thousand Indians assembled themselues beeing conducted by a brother of his for to deliuer him who were likewise defeated by Hoyeda hauing but a hundred Spaniards in his company and some amongst them were horsemen the which made the Spaniards to bee greatly feared and much more afterward when Bartholomew Colombus by night defeated fifteene thousand Indians tooke fifteene Cachiques and a Generall aboue all the rest named Guarionex all which hee set at libertie vppon their words and promises to continew subiects to the Kings of Castile Besides these conquests in the Indies Enterprises vpon the affrican Mooles the Spanish Nobilitie who seeing that there was no more warres in Spaine against the Infidells began to enterprize vppon the neighbour shoare of Affrick and this yeare the Citty of Melilla neere the sea in the kingdome of Tremessen was taken by Don Iohn de Guzman Duke of Medina Sidonia who led a sufficient army thither at his owne coasts and charges This was the first place which the crowne of Castile did possesse in that country beyond the sea which gaue beginning to the warres of Afrike which continued afterward and whereof wee will speake in his place This exploite of the Duke of Medina was acknowledged and rewarded by the King who lying at Valencia of Alcantara did treat the marriage of their daughter the Infanta Isabell the widdow with the new King D. Manuell of Portugall of whom we must discourse D. Manuel the fourthteenth King of Portugall THis Prince succeeded King Iohn his cosin and brother in law in the crowne of Portugal the yeere 1465. being seuen and twenty yeeres of age Portugal hee was sonne to Don Fernand Duke of Viseo and of the Infanta Donna Beatrice grand child to King Edward and great grand-child to King Iohn the first whose aduancement to the royall crowne had beene fore-told by certaine Soothsaiers and Astrologians he obtained it by right of lawfull succession and by the testamentary appointment of King Iohn his predecessor in whose life time he did in no sort take vpon him the title of Prince and heire of Portugall but onely of Duke of Beja and Master of Christus Hee was a iust King and loued honour religious and zealous in the faith which had beene taught him vsing the Nobility kindely Qualities of King Manuel the which hee increased and aduanced in his dominions as much as hee could he was gentle liberall and a great giuer of almes especially to religious friers as well of his owne Kingdome as to strangers dilligent and carefull in the administration of iustice an enterprizer lucky in voyages nauigations and discoueries of countries whereby he greatly augmented and amplified his Kingdome and Siegnories hee was beloued and esteemed as well of his owne subiects as of strangers Buildings of King Manuel magnificent and sumptuous in buildings which the royall monastery of Belen or Bethlem of the order of Saint Ierosme doth beare witnesse of edified for the buriall of the Kings the castle of Belen which stands almost in the riuer of Tayo for the guarde of the Port of Lisbone the Monastery of Saint Mary de la Pegna of the same order of Saint Ierosme neere to Sintra and that of Saint Clare the New in the towne of Estremos all which workes were by him built from the foundation and hee did moreouer restore and augment the couents of Saint Francis of Lisbone Ebora and Saint Iren. The bridge of Coimbra and that of Oliuença vpon Guadiana are likewise of his structure with diuers others publike buildings and reparations all which vertues and magnificencies were blemished by one vice wherevpon Princes and great Lords doe often stumble namely he was to light of beleefe Whereby hee shewed himselfe inconstant and variable retracting on euery small occasion his decrees orders guifts and priuiledges by contrary commandments This King Don Manuel was thrice married and all his wiues were Infantaes of Castile Genealogie of Portugal and the two first were sisters his first wife was Donna Isabella widdow to the Infant Don Alphonso his Nephew his sisters sonne on whom hee begat a sonne named D. Michel who was borne in Arragon in the city of Saragossa at such a time as shal be set downe hereafter who if hee had liued had beene heire to all Spaine Donna Isabella being dead his second wife was her sister called the Infanta Maria of Castile third daughter to King Fernand and Queene Isabella by whom hee had a great issue First of all D. Iohn heire of Portugall borne at Lisbone in the pallace of the Riuer the Infanta Donna Isabella borne in the same city who was Queene of Castile Leon Arragon and Nauarre and Empresse of Germany married to Charles the fifth Donna Beatrice who was Dutchesse of Sauoy wife to Charles the ninth and mother to Duke Emanuel Philibert of Sauoy D. Lewis borne in Abrantes father to D. Antonio who was at strife for the kingdome of Portugall with Philip king of Spaine in our time next D. Henry who in our time was a Cardinall borne likewise in Abrantes on the riuer of Tayo D. Alphonso who was borne in the city of Ebora and was likewise made Cardinall at seuen yeeres of age by Pope Leo the tenth Don Catherine who died young then D. Fernand Don Edward and Don Antonio His third and last wife was Donna Leonora daughter-to Philip of Austria Infanta of Castile and sister to the Emperour Charles the fifth by whom he had a sonne named Charles who died young he had moreouer by her a daughter borne after his death named Donna Maria who liued in great chastity in our daies So as this King had by his three married wiues thirteene children liuing namely nine sonnes and foure daughters Eaâ—ldomes erected in Portugall by King Manuell This Prince comming to the crowne hee erected diuerse Earledomes for the ornament of the Nobility of Portugall hee gaue that of Portalegre to Diego de Silua his gouernor who enioyed but the title onely for the Inhabitants of Portalegre did defend themselues by reason of their priuiledges hee made Don Vasco de Gama Admirall of Portugall Earle of Bediguera Don Martin de Castel-blanc Earle of Villanoua Don Iohn de Meneses Earle of Taroco and prior of Saint Iohns Don Rodrigo de Merlo Earle of Tentugall Don Pedro de Castro Earle of Montsancto Don Francisco de Sosa sonne to the Bishop of Ebora Earle of Bemioso and Don Antonio of Portugall Earle of Lignare honouring in that manner by liberality and royall bounty the Nobility of Portugal At the instant entreaties and requests of the widdow D. Iames restored to the Duchy of Visco and to his fathers goods Queene Leonora his sister and of the Dutchesse Donna Isabel widdow of Bragança hee restored to the honours and goods of the deceased Duke D. Iames vntil then in exile in Castile who was the Dukes second sonne for Don Philip the eldest died in Castile because the Princes of his bloud should not
sent by Acugna arriued happily being come the night after the 2 day of Nouember within sight of Diu foure miles off from the enemies army the commanders thought it a politike stratagem euery one to carry 4 lanthorns the which succeeded haply for the enemies thâ—nking they had bin so many ships as they saw lights and beleeuing it had bin the whole army they lay close and would not hazard to meet them so as being fauoured by the darknes of the night and the enemies feare being terrified with the former successe and the opinion they had of the army they entred happily into the riuer which made the port of the castle bringing great ioy to their friends who were in that poore estate Turks retire 〈◊〉 from Diu. The Bascha being first in doubt was now resolued to rise hauing no hope to better his condition whose rising was with such disorder and feare as it seemed a very flight Soliman leauing at land about 150 pieces of ordnance as Goez writes 1000 Turks that were wounded another thousand which were gone forth to forrage all which were slain by them of the country to reuenge the iniuries they had receiued The Portugalles got the artillery with some goods of value to repaire the losses they had sustained in those combats The Turkish army being gone from Diu in this confusion Soliman reuenged his disgrace vpon those miserable Portugalls which had bin taken in the Tower whom he had treacherously kept in prison causing them to be all murdred The new gouernor Norogna hearing that his men were freed that ther was no need to goe with an army to Diu he resolued to secure all things in the prouince in quieting the peopls minds the which was easy to effect throgh the reputatioÌ„ which the Portugals had gotten in defending themselues against the Turks forces by the hatred which they had purchased by their thefts Mamudio K of Cambaia and an accord made by him with the Portugalls He therfore made a peace with Mamudio the new K. sisters son to the deceased Badurio Vpon these conditions That the Portugalls should be masters of the fort port of Diu but the king should haue half the customs of the said port that he might raise a wall right against the fort but so farre off as it should no way annoy nor hinder it which concluded he prouided for the gard of the castell sending Iames Sosa for gouernor in Siluerioes place who required rest after so honourable a seruice he had 900 men giuen him for garrison with all fit prouisioÌ„s This yong king was not long quiet but solicited by the ambition of some and by his grandmother desirous to reuenge the death of her son he began to make warre against the Portugalls vpon a pretext to recouer Bazain whereof there had been no mention made in the last accord but it proued a war of no moment 38 After the Emperours retreat out of France Enteruiew of the Pope Emperour and French king at Nice the war being hot in Piedmont pope Paul considering how many miseries this warre brought vnto Christendome fearing and foreseeing the ruine of Italy if it continued hee procured an enteruiew of those two princes and himselfe in the towne of Nice where there was no means to reconcile them there was onely a truce concluded for ten yeares of either side the Alpes both of them holding what they had gotten the pope hoping during this long truce there would be some means found to conclude a peace The emperor returning froÌ„ Nice towards Spain he was staid by the weather about Marseilles where the king sent to intreat him to enter and to rest himselfe vntill the wind were faire for the which he gaue him thanks letting him vnderstand that he desired they might see one another At Aigues mortes Whereunto the king consented and went thither from Auignon being vpon his returne towards France Emperour and French king meet at Aiguesmortes The emperor landed and dined with the king in Aigues mortes the king entred afterwards confidently into the emperors galley where they discoursed long together but what it was few men vnderstood yet they parted with great shews of friendship This yeare one thousand fiue hundred thirtie and nine the emperour the yong prince Philippe his sonne 1539 his two daughters and the whole Court were full of sorrow and heauinesse for the death of the empresse Isabella Death of the empresse Isabella she died the first day of Maie being deliuered of a sonne which followed her soone after they were both much lamented by the young Prince who beganne to feele the heauie crosses whereunto the miserable condition of man is subiect Shee was carried from Toledo where shee died with a funerall pompe befitting so great an Empresse to bee buried in the royall Chappell of Granado which honours were afterwardes religiously reiterated in all the Cities subiect to the Emperour her husband and by King Iohn of Portugall her brother After her death the emperour Charles remained alwayes a widower during the which he had a base son by a maid whose name and family was concealed D. Iohn of Austria he was called D. Iohn of Austria whom he did not aduow vntill his death 39 The emperor being a prince of a great courage and high attempts imbraced many actions so as his reuenues could hardly supply the charge wherefore he sought to draw mony from the people towns that were subiect vnto him Impositions cause of troublâ— by diuers means by subuentions impositions loans and extraordinary beneuolences Among others he would haue the Castillans make him a present whereunto the Nobility should contribute without exemption of any hauing caused it to be propounded in an assembly of the lords noble men of the countrey giuing them to vnderstand it was for the charges of the war he made against infidells whereof the profit and honor was common to them with him Whereunto answer was by D. Iâ—igo of Velasco constable of Castille in all their names That the Nobilitie would neuer suffer their freedoms and liberties to be broken whereat the emperor was very much discontented there hapned at the same time an accident whereby he might see that the nobility of Castille were not easie to be gouerned as they pleased that councelled him and this it was There being a turney held without the city of Toledo where the court lay wheÌ„ the sport was ended the emperor desirous to return towards the citie the presse being great an Alcaide or Prouost meaning to hasten those that marched before Act of choler done by the Infantasgâ— he strucke the duke of the Infantasgos horse with a riding rod vpon the croper he being the chief of the MeÌ„dosas one of the greatest noblemen of Spain who sodenly drawing his sword struck the Alcaide on the head telling him that he shold learn to execute his charge with respect whereupon the dukes seruants
him with his companie of two hundred men and to bring him with honour and respect for if haply hee were the same whom he vaunted himselfe to be hee would deliuer vp into his hands the scepter and crowne of the kings of Portugall with his realmes Gill de Mesa went into the prouince of Beira and came to the towne of Pena macor where he tooke him easily and carried him to Lisbone who being knowne for an impostor he was publiquely whipt and sent to the gallies which Impostor liued of late yeeres and was called Sebastian in derision who was not hanged notwithstanding for that in his processe hee was not found charged with any other crimes than with that of his intention But one who termed himselfe Bishop of La gard was hanged for that hee had persuaded this man And as for the cardinall Albert he would not retire but when-as the King D. Antonio came into Portugall with his sea armie That there haue not onely beene such Impostors who termed themselues to be the king D. Sebastian but that lately in Castille there was a pie baker at Madrigal who gaue it out secretly that he was D. Charles prince of Spain whom king Philip his father had put to death twenty yeeres before who beeing knowne for an abuser was hanged Others say that this pie baker termed himselfe king Sebastian being incited thereunto by Michel de los Sanctos an Augustine Frier Preacher to Queene Katherine who was hanged in his religious habite That in like maner other ages had furnished the like Impostors which had taken vpon them the name of Kings and Princes The Portugalls on the other side maintaine that this is their true king by many and sundry great markes which he carries like vnto those of the true Sebastian wherein they are the better confirmed Portugalls opinion touching D. Sebastian for that the Spaniards say they ground onely vpon simple common and light presumptions the which doe in no sort ballance so many marks and reasons which justifie this to be the true king And moreouer that the Spaniards who say that he is a Calabrois a Monke or Mâ—rs Tulle Catizon of Apulia haue not yet produced any apparent proofes of his life and means whom they call an Impostor The which they may so easily doe by the authoritie and absolute power which they haue in those Prouinces as the Portugalls doe not receiue their negatiue but for a meâ—re slander but on the other side they repeat the life of D. Sebastian from his birth vnto his comming to Saint Lucar of Barameda with many prophecies signes and predictions the which we haue added that it may serue as an example to posteritie D. Sebastian as you haue heard was the onely sonne and after birth of the Prince D. Iohn sonne to the king D. Iohn the third Birth of D. Sebastian king of Portugall who died yong leauing D. Ioane of Austria princesse of Castille and daughter to the Emperour Charles the fift with child who was deliuered of D. Sebastian on Saint Sebastians day eighteene dayes after the fathers death who as it seemes was in a maner wrested out of the hands of God by the great prayers which were made generally throughout the realme of Portugall to the end the crowne should not be left without lawful heires males in the succession of great Alphonso the first king of Portugall They were induced here unto by the predictions and reuelations which had beene giuen to the said Alphonso the first founder of the said realme by the which it was promised them of God To warrant his posteritie in such sort as it should not faile vpon the earth yet at the sixteenth descent from him it should haue great tribulations and afflictions By this Oracle it appeareth it was spoken of his birth for the which also the Portugals made such praiers and shewed such deuotion for that they feared to fall vnder the Spaniards yoake who are their naturall enemies either for that the Portugalles had in olde time their beginning from the French as the name doth shew for that the French comming into those parts did inhabite that countrey and gaue it their name or else for that the Spaniards beeing enuious of their prosperities seeking alwayes to raigne ouer them are become their enemies without cause The king D. Sebastian being ouerthrowne at the battell of Alcaserquibir in Afrike the Spaniards say that some noblemen of Portugall which followed him seeing all lost aduised him to retire but he answered that he had rather die and so thrust into the middest of his enemies where some noblemen entred with him where they beleeue he died whose bodie they say was buried at Belem But the Portugalls say that they did neuer beleeue that it was D. Sebastians bodie or that he was dead but that he imbarqued as you shall heare and that he went into Algarue and put himselfe into a monasterie of Ieronomits or according vnto some of S. Francis whom they called los Descalgos or the bare footed and there hee caused his wounds to bee cured the which they say had beene verified by a seruant to Cardinall Henrie the Kings vncle who was a Churchâ—man and trusty to his master and brought an Act signed by the Gardian and monks of the said monastery of Ieronomits this seruants name was Manuel Antonez But cardinall Henrie who was acknowledged king did not then speake neither did the said Manuell Antonez the which as they say was afterwards the cause of great miseries in Portugall for the cardinall dying notwithstanding that the Portugalls did after him choose D. Antonio a prince of Portugall for their lawful king yet the king of Castille seazed vpon the Realme and held it by force Afterwards the said Manuel Antonez reuealed this Act seeing that in the yeere 1598 it was said that D. Sebastian was recouered who beeing sent for by king Philip hee went vnto him but no man knew what was become of him some said he was dead The Portugalls beleeue How the Portugalls beleeue that D. Sebastian saued himselfe from the battell that the king D. Sebastian seeing the battel lost that hee was in daunger to bâ— taken but that defending himselfe valiantly hee slew some which sought to take him and hid himselfe amongst the dead carkasses vntill night at which time hee went towards the sea where the rest of his armie lay in the roade There hee met with the Duke of Auero Christopher de Tauora his great fauourite the Earle of Redonde and other noblemen with whom he imbarqued and went into Algarue as you haue heard sending his shippes away where hee resolued with the said noblemen to wander ouer all Europe Afrike and Asia into Ethiopia to Prete Ian and into Persia where he was in battells against the Turke and receiued many wounds Beeing wearie of running and tired with the vanitie of the world hee came vnto an Hermitage where hee continued vntill hee had visions and reuelations both to
Constantines donation A false donation fathereâ— vâ—on Constantine besides that Pope Pius the second doth jeast at it there is no receiuable testimonie there of nor any probable conjecture besides the histories of following emperors do argue the contrarie euen they of the West In the time of this emperor the Northerne nations inuaded Spaine and spoiled that part of the countrey which lies neere the Ocean from Gallicia vnto the strait whither he led a great army chased away the enemies restored the Spaniards which were fled into mountaines vnto their houses and setled an order in the prouince as well for that wich concerned the temporaltie as the churches There was a prouinciall Councell held by his commaundement at Illiberis Illiberis where Callibre was built at the foot of the Pyrenees some call it Eliberis a towne in the marches of Grenado whither came Helena the mother of Constantine with Constantine his eldest sonne to whom he had assigned the Gauls and Spaine for his portion In this Councell Spaine was diuided into fiue prouinces Spaine vnder Constantine diuided into fiue 〈◊〉 that is that of Tarracone Carthagene Betica Lusitania and Gallicia in either of the which there was a Metropolitan appointed at Tarracone new Carthage to whom Toledo hath since succeeded at Seuille at Merida and at Bracara Some hold that this Councell was more antient than that of Nice among which Beuter affirmes That Conscius bishop of Cordoua Osius predecessor was there present others say that it was Osius himselfe Quintian bishop of Ebora Some beleeue that the emperor Constantine was not baptized vntil he drew neer his death being deceiued by the error of some which beleeued that the circumstance of places gaue more authority to baptisme for he had a great desire to be baptized in Iordan Many thought that in the end of his daies he fel into the heresie of the Arrians for that he had banisht Athanasius by the persuasion of the Arrians that his sister Constance liuing with him was an Arrian but it is most certaine that before his death he commaunded that Athanasius should be called home againe and that he did not beleeue the confession of faith nor the exposition made by Arrius after that he had called him from banishment but sent it to the Councell of Ierusalem there to be examined Of Constantines deeds in Spaine there are many medailles found in that countrey and elsewhere in our time that beare witnesse After him there raigned in the West Constantine and Constans his sonnes the East remaining to Constantius their brother Constantine the yong had Spaine and other prouinces for his portion To Constantine was assigned Spaine Gaule and the islands of Britaine or that which the Romanes held there But Constantine being a proud and turbulent prince he would make warre against his brother Constans and take Italie from him in which enterprise he was slaine neere vnto Aquilea in the 25 yeare of his age wherefore all the prouinces of his portion fell vnto Constans in whose time the Poet Aurelius Prudentius Clement was borne at Sarragossa or rather at Calaorra Pacian bishop of Barcellona flourished in doctrine and good life The repeale of Arrius granted by Constantine the great had caused greater troubles in the Church than before for being returned into Alexandria he had confirmed his doctrine and drawne many bishops vnto him yea the emperour Constantius who held the empire in the East was infected with this errour and did persecute the faithfull beleeuers so as Athanasius being banished againe by him and Paul of Constantinople who retired to Constans his brother they wrought so as by the consent of the two brethren princes a generall Councell was called at Sardica The Councell of Sardica a towne in Illirâ—a whither came two hundred and fiftie bishops among the which was Osius bishop of Cordoua who was then verie old Annianus of Castulo Costus of Sarragossa Domitian of Augusta that is to say Bracar Florentine of Emerita and Pretextatus bishop of Barcellona There the confession of the faith or Symbole of the Councell of Nice was confirmed But at the same time by reason of the bad agreement which was betwixt the two brethren Constans and Constantius there was another assemblie of the Easterne bishops at Philipopolis in Thracia who agreed not with any that held with Athanasius and Paul Councell of Syrmium And after that there was another held at Syrmium im Hungarie whither Constantius went in person and others elsewhere The Councell of Sardica being ended Constans entreated his brother Constantius to restore Athanasius the which he did partly for loue and partly for feare of warre But Constans being dead Athanasius was forced to saue himselfe by flight being accused to haue persuaded Constans to make warre against his brother for his sake Arrians persecute the faithful and then the Arrian bishops began to persecute them that made profession of Athanasius his doctrine more cruelly than the Dioclesians or Maximians The Councell of Syrmium Anno 360. contrarie to that of Nice was held in the yeare three hundred and threescore or three hundred fiftie and six according vnto some whereas many wicked decrees were made and maintained especially by Photinus bishop of that place who reuiued the blasphemies of Samosatenus denying the two natures in Iesus Christ borne of the virgine Marie This Councell to suppresse all controuersies would disguise the tearmes and manner of speaking receiued in the Church and in stead of saying That Iesus Christ was coessentiall with the Father or of the same essence they propounded the tearme of Like in essence Which two words in the Greeke tongue doe somewhat symbolize 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 By this disguising vnder which the poyson lay hidden the good old man Osius the Spaniard hauing constantly maintained the truth all his life time The error of Osius suffered himselfe to be deceiued and woon whether that his great age had dulled his vnderstanding or that he did it for feare of the emperour who examined him vpon that point and threatned him in the towne of Rimini where hee had againe assembled many bishops causing him to commit this errour saying That both the one and the other said well But the Orthodoxes did soone after reject that word of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as captious and deceitfull Osius as Isidore writes dyed soone after in his impietie strucken with the hand of God in his bishoprick and that being brought to Cordoua Gregorie bishop of Illiberis according to the Edict made by Constantius the emperor against the Christians to force them to the Arrians opinion he refusing to yeeld vnto it The magistrat did not meddle with clergie men before they were degraded Osius prest Clementine Gouernour of the prouince to banish him but he answered That he could not banish a bishop before he was deposed from his bishopricke and judged incapable Whereupon Osius
richly attyred like a king meaning to giue sentence against Gregorie who lay prostrate vpon the earth praying vnto God that he would maintaine the glorie of his name and his truth against all Apostats the which he demaunded earnestly not to saue his life the which he was readie to loose a thousand times for the confession of the faith but to the end the simple should not be abused with the deceits of the Apostat Osius Wherupon it happened that as Osius was readie to pronounce sentence against Gregorie he sunke downe to the ground Osius strucken with the hard of God dyeth hauing his mouth and necke drawne on the one side and so dyed The Gouernor amazed at this strange accident kneeling downe asked Gregorie forgiuenesse confessing his ignorance and excusing it vpon the commaundement of the emperour his prince These things are written by Isidorus but S. Augustine giues a better testimonie of Osius writing against Parmenian In the yeare of our redemption 369 Anno 369. there came vnto the bishopricke of Rome which was not yet soueraigne Damasus a Spaniard borne at Vimaranes a place in Portugall betwixt Minio and Duero three leagues from Braga he succeeded Felix who was an Arrian and therefore not numbred in the catalogue of the Bishops of Rome for that they would make this 〈◊〉 without all blemish Among his other qualities they say he was a good Poet Saint Ierosme was his Secretarie During the time of Constantines children Iuuencus a Spanish priest and Poet liued Constantius the emperour was alreadie dead with Iulian and Iouinian his successours of whom Spaine hath nothing to speake And then did Valentinian raigne in the West and Valens in the East Vnder Valens the Gothes chased by the Dacians inuaded the Romane empire whereas as the first they were receiued in peace but the couetousnesse and wickednesse of Gouernours made them take armes The Gothes inuade the 〈◊〉 empire so as there grew a sharp warre in the which the emperour Valens himselfe was slaine This nation did erect a kingdome in Spaine whose race according to the common opinion hath continued vnto this day The impietie of Valens The emperour Valens was addicted to the Arrian heresie to Negromancie and other impieties We read that being carefull who should succeed him in the empire he was deceiued by the enemie of mankind a murtherer from the beginning who shewed him the letters 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and persuaded him that his name that should hold the empire after him should begin with them Whereof the emperour growing jealous he caused all the Theodores Theodoses Theophiles and others whose names were compounded of Theos to be slaine But Theodosius who succeeded him a Spaniard bome fell not into his hands Hee was adopted by Gratian in the yeare three hundred fourescore and two Anno 383. or fourescore and three according vnto some and raigned after him in the East Valentinian the second brother to Gratian holding the Westerne empire His father was called Theodosius and his mother Thermantia and descended from the race of Traian During his empire there came out of Italie into Spaine Paulin the Poet a great friend to Ausonius who became a monke and liued a solitarie life At the same time Priscilian bishop of Auila published his heresie mingled with the impieties of the Manicheans and Gnostiques the which was condemned in a Counsell held at Bourdeaux some time after He was a sectarie to one Marke a Disciple to Basilides who during the empire of the Antonines had brought this heresie into Spaine where it was receiued and fauoured by a great ladie called Agape and drew to his opinions Helpidius a Rhetorician so as this mischiefe lay smothered for a time vntill that Priscilian did publish it a man issued from a noble familie in Gallicia eloquent and subtile The fourth yeare of Theodosius empire Ann. 368. which was in the yeare three hundred fourescore and six or fourescore and seuen there died at Constantinople in Theodosius his court Athanaric king of the Gothes who was become a friend and allie to the Romanes Isidorus affirmes That the yeare following the Gothes being impatient of the Romane yoke did chuse Alaric for their king Others hold that it was 14 yeares after whereof we will intreat at large in the next booke In the yeare 388 Priscilian hauing beene condemned in the Counsel of Bourdeaux he retired to Treues Priscilian the hereâ—â—ke 〈…〉 to a tyrant called Maximin some call him Clemens Maximus who hauing caused Euodius his constable to heare him he cut off his head and of other his sectaries among the which was Matronianus a Spaniard Bishops 〈◊〉 for that they made themselues 〈◊〉 parties 〈…〉 an excellent Poet. Ithacius and Visatius Bishops were accusers and parties against Priscilian by reason whereof they were excommunicated and banished Sigebert saith That it was taken ill when as by the accusation of any man a Bishop was put to death For one hereticke author of a sect in Spaine there liued in those times many religious and learned men as Lucinius Beticus Abigaus Abundius Auitus Olympus Audentius Vigilantius who although he were a Gaule yet he did reside at Barcelona against whom S. Ierosme did write very vehemently for that hee did condemne the superfluous honour done vnto the reliques Theodosius hauing in the yeare 387 made his sonne Arcadius Caesar tenne yeares after he aduanced Honorius his other sonne to the same dignitie who after his decease were Emperours Arcadius in the East and Honorius in the West by the death of Valentinian the second and of Eugenius the tyrant these two princes were borne in Spaine as the Poet Claudian writes In their time the Gothes began to disperse themselues ouer the West where they committed infinit spoyles vntill in the end they setled themselues in Gaule Spaine and lastly in Italie blemishing the name and majestie of the Emperours in these rich Prouinces ⧠THE FIFTH BOOKE OF the Historie of Spaine The Contents 1 THe beginning of the Gothes and their aduentures in Hungarie Mesia and Thrace 2 Their Religion 3 Their warres against the Emperours of the East 4 Descent of the Gothes into Italie vnder Alaric 5 Athaulphe who first erected the Gothes kingdome in Gaule and inuaded Spaine 6 First Councell of Toledo and the estate of religion then in Spaine 7 Vallia the first king of the Gothes which erected a kingdome in Spaine 8 Reigne of the Sueues in Gallicia 9 Reigne of Theodoric the second king of Gothes in Spaine 10 Torismond the third king of Gothes 11 Theodoric the second of that name and fourth king of Gothes 12 Henry the fifth king 13 Alaric the second of that name sixt king 14 Gensalaric the seuenth king his cruelties and death 15 Amalaric the eight king and vnder him the second Councell of Toledo 16 Councels at Tarracone Girone Sarragosse Ilerda and Valencia 17 The second Councell of Toledo 18 Discourse vpon the vncertainetie of the histories
yeare and was slaine by his owne men in disdaine that he was too desirous of peace He left many children Giseric Huneric Guntemaud Trasamund and Hilderic yet Vallia succeeded him to the end he should breake the peace with the Romanes but God had otherwise decreed for he confirmed it more With him according vnto some begins the reigne of the Vice-Gothes in Spaine Vallia first King of the Gothes 7 IN the yeare of Christ 418 Vallia was chosen king of the Gothes whereof next vnto Narbone Ann. 418. Tolouse was the royall seat In his time the French began to erect a kingdome in Gaule vnder Pharamond Constantius Patricius Gouernour for the Emperour in Gaule and Spaine was admitted by Honorius to the dignitie of Caesar which in those dayes was a degree to attaine vnto the Empire as in our time the dignitie of king of Romanes during the life of the Emperour of Germanie Vallia a friend to the Romanes makes warre against the Barbatians in Spain This Vallia shewed himselfe a friend and well affected to the Romane Empire He restored to Honorius Placidia his sister widow to king Ataulphe whom he had honoured and kept in his house since the death of her husband She was afterwards married to Constantius Caesar aboue mentioned by whom she had Valentinian the third who was the last Emperour in the West vntill Charlemaigne Vallia vndertooke by a contract made with Constantius to chase the barbarous nations of Vandales Alanes and Sueues out of Spaine to the benefit of the Romane Empire and his owne whereupon he entred into Spaine Alanes and Vandales defeated by the Gothes being called by Constantius to begin this warre in the yeare 420 and assailed the Alanes and Vandales who held Betica and Lusitania slew their king Atace and reduced them to that extremitie as those few which remained went and joined with Gunderic who reigned ouer the other Vandales in Gallicia the battaile wherein they were wholly defeated was giuen neere vnto Emerita the which is Merida in Portugall These victories obtained he meant to passe into Africke but he was put backe by a storme and therefore returned into Gaule where hee purchased vnto the Gothes all the countrey from Tolouse to the Ocean bounded in by the Pyrenee mountaines and the riuer of Garonne 8 Sometime after the Alanes which were retyred to Gunderic in Gallicia shooke of his yoake being loth to subject themselues vnto him and returned into Lusitania Betica and the prouince of Carthagena yet not chusing any prince ouer them there they obtained certaine lands and liued tributaries to the Romanes dispersing themselues as farre as the riuer of Ebro and to the foot of the Pyrenee mountaines where some maintaine that of their name the countrey of Cattelogne was called Cattalania for that they did inhabite there being mingled with the Cattes a nation of Germanie which had passed with them into Spaine In Gallicia which contained at that time part of the realme of Portugall there grew debate betwixt Gunderic king of the Vandales and Hermeric king of the Sueues so as they fell to armes Warre in Spaine betwixt the Vandales and Sueues and the Sueues were besieged in the mountaines called Narbaseens but the Vandales left them there despising that barren countrey and came into the prouinces of Betica and Carthagena the which they forraged then passing into the islands of Maiorca and Minorca they sackt them returning into Spaine they tooke and ruined Carthagena Betica takes the name of Vandalusia of the Vandales and brought backe their armie into Betica the which was afterwards called Vandalusia of their name there they ruined the towne of Seuille and made the countrey desolate Gunderic died at the sacke of Seuille vpon the threshold of S. Vincents temple which he had commaunded should be spoyled he was sonne to Godigisque after whose decease Giseric or Genseric his bastard brother was chosen king of the Vandales Vallia entred againe into Spaine to suppresse the spoyles and cruelties of these Vandales whither there was also sent by the Emperour a captaine called Castinus who should joyne with Boniface Gouernour of Africke and joyntly make warre against the Barbarians But as Castinus had nothing in him but vanitie and foolish presumption he disdained Boniface who was a valiant and wise nobleman Dissention betwixt the Emperors lieutenants causeth the losse of Spain and Africke against whom hee did also bandie Aetius Gouernour of Gaules either through emulation and enuie or for some other cause of hatred so as when Vallia came with his armie of Gothes to set vpon the Vandales Boniface who was retyred into his gouernment of Africke being incensed sent messengers vnto Genseric to sollicite him to passe the strait promising to giue him means to lodge himselfe in Africke with all his men in despight of the Emperour the which fell out happily for him being oppressed with many enemies wherefore he left Spaine but not without bloud for in a battaile which was giuen him by the people of Spaine Boniface deliuers Africke to Gonseric and the Vandales subjects to the Romanes and by the Gothes he slew twentie thousand of his enemies vpon the place at his departure The Vandales being then passed into Africke with all their families there remained not any forraine power to make head in Spaine but that of the Sueues with their king Hermeric who being fallen into a grieuous sicknesse died about that time after he had languished long In the meane time Vallia incensed against the Vandales prepared to pursue them into Africke but he was preuented by death hauing reigned 22 yeares 2. Theodoric or Roderic 9 THeodoric succeeded Vallia Valentinian the third being Emperour in the West Anno 440. in the yeare 440. Hermeric about a little before his death had so pacified the people of Gallicia as he reigned ouer them and of two nations he made one taking his sonne Rechilan for companion whom he made his heire and successor in the kingdome and sent him into Betica or Vandalusia against Andenot a Romane captaine whom he defeated neere vnto Singil a riuer vpon that continent where he was much enriched Returning he besieged Merida tooke it and enlarged the kingdome of the Sueues the which had a beginning about the yeare 437. Theodoric reigning ouer the Gothes Romans assailed by the Sueues in Spaine and by the Gothes in Gaule they brake the peace made by Vallia with the Emperour Honorius besieged Narbonne the which was relieued by Lictorius Gouernor in those parts for the Empire vnder the Generall Aetius but Lictorius was defeated soone after by the same Gothes the which was a great prejudice to the Romanes By reason of this defeat the peace was renued among these potentates Rechilan being king of Gallicia after his fathers decease hee sought also to enlarge his limits Rechilan 2. king of Sueues in Gallicia wherefore he first assayled Vandalusia and the countrey about new Carthage the which he made subject
vnto his crowne and did wholly suppresse the name of the Silinges Vandales in Betica Hee made a certaine composition with the Romanes to whom he yeelded the countrey of Toledo in Carpetania and new Carthage called now Carthagena Theodoric hauing also made a peace with the Romanes in Gaule made a designe vpon Spaine yet being called backe to joyne with the Romanes against the Hunnes who were entred in infinit numbers into Gaule vnder Attila Defeat of Attila Anno 453. hee was in that memorable battaile whereas Attila was defeated in the which there died aboue an hundred and eightie thousand men vpon the field and among others Theodoric king of the Gothes hauing reigned foureteene yeares according vnto some The cause of this warre which Attila vndertooke was his bad disposition to ruine the whole world whereunto he was incited by Genseric king of the Vandales who was trecherous cruell and inhumane hauing a desire to ruine the Visigothes in Gaule and Spaine both for that he had beene chased and pursued by them as also fearing that Theodoric their king would seeke to reuenge the injurie done vnto his daughter who being married vnto Humeric the sonne of Genseric had beene sent backe by him vnto her father disfigured without a nose vpon a suspition which Genseric had that she would haue poysoned him In this battaile there were fiue kings Atila king of the Hunnes Generall of the warre Valamir of the Ostrogothes who were tributaries to Atila Theodoric of the Visigothes in Gaule and Spaine Fiue kings in the battel◠whereas Atila was defeated Ardaric of the Gepides and Meroue of the French This was in the yere 453 and was fought in the fields of Maroche a word corrupted of Maurice otherwise called Cathalaunians a battaile as remarkable as hath bin since the deluge in regard of the great number of men that were in arms and the strange designes of Atila a common enemie of all mankind Besides those that died in the battell there was an encounter the night before betwixt the Gepides and the French in the which there were aboue 90000 men slaine Rechilan died a little before in Merida Recciaire third K. of the Sueues in Gallicia being an idolatrer and after him his sonne Recciaire reigned ouer the Sueues in Gallicia who was baptized and had receiued the Christian religion Hee had also married a daughter of Theodorics king of Gothes whereby he grew proud aspiring to great matters He inuaded the Vascons country which is now Nauarre and spoiled it From thence he went to see his father in law and in his returne with the helpe of the Gothes he sackt Sarragosse and all the country which we now call Arragon the which obeyed the Empire He spoyled that of Carthagene the which his father by a treatie made with the Romanes had yeelded vnto them This past before the defeat of the Hunnes 3. Torismund 10 AFter that Theodoric had beene slaine in that great battaile An. 453. the which was woon by the fauor of God and to the great good of all the countries of Europe against that cruell tyrant Attila his sonne Torismund succeeded him ouer the Visigothes whose seat was at Tolouse He had many brethren Theodoric Frederic Turic Rothemer and Huneric Aetius lieutenant Generall for the Emperour Valentinian made him jealous of them least they should seize vpon the realme in his absence aduising him to goe speedily to Tolouse and to cause himselfe to be crowned This Aetius did for that he distrusted the Gothes whom he loued not neere him yea he was grieued to see this yong prince full of courage after this victory lately gotten against the Hunnes hauing a desire to pursue the remainder of this defeated army and to root them out quite the which Aetius held not profitable for the Romans for knowing the nature of the Goths to be proud and actiue he feared that being puffed vp with many victories they should enter into the territories of the Romanes wherefore he suffered the remainders of the defeated armie of the Hunnes to slip away which gaue his enemies subject to disgrace him with the Emperour Valentinian who afterwards put him to death whereby as some said he cut off the right arme of his estate for he was a wise and valiant captaine yet some say That betwixt Torismund and Atila there were some happie encounters for the Gothes Torismund hauing reigned three yeares was slaine by his enemies as he was let bloud being sicke They write That one stole away his armes which he kept by his bed yet hauing a penknife in his hand Torismund slain by his brethrens procurement he slew some of the murtherers which came to assault him It is doubtfull whether they were his brethren or others by their procurement Some say That the murtherers name was Ascalerne and that he reigned but a yeare 4. Theodoric the second of that name 11 THeodoric the 2. succeeded his brother Torismund A damnable desire of reuenge in a woman about the time that Valentinian the 3 was slain by the friends of Aetius The Empire of Rome was thē held by one Maximus who maried Eudoxia by force being widow to Valentinian that was slaine thinking by this conjunction to be more respected in the imperial dignitie which he vsurped but this woman mad for the wrong she thought was done vnto her sought to be reuēged of Maximus to the prejudice of her selfe of Rome Italy of the whole Empire for by the means of Boniface she caused Genseric to come out of Africke who with an army of Vandales Africanes Moores others entred Rome and slew Maximus sacked and burnt the towne spoyled all Italie and led away Eudoxia and her daughters with many thousands others prisoners into Africke yet afterwards he set Eudoxia and her daughters free except one whom he kept to marrie to his sonne This was done by a treatie made with the Emperour Martian who reigned in the East at Constantinople who also suffered Theodoric in recompence of the succours which the Visigothes had giuen the Romanes against Attila to reigne in Spaine and to get what hee could from the Sueues Theodoric then entred into Spaine in the yeare 458 Ann. 458. against whom Recchiaire king of the Sueues opposed himselfe reigning in Lusitania and Gallicia there was a battaile fought neere vnto the riuer of Vrbic twelue miles from Asturica betwixt Asturica and Leon in the which the chiefe of the nobilitie of the Sueues were slaine and Recchiaire was constrained to saue himselfe by flight Defeat of the Sueues and the death of Recchiaire meaning to passe into Africke to Genseric king of the Vandales hee was put backe by a tempest to Porto and there taken and deliuered to Theodoric who caused him to be slaine although he were his brother in law Gallicia being come into Theodorics power by this victorie he left one of his captaines called Acliulf of Auuergne Gouernour in his name whilest that he pursued his
to be rebaptized after the Arrian manner which was In the name of the Father to the Sonne by the holy Ghost and not In the name of the Father the Sonne and the holy Ghost meaning thereby to make three essences of that which is but one distinct in three qualities Herein he was assisted by Vincent bishop of Sarragosse an Apostat against whom Seuerus a Christian bishop of Malaca did write As Leouigilde busied himselfe about these matters Conspiracle of the mother in law and the son against the father some good and profitable others prophane and wicked his peace was troubled by the rebellion of his owne sonne who either through desire to raigne alone or otherwise and by the persuasion of Gosuinthe his mother in law he seized vpon Seuille and many other places and leuied men to fortifie himselfe against his father who hauing put a great armie to field marched to Seuille to suppresse the rashnesse of his ill aduised sonne besieged the towne on all sides and began to batter it with all sorts of engines Miro king of Gallicia came to this siege with good troups as a friend and allie to aid him The auntient towne of Italica was not farre from Seuille for we read that Leouigilde made his store-house for the warre there during the siege hauing caused the walls which were ruined to be repaired the which did much annoy them of Seuille from the which he turned the riuer of Betis and prest the besieged by continuall batteries assaults cutting off their victuals and all other acts of hostilitie so as in the end he tooke it and soone after the towne of Cordoua also in the which his sonne had fortified himselfe with all the other places which he had vsurped Being thus spoiled of all and depriued of his dignitie Hermengilde was confined to Valence This ciuile warre did afflict Spaine more than all the former as the Spaniards write 25 During the siege of Seuille The end of the kingdome of the Sueues in Gallicia Miro king of Gallicia died to whom Eburic his sonne succeeded but Andeca seized vpon the realme of the Sueues maried Siseguta left by king Miro tooke Eburic and shut him vp in a cloister of Monkes To reuenge this injurie and also to make his profit thereof Leouigilde entred into Gallicia with an armie tooke Andeca caused him to be polled and sent him to Badaios to liue for euer in a cloister He reduced Gallicia to a prouince and joyned it to the Gothes kingdome the which had continued an hundred seuentie and seuen yeares Hermengilde being found at Tarracone was there slaine by Sisbert yet the Spaniards varie in this point Hermengilde a Christian slaine by his fathers commandement being an Arrian some saying That he was shut vp in a tower at Seuille where he lost his head holding him for a Saint and that he was slaine on Easter day by the commaundement of his father who was an Arrian for that he had imbraced the Christian religion for the which he had rebelled and had caused great troubles in Spaine the which Saint Gregorie and Beda doth witnesse and it is likely that this prince was drawne vnto the true doctrine by Leandre bishop of Seuille and by his wife Iugunde a French woman whom they say he put in the beginning of the ciuile warres into the hands of those that gouerned the lands of the empire in Spaine vnder Maurice the emperour being newly brought in bed of a sonne fearing the threats and furie of his father and that after her husbands death the Romanes caused her to passe into Africke with her little infant where she died but the child was carried to Constantinople Childebert king of France War betwixt the the French and the Gothes for the death of Hermengilde to reuenge the wrong done vnto his brother in law tooke armes against the Gothes and hoping to recouer his sister and his nephew hee made a league with the emperour Maurice Against the French which did forrage Languedoc was sent Ricaire the other sonne of Leouigilde who repulst them with great losse of their men entring into their territories where he tooke a great spoile They speake of many myracles during the raigne of this king which God did in fauour and confirmation of the Christian religion Myracles against the Arrians and their sect the which hee had decreed should haue an end with this king Leouigilde The ciuile warre being as we haue said hot in Spaine the armie of Leouigilde pursuing his sonne and passing by the territories of Valencia and Murcia the Monkes of the Abbey of Saint Martin in those marches being terrified abandoned their Abbot and fled all into an island of the sea neere adjoyning The souldiours being entred into the Abbey and finding the Abbot all alone being a verie deuout and religious man and crooked with age they did him many outrages one of them hauing drawne out his sword to cut off his head he fell downe starke dead the which did so terrifie the rest as they presently fled This being reported vnto king Leouigilde he commanded that all the goods which had beene taken in that monasterie should be restored An Arrian bishop meaning to deceiue the king who reproached him that the Arrians did no myracles suborned one of his sect who could counterfeit himselfe blind causing him to stand in the way whereas he knew the king should passe there this gallant began to crie out and to entreat this bishop which did accompanie the king that he would make him recouer his sightby his prayers The bishop approached and laying his hands arrogantly vpon his eyes the king being present and attending to see this myracle it happened that hee which did counterfeit himselfe blind Acounterfeit begger diuinely punished lost his sight in good earnest and withall was so full of paine in that part as detesting the bishop and his cousinage hee confest openly before the king and his traine That the bishop had induced him to act this tragedie and had corrupted him with money Many other signes are written to haue beene seene in those times the which we will not call into question for that the end and vse of myracles is to witnesse and to giue credit to the word of God and his true doctrine which was then disgraced by the Arrian princes Spaine was furnished with many learned and holy men whilest that the Arrians did raigne in Africke and did persecute the Christians They make mention of one Donat an Abbot who passed out of Africke into Spaine with about 70 Monkes and a goodly librarie where he was the founder of the monasterie Seruitane and that they were entertained by a rich ladie called Minicea who then built the first monasterie at Setabis which is Xatiua This Donat did first set downe certaine rules and orders for a monasticall life among them for vntill that time they were not tyed by any vowes neither had they liued in cloisters but were dispersed in
diuers language to that which they vse in Castille not much different to that they speake on this side the Pyrenees in Aquitaine and Languedoc The French made such warre in Cattelogne as a Gouernor of Barcelone a Moore called Zato yeelded himselfe vassale and tributarie to the Emperour Charles after whose death for hee kept his promise Bernard first Earle of Barcelone subiect to the French although he were a Mahumetist Bernard was made Earle of Barcelone counted by the authors for the first carrying this title who intitled himselfe also Earle Duke and Marquesse of Spaine as it appeares in some letters which are found of him in the monasteries of the country in Ribagorsa and at Saint Peters of Tauerna Alphonso second of that name ninth King of Ouiedo called the Chast. 19 IN the Asturies of Ouiedo Ouiedo the yeare 795 An. 795. D. Alphonso was sole king without companion D. Bermond being dead He was called the chast for he liued holily and chastly without the companie of any woman although he were married to a Ladie called Berthe a liberall Prince to the poore and greatly fearing God aboue all a friend to Monks and a great builder of Couents yet notwithstanding all these things he was wife and valiant He had as we haue said one sister called D. Ximena who seeing them carelesse to marrie her she contracted her selfe secretly to Don Sandias Earle of Saldagne who was of good yeares for he was aboue 29 yeares old when as the king D. Froila their father died of which marriage came a sonne called Bernard del Carpio King D. Alphonso who thought his sister should haue beene chast like himselfe was verie much discontented at this marriage A secret marriage seuerely punished and hauing caused Don Sandias to come to the town of Leon whither he had called the noblemen of his realme he condemned him as a traitor to end his daies in perpetuall prison in the castle of Lune hauing put out his eyes he caused his sister to be put into a Monasterie of Nunnes and yet he gaue order that the infant Bernard should be nourisht in Asturia as his owne sonne who afterwards proued one of the wisest knights of his age but not verie fortunate They attribute to this king the building of the chiefe Church in Ouiedo called S. Saluator yet others affirme it was the worke of king Sillo But howsoeuer it were D. Alphonso did augment it and enricht it with diuers jewels yea with relickes which had beene transported from Toledo and other places whereof this Church was the store-house moreouer with a crosse of gold which they say had been made by two Angels the which presented themselues vnto the king D. Alphonso in the habit of pilgrims 20 To this is added the finding out of the Sepulchre of the Apostle S. Iames neere vnto Iria by the Bishop of that place called Theodemir at the relation of two men which the Historie of Compostella in Latine calls personatos Inuention of S. Iames sepulchre that is to say masked who said they had seene Angels and torches about the place where his bodie was found in a coffin of marble in a wood in the yeare 797 whereat the Spaniards themselues do much wonder seeing they find no mention in their Histories of S. Iames Sepulcher in Spaine in all the time which past since his death vnto the raigne of this Alphonso no not in the time of Miron the first Christian king of the Sueues in Gallicia who first errected the king of the Gothes that were Christians nor yet since It was reuealed at that time by such apparitions to Theodemir who belieued it to be the verie bodie of S. Iames and so persuaded the king D. Alphonso who was wonderfull ioyfull thereof and built a temple endowing it with great reuenewes taking this manifestation for a singular fauour of God The Spaniards haue since made him their Patron and Protector of their Countrie calling on him in all their necessities especially in the warre Neighbour Princes were amazed at this relickes for we read that Charlemaigne in whose time D. Alphonso began to raigne being aduertised of this inuention posted thither and afterwards obtained from Pope Leo the third sitting at Rome That the Episcopall Sea of Iria should be remoued to Compostella vnder the Metropolitane of Braga from the which it was since exempt as wee will shew hereafter In king Alphonsus time and as some thinke when Charlemaigne was in Spaine there were two Councels held against Elipand Archbishop of Toledo and Felix first Bishop of Vrgel and their followers infected with Nestorius heresie who imagined a double person in Iesus Christ as he consists of two natures diuine and humane for this cause Elipand is not in the catalogue of the Archbishops of Toledo Felix had tryed in vaine to draw vnto his error Odesinde widow to king Sillo 21 Ahizmen Hizen or Ixeca Moores Miralmumin deceased in the yeare 794 hauing raigned seuen yeares and seuen moneths Halihatan fourth king of the Moores Warre betwixt him and his vncles to whom succeeded Halihatan his sonne who either for state or for feare and distrust had an ordinarie gard of fiue thousand horsemen part Christian renegado's part Eunuches In the yeare 799 An. 799. Zuliema and Abdalla his vncle hearing of the death of Hizen came out of Africk into Spaine from whence they had beene chased to trie if they might enter into Toledo whereas Zuleima had raigned they came to Valence and armed themselues with the forces of that towne and so went to field giuing them of Toledo to vnderstand whom they knew to be affected vnto them of their comming and designe who acquainting other Moores therewith they tooke armes for Zuliema chasing all such out of the towne as they thought opposite vnto them and then they did aduertise Zuleima how that all went well for him who preparing himselfe to goe to Toledo was encountred by the armie of Halihatan his nephew by the which he was defeated and slaine this yeare of 799. Abdalla fled but afterwards considering that he had no meanes to rayse his decayed fortunes he came and yeelded himselfe to his nephewes mercie who receiued him and vsed him honourably So Toledo fayled the second time to be made a royall seat by the defeat and death of Zuleima yet the inhabitants finding themselues guiltie would not trust Halihatan but maintained themselues in their rebellion for the space of nine yeares Halihatan being vnable or vnwilling to trie his forces against so great and well fortified a citie sought in the meane time to win them by all mild and friendly meanes Among others he imployed about this reconciliation a Moore who was a knight and borne at Toledo yet then resident at Huesca and Gouernour of those marches who being come into the citie with letters from king Halihatan wrought so wisely as in a short time the Toledanes returned to the kings obedience to whom there was
promised assurance and forgetfulnesse of all they had done but there was nothing obserued Hambroz the Moore betrayes the Toledanes for this Hambroz to abuse the Toledanes said That he would not remaine in the castle for feare to be surprised by the kings men which arriued dayly but caused another lodging to be assigned him in a street called Moutichel neere vnto S. Christophers Church in the which he made a caue vnder the ground to murther them that had rebelled against the king In the meane time Halihatan vnder colour to make warre against the Christians and to succour the frontier caused his forces to approach neere the towne vnder the commaund of a sonne of his called Abderramen the which by the means of Hambroz entred quietly into Toledo and without any shew to doe harme Abderramen lodged with Hambroz where shewing a good countenance to the chiefe of the Toledanes Moores he inuited a great number of them to a stately feast which he had prepared for them As these Moores came one after another thinking to make good cheere they were presently layd hold on and beheaded by some that were appointed to that purpose and then cast into the vault There had beene many dispatcht in this manner when as one of the guests which was inuited discouering some bloud grew amazed and suddainely slipt out and gaue an alarme to the towne crying out that they murthered the citizens in Hambroz lodging The Toledanes being terrified with these newes and hauing no meanes to make resistance and without any captaine to lead them found no better expedient then to crie out for mercie but it was in vaine for then they pursued them openly A cruell reuenge vpon the Toledanes for their rebellion so as there was aboue 5000 slaine to punish their offence committed against Halihatan against whom they of Cordoua being also rebelled he caused 300 of them to be hanged vpon the riuer side there was a captaine called Abdelcarin appointed for this execution who a little before had subdued Calaorra Halihatan growne proud with this successe sent his captaines to annoy the Christians frontiers who entred into Gallicia in the yeare 812 where he was vnfortunat in many encounters by the prouidence of king D. Alphonso The like happened to Ores Gouernor of Merida who was defeated neere vnto Benevent in the territorie of Leon. An. 813. The yeare after 813 another Moore called Alcama Gouernor of Badaios layed siege to Zamorra but he was forced to retyre Not content with this two armies of Moores entred into D. Alphonso his countrey in diuers places against the which he opposed 2 armies the one led by himself the other by Bernard del Carpio his nephew who was growne of good yeares in both which he was victor so as the Moores did forbeare for a time to annoy the Christians and fell to spoile one another whereupon a great nobleman among them called Mahomad came out of the quarters of Merida to seeke refuge of king D. Alphonso for that he was violently pursued A Moore seâ—kes refuge of D. Alphonso his trecherie and punishment and could find no safetie in all the Moores countrey D. Alphonso entertained him and assigned him rents to liue on in Gallicia but he shewed himselfe ingratefull trecherous raising a great armie by the intelligence he had with other Moores to inuade the countrey of his benefactor but they were readie in time to resist him and gaue him battaile where there died aboue 50000 Moores Mahomad their Generall being taken was beheaded as a traitor At that time Marsil or Massile successor to Ibnahalla raigned at Saragosse who was at the battell of Ronceuaux where the French were defeated It is certaine as Authors write that this battaile was giuen in the time of D. Alphonso the chast but the yeare is doubtfull yet they hold it was a little before the death of Charlemaigne who died about the yeare 815. 22 If that which the Spaniards write be true Ouiedo it is most certaine that among these Princes ambition went before and religion followed after D. Alphonso hauing liued chastly being sorrie that he had no children and for that he had receiued great aid from the Emperour Charles and it may be presumed that so mightie a Prince was most necessarie to restore Spaine to her beautie and the Christians to their former possession or else for some other consideration he had a determination to make him heire of his estates after his death but the Nobilitie of Spaine hauing notice thereof did not allow it refusing to be vassales to any forraine Prince Charlemaigne made heire of Ouiedo and afterwards reiected yet D. Alphonso had by his letters and embassages giuen great hope thereof vnto Charles who affected it and had appointed the realmes of Ouiedo and Leon for Bernard sonne to his sonne Pepin and did prepare himselfe to come vnto Alphonso vnder colour of succouring him against the Moores but he had newes from him that he was forced by his Earles and Barons to recall it and therefore he entreated him to forbeare his comming the which Charlemaigne taking for an affront resolued to force him by armes to performe his promise wherefore he raised a mightie armie of French Germanes and Italians which were vnder his Empire and sent it beyond the Pyrenees led by his best captaines yea some who haue not duly considered the age of Charlemaigne who was then 72 yeares old say that he was there in person whereof the Spaniards being aduertised they made a league of all the Christian Potentates of Gallicia Leon Arragon Nauarre and others and of some Princes of the Moores League of Christian Princes and Spanish Moores against the French to whom the gouernment of the French in Spaine was suspected among the which was Marsil of Saragosse All these forces joyned together stopt the passages and forced the French to returne into their countrey but with great disaduantage and disorder through the straits of the mountaines whereas the Spaniards hauing seized vpon the passages the foreward and battaile of the French were defeated and their baggage taken with such slaughter as they write there were aboue 40000 men slaine that day Defeat of the French at Ronceual among the which was Roland and all those whom fabulous writers call Peeres of France with other great personages In this action the valor and good conduct of D. Bernard of Carpio nephew to D. Alphonso was admirable as also in his warres against the Moores as the Spaniards write who was for a long time held for the kings sonne and he himselfe beleeued it but being aduertised of his parents and of the calamitie of the Earle of Saldagne his father he made many petitions vnto the king and vsed all the means he could to moue him to pardon the injurie which he pretended had beene done him and to free him after so many yeares imprisonment the which he could not obtaine wherefore being discontented he
Christians who desired to abate the power of the Moores and to keepe them diuided all they could came to succour the Toledanes being led by one of the sonnes of king D. Ordogno both armies met not farre from the citie neere vnto the riuer of Guadacelette Mahumets victorie but Mahumet had the victorie there were slaine in this battaile 13000 Moores of Toledo and 8000 Christians yet all this could not make him master of the towne Mahumet being victor he caused the heads of his enemies to be carried into diuers townes to strike terror into those that would rebell for it was the custome of that nation at the change of Princes to stirre vp new troubles This warre continued three yeares vnto the death of the king D. Ordogno 33 Cont Bernard of Barcelone liued at this time Cattelogne much fauored in the Court of the Emperour Lewis the Gentle not without enuie especially of such as had had the gouernment of Prince Bernard the sonne of Pepin king of Italie in his youth He was accused to haue committed adulterie with the Empresse Iudith D. Geoffrey Earle or Gouernour of Barcelone whatsoeuer the cause were D. Geoffrey of Arria succeeded him in the Countie of Barcelone in the yeare 839. In the yeare 841 Ouiedo king D. Ordogno being much afflicted with the Gout and other infirmities was withall oppressed with griefe for the rout of his men which he had sent to succour the Toledanes whereupon he fell grieuously sick and died hauing gouerned the realme of Leon and Ouiedo tenne yeares The letters and titles of the Church of S. Iaques of Compostella giue longer liues to these kings for there is one found of king D. Ordogno of the yere 854 and another of the yeare 862 yea of 874 wherefore there is no great certaintie of the time in the raignes of the kings of Ouiedo and Leon. These letters and titles differ aboue 33 yeares from the common opinion D. Alphonso third of that name twelfth King of Ouiedo 34 ALphonso the Great Anno 841 sonne to D. Ordogno Ouiedo was but foureteene yeares old or ten as some say when he began to raigne a prince endowed with all royall vertues whose life and gouernment was long His entrie was disquieted by a knight of Gallicia called D. Froila Bermudes who contemning the kings youth did rise and seise vpon the Crowne D. Alphonso being retired to Alaua to preserue himselfe against this tyrant as he was busie to raise an armie of his friends and subiects he had newes that D. Froila being come to Ouiedo the chiefe towne of the whole realme Tyrannie and vsurpation iustly punished to be crowned there he had beene slaine by the Senators and Councellors which had conspired against him wherefore he came thither was receiued and recouered his realme in peace Then was there gouernour in Alaua a knight called Eylo or Zeybon brother to one Zenon which some Authors say had beene Lord of Biscaie This Eylo as soone as Alphonso was setled in his realme of Ouiedo rebelled against him and drew from him all which the kings of Ouiedo held in that prouince D. Alphonso who was then at Leon being aduertised of this disorder marcht with such forces as he could gather readily together towards Alaua where his presence caused him to be generally obeyed He tooke this gouernor and carried him to Ouiedo where he ended his dayes in prison Mahumet Moores first Moore of that name raigned then in Spaine against whom the earle of Barcelone made sharpe warres but with small successe He sent an armie against the Christians led by two captaines Imundar and Alcama the which came and lodged about Leon as if they would besiege it Anno 842. in the yeare 842. But king D. Alphonso succoured it and forced the Moores to retire In the end of Abderramens raigne there had beene a great persecution against the Christians which dwelt in the Moores countries whereof their insolencies and rebellions was the cause The libertie of Christians among the Moors in Spaine They had as we haue said libertie of their religion and they were suffered to build Temples and Monasteries at their pleasures their Priests and Monkes did freely vse their seuerall habits They had Iudges and Rectors among them to administer iustice vnder the authoritie of the Mahumetane kings onely they were forbidden to enter into the Mosquee and not to speake ill of their Prophet Mahumet They payed tributes the which were sometimes augmented as necessitie required or according to the passions of their kings Whereupon many Christians tooke occasion to murmure and to make bitter complaints the which did incense the Moores Some Christians of more iudgement exhorted the rest to patience foreseeing the mischiefe but it was in vaine yea Accafred a Bishop and Seruand an Earle who were of these moderators were condemned by a Councell and are blamed by the Authors of Histories who haue made no scruple to put in the number of Martyres those rebells which perished in this massacre the which was great and continued ten yeares for an aduertisement to all others not to rise against their prince to whom they are made subiect by the will of God especially for their temporall goods In the meane time the quarell betwixt this Miralmumin and them of Toledo continued and their obstinacie was such as Mahumet seeing they would not acknowledge him vpon any conditions he sent a mightie armie against them vnder the conduct of his brother or as some hold of his sonne called Almondir who spoyled rased and burnt all that was within the territorie of Toldo and yet no man durst make head against him his forces were so great King D. Alphonso imbracing this occasion of the Moores diuisions being entred into league with the French and Nauarrois D. Alphonso spoyles the Moors country he entred and spoyled their countrey They hold that Bernard of Carpio was chiefe of this armie Mahumet did aboue all things desire to subdue them of Toledo the which was a great and strong citie and therefore hard to be forced Wherefore he resolued to reduce it to extremitie of victuals by a long siege and so force them to yeeld Anno 848. And hauing raised a great armie in the yeare 848 he led it himselfe in person against the Toledanes who issued out of the towne resoluing to fight with him but it was to their losse and confusion for they were forced to retire with shame the towne was besieged the bridge vpon the riuer of Tayo the worke of king Hisem was beaten downe the Moores call bridges Alcantara and all meanes of succours taken from the inhabitants Wherefore they began somewhat to yeeld Toledo reduced vnder the obedience of the Morres at Cordoua and to talke of a composition wherein they were heard and satisfied so as Mahumet entred the citie with great ioy hauing reduced so great a people vnder his obedience From whence he sent some troupes to
Mediterranean sea which at this day belongs to Granado much frequented of Merchants of diuers nations There he found the sea armie of Count Raymond and the galleys of Genoua which had alreadie attempted it vnder the command of Ansaldo Doria Vbert Torre and other captaines of that common-weale This place was so furiously battered both by sea and land Almerie taken by sorce as it was taken by force yet the Moores beeing retired into a part of the cittie of good strength they were taken to ransome from whom they drew great sums of mony They say that at this prize that great and inestimable Emâ—raud without peere was taken the which is at this day at Genoua and was giuen vnto them for their part of the bootie and in recompence of the great seruice they had done there Emeraud of inestimable price Yet many beleeue that the Geneuois brought it out of Palestina from the towne of Cesarea at which seege they were employed The spoyle sacke of this place was diuided betwixt the Castillans Nauarrois Geneuois and the subiects of the Earle D. Raymond This is all which was done in that voyage from whence euery one retired into his countey rich some by land some by sea The King Don Garcia Ramires accompained his father in-law into Castile where he remayned with great tranquilitie and content the rest of that yeare If the Christian affaires in Spaine succeeded well against the Moores Câ—â—â—cell at Rhâ—ims those in Syria declined much wherupon a Councell was held at Rheims vnder Pope Eugenius the 3. to resolue vpon some meanes to support the estate of the Kings of Ierusalem by some ayde from the Princes of Europe Thither went D. Raymond Archbishop of Toledo as Primate of Spaine who passing by Saint Denis in France obserued in a chappell an Inscription of this tenour Here lyes Saint Eâ—genius the Martyr the first Archbishop of Toledo Beeing returned he reported vnto the Church what he had found whereof the Emperor Don Alphonso and the Kings children were aduertised who together with all the people were exceeding glad for since the death of this holy man they could not learne where his body lay Beeing thus found they of Toledo procured means to haue one of his armes from king Lewis the young It was a remarkable act of Religion in the Archbishop Don Raymond in his voyage to Rheims In our time King Philippe obtayned from Charles the ninth the French King and from Charles Cardinall of Lorraine and Abbot of Saint Denis the rest of the bodie as they say of this Martyr the which was brought to his Church of Toledo where he had gouerned Domiâ—an beeing then Emperour at Rome for they did not know him much in France neither did it serue to any purpose amidst the ciuill or rather vnciuill warres growne for matter of Religion D. Raymond Berenger beeing returned into Cattelogne Arragon and Barcelone hauing the Geneuois army ready and at his commandement he employed it against the towne of Tortose which was held by the Moores the which he beseeged both by sea and land at which seege the Earle left D. William Raymond of Moncada Seneshall of Cattelogne for his Lieutenant generall whilest that he made a voyage to Barcelone to pacifie some seditions which were risen in that extie Such was the diligence of the Seneshall and Geneuois as by the 30 day of the seege after many sharpe assaults giuen and valiantly defended the towne was taken Toriose taken by the Arragonois and soone after D. Pedro de Semenate arriuing with fresh supplies the castell was also taken the Geneuois had their part of the spoyle for the good seruices they had done vnto the Earle And the Authours of the Arragon Historie write that a third part of the towne was giuen in fee to the Seneshall D. William Raymond of Moneado and another third part to the common-weale of Genoua which portion was afterwards redeemed by the Eaâ—le D. Raymond Berenger for 16000. Marauidis Maroquins a kind of mony which was then currant leauing vnto the Geneuois the Iland of Saint Laurence and granting vnto all the Inhabitants of the citty of Genoua and of the iurisdiction the which was limited by Porto venere towards the East and by Monaco vppon the West along the sea shore exemption of all Imposts and customes Henrico Guercio Marin Moro William Lusio and others beeing then Gouernours of the Common-weale Whilest the Earle was busie at this warre VVarre betwixt Nauarre and Arragon the King of Nauarre brake the truce made at Saint Estâ—enne de Gormas for that the King Don Garcia hauing caused the Emperour Don Alphonso and other Noblemen and Prelates to perswade and aduise the Earle to relinquish the pretensions which hee vaunted to haue to the Realme of Nauarre hee would not do it but threatened to poursue it when oportunitie serued wherefore the Nauarrois did ouer-runne the Countrey of Arragon and tooke the Towns of Thauste and Fayos where they put good Garrisons to serue as a frontier against the Arragonois It is no wonder Pâ—rtugal if in all these attempts of the Christian Princes in Spaine against the Moores the new King of Portugall did not ioyne with the rest for that hee was in disgrace and out of fauour with the Emperour D. Alphonso who held him as an vâ—urper of the Estate of D. Theresa his mother and moreouer of the title of a king in a Prouince which was subiect to the Soueraigntie of Leon. King D. Alphonso Henriques hauing liued now 52. yeares without a wife he married in the yeare 1146. D. Malfada Manriqua de Lara daughter to the Earle D. Manrâ—qtâ—ue Lord of Molina a great Nobleman of Castile by whom he had one sonne named D. Sancho who succeeded him in the Realme of Portugall and the Infanta D. Vrraca who was married first to D. Fernand the 2. of that name Gencalogie of the Moores King of Leon and Gallicia and from them issued D. Alphonso King of the same Realmes father to the King D. Fernand the 3. of Castile and Leon a marriage notwithstanding which was broken by reason of their proximitie of bloud and for that they were married without a dispensation King D. Alphonso Henriques had another daughter by D. Malfada called D. Theresa maried to Philip Earle of Flanders the first of that name and one called Malfada as the mother Besides these lawfull children the King of Portugall had one bastard before he was married whom they called D. Pedro Alphonso of Portugall Soone after his marriage beeing importuned by the continuall complaints of his subiects for the spoyles which the Moores of Saint Iren committed in his countrie he resolued to beseege that place but he preuailed more by policie then happily he should haue done by open force for marching thither in the night after that he had made a vow passing by that place where as now stands the royall monasterie of Alcouaça to build a Monasterie there
and had a Lieutenant called Raderigo Pelaes a wise Knight About that time died D. Roderigo Gomes sonne to Don Gomes of Candespina one of the greatest Noblemen in Castile whose Tombe is yet to be seene in the Cloyster of Saint Sauuiour of Ogna and the towne of Surâ—ta was peopled with Christians Musarabes which came out of Calatajub Sarragossa and other parts of Arragon The Earle Don Raymond Berenger sought all meanes possible to seaze vppon Nauarre Arragon so desirous he was to ioyne it vnto Arragon importuning the Emperour Don Alphonso continually to declare himselfe an open enemie to D. Sancho so as in the yeare 1156. 1156. there was a new League made betwixt them to vndertake this warre where among other Articles for the better fortifying of their friendship there was a future marriage concluded betwixt Don Raymond the young Infant of Arragon who was afterwards called Don Alphonso and D. Sancho daughter to the Emperour Don Alphonso by his second wife Dona Rica daughter to Vladislaus king of Pologne whom he had married in the yeare 1151. yet they could neuer perswade the Emperour Don Alphonso to hurt the king of Nauarre whom he loued but rather assisted him vnderhand The same League was renued at Toledo in the yeare 1157. after Don Raymonds returne out of Prouence The occasion of which voyage was to defend his Nephew heire to his Brother Don Berenerg Raymond who beeing in a manner dispossest of his Estate by the enemies of their house which had slaine his father in an incounter had need of his ayde Hee repulsed the young Earles enemies assured his Estates and brought him into Cattelogne there to bee brought vp And for that in those troubles of Prouence the Knights and Commanders of Saint Iohn of Hierusalem who were growne mercenarie in these Christian warres did intermeddle hee gaue them large reuenues in Cattelogne After the renewing of this League we find no mention of any worthie act done by this earle but that hee debaucht some faithlesse and trecherous Knights which fled out of Nauarre and Arragon yea one of the greatest called Garcia Almorauit who came vnto him to Lerida and there made himselfe his vassall and receiued from the Earle the title of Lord of Ronceuaux Vrros and Obanos which were not in his power wherefore it is to be presumed that from that time hee sought to gouerne his Estates peaceably seeing he could not get the Crowne of Nauarre and with this desire he ended his dayes after all his vaine attempts against this Kingdome Soone after this last assembly at Toledo the king of Castile was ingaged in warre against the Moores of Andalusia which made him perchance neglect that of Nauarre besides He did not greatly affect it 19 The troubles of Affricke beeing past as we haue sayd Moores Abdelmon established Miralmumin of the Arabians and the Almohades in credit by the ruine of the Almorauides The Preacher Almohadi would also haue the Moores of Spaine submit themselues to this yoake wherefore leauing Aben Thumert the Astrologian at Maroc hee past with Abdelmon into Spaine with great numbers of souldiers beeing puft vp with pride by their late victorie against their enemies They found no great resistance there for the pettie Kings and Gouernors of Prouinces and townes in Spaine beeing prest by the Christians and too weake to make head against them seeing the race of the Almorauides of Affricke extinct from whom they might haue expected some succors they sought nothing more then support to maintaine themselues in their authoritie and greatnesse Change of Religion among the Arabians in Spaine which is most commonly the chiefe god of great men of this world and therefore as men which regarded not Religion but for a colour and for their owne priuate commodities so as leauing the interpretation of the Alcaron they embraced the new doctrine of Almohadi without any opposition thinking to preserue themselues by that meanes And as this Impostor did vomit foorth greater blasphemies and impieties then his Predecessors had done against the true Religion they became violent and furious persecutors of the Christians so as the poore Musarabes who had had some peace of conscience liuing among the Moores and had there exercised their religion without any violence done vnto them for many yeares were in great perplexitie beeing now persecuted by these new Sectaries of Almohadi both in their persons and goods with all kind of rigor for that they would not yeeld to their superstitions so as either by the reuolts or by death or by the continuall flying away of these poore people all the townes of Spaine which were held by the Moores were vnpeopled of Christians Chrisâ—ians persecuted by the Moâ—â—es in Spaine who for aboue 400. yeares had preserued themselues inuoking though with little knowledge the name of Iesus Christ. The gouernement of the Almohades in Spaine continued in Abdelmon and his successors 52. yeares vntill that notable battle in the fields of Tholousa called by another name of the mountaines of Muradal or of Vbeda Abdelmon hauing aspired to that which he pretended held his royall seate in the cittie of Maroc and shewed himself a profitable Prince and pleasing to the Mores notwithstanding that he was a Potters sonne and for his chiefe Councellors the Astrologian Aben Thumert and the Preacher Almohadi who dying within few months after this conquest was by the commandement of King Abdelmon buried with pompe and royall honours in a sumptuous Tombe neare vnto the cittie of Maroc whereas since the foolish multitude holding him to be some great Prophet and a messenger of God made prayers and vowes in all their necessities as amongst the Christians they had recourse vpon all occasions to the sepulchers either true or fained of Apostles holy Confessors and Marryrs of the name of Iesus Christ. This passage of the Almohades bred a great alteration in Spaine whereas many Moores which held their countries in fee and homage of Christian Princes reuolted The Emperour D. Alphonso led first an armie of Christians against this new Estate Castile Death of the Emperor D. Alphonso in the yeare 1157. beeing accompanied by his two sons D. Sancho and D. Fernand who had the titles of Kings in Andalusia he recouered the towne of Baeça which had beene lost and tooke Quesada and Andujar But he did not long enioy this victorie with his subiects for bringing backe his armie towards Toledo hee fell suddenly sicke the which as he past the mountaine or streight of Muradal did so increase as hee was forced to light at a place called Fresnedas where he dyed in the armes of D. Iohn Archbishop of Toledo and of his sonne D. Fernand D. Sancho remayning behind to guard those places which he had newly conquered Hee was a worthie Prince but too ambitious a great fauourer and benefactor of the Clergie a friend to the people and a seuere punisher of the insolencies of great men of whom the Spaniards write this
Historie That a certaine Gentleman called D. Fernand in Gallicia hauing taken away a poore labourers goods for which wrong he could haue no iustice from the ordinatie Magistrate of the country so as he came to the Emperor beeing at Toledo where hauing watched his oportunitie he cast himselfe at his feet making knowne vnto him the violence which had beene done him by D. Fernand and demanded Iustice The Emperour did not disdaine this poore man but beeing duly informed of the fact he sent vnto the Gouernour and Merino Maior of Gallicia commanding them to cause restitution to be made presently vnto the Labourer of all that he should find had beene taken from him but the Gentleman would not obey any commaund neither durst the Iudge force him either fearing to displease him or else wanting meanes to constraine him whereof the Emperor beeing aduertised hee parted from Toledo to come into Gallicia where hauing made diligent inquirie of D. Fernands fact and of his disobedience and contumacie he caused his house to be enuironed where being taken he commanded he should be hanged before his owne gate for a warning to others to liue vprightly and in peace with their neighbors not to contemne Iustice nor their Prince A noble act and worthie imitation He had raigned king and emperour 35. yeares his bodie was carried to Toledo and interted in the royall chappell of that Church His Estates were diuided after his death as hath beene sayd betwixt his two sons D. Sancho and D. Fernand. D. Sancho the sixth King of Castile 20 THe Realmes of Castile Toledo Castile and Leon diuided were then dis-united from Leon and Galicia in the yeare 1157. D. Sancho being aduertised of his fathers death he parted suddenly from Baeça and came to Toledo to his funerall A Prince who did nothing degenerate from the vertues of his Ancestors yea did rather exceed them but he raigned little D. Fernand the 28. King of Leon. 21 HIs brother D. Fernand Leon. neither attending his comming nor the performance of his funerals departed presently and went to take possession of his Kingdomes of Leon and Galicia according to the fathers will which diuision was a great cause of ciuill warres to the preiudice and dishonour of the Christians name in Spaine wherefore great Monarkes should be warned by these examples which are ordinarie in Histories neuer to dismember their Monarchies but to employ all their spirits and wisedome to continue it still vnited although they leaue many children leauing the Soueraigne authoritie ouer the rest vnto him whom the lawes and customes do call D. Fernand beeing receiued and setled in his Realmes of Leon and Galicia Nauarre hee began to intreate his Nobilitie ill among others he dispossest one of the chiefse knights of Leon called D. Pedro Ponce de Minerua of his lands and goods who for this cause came into Castile to beseech the King D. Sancho to mediate his restitution and to bring him againe into fauour with the king his brother But it falling out at that time that Don Sancho the wise king of Nauarre beeing aduertised of the death of the Emperour D. Alphonso had made certaine roades into Castile almost vnto Burgos for that D. Sancho had alwaies signed the Leagues which the Earle of Barcelone had made against his father and him with the Emperour D. Alphonso and moreouer detayned from him Nagera and the lands vpon the riuer of Oja this knight was entertained by the king of Castile who imployed him in this warre of Nautuarre and made him head of an armie which he sent vnto the fronters by the riuers of Oja which hauing incountred that of Nauarre neere to Bagnares they came to battaile in the fields of Valpierre neere to S. Assentâ—o In the Nauarrois Armie D. Lope Dias de Haro Earle of Biscay led the foreward Count Ladron of Gueuara had charge of the rereward with the Earle D. Sancho of Larrinacar Inigo Ramires d' Aiuar with other and the king the battaile On the other side the Earle D. Pedro Ponce had ordered his men as well and were more in number wherefore comming to fight although in the beginning the Nauarrois seemed to haue the better yet were they defeated and forced to saue themselues in the next forts The king D. Sancho had this route for that he was too hastie to fight and would not attend the succours of horse and foote which came out of France which beeing arriued and desirous to wipe out this blemish and infamie they charged the Castillans which gaue them battaile againe in the same fields of Valpierre and defeated them These things are written in some Histories Battell of Valpierre but not allowed nor credited by other Spanish Authors for that they insert some things which haue small probabilitie and others that are meere fictions Whereas they say that Don Pedro Ponce de Minerua vsed a strange liberalitie to prisoners both Nauarrois and French setting them all free without any ransome which is not probable and they also affirme that D. Sancho king of Nauarre dyed in the first battayle the which is reprooued by other Authors and by the letters and titles which are yet extant witnessing that he liued aboue 37. yeares after by these reasons whatsoeuer is written of these two victories may iustly bee suspected That which is written of the Earle Don Raymond Berenger Arragon Prince and Gouernour of Arragon is more authenticke that burning with desire to haue the Realme of Nauarre he did solicite D. Sancho King of Castile to declare himselfe with him and that they two ioyning their forces together should set vpon the King of Nauarre and that in the yeare 1158. D. Raymond came againe into Castile accompanied with a great number of Prelates and Knights to renue their League yet without any effect for Castile for this assembly and enterview past not without great contention for that Don Raymond Berenger refused to do homage vnto the King of Castille for the townes of Sarragossa and Calatajub but in the end he was forced to acknowledge himselfe his vassall in that regard with a bond to come to Court and to assist at the coronation of the Kings of Castile Castile to carrie the royall sword before them at those ceremonies As for the Earle D. Pedro Ponce de Minerua and other Noblemen which were in the like perplexitie the best Spanish Authors say that the king D. Sancho tooke the panies to goe himselfe in person with them into Leon to reconcile them to the King D. Fernand his brother who came in a peacefull manner to meete him as farre as Sahagun receiued him honorably with great shewes of loue and restored these Noblemen to their goods and honours yea he augmented them by his bountie in fauour of the King D. Sancho to whom he carried so great honour and respect as he offered to acknowledge to hold of him as his vassall his Realmes of Leon and Galicia the which D.
Arragon and left a French knight for Seneshal and Gouernor thereof his name was Ieoffry of Beaumont of whom the Nauarrois made no great account and lesse of the king of Arragon to whom they would yeeld no obedience so as there began to be a breach of friendship betwixt the Nauartois and Arragonois in the yeere 1257. at which time D. Gil de Rada a knight of Nauar did homage to the King D. Iaime for his castle of Rada for him and D. Maria de Leet his wise The Seneshal seeing the couÌ„try which was committed vnto him ready to fal into a combustion came vnto the king D. Iaime who was at Barcelona and obtained of him an assurance of peace for a certaine time betwixt the two Estates The King of Castille finding himselfe in peace with all his neighbors Castile both Christians and Moores he tooke care for the good gouernment of his subiects who at that time made great complaints for that by reason of the altering of the value of coines al things were growne exceeding deere which thinking to preuent by setting a certaine price vpon al wares that were sold he wrought a contrary effect so as the death increased wherefore he disanulled that law and gaue them free liberty to sel their victuals wares at their pleasures Factionâ— in Germany for the Empire About that time there was great trouble in the Empire of Germany betwixt Conrade sonne to Frederic the 2. King of Naples and Sicile and William Earle of Holland both which carried themselues as Emperors The death of Conrade happened who as the Italians write was poysoned by Manfroy his Lieutenant and bastard brother who vsurped the realmes of Naples and Sicile which the Popes would draw vnto them since Frederiks time and exclude the house of Soaue notwithstanding that Conrade left Conradin his son and heire Impiety of Manfrey Frederiks bastard in whose preiudice Manfroy made himself king sugiesting that he had newes of his death in Germany hauing in the meane time corrupted some to poison him as he had done the father but they failed him their vowed seruice William Earle of Holland had bin chosen Emperor by the practises of Popes against Frederic who held that title vnto his death which was soone after that of Conrâ—â— for hauing war against the Frisons his rebels he was defeated by them and drowned in a Marish He being dead the Electors of Germany were diuided some striuing to haue a Prince of Germany chosen according to the lawes of the Empire and the others it may be corrupted with money sought to haue some forraine Prince placed in the Emperiall dignity that he might pacefie the troubles and tumults which did afflict Germany and Italy Two Princes were then vpon the file Richard sonne to Iohn King of England and brother to Henry the third Richard of England chosen Emperor then raigning and D. Alphonso King of Castille Conrad Archbishop of Cologne and Lewis Cont Palatin of Rhin Electors practised by the English man who was present did chose him King of the Romains where vnto the Archbishop of Mentz consented But Adolph duke of Saxony the Archbishop of Treues and the Marquis of Brandeburg disallowing of this Election they named the king of Castille who was absent who being aduertized of this ElectioÌ„ by a sollemn Ambassage yet would he not go into Germany hearing that Richard would force obedience by armes that the war was hotter among the Germains then before wherefore attending the euent he kept himself within the city of Toledo 7 The same yeere of our Lord 1257. Portugal D. Sancho Capello King of Portugal whom they had depriued of the gouernment of the realme to giue it to his brother D. Alphonso of Bologne came into Castille to King D. Alphonso the wise according to the most certain Authors intreating him to aide him in the recouery of his dignity and to punish his rebelious subiects who had made his brother their King in his life time wherevnto the King of Castille was well affected but a priuat respect made him to abandon the cause of the afflicted for the Earle of Bologne Regent of Portugal knowing that his brother made this pursute intreated King D. Alphonso by his letters not to trouble him in the charge wherevnto he had beene called by the Estates of the realm for lawful considerations the which had also bin allowed and confirmed by the authority of the Romain sea That if he would forbeare to annoy him he promised to marry D. Beatrix his bastard daughter which was then of age to be maried would be diuorced from the Countesse Mâ—hault his wife D. Alphonso of Portugal leaues his lawful wise the Countesse of Balogne to marry with Beatrix of Castille moreouer did reuiue the ancient homage which Portugal did to Leon These offers made king D. Alphonso to open his eares who entertayning the king D. Sancho with good words concluded the marriage of D. Beatrix with the Regent his brother to whom he gaue in doury the country of Algarbe newly taken from the Moores this vnion of the realm of Algarbe to that of Portugal was the cause that from that time the kings of Portugal carriedin their armes a border gueules semee with castles or without number the which were since reduced to the number of seuen The King D. Sancho Capello being out of al hope to raigne in Portugall D. Sancho Capello spoiled of the realme of Portugal died soone after in Castille where for that short time he was entertained in a royal Estate by D. Alphonso King of Castille whose case was like vnto his some few yeeres after for he was dispossessed by his owne sonne D. Sancho where it was happy for him to haue preserued the friendship of the Moores for there was not any Christian Prince that did either fauor him or aide him Whilst that the King D. Sancho of Portugal liued the city of Coimbra resisted D. Alphonso his brother and would neuer acknowledge him for Regent and much lesse for King And the writers of Portugal say that the newes of the Kings death being published he which commanded within the towne whom some cal Fleet demanded a pasport to goe vnto Toledo to informe himselfe of the Kings death and that the tombe wherein he had beene laied being opened he began to fight and to lament the aduenture of this Prince and to protest of his loyaltie vnto him and of the affection of the citizens of Combra and laying the keyes of the city vpon his hands he sayd that seeing he had receiued them from him with the charge and gouernment thereof he deliuered it vp vnto him againe and then resoluing to acknowledge King D. Alphonso for his lawfull Prince and to draw the citizens therevnto he returned into Portugal D. Alphonso the third of that name the fifth King of Portugal BY the death of King D. Sancho Capello Nauarre which was the fifth yeere of
Lara and his Vncle Don Iohn Nugnes had receiued from the king perswading him to rebell against his Prince with assurance that he would fauour him and would giue him succors vpon all occasions During these actions king D. Alphonso Castile Emperor elect had newes of the death of Richard his competitor who had bin slaine in England at the seege of a towne of smal consequence being greatly sollicited by his partisans and fauorers to go into Germany assuring him that he should be receiued without any contradiction but he excused himselfe either for that he wanted courage or mony or else being stayed by the aduertisements he had of the king of Granados practises yet he called a Court in the city of Burgos to conferre of this voyage with the Estates of his countries who did exhort him to march yea offering him money whereof he had then need but there was no meanes at that time He had sent Ambassadors into France for the marriage of his son D. Fernand surnamed de la Cerde with the eldest daughter of the king S. Lewis called Blanche as her grand-mother in the end of the yeare 1267. An. 1267. this Princesse being not ful ten yeares old according to some Spaniards and the supputation of Garrybay himselfe who makes profession to be a great obseruer of times By this marriage was decided a great controuersie betwixt the house of France and that of Castile for the succession of the Realms of Castile and Toledo the which by right Marriage of D. Fernand with Blanche daughter of France and the custome receiued of the succession of the elder did belong vnto the king S. Lewis for that after the decease of the king D. Henry the first who dyed without children being slain with a tyle which fel vpon his head the succession came to his eldest sister D. Blanche mother to this S. Lewis and not to D. Berenguela the yonger mother to king Fernand the 3. whom she had by the king of Leon. But the Spaniards disdaining to be gouerned by a stranger did easily frustrate this right through the carelesnes of the king S. Lewis chosing D. Fernand his cousin germaine for their King In fauor therfore of this marriage made betwixt D. Fernand de la Cerde son to D. Alphonso the wise K. of Castile and D. Blanthe daughter to the king S. Lewis he did quite renounce al the right and interest which he and his successors kings of France might pretend to the crowne of Castile and Toledo S. Lewis quits the right he pretented transferring it to Don. Fernand and to D. Blanche his spouse and to their heires This accord was made in France betwixt the king S. Lewis his councell and confirmed by him and the ambassador of Spaine with whom the Princesse was sent thorough the country of D. Thibaud who had married Isabel her sister some ten yeres before The Princesse and her conductors were honourably intertained by the Nauatrois Nauarre although that they and the Castillans were no great friends yet for that shee was their Queenes sister they spared not any thing that belonged to duty and honesty D. Thibaud was then in France during his absence there were many things done in Nauarre by excesse or through the error of Gouernors or the policy of neighbor Princes One of the principall knights of Nauarre called Gonçalo Tuanes of Batzan retired to the king of Arragon and made a fort vpon the fronters betwixt Arragon and Nauarre which hee called Boeta from whence he made great spoyles in the country of Nauarre Notwithstanding the friendship which was betwixt the kings of Arragon and Nauarre yet there wanted no grieuances and subiect of quarrel betwixt them One of the most apparent pretensions which the king D. Iaime had was that he sayd that to succor the king D. Thibaud hee had made great expences whereof he would be remboursed making alwaies vse therof when there happened any disorder The summe which he demanded was so great as neither K. Thibaud nor his brother Henry who raigned after him could euer acquit it About that time or soone after was the passage of the Princesse Blanche into Castile whom the king D. Alphonso her father-in-law receiued at Logrogno the king D. Thibaud arriued in Nauarre where he labored to set some good order in his affairs and to prepare all things necessary for his voyage beyond the sea which he pretended to make with the king S. Lewis his father-in-law He did somwhat repaire the breach of friendship which had bin betwixt the K. of Arragon and him and renewed the accord with him of Castile and hauing left his brother Henry Erle of Ronay for Gouernor in Nauarre he came into France leading with him D. Iohn Nugnes de Lara eldest son to D. Nugno Gonçales de Lara and many other knights of Nauarre and Castile He also led Q. Elizabeth or Isable with him whom he left gouernesse of his Counties of Champagne and Brie and then he parted with the king S. Lewis his father-in-law An. 1269. who imbarked at Marseilles with his whole army in May 1269. to go into Syria but he was forced by foule weather to land in Sicily from whence hee past into Affricke tooke Carthage and beseeged Tunes but the issue of this expedition was vnfortunate as we may read in the Histories of France Some moneths before D. Iaime Arragon or Iames K. of Arragon mooued with the like zeale to make war against the Infidels in the East and to fâ—ee himselfe of a vow which he had made had imbarked himselfe but he was driuen back by a storme to Aiguesmortes Hee had by reason of these enterprises familiaritie and treaties with the great Cham or Emperor of Tartaria sending a Bourger of Perpignan called Alain Ambassadour vnto him He consulted of the voyage at Toledo in an assembly of Princes where hee did protest to go in person although he were very old King D. Alphonso promised money Michel Paleologue Emperor of Constantinople offered ships and victuals by his Ambassadors but he could not put it in execution Yet his children D. Pedro and D. Fernand proceeded in their voiage and arriued in Palestina where they stayed not long At their returne they landed in the Iland of Sicily then enioyed by king Charles the first brother to S. Lewis from whome they receiued great honour and good vsage there the infant D. Fernand was made knight by the hands of king Charles whereat D. Pedro his brother took occasion to hate him and neuer after loued him As soone as K. Thibaud was gone out of Nauarre whether hee neuer more returned the king D. Iaime forgetting not the right he pretended to this realme made donation and transport thereof to D. Pedro resigning all his interest to him by vertue of the mutuall donation made betwixt him and the last king D. Sancho the Strong In Castile there was nothing but feasting Castile for the new marriage of the
warre done by him and for that he did no lesse loue learning then armes Eight and twenty daies before the death of the King Don Fernand dyed Donna Leonora Queene of Nauar his Aunt hauing beene married to King Charles her husband foureteene yeares she was buried in the Cathedrall church at Pampelona There was great mourning and heauinesse in Castile at the newes of King Fernands death Castille whose obsequies Queene Katherine caused to be celebrated with a pompe worthy of such a Prince and afterwards by the aduice of the Nobility shee tooke vppon her the sole gouernement of the realme and the tutelage of King Iohn her sonne whome shee gaue in guard to Don Iohn of Velasco D. Diego of Estuniga and to D. Sancho of Rojas Archbishop of Toledo whereat the Constable D. Ruy Lopes of Aualos D. Pedro Manrique and D. Alphonso Henriques grew very iealous whereupon there grew quarrels and troubles after the accustomed manner during the minoritie of Kings The Queene and the Councell did prolong the truce with the King of Granado for two yeares In yere 1417. Truce with Granado sending Lewis Gonçal of Luna 1417. Secretary of the Kings chamber to Granado to that end By this treatie the king of Granado set an hundred prisoners at libertie whose ransomes would haue mounted to a great summe of money D. Iohn Rodrigue of Castagneda Lord of Fouente Duegna and D. Inigo Ortiz of Estuniga sonne to Diego Lopes being in quarrell and demanding the combate the Queene would not grant it them in Castile but commanded them to retire into Granado Combats sheld not be allowed among Christians where as king Ioseph would giue them the field These Knights were put into the field by the Moorish king but he presently forbad them to fight declaring that they were both good Knights and reconciling them together he sent them home honored with Iewels and rich presents This hee did at the intreaty of the Queene-mother of Castile who had writ earnestly vnto him shewing therin to haue a mild and Christian-like heart For these combats are proofes of mad men which should not be suffered in the place of iustice seeing thereby all controuersies how great soeuer may be compounded and ended The Emperour Sigismond grieuing for the death of the king of Arragon Pope Benedict condemned by the Councell after that he had laboured in vaine to reconcile the kings of France and England who were continually in warre he passed to Constance whereas the Councell in the two and thirtith Session delcared Benedict to be periured contumacious a rebell Schismaticke and Hereticke depriuing him of his papacie which he had held almost two and thirty yeares yet he played the Pope still in Pegniscola but the Princes of Christendome in generall yeelded to the Councell notwithstanding Benedicts exclamations that seeing it was called without his authoritie Councel condemned by Pope Benedict it was not lawfull The Cardinals which were at Constance being two and twenty with thirty Electors deputed by the Councell did chuse Othon Colonne a Romane Cardinall of the title of Saint George in Velabro and named him Martin the fifth Benedict although he were abandoned by the Princes yet he continued still in his purpose keeping some Prelates vnder his obedience among which were the Cardinals Tholousa Rasan S. Angelo S. Eustace S. George and Montarragon the Archb. of Tarragone and the Bishops of Barcelona Vic Elne Girone Huesca and Tarrassone with many Abbots and other Clergimen who held him for true and lawfull Pope This yeare Iohn of Betancourt a knight of France by gift from Queene Catherine conquered the Ilands of the Canaries Conquest of the Canaries by Iohn of Betancourt and intitled himselfe King He could not take the great Canarie for all the Inhabitants of the Iland had retired themselues thither wherefore finding too great resistance he retired himselfe hauing built a fort in that of Lancerot from whence he did trafficke and drew profit form the neighbor places of lether tallow slaues and other such commodities he being dead one Menault succeeded him in whose time Pope Martin instituted an Episcopall sea in those Ilands to the which there was a certaine Monke called Friar Mendo aduanced but this king Menault hauing no great regard when there was question of profit to the soules health of the Ilanders he sold them indifferently as well the Pagans as those which had receiued Baptisme whereof the new Bishop did complaine to Queene Katherine Menault the 2 King of the Canariâ—s sels the Ilands to them of Seuile requiring her to free them of that Lord whereupon she sent Peter Barna de Campos with three ships of warre with whom Menault hauing long contended in the end by the Queenes sufferance he sold these Ilands to a Knight of Seuile called Fernando Peres in whose hands and his successors of Seuile they haue remained vnto the time of the king D. Fernand the 5. and of the Queen D. Izabella D. Diego Lopes of Estuniga Iustice maior of Castile hauing long serued King Henry the 3. Family of Estuniga comes out of Nauarre and Iohn now raigning dyed this yeare His house came out of Nauarre and was of the bloud royall as some Authors haue left in writing The yeare 1418. Queene Catherine dyed suddenly An. 1418. being fifty yeares old she was buried at Toledo in the chappell of the last kings By her death King Iohn was freed from tutors and there was a Councell established with the which he should gouerne his Realmes whose letters and expeditions should be signed on the back-side by two of his Councellors This yeare there came ambassadors to him from France to demand ayde against the English to whom they gaue hope of an army at Sea The king of Portugal did also send to confirm a perpetuall peace betwixt Castile and Portugall but there was nothing concluded at that time The English proclaimed warre against Castile whereupon the truce with Granado was prolonged for two yeares King Iohn beeing at Medina del campo was betrothed to D. Maria of Arragon his cousin daughter to the deceased king D. Fernand then hee held a Parlament when for his new accord of marriage they granted him a great subuention The same yeare mention is made of the death of Friar Vincent Ferrier of Valencia afterwards canonized a Saint by Pope Calixtus who was also of Valencia Hee that most gouerned the king at that time entring into his maioritie was Don Sancho of Rojas Arch-bishop of Toledo whereat they did murmure from which time the Estate of Castile was very turbulent The Guipuscoans and Biscayens fell to theeuing at sea without any subiect of warre euen vppon the coast of Brittany whereof D. Iohn then liuing complayned much by his ambassadours to the King of Castile who desirous to liue in peace with Christian Princes sent Fernando Peres of Ayala Gouernour of Guipuscoa to bee an arbitrator Hee with another chosen by the Duke of
the souldiars and punished certaine euill liuers in that country and ouerthrowne certaine strong houses he returned to Victoria The Cardinall of Spaine The Cardinall of Spaine seâ—ks to renew the peace betwixt France and Spaine in the meane time who was a very wise and pollitike man did trie by all meanes to draw away the French King from the alliance with Portugall and to make him friend to his King hee had in former time written sundry letters vnto him to that purpose and now hee continued it sending Alphonso Ianes treasurer of the Church of Siguença vnto him to put him in minde of the inuiolable Friendship which had beene in times past betwixt the houses of France and Castile whose forces had beene so well vnited togither to the preiudice of the English ancient enemies and competitors of the crowne of France whereas the Portugalls on the contrary had alwaies fauoured and followed them to the great hinderance and contempt of the French Nation and then hee besought him to consider what occasion hee had to bandy against the King of Castile for Portugall requesting him henceforward to giue place to that which reason humanity and profit did require which was to cause the warre to cease and re-establish the holy friendship and league betwixt France and Castile This Treasorer made diuerse voyages into France for this purpose and handled the matter so well as hee obtained truce for a yeere and there was a place appointed betwixt Bayon and Fontaraby for the two Kings Commissioners for to meet at About this time the Earle of Paredes who called himselfe Maister of Saint Iames did beseege Vcles where hee found sharpe resistance and doing his vttermost to take it the captaine who held it for the Marquis of Villena certified his Maister what need hee had of helpe the Marquis beeing then at Alcara de Henares with the Archbishop of Toledo brought him and as much power as they could raise betwixt them to Vcles which were about three thousand horse Yet notwithstanding the Earle made no shew that hee ment to dislodge VVarre of Vcles against the Marquis of Villena but against the opinion of all men hee maintained the seege and hee had moreouer the courage to goe and affront the troupes of the Marquis and Archbishop keeping them a whole day in alarumm aking sundrie charges with aduantage at the last with the losse of some of his owne people he inforced them to returne not being able to driue him from the Castle where soone after arriued men at armes to his succor who were sent by the Duke of Infantasgo and conducted by Don Hurtado de Mendoza his brother with the which forces ioyned to some of his owne hee followed the Marquis and the Archbishop with great hope to haue defeated them if they would haue accepted the fight but they wanted courage albeit they were within a bow shot of them but the Archbishop and the Marquis retired themselues about mid-night to a castle called Arauia despairing euer to succor Vcles which the beseeged perceiuing yeelded themselues with safety of liues and goods As these men did thus trouble themselues in Spaine the King of Portugall beeing vexed Portugal King Alphonso of Portugall doth in vaine solicite the French King to vndertake with him wars against Spaine that his affaires succeeded so vnluckily where as he was wont to triumph and bee victorious in Affrica would once againe sollicite King Lewis and determined to goe in person into France Hee therefore imbarked himselfe and hauing passed the Streights hee came to Marseilles from whence hee went to the King who lay at Tours of whom hee was kindly entertained but concerning the affaires for which hee came hee gaue him no hope at all but delaied him from day to day excusing himselfe by the great warres which hee had against the English and the Duke of Bourgondy enterteyning him without any conclusiue answere at the last hee told him that it behooued him to haue a dispensation from Pope Sixtus the fourth then raigning for to marry with his Neece Donna Ioane his sisters daughter before hee could pretend any lawfull right to the Kingdome of Castile and Leon wherevpon either King did write to Rome to that effect where the Ambassador of King Fernand and Queene Isabella did mainely oppose himselfe against it alleadging the great troubles and miseries which such a dispensation might cause in Spaine Yet notwithstanding at the entreaty of King Lewis the dispensation was graunted the which did conteine that it was lawfull for Donna Ioane to marry any one within the fourth degree It is reported that King Don Alphonso beeing in talke with King Lewis and labouring to induce him to poursue this warre The King of Portugalls abiect courage vsed many base entreaties and kneeled to him with other like iestures ill beseeming a King who ought still to shew himselfe couragious and constantly to resist all aduersities And perceiuing that the controuersies betwixt the King and the Duke of Burgondy were a great hinderance to his businesse hee tooke vpon him to reconcile and make them friends to the end hee might the better procure helpe from both of them for Duke Charles of Burgondy was his cousin germaine borne of a sister to King Edward his father but hauing made a iourney to him and beeing returned to Paris the Dukes ouerthrow and death did fodainely follow which happened before Nancy in the yeere 1477. which did the more alienate the French King from giuing eare to the affaires of Spaine An. 1477. beeing more attentiue to recouer both the Burgondies with the lands and townes of Picardy Flanders and Artois which were dependances of his crowne Duke Charles hauing left no other heire of his great Dominions but his onely daughter Mary who was afterward married to Maximillian of Austria she was grand-mother to the Emperour Charles heire to all Spaine after the death of King Fernand and Queene Isabella in the right of his mother Donna Ioane their daughter as shal be declared in his place Vpon these pretences concerning Bourgondy King Lewis found sufficient occasion to delay him promising that those businesses being ended hee would doe whatsoeuer the King of Portugall would request him King Alphonso of Portugall in despaire who being sorrowfull and discontented departed out of France and was brought into such despaire as hee determined to goe to Ierusalem and there to become a Monke without euer seeing Portugall any more from which determination his friends and seruants disswaded him putting him in minde of the great wrong hee should doe to his honour and reputation thereby In his absence Prince Iohn by his fathers consent tooke vpon him the title of King but vnderstanding that King Alphonso was arriued at Cascaes hee like an obedient sonne gaue ouer the title and authority vnto him Queene Isabella in this meane space thought to haue surprised Toro by the meanes of the Admirall and the Earle of Benauent Castile who after a
sudden sicknesse fifteene dayes after she was crowned in the same citie of Tudela she was buried in the couent of S. Sebastian of the Order of S. Francis neere to the citty of Tafalla which was since ruined by the commandement of Cardinall Francisco Ximeenes Archbishoppe of Toledo and Gouernour of Castile who thought that the strong building of that Monasterie was no good neighbour to such a towne Albeit we haue alreadie in the precedent booke spoken of this Princesses children yet wee will somewhat more amply enlarge the discourse thereof in this place Genealogie of Nauarre Their eldest sonne was Gaston who bearing the title of Prince of Viana was married to Donna Magdalene of France and dyed at Libourne beeing misfortunately hurt with the splinter of a Launce as hee there ranue at Tilt hee was father of two children that is to say Francis Phoebus and Katherine who were King and Queene of Nauarre and Earles of Foix successiuely the one after the other Their second sonne was Iohn who had the Vicounty of Narbonne for his portion purchased by his father for readie money and married Marie who was daughter to Lewis Duke of Orleance who was French king and the twelfth of that name Paradin sayes more truly that she was daughter to Charles Duke of Orleance of whome were borne Gaston of Foix Duke of Nemours who dyed in the battaile of Rauenna and Germaine who was second wife to Fernand the Catholicke King and after that shee was secondly married to Fernand of Arragon Duke of Calabria lawfull son to Fredericke king of Naples who dyed being Viceroy of Valencia This Iohn Vicount of Narbone was Gouernour of Daulphiné and afterwards of Guyenne a hardie and valiant Knight renowned in the warres against the English and in those of Italy whither hee went with King Charles the eighth in great credite and authoritie and afterwards dyed in the raigne of King Lewis the twelfth at Estampes where he lies buried The third sonne of Earle Gaston and Donna Leonora was Peter borne at Pau in the countrey of Bearne the yeare one thousand foure hundred forty nine who gaue himselfe to studie and did choose an ecclesiasticall life vnder the gouernement of his great Vncle the Cardinall of Foix Bishoppe of Lescar and the Popes Legate in Daulphiné and Prouence after whose death hauing profited at the Vniuersities of Tholousa Pauia and Ferrara in the ciuill and canon Lawes hee was also by Pope Sixtus the fourth made Cardinall of the title of Saint Cosmo and Damian beeing before Bishop of Vannes and prouided of many rich Benefices by the fauour of Francis Duke of Brittaine his brother-in law who had married his sister Ladie Margaret of Foix mother to Queene Anne The fourth sonne of the Earle of Foix and of Donna Leonora was called Iames hee onely of all their children was borne in Nauarre and was a Knight highly esteemed and honoured by King Lewis the twelfth with the Order of Saint Michaell and with the leading of an hundred men at armes in the warres of Lombardie and elsewhere he purchased the commendation of a valiant and wise Captaine but hee dyed young hauing not attayned to the age of thirtie yeares and was neuer married Hee left certaine base children who professed an ecclesiasticall life and did possesse rich benefices euen till the later dayes of King Francis the first Besides these foure sonnes Earle Gaston and Donna Leonora had fiue daughters the first whose name was Mary was married to William Marquis of Montferrat who by the Popes authoritie erected the church of Casall into a Bishops Sea this Ladie was brought to her husband the yeare one thousand foure hundred sixtie sixe by her brother Peter of Foix by Bernard the Bastard of Foix Godfrey Basileac Bishoppe of Riues by the Bishop of Conserans and Peter of Sobreuille and by diuers other Lords and Knights Of this marriage no male children were borne but daughters onely the eldest of whom was married to Lewis sonne to Thomas Marquis of Salusses and these daughters did not succeed their father in the Marquisat but a brother of his Ioane second daughter of Earle Gaston and Donna Leonora was married to the Earle of Armagnac sonne to him who was slaine by the commaundement of King Lewis the eleuenth with which marriage the King beeing displeased the Earle was so persecuted as hee was constrained to flie for safetie into Castile where trusting to the faire speeches oathes and promises of the Cardinall of Albi the French Kings Ambassadour in the sayd kingdome beeing returned into France hee was there cruelly stabbed to death with daggers Whereuppon his wife Donna Ioane of Foix returned into Bearne hauing had no children by him The third daughter was Marguerite wife to Francis the last Duke of Brittaine by whome hee had two daughters Anne and Izabella Izabella dyed young but Anne was married to two French Kings successiuely Charles the eighth and Lewis the twelfth by Lewis she had two daughters Claude and Rene Claude who was first promised to Charles who was since king of Spain and afterwards Emperor the fifth of that name did marrie Francis of Valois then duke of Angoulesme and afterwards French king first of that name Rene was married to Hercules of Este duke of Ferrara the Earle Gaston and his wife D. Leonora had besides these Catherine married to the Earle of Candale and mother of 3. children the eldest of whome was Lord of Candale the second Arch-bishoppe of Bourdeaux and the third who was a daughter named Anne Queene of Hungarie and Bohemia wife to Vladislaus son to Casimir King of Polonia This Vladislaus first king of Bohemia had before married Donna Beatrix of Arragon widdow to King Mathias of Hungarie for whose sake the Hungarians chose him for their King but he was diuorced from her in regard of her loose life and afterwards maried this Ladie Anne of Foix who was brought to her husband thorough the Dutchie of Milan at that time possessed by the French and by the cittie of Venice the great friend and ally of this King Leonardo Lauredan being at that time Duke thereof Of this marriage was borne Lewis who succeeded his father in the kingdomes of Bohemia and Hongarie husband to Queene Marie of Castile who was sister to the Emperour Charles and a daughter named Anne married to Ferdinand of Austria afterwards Emperour and Brother to Charles and by her king of Bohemia and Hungarie after the death of his father-in-law King Lewis of the which Fernand and Anne the Emperour Maximilian was borne and many other children the fifth daughter of Earle Gaston and Donna Leonora of Nauarre dyed vnmarried beeing onely promised to the Duke of Medina Celi issued from the same house of Foix and was called after her mothers name Leonora This house of Foix and Nauar hath brought foorth this of spring of great and illustrious Princes giuing to Christendome at one time foure Queenes who were cousin-germaines namely Catherine Queene of Nauar Germaine
attended the affaires of his kingdome but his minde was aboue all other matters set on this nauigation the which hee did set downe according to the opinions which hee had receiued from diuerse places which did confirme and verifie the discourse which Pedro de Cobanilla had sent him who remained in Prester Iohns Countrey Emperour of Aethiopia from whence there arriued at Lisbone a little before the Kings death a learned and discreete Monke who informed the king more particularly of diuers matters which serued afterwards to great purpose Now king Iohn feeling himselfe neere his end made his Will and hauing no lawfull children hee knew that the kingdome was to fall to Don Manuell Duke of Beja Hee was therefore desirous to giue Don George his base sonne a portion vnto whome hee gaue the Cittie of Coimbra with the title of Duke and Montmajor the old and the lands of the Infantasgo in the same forme as his Grandfather the Infant Don Pedro father to Queen Izabella his mother had possessed them hee gaue him moreouer the Isle of Madera Beja and Viseo which was not performed afterward This will and Testament was signed by Don Manuel and D. George and by fiue other personages of great place who made vp the number of seuen witnesses After this hee went into Algarbe to the Bathes of Monchiz in the moneth of October the season beeing cold and vnfit for his disease and hunting the wild Bore vppon a wet rainie day hee got a fluxe Wherefore as soone as he came to Albor assured tokens of death beganne to appeare vpon him wherof he was admonished by D. Diego Ortiz Bishop of Tanger and Don Diego Almeyda Prior of Saint Iohns who was Gouernour to Don George then disposing himselfe to dye hee appoynted certaine things out of a little Booke to be read and accomplished at such time as he was readie to giue vp the ghost First hee craued pardon of the Dutchesse Donna Beatrix his mother-in-law of Queene Leonora his wife and of the Cardinal Don George of Acosta who then was at Rome he likewise craued pardon of the whole Estates of his Kingdome in generall And to the end that his sonne Don George should not grieue and trouble his mind hee caused him to bee ledde foorth of his chamber and there stood round about his bed Don George of Almeyda Bishop of Coimbra and his brother Don Diego of Almeyda Prior of Saint Iohns Don Iohn de Silua Bishop of Silues Don Diego Ortiz Bishop of Tanger and Don Iohn de Vasconcellos Earle of Penela with certaine Chaplens who exhorted him for his soules health In this manner this King died hauing held the scepter of Portugall foureteene yeares and two moneths in the yeare 1495. and in the sixe and fortieth of his age Death of king Iohn of Portugal his bodie by his owne appointment was layd in the Cathedrall church of Silues and was afterwards transported by the commaundement of the King his successor to the Monasterie of Battaile 1495. beeing the last king that was buried there and it is reported that yet to this day his bodie lyes whole and vnconsumed He was an excellent King and esteemed to be so by the other Princes of Christendome Returning to the affaires of Castile King Ferdinand and Queene Izabella departing from Tordesillas Castile went to Areualo to visite the old Queene Izabella mother to Queene Izabella then raigning from whence they came to Segouia and afterward to Madrid where by the aduice of their Councell it was decreed that the king should take the Master-ship of Alcantara into his owne hands as well as those of Saint Iames and Calatraua for to be perpetuall Administrator thereof and to the end that there might bee no more masters in Castile then the King and Queene the which was approued by authoritie Apostolicall Don Iohn of Estuniga beeing bereft of his Mastership was otherwaies recompenced This yeare also the new Chancerie and royall audience at Cité reall was erected for pleas and causes depending beyond Tayo this riuer separating the bounds of the two Chanceries namely of this and of that at Vailiodolit from this Spring in the mountaine of Cuenca where it enters into the lands of Portugall Don Alphonso Carillo Bishop of Catania and afterwards of Auilla was the first President thereof Now the King and Queene had sent some few dayes before Antonio Fonseca Ambassadour to the French king Charles the eight to the end to diuer him from the warre of Naples enterprized against King Alphonso their Newphew and to declare plainely to him now that they had gotten the Earledome of Rossillon their meaning And king Charles beeing alreadie come into Italy with a mightie armie the Ambassadour metre him at Vilitri neere to Rome where he deliuered his Ambassage and did protest notwithstanding the agreement and promises made at the restitution of the Earledome of Rossillon that if he did persist to poursue by armes his pretended right to the kingdome of Naples king Fernand his master could do no lesse then shew himselfe his enemie and take vpon him his Nephewes defence and therefore he entreated him to thinke of it and to referre all their differences to the Popes iudgement who could very well iudge whither the kingdome of Naples did belong to the French or to the Arragonois The Ambassador wold haue sayd more but he was interrupted in his speech by certain hotte and fierie French Lords who made him hold his peace and told him that he spake too arrogantly and impertinently Peace betwixt Fâ—ance and Castile broken therefore the Ambassador following his instruction tooke the Articles of the last agreement betwixt King Charles and King Ferdinand which he brought with him and tare them in peeces in the presence of the King Lords and Knights of his Armie and hee warned at the same instant Charles de Areillan and Iohn Petit Ceruillon Spanish Captaines who serued in King Charles his Armie that as subiects to King Ferdinand they should depart thence within three dayes and giue ouer the French Kings seruice on paine of being held rebels to their Prince From the same time was the friendship betwixt those two Kings broken and warre in a manner denounced King Charles pursued his destenie and without any difficulty made himselfe maister of the Realme of Naples King Alphonso before hee had fully raigned a yeare hauing giuen ouer the kingdome to his sonne Ferdinand went into Sicill and there ledde a monastick life but not long after the Kings of Castile beeing at Tortosa in Cattalonia did openly and by effect declare themselues enemies to the French as well for feare least they being already Maisters of Naples should seaze vpon Sicill where they pretended like right as also at the entreaty of Pope Alexander and other Potentates of Italy being in the same feare of their owne estates and would not permit the power of the French to grow so great in Italy therefore they set forth a Nauie of
aboue foure thousand and about fiue thousand prisoners or eight thousand as Ierosme Iulien the cardinalls Secretary writes and of the Christians only thirtie The spoile of that citie was esteemed to be worth aboue 500000 crownes the which is credible for they hold that there were fifteene hundred store-houses or marchants shoppes To conclude all men made themselues rich there yea the verie horse boyes The cardinall being in the fort of Mersalcabir hauing had intelligence of the winning of the citie of Oran caused himselfe to be conducted thither in the gallies where hee entred with great acclamations causing a crosse to be carried before him there hee receiued the keyes of the Alcazaua that is to say of the chiefe fort from whence there were drawne aboue 300 poore Christian prisoners and set at libertie The spoyle being all gathered together and kept to be presented vnto him that he might dispose thereof as generall of the army Distribution of the spoyle at Oran hee retained nothing for himselfe but onely caused certaine things to be layd a part for the king he did seperate also a part for the commoditie and vse of the army in generall leauing the rest to the captaines and souldiers many of the which who had shewed themselues most valiant he honoured with presents It was no small difficultie to cleanse the towne of dead bodies which did already stinke and were likely to corrupt the ayre for the number beeing great after that they had buried many in great and deepe pittes and burnt many yet did they many dayes after finde some in the streetes and houses besides there were few men that would busie themselues to bury the dead for there was not so great gaine as in killing them that were liuing They found aboue threescore peeces of ordonance and an infinite number of other engins for defence so as it is admirable that a towne so well peopled and so well fortified made no defence being assured of succours from the Alarabes vagabonds and mercenaries of Afrike whereof they had means to entertaine good numbers True it it is that some say this city was taken by practise and treason plotted by the Cardinall and by the ministerie of Martin Argoto of Cordoua and Alphonso of Martos prisoners in Oran Oran taken by practise as some hold since the defeat of D. Diego Fernandes gouernor of Mersalcabir and that these two did corrupt Hamet Acanix or Aben Canex and Isael Otaybi receiuers of the reuenue which the king of Tremessen had there and a Iew dwelling at Oran called Cetora who were the cause that the ports were shut against the Alarabes which were repulsed from the passage of the mountaine of the watch and gaue entrie to the Spaniards the cardinall hauing had aduice by these traitors that he must assaile the towne the day after his ariuall for if he delayed it he should be deceiued of his expectation for that the king of Tremessen had a mighty army which marcht to succour the city And they say that he that was captaine of the Alcazaua or fort of Oran called Cedrin was kinseman to Acanix and a partisan of his treason the which is probable for in trueth the Spaniards did first enter into Oran by the fort The cardinall hauing cleansed the Mesquites the chiefe of them was dedicated to the Annunciation and an other to Saint Iaques hee made an hospitall called Saint Bernard and two Couents one of Franciscan Friars and the other of Iacobins and hauing ordered all things concerning religion the best he could he left the care of state and warre to Pedro Nauarro and so returned into Spaine for there was no good agreement among them The cardinall spent a whole yeere in these matters for he arriued in Spaine the same day that he parted He did erect a dignitie with the title of an Abbot in regard of this victorie to the which hee assigned a seate in his church of Toledo 18 This yeere one thousand fiue hundred and nine D. Catherine Infanta of Castille widow to Arthur prince of Wales was married to Henrie king of England the eight of that name brother to her deceased husband who was that yeere come to the crowne by the decease of their father Henrie the seuenth and was crowned on Saint Iohn Baptists day which by reason thereof was solemnized with extraordinarie pompe in Castille by king Ferdinand who to perform the articles of the league made at Cambray sent at the same time a sea-army to the realme of Naples wherefore the Viceroy of Naples beganne to shew himselfe vpon the coast of Apulia in shew of an enemy Army of Spaine sent to annoy the Venetians to force the Venetians to yeeld vnto the king his master the townes of Manfredonia Trani Monopoli Brindez and Otranto which had beene ingaged vnto them during the precedent warres with France The Pope the Emperour and the French King did likewise inuade them the euent whereof I will forbeare to relate it belonging not to this Historie of Spaine During the warre against the Venetians there was a controuersie reconciled betwixt the emperour Maximilian and king Ferdinand touching the gouernement of Castille after the death of king Philip. The emperour thought that being grandfather by the fathers side vnto prince Charles the heire of that realme and of his brother and sisters D. Ferdinand D. Leonora D. Maria D. Isabella and D. Catherina issued of his sonne and D. Ioane and therefore pretending right in Castille it was more fit that hee should haue the gouernment than the king D. Ferdinand their grandfather by the mothers side but king Ferdinands title seemed to be the better Controuersie betwixt the emperour Maximilian king Ferdinand reconciled for that D. Ioane his daughter the proprietarie Queene of Castille was yet liuing and that it was an vnwoorthy thing that the gouernement of a realme which had beene honored and inlarged by him with such great conquests should be taken from him to giue it vnto strangers This controuersie was ended by the mediation of the French king vpon these conditions That the king D. Ferdinand should gouerne the realme of Castille Leon c. in case hee had no sonne by queene Germaine vntill that prince Charles should come to the age of fiue and twentie yeares at which time hee should resigne the gouernement vnto the prince with this charge that during the life of queene Ioane his mother hee should not intitle himselfe king of Castille That during this time king Ferdinand should pay vnto the emperor fifty thousand ducats yearely and to prince Charles other great summes of money and that persisting in the accords of the league made at Cambray hee should contribute to the warre of Lombardie against the Venetians After this accord the Emperour and the French King vnderstood to their great griefe what the Pope and King Ferdinand had done with the Venetians 19 The pope doubting that the French king who was mighty in Italie Practises of
the truth from him and what course the Indians meant to take to execute their enterprise he wrought in such sort on the one side and Colmenares on the other as they dispersed their forces put a confusion in their counsels and did in a maner subiect all the countrey of Vraba Being returned to the Antique of Darien they sent Iohn of Quincedo and Roderigo Henriques of Colmenares into Spaine to make relation vnto king Ferdinand of that which they had done and of the conquest of the South sea which they intended and to beseech him to send them 1000 Spaniards to that end That yeare there went out of Spaine with the kings leaue and at his owne charge Iohn Dias de Solis pilot major to the king who taking the course of Pinsons past beyond S. Augustines cape fortie degrees vnder the Equinoctiall vnto the great riuer of Parauaguasu which signifies in the Indian tongue great water the which was by Iohn Dias called the riuer of Plata Riuer of Plata found by Iohn Dias de Solis that is to say of siluer for that they found there some grains of that mettall and hauing planted many crosses there in signe of possession he returned into Spaine laden with Brasil where he gaue an account vnto the king of his nauigation ⧠THE 25 BOOKE OF THE Historie of Spaine The Contents of the 26 Booke 1 WArre continued by the duke of Aluain Nauarre and the frontires of France An armie of French in Nauarre and their poore exploits 2 Proceeding of Pope Iulio against the Councell of Pisa and the fauourers thereof 3 Practises of the duke of Ferrara against king Ferdinand Death of Pope Iulio the second and election of Leon. 4 Queene Germaine giues a drinke to king Ferdinand her husband to haue children by him which causeth his death 5 Warre of Milan and dissolution of the Councell of Pisa. 6 Discouerie of the South sea at the Indies by Vasco Nugnes of Balboa 7 Warre continued in Italie by the Emperor and Spaniards against the Venetians 8 Behauiour of Vasco Nugnes of Balboa at the Indies 9 Designes of Pope Leo an enemie both to Spanish and French 10 Seditions at the Indies The miserable end of Vasco Nugnes of Balboa 11 Comming of king Francis to the Crowne and treaties betwixt him the Emperor Maximilian and king Ferdinand 12 Enterprises of king Ferdinand against France Vnion of Nauarre and Castille 13 Exploits of king Francis in Italie Abolition of the Pragmaticke sanction 14 Comming of doctor Adrian Florantin to Spaine Testament of king Ferdinand and his death 15 Exploits of the king D. Manuel in Africke Exactions vpon the Clergie of Portugall His third mariage 16 D. Charles of Austria first of that name 22 king in Castille 43 in Leon and 20 in Arragon and in Nauarre the fourth of that name and 36 king Gouernment of Cardinall Ximenes and doctor Adrian in the kings absence 17 Estate of king Charles his house 18 Troubles in Spaine by D. Pedro Giron and others pacified by the wisedome of cardinall Ximenes 19 Ordinances for the ordinarie legions in Spaine and other orders made by cardinall Ximenes 20 Gouernement of Nauarre Counsell to ruine the townes and to make the countrey of Nauarre desolate Death of king Iohn of Albret and queene Katherine Order of the iustice of Nauarre 21 Troubles at Malaga by reason of the priuiledges and iurisdiction of the Admiraltie Punishment of the inhabitants 22 Contentions for the towne of Areualo and reprehension of Velasques of Cuellar 23 Pitifull estate of queene Ioane mother to Charles of Austria troubled in her sences 24 Arcenals and storâ—houses for munition appointed in Spaine 25 Search of auncient writings and instructions for the publike good appointed by cardinall Ximenes in Spaine by the which many frauds were discouered c. 26 Algier taken by Horusco Barberousse and the vaine attempts of the Spaniards 27 Rigorous Edict in Spaine against the Genouois The cause thereof and the reuocation 28 Vâ—iust proceedings against the accused by the Inquisitors Contention for the bishopricke of Siguensa In this six and twentieth Booke are vnited the Realmes of Castille Arragon and Nauarre in D. Charles of Austria 22 in Castille 1. 43 in Leon 1. 20 in Arragon 1. 36 in Nauarre 4. THe realme of Nauarre being conquered with so great happinesse and ease 1512 was afterwards defended and kept with more difficultie Nauarre About the moneth of May the English armie landed in Guipuscoa being eight thousand foot most archers and some other men of warre whereof the lord marquesse Dorset was Generall who stayed some dayes vpon those marches attending the duke of Alua who was busie in subduing the vallies of Amescoa Salazar and Roncal with the helpe and diligence of colonell Vilalua whose armie being fortified with new troups sent from king Ferdinand who was offended at the detention of his embassadour S. Iohn du pieâ— de Port taken by the duke of Alua. the bishop of Zamora in Bearn it was led to Saint Iohn du pied de Port which place yeelded vnto him From whence he sent word vnto the marquesse what he should doe to come and besiege Bayone But the English generall thinking that the duke of Alua had caused him to stay there for the conquest of Nauarre which concerned his master after that he had burnt Saint Iohn de Lus and done some other spoyles vpon the sea coast he imbarkt his men and went home saying That he would returne another time besides there was a brute of a great French armie which marcht through Guienne to make head against these Spanish and English forces by reason whereof the duke of Alua hauing fortified the castle of Pied de Port and rased that of Montgelo he returned into high Nauarre Armie of FreÌ„ch goes into Nauarre The French armie whereof the brute was was led by Francis of Valois duke Angoulesme who was afterwards French king in the which there was king Iohn of Albret Charles of Montpensier duke of Bourbon Odet of Foix vicont of Lautrec the earles of Palisse and Longueuille and others making about fortie thousand foot and foure thousand horse About the end of the yeare 1512 the king of Nauarre aduanced with six thousand foot King Iohn of Albret goes into his realme of Nauarre with an armie and a thousand horse accompanied with the lords of Palisse and Longueuille he entred into his countrey by the vallie of Roncal where hee tooke Burgui hauing cut the Spaniards in peeces which were in garrison with their commander Valdes captaine of king Ferdinands gard On the other side the duke of Angoulesme caused the duke of Bourbon and the lord of Lautrec to enter by Guipuscoa with ten thousand foot and foure hundred horse who ruined Yrum Vransu Ojarcum and the townes of Harnam and Renterie and besieged S. Sebastien but they left it soone the vicont of Lautrec going to joyne with king Iohns forces who marcht towards Pampelone
Diego Pacheâ—o aid and subuention out of the reuenews of the Clergie of his country whereunto the Pope did the more willingly yeeld hauing heard the great exploits which he had done and the discoueries which hee had made to whom the embassadours presented in the name of the King their master a great elephant a lionesse and a bishops mitre or tyare garnished with perles and precious stones the richest that euer had beene seene at Rome The Pope therefore to incorage and giue meanes vnto King Manuel to proceede in so commendable an action hee graunted him the third part of the reuenewes and fruites of Spirituall Liuings Third part of spirituall liuings graunted to the king of Portugall in his countrey and moreouer to haue a Croisado preached wherein the Kings deputies behaued themselues so insolently and couetously as all men had occasion to complaine whereupon the conuerts and new Christians tooke occasion to fall into many errors and peruerse opinions touching our Religion These things past about the yeeres one thousand fiue hundred and twelue one thousand fiue hundred and thirteene and one thousand fiue hundred and foureteene The yeere one thousand fiue hundred and fifteene being come the king vndertooke to build the sort of Mandora in Afrike but his prouisions and men were all disperst and lost there by the incursions of the Moores so as few and those verie poore returned into Portugall Opinion fauourable for the Clergie This vnfortunate successe was imputed to the exactions which the kings Officers vsed vpon the clergie being an opinion alreadie setled in the hearts of men that those princes which touch the treasures of the Church prosper not This yeare Queene Mary was deliuered in the city of Lisbone of the Infant D. Edward future husband to D. Isabella daughter 〈◊〉 D. Iohn duke of Bragance Genealogie of Portugall from whom issued D. Edward and D. Caâ—â—erina ducheâ—â—e of Bragance wife in our dayes to the duke D. Iohn second sonne to duke Theodosius and grandchilde to the first D. Iohn Of D. Edward of Portugall and D. Isabella was also borne D. Maria who was married to the prince of 〈◊〉 sonne to Octauio Farnese and to Marguerite of Austria base daughter to the emperour Charles Soone after the death of D. Ferdinand king of Arragon the king D. 〈◊〉 was full of care for the insolent behauiour of two of his vassalls who sought to disquiet him in his nauigations and voyages to the Indies These were Ferdinand of Magellanes and Râ—y Fâ—â—ero who for some discontentment retired themselues into Castille whereas the cardinall D. Francis Ximeâ—es archbishoppe of â—oledo gouerned offering to discouer a short course or way to go to the rich Hands of the Moluques whence the spices came Magellanes and Faâ—ero Portugalliserâ—â— in Castille more profitable and commodious then that of 〈◊〉 and China Magellanes gaue D. Iohn Rodrigues of Fonseca president of the royall councell of the Indies and other counceâ—â—â—â—â— to vnderstand that they might find a better and more short cut to goe to the Moluqâ—â— by the coast of Bresill and the riuer of Plata then by the cape of Bonne Esprance and moreouer they told them that the great Iland of Zamatra and Malata were comprehended in the streit and line of the nauigation of Castile they did maintaine that the Ilands of the Moluques were not farre from Panâ—â—â—a and the qulph of saint Michael and that in all those countries and regions they found aboundance of gold pearles pretious stoâ—es spices and drugges and to make these councellors more desirous they told them many other wonders of unknowne lands which they offered to discouer Magellanes saying that he had a relation of Lewis of Vertheman oâ— Bolonia who had beene at Badan Bornay Bachian Tidore and other countrâ—es of spices which are vnder the Equiroctiall shewing many letters written from his friends to the Indians And moreouer hee had a â—â—â—ue of the Iland Zamatra who vnderstood many languages of that Countrey and an other slaue recouered 〈◊〉 Malaca By these reasons and persuasions induced them of the councell and the Regent D. Francis Ximenes gave good hope to Magellanes to obtaine ships and meanes to make this voyage at the comming of the prince D. Charleâ— who would not stay long before he parted from Flaunders to come and take possession of his realmes of Castille and Arragon The king D. Manuell made many complaines against these fugitiue subiects by his Ambassadors to the Councell of Castille and they against him and the voyage was performed as wee will shew About the spring one thousand fiue hundred and seuenteene Queene Marie second wife to the king D. 〈◊〉 died 〈◊〉 Lisbone lying in child bed of the Infant D. Anthonio who liued not long after his mother which caused great heauinesse in the king Death of Marâ—â— Queen of Portugall Shee lies in the monasterie of the mother of God Shee was then fiue and thirtie yeares old and the king 〈◊〉 and fortie who beleeuing what the preâ—aies and 〈◊〉 men of his realme had often preached vnto him that his crosses and aduersities came for that he tooke the reâ—â—news of the church and imployed them for the affaires of his realme he caused the collections contribution◠〈…〉 King consciencious promising to pay vnto the clergie 150000 ducats in 3 yeres at 3 payâ—â—â—â— This 〈…〉 to his third wife D. 〈…〉 to prince Charles of Austria Infanta of Castille neece to the two former queenes being then 19. yeeres old and the king 50. She was conducted into Portugall by 〈◊〉 in the yere 1518. a little before the arriuall of King Charles in Spaine the marriage was celebrated 〈◊〉 Crato with great pompe and state of which marriage were borne the infants D. Charles and D. Marie D. Ioane Queene of Castille Arragon Nauarre Naples Sicile Sardiâ—ia c. for whose in capacitiâ— the reigne of D. Charles her 〈…〉 being the first of that name and the two and 〈◊〉 king of Castille 16 AFter the decease of King Ferdinand Castille Queene Ioane his daughter succeeded in all his realmes lands and seigniories Charles archduke of Austria and erle of Flanders her eldest sonne who should 〈◊〉 all those great estates after her was then in Flaunders for whose absence and for the Queenes incapacitie Cardinall Francis Ximenes of Cisneros Cardinall Ximenes gouernor of Castille according to the 〈◊〉 of the deceased King tooke vpon him the gouernement of Castille with the 〈◊〉 of all the Councell and Nobilitie of the realme notwithstanding that the gouernours and ministers of the infant D. Ferdinand would by vertue of the first testament made at Burgos haue him intrude himselfe into the gouernment of affaires as regent He hauing written to them of the councel to come vnto him to Guadalâ—pe and vsing too high titles in his letters one of the councell said freely vnto him that presented the Infantaes letters Tell him that wee will be shortly at Guadalupe where knowing
sat him down at one of the corners of the field accoÌ„pained with 12 knights sending the like number to the other opposit corner commanding them that they shold not remoue froÌ„ thence before the end of the combat To either of the other two corners he sent 3 noblemen of quality instructed in like maner Then hauing commanded silence one of the marshals of the field cried out with a loud voice in the emperours name going to euery one of the 4 corners that it was forbidden vpon pain of death for any one to make a noise whilest the champions did fight nor to make any signe by deed voice or word neither in spitting coffing blowing of the nose neezing or whistling nor by beating of hands or feet lifting vp of the hands nor by shaking of the head or any motion of the bodie to giue them aduertisement courage feare or amazement nor otherwise to instruct them in what they haue to do except their godfathers in their charge duty And then the two kinghts entred the field in compleat armor holding in their hands their battel axes their swords by their sides Peter Toreilla the first for that he was challenger accompained with his godfather presented himself before the constable who demanded of him what he was for what cause he was entred so armed hauing receiued his answer he caused him to put off his head peece to know him then he caused him to put it on againe sent him to one of the corners of the camp where he was receiued by the three noblemen that were plast there Then he past to the other corner opposit being set in the midest of the 12 knights that were left there by him he made the like demands ceremonies to Ierom Anca who was also presented vnto him by his godfather from theÌ„ce sent to the other corner right against his aduersary wher he was in like maner receiued by 3 noblemen After al this the constable went to his first seat then the truÌ„pets did sound again which hauing done the knights which shold fight their godfathers fel vpoÌ„ their knees praied which done either of the godfathers hauing imbraced his chaÌ„pion exhorted him to fight valianâ—ly he bad him farewel then they rerired into their PauillioÌ„s After which one cried out that they shold let the good champions go Then they came affronted one another couragiously fighting a long time with their battel axes somtimes one reeling somtimes another vntil they had broken them in peeces Being thus vnarmed they had no leasure to draw their swords they were so neere one vnto another so as they fell to handy gripes one seeking to ouerthrow another But the emperor who would not lose theÌ„ cast his rod in sign that they shold part them saying that they had done enough and that he held them both for good knights wherupon all they that were set at the foure corners being 30 in al ran but they had great difficulty to part them they wer so incensed one against another crying contendiâ—g for honor and victorie whereas either of them thought he had the aduantage In the end the respect of the emperour made them retire yet wold they not be friends but threatned one another bitterly contemning the constables persuasions who told them that they shold rest satisfied reuerence the emperours testimony who had pronounced with his own mouth that either of theÌ„ had behaued him self valiantly had done his duty so as their honors were vntoucht The emperor was coÌ„strained throgh their obstinacy to send them both to prison froÌ„ whence they parted not vntil they were reoÌ„ciled at the least in shew for they were neuer perfect friends If of two bad things we must chuse the one as some think it necessary the maner of coÌ„bats practised in the time of our predecessors wold seem more tollerable then that which is vsed at this day for in that they made a certain kind of trial of doubtful things The princes leue or of his lieutenants was required who first of al took knowledge whether the cause did merit that two men of quality and honor shold hazard their liues who might serue the publike in better affaies or their Soueraigne or their owne families If after mature deliberation they held it fit to grant the combate they came vnto it with great ceremonies as we haue shewed witnessing that in those times they made no little esteem of the life of men They did carefully procurea certain equality preuenting surprises by any aduaÌ„tage in armes strength and dexterity of horse or otherwise They made them sweare that there was no â—lander in them but that they came to fight for a iust quarel to defend their honors The point wherin it did confist in those daies was to reuerence God their princes the lords of the â—ee Point of honour of the ancients to be loyal true to al men curteous 〈◊〉 modest amoÌ„g friends valiant couragious against their enemies in war If it were known that in this point of honor any one were falsly blamed or wronged by deed with aduantage of time place or company with vnequall and extraordinary armes or that hee had otherwise iust cause to complaine they caused speedy reparation to be done of the wrong as the cause required either by the lawe or militarie customes which did neuer allow the combate when there was any other remedy Much lesâ—e did they suffer a gentlemaÌ„ of honor to come to the vncertain triall of armes with one that was conuicted of rashnes or manifest slander He that was vanquished in the combat was held guilty of that wherof he was accused or a slanderer alyar if he did liue he was punished ignominiously by degradation sometimes by death The combat was most coÌ„monly continued or staied according to the pleasure of the prince or of iudges that were appointed who most commonly did part the champions before they came to the extremity declaring them both vpon the place to be good hardie knights which did also shew a wise affection to preserue the nobility to better vses If any were found so froward disobedient as notable to get leaue to fight in the countrie of their natural prince should go vnto some other soueraign neere or far off to grant them a place of combat hauing fought they were not to return into their country for they were held for mutins yea felons guilty of high treason there was great difficulty to obtain letters of abolitioÌ„ for such offeÌ„ces Moderne combats and the Maximes of the point of honour at this day But in our daies al this is out of vse their proceedings in combats is very different For if it happen that any man offend another without cause or reason the point of honor is that he must maintaine his deed not giue any excuse nor confesse that he hath erred for that were
that yeare 1524 the computation of the yeare beginning at our Lady day was that memorable battaile of Pauia where the French were defeated and king Francis taken prisoner by the imperials whereof the chiefe were Cont Charles of Launoy viceroy of Naples Ferdinand d'Aualos Marquesse of Pescaire and Charles duke of Bourbon who forsome discontentment had left France and followed the emperours party What were the causes of this great ouerthrow and what succeeded after ye may read at large in the History of France whereunto I referre the Reader to auoid needlesse repetitions The emperor was aduertised of this defeat and prision the tenth of March the news were pleasing vnto him as wee may coniecture yet he shewed himself verie modest shewing no tokens of pride for this great successe Worthy Councel of the bishop of Osma There were two opinions debated in his councel the bishop of Osma was author of the one to suffer this great prisoner to depart freely to bind him vnto him by a frank and brotherly deliuerance the other was to keep him still and to draw from him all the profit and aduantages that might be This last aduice proceeded from D. Frederic of Toledo duke of Alua was followed by the emperor wherefore there were certaine articles drawn and sent with al speed vnto the king by the lord of Reux who reiected them as vnreasonable Hereupon the Viceroy of Naples persuaded the king not to take it in ill part if he were led into Spain 1525 to treat himself with the emperour touching his libertie assuring him that he desired it shewing him letters from his friends in court But his intention was in the meane time to led him to the castle of Naples and there to attend the opportunitie of a passage for they were not strong enough at sea for the French who had Andrew Dorias Galleys at their deuotion Neither did hee much trust his armie at land which wanting pay hee feared would mutine Besides he was iealous of the Pope Venetians and other Potentates of Italie who were discontented at the prosperitie of the emperour his maister wherefore being thus resolued he conducted the king to Genoa and from thence to Porto Fino whereas the marshall of Montmorency comming vnto him with sixe French galleys Passage of king Francis being Prisoner into Spaine without any souldiers by the commandement of the Queene Regent the kings mother he changed his aduice hauing furnished those galleys with Spanish souldiers and ioyning them to those which he had thinking that he might easily passe whilest that the French expected his going to Naples he suddenly bent his course for Spain laÌ„ded the prisoner at Barcelona before that it was known or that he had aduertised the emperor and from thence hee conducted him to Valencia But passing by Tortosa the king was in great danger among the mutyned Spaniards who pursued the Viceroy tumultuosly for their pay forcing him with their shot to escape ouer the top of his lodging the bullets flying nere vnto the kings person The emperor hearing of his arriual coÌ„manded he shold be put into the castle of Xatiua a place ordained in old time to be a prison for great men but the viceroy obtained that he might liue in certain houses of pleasure about Valencia vntil that he had commandement to conduct him to Madrid The emperor was resolued not to see him before thee had concluded for his liberty for the treating whereof besides the archbishop of Ambrun who was afterwards Cardinal of Tournon and Selua the first President of Paris he gaue a safe coÌ„duct to Marguerite of France duches of Alanson who arriued at Barcelona in September passing from thence by Saragosse shee came to Madrid whether she found the emperor was come to visit the king who had bin brought almost to deaths doore with a violent feuer This had a shew of charity to comfort him giuing hope that he should be soone set at liberty but it was rather a curiosity that he might visibly see in what estate he was fearing to lose the fruits of his prize if he should die It is said that being in consultation whether hee should see him or not hee was dissuaded by his Chauncellour who told him that if he saw him 1526 and did not set him freely at libertie the world would thinke that hee had been brought thither by couetousnesse Gouernours counsell thrust on with a mercinarie charitie and a seruile feare to loose by the prisoners death the price of his ransome a noble aduice and worthie to be obserued But the duchesse of Alansons presence was the best remedie to recouer the king where she remained almost three moneths what she effected and vpon what tearmes the king was deliuered you may read in its proper historie 23 These things past in the yeare 1526 Mariage of the Emperor Charls in the which the Emperour Charles maried D. Isabella of Portugal daughter to the king D. Manuel D. Alphonso Fonseca Archbishop of Toledo and primat of Spaine with D. Ferdinand of Arragon duke of Calabria were sent to receiue this princesse who conducted her with great state to Seuile where the mariage was celebrated Of this mariage was borne the one and twentieth day of May 1527 in the yeare 1527 D. Philip who succeeded in all the realmes lands and seigniories of the Emperour as well hereditarie as conquered A memorable yeare for that by the Emperours armie consisting for the most part of Spaniards whereof Charles duke of Bourbon was generall Rome taken sackt the citie of Rome was taken and sackt and Pope Clement with many cardinals ransomed and hardly intreated the greedie and insolent souldiers not sparing the cardinals of their owne nation prophaning by all acts of crueltie and excesse in their disordered appetites the places and persons dedicated and vowed to religion notwithstanding that the prince for whom they made warre heire of the realms of Spaine carried the title of Catholike purchased by his predecessors for the good offices they had done to Popes and to the sea of Rome The same yeare king Francis being râ—turned into his realme Mariage of king Henry of Albreâ— he caused the mariage to be accomplished betwixt D. Henrie of Albret and Marguerite of France widow to the duke of Alanson father and mother to queene Ioane heire to the realme of Nauarre King Francis being come from his imprisonment discontented he entred willingly into league with the Pope League against the Emperor the king of England the Venetians and Florentines for the libertie of Italie 〈◊〉 when as he vnderstood the cruelties vsed by the Imperiall armie at Rome he allied himselfe more strictly with the king of England vnder colour to free the Pope and the territories of the Church whereupon the lord of Lautrec was appointed to lead an armie into Italie at their common charge The Emperour being aduertised that king Francis not onely refused to
a handie stroke enriched with plates and threds of gold and siluer and for offensiue armes some had clubs about foure foot long and the heads as big as two fists hauing fiue or six sharpe pikes of mettall others carried hatchets like vnto our halbeards which they could handle well As for their rereward or subsidiarie squadrons to releue the rest they were all pikes whose heads were better armed than ours bee Frauncis Picarro found the Indians of Peru in this equipage to resist him it may bee say they that haue written of his enterprises to make his conquests more admirable vnto vs For not confessing that either he or any one of his captaines made any account of the Indians of the countrey whom they had drawne vnto their partie and joyned with them in the aboue mentioned combat of Caxamalcan and others they vaunt that this great king Atabalipa was vanquished with all that great multitude of men of war which did accompanie him by lesse than fiue hundred foot and an hundred and twentie horse of the Spanish nation whereof most of the footmen were crossebowes hauing few harquebuses yet they confesse that they had some peeces of ordnance whereunto they attribute some part of their victories saying That the Indians were almost dead for feare seeing these engines spit fire and hearing the noyse thereof wherewith they had neuer been acquainted the which hath some likelyhood Atabalipa was sonne to a warlike and valiant prince Beginning of Atabalipa called Cusco who comming out of the prouince of Quito which is directly vnder the Equinoctiall line towards the South sea had conquered by armes from many other kings and lords those ample regions wherof his sonne was in an instant dispossest at the comming of these Spaniards and hauing there built the citie of Cusco had called it by his owne name and made it the seat of his empire which was aboue three hundred leagues long and broad stretching from the South to the West At his death he left an hundred children males and females most of which liued when Atabalipa was defeated and taken To Guescar whom some also cal Cusco he had left the greatest part of his conquered countries and had giuen to Atabalipa the realme of Quito where he was borne But Guescar not satisfied vnlesse he might haue all did first moue war to dispossesse his brother wherein he was vnfortunat for after many vnhappie incounters he was quite defeated and taken by Chilicuchima lieutenant to Atabalipa by whose commandement although he were a prisoner in the Spaniards hands he was strangled the which did so displease the gouernor Francis Picarro as he conceiued a mortall hatred against the king and his lieutenant not ceasing vntill he had put them to death yet after that he had discouered by their meanes the treasures of the realme had seised of a good part of them and was assured the rest could not escape him In the distribution of which treasure he did afterwards shew himselfe verie vniust and false as well towards his souldiers as to the Emperor his master whom he did frustrate of a good part of his right of the fifts It seemed that God by this sudden easie conquest had prepared a fit subiect for the Emperor Charles to settle a perfect estate at Peru but his ministers did corrupt it All things were there according to a mans desire to execute a great and memorable designe the which had bin admirable to posteritie were it in regard of the glorie of God or temporall commodities in regard of the riches and all sorts of blessings the which heauen and all the elements doe powre downe aboundantly vpon that region but especially for the aptnesse of the people Maners of the people of Peru. who were found ciuile and capable of reason much more than they that had bin first discouered at the islands or vpon the continent of those Westerne Indies towards the North sea They did not find them naked and without shame but apparelled both men and women handsome in their garments industrious in their buildings and in all other arts and workes tillers of the ground feeders of pastures marchants sociable and courteous as wel among themselues as to strangers and religious also although it were after the Pagan maner whose imperfections should not be censured with rigor but excused with an intention to reforme them in time by good examples of pietie and charitie and by justice well and duely ministred considering that in their religion and maners they were not more sauage and barbarous than the first auncient Spaniards before they were ciuilized and instructed of whom we haue made mention in the beginning of this historie They did beleeue the immortalitie of the soule the resurrection of the body and therefore they buried their dead with honour and did graue markes vpon their tombs which did shew the forepassed life of the deceased into whose tombs they did cast precious jewels and brought meat and drinke thither and many times their wiues and seruants did shut them in there did willingly statue themselues They did punish adulterie with death and did put out the eyes of theeues Their childrens children or some other of their bloud did inherit their goods and not their owne children except those of kings Men might take as many wiues as they would and did often marie thier owne sisters Thus among the seedes of pietie humanitie and policie they had errours and blemishes like sensuall people which knew not the true God nor his justice The which they did not measure by the perfect rule of nature but according to their corrupt imaginations and their breeding destitute of light and good gouernement Through this defect they did worship the starres as gods and especially an Idoll which had its temple in the citie of Pancacami who spake Oracles vnto them and from whom they attended all their prosperities It is the vsuall course of the Gentiles to whom the mysteries of saluation are not reuealed which are speciall graces And had not these poore Perusians vices in that regard which were common with the auncient Aegyptians Grecians Romans and other such famous nations who haue beene happily drawne from Paganisme to Christianitie among whom the world hath seene so many goodly Churches to flourish by the bountie of kings and Emperours and by the doctrine diligence and exemplarie life of good bishops But the Spaniards nor their commaunders had no such intent as their actions written doe witnesse It was sufficient for them to commaund these ignorant people proudly to make profession of Christians in assisting at the ceremonies vpon paine of death or seruitude And it fell out often I know not through what charitie that many which for feare had caused themselues to be baptised were by them instantly slaine that they might haue no leasure to denie it And thus they sayed they procured their soules health These courses which could not bee pleasing vnto God drew his warth vpon the
did not chase him away the which they did with the helpe which Horusco Barberousse gaue them To couer his designe which was to subdue them he counselled them to draw a nephew of the kings whom they had chased away out of prison hauing beene long kept in yrons by him and to make him king the which they had a will to effect But this tyrant seeing them to proceed slowly and hee impatient and blinded with ambition slue this young prince and sought to seise vpon the citie in despight of the inhabitants whereof he slue many of the principals which was his ruine for the dispossessed king was called home and had meanes to recouer his kingdome with the forces of Spaine which he obtained easily He pursued his aduersarie so as he forced him to flie into the mountaine of Abez vpon the confines of Bugia to shut himselfe in a castle where being besieged necessitie forced him forth to fight where he was vanquished slain and his head caried to Tremessen froÌ„ thence into Spaine to the great contentment of the Moores and Spaniards for he was a subtile and dangerous enemie Pride growing through prosperitie ruined him But Haradin gouerned himselfe more discreetly and did manage his fortune with more honour Thus we see that those which hazard themselues in daungerous enterprises doe most commonly miscarrie and make such as follow after them wise by their rashnesse to whom they haue made the way Haradin by the death of his brother remaining lord of Alger one of the best ports of all Africke he was no more held a pyrat but a prince and withall a great captaine at sea so as Sultan Solyman Emperour of Constantinople made his Bassa and his Admirall with whose incomparable forces he made himselfe a terrour to all the countries of Europe Asia and Africke which lay vpon the sea where hauing taken infinit booties and spoyled many townes in the end he made himselfe master of the citie and realme of Tunes in the yeare 1535 by this occasion A little before there had raigned in Tunes Mahomet Abdul Hedi stemme of the last king of Tunes descended from Abdul Hedi who was a Moore of Andaluzia borne at Seuile he was wise and discreet and being made by the king of Marroc gouernour of the citie of Tunes which had rebelled and had beene taken againe and punished he following the example of many others had made himselfe lord of his gouernement when as after the battell of Muradat in Spaine woon by the Christians there was a generall reuolt in Africke against the Almohades Emperours and great Miralmumins of the Moores and Alarabes at Marroc This Mahomet issued from this race had had many children by many wiues who seeing himselfe old and desirous to prouide a successor to his realme after his owne humor for certaine considerations he made choyce of the youngest of all called Hascen whom hee had by an Arabian woman called Gezia and would haue him succeed him to the Crowne It is this Muley Hascen for whose restitution the Emperour was persuaded to lead an armie into Africke This jealous prince was no sooner seated in the royall throne but he put Mamon his elder brother to death and after dispatcht all his other brethren and kinsmen these be the fruits of Polygamie in the followers of Mahomet their Prophet Arraxide onely escaped and fled to Bixacara a towne of Numidia where with the aid of certaine Xecques or lords Numidians hee gathered some forces together to inuade Muley Hascen but it was in vaine wherefore he had recourse to Haradin Barberousse king of Alger who hauing receiued him courteously aduised him to go with him to Constantinople to informe the great Turke of his misfortunes promising to present him vnto him and to doe him all fauour and good offices Being come to Solymans Court Barberousse was presently dispatcht with a good number of gallies well furnished with souldiers to come to Tunes giuing it out that hee carried backe Arraxide to make him king who notwithstanding was stayed at Constantinople Muley Hascen a paracide couetous voluptuous iniurious and a coward amazed at this great preparation of armes which came to assayle him staied not but fled to his kinsmen by the mothers side Ismael and Dorar Alarabas of the linage of Vled Aixa which are a member of Vled Yahaya of those which led a vagabond life in the plaines and desarts of Africke and Numidia a mightie people but disloyall and of no friendship Finding not such succours there as he expected he followed the aduice of a Genouois renegado called Ximaa which was to imploreayd of the Emperor Charles and this Genouois was he which made a voyage into Spaine who could so persuade the Emperour and season his request with liuelie reasons and infinit promises as he obtained that which he pretended which was To persuade the Emperor and his counsel that it was both profitable and necessarie for him to restore Muley Hascen to his realm Euery one weighing the importance of this businesse and foreseeing how it might prejudice Italie and Spaine if the Turkes which did alreadie hold many ports vpon the coast of Barbarie should set footing into Tunes a great and mightie citie fit for the situation which is neere vnto the ruines of old Carthage sometimes concurring in power with the Romans to make ordinarie and prejudiciall impressions in that State Barberousse who had found the place void of souldiers or Commander did easily seise vpon the towne castle and fort of Goulette which stands on the entrie of the lake which the Sea makes there 1535 But hee did not thinke the Christians had taken this so ill as hee found by experience and therefore hee was not so carefull to prouide all things necessarie to preserue such a conquest against the power which the emperor brought who as soone as this honorable enterprise was concluded hee did aduertise all Christian princes and inuited them to contribute men money and ships to this warre whether hee would goe in person The rendesâ—vous was appointed at the port of Cailleri in Sardynia Forces of the Emperour at his going to Tunes whether the emperour came with the galleys of Spain those of Genoua and the particular galleys of Andrew Doria D. Iohn king of Portugal sent him twenty galleys and one great gallion vnder the command of D. Lewis his Brother The Pope armed nine galleys at Genoua at his owne charge of the which Paul Iustinian had the command and Virgilio Vrsino earle of Anguilare had the leading of the soldiers that were in them And hee suffered him to leuie the tenths of the Clergie of Spaine The knights of Malta sent foure galleys All which ioyned at Cailleri where before the emperors comming there arriued the royall galleys of Naples and Sicile with many galliots and foists armed by the noblemen of Naples and Sicile at their owne charge in which the Marques of Guast was traÌ„sported with the old Spanish souldiers which
and the French king again the Emperour 11 Mets besieged by the Emperour 12 Afrique a towne in the realme of Tunes taken by the Spaniards 13 Birth of Henrie of Bourbon king of France and Nauarre 14 Birth of D. Sebastian future king of Portugal 15 Mariage of D. Philip and Marie queene of England 16 Death of queene Ioane the Emperours mother 17 Death of Henrie of Albret king of Nauarre 18 The Emperor Charles giues ouer the gouernment to his sonne and retires into Spaine 19 Truce for fiue yeares betwixt France and Spaine soone broken 20 Mariage betwixt king Philip and Elizabeth of France and a peace concluded 21 Death of the Emperour Charles the fifth 22 Death of D. Iohn king of Portugal 23 Persecutions in Spaine for religion 24 Spaniards defeated in the island of Gelâ—es or Zerbi by the Turkes 25 End of the Councell of Trent 26 New bishop in the Netherlands 27 Contention betwixt the French and the Spanish for Precedence 28 Oraâ— defended and Pegnon de Veles taken by the Spaniards 29 Malta besieged by the Turkes releeued by the armie of Spaine 30 Enteruiew betwixt Charles the French king and Elizabeth his sister queene of Spaine 31 The Viceroy of Sicile in disgrace The Realmes of Castille Leon Arragon and Nauarre remaine vnited in D. Philip the second Portugal by the death of the King D. Iohn is gouerned by Queene Katherine his widow and the Cardinall D. Henrie during the Infancie of D. Sebastian 1 THis yeare 1545 the Emperour had two seuerall aduertisements the one of great joy and content Birth of prince Charls of Spain the other of much sorrow and heauinesse He had newes That the prince D. Philip had his first son born in Vailledolit the ninth of Iuly who at his Christening was called Charls at the which there were great solemne feasts prepared but within three dayes after all was turned into mourning and heauinesse by a strange accident for the princesse Marie the young childs mother died for that as they sayed she had eaten something disorderly contrarie to the state wherein she was which happened by the negligence of the duchesse of Alua and the wife of Couos the high Chauncellor to whom the care of her being committed they absented themselues a little being desirous to see a certaine sight Death of Marie of Portugal wife to D. Philip so as at their returne they found her dead or dying The prince felt that force which is vsuall at the losse of so deere a person yet bearing it with that constancie that was fit for his royall mind but the loue hee bare her being a princesse of singular vertues made him to retire himselfe for a time Shee was much lamented and wanted of all men for her great bountie and charitie She was honoured with a â—oyall funerall pompe her bodie remained for a time in Saint Paules church in that towne in the custodie of the Dominican Friers vntill that it was carried to the royall chappell of Granado D. Philip had this sorrow increased soone after with a new griefe for the death of D. Iohn of Tauera Cardinall and Archbishop of Toledo vnder whose wise gouernement he had beene bred vp from his infancie so as he loued and respected him much The Emperour Charles hauing concluded a peace with the French king he presently began to imbrace the affaires of Germanie which were in combustion by reason of religion since the preaching and writing of Luthar against the Pope to whom some princes of that nation and many townes did adhere Which controuersie many graue and religious men did beleeue might haue beene easily reconciled by the Emperours onely authoritie being assisted by the Estates and Princes of the Empire without crauing any other helpe But according to the common opinion this prince and the Popes were possest with one humor to rule absolutely the Popes aspiring to bee sole Iudges in matters concerning religion and Charles aspiring to the like soueraigne power in temporall things depending of the Imperiall function and not to gouerne himselfe by a certaine necessitie according to the aduice of the assemblies of the Estates which they call Diets by the which hee thought hee was kept in awe 2 Pope Paul and he concurring in one designe 1546 made a league the six and twentieth of Iune 1546 League betwixt the Pope and Emperour by the negotiation of the Councell of Trent and they concluded to pursue the Councell of Trent published the yeare before and begun in December and for that the Protestants did not allow of it nor would not submit themselues vnto it it was said the Emperour should force them by armes and if he entred into any treatie of peace with them hee should not doe any thing to the prejudice of the Church of Rome That the Pope should consigne an hundred thousand crownes at Venice besides an hundred thousand which he had alreadie consigned to be imployed in this warre That he should moreouer entertaine twelue thousand foot and fiue hundred light horse for six monethes ouer the which he should appoint a Legat colonels and captaines That the Emperour might for this warre take the one halfe of the reuenues of the Clergie and sell of abbie lands to the value of fiue hundred thousand crownes And if any prince should seeke to hinder their resolution they should joyne their forces together to resist him This was at such time as the Councell began whereas they made preparation for warre against the Protestants both in Germanie Spaine and Italie the Emperours designe extending faâ—ther for his 〈◊〉 was as it appeared since and was not then vnknowne That after that he had 〈◊〉 the Protestants Designe of the Emperour against Germanie which made the greatest power of Germanie he would subiect the Estates of the Empire to his will that he might keepe the Empire in his familie and make it hereditarie And to giue some proofe of this absolute power which he did affect he had made a truce with the Turke the better to attend this warre without taking the 〈…〉 those princes and States who had contributed great suâ—â—es of money to raâ—se an armie against that common enemie of Christendome The Protestants had long before made a declaration That they tooke the Pope and Sea of Rome for the◠〈◊〉 partie and therefore they would not haue him for Iudge accusing him of impietie saeriledge false doctrine and of vsurpation ouer the magistrats appointed by God and of many other crimes They offered to giue vndoubted proofes to a free Councell lawfully called were it generall or nationall in Germanie They complained That the Emperour had often put them in hope but now they saw themselues frustrat yea that contrarie to the decree of the last Diet of Spier and Wormes where it was concluded That to prepare the way to so holy an assembly there should be a conference of Doctors and men of State of either part which should bring in writing the
first that obtained pardon 1547 paying an hundred thousand crownes and twelue peeces of ordnance with their furniture and receiuing a garrison of ten companies of foot Ausbourg did the like and paid an hundred and fiftie thousand crownes and twelue peeces of ordnance and receiued the like garrison Diuers other townes yeelded also 1546 and in the end the duke of Wittenberg would make triall of the Emperours clemencie so as being assured of high Germanie he began to follow the Protestants armie and came to Nuremberg The Prince Elector tooke some small townes in his way bending towards Francfort to draw money as well from his friends as from the Clergie and then he turned towards his countrey his armie decreasing much for that many seeing the Emperour to prosper abandoned him He being come into Turinga and Misnia Maurice dislodged hauing put good garrisons into Leipfie and Dresda which places he onely preserued for all the rest the Electors recouered and then he retyred to Ferdinand and they both together came and ioyned with the Emperours campe at Egre vpon the confines of Bohemia The earle of Bure was come towards Francfort with commaundement to enter into the Landgraues countrey for whom many princes and among them Maurice his sonne in law did sue vnto the Emperour for his pardon but to small effect for he had a great desire to haue him thinking him alone sufficient to raise the Protestant affaires Landgraue feared by the Emperour if they were ruined Bure tooke Darmast by composition and then Francfort where they were in great feare to loose their Faires which many of their neighbours did affect Strasbourg a great and rich citie did also compound The Emperour comming with great speed to the riuer of Elbe hauing found a foord where the Spaniards did him great seruice for the passage was defended by the Protestants armie he past his troupes and pursued the Elector who sought to recouer Wittenberg the chiefe towne of his Electorat being strong and well fortified but he stayed him neere vnto the forest of Lochane the Elector hauing scarce halfe his forces Defeat of the Elector of Saxony and his â—â—king for he had not leasure to gather them together being dispersed Being thus forced to fight with disaduantage he was vanquished and taken being wounded in the face Ernest of Brunswic sonne to Philip was taken with the Elector his eldest sonne recouered Wittenberg being hurt whither many others escaped from this conflict The Emperour hauing this prince his prisoner vsed him roughly in speech and king Ferdinand more He was giuen in gard to the duke of Alua who committed him to Alphonso Viues to keepe safely Within few dayes the Emperour gaue sentence of death against him the which notwithstanding was reuoked at the suit of the marquesse of Brandebourg but to redeem his life he was forced to vndergo hard conditions Among others he did quit the dignitie of Elector Conditions imposed vpon the Elector of Saxonie which was giuen to Maurice with all his lands by the Emperor who did confiscat them as being guiltie of high treason he and his children promising to obey the Imperiall chamber such as the Emperour should erect and for his entertainment Maurice was charged to pay him a yearely pention of fiftie thousand crownes The towne of Wittenberg and the castle of Goth were deliuered to Maurice leauing it to his discretion to suffer Frederics children to dwell in Goth and as for himselfe hee should remaine the Emperours prisoner There were many other sharpe conditions imposed vpon him all which he signed and refused but one article which was a promise to obey the decrees of the Councell of Trent the which hee constantly reiected saying That he had rather die than yeeld to it Constancie of the Elector Frederic wherefore the Emperour caused it to be rased out Duke Maurice being now Elector and hauing ioyned to his owne patrimonie the inheritance of prince Frederic of Saxonie he began to be a suitor for the Landgraue of Heâ—â—e his father in law imploying all his friends as the marquesse of Brandebourg did in like maner who in the end obtained a promise from the Emperour to pardon his life Conditions propounded by the Emperor to the Landgraue to remit all other punishments due to rebels to leaue him his country with one fort furnished with artillerie so as he did renounce all leagues to the preiudice of him or his brother Ferdinand obey the Imperial Chamber which the Emperor should establish giue him all the rest of his ordnance pay him within foure moneths 150000 crownes for the charges of the warre to deliuer the prisoners which he held and come and craue pardon of the Emperour The Landgraue hauing accepted these conditions by the aduice of his counsellors considering the present danger he came to Hale in Saxonie to the Emperor on the eight and twentieth of Iune where before he presented himselfe vnto him they brought him the former articles to signe but for that they had added many things which were not contained in those which the marquesse of Brandebourg and duke Maurice had sent him he would not doe any thing 1547 for the which there was great question betwixt betwixt him and the bishop of Arras who would needs haue him signe it Among other things they had added That the Emperour did reserue vnto himselfe the interpretation of euerie article and that the Landgraue did submit himselfe to the decrees of the Councell of Trent for the which he should giue caution The Landgraue being prest and threatened remembring that Brandebourg and the new Elector had promised to maintaine the confession of Ausbourg he signed That he would obey the decrees of a holy free and generall Councell where both head and members should be reformed as Maurice and Braâ—debourg would doe This done they led him into a hall Submission of the Landgraue whereas the Emperour was set vpon a throne where kneeling downe before him and confessing That he had offended his Maiestie and deserued punishment he craued pardon and implored his clemencie The Emperour made answer by George Selde That although he had deserued grieuous punishment yet vsing his clemencie and yeelding to the intreaties of many princes and noblemen whom he desired to gratifie he remitted the punishment which he had deserued either by losse of life and goods or by perpetuall imprisonment Which done the Landgraue was carried backe to the duke of Aluaes lodging where he supt where hauing plaied late at dice he was amazed when as offering to goe away he was staied and had a gard giuen him whereat the marquesse of Brandebourg and Maurice were much discontented but there was no remedie the duke of Alba and the bishop of Arâ—â—s saying That it was the Emperours pleasure This proceeding which the Emperour sought to justifie by glosses depriued him of the fruit which he pretended of his enterprises so easily are mans designes and imaginations ouerthrowne 3 We
be setled againe at Trent The Princes and States of the empire being assembled at Ausbourge did also write verie earnestly vnto the Pope beseeching him to cause his Legats to returne to Trent and to contiâ—ue the Councel there vnlesse he wold spoile that which had bin well begun The Pope referred it to the fathers that were at Bolonia who could not be induced to retract that which they had resolued by a common consent and as it were said they by the inspiration of the holy Ghost The emperour being discontented at the Popes obstinacie thought to finde some meanes to reconcile the controuersies in Religion without attending a councell any longer for the which hee caused a booke to be made which he called Interin containing in substance all the doctrine of the church of Rome the ceremonies thereof and to giue occasion to the Protestants to receiue it they were allowed to communicat vnder both kindes Interiâ— of the emperor reiected by the Pope and Protestants and for Preests to marrie It was censured by the Pope in those two articles and was reiected by some of the ProtestaÌ„t Princes but afterwards the Councel was returned againe to Trent after the death of Paul the third vnder Pope Iulio the third 8 The emperour being come this yeare 1550 one thousand fiue hundred and fiftie out of the Netherlands Sedition at Peru for the gouernment to an imperiall assembly at Ausbourge doctor D. Pedro Guasca being newly come from Peru where he had commanded foure yeares came vnto him to giue an accompt of his gouernment of the fruits whereof hee brought him a great summe of gold the which did much further his affaires This man by his wisdome and good gouernment had ended the sedition and rebellion of the Pizares in that countrie which had continued many yeares much vnpleasing to the emperour and therefore he was verie welcome wherefore I haue thought it conuenient to make a breefe relation of the whole action Wee haue formerly made mention of the quarrell betwixt Francis Pizarro and Iames of Almagra either of them seeking to command ambitiously ouer his companion in that rich countrie which they happily conquered with mutuall duetie and their common armes wherein they had gotten great honour if they could haue mainteined themselues but they grew into factions and to ciuill warre pretending nothing lesse in the end then to make themselues absolute Lords and it hapned after many attempts and enterprises to the preiudice one of another that Francis Pizarro had beene vanquished in a great incounter in the yeare one thousand fiue hundred fortie two and his brother Ferdinand taken who notwithstanding was soone after set at libertie yet not without great difficulty Hauing afterwards repaired their forces and comming againe to fight the misfortune fell vpon Almagro who being led to Cusco hee was there publikely but vniustly beheaded by the commaundement of Ferdinand Pizarro who was a little before his prisoner The son of Iames of Almagra carrying the same name born in that couÌ„try of an Indian woman desirous to reuenge the vniust death of his father found meanes to come by night into Lima otherwise called the towne of kings where hee surprised Francis Pizarro and a brother of his and cut their throates in their owne lodging and if Gonsaluo Pizarro their other brother had beene there Francis Pizarro murthered hee had past the same way but hee was gone to make warre at Quintoa in the prouince of Cauclane Gonsaluo being aduertised of this accident hapned to his bretheren brought backe his Souldiers and beganne to make a cruell pursuite against young Iames of Almagra and hee on the other side to make head against him so as the whole Countrie was for some yeares miserably afflicted with these factions vntill that the emperour sent a gouernour thither with some forces called Vasco de Castro who did somewhat suppresse these seditions going first against Iames of Almagra whome hee beseeged in Cusco forcing the Inhabitants to deliuer him hee causing his head to bee cut off without any long processe Ferdinand Pizarro who had put his father to the like death beeing come at that time into Spaine with great treasure it may bee for that hee would not bee in Peru at the comming of Vasco de Castro and giue an accompt vnto him of his actions was there committed to prison in the Castle of Medina where sometime after at the instance of the kings Atturney generall and vpon the accusations which were sent from the Indies his processe being made hee was condemned to loose his head and the chiefe reason was for that hee had vniustly and rashly put Iames of Almagra the father to death It is said that through the quarrels of these mutines vnto that time there had perished one hundred and fiftie thousand Indians sometimes taking part with the one sometimes with the other By the death of the heads it seemed the troubles had beene ended and supprest there remaining none but Gonsaluo Pizarro who kept himselfe close but the change of the Gouernour made them greater than before For it seeming to the emperour or to the chiefe of his Councell that Vasco de Castro was not fit to gouerne that prouince of Peru hee called him home and sent Vasco Nugnes de Velez in his place with so absolute and seuere a Commission as seeking to execute it he caused in a maner all the Spaniards that were in that countrie to reuolt with the Indians hauing for the first act of his Tragedie declared all them guiltie of treason which had carried armes were it for the Pizarres or the Almagras Sentence in considerate and vniust not considering how farre this generalitie did extend for among all the Spaniards which dwelt at Peru and the souldiers entertained there since the Conquest therof for the emperours seruice there was not any one which had not followed some one of the parties wherefore there were infinite appellations to the Councell of Spaine and to the emperour whereunto the new gouernour refusing to yeeld and stopping their passage into Spaine which were deputed to carrie the justifications of so many men that were condemned Gonsaluo Picarro head of the rebels they were forced to rebell chosing Gonsaluo Pizarro for their Captaine the which he willingly accepted being already incensed for the death of his brethren but especially for Ferdinand whom they had beheaded in Spaine beginning to make sharpe warre against Vasco Nugnes and them that followed him in the which a great number of his old Spanish souldiers perished This new gouernour although he were vnfortunate in his exploits and enterprises yet he continued in his seueritie or rather insolency so as such as were about him appointed to be his couÌ„sellors by the emperor were forced to lay hold of him deliuer him to the custody of Iohn Aluares for that he had slain William Suares of Caruajal with his own haÌ„d for some priuat hatred hauing an intent to send
him into Spain by the first wind as an vnprofitable person yea prejudicial to the quiet of the coūtry that he might giue an accōpt to the emperor of his actions but the violence of the rebels of their commander Gonsaluo was such after this restraint of the Gouernour they of the Councell disagreeing among themselues as they were forced with all speede to deliuer him to gouerne this warre the which prooued difficult for Picarro being assisted by Francis of Caruaial a great Captaine and an old experienced Souldier hee then declared himselfe openly against the Emperour and contended for the Soueraigntie of Peru hauing made the Towne of Cusco the chiefe of that countrie his store-house for the warre Vasco Nugnes striuing to resist them somewhat rashlie Death of the gouernour Vasco Nugnes was slaine in an Incounter neere vnto the towne of Quitoa and his head was carried to Cusco and there made a publike spectacle and scorne to all men a brother of his called Vela Nugnes being then a prisoner who had no better fortune afterwards To bee reunnged of this rout Iohn Aluares Iames de Silua and Iames de Ceuton remaining heads of the emperours part vntill there were some other order taken gathered all the souldiers they could together but they were also defeated by Francis Caruaiall so as they had great difficultie to mainteine their masters authoritie vnto the yeare one thousand fiue hundred fortie and sixe that the Emperour after long deliberation D. Pedro Guasca gouernour at Peru. and by the aduise and choise of his Councell sent D. Pedro Guasca thether a clergie man and of the Councell of the Inquisition a graue wise and discreet man to whome hee gaue a more ample power than to any of the precedent Gouernours with the title of President of the royall audience of Peru parting from Seuile that yeare he came to Nombre de Dios notwithstanding that he vnderstood that there was there in garrison Ferdinand Mexia de Gusman vnder Pedro Alfonso Hinoiosa Gouernour in that Countrie for the party of Gonsaluo Piarro who had a little before put Melchior Verdugo one of the emperours Captaines to rout and chased him as farre as the fort of Carthagena which is vpon the North Sea Hinoiosa remaine at Panama which is opposit vpon the South sea It is the narrowest place of all the firme land of the Indies betwixt the two Seas D. Pedro Guasca did in this action shew a great resolution for hee had beene aduertised at the neere Islands of this rout and that the port of Carthagena was the onely landing place for him yet hee would needs cast anchor neere vnto Nombre de Dios which place was held by the said Mexia with a garrison of eighteene hundred Spaniards where hee sent Alfonso Aluaredo to land in ioyning him to aduertise Mexia of his comming and to found him how hee stood affected Dexteritie of Guasca to win the rebels at Peru. The which Aluaredo performed so well as Mexia and hee parted good friends in effect though they made shew to the contrarie For some daies after the President Guasca was receiued honourably into that place yea with ioy and content of the whole garrison Thus this religious man being politike and modest did for the first fruits of his comming winne this fort and them that held it without any tumult or blowes who thinking himselfe well fortified began with grauitie and authoritie to sollicit the rebels and their leaders that they should acknowledge their errors to repaire the which hee gaue to vnderstand that they had nothing to doe but to imbrace the emperors clemency and the grace and pardon which hee offered them Hinoiosa who was at Panama vpon the South sea had beene aduertised of the presidents arriuall and although he were none of the most obstinate rebels yet would hee see how hee would carrie himselfe at his first entrie into his gouernment being somewhat discontented that Mexia had spoken with him without his leaue and priuitie writing in choller vnto him but Mexia was nothing amazed thereat but by the Presidents aduice went freely to Panama to Hinioiosa what discourse they had the euents did shew for Mexia returned as freely as hee went and presently the President departed and went towards Panama where wrought so with good words persuasions and promises as he drew Pedro Alfonso of Hinoiosa and all them that were with him to the emperours obedience They say that the greatest motiue to make them resolue was that they saw with the President the Marshall Alfonso of Aluaredo who had bin a dear friend to Francisco Pizarro These things succeeding thus happely the president holding it a great aduantage to haue won Hinoiosa hee thought it now time to presse Goncaluo Pizarro to come vnto himselfe and to acknowledge his master He gaue him hope of good vsage if he did obey if not he protested his vtter ruine writing vnto him and sending him letters in the Emperors name from whom he had brought many blanks signed the bearer whereof was Ferdinand Pauiaguada borne at Placentia in Spaine The emperors letters were dated at Venloo in Guelderland the 17 of February 1546 the Presidents the 26 of September following Gonsaluo was at the time of this dispatch in the citie of Kings so called for that the first foundations thereof were laid the day before the feast of Kings which wee call Twelfe day where hauing some intelligence of the Presidents comming hee had called all the heads of his party vnto him to consult what was to be done in the end they resolued to send vnto the emperour and to informe him of the causes of their rising and to iustifie themselues for the death of the gouernour Nugnes and it was concluded that the Deputies should carry letters from all the townes in Peru and that they should demand the generall gouernement for Gonsaluo Pizarro That in passing by Panama they should informe themselues of the president Guascas authority and should acquaint him with the cause of their voyage with protestation that if hee attempted any thing or did presume to enter into the Countrey of Peru in armes before their returne and the Emperours answer they would resist him by armes The deputies were Ierosme Loyosa Archbishop of the city of Kings Laurence of Aldana who commanded the garrison there Thomas of saint Martin prouinciall of the order of saint Dominicke at Peru and Gomes de Soli◠de Carceres some of which being suspect to Pizarro namely the prouinciall he was glad to be rid of him and to estrange him from his designes procuring the bishop of Sancta Martha to goe the voiage with them Thus the deputies being dispatcht they imbarked in diuers ships and sailed towards Panama causing Laurence Aldana to aduance and aduertise them what was done there In the meane time there was a conspiracie discouered against the person of Gonsaluo which had beene practised as they said by Vela Nugnes the deceased gouernors brother who
the low Countries attended to gard him it being dangerous sailing vpon that coast there came from Southampton a shippe royally appoynted being followed by tenne others which were sent by the Queene to receiue the princes person and his whole Court in the which were many noblemen of England sent to that end 1555 and to present vnto him the order of the Garter which he receiued with a ioyfull countenance and put the garter on his left leg Hee would not haue anie go into the ship with him but the duke of Alba Ruy Gomes de Silua Antonio de Toledo and Pedro Lopes the first was his lord steward the second lord chamberlain the third master of his horse and the last a steward also but afterwards other noblemen and the whole court landed with their furniture which continued three days During the princes stay there he was entertained with all the state that might be desired from thence he went to Winchester where the Queene attended him and where the marriage was celebrated On the 25 of that month Philippe made king of Naples there was first read the renunciation of the emperour his father by the which he resigned vnto him the realme of Naples then the articles of the capitulation made in regard of that marriage The Emperour would not neyther did the English thinke it fit their Queene should marrie with any one that had not the tittle of a King so as the realme of Naples was assigned vnto him and soone after the Duchie of Milan Whereupon the Marques of Pescara was sent to Naples to take possession in his name which ceremonie was done the 25 of Nouember with great solemnity in the presence of cardinall Pacheco then viceroy and of the prince of Bisignano who was created Sindic of the city to that end In the yeere 1555 died pope Iulio de Monte Death of pope Iulio the third hee was of a quiet disposition louing his people but irresolute in his greatest affaires which grew of a desire he had to be friend both to the French king and Emperour who hauing not that art that was requisite to reconcile their old quarrels hee found himselfe often deceiued in his designes and was not beloued of any of them Death of pope Marcel He was succeeded by Marcel Ceruin of Montepulciano cardinall of Sancta Croix a man of a verie good life giuing great hope of his good gouernment but hee died within three weekes after his election confirming a common opinion in the people of Rome that the Popes which change not their name die presently His successour Iohn Peter Caraffa cardinall of Ostia failed not to change his name whom they named Paul the fourth Pope Paul the fourth hee was called Chietin or Thietin of the name of an Order of religious men whereof hee had beene the Author at such time as hee was Bishop of Chieti or Thieti in Abruzzo he was also surnamed the Warrior 16 The same yeare Queene Ioane mother to the Emperour died in the towne of Tordesillas Death of queen Ioane the emperours mother hauing beene alwayes troubled in her sences and distracted since the death of king Philippe her husband vntill that she was threescore and fifteene yeeres old this princesse troubling her selfe infinitely for that she thought she was contemned and that they kept her as a prisoner this ambitious humour of commaund would not suffer her to take any rest so as this sharpe and violent humor of melancholie which she had as it were by inheritance from the Queene D. Isabella a Portugall wife to D. Iohn the second King of Castille her grandmother was continued and augmented in her 17 Henry of Albret king of Nauarre died about that time at Pau Death of Henry of Albret king Nauarre in the fiftieth yeare of his age He ordayned as the Kings his predecessours had done that he would be buried in Pampelone whose bodie was layd at Lescar in Bearne To whose possessions and right to the realme of Nauarre Ioane of Albret his onely daughter succeeded beeing married to Anthonie of Burbon duke of Vendosme Gouernors of Nauarre This realme detained by the Emperour was in the meane time gouerned by Viceroyes about the yeare one thousand fiue hundred and fiftie by D. Barnardin Cardenas duke of Magueda in whose time D. Philippe prince of the Asturies and heire of Castille Arragon c. was sworne prince of Viana and in the yeare one thousand fiue hundred fiftie and two D. Bertrand de la Cuenâ— duke of Albuquerque took vpon him the gouernement it is hee that was in Guipuscoa whenas the French held Fontarrabie By him there were certaine light enterprises made vpon the frontires of France and vpon the towne of Saint Iohn de Lus in the precedent warres and by the diligence of the said Duke of Albuquerque the prince D. Philip was declared king of Nauarre with the emperours consent by the Estates of the Countrey beeing assembled at Pampelone Death of D. Pedro of Nauarre Marquesse of Cortes in the yeere one thousand fiue hundred fiftie and sixe About this time D. Pedro of Nauarre Marquesse of Cortes and Marshall of the realme of Nauarre died at Toledo leauing for heire to his possessions D. Ieronima of Nauarre in fauour of whom her husband D. Iohn de Benauides was made marshall The warre had beene verie hot these last yeares betwixt the French and the imperials vpon the frontiers of Artois and Picardie and in Piedmont the which had extended into Tuscaine whereas Peter Strossy who commanded the French forces was defeated in battell by the Marquesse of Marignan Generall for the emperour Sienna had beene long beseeged by the Imperials Sienna loseth her libertie and defended by the French but in the end it was yeelded and made subiect to the duke of Florence But the French notwithstandingh this bad successe in Tuscaine began to grow strong in Piedmont and seemed to threaten the duchie of Milan where there wanted a Gouernour D. Ferdinand Gonzague being called in Flaunders to iustifie himselfe as hee did of the slaunders wherewith hee was taxed by D. Iohn de Luna a Spaniard Castellan of Milan and the Chaunceller Tauerne Ruy Gomez de Silua imbraced this occasion who beeing much beloued by king Philip and finding the duke of Alba to be a great competitor in his Maiesties fauour hee had practised long by all the policies of a Courteour to send him from Court besides hee was suspected to fauour them that did molest Fernand Gonzague to the end that being called thence the duke might haue meanes to bee sent thither with a large authoritie the which succeeded according to his desire for the warre increasing in Piedment and ill mannaged by them that commanded the king resolued the emperours Councell being also of that minde to send the duke of Alba to reduce it into some better estate But he would not accept of that charge which indeed was great and weighty
these there were as some write other secret articles concluded betwixt Caraffa and the duke of Alba concerning Palieno and that duke During these broiles betwixt the Pope and the king of Spaine the warre was as violent vpon the frontiers of Artois Picardie where the duke of Sauoy being general for the king of Spain S. Quentin taken entred with an armie of 40000 men he beseeged S. Quentin defeated and tooke the Constable which came for to relieue it and then tooke the towne after which the duke of Guise was called home out of Italie The duke of Sauoy hauing taken Castelet and some other places in Picardie dissolued his armie after which the French king hauing raised a great armie commaunded by the duke of Guise Calis taken hee tooke Calis Guines and all the land of Oye from the English in the heart of winter 1558 Soone after the Marshall of Termes went with an armie into Flaunders where hauing taken Bergues and Dunkerke and beseeged Grauelin hee was charged by the earle of Egmont his armie defeated and hee himselfe taken Marshall of Termes defeated After which rout the French king leuied new forces and came and camped about Amiens And king Philip on the other side being nothing inferiour in forces lodged neere vnto Dourlans Whilest that these two mightie armies which lay so neere one vnto another held all the world in expectation of some bloudie battell God inspired the hearts of these two great Princes with a desire to quench this warre without effusion of bloud and to preferre an accord before a doubtfull victorie wherefore their Deputies being assembled in the Abbaie of Cercampe vpon the Marches of Artois hauing propounded certaine Articles a peace was more easily concluded at Castell Cambresis Peace betwixt France and Spaine vpon the newes of the death of Marie queene of England The conditions were 1 That king Philip being a widower should marrie Elizabeth eldest daughter to king Henrie 2 That Marguerite of Fraunce the kings Sister should bee giuen in marriage to Emanuel Philibert duke of Sauoy and that in consideration thereof all his country townes Castles and iurisdictions of Sauoy and Piedmont should bee restored except the towns of Turin Quier Pignerol Chiuas and Villanoua of Ast which should continue three yeares in the French kings hands and that in the meane time the king of Spain should retaine Ast and Verceil 3 That all the Townes and forts which had beene taken in these last warres should bee restored on either part whether they did belong to those kings or to others which had followed their parties and namely the Island of Corsica to the Genouois Montferrat to the duke of Mantoua and the towne and castle of Bouillon to the bishop of Leege 4 That they of the house of Longueuille should bee put in possession of the countie of Saint Paul and the king D. Philip of the country of Charalois the Soueraigntie referued but there was no mention made of the Siennois 5 That the two kings should doe their best endeuours to entertaine the peace of Christendome and should procure the continuance and ending of the generall councell begun at Trent This yeare one thousand fiue hundred fiftie and eight Death of Queen Leonora queene Leonora sister to the Emperour Charles the fift died in Februarie at Talaberuela three leagues from Badajos shee was first wife to Emanuell king of Portugall and then to Francis the French king she was honoured with a royall funerall pompe And in September following the emperour Charles ended all his toiles Death of the Emperour Charles the fift and past to a better life in the monasterie of Saint Iust where hee had remained two yeares his bodie was left there to bee afterwards buried in the monasterie of Saint Laurence which king Philip his sonne did since build with great charge and state in remembrance of the victorie gotten against the French and the taking of the Constable on Saint Laurence day the tenth of August Hee left an immortall fame of his valour Praises of the Emperour Charles more than any of his predecessors had done in many hundred yeares before for that in him all those vertues might be seene which are to bee desired in one that shold gouerne his people iustly and commaund armes and manage warre iuditiously He was verie religious and pitifull to the poore wherein he seemed rather prodigal than liberall In his eating drinking apparel he was very temperate modest so as he might wel be a president to any priuat mā as wel as to great princes in the practise of that vertue He had a care of justice to haue it duly administred although the continual wars wherewith he was afflicted made him to endure many defects He not only spake the language of euery nation on where hee commaunded in Europe but also those that were not vnder his gouernment for hee spake the French and Sclauon tongues readily In other things hee was not learned but eloquent shewing great grauitie in his speech It seemed that his good fortune did strue with vertue to fauour him Hee was prompt in execution and constant against any apparent daunger little esteeming death Hee was so accustomed to the toyles of warre that vntill hee grew aged it seemed no trouble vnto him Hee liued eight and fiftie yeares sixe moneths and sixe and twentie daies his funerals were celebrated with great pompe throughout all the cities of his realme yea throughout Christendome euerie one seeming both in publike in and in priuate to be partakers of this generall losse In December after king Philip his Sonne caused his funerall to bee made at Brussells with great state and pompe where all his most glorious enterprises were represented Spaine this yeare besides the losse of two such great Princes was not a little annoyed by the Turkes army which going from Prouence landed some men in the Island of Minorca beyond the port of Maone and there after some difficultie and losse Armie of Turks in Minorca they tooke Cittadella where there were not aboue fiue hundred men to defend it of whome there were aboue foure hundred slaine the Turkes disdaining that they were forced to batter it and to giue some assaults before they could take it And so valour which is wont to bee admired and respected of the enemie did now cause a contrarie effect in the hearts of these barbarous and cruell men and hauing spoyled the towne and the whole island they returned with many prisoners into Prouence 22 A little before the emperours death Death of D. Iohn the third king of Portugal D. Iohn the third of that name king of Portugall died at Lisbone to the great griefe of his subiects by reason of the infancie wherein hee left D. Sebastian the heire of the Crowne Hee was stately and beautifull Prince and of hautie enterprise hee continued the Nauigation of the Indes with great happinesse and reputation and made the name
in Iulie some say he was poisoned Death of the Prince of Spain others write that he was strangled by foure slaues He was buried in the Monasterie of S. Dominike the royall at Madrid whereas the king D. Pedro the cruel had beene interred Peter Mathew in his French Historie writing of the life and death of king Philip the second he sets downe a formall proceeding of the father against his Sonne in this action the which for that this subiect is so rare and memorable I haue thoght good also to insert After the Princes restra int◠Mathews vpon the death of Prince Charles as wee haue saied the king saith hee propounded to his Councel of conscience what punishment a kings son deserued that had made leagues against his estates and conspired against his fathers life and whether hee might be called in question His Councell laied two remedies before him both iust and possible the one of grace and the other of Iustice and punishment shewing him the difference betwixt the mercie of a father and the sinceritie of a king saying that if by his clemencie he did pardon them which loued him not hee must of force pardon that creature which should be most deare vnto him They desired him to imitate the emperour Charlemaigne who imputed the first conspiracie of his Sonne Pepin against him to the follies of youth for the second he confined him into a Monasterie protesting that he was a father not a king nor a iudge against his Sonne The king answered that by the law of nature he loued his Son better than himselfe but by the law of God the good and safetie of his subiects was to be preferred Moreouer hee demanded if knowing the miseries which the impunitie of his Sonnes offences would breed whether he might with a safe conscience pardon him and not be guiltie of these miseries Whereat his Diuines shrunke in their shoulders and with teares in their eies said that the safetie and health of his subiects ought to be dearer vnto him than his sonnes and that hee ought to pardon offences but such crimes should bee supprest as abhominable monsters Hereupon the king committed his Sonne to the censure of the Inquisitors commending them not to respect his authoritie no more than the meanest within his kingdome and to regard the qualitie of his Sonne as if he were borne a king making no distinction thereof with the partie accused vntill they found that the excesse of his offence would no more admit of this consideration remembring that they carried in their soules a liuelie image of the king which had iudged Angels and should without distinction iudge kings and the Sonnes of kings like vnto other men referring al vnto their consciences and discharging his owne The Inquisitors Iudgement of the inquisitors against the Prince of Spain for that he was charged to haue practised with Castillion Admirall of France the prince of Orange and other enemies of the Romish◠Religion declared him an heretike and for that hee had conspired against his fathers life they condemned him to die The king was his accuser and the Inquisitors his iudges but the sentence was signed by the king which done they presented many kinds of death in picture vnto the prince to make choise of the easiest In the end he demanded if there were no pitie in his father to pardon him no fauour in his Councell for a Prince of Spaine nor any wisdome to excuse the follies of his youth when as they told him that his death was determined could not be reuoked and that all the fauour was in the choise of the easiest death hee said that they might put him to what death they pleased that there was no choise of any death seeing that they could not giue him that which Caesar held to be the best These words deliuered with passion were followed with a thousand imprecations against his fortune against the inhumanity of his father and the crueltie of the Inquisition repeating these words often O miserable Sonne of a more miserable father He had some daies giuen him to prepare himselfe for death 1568 One morning foure slaues entred into his chamber who awaking him put him in mind of his last houre and gaue him some time to prepare himselfe vnto God He start vp suddenly and fled to the bed post but two of them held his armes and the third his feet and the fourth strangled him with a cord of silk Many hold that he died of letting blod his feet being put in warm water But Campana in the life of Philip 2 writes that being in prison he fel verie sick by reason of his disordred diet and drinking too much cold water wherewith his stomack grew so weake as he could not digest any meat which the Phisitions could not helpe so as hee died as he affirms of this sicknes verie religiously and penitenly to the great griefe of the king the whol state moreouer he writes that the king being much perplexed for this great losse retired himselfe into his chamber with two seruants wold not giue any audience then for many daies into the monasterie of S. Ierosme a mile without the town sequestring himself of al affairs writing only to princes potentates causing his secretaries to write vnto all his realms states of the death of his deare only son Thus writers discourse diuersly of the death of this Prince the which I leaue to the iuditious Reader to beleeue what he shall thinke most probable Within foure months after the death of the Prince D. Carlo Death of the queen of Spain the Queene D. Isabella his mother in law died also being broght in bed of her third child before her time the Phisitiōs hauing ignorātly caused her to take too much Phisick fering some other infirmitie this was the brute of the court of Spain But in France they had reason to think that the life of this princesse was shortned like vnto that of D. Charles by some notable malice by the same instruments For they to whom D. Isabella did belong in bloud had been verie carefull to auer the causes maner of her death but not so resolute to call it in question as Clouis sons were to reuenge the iniurie done vnto their Sister in Spaine where she also had beene maried As for the Prince Turkett it was verie cōmon in Spain that the great hatred the king bate him grew rather from the suggestions and reports of others than from his own misdeeds for by nature he was neither giuen to any odious vices Disposition of the prince D. Charles neither was he of so harsh and sower a disposition as commonly great men of that coūtrie be It is true that D. Charles kept his grauitie to courtiers that he shewed himselfe verie ambitious too desirous to mannage affaires and to be imploied and was giuen to some kindes of pleasures Such as would excuse him said
King of Sicile they began to raigne in the yere 1474 and had Lawfull children D. Isabell Queene of Portugall mother to D. Michel who had beene heire to all the realmes of Spaine if he had liued D. Iohn who died yong D. Ioane Queene heiâ—e D. Maria Queene of Portugall D. Katherine XXI King of Castille 42 of Leon. D. IOANE daughter to the Queene D. Isabell and D. Ferdinand her husband she was married to the Archduke D. PHILIP of Austria they succeeded to the Realmes of Castille and Leon in the yeare 1504 and raigned together two yeares they had Lawfull children D. Leonora Queene of Portugall and of France D. Charles King and Emperour D. Isabell Queene of Denmarke D. Ferdinand Emperor D. Marie D. Katherine XXII King of Castille 43 of Leon. D. CHARLES by the decease of his father D. Philip succeeded to the right of the Crowne of Castille vnder the gouernment of the King D. Ferdinand his grandfather after whose death hee tooke vpon him the gouernment of the realme by reason of the incapacitie of the Queene D. Ioane his mother in the yere 1516 hee raigned 42 yeres in Castille Arragon and Nauarre D. ISABELL daughter to King Emanuell of Portugall his wife Lawfull children D. Philip king D. Marie Empresse D. Ioane married to the Prince of Portugall D. Ferdinand who died yong By Concubines he had Bastards D. Marguerite duchesse of Florence and Parma D. Iohn d'Austria XXIII King of Castille 44 of Leon. D. PHILIP 2 sonne to the Emperour Charles 5 in the yeare 1558 he raigned fortie yeares D. MARIE of Portugall his first wife mother to D. Charles D. MARIE Queene of England died without children D. ISABELL of France his 3 wife mother to D. Isabella Clara Eâ—genia D. Catherina D. ANNA of Austria his 4 wife by whom he had Lawfull children D. Charles D. Laurens some say Fernand. D. Diego or Iames. D. Philip. D. N. a daughter XXIIII King of Castille 45 of Leon. D. PHILIP 3 now raigning sonne to Philip 2 in the yeare 1598. D. MARGVERITE of Austria daughter to the Archduke Ferdinand of Gratz his wife Line of Nauarre First King in Sobrabre and Nauarre D. GARCIA Ximenes in the yeare 716 he raigned 42 yeares INIGA his wife mother to Garcia Inigo II. D. GARCIA INIGO second of that name in the yeare 758 he raigned 44 yeres the name of his wife is vnkowne D. Fortun Garces his sonne III. D. FORTVN GARCES sonne to D. Garcia Inigo in the yeare 802 he raigned 13 yeares D. THEVDA of Arragon daughter to D. Galinde D. Sancho Garces IIII. D. SANCHO GARCES first of that name sonne to D. Fortun in the yeare 815 hee raigned 17 years The name of his wife is not found D. Ximen Inigo it may be their sonne V. D. XIMEN INIGO in the yeare 832 he raigned 8 yeres D. NVGNA his wife D. Inigo Arista VI. D. INIGO ARISTA in the yeare 840 he raigned 27 yeres some hold that hee was not sonne to D. Ximen but issued from the Lords of Bigorre and elected D. THEVDA daughter to Zeno Earle of Biscaie D. Garcia Inigo VII D. GARCIA INIGO third of that name sonne to D. Inigo Arista in the yeare 867 he raigned 18 yeares D. VRRACA heire of Arragon his wife Children D. Fortun. D. Sancho Abarca D. Sancha Queene of Leon. VIII D. FORTVN in the yere 885 hee raigned 6 yeres in Nauarre and Arragon which was a small thing then and vnder the soueraigntie of Nauarre This king made himselfe a Monke and left the realme to his brother IX D. SANCHO ABARCA 2 of that name in the yeare 901 raigned 19 yeres D. TODA or THEVDA his wife Children D. Garcia Sanches D. Vrraca Xemenes Queene of Leon. D. Marie Countesse of Barcelona D. Theresia Queene of Leon. D. Sancha Countesse of Castille D. Blanche married to the Lord of Biscaie Some hold this King had 3 sonnes more D. Ramir. D. Gonsal D. Ferdinand X. D. GARCIA SANCHES 4. of that name sonne to D. SanchO Abarca in the yeare 920 he raigned 49 yeres THERESIA his wife Children D. Sancho Garces D. Ramir. D. Vrraca D. Ermesilde D. Ximena XI D. SANCHO GARCES third of that name sonne to D. Garcia Sanches in the yeare 969 he raigned 24 yeares D. VRRACA his wife Children D. Garcia D. Ramir father to D. Sancho D. Garcia D. Gonsal XII D. GARCIA the shaking sonne to D. Sancho Garces 5. of that name in the yere 993 he raigned 7 yeres or thereabouts D. XIMENA his wife D. Sancho their sonne XIII D. SANCHO 4 of that name sonne to D. Garcia the trembling in the yeare 1000 hee raigned 34 yeres D. NVGNA daughter to D. Sancho Earle of Castille which by some is called D. Maior heire of Castille Children D. Garcia King of Nauarre D. Ferdinand king of Castille D. Gonsal king of Sobrarbre and Ribagorsa Of D. Caya the Ladie of Ayuar a Concubine D. Ramir King of Arragon XIIII D. GARCIA 6 of that name sonne to D. Sancho 4 in the yere 1034 he raigned 20 yeres D. ETTIENETTâ— a French woman of the house of Cartassone and of Beziers his wife Children D. Sancho Garcia King D. Ramir. D. Ferdinand D. Raymond D. Ermesilde D. Zimena D. Maior D. Vrraca or Ognedâ— XV. D. SANCHO GARCIA 5 of that name sonne to D. Garciâ— in the yere 1054 hee raigned 22 yeres D. PLAISANCE his wife D. Ramir Sanches of D. Eluira daughter to Cid Râ—y Dias had D. Garcia Ramires who raigned D. Sancho Ramires D. Eluira D. Garcia the elder D. Garcia the second These children did not succeed XVI D. SANCHO RAMIRES who was 2 king of Arragon seazed vpon the realme of Nauarre and is nombred for the â— of that name in the yere 1076 he raigned 18 yeres D. FELIâ—E daughter to the Earle of Vrgel his wife mother among other children named in the Line of Arragon to Children D. Pedro. who were kings of Nauarre and Arragon D. Alfonso D. Ramir a Monke XVII D. PEDRO 1 of that name sonne to D. Sancho Ramires in the yere 1094 he raigned 10 yeres 3 moneths D. BERTHâ— or INES of Tuscaine his wife D. Pedro died an infant D. Isabell died also before the father XVIII D. Aâ—Fonso brother to D. Pedro 1 of that name vnited all the Christian realms of Spaine together by his marriage with D Yrraca heire of Castille and Leon he came to the Crowne of Nauarre in the yere 1104 and raigned 30 yeres D. VRRACA daughter to Alfonso 6 of Leon and Castille his wife by whom he had not any children XIX D. GARCIA RAMIRES 7 of that name sonne to D. Ramir Sanches grand-child to D. Sancho Garcia 5 of that name he was chosen by the Estates in the yere 1134 and raigned 16 yeres D. MERGELINA or MARGVERITE as some say daughter to Rotron Earle of Perche his wife Children D. Blanche D. Sancho king D. Alfonso Ramires D. Marguerite Queene of Naples D. VERACA base daughter to D. Alfonso 8 king of Leon and
of Foix to ruine the right of Nauarre 770 Conspiracie against the Queene of Castile and Bertrand de la Cuena 779 Continuance of the warre in Cattalonia 786 Confederates in Castile contemne the Popes authoritie 779. they appeale from him to a generall councell 800 Contention for the Bishopricke of Siguenza 801 Courtesie well rewarded 804 Confession of Ioane Queene of Arragon at her death 810 Contempt of Iustice in Castile 821 Constable of Castile murthered bp the people 832 Contention betwixt king Fernand and Queene Izabella 847 Consultation touching the re-union of the royall reuenue 880 Confederates to the Duke of Viseo executed 910. Contention betwixt the Arch bishop of Toledo and the Queene of Castile 915 Columbus his first comming to the Kings of Castile 918. his first voyage to the Indies 945. hee is made Admirall of the Indies 948. his third voyage to the Indies 956. he with his brother are sent prisoners into Spaine 960. his fourth voyage to the Indies 970. his death 880 Councels are dangerous for the Church of Rome 883. Couetousnesse of a Spaniard controulled by an Indian 906 Conspiracie against king Fernand 912 Contention for the Master-ship of S. Iames 924 Contention for the towne of Areualo 924 Court of Parliament violated 948 Complaints against Cardinall Ximenes 949 Controuersie for the Earledome of Ribadeo 952. Coronation of the king of Castile the first of that name 960 Conference of Deputies touching the Realme of Nauarre ibid. Combat betwixt two Arragonois 968 Councell giuen to the Emperour by the Bishop of Osma 974 Colledge of Iesuites built at Ebora 977 Conference for the limits of Nauigation betwixt Castile and Portugal 978 Conditions imposed vpon the Elector of Saxony 1016 Constancy of the Elector of Saxony 1018 Contreras a rebel at Peru. 1034 Commendation of the Emperor Charles 1081 Councel of Trent 1094 Controuersie betwixt the French and Spaniards for precedence 1095 Commissioners appointed to order the Moores 1127 Confiderations of the Councel of Spaine 1133 Councellors about D. Iohn of Austria 1147 Conuoy defeated by the Moores of Granado 1152 Christians defeated by the Moores ibid. Commander of Castile disswaded D. Iohn from fighting with the Turke 1164. hee is sent to succeed the Duke of Alba in the gouernment of the Low countries 1178 Cruelty of a Grandfather 10 Cruelty and treachery of Lucullus 96 Cruelty auarice and infidelity of Valens against the Gothes 129 Cruelty of Fab. Maximus against the Spaniards 101 Cruelty of Agila against the Christians 140 Cruelty of Victeric to young Luiba 144 Cruelty of King D. Alphonso 414 Cruelty of Sancho King of Castile 435 Cruelty of D. Iohn of Castile 438 Cruelty breeds feare but not loue in subiects 504 Cruelties committed vpon the Iewes 632 Cruelty and couetousnesse to the Indians made religion odious to the vnbeleeuing 945 Cruelty of the sonne to his father and brethren 1020 Cruelty of the Marquis of Mendeiar 1144 Cruelty of the Xereffe Mahumet 1190 Cruelty of the Marquis of Santa Cruz to the French 1224 Custome to anoynt kings taken from the Hebrew 188 Custome to make women drinke first in Spaine 218 Custome antient and religious to purge themselues by oth 246 Cuenca taken from the Moores 320 Curse of the father vpon the sonne 417 Custome of Alaua 487 Cusco reuolts from Gonsaluo Pizarro 1030 Conquest of the Island of the Tercera's 1227 D DAmas the seat of the Caliphes 164 Desire of reuenge brutish 3 Description of Spaine 13 Description of Sardinia 22 Description of the Celtiberians 28 Defeat of the Carthagineans 44 Defeat of Spaniards 79 Defeat of Celtiberians 91 Despaire of the Numantins 108 Death of many learned Spaniards 119 Defeat of the Emperor Valent army and his miserable end 130 Defeat of Alaric 131 Defeat of Attila 133 Desire of reuenge in a woman damnable 134 Defeat of Sueues and death of Richiaire 135 Death of Ricarede and his vertues 144 Decree of the ninth Concile of Toledo 148 Decree made against the Iewes 152 Death of Mahomet 162 Defeat of Moores 174 Deeds of charity done by D. Ramir King of Leon. 203 Death of the seuen brethren of Lara very lamentable 214 Defeat of the Castillans and death of their Earle 218 Declyning of the Moores Monarchy in Spaine by their diuisions 220 Death of D. Sancho King of Nauarre 230 Detention of D. Garcia of Nauarre in Castile 237 Death of D. Garcia Sanches King of Nauarre 237 Deeds of almes done by the King of Castile 239 Debate for the Primacy of Spaine 252 Death of Cid Ruis Dias 263 Death of D. Alphonso the sixth 268 Death prodigious of D. Vrraca of Castile 280 Dexterity of D. Alphonso king of Castile 288 Debate among Bishops to inlarge their Dioceses 290 Death of the Emperor D. Alphonso 301 Death of D. Sancho the desired 304 Death of D. Raymond Berenger Earle of Barcelona 310 Defeat of Christians nere to Alarcos 329 Deeds of D Sancho the Strong 330 Deceit of Mary Queene of Arragon commendable 333 Descendants of the house of Champagne 334 Death of D Fernand of Nauarre 337 Death of D. Fernand sonne to the king of Castile 339 Death of D. Sancho King of Portugal 344 Death of D. Alphonso the noble king of Castile 347 Death of D. Henry king of Castile 352 Death of D. Aluar and D. Fernand de Lara 355 Death of D. Fernand king of Castile 381 Death of D. Alphonso Infant of Arragon 393 Death of the Infant D. Fernand de la Corde 410 Death of D. Iaime king of Arragon 411 Death of D. Sancho king of Castile 438 Death of Fernand king of Castile 458 Death of D. Pedro of Castile and D. Iohn his vncle very strange 463 Defeat of Pisains and Sardynians before Caillery 467 Death of Mary Queene of Castile 466 Death of D. Denis king of Portugal 469 Defeat of Nauarrois by Guispucoa 477 Death of D. Fernand heire of Castile 495 Defeat of Arragonois and Nauarrois by the Castillans 499 Defeat of the garrison of Logrogne by the Earle of Foix. 500 Death of Ximenes de Luna Archbi of Toledo 506 Defeat of the Castillan army and death of the Admiral 509 Death of Philip king of Nauarre 517 Decree against the king of Maiorca 521 Defeat of the king of Arragons troupes by his rebels 523 Debate betwixt Toledo and Burgos for precedence 527 Death of D. Alphonso king of Castile 528 Detention of the Prince of Nauarre in France 591 Death of D. Fernand king of Portugal 602 Deliuery of the Prince of Nauarre in fauor of the king of Castile 605 Death of young Galston of Foix. 606 Death of D. Pedro king of Arragon 619 Demands of Portugal to Castile 639 Demands of the Biscains to the King of Castile 640 Death of Pope Clement at Auignon 649 Death of Iohn king of Arragon 650 Death of the Archbishop of Toledo 663 Demands made by D. Henry of Castile to the Estates 666 Death of the two sonnes of Nauarre 667 Death of Pero Lopes of Ayala a
valiant Knight 670 Death of D. Martin king of Sicile 673 Death of D. Fernand king of Arragon 678 Death of Charles king of Nauarre 689 Death of D. Iohn king of Portugal 704 Defeat of the Master of Alcantara by the Moores 709 Death of Ioane Queene of Naples and her testament ibid. Death of Edward king of Portugal 717 Death of D. Blanch Queene of Nauarre 722 Death of two Queenes sisters beeing poysoned 722 Demands made by the confederats to the king of Castile ibid. Death of D. Henry Infant of Arragon 730 Deuise of the Prince of Nauarre 741 Defeat and death of the Infant D. Pedro duke of Coimbra 746 Discouery of the Canaries 641 Discouery of the coast of Afrike by Protugals 747 Desire of rule affections of a noble minde 753 Desâ—eignes to trouble Castile 761 Desire of command an vntamed fury 734 Death of D. Pedro Giron Master of Calatraua 795 Desire of riches takes away all Ciuill respects 802 Descent of Portugal 773 Death of the Infant D. Alphonso of Castile 805 Deeds of charity done by the Earle of Haro 821 Death of D. Iohn de Pacheco Master of Saint Iames. 840 Decrees of the Estates in Castile executed 884 Discouery of Manicongo 906 Dâ—spaire sometimes bringeth helpe 933 Death of Iohn king of Portugal 951 Death of Pope Alexander the sixth 873 Death of Isabel Queene of Castile 874 Discription of Oran 877 Death of many noblemen in Spaine ibid. Death of Philip king of Castile 881 Demands vnciuily made by king Fernand to him of Nauarre 902 Darien a neck of land at the Indies 906 Death of Gonsalo Fernandes of Cordoua 920 Defeat of Turkes at sea by the Spanish gallies 930 Death of king Iohn and Queene Catherine of Nauarre 933 Demands of the townes of Spaine 945 Demolitions in Nauarre 996 Death of Fernand Magellanes 977 Death of D. Manuel king of Portugal ibid. Death of the Empresse Isabella 1000 Death of Mary of Portugall wife to king Philip. 1003 Desseigne of the Emperor against Germany 1014 Defeat and taking of the Elector of Saxony 1016 Death of Vasco Nugnes Gouernor at Peru. 1028 Dexterity of Pedro Guasca Gouernor at Peru. ibid. Death of Queene Ioane the Emperours mother 1040 Death of D. Iohn the third king of Portugal 1052 Description of Malta 1114 Degrading of a Priest by the Inquisition 1123 Desseignes of the Prince of Spaines descouered 1130 Death of the Prince of Spaine 1131 Death of Elizabeth Queene of Spaine 1132 Death of the Marquis of Poza 1136 Defeat of Christians 1146 Death of Marc Antonio Bragadin 1162 Death of D. Sebastien not beleeued of many 1203 Decree of the Gouernors against D. Antonio 1212 Death of Queene Anne of Castile 1214 Death of Philip Strossy 1223 Distinction of Spaine within the Country 15 Diuision of Spaine according to the antients 23 Diuision of Spaine according to the warre ibid. Discretion of Colonels to pacifie a muteny 69 Dissembling of Pompoy before Numantia 103 Diuision of the Gouernment of Spaine 120 Distinction of the East and West Gothes 129 Dissention betwixt the Emperors Lieutenants was the losse of Spaine and Affrike 133 Diuersity of religion kils all charity 138 Diuision among the Gothes 140 Discourse of Mahumet not very credible 145 Disloyaltie of Paul a captaine to Bambas 149 D. Diego Porcello stem of the Princes of Castile 195 Diuision among Christians giues an entry to infidels 213 Disposition of a woman inclined to reuenge 214 Dishonost desire of a Countesse of Castile 218 Dignity of chiefe Iustice of Arragon 272 Disposition of D. Alphonso king or Castile 147 Diuision among the Nobility of Nauarre and Arragon 284 Disposition of D. Raymond Berengers will 310 Disposition of the spoile after the battaile of Muradel 342 Disposition of king Thiband 373 Diuision in Arragon 445 Distrust of D. Iohn of Castile and treachry of king Fernand cause of great troubles 457 Disloyalty of the king of Castile 497 Disposition of the will of D. Frederic king of Sicile 503 Disposition of D. Pedro king of Portugal 549 Diuision of Castile before it was conquered 561 Disposition of Charles king of Nauarre 592 Disposition of D. Iohn king of Castile 597 Disposition of the noblemen of Portugal 602 Disposition and qualities of Aluaro de Luna Constable of Castile 745 Diuines delude the Constable of Castile ibid. Diego Hurtado de Mendoza restored to his right of Guadalaiara 765 Disorders in the gouernment of Castile 826 Diuision betwixt the father and the sonne 897 Difference betwixt Ferdinand king of Arragon and Philip and Ioane kings of Castile 880 Disposition of Iohn king of Nauarre 884 Distribution of the spoile at Oran 894 Difference betwixt a vassal and a subiect 905 Drinke giuen to king Fernand by the Queene his wife 913 Diuision among Councellors in a state dangerous 929 Discipline of them of Peru at the warre 982 Diu attempted in vaine by the Portugals 996 Disposition of the Alarabes of Affrike 1003 Diu beseeged by the king of Cambaca 1018 Disposition of D. Charles Prince of Spaine 1132 Disobedience and insolencies in Christian souldiers 1146 Disposition of king Sebastian 1160 Difficulties in pursuing the victory of Lepanto 1171 Tomitian the second persecutor of the Church 120 Donation falsely fathered vpon Constantin 14â— Docility of the Gothike nation 129 Donations titles and preuiledges of Monasteries vncertaine 210 Donations to Churches 230 Dominike of Osma Author of the Iacopins Order 345 Donation made by Alphonso de la Cerde to the king of Nauarre 478 Discord betwixt the Gouernors and Estates of Portugal 1208 Drought prodigious 13 Dragut beseeged by Doria at Gerbe and escapes 1038. hee comes to Malta and is slaine there 1115 Duke of Brittan slaine at the Popes coronation 452 Dukes Marquises and Earles not hereditary in Spaine 484 Duke of Beneuent seekes to purge himselfe to the king of Castile 646 Duke of Bragances practises discouered by his secretary 906. he is beheaded at Ebora 907 Duke of Viseo slaine by the king of Portugals owne hand ibid. Duke of Valentinois sent prisoner into Spaine 873 he escapes out of prison 883. hee is slaine at the seege of Viana 886 Dutie of a well aduised captaine 894 Duke of Alba enters into Pampelona 905 he submits himselfe to the Cardinal Ximenes 952 Duke of Gandia becomes a Iesuite 964 Duke of Alba sent viceroy into Italy 1041. hee complaines of the Popes actions 107 he goes to assaile Rome 1079. he is sent into Flanders 1129. he sends to treat with the Queen of England 1170. he enters into Portugal 1211 Duke of Guise sent with an army into Italy 1076 Duke of Medina Celi sent to gouerne the Low countries 1170 he refuseth the gouernment 1171 Duke of Albas exploits in Portugal 1212. his death 1226 D. Diego Prince of Spaine borne 1174 Discourse betwixt D. Anthony and Carcamo 1216 Description of the Tercera's 1218 Death of Diego Prince of Spaine 1226 Deputies sent from the Estates of the vnited Prouinces into England 1232 E EArles and
Pegnafiel 669 Gouernment of a woman cause of contention 719 Gonsalo the great captaine breakes his faith and promise 996. he is made duke of Terranoua Sessa 874. his is honored by king Lewis 12. 883 Gouleta taken by the Emperor 988. taken againe by the Turkes 1174 Gouernors made by D. Sebastian going into Affrike 1200 Gouernors of Portugal after Henries death 1207 Gretians Authors of lies 2 Gracchus victory against the Celtiberians 92 Gregory Bishop of Ostia Protector of Vines 265 Grecians defeated by the Cattelans 455 Greene crosse the badge of the Knights of Calatraua 676 Granado yeelded to the Kings of Castile 940 Greedines of the Flemmings gouerning K. Charles 945. Greatnes of the King of Spaines dominions 1095 Gun-powder an ancient inuention 8 Guadalquibir the Spring and course 16 Guipuscoa a member of the realme of Nauarre 201. Guifts to Elenor of England Queene of Castile in fauour of her marriage 315 Guipuscoa yeelded to the king of Castile 335 Guipuscoans enemies to the Nauarrois 500 Gifts of Henry the 4. king of Castile 753 Gouernors draw king Philip into Portugal 1210 they seeke to dissolue the Estates ibid. H HAnno's voyage along the coast of Affricke 34 Hannibal sent into Spaine ibi he is made Gouernor of Spaine 36. he marcheth towards Italy 39 Hanno defeated by Scipio ibid. he is sent againe into Spaine 61 Hambroz the Moore betrayes the Toledains 180 Hatred betwixt fiue Christian kings raigning in Spaine 326 Habit of the knights of Alcantara 355 Haro Lord of Biscay much honored by the king of Castile 429 Hatred betwixt D. Iohn Nugnes de Lara and Don Alphonso of Albuquerque 532 Hatred among Courtiers cannot be reconciled but with the ruine of the one partie 701 Hatred of the Portugueses and Castillans 1210 Hesperus of whom Italy and Spaine are named 5 Hercules defeates the Curetes 9 Heauines in Gn. Scipio's army without apparent cause 47 Hermingild a Christian slaine by his fathers commandement being an Arrian 141 Henry of Lorrain the stemme of the house of Portugall 247. he is the fitst Earle of Portugall 258. D. Henry takes vpon him the title of king of Castile 566. he is defeated in battell 570. he is releeued againe by the French 572. hee is setled king of Castile 578. he is poysoned 596 D. Henry the 3. proclaymed king of Castile 628 Hermite an Impostor 644 D. Henry subdues his rebels ibid. D. Henry Master of the Order of Christ first discouered at sea 681 D. Henry Infant of Arragon depriued of his lands in Castile 684 D. Henry de Guzman drowned neere to Gibraltar 711. Henry Prince of Castile wonne by the Constables faction 726 Henry the fourth king of Castile giues his enemies meanes to make war against him 783. beeing destitute of all humane helpe hee hath recourse vnto God 784. he is degraded in effigie and his brother declared King of Castile 781. his patience ibid. hee oppresseth his trustie seruants and dares not deale with his rebels 796. hee is forsaken by his subiects 800 his indiscretion 803. his false oath 825. hee takes no cares for the succession of the Realme 841 Hermandades of Castile 828 Hernando Alraco beheaded 881 S. Herme at Malta taken by the Turke 1116 D. Henry king of Portugall 1204. his proceeding touching the succession 1205. his death and disposition 1207 Hypocrisie of the Infant D Sancho 417 Hypocrifie of the Inquisitors in Spaine 1123 Horses in Spaine 27 Hope and Despaire breed like effects at the seege of Sagunt 37 Honor and liberty animate valiant men 66 Hospitality of king Almenon a Moore 241 House of Biscay 313 Houses of Religion built by Alphonso king of Portugall being excommunicate 391 Hospitaliers enriched with the spoyls of the Templers 453 Houses of strength retreats for theeues ruines in Guipuscoa 740 House of Braganza in Portugall 776 House of Mendoza gouernes the Realme of Castile 797 Hospitall of S. Iames built for Pilgrimes 917 Hope of gaine makes vice remaine vnpunished 915. Hunger in the Emperors army at Alger 1005 Humanity of Metellus to poore innocents 100 Huns chase the Gothes out of their conquests 129 Humanity of the Gothes to the vanquisht Sueues 135. Humanity of King Hazen to a Christian his prisoner 214 Huesca taken and the Moores defeated 264 Humanity and modesty of a Moorish king 417 Hugh Iudge of Arborea murthered by his subiects 618. Humanity of Christians to banished Iewes 947 Husbandrie of Cardinall Ximenes 937 I IAen deliuered to the king of Castile 376 Iacobins first Inquisitors in Spaine 1120 Iberians gaue the name to Spaine 3 Idlenes makes souldiers insolent and mutinous 68. Idlenes and ease enemies to vertue 88 S. Iames taken by the Moores 21â— S. Iames of Compostella made an Arch-bishoprick 278. D. Iames king of Maiorca dispossest by his Nephew 428 D. Iames king of Maiorca slaine 525 Iew Collector of the kings reuenues slaine in Guipuscoa 774 Iewels and plate taken from Churches by the king of Castile 852 Iewes and conuerted Moores oppressed vpon slanderous reports 992 Iewes constrained to be baptized 958 Ignorance makes people subiect 30 Ignalada surprized by the Prince of Arragon 788 D. Iohn Nugnes de Lara defeated and taken prisoner 444 D. Iohn of Castile brings the Moores into Spaine against the king his brother 438 D. Iohn Alphonso of Albuquerque poisoned 537 D. Iohn of Abendagno murthered by the Lord of Biscay 539 D. Iohn de la Cerde slaine by the king of Castiles commandement 546 D. Iohn of Arragon in the king of Castiles presence 547 D. Iohn Master of Auiz aspires to the gouernment of Portugal 603. he is chosen king of Portugal 607. he cals the English into Spaine 613 D. Iohn de Pachâ—co gouerns Prince Henry of Castile 717 Iohn king of Arragon pawneth Roussillon to Lewis the French king 769. he is proclaimed an enemy to the country ibid. his clemency 1830. his second marriage ominous to the realme of Nauar 862. he giues the precedence to his son the king of Castile 864. his death 873 Iohn king of Nauar goes into Castile 962. hee is forced to retire into France 903 Saint Iohn de Luz burnt by the Spaniards 1006 D. Iohn de Luna flies into France 1076 Iohn de la Valette great Master of Malta 1116 Islands about Spaine 3 Illiturgis beseeged by the Carthaginians 44. taken by Scipio 66 Illora yeelded to king Fernand. 917 Impiety of Valens 126 Impatiency of Thiâ—aud Earle of Champagne to reigne 366 Impiety of Manfroy Frederies bastard 389 Imprisonment and murther of D. Iohn Nugues de Prada 536 Imprisonment of the Master of Auiz 599 Imprisonment of D Pedro Maâ—rique 712 Imprisonment of Charles Prince of Viana 763 Impunity the nurse of all disorders 836 Impositions cause of troubles 1001 Imperial army landed at Alger 1003 Islands of Philippina discouered 1113 Imputations laied vpon the Duke of Alba. 1216 Indiscretion and rashnesse of Bostares 41 Infidelity of the Celtiberians 46 Integrity of Paulus Aemilius 86 Incounter of L. Bibius vnfortunat ibid.
he did owe the Genouois to 12. His liberalitie hath appeared in recompensing the merits of many of his seruants His liberalitie He made his Schoolemaster Primat of the Church of Spaine as his father had aduanced his vnto the Popedom There are few such princes now that vse such requitals There are no more Alexanders That is 480000 crownes who gaue eight hundred talents to his Schoolemaster Arislotle Kings haue long hands but few haue them so large after this proportion The king of Spaine did neuer leaue any goodlie action either of learning justice or warre without reward Hee did not onely doe good vnto the good to make them better but also to the bad least they should grow worse But he did neuer aduance them hee loued to fauours disproportionable to their condition He did much for Ruy Gomes for the loue of his wife the princesse of Eboly Yet this liberalitie did neuer make a passage for him to great affaires He was verie circumspect in the distinction of great charges especially of such as concerned the administration of justice whereon as Plato said depends the safetie and ruine of an Estate And although that the earle of Chinchon being bred vp with him in his youth should haue expected more than any other yet he obtained nothing but what he held fit for his qualitie Honours ruine them that deserue them not He was woont to say That all stomackes were not fit to disgest great fortunes and that ill meat did not corrupt sooner and turne to bad humors than honour in a soule without merit As for his constancie against afflictions 〈…〉 for tune could neuer shake him In two diuers accidents happening at two diuers times he shewed the constancie of his mind and the equalitie of his affections neither puffing him vp insolently in prosperitie nor deiecting himselfe basely in aduersitie When the post brought him newes of the victorie of Lepanto His great moderation in prosperitie he thought to see him much transported with joy but hee made no shew of any alteration and hauing vnderstood the order and successe of the battell hee spake these words coldly D. Iohn hath hazarded much Now when another post did bring him newes of the losse of that great nauie at sea thinking it would haue plunged him into a gulph of cares and perturbations at the report of so fatall an accident hee was not a whit mooued His constancie in aduersitie saying onely That hee had sent it against men and not against the windes and waues Vulgar spirits are transported with choler at euerie crosse accident this vnmatchable losse doth not trouble this prince who continued his deuotion in his Oratorie Some other would haue torne his haire and haue whipt the Ocean as Xerxes did The duke of Medina Sidonia Generall of this armie sending to know his pleasure if hee would haue him come and giue an account of his charge he answered That hee should first goe home to his house to refresh and rest himselfe before he came to Court It were fit we should see the backside of this Medaile Vices of the K. of Spaine and speake something of the errours and vices of this prince as well as of his vertues seeing it is fit to speake all for examples sake yet it is not good to trouble the rest of the dead Nicons image ouerthrew him that strooke it with a staffe A dead stone did reuenge the injurie that was done vnto a dead man It is sufficient to say That as this prince was commended for many great vertues so hee was blamed in his youth of great dissolution to voluptuousnesse and a violent propension to crueltie These two vices doe seldome abandon one another Euerie voluptuous prince is cruell if necessitie constraine him This plague doth infect and blemish the glorie of vertues how bright soeuer they be in the life of a prince Victorinus might haue beene compared to the best Emperours yea hee should surpasse Traian in bountie Antonine in clemencie Nerua in grauitie Vespasian in sparing of his treasure Pertinax and Seuerus in the integritie of his life and in the seueritie of militarie discipline but all these vertues were so quencht by voluptuousnesse as no man durst speake vnto him The king of Spaine hath put many to death in the excesse and first fits of his choler King of Spaine 〈◊〉 and distrustfull He was as suspitious distrustfull and cruell as euer any was He did not allow the prince his sonne to speake with the Infanta his daughter but by permission and in the presence of their gouernors The jealousie of Soueraigne power makes no distinction of person nor spareth not his owne bloud as appeared by his owne sonne and Sultan Solyman caused his sonne Mustafa to bee strangled for that the Ianizaries made great acclamations of joy at his returne from the warres of Persia. Some write of him That besides the aboue named vices he was fearefull doubtfull close and a dissembler ambitious and proud beyond the condition of man and nothing religious of his word in matters of Estate the duke of Vilhermosa and the marquesse of Fuentes are good witnesses he put them to death after that he had pardoned them the reuolt of Arragon And those words which he spake in his last instruction to his sonne speaking of the Low Countries doe verifie it It is true said hee I haue giuen them to your sister but it imports not you haue an hundred â—â—asions which you may vse in time His ambition appeared in that he affected the Empire by all possible meanes which not able to obtaine he sought the title of Emperour of Spaine yea some write That he was resolued to goe vnto the Indies to take vpon him the title of Emperour of America After all his ambitious proiects against Africke his attempts against England and Ireland and his intelligences with the Turkes Barbarians and Persians whom hee hath sought to diuide and to make vse of euen against Christian princes yet in the end he was forced to confesse That all the power and pompe of this world was meere vanitie He had foure wiues but he was vnfortunat in the first the which was Marie princesse of Portugall His wiues and children who bare him one sonne whose name was Charles but his life was short and vnfortunat and his end violent being charged by the Inquisition to haue thought ill of the Faith and to haue had intelligence with Chastillion Admirall of France and with the prince of Orange touching the Low Countries His second wife was Marie queene of England by whom hee had no issue His third was Elizabeth of France surnamed by the Spaniards the Queene of Peace who brought him two daughters the Infanta D. Isabella Clara Eugenia now Archduchesse of Austria and Ladie of the Low Countries and the Infanta D. Catherina Michelle who was duchesse of Sauoy His fourth wife was Anne of Austria daughter to the Emperour Maximilian and his owne neece
by whome he had three sonnes and one daughter of the which at his death there remained onely the prince who was then called Charles Laurence but at his comming to the Crowne he was surnamed Philip the third He ended his dayes with an act of wisedome worthie of his long experience Princes cannot enter into their realmes by a better port than the loue of their subjects If their fathers be dead desired and lamented they must doe some great matter to mollifie this sorrow Painters are no more bound to represent the true lineaments of the face than princes are to represent their fathers vertues whose liuelie images they are Before his death hee made an Edict which could not be pleasing vnto his subiects who began to murmure and it seemed that they would not be so satisfied if they proceeded to execution Wisedome of the King of Spaine It was not made for that the king of Spaine had any desire to haue it executed and obserued but to the end he might giue the prince his sonne a good occasion to win the peoples hearts for he sayed presently that hee would neuer allow of the execution of that Edict and that he would breake his head that should first speake it the which hee spake so lowd as euerie man thought himselfe happie to liue vnder the command of such a prince who would proue better than his father We haue formerly made mention of a paper which the king drew out of a casket and deliuered to his sonne the which contained this instruction following My sonne Instruction of the King of Spaine to his Sonne I haue beene euer carefull to leaue you your Estate setled and in peace but neither the many yeares which I haue liued nor the assistance of princes my allies could euer purchase it I confesse that I haue spent in lesse than thirtie three yeares fiue hundred ninetie and foure millions of ducats all which haue bred me nothing but cares and troubles It is true I conquered Portugall but as France did easily escape me so may this be wrested from me I would to God I had followed the aduice of the Emperour Charles my deceased father of famous memorie or at the least that you would beleeue and follow mine I should then beare my crosses more willingly and should die with more content leauing you in this vallie of miseries Behold then what I leaue you for an euerlasting restament besides so many kingdoms and Estates that you may see as in a glasse after what maner you shall gouerne your selfe after my death Be alwayes verie watchfull of the alteration and change of States to make your profit thereby according to occurrents Haue a vigilant eye ouer them that are most familiar with you in councell You haue two meanes to entertaine your realmes of Spaine the one the present gouernement the other the trade to the East and West Indies As for the gouernement you must either relie vpon the nobilitie or vpon the Clergie If you leane vnto the Church-men keepe the other in awe as I haue done but if you fortifie your selfe with the nobilitie shorten the reuenues of the Clergie as much as you may If you seeke to countenance them alike they will consume you and trouble your realms whereof you shall neuer see a finall conclusion Consideration of Forraine Princes If you will make good vse of the nobilitie my aduice is that you keep good correspondencie with the Low Countries for they are friends to the French English and some princes of Germanie therein you can haue little assistance from Italie Poland Sueden Denmark or Scotland The king of Scotland is poore Denmarke drawes his reuenues from foreine nations Sueden is euer in faction and not well situated the Polonians are alwaies masters of their kings Italie although it bee rich yet is it far off and the princes are of diuers humors On the other side the Low Countries are populous rich in shipping constant in labour diligent in search hardie to vndertake and willing to endure It is true I haue giuen these prouinces to your sister but it imports not there are an hundred euasions whereof in time you may make your profit The chiefe are that you keepe your selfe alwaies gardian to her children and that there be no alteration concerning religion for these two points taken away you are quite depriued of those countries And then will some other princes present themselues and bind them vnto them by some meanes which may proue your ruine If you thinke to fortifie your selfe against this by the Clergie you shall purchase many enemies I haue tried yet keepe good correspondencie with the Popes Aduice touching the Pope be bountifull and kind vnto them entertain such cardinals as they fauour most and labour to beare a sway in the Conclaue Keepe friendship with the bishops of Germanie but commit not the distribution of their pensions to the Emperor Let them know you they will serue you the more willingly and will receiue your presents more thankfully Draw not any neere vnto you that are of base condition neither respect the nobilitie and commons alike for seeing I must now speake the truth their pride is great they are verie rich they must haue what they desire they will be burthensome vnto you and in the end will be your masters Serue your selfe then with such as are of the noblest families and aduance them to preferments of great reuenues the common sort are not so needfull for they will procure you a thousand discontents which will consume you Beleeue not any of them if they be not of qualitie Free your selfe from English spies and French pensions Imploy some of the noblemen of the Low Countries confidently whom you shall haue bound vnto you by fealtie Councel touching the Indies As for the Nauigation of the East and West Indies therein consists the strength of the kingdome of Spaine and the meanes to curbe Italie from the which you shall with much difficultie restraine France and England their power is great they haue many mariners the seas are spatious their marchants too wealthie their subiects too greedie of gaine and their seruants too faithfull I haue excluded the Low Countries but I feare in time mens humors may change and therefore you must often change your ministers at the West Indies Such as you call home make them of your Councel for the Indies and so in my opinion you shal neuer be circumuented but both the one and the other will acquaint you with the gaine aspiring to more honour See how the English seeke to depriue you of that commoditie they are mightie at sea both in men and shipping As for the French I doe not much feare them Fortifie your selfe with them of the Low Countries although they be partly heretikes and would continue so with this prouiso That they shall freely sell their marchandise in Spaine and Italie paying the kings customes and other dueties And in taking pasports to