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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A69789	The history of Poland. vol. 2 in several letters to persons of quality, giving an account of the antient and present state of that kingdom, historical, geographical, physical, political and ecclesiastical ... : with sculptures, and a new map after the best geographers : with several letters relating to physick / by Bern. Connor ... who, in his travels in that country, collected these memoirs from the best authors and his own observations ; publish'd by the care and assistance of Mr. Savage.	Connor, Bernard, 1666?-1698.; Savage, John, 1673-1747.	1698 (1698)	Wing C5889; ESTC R8630	198,540	426

City has always above 2000 Soldiers in Service and they can easily maintain 12000 but in Cases of Necessity they have been known to have rais'd 60000. For Ships they have no Men of War but abundance of Merchant-men of 3 or 400 Tuns each and 30 or 40 Guns apiece They never Trade so far as the East or West-Indies but into the Streights and all over Europe they do Here it may not be improper to give Your Excellency some short Account of their present Coin in Dantzick But first by way of Digression I may observe that the Coin which the Teutonic Order brought into Prussia not proving sufficient to furnish that Country with Money those Knights soon began to set up Mints and to coin Money of their own there which they perform'd with so much accuracy that most Nations have allow'd that where-ever invented the Art of Coining was there first brought to Perfection This has been confirm'd by the great Antiquary Spelman who was of Opinion that our English Word Sterling came from the Easterlings a People of Prussia and who coming from thence into England first taught us the Art of Refining and Coining purer Silver than we had before made use of The Species of Money now Current in Prussia or rather in Dantzic are these Gold Ducats Ourts Choustacks and Chelons A Ducat is worth two Rix-Dollars or 9 Shillings English An Ourt is a Silver Coin equal to the French Piece of 15 Sous and worth 18 Grosses of Dantzic and 30 of Poland A Choustack is of the value of 6 Dantzic-Grosses or 10 Polish And as for their Chelons three of them make one of their Grosses The farther Difference between the Polish Money and theirs stands thus The Tinfe that is worth 30 Grosses of Polish Chelons is worth but 18 of those of Dantzic The Ducat which is of the value of 12 Franks of Polish Chelons is worth but 7 of the Current Money here Five Choustacks or an Ourt and two Choustacks make a Livre of Dantzic-Money because 5 Choustacks make 30 Grosses and 30 Grosses make 20 Pence This City of Dantzic was taken from the Danes by Sabislaus Grandson to Swentorohus about the Year 1186 and was seiz'd by the Poles some short time after The Knights of the Teutonic Order made themselves Masters of it in 1305 and Wall'd it round in 1314. Casimir III. King of Poland surnam'd The Great regain'd it in 1454 and granted very great Privileges to the Citizens who afterwards declaring for the Auspurg-Confession sided with Maximilian of Austria against Stephen Batori insomuch that the latter proscrib'd and even besieg'd them in 1577. but however by the Mediation of other Princes they were restor'd to their Religion and Liberties in 1597. In 1656. they vigorously repuls'd the Suedes and adher'd to the Interest of John Casimir King of Poland And at present they make one of the Members of this State having been admitted to a Suffrage in the Election of the Polish Monarchs in the Year 1632. This my Lord is what I have been able to gather from Dr. Connor's Memoirs and the best Authors that have writ any thing of the Trade of Poland and of the famous City of Dantzic and wherein if I may not be so happy as to correspond every where with your Excellency's greater Knowledge of those matters I hope at least I may be excus'd upon account of my good will to entertain you and the publick as far as my assistance went which if granted will abundantly recompence the Endeavours of My LORD Your Excellency's Most Humble Servant J. S. LETTER VIII To the Right Honourable CHARLES Earl of Burlington Of the Origin of the Teutonic Order and the Succession of all its Great Masters in the Holy-Land Prussia and Germany together with its present State in the Empire MY LORD DR Connor having design'd this Letter for your Lordship's Entertainment and not having had leisure to accomplish it himself by reason of the urgency of his Profession desired of me to Address it for him but upon a just Reflection on the meanness of my Abilities and an awful Regard to your Lordship's Grandeur I found I had more than ordinary reason to decline it Yet however upon balancing your goodness with your great Quality and considering my well meaning at the same time with my attempt I hop'd I might not be so unfortunate as to Offend if I undertook it and the rather because of the great conformity which the subject I were to write of had with the hopes which the Nation has in you My LORD Your Lordship will here find that this Order was first founded to reward and encourage Great Actions and that particularly in the German Nation whence it came to have the Title of Teutonic for when the Emperour Frederic Barberossa had engaged in the Crusade for recovery of the Holy-Land a great number of German Nobility and Gentry joyn'd his Army as Volunteers Of this Crusade were several other great Princes of Europe such as Philip King of France Richard I. King of England Frederic Duke of Suabia the Dukes of Austria and Bavaria Philip Earl of Flanders Plorant Earl of Holland c. After this Emperor's Death the Germans being before Acon or Ptolemais which they then besieged chose for their Leaders Frederick Duke of Suabia second Son to the aforesaid Emperour and Henry Duke of Brabant Under these Generals they behav'd themselves so well both at the taking of Acon Jerusalem and other places of the Holy-Land that Henry King of Jerusalem the Patriarch and several other Princes thought themselves oblig'd to do something extraordinary in honour of the German Nation Hereupon they immediately resolv'd to erect an Order of Knights of that Nation under the protection of St. George but afterwards they chang'd that Saint for the Virgin Mary by reason that she had an Hospital already founded on Mount Sion at Jerusalem for the relief of German Pilgrims of the manner of building which Ashmole in his Order of the Garter gives this following account He says that in the time of the Holy-War a wealthy Gentleman of Germany who dwelt at Jerusalem commiserating the condition of his Countrymen coming thither on Devotion and neither understanding the language of that place nor knowing where to lodge receiv'd them hospitably into his House and gave them all manner of suitable Entertainment Afterwards obtaining leave of the Patriarch he erected a Chappel for them and Dedicated it to the Virgin Mary whence the Knights that were established there afterwards came to have the Title of Equites Mariani Other German Gentlemen contributed largely to the maintaining and encreasing this Charitable Work insomuch that in a short time these Knights became very numerous and wealthy and gave themselves to Military Employments and to acts of Piety and Charity In the Year 1190 they elected their first Great Master Henry Walpot and in the Year following had their Order confirm'd upon the request of

the Livonian Order and to his Heirs for ever This happening not long after Luthers Reformation influenc'd Duke Gothotred to become a Protestant and to Marry which none of his Order had ever done before him This Duke had two Sons Ferderic and William whereof the eldest Frederic succeeded him in the Year 1587 but at length dying without issue these Dukedoms came to his Brother William who returning from banishment was receiv'd by the Curlanders with a great deal of Applause This Duke had but one only Son who was Godson to our King James I. After his Death his Son Duke James came to inherit the two Dutchies of Curland and Semigallia This Prince was much given to building of Ships having every thing in his Country proper for that purpose By means of Shipping he discover'd the River Semigal in Guinea and the Island of Tobago one of the Caribbee Islands in America which then was altogether uninhabited Here he built a Fort calling it by his own Name James-Fort and moreover was at vast expences in Cultivating and Fortifying this Island and which he enjoy'd without any interruption for many Years together At length one Lambson a Zealander and a very rich Man as likewise one of the States of Holland getting into a corner of this Island and after much dispute being suffered to Plant there upon paying a yearly Tribute to the Duke he at last took advantage of the War between the Suedes and Poles and of the Duke's Imprisonment by the former to dispossess him of the said Island which he effected after this manner He appear'd with some Forces before the aforesaid James-Fort and perswading the Garrison that the Duke their Protector being carried away Prisoner by the Suedes could not possibly relieve them and that therefore they must necessarily perish unless they forthwith deliver'd up the Fort and Island to him the Soldiers began immediately to Mutiny chain'd their Governor and forc'd him to capitulate and comply with the said Lambson who at the same time engag'd himself as soon as the Duke was set at liberty to restore the Island and what was left there according to an Inventory then taken The Dutch being thus got into possession of this Island the Duke after many long and fruitless endeavours with the Lambsons first and afterwards with the States sinding that neither of them were enclinable to Restitution appli'd himself to our King Charles II. for assistance in recovery of his Right submitting the Island altogether to the King's Protection as being willing to hold it Subtitulo Concessionis or by a Grant from the Crown of England whereupon the ensuing Treaty was formally concluded which for a greater eclaircisement of the matter I have thought not improper to insert The Agreement was in these Words BE it known unto all and singular Person and Persons to whom these Presents shall come That on the 17th of the Month of November in the Year of Our Lord 1664. by a double Writing of the same Tenure and Language it was Agreed between the most Serene and most Potent Prince Charles II. by the Grace of God King of Great Britain France and Ireland Defender of the Faith c. of the one part And the most Illustrious Prince James Duke in Livonia of Curland and Semigallia on the other part That the said Lord the King by these Presents doth give and grant to the said Lord the Duke of Curland his Heirs and Successors full liberty of Trade and Commerce for such Ships as do properly belong to him or them but not such Ships as belong to any of his Subjects in any Rivers or Havens within the Dominions of His Majesty on the Coast of Africa which is call'd by the Name of Guinea as also in any Merchandize not exceeding the value of Twelve thousand Pounds Sterling yearly according to the Prices the said Merchandizes first were bought for on those Coasts and Places from whence they were exported together with full liberty to build one or more Ware-houses or Storehouses fit for laying up Merchandizes under the Castles and Forts which shall belong to his said Majesty or his Subjects on those Coasts to hold and enjoy the said Liberties as long as there doth continue Friendship Amity and good Understanding between the said King and the said Duke and upon due consideration of the Concession or Grant thus made by His Majesty the said Duke of Curland Grants and makes over unto His said Majesty his Heirs and Successors the Fort of St. Andrews in Guinea and all other Forts Fortifications and Sconces there belonging to the said Duke together with all Guns Bullets and Powder and other Instruments of War belonging to the same or any of those Forts And the said Duke of Curland doth Agree and Promise for himself his Heirs and Successors that they shall respectively pay to the said Lord the King his Heirs and Successors three in the hundred for Customs of all Goods and Merchandises in Specie as well into the Ports of His said Majesty in Guinea or thence exported as aforesaid and that unto such Officer or Officers whom or which his Majesty his Heirs or Successors shall establish or depute for the recovering or receiving of the said Customs or Duties And moreover his said Majesty by these Presents doth give and grant to the said Duke of Curland his Heirs and Successors all and every that Island call'd Tobago scituate about 12 Degrees North-Latitude and 316 Degrees of Longitude being one of those commonly call'd the Caribbee Islands together with all the Lands Havens Creeks Rivers and Profits to the same belonging to be held and enjoyed under the King's Protection Provided always and under the Condition that the said Duke of Curland his Heirs and Successors shall not suffer or permit any others whatsoever besides his own Subjects and the Subjects of the said Lord the King his Heirs and Successors to abide in the said Island to settle Plantations or build Houses but the Subjects of the said Lord the King his Heirs and Successors shall be always freely permitted to abide in the said Island and to have Plantations and Houses and to enjoy all such Privileges Liberties Immunities and Benefits as any of the Subjects of the said Duke his Heirs and Successors shall or may have hold use or enjoy without any Contradiction or Opposition whatsoever neither shall they be compell'd to pay any other Contributions or Impositions whatsoever saving such as are necessarily requir'd for the defence of the said Island and equally in the same proportion paid by the Subjects of the said Duke Moreover the said Lord Duke Agreeth and Promiseth that neither himself his Heirs and Successors nor any other for the use of him them or his Subjects shall Export or Import or suffer to be Exported or Imported any Merchandises Goods or Provisions of the said Island of Tobago otherwise then out of or into some Ports belonging to

Literae Restium by some and by others VVici signifying in Polish a Staff and carried alost to every one of the Chief Noblemen of the District thrice in a Month and Proclaim'd as often in all Cities and Towns All Courts of Justice cease at the third reading of these Letters unless it be those of the Vice Starosta's who exercise their Jurisdiction as before After the last reading of these Letters a Place is appointed by several private Assemblies of the Nobility in every District for particular Musters and afterwards for the General Muster of every Palatinate Here the Palatins and Castellans take an exact Account of the Men Horses Arms c. neither of which can be chang'd after that Muster At the same time also the Palatin divides the Districts among the several Castellans and orders them their several Posts In those Palatinates where there is but one Castellan there part of his Duty is performed by a Vice-Chamberlain c. and in Lithuania by a Marshal of every District This particular Muster being over the Castellan of every District leads the Gentry under his Command to the place of general Muster for the Palatinate where the Palatin Musters them again and takes an account of the Defaulters Before the Castellans come to the Palatins Justice is absolutely in their Hands but afterwards they must resign it to the Palatin tho' Capital Crimes are always reserved for the determination of the General or rather of the King who of late days has had a Council of War Assign'd him for that purpose I may here observe that the Gentry are always Muster'd and Registr'd annually by their respective Officers Starovolscius reasonably requires two necessary Qualities in the Polish Horse which they seldom or never have and those are Expedition and Obedience As to the former he says they are always unwilling to leave their Wives and Children and therefore never care for appearing before they are forced by the third Summons And as for the latter when they are got together he says thinking themselves Powerful they are always Plotting and ready to Rebel against their Superiours and the reason is that altho' the Kingdom of Poland abounds with all manner of Plenty yet in every Expedition almost the Soldiers are ready to starve which is occasioned by a shameful neglect of the Chief Officers to furnish the Army with requisite Provisions whence it often comes to pass that tho' matters are brought to the nearest issue yet they are generally forsaken before they are accomplished the Soldiers Heads running after nothing but Forrage and Plunder which they take wherever it comes in their way whereby the Country is generally injur'd instead of being righted and defended There are other Causes of this Confusion and Disorder in the Army which I shall speak of hereafter When the Gentry have been thus Muster'd by the Palatins they are next to be led by their Officers to the Place of general Rendezvous where every Palatin delivers up his Charge to the Supremacy of the Great General In their March they are not to be quarter'd upon any of the King 's or Gentrys Estates but are to encamp in the open Fields that they may make no disturbance in the Citys At this day the Generals Power is very much limited in respect of what it was formerly for then a General was altogether Absolute and his Will alone went for a Law but now he can do little without the consent of such as the Republick has Assign'd him Besides the Great Generals and Field-Marshals the King by the Laws is obliged to be in the Army in Person This appears by the example of King Alexander who by reason the Gentry demanded his Presence among them tho' Sick was forced to be carried in a Litter into the Camp This was thought to have been Plotted by the Contrivance of the Duke of Glinski who hoped thereby that the King would catch his Death Before I proceed any farther I ought to give your GRACE a Division of the Polish Army and therein observe that it is composed of different kinds of Soldiers as first of the Pospolite or Militia 2. Of hir'd Soldiers 3. Of Auxiliaries 4. Of Quartarian Hirelings And 5th of Voluntiers And again it consists both of Horse and Foot and those Natives and Foreigners the Natives are for the greatest part Horse or Cavalry and may be divided into four sorts which may also be considered in two manners as first heavy-Arm'd and secondly light-Horse The former are 1. The Hussartz which with their Horses are both in close Armour And 2 the Tovarzysz which have only a Breast-Plate Helmet and Gorget These are both choice Men and the latter are so named from a word in Polish which signifies Companion The first of these are Armed with short Lances Sabres and Pistols and the second with Carabines Bows and Arrows c. These short Lances are called by the Poles Kopye whence also the Body of Men that uses them is term'd Kopiynick These Kopiie are about 6 Foot long and tied to the Horsmen's Wrists with strings of Silk When they come near their Enemy they dart their Lances with all their Force against them and if they miss their Bodies they suddenly snatch back the Lance by help of the Silken string but where they have mortally wounded any then they slip the Silk and leave the Lance in their Bodies till such time as they can ride up to them to cut of their Heads with a broad well temper'd Sabre which always hangs by their Saddles Both the Hussartz and Tovarzysz with their Horses look frightfully being stuck all over with Wings of Storks Cranes Turky-Cocks c. and Cloath'd over their Armour with skins of Leopards Tygres Bears Lyons c. all which they do to make themselves the more terrible to their Enemy These Cavalry for the most part set themselves also off wilh various Partycolour'd Mantles which oftentimes shine with Jewels Gold and Silver Of the Hussartz there are but 5 Companies in Poland every Company consisting of about 300 Men all Arm'd Cap-a-pe They have but one Lieutenant in each Company which they call Poruczknik and one Korazy or Trumpeter with a particular sort of Trumpet which they call Koronzy One of these the present King of France caus'd to be brought into his Kingdom with design to have the like made but being extreamly costly and not like to be of any great use among the Cannon he laid his Intention aside The Light Horse are also of two sorts and are either with Armour or without The first sort wear Coats of Mail and differ in Names as they do in Countries The Poles call them Pancerznicy Koragwy and the Lithuanians Petihorsky Koragwy which last differ something in their Dress from the former The number of these far exceeds that either of the Hussartz or Tovarzysz They are both separate Companies and are Incorporated into no Regiments They are in all about 6 or 7000

over his Pret●nsions 208. c. Cujavia Territory Division into Palatinates 234. Chief Cities and Towns ibid. Cracovia Palatinate It s division into Districts 237. Cities and Towns ibid. Their several Descriptions 238 c. Castellan's Power 248. Czentochova a Town Famous for a Convent 244. Cruswick City It s Description 235. Culm Pal. Join'd by the Territory of Michalovia 260. Chief Cities and Towns ibid. Their several Descriptions ibid. c. Culm City It s Description 260. Caminiec City It s description 275. Built 320. Chelm Pal. Division into Districts 282. Chief Cities and Towns ibid. Their descriptions ibid. c. Chelm City It s description 282. Crasnistaw Town It s description 282. D. Denmark It s King taken Prisoner II. Dantzic Made a City 39. Dantzickers reduc'd 89 c. First allow'd a Vote 120. Deputies first admitted to the Diet 65. Diet. Conven'd 85 101 119 124 140 154 205. Dobrina Pal. In what abounds 289. Division into Districts ibid. Chief Cities and Towns 290. Their Descriptions ibid. c. Dobrina City It s description 290. E. Election By Horse-race 15. Peaceable 118. Of Sigisimund de Vasa 106. Of Uladislaus VII 119. Of John Casimir 124. Of Michael Wiesnowiski 144. Of John Sobieski 155. Embassadors Admitted to Audience 105 120 141 159. Elbing Town It s description 263. F. Family of Lechus 11 c. Cracus from 12 to 14. Leschus II. from 15 to 17. Piastus from 21 to 57. Jagello from 58 to 82. Factions Lutheran and Catholick 102. Not to be United 103. The former Mutiny ibid. Suppressed ibid. Three Factions 103. Lutheran's Policy 105. Frederic August King Elected 207. Takes possession of Cracow ibid. Crown d ibid. Reasons why he is likely to restore Poland 209. First German Prince that has been King ibid. G. Great Poland Province It s Division 220. Palatinates 221. Their several Cities and Towns ibid. c. Their Arms 226 c. Gnesna City It s description 223. Great Dukes of Lithuania Their several Lives from 310 to 324. Grodno City It s description 329. H. Henry I. Elected and Dethron'd 48. Appoints a Successor in vain ibid. Hedwigis Queen comes into Poland 58 Is Crown'd and how long Reign'd ibid. Has several Suitors ibid. Marries Jagello 59. Dies ibid. Henry of Valois King Sent for by the Diet 85. Agrees to Articles and takes an Oath ibid. c. Is Crown'd 86. Abdicates Poland 87. Embassies sent after him in vain ibid. House of Austria Jealous of Sigismund I's greatness 71. Raises Enemies against him ibid. How came by Hungary Bohemia and Silesia ibid. Habit of the Poles 177. Heilsberg City It s description 263. Halicz Town It s description 271. I. Jagello Great Duke of Lithuania Becomes Christian 59. Crown'd King of Poland and how long Reign'd ibid. Converts the Lithuanians ibid. Founds the University of Cracow ibid. His Wars ibid. Death and Issue 60. John Albert King His Character 66. Policy and Army defeated ibid Makes Peace with the Valachians and Turks 67. His Death ibid. John Casimir King Led a Religious Life and made Cardinal 124. His Character and Travels 126. Like to be excluded ibid. c. Elected 128. His Marriage ibid. His Wars ibid. c. Suedish King invades Poland 139. Wherefore 131. Motives and means of Casimir's Abdication 134. His Death 135. His Epitaph 136. John Basilowitz Czar of Muscovy Is a great Tyrant and his variety of Tortures 78. John III. Sobieski Elected in the Year 1674 163. His Father and Mother ibid His Travels 164. His Marriage ibid. His Generosity 165. Zeal to Arms discourag'd 166. War with the Turks and Tartars 167 c. A Battle 169. His Coronation 172. He relieves Vienna 173. Defeats the Turks 174. His entry thro' the Breach 175. Pursues the Enemy ibid Takes Zytehin in Hungary 176. Enters into a League against the Turks 177. Is immoderately covetous ibid. His Person and Dress ibid. His Character 179. Engages Dr. Connor in a Dispute ibid. His Buildings 184. Care of his Children 185. His great Riches ibid. Fortune formerly and gradual Promotion 150 His Sister 198 What Issue she left 200. Account of the King's Distemper from the Bishop of Plosko 201 c. The King's Death 204. Reflections on his Disease ibid. Inter Regnum before the present King's Election 205. Inowlocz Pal. Division into Districts 235. Chief Cities and Towns ibid. K. King Of Poland his Policy 8. The first 9 25. Four classes of Kings 10. Title ceases 30. Restor'd 48. King of Sueden enters into a League with the Elector of Brandenburg 132. Koningsberg in Regal Prussia built 45. It s description 264. Kalisch City It s description 226. Kalisch Pal. Its Arms 227. Kiovia Pal. How bounded 277. Chief Cities and Towns 278. Their descriptions ib. c. Kiow City It s Description 278. L. Laws What formerly in Poland 5. Lechus I. 10. Founds Poland 5. Builds Posnan and Gnesna 6. Occasions Poland the Name of Lechia ib. His Posterity how long Reign'd 11 12. II. His Banishment and Death 13. Lescus I. 14. Elected by a Stratagem ib. Reign and Death uncertain 15. II. How Elected 14. His Death 15. III. His death uncertain 16. IV. His Character and Death 23. V. Surnam'd the White 39. Under Guardians ib. His Wars 40. Is dethron'd ib. Restor'd ib. Dethron'd again 41 Put by an Election ib. c. Re-establish'd 42. Murther'd in a Bath ib. VI. When Elected and how long Reign'd 46. His Wars ib. Insurrection against him ib. Retires into Hungary 47. Returns with success ib. His death ib. Leaves his Kingdom in distraction ib. Lascon●gus Vide Uladislaus III. Locticus vide Uladislaus IV. Lewis King of Hungary When Crown'd and how long Reign'd 56. Oblig'd to take an Oath ib Returns into Hungary ib. His Wars Death and Issue 57. Commendable Example of his ib. Leopol City whence so call'd 46. It s description 267. Luther's Doctrine when first known here 70. Very much propagated 78. The occasion ib. First Person of Note that embrac'd it ib. Lutherans Contend for share in the Government 101. Obtain perpetual Liberty of Conscience ib c. Lutheran party Dissents 107. Elects and Proclaims Maximilian of Austria 〈◊〉 2 Pronounc'd Traytors by the Diet 108. Lithuanid Tends towards a Civil War 160. How call'd by the Inhabitants 302. Present Bounds ib. Antient Extent ib. Soil and Products ib. c Union with Poland and Privileges 303. Division ib. Its Arms ib. Different Opinions about its Name 304. Its Dukes from 305 to 310. Division into Palatinates 324. Lithuanid Proper Province 325. Lesser-Poland Province Its Bounds 236. It s Division into Pal. ib. c. Their several Arms 249 254 257. Lowitz City It s description 231. Lanschet Pal. It s division into Districts 232 Chief Cities and Towns ib. Lanschet City It s Description 232. Lublin Pal. Join'd by the Territory of Lukovia 254. Chief Cities and Towns 255. Their several Descriptions ib. c. Lublin City It s Description 255. Lutzk City It s Description 295. M.

about the good of the Publick Next the four Supreme Counsellors or Ministers of State meet twice every Year that is on the Epipbany and Trinity Monday at Mittaw and sit at least five Weeks to exercise and do Justice The First Week is usually spent in State-Counsels where the Princes Presence and Authority is likewise requir'd The second is taken up in judging Appeals from inferiour Courts The Third in determining Criminals Cases The Fourth in settling Ecclesiastical Affairs And the Fifth in hearing Complaints of and receiving Petitions from the Subjects The degrees of demanding Justice in Cities in all extraordinay matters are these First The Gentry apply themselves to the Supreme Starosta for it must be observ'd that the inferiour Starostas have little jurisdiction but in small matters Secondly In Case of Appeals they have recourse to the supreme Councellors Court In Criminal Cases where the life of any Nobleman is concerned immediate Application is made to this Court and the four Supreme Starostas are oblig'd to assist there If any of these Starostas happen to be absent one that is inferiour may be deputed in his room Thirdly Appeals may be made both in Criminal and Civil Cases to the Court of Poland which the Curlanders term Judicia Post-Curialia Ecclesiastical Courts are held by the four Supreme Councellors before mention'd in conjunction with a Sur-intendant and four Provosts The Inferiour City Courts belong to the City Magistracy or to the Neighbouring Starostas within whose Jurisdiction the Offender lives Appeals in these trivial Courts can be made no farther than to the Supreme Starostas whose Sentence is Final The Executors of Justice in Curland are term'd die Man-Richters who in Civil Cases after a third Summons to satisfy the Plantiff and upon Non-performance or Non-Plea levy the Debt or Demand by way of Distress The Trade of Curland consists in much the same Commodities as in Poland The Corn of Curland and Livonia is fought after by the Dutch more than that of Poland by reason that it is better prepar'd and cur'd here than in other Countries for they are accustom'd to dry their Corn in the Straw as we do Malt and afterwards to thrash both together But this consumes a great deal of Wood and therefore the King of Sweden has forbid it to be practis'd any where within his Dominions I had almost forgot to acquaint you Sir that this Dutchy of Curland in case the Duke thereof wants Heirs-Males is to revert to the Crown of Poland in like manner as Ducal-Prussia is to do from the Elector of Branden burg Thus Sir I have endeavour'd to make what use I could of my short time and imperfect helps to entertain you but which I have a great deal of reason to despair of accomplishing unless I could have produc'd something more Accurate in its kind nevertheless I hope you will dispense with my Inabilities and accept the Good Will of SIR Your very Humble and Obedient Servant J. S. FINIS THE TABLE VOL. I. A ALexander King When Crown'd and how long Reigned Page 67. His Wars and Death 68. His Character Ibid. Alexander Prince His Character 189. Affected by the Queen ibid. B BOleslaus I. His Wars 26. Institutes XII Senators his Assistants Ibid. His Character and Death ibid. II. How long Reign'd 29. His Wars Marriages and Vices ibid. Flight out of the Kingdom and Death 30. III. His Sir-name and Wars 31. c. His Marriage 32. Valour and Success 33. Death Issue and Character ibid. IV. When Elected and how long Reign'd 35. His Wars ibid. His Death 36. V. His Sir-name and Guardians 43. When Elected and how long Reign'd ibid. His Marriage ibid. His Troubles 44. Retires into Hungary ibid. Returns 45. Farther Troubles and Wars ibid. His Death ibid. Batori vide Stephen Bishop Of Cracow Lord over 13 Cities 223. His Chapter ibid. Bresty City It s Description 234. Braclaw Pal. Chief Cities and Towns 277. Descriptions ibid. Braclaw City It s Description 277. Belsko Pal. Description 280. Division into Districts ibid. Chief Cities and Towns 281. Their Descriptions ibid. Belsko City It s Description 281. Byelsko Cap. of Podlachia It s Description 297. Broscia Pal. One district 330. Chief Cities and Towns ibid. Descriptions 331. Its Arms 332. Brescia City It s Description 331. Bears Nourish Children 342. Story of one ibid. Assertion confirm'd by the King 343. Another account from the Dutch Embassador ibid c. A third Account from Hartknock 348. C. City The First 6. The Second ibid. Cracus His Death 13. His Issue ibid. Cracow When and by whom built 12. University by whom Founded 59. Taken by Stratagem 132. Where Situate and how distant from other Places 238. Whence its Name ibid. Its Division Castle and Cathedral 238 c. When first made a Metropolitan See 240. How many Churches ibid. Its University and Professors ibid. c. Its Colleges 241. Vice-Chancellor ibid. Monasteries and Mendicants 242. Its Houses ib. Mayor of Cracow 248. Government of the Castle 249. Chrobry vi Boleslaus I. Casimir I. Queen Regent during Minority ibid. He becomes Monk ibid. Recall'd upon Agreement with the Pope ibid. His Marriage Wars Death and Issue 28. II. When Elected and how long Reign'd 37. Surnam'd the Just and an Example ibid. c. Eases his Subjects of Taxes 38. Conspiracy against him ibid. Disappointed 39. His Wars ibid. Death and Issue ibid. III. Surnam'd the Great 50. When Elected and how long Reign'd ibid. Makes Peace with Teutonic Knights ibid. His Conquests ibid. Good Deeds ibid. Character other Wars and Death 55. IV. When Elected and how long Reign'd 63. His Marriage ibid. Assists the Prussians 64. Routs Teutonic Order ibid. Obtains advantageous Peace ibid. His Issue 65. His Death and Age. Curland and Semigallia First Duke 77. Enjoy'd by his Posterity ever since ibid. Common Wealth Jocular of Babina 79. Candidates for the Crown After the death of Sigismundus Augustus 85. After the Abdication of Henry of Valois 87. After the death of Stephen Batori 104. Two of these come into Poland 108. After Uladislaus VII 125. After John Casimir 140. After Michael Wiesnowiski 155. After John Sobieski 235. Courts of Justice none 90. Batori erects two call'd Tribunals ibid. Were to determine Civil Causes without Appeal ibid. Cosacks How so term'd 94. Us'd to make Inroads ibid. To whom compar'd ibid. Reduc'd to a Discipline ibid. Whence their Name ibid. Extent of their first Dominions 95. A Conjecture about this Country ibid. It s present Extent 96. Their Buildings ibid. Character ibid. Religion 97. Fasts ibid. Language 98. Customs and Manners ibid. Abundance of Flies and Locusts ibid. Their Customs and Manners in Peace and War 99. Their Rebellion 146. Are favour'd by the Turks ibid. Produces a bad Peace ibid. Conti Prince of Pretends to the Crown of Poland 205. Proclaim'd King by the Primate 206. Sent for into Poland 207. Favour'd by Prince Sapieha ibid. Comes to Dantzic ibid. Gives