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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A20442	The defence of trade In a letter to Sir Thomas Smith Knight, gouernour of the East-India Companie, &c. From one of that societie.	Digges, Dudley, Sir, 1583-1639.; Smith, Thomas, Sir, 1558?-1625.; Kayll, Robert. Trades increase.	1615 (1615)	STC 6845; ESTC S109687	29,831	56

I answere that no sober man can doubt but that the mouths the East-India Merchant sends to Sea would eate at home but further hee that is acquainted with the finding and the feeding men at Sea knowes well it would bee riches infinite vnto this Land and vnto euery priuate Master of a Familie if men would wast no more in victualls here at home then Sea-men doe abroade yet since hee sayes this is the poores complaint in truth a poore one it shall haue some further satisfaction The greatest fleet that euer yet the Companie set forth was this last yeare 1614. the charge whereof amounted to one hundred thousand pounds In Shipping and their Furniture 34000l. 0s. 0d. Victuals imprest mony and other ordinarie and extraordinarie charges 30000l. 0s. 0d. Natiue and forraine Marchandize and readie mony sent to Trade 36000l. 0s. 0d. More particularly this Cargazon of thirtie and sixe thousand pounds was In Bayes Kersies and most broad clothes dyed and drest to the Kingdomes best aduantage 14000l. 0s. 0d. Lead Iron and forraine marchandize 10000l. 0s. 0d. Readie mony in all the ships but 12000l. 0s. 0d. And it is worth the noting that this twelue thousand pounds was scant one third part of that which the Companie paid that yeare for the Kings custome impost and other duties and not one third part of that which they paid Marriners for wages but for the victuall that is thus prouided The Bread of corne sent for of purpose out of France The Drinke all in a manner Spanish Wines and Sider little or no Beere The Flesh is Beefe and Porke proportion'd into ship-messes and that onely but for three dayes of seuen in the weeke and but for twentie moneths of thirtie the other ten moneths which proues often more is prouided in India or parts abroad Now then if our Obiector bee none of those that rise vp early to follow drunkennesse and continue vntill night till the Wine doe inflame them c. if he be free from Seneca his Foedissimum patrimoniorū exitium culnia if he be no Fucus Piger Vorax no vnprofitable burdē that cōsumes the good fruits of the earth but labors not at all yet in his best sobrietie and temperance let him but consider his owne mouth and he shall finde it iustlier to be blam'd for making victualls deare then the prouision of the East-India voyage and yet this mouth will not be stopt but how How now What Monsieur Transportation of Treasure in the Reare among the baggage with the Victualler of the Campe You that heretofore haue serued so resolutely before the King before the Parliament at the Councell Table nay almost euery Table now dying in a Ditch ALas Sir his deare brother in Armes Death of men is runne away wounded to death by Captaine Newport what would you haue him doe When hee saw that the East-India Companie by the Bookes of Entrie with his Maiesties Officers by their own books of Accompts besides a sodaine and secret searching of their ships had manifested that they neuer in any yeare no not when they went to discouer what of our Commodities would vent in those parts carryed nere so much as his Maiesties gracious Letters Pattents doth permit When he found that some particular Marchants of that Companie did at one time bring into the Kingdome more siluer then the whole Companie together did at any time carrie out When hee perceiued notwithstanding that the East-India Marchant to auoid all colour of scandall did prouide That forraine coine beyond the Seas with much hazard as lately at Sandwich by bringing of it ouer in small Pinkes and paying dearer for it then others yea strangers here at home doe buy it to steale ouer for want of their licence When hee beheld to his great grief such daily increase of broad clothes dyed and dreft with other marchandize and such decrease of readie money in the Cargazon of stock they sent to Traffique When last of all he heard for certaine of a Factorie setled at Iapan and of such store of siluer there as is not onely like to serue the Trade in all those parts but to returne perhaps some good part hither what would you haue him doe but hide his head And yet you heare he holds his manly words he talkes of murmuring and Charles the Fifth But sure men will not murmure when they know the truth and would these hastie Writers fill their braines a little better ere they presse them by reading the Records of Spaine and Portugall and better Stories then Hals Chronicle for India matters they might finde reasons to make more reckoning of the East-India Traffique then th'Obiector doth The sole fruition whereof hath yeelded many Millions yearely to those Nations and as they say themselues was worth more to that Crowne then the West-Indies I am sure the sweet thereof was such euen in the Infancie that Iohn the Third of Portugall gaue to that Charles the Fifth he mentions before his going into Italie three hundred and fiftie thousand Duckats onely not to interrupt his Peoples then beginning Trade with the Moluccaes Which summe of mony a few Subiects in Castile did offer to repay on strange easie conditions rather then their Emperour should sell the hope they had of wealth from those rich countries But I haue done and now it may be mine Author that in his first Page cald himselfe a Fresh-water Souldier if he should chance to see the Martiall order his Obiections haue appeared in might beleeue himselfe to bee some great Commander whereas the Truth is hee was but a Trumpet of Defiance to the East-India Marchant according therefore to his dutie I would send him back to take a view of all his Falsehoods scattered in the field which I perswade my selfe will shew him his ouerthrow was shamefull At least Sir Thomas Smith iudge what it may bee if some able Marchant vnder-take the Argument when so much hath beene said and more that comes too neare matter of State secret of Marchandize hath beene omitted by your faithfull Friend and Kinsman that wisheth well to Trade and Marchants Dudly Digges Post-script to the Reader SInce hee that may dispose of mee will haue these rough lines printed for your satisfaction I that am neither ashamed of my loue to the East-India Trade nor the truth I haue written must if but for fashion sake say somewhat vnto you Reader It may please you then to know that the substance of this which you haue read was taken out of Custome-bookes out of the East-India Companies bookes out of Grocers Warehouse-keepers Marchants bookes and conference with men of best experience As for errors of pen or presse you will either not marke them or can mend them all I aske for my paines And so I leaue you to commend if you list piperi scombris that Trades Increase to packe vp fish and this Defence of Trade to wrappe vp spice a couple of Inke-wasting toies

haue shipping and the Sea trade may increase and then eyther we must Trade without shipping or make Shippes without Timber When the Norman Conqueror hauing subdued the most part of the Kingdome passed from Essex into Kent which then made head against him the Kents hauing by the aduice of their politike Bishoppe and their stout Abbot cut downe great boughes and with them in their armes marched towards the Conqueror whereby besides the noueltie of the sight the Armie appeared double as bigge William himselfe so conceiuing it as also amazed to sée Woods walke more feared and discontented with that sight then otherwise assured with his former successe condescended to what demands soeuer were made by those people to haue such weapons laid downe and to gaine such ingenious Subiects whereby to their eternall benefit and credit their persons were neuer in bondage no their Lawes altered In this their Land-Stratageme I sée our Sea-Arts in that and these Woods being the fatall instrument of our fortunes Boughes of Trees kept the Kentish-men out of seruitude when they held them in their hands and but for shew their bodies will kéepe vs in libertie when they containe vs and are for seruice and by their mouing on the water they will amaze both French and Spanish and whomsoeuer and kéep them and all others from comming néere vs Out of which prouident fore-sight our most worthy Princes formerly raigning haue made diuers Lawes in fauour of Timber Trees and our most noble King hath prouided thereto with new accessions for the preseruing and increasing of them but that a parricide of Woods should thus be committed by building of Shippes it was neuer thought on by any of our Royall Solons and therefore there was no prouiso for it Nay this inconuenience was to little suspected that our said famous Princes haue prouided cleane contrarie with great bountie and indulgence haue encouraged by reward out of their owne purses the builders of great Ships as bestowing on the builders fiue shillings on the Tunne for euery Tunne that is builded aboue one hundred Tunne in a Ship so necessary did the Prince thinke his maintenance of shipping the accession thereof consisting much in their greatnesse to the honour and safetie of the Kingdome and such vse he made account he should haue of them Whereas now this waie he contributeth to the spoile of his Woods to the losse of the Shippes and to the hurt of the Kingdome I heard a Shippe-wright say on the losse of the Trades Increase that if you ride fortie miles from about London you could not find sufficient Timber to build such another It was a Ship of eleuen hundred Tunne for beautie burthen strength and sufficiencie surpassing all Marchants Ships whatsoeuer But alas shée was but shewne out of a cruell destinie shée was ouertaken with an vntimely death in her youth and strength being deuoured by those Iron Wormes of that Countrie that pierced her heart and brake many a mans withal memorable in her misfortune onely redounding to the Common-wealthes losse For as for the Marchants though I pittie their aduentures with all my heart yet in this their part of losse was least for all their goods were on shore and shée had brought aboundance out of the Mecha Fléete which shée did both tithe and toll And thanks be to God they are more then serues by what is returned from her and more then that often by the grace of God will come from her to the Marchants gaine The like vntimely fall had the other thrée of great burthen gallant Ships neuer hauing had the fortune to see their nature soile againe or the honour to doe their Countrie any seruice in respect of all other ships that wander ordinarily to other Countries therefore I may iustly say that they die not the ordinary death of shippes who commonly haue some rest and after long seruice die full of yeares and at home much of their timber seruing againe to the same vse besides their Iron-worke and the rest otherwise seruiceable and not in this bloudie and vnseasonable fashion rather indéed as coffins full of liue bodies then otherwise as comfortable ships For the rest that liue they come home so crazed and broken so maimed and vnmanned that whereas they went out strong they returne most feeble and whereas they were carried forth with Christians they are brought home with Heathen What the profits are to the Marchants for so great an aduenture I know not I am sure amends can not easily be made for so great losse euen in this point which is our speciall subiect for wast of Woods and spoile of shipping The last cōsistance of shipping propounded was that of the East Indies which though yongest was found in shew and state to haue ouer-topped all the rest as a Bird that maketh her selfe gay with the feathers of all other Foules hauing borrowed nay hauing bought the best ships out of other Trades to honour their Uoyage and plumed euen Constantinople her self of her shipping therefore that men are entertained extraordinarily in this Uoyage it is apparant out of the greatnesse of the shipping the entertainment of them increasing if should be a consequent that Sea-men increase this way But that we may not by ambages triumph in their losse or our calamities we sée this way that our shippes perish and therefore our men they shrinke Nay though ships come home yet then leaue the men behind so in this Uoyage there is a two-fold way towards our want of Marmers In that Ships nay great ships are extraordinarily subiect to be cast away and then there must be lest likewise of men In that though they come home emptied of their men By the losse of foure ships we haue lost at the least foure hundred and fiftie men and in the aduenture of some thrée thousand that haue beene imployed since that Uoyage beganne wée haue lost many aboue two thousand Dauid refused to drinke of the Well of Bethelem which the strong men had fetched when hee thirsted and longed because it was the price of bloud This Trade their commodities are at a farre dearer rate being bought with so many mens liues But happily some will say that the greatest losse of these men was at the beginning when as all thinges are difficult but since our men framed to a better composition of themselues to the varietie of this Climate and heartned to the tediousnesse of this Uoyage haue better endured and ouercome those difficulties and returned more comfortably Heerein the latest Uoyages will informe vs best and wée will instance in the thrée last that haue made returnes The first was vnder Sir Henrie Middleton whose former gouernment in that kind of Uoyage had approoued his wisdome and moderation His ship was that famous and infortunate Uessell of eleuen hundred Tun his company in that ship some two hundred and twentie men After foure yeares errors vp and downe the Sea wherein he vnder-went many constructions at home

subiect to much inconuenience rather then make double the profit to our selues and to the Common-wealth by fetching frō the wel-head from the Indies rather then weaken them their wealth and shipping that in all their Moderne Treaties with all Nations shew how much account they make of that sweet Trafficke Though last of all that Pamphletors malignant raking vp all sorts of rayling arguments and spleenefull vrging euery thing against the East-India Marchant might very well prouoke from one of that Societie the lashes which his often fond excursions fit him for yet surely I should leaue him to the Riuall-free fruition of those errors and apply my penne to satisfie an honest minde rather then make him smart or carelesse Readers smile And as a ground-worke of Integritie first I would set downe what hee sayes euen in his owne Apparell Scarfe and Feather too As thus Now followeth the consideration of the East Indie Trade into whose Seas not onely the Riuer of Volga as before you heard disemboqueth it selfe but euen the bottome of the Straights is emptied to fill vp those gulfes and not to onely but besides that many of our best Marchants haue transported their Staples thither it hath also begot out of all Callings Professions and Trades many more new Marchants Then where there is increase of Marchants there is increase of Trade where Trade increaseth there is increase of Shipping where increase of Shipping there increase of Mariners likewise so then rich and large East Indies The report that went of the pleasing notes of the Swannes in Meander floud farre surpassing the records of any other Birdes in any other places whatsoeuer drew thither all sorts of people in great confluence and with great expectation to heare and enioy their sweet singing When they came thither they found in stead of faire white Swannes greedie Rauens and deuouring Crowes and heard instead of melodious harmonie vntuneable and loathsome croaking In indignation that they were so receiued and deceiued in stead of applauding they hissed and of staying fled away You are now braue East Indies Meander floud your Trade is the singing of Swannes which so many iourney so farre to enioy God forbid you should bee found so discoloured and wee so ill satisfied And howsoeuer that I may bee sure to auoide any detraction whereby my nature might haue any imputation or by calling vp more Spirits into the circle then I can put downe againe I might incurre some danger and be taxed likewise of indiscretion for that we onely hitherto haue cōplained of the want of shipping we desire now but herein to suruey the store and sée how you helpe the increase You haue built more Shippes in your time and greater farre then any other Marchants Ships besides what you haue bought out of other trades and all those wholly belonging to you there hath béene entertained by you since you first aduentured one and twentie Ships besides the now intended Uoyage of one new Ship of seuen hundred Tunne and happily some two more of increase The least of all your Shipping is of fourescore Tunne all the rest are goodly Ships of such burthen as neuer were formerly vsed in Marchandize the least and meanest of these last is of some hundred and twentie Tunne and so goe vpward euen to eleuen hundred Tunne You haue set forth some thirteene Uoyages in which time you haue built of these eight new Ships and almost as good as built the most of the residue as the Dragon the Hector c. So that at the first appearance you haue added both strength and glorie to the Kingdome by this your accession to the Nauie But where I pray you are all these Ships foure of these are call away of the which one was of three hundred Tunne another of foure hundred the third of thrée hundred and the fourth of eleuen hundred two more are docked vp there as Pinaces to Trade vp and downe the rest are either employed in the Trade in the Indies or at home out of reparations which if true if the Kingdome should haue néede of them on any occasion it shall surely want their seruice and so then there is not onely no supply to the Nauie this way but hurt euen to the whole Kingdome the Woods being cut downe and the Ships eyther lost on not seruiceable Surely Stories can shew vs which we may reade in the courses of Common-weales how tolerable nay how laudable it is in all States to enlarge Commerce Marchants whome wée should respect can tell vs of the casualties which not onely the Shippes but their Estates are subiect to by aduentures Mariners whom we must pittie can teach vs of the ordinary dangers not onely that Shippes and goods but their liues are subiect to by Sea I must not then exprobrate that to them which is to be imputed to the Sea nor are they to bee blamed out of reason for that which deserueth in humanitie commiseration nor is England bounded by our Horizon to goe no further then wée sée Wee haue learned long since that Mercatura si tenuis sordida si magna splendida the Stranger the Countrie the greater the aduenture the more famous our Nation the more worthie the Marchant Before wee were euen Horace Writ Currit Mercator ad Indos Loath then am I to borrow that saying of Demosthenes on his courting of Lais to pay it to the Indian Trade by alleaging that Non tanti Emam poenitentiam only hauing now in common that Roman Prouiso Ne quid detrimenti Respub capiat Let vs examine that which may mooue patience that our Woods are cut downe and the Ships either lost or not seruiceable Our Woods I saie cut downe in extraordinarie manner neither doe the Ships die the ordinarie death of Shippes Our Woods extraordinarily cut downe in regard of the greatnesse of the Shipping which doth as it were deuoure our Timber I am able out of sufficient testimonie to affirme that since the Indian Trade and méerely through their building of their Ships of so great burthen and their repairing the building notwithstanding beganne but fiue yeares since that Timber is raised in the Land fiue shillings and more in the load nay almost not to bee had for monie which the Companie no question being sensible of very wisely séeke to helpe themselues in by building of Ships in Ireland for their seruice yet it seemeth their incouragement that way is but necessitous in regard by their owne saying besides the hazard the charges are little lesse and which is worse that kind of Timber is but vntoward for that vse being so extreame heauie that a Ship of a small burden draweth much Water In fiue yeares space their building together with their repairing of Ships almost equall to building beget such a scarcitie what will a little continuance bring forth Bring forth I cannot say ought but a priuation will follow euen of all our Timber Wood. The Kings Nauie must be maintained other Merchants of lower ranke must

and ouercame strange difficulties abroad hauing to his eternall reputation of policie and courage out-gone the perfidious Turke and reuenged their barbarous wrongs to the Marchants gaine and the Kingdomes repute After He and his had I say béene accompanied with many sorrowes with labor hunger heate sicknesse and perill That worthie Commander with many a sufficient Marmer with the whole number ten excepted of his li●e Cargazon perished in that Acheldama in that bloudy field of Bantam Nicholas Dounton the Uice-admirall of that Fléete returned and of seuentie be carried forth brought home some twentie the rest their labors and liues were sacrificed to that implacable East Indian Neptune the Darling of that Uoyage is yet there nor neuer will the master and approoued sea-man returne with diuers others The second was that of Captaine Saris and Captaine Towerson men formerly exercised in those iournies and therefore thought méet to command Whether they were short of the opinion conceiued of them or no I know not it they were I should attribute part of the losse of their men to their insufficiencie but that the destinie of that Countrie challengeth all to it selfe Captaine Towerson who first returned hauing left behind him of some hundred and twentie carried forth fourescore and fiue and Captaine Saris of 90. odde not hauing brought home aboue two or thrée and twentie the Thomas of that voyage which went forth with some 60. men was brought home by way of a wreck you know the destruction of men that name importeth The third that of Captaine Thomas Best Admirall of the Fléet a man whose former behauiour in sea-affaires drew into that iourny with great expectation and which is very seldome and hard his carriage in this employment went beyond that great expectation of a reposed demeanor indulgent to his men vigilant in his charge his courage like on his carriage and his fortune aboue all hee checked the Indians he mated the Portugals those honor our King these feare his forces he setled a trade in Cambaya reduced things in order in Bantam brought riches home for the Marchants and kept reputation for himselfe yet for all this had he Nemesin in do●se the Indian vengeance haunted his ship euen to our Coasts of some hundred and eightie men vnder him when he went forth depriuing him of one hundred and odde men for euer Some foure or fiue and twentie of the remainder are left on the desperate account of men for the Countries Facteridge onely thirtie are returned In two great Sea-fights with the Portugals and their Gallions which continued foure whole dayes he lost not foure men It was not then the fortune of war neyther out of want of ought that victuals and good gouernment could affoord imputations to some other Uoyages Nor had the length of time any fault part of others bane he hauing made the voyage in shorter space then any other ordinarily the dogged Starre of those Climates the ●●ench of those Countries were his fatalitie As one swallow maketh no summer so it is not much to be maruailed that in al these Uoyages some one ship hath but béene scarred and not else much hurt in this iournie Shée indéed but euen séeing those Coasts and presently on so great a glut of our men and ships with the which it séemeth the sea and Land was then busied and full when as Captaine Newport returned with little losse and in short time Now then as wée haue said before that the Indian ships die not the ordinary death of ships and that wee haue shewen likewise before that men doe die extraordinarily in this Uoyage which is almost incredible they are distressed likewise after their death and that is very apparant by the meane account made to their heires of what they had in possession in their life time by what should otherwise be due to them in their purchase by the calamities of their wiues children and friends after their death Fabulous and phantasticall Legends haue béene made of the restlesse death of many concealed Extortioners and Murderers whose Ghosts haue béen said so walke in paine and penance On the contrary how many liue bodies indéed the true Images of the deceased complaine of the death call for the due of their friends Fathers Husbands Children Kinsfolks Creditors Poore Ratlife Limehouse Blacke-wall Shadwell Wapping and other sea-townes abroad can sensibly tell The Marchant hée is at home and therefore hée cannot embezell the goods abroad and it is likely that what is directly proued due is paid here to theirs Then is the calamitie of that iournie more fearefull because out of his owne ill Planet if maketh so many miserable How this is recompenced it is neyther my purpose nor my part to examine For certaine there is want of Trade the Hollander would grow greater if hée had all this Trade in his owne hands The Kings Customes are now aduanced this way Shipwrights are set on worke which must be maintained and other Mechanicall Trades liue hereby with a number of poore busied And surely hee that would not haue the poore to liue I would hee might begge And hee that would not aduance the Kings profit in all liberall manner and Marchandize is a faire means I would hée might die and hee that regardeth not his Countries good it is pittie hee was euer borne I desire not like a second Phaeton to make a combustion All that I would enforce at this time is that in this trade our men are consumed and thereby more want of Mariners Let the Straights-men and the Lisborne-Marchants complain of their hinderance this way and say their Trafficke before was more beneficiall by much and more certaine to the Custome-house then the Indies bee now Let others report that the foundation of this Trade was laid in the ruine of a Carick that Sir Iames Lancaster tooke in the first Uoyage and that the maine of this after-iollitie procéeded of the forced Trade driuen with the Mecha Fléet by Sir Henry Middleton whereby diuers durst not goe presently after to the Straights as the Angell and other ships out of rumor of reuenge for violence offered by our Indian men to the Turkes in the Red sea Let the common people say that their commodities are vnnecessarie aske the Tradesmen nay all men what they haue cheaper looke into the price of victuals how it riseth out of their great prouisions Let the whole Land murmure at the transport of treasure and bring in Charles the fifth his opinion speaking to the Portugals of their Trade to the East Indies who said that they were the enemies to Christendome for they carried away the treasure of Europe to enrich the Heathen Let goe the spéech of the small reliefe thereby to the poore and they whom it doth concerne may suggest the Indian home state and particular profit Once I am sure that as Vespasian the Emperor sayd Hee had rather saue one Cittizen then kill one thousand Enemies so his Royall