassau William Governour of Frizeland composes the Differences there 14â— Nimineghen won by the Spaniards 163 Nuâ—sie surprized by Niâ—narius but presently re-taken by Parma 171 172 Netherlands Their Borders and Neighbours 189 Nâ—rius killed and how his Character 235 Nimineghen besieged by Prince Maurice but left on a suddain 252 253 Besieged a new by Prince Maurice 275 277 The Original and Description of the City 276 It is delivered to the Prince 278 Nayon a Town in France taken by the Spaniards 30â— Nuâ—sie revolts from the Spaniards