they should retain whatsoever they could conquer over Frederick of Austria by which right they hold the most of their Bailliages on this side the hills As for the places which they hold beyond the Alpes their right is somewhat questionable they pretend that in the year 1513 when they did help Maximilian Sforza Duke of Milan to chase the French out of Italy he did in liew of their assistance give them the four Balliages confining with their Countrey namly a Lugan lieth from Milan N N W â— a point W. 47. Miles and being prodigal of his name communicates it to a lake called the lake Lugan which tendeth N. and S. and is in length 20. Miles and where it is broadest 8. Miles and narrowest 3. Miles Lugano b Locarne lieth from Lugan 20. Miles N.N.W. and is situated at the Western side of the great Lake called in that respect il Lago Maggiore which tendeth N. N. E. and S. and by W. and is in length 47. Miles and breadth 7. Miles Locarne Mendrise and the valley of c The Val de Madia lieth between Mont S Gotardo called anciently by Ptolome Adula more modernly Dogel and now as formerly in regard of a little Church built in honour to that Saint Gotardo and the lake Maggiore it tendeth N. N. W. and S. S. E. 40. Miles in length and 7. broad The town Madia standeth by a River of that name which confineth the Valley Madia and that afterward Francis the great when he recovered the state of Milan did confirm unto the Swisses the former donation of Maximilian Sforza by a publick Act passed at Frâ—burg But in a relation that I have seen of the State of Milan I finde that they are accused to have usurped those places in the time of Lewes the 12. King of France il quale saith my Authour havendo guadagnato to stato di Milano Licentiato li Swisser chi havenano Jeruiti in quella impresa fatto loro ogni dimostratione di gratitudine non solo con gl'intieri pagamenti ma con molti doni et pensioni quessi medesimi ritornandosene à casa occuparono Belintina insolentissimam le non assignando altra ragione di quel che facenano che l'ssere loro necessaria quella pialla per aprirsi il passo allo stato di Milano quando havessero voluto entrarui senla haverlo a dimandare ad altro Principe enstandi il Re Luigi per la restitutione risposero superbissimamle che volevano anche la Murata Lucarno appresso per farsi pin facile l'entrata in Italia a voglia loro cosi lo pisero in essecutione c. Tesoro Politico 1ª parte fol. 295. impress Francofort 1610. Which comes in English thus Who saith my Authour having obtained the State of Milan and permitted the Swissers to depart that had served him in that enterprise and shewed them all demonstrations of gratitude not onely by allowing them their whole paie but by many gifts and pension bestowed amongst them Those very men returning home most insolently surprised Belinsone giving no other reason for it but that the place was verie necessary for them to open their passage into the State of Milan when they had occasion to passe that way that so they might not be compell'd to demand it from other Princes And King Lewis using all means possible for the restitution of it They most proudly answered that they would also have Murata and Lucarne ere it were long to make their passage into Italy more easie at their own pleasure and this they brought to passe c. Tesoro Politico i a part fol. 295. printed at Erancofort 1610. The Swisses forein Alliances Among the Alliances which the Swisses have at this present the most ancient is that with the house of Astria which is hereditary and perpetual and common with all the thirteen Cantons they receive no pension non deniers de Paix as they call it this for Alliance in regard that the Austriaci do buy the League dear enough in letting the Swisses enjoy peaceable what they have conquered of the dominions belonging heretofore to the house of Austria The second general Alliance that the Swisses have with forein Princes is that which is contracted betwixt their whole body the Crown of France for which the French King doth pay in yearly pensions the value of 30000 franks which is divided among the several Cantons by a Geometrical proportion and not Arithmetical for every Canton doth not share alike of these Deniers de Paix but they have some more some lesse according as some are able to contribute more men then others to the service of that Crown The Duke of Savoy and his house hath a general Alliance with the whole Helvetian body which is called une League de regarde containing no particular restriction to defensive or offensive succor one of the other but onely fair and good correspondence befitting neighbours whose states are confining With the Catholick Cantons the said Duke hath a particular league namely with Lucerne Vri Swits Vnderwald Zug and Friburg of whom he is to have six thousand men for his service at his own cost in case of defence and in lieu thereof he doth pay to those Cantons the yeerly sum of 9. thousand dueatons which is distributed likewise by unequal portions and part thereof is allotted to the common treasury of every one of those Cantons part to particular persons who are of most credit and Authority in their Countrey This league was made in the year 1579. in the time of the Duke Emmanuel Philibert and the durance thereof is expressed to be during the life of the said Duke and of his son Charles Emmanuel now living and ten years after his death The king of Spain hath a league with the fore-named six cantons Catholicks namely Lncerne Uri Swits Vnderwald Zug and Friburg and likewise with Apensel which is a mixt Canton consisting half of Protestants and half of Papists He doth pay in continuation of this Alliance an yearly pension of fifty thousand ducatons which is divided betwixt the Treasuries of each Canton and particular persons proportione Geometica and he is to have of them all for the defence of the State of Milan six thousand men at his own charge This league was contracted Anno 1589. in the time of Pâ—â—lip the second King of Spain and is to last during his life and his son the King that now reigneth and ten yeares after both their deaths When this league was first made Spain had small credit in this Countrey and the French crown was only respected there insomuch that the King of Spain was inforced to desire the Duke of Savoy who is now alive to interpose his authority which was great with that people for the effecting of that Alliance Howsoever the French Ministers did at that time oppose themselves against it with such heat that the league was made with conditions as disadvantagious to Spain as
to furnish Savoy with 3000. foot at his cost and for the defence onely of his estates and he is obliged to give them 2000. foot and 500. horse or so much money when the necessity of their defence shall require it The birth of this league may be called partus elephantinus in regard that it had been treated forty year before it could be concluded The French King Henry the fourth did interpose himself twice as an arbitrator but could not bring it to conclusion The whole body of the Helvetical Cantons did imbrace it likewise divers times but could never prevail and lastly it was referred unto the Valesani as to a Republick nearest confining and strictly allied with both the parties yet after many years negotiation and much paines they could effect nothing In the year above named 1617. King James of glorious memory did interpose his authority and as he had a particular genius which did incline him to endeavour the accommodation of all misunderstandings among all Christian Princes and States so God did miraculoussy blesse those pious intentions of his and in this particular his Majesty had the honour not onely to extinguish that mortal hatred which had raigned ahove 60 yeares betwixt the house of Savoy and that State but to joyn and unite them in a strict bond of league and Allyance The transaction of the businesse in it self is very considerable in regard that so many had so long time travelled in that vineyard and never reaped any fruit of honour whereas his Majestie employing his servant Sir Isaae Wake thither in March the Treaty was concluded ratified and executed before the end of Iune This Gordian knot which was thought would have required the sword of Alexander to cut before it could be undone was tied in this manner In the time of Charles le bon grandfather to the present Duke of Savoy Charles the fift and Francis the first warring one against the other did par droict de bien ieame share and divide betwixt themselves almost all Pied-mont so that little being left unto the good Duke Charls but Savoy and the Countey of Nisla in Province he was inforced for the supply of his urgent necessities to borrow a considerable sum of money of the Ss ri of Berne unto whom he did impawn for their reimbursment the Countrey of Vaud After his death his son Emanuel Philibert having little to maintain himself at home did adhere unto Philp the second of whom he deserved so wel in the Battle of S. Quintin that the King was content to restore unto him that he did hold of his in Pied-mont and because he married the Lady Margarite de Valois daughter of France in contemplation of her Henry the third passing through Pied-mont as he returned out of Polonia restored unto him likewise all that the French had usurped yet was not this Prince able with this addition to his fortune to redeem the ingagement of the pais de Vaud and being willing to enjoy quietly that which he had he did confirm unto the Bernesi the morgage made by his father so that they did live in peace during his time though not without great jealousies in regard of the hatred of the Savoyards their confining neighbours who had alwayes had them in detestation since the morgage of that Province Charles Emanuel now regnant being born under a Martial Planet and having sagittarius ascendant in his nativity did affright the Bernesi at the beginning and not long after it did appear that they did not fear him in vain for he did presently cast his eye upon the Pais de Vaud and because he could not abruptly break the contract of Morgage made by his Granfather and ratified by his father and was not able to pay the principal and interest which in so many years was grown to a great sum he did lay his first claim to the Town of Geneva in the defence of which City the Bernesi being ingaged they were of necessity to declare themselves his enemies and so minister unto him a fit occasion of invading them which was the thing that he did aime at and he had fortune so favourable that in the year 83. as I take it he did shut them up so close in Cologne a Town three miles distant from Geneva near the Rosne that they were inforced to yeeld themselves to his discretion If false friends had seconded his true valour it would have gone hard with Geneva and Berne both at that time But the Spaniards upon whom he did wholy rely at that time desiring onely to imbroyl and consume him a petit feu and not to make any addition unto his fortune did divert him from prosecuting that designe and turn him with his Army upon the conquest of Marseilles and Provence during the combustions of the league in France After he had wearied himself there they did animate him to the conquest of the Marquisate of Salulles which did succeed to his advantage in Italy but to his losse on the other side of the hills drawing upon him the victorious arms of Henry the fourth who did inforce him to exchange Salulles with the Bailliages of Bresse Baugó Verommè and Gez which were the best flowers in the garden of Savoy Now were the Bernesi out of danger those confining Provinces being out of his hands and their state in the protection of the French King whom they had asssisted during his troubles both with men and money yet did their jealousies still continue until the invasion of Monferrat Anno 1613. did draw upon the Duke of Savoy the arms of the king of Spain which did enter into Pied-ment first Anno 1615. under the conduct of Don Gio di Mendoza Marquis of Hyntioza and secondly Anno 1617. under the command of Don Pedro di Toledo it was time now for the Duke of Savoy to seek for help from all places and therefore despairing of ever recovering the pais de Vaud he was contented to give over a lost game upon condition that he might get some reasonable consideration for his resignation Here is the knot which I mentioned for he did pretend much and the Bernesi would not give any thing alledging that they would not buy that which was their own already Towards the untying of this knot the authority of his Majesty was used the Duke of Savoy imploring and the Bernesi accepting of his mediation means was found to reconcile these contradictions with mutual satisfaction for the Duke of Savoy did receive as much as he could with reason expect and yet the Bernesi did not stipulate with him for any thing the expedient taken was this The Bernesi were desired to concur with his Majestie in the assistance of the Duke of Savoy against the violence and oppression of the Spaniards and in consideration thereof his Majestie did promise and undertake to give them a final and total resignation of the Pais de Vaud free from any future claim or pretention To gratifie his Majestie the
Salulles the French were driven quite out of Italy but because they did not desire that the house of Savoy should aggrandize it self they were content to abandon him and let the French king weaken him as much by the taking from him by composition Bresse Beaugé Verome and Gol on the other side of the Alpes as might ballance what he had added to his state in Italy by the taking of Salulles peace being concluded upon the conditions of that exchange in Lions the Duke of Savoy did begin to see that his alliance with Spain was an honorable burthen and a golden chain which did captivate the liberty of his house whereupon his wife being dead he did shortly after bury in her tomb the best part of his affections towards Spain but he did not fall off quite in regard of his children who being of Spanish extraction did naturally incline to the house of their mother Not long after his eldest son Philip Emanuel died in Spain not without some suspition of help and the ministers of Spain in Italy did often minister unto him occasion of discontent so that at the last he resolved to forsake those who had forsaken him and betwixt Monsieur de Bethunes who was then Ambassador for the French king at Rome and the Count di Verrua who was Ambassador there likewise for the Duke of Savoy a Treaty of confederation and alliance was concluded betwixt Henry the fourth and Charles Emanuel The death of the French king insuing shortly after the affaires of France did change face and the reciprocal marriages contracted betwixt France and Spain did exclude the Duke of Savoy from hope of having the eldest daughter of France which had been promised to his son or being assisted with the protection of that crown yet would he never depart from the Treaty made with Henry the fourth notwithstanding many unkindnesses received from France in the beginning of the reign of king Lovis but still hoping beyond hope injurias ferendo gratias agendo he did in the end compasse all his desires with the death of the Marischal d' Ancre all animosity against him was laid aside and not long after he obtained the second daughter of France for the Prince of Piedmont then was he and his house incorporated into France and that union hath since been strengthened by the declaring of the Prince Cardinal Protector of the French nation in Rome and the marrying of Prince Tomaso unto Madamoyselle de Soissons Now he and all his sonnes are openly declared for the French party and with Prince Philibert there did die all the affections of the house of Savoy towards Spain This part of the world doth owe unto Charles Emanuel Duke of Savoy the discovery of one great secret which is that the Spaniards are resistible in Italy for he did make his party good against them when not a sword in all Europe was drawn against them but his and they employed against him all the power of their Monarchy Marcellus was the first that did make the Romans see Annibalem potuisse vinci and after he had once beaten him he ever thrived The Spaniards have sped little better in these parts since the Duke of Savoy appeared against them for whereas the ministers of Spain did govern all the Princes and states of Italy with tale la ment dellè es menes ter mortifica tal Principe di castigare tale Republicar now they do speak the language of Christians and do recommend themselves unto those whom heretofore they did despise If France do not abandon him he will be a dangerous thorn in the side of the Spaniards for he hath an undaunted courage infinite experience incredible vigilancy an active spirit an able body beyond the proportion of his years the love of all souldiers the affections and hearts of his subjects inventions to finde money as fast as he doth dispence it liberally and which doth crown his happinesse all his children of both sexes besides their incomparable fillial obedience and singular vertues have abilities to govern a far greater state then his so that fearing no disorder in his own house he may adventure safely his person abroad where he is kliewise nobly seconded by two of his sons His pretentions are great unto Savona the Marquisat of Final and many other places and he doth hope with this occasion to advantage his house in something whereupon he hath without ceremony pulled off his mask and being the first that hath entred into the list he will be the last that shall retire Although I have just cause to fear that this disjoynted discourse may seem tedious to your Majesty yet must I needs in all humility crave leave to adde one word of application which together with all the rest I do humly submit unto the consideration of your Majesties wisdom In the time of Henry the eighth the Italian Histories of that age did with a constant stile give him the title of Protettore della liberta d' Italia and yet it doth not appear that he did ever directly imbrace the protection of this province or interest himself in any of their quarels onely the Venetians did reap notable benefit by his withdrawing himself out of the League of Cambray and all the rest had their eyes upon him because he was a contrepefo betwixt the two kings of France and Spain As the affaires of the world do stand now that title cannot but be derived unto your Majesty if you will be pleased to accept it for your Majesty is now the rising sun whom all in these parts do worship and without any cost or trouble your Majestie may take to your self as much honour from the Protection of these princes and states as may not be a burthen unto you and yet advantage your own affaires else where Of Florence Mantova Modena Parma Genova and Luca your Majestie shall not need to take further notice then by a gracious answering such respects of observance as perhaps some of them may shew unto you for as things do stand now they are not sui juris and at no time can any great use be made of them for your Majesties service With the Pope your Majestie doth hold no correspondence and yet Rome is a place upon which your Majesties servants had need to have a vigilant eye for there are forged all designes pernitious to your Majesties dominions and all mysteries of state which are afterwards acted in several stages of Christendom are first attired in that attyring house In the kingdom of Naples and the Dutchy of Milan your Majesties subjects shall always finde entertainment conformable unto the correspondence that shall passe betwixt your Majestie and the king of Spain There do remain onely the Venetians and the Duke of Savoy these do properly retain their full liberty and are able to do your Majestie service and to offend any that shall be your enemie By their means and with the help of their Ministers and subjects your
Naples likewise to deliver into his hands a Castle of his upon the confine betwixt Rome and Naples and lastly his having commanded all Cardinals and Prelates of quality to bring their unwrought and unguilded plate unto his exchequer allowing them upon the Monti which are certain banks of mony in Rome one hundred and twenty four Julij which is five pound twelve shillings sterling for every pound weight These are arguments that he doth fear some body and whom he can fear but the Spaniards cannot be imagined for the kingdom of Naples is at his doore the French are too far off the Duk of Savoy too weak of himself and of the Venetians he is sure that if they may live in peace they will disturb no body some are so wise as to think that secretly he doth understand with France and that he would willingly lay claim unto the kingdom of Naples if the league would bring the Spaniards so low that he might dare to appear but it doth plainly appear by his Ministers abroad and their negotiations in all places that he doth really and diligently seek to divert the storm which is threatened unto the Genoesi and by consequence unto the Spaniards whether it be that hope of good from them or fear of hurt from innovations or an ambition to be the arbitrator doth move him none can tell but he who hath the key of hearts It is likely that he would fain see an end of these troubles because being a Priest and a Florentine too he hath no minde to spend and although he hath not done yet much for any of his house yet perhaps he would imitate his predecessors in that kinde which he can hardly do untill this storm be over-blown Untill it shall appear what will become of Genova and Breds he will not unmask himself certainly but it is likely that according to the event of those two great enterprises he may sail as he shall finde the winde The King of Spain THe dominions which the King of Spain doth possesse upon the Continent of Italy are the kingdom of Naples and the Dutchy of Milan Naples doth afford him good store of men and some money Milan some few men but no money with these two they have long kept Italy in awe rather by reputation then force for they have not four thousand Spaniards in both those Provinces The subjects have groaned a long time under a heavie burden of misgovernment and if a fair occasion should be offered it is thought they would willingly mutare dominum non servitutem especially those of Naples for though the carriage of the Duke of Feria hath been moderate yet he had ill fortune to fall into times when the service of his Master would not suffer him to ease the subjects according to his desire The best flower in the garden of the Spanish Monarchy is the Dutchy of Milan for that is the stomack from whence is derived the aliment which doth nourish all his states in Germany and the low Countries that rest is now at stake for if the Duke of Savoy and the Constable do incounter at Genova a check given there doth mate Milan and the cards are so well packt that if they no not shuffle them anew at Paris it will prove a hard game and very dangerous for the Spaniard The vicinity of Helvetia the proximity of Germany by the way of Tirol the neernesse and conveniencie of Genova did really make the state of Milan formidable to all Italy and terrible to all their neighbours If Genova do now fall all hope of mony is lost and no more Neapolitans Sicilians nor Spaniards can enter into Lombardy The Swisses when they shall see that Genova from whence they had all their Spanish pensions is no longer at the devotion of Spain will quickly faint and they have likewise a strong counterpoise of the Protestant Cantons which being declared for the league do keep the Catholick Cantons in awe As for Tirol and Germany they are of no further consideration for so much as doth regard the State of Milan rebus sic stantibus for the passages which the Marquis di Coruvies hath taken in Rhaetia and the Valtelina do exclude all Almans from entering that way into Italy and there is no other way for them the Duke of Savoy being of the contrary side but onely through the state of Venice or of Swisserland The kingdom of Naples is like old Rome Venalis si emptorem invenerit the first opportunity that shall present it self will make them prove true Neapolitans false to their last master and ready to betray any that shall succeed of Sicilie Sardinia Majorche and Minorche I say nothing because they are Islands divided from the main and like Pinasses must follow the fortune of these greater ships Florence Parma Nodena Luca OF these I will speake together be-because although they are supreme in their several circumferences yet all their lines do meet in one center of devotion to the Crown of Spain Florence being bound to give four thousand men for Sienna Parma three thousand for Piacenta Modena two thousand for Pensions and Luca two thousand for Protection their obligations do run onely for the defence of the State of Milan but yet the Marquis of Hiniosa and Don Pedro di Toledo did serve themselves of their forces offensively against the Duke of Savoy in the last wars of Asti and Vercelli and the Duke of Feria hath made bold to employ their troups at this time in favour of the Genoesi as hath appeared by their ensignes and Commanders taken at Ottaggio This may prove lapis scandali and perhaps hereafter those Princes and states may be called to an account by the French and Savoyards for having appeared in a quarrel in which they had nothing to do Heretofore Florence did proceed more warily as long as Cosmus the son of Ferdinand lived for his mother Madam Christienne of Loreign a Woman of imcomparable wisdom did so temper that government that Spain was served in what was due and yet France was observed with a decorum befitting the extraction of the French king out of that house and the Crown wherewith the queen mother hath honoured their family But Cosmus the young Prince who hath since succeeded being governed by the Arch-Duchesse who is sister to the Emperour doth derive all the silver streams of that state unto the Austrian Mille so that France is now wholy neglected and onely Spain respected Edward Farnese Duke of Parma being likewise very young is governed by his Uncle the Cardinal Farnese whose red hat being died in the Court of Rome must needs incline him to follow the Popes directions and that house having likewise the Dutchies of Castro and Caprarola lying within the kingdom of Naples it is not to be marvelled if they do worship towards the south But it may seem strange that Cesare di Este Duke of Modena whose eldest son Prince Alfonso hath married Isabella the infanta of Savoy by
whom he hath ten children should run so violently the other way Herein there is a mystery ful of cunning malice and malicious cunning For shorly after the death of Prince Philibert of Savoy who died in Palermo the last Summer a will of his was produced wherein he did declare his sister of Modena haredem ex Asse and bequeath unto his eldest son the Principalities of Oneglia and Marro The Duke of Modena in vertue of this will did lay claime unto all that might be thought to appertain unto Prince Philibert and being opposed by the Duke of Savoy who did first first except against the will as not being authentical in regard that it was onely drawn by a Notary but never signed by Prince Philibert and secondly alledge that the son had no power to make a will during the life of his father and lastly that Oneglia and Maro had ben lately conferred upon the Prince by his father with expresse reservations of returning to the Ducal chamber of Savoy in case the Prince Philibert should die without lawful issue the Duke of Modena offended with this refusal did flee off from Savoy and cast himself into the arms of Spain whose invention it was to cast that bone betwixt those two houses of Savoy and Modena may easily appear by the rule of Cui bono The father having fallen off from Savoy his younger son Prince Luiggi di Este must needs fall off as soon as he could from the Venetians whereupon as soon as they had entertained the Count de la Tour for their General Prince Luiggi seeming to be offended therewith did ask leave to be gone and being taken at his word by these Sri who did not like that the father should serve the Spaniards and the son the league he retired to Modena about two moneths since Mantova FErdinand Gonlaga Duke of Mantova hath his house free from any dependency by obligation but as his controversies with Savoy did first inforce him to seek the protection of Spain so since by marrying a daughter of Florence and the marriage of his sister Eleonora with the Emperour he hath espoused a tacite but absolute dedevotion to the service of the house of Austria He is a Prince whose natural and intellectual parts are singular his moral good unfortunate in having no lawful issue for if he his brother Don Vincenlo die without heires male their Niece the princesse Maria daughter unto the late Duke Francesco and the Infanta Margarita of Savoy wil carry from their house the marquisate of Montferrat and a 100000. crowns revenue of Beni Allodiali upon the Mantovan His differences with Savoy will never be reconciled as long as the Spaniards have the upper hand in Italy for Beati Pacifici is not to be found in any Spanish Liturgie But in these present innovations he doth not yet appear for Montferret concentrating with Piemont and Mantova being surrounded with the dominions of Venice he hath onely voluntatem liberam but potestatem ligatam with the State of Venice he doth hold very good quarter and they do respect him as figlivolo di S. Marco Of Genova nothing shall be said untill it may appear what will become of them for as they are now either they must stand by the strength of Spain or bury the reputation of the Spaniards in the ruins of their City and State Venice THe Venetians did lay the first stone of this great building upon which all the present innovations in these parts are grounded for they did wisely foresee and earnestly remonstrate unto the French king and the Duke of Savoy the danger which the publick liberties would run if the dayly usurpations of the Spaniards and Austriaci were not timely prevented Hereupon the league was concluded at Lions ratified at Paris confirmed at Susa and executed first by the Marquis di Coruveres in the Valteline and since by the Duke of Savoy and the Constable d' Esdiguisere in the Genoesate Their proceedings in this businesse have been and are stil mixed with a constant temper of generosity and warinesse for they do not spare to assist and favour all that are contrary unto the Austrian party as doth appear by their assisting the states of the united Provinces their contributing to Mansfelt their sending of men mony and ammunition to the Marquis di Coevures their entertaining the Count de la Tour and their resolution to set upon the state of Milan when the Duke of Savoy and the Constable shall begin and yet they do very cauteloussy keep themselves to the letter of the league and therefore they will not take notice of Mansfelt until he may come so neer the Valteline that it may appear he was entertained by them onely for that end nor have any part in the enterprise of Genova although they do very well know that the weakening of the contrary party in any place doth conduce unto the end which they do aime at Good Chirurgians do not descend unto Cauteries but in cases of extremity it may be presumed of the wisdom of the state of Venice that they would never have disturbed the peace of Italy if they might have lived securely without innovation They are not ignorant that the remedy is little lesse dangerous then the disease but the disease being upon the point to grow incurable they were inforced to apply that remedy which onely could save them as things did stand then from present precipitating Of their constancy there is no doubt to be made for they do wel know that as they were the first that did raise this storm so they shall be the last whom the contrary party will forgive and they have a maxime in this state that Priti Spagnuoli non perdonano mai The correspondences of the State of Venice and at this present with Rome are onely formal with such Princes of Italy as depend upon Spain ceremonial with the French king and the Duke of Savoy real with all Princes and states opposit to the house of Austria cordial By sea in their own sea they are strong Upon Terra firma they have all their Cities well furnished and for the defensive they are in good state How they stand in matter of treasure is a secret but certainly omnes vias pecuniae norunt and they do spend as if they did not fear to want The Duke of Savoy CHarles Emmanuel Duke of Savoy with the Infanta Caterina did espouse the interests of Spain and he was truly constant in serving that Crown and observing that King until Philip the second making his peace with Henry the fourth did out of charity to himself exclude his son in law the Duke of Savoy as may be seen in the Treaty of Vervins Then did Henry the fourth lay claim to the Marquisate of Salulles which Savoy had usurped by the counsel of Spain and did retain upon hope of assistance which was secretly promised but not performed The Spaniards had obtained their end when by the taking of