had promised so he would bring forth his aide out of Munichia Antipater at first seemed of good disposition towards Demades but after Perdicea being dead and certain of the Kings Letters found amongst the Kings writings in with Demades did exhort Perdicea that hee should speedily passe into Europe against Antipater the favour of Antipater was alyened from Demades so that hee nourished privily cruelty against him Wherfore Demades with his Sonne Demea who with his Father was also Ambassadour urging the performance of the promise were both delivered to the Executioner Diodo li 18. Servius Sulpitius dying in his Legation had a Statue erected to him sitting on horse-back Agapetus the Romane as before you heard comming to the Emperour to excuse the death of Amalasuenta died in his Embassie Porcopius Domatus Accioiolus who wrote the Grammar as I conjecture singularly learned in the Greek and Latine tongue being Ambassadour from the Florentines to Lewis the Eleventh King of France for to joyn in league against Xistus the Fourth Bishop of Rome dyed before he was departed out of the limits of Italy In recompence whereof his Children had many privileges granted and great sums bestowed on them with other money appointed by the Magistrates to the bestowing of his Daughters in Marriage In whose place Guidontanius Vespatius was erected Brutus li 7. Histor. Florenc Claudius Marcellus one of the three Ambassadours sent unto Massinissa into Africa perished by shipwrack a little before the third Punicall warres Livi. li 50. Volater Livius li 17. Iulianus Caesarius the Cardinall and Ambassadour with Udalislaus King of Polonia sent by Eugenius the Fourth chief Bishop against the Turks was slain Volat. li 22. Bassarion Cardinall of Nice who wrote the Historie of the Greeks in the beginning of the Popedome of Xistus whilest he went into France to conclude a Peace between Lewis the King of France and Charles Duke of Burgondie as meaning to sacrifice that for his last offer to God being suspected of th'one part and returning without doing any notable thing in the cause with very griefe of mind died at Ravena iâ—… his journey Volat. li 2 Anthrop The Senate of Venicâ—… did dispatch in Legatioâ—… to the King of Spain Domick Frinisanus and Anthony Boldus to procure as there was truce taken for a time a continuall amitie between those Kings and Charles the King of France who taking their journey Antony being a man of singular eloquence and profound judgement overtaken with sicknesse in the way dyed at Genua In recompence whereof the State and Senate of Venice gave to his Son Gabriel Boldns spirituall livings at Patavia after confirmed to the said Gabriel by Alexander the Pope Bemb li 4. Ven. Histor. Thus these examples sufficing for the proofe of this matter although many other might be vouched thereupon as well out of our English Chronicles as out of other Authors I will now since every man is subject to death and it forceth not before God whether hee die an Ambassadour or no shew what injuries aswell in life as limbe with other disorders have been used unto Legates against Law Reason Equitie Friendship and Christianity CHAP. 7. Ambassadours evilly entreated in their Embassie IT is shewed before in the privileges of Ambassadours that their Immunitie should be such as they ought not to be touched for any offence in their Legation no not for conspiracie against another Prince Then since this was the Law called Ius Gentium which was as touching Legates called Divinum for that commonly they sought to maintain godly Peace How much are those persons Kings or others to be blamed that have offered violence to such men which of themselves doe nothing but execute the commandement of their Superiours to resist whom is punishable as well before God as before men Disobedience being such a vice as God abhorreth Man punisheth Reason misliketh and Law condemneth Wherefore as good Princes have been commended to their perpetuall glory for the liberalitie good using and entertainment of Ambassadours So evill Kings to their continuall shame are registred in remembrance for abusing violating and offending such persons And therefore under this Title I will set down both what Ambassadours have been injured in what sort it was done by whom for what cause and to whose despight it hath been practised as followeth First the Ambassadours of Darius requiring in great words Earth and Water to be given them which amongst the Persians was a token of yielding or subjection were soon headlong thrown into Ditches and some into deep Wells and Dungeons Alexander ab Alexandro li 4. cap. 7. Longius the Legate of Trajane the Emperour as he was talking was circumvented and apprehended Volat. li 23. Anthrop Iohn the Son of Edward being issued from the noble house of the Romans called Columna which ancient familie continueth at this day of which there did flourish two hundred noble personages and being Cardinall of St. Praxedis was Ambassador in the expedition to Hierusalem which was in the year 1200. where hee did almost suffer Martyrdome for he was of the barbarous Enemies included between two posts readie to be cut in sunder unless the Divine providence and his great constancie had not moved them to relent Volat. li 22. Anthrop Aurelius Scaurus Legate from the Cymbries the host being overthrown was taken who being called to the Councell by them did put them in fear lest they should passe the Alps and goe into Italy affirming that the Romans could not be subdued upon which hee was killed by Belus the fierce young King Livius li 67. A. Gabinius the Legate after many things prosperously done against the Lucans and many Towns overthrown was slain at a siege Livius li 76. Henricus Dandalus the Ambassadour of the Venetians for that he liberally uttered certain things had against the Law of Nations his eyes plucked out by Emanuel Emperour of Constantinople Pantaleon the Tyrant of the Eleans did geld certain Legates comming to him and enforced them to eat their own stones Heraclides in Politiis The Egyptians joyning battell with Cambyses King of the Persians in the end took their flight without any order to whom being withdrawn into Memphis Cambyses sent an Herald his Legate being a Persian in a ship of Mitelena They when they saw the ship arrived at Memphis in whole troops comming out of the Citie broke the ship and tore the men into small pieces carrying them into the Town Herodot. li 3. In the second year of the Peloponesian warre the Lacedemonians experiencing all devises to overthrow the riches of Athens sent Legates unto Artaxerxes into Asia which should require aid and money to the use of the warre and also should as they made their passage through Thracia attempt Sitalces whether hee would be withdrawn from the societie of the Athenians with which Ambassadours was Aristius Corinthius Trinagoras Togeates and Pollis Argivus in his own name going to the King These repairing into Asia and passing
of their Legation and under the title of Apophthegmes and wise answers of Legates wherefore I here strain my quill to other matters belonging to them as followeth CHAP. 4. What Lawes and privileges were made and allowed for and to Ambassadours ALthough this matter may best by a Civilian be discussed for that the same is most plentifully known unto them and is a thing that I cannot well intreat of for that I have not acquainted my selfe with Iustinians Writings and Decrees yet so far-forth as either in History or other Authoritie I have read or collected any thing thereof I shall not refuse to say what I can though not so much as I would though not so much as the matter could bear and though not so much as your Lordship might learn from others to your contentment and my desire And therefore to say what I can I affirm That it is but reason since Ambassadours endanger their persons consume their substance travell their wits toyle their bodyes serve their Countrie and uphold their Prince that they should be Franchised with such liberties as both might be safety for themselves and guerdon for their deserts or else who would willingly discharge that thing the performance whereof shall not so much as defend his life But to leave proofes of reason wee will descend to the writings of others who have treated thereof And first for the order how Ambassadours were received and used Alexander ab Alexandro thus writeth Apud Graecos nisi praeconibus adhibitis Legatos minimè hostium fines ingredi decebat neque Legationis munere fungi quenquam nisi prius infula aqua ab eisdem manus abluissent Iovique coronatis poculis propinassent Hi tamen Legati qui cum patriis sacris Oâ—…ympum aut Pythiam missi erant sacri qui vero foed ra percutiebant quasi pacis arbitri Interpretos {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} dicti sunt Which Alexander further speaking of the time when Ambassadors should be received amongst the Romans and in what language the Legates should speak saith in this order Neque illud praetereundum c. Neither is it to be overpassed that it is remembred that to Legates and forraign Nations admitted into the Senate the Roman Consulls were not accustomed to give any answers but only in Latin who being admitted after the manner of the Fathers the Senate gave them power of that they would have but the Greeks by their Deputies appointed did declare their minds if any body required any thing as the Atrebates and Belonaces did assemble their Councells by the sound of Trumpets But if they would speak any thing in their own Language to those being admitted in the Senate were Interpreters given by whom they did propound what was needfull and receive the agreement and answers of the Senate And although Molo the Rhetorician is first said to have declamed in Greek in the Senate yet so much did Tiberius hate the Greek tongue that endeavouring to speak I well know not what in the Senate in Greek hee first craved pardon therefore And Claudius Caesar did rase out of the Table of the Iudges and sent away the Governuur of a Province in Greece for that hee was ignorant in the Latin tongue Further this custome grew in force amongst the Romans that in the month of February stiled the Calends of March by Consuls appointed therefore the Senate did daily apply themselves to hear the requests of Ambassadours and complaints of their fellowes lest they should be deceived in the end by long delay and tedious expectation Thus far he In which is worthily to be noted that the Romans with great reason did use to give answers to Legates in their Mother tongue which was the Latine and that hee which spake in the Senate should have the Latine tongue The which observation if it were at this day used it would judge most allowable that what Prince soever should by his Ambassadours request any thing of us should use our tongue they standing in need of us And so likewise when we are to require of them things necessary for us wee to use their language because the truth of the matter should better be understood thereby than otherwise upon the ambiguitie of the word not known of the Ambassadour ignorant of our tongue might great contention rise As did to Frederick Duke of Saxonie in Sentence given against him by Charles the Fifth in the Dutch tongue where Frederick understanding one word to signifie absolution and pardon of life was by the same word condemned to death that word having double signification Now what Privileges and Immunities are further to them belonging Marcus Popilius Lenas being dispatched Legate unto Antiochus Epiphanes who had besieged King Ptolomy friend to the Romans to will him that hee should abstain from molesting the Companions of the people of Rome did compasse about Antiochus deferring answer with a circle which hee made with a wand charging Antiochus not to depart out of the same till such time as he had delivered an absolute answer the which Antiochus fearing lest of his war where he doth by manifest error place C. Octavus for Popilius Nicholaus Damastenus being sent of Herod King of the Jewes whose deeds he wrote with more flattery than troth Embassadour to Rome to Augustus did pacifie the Emperour offended with Herod for warres made against the Arabians And so wrought that Syllius the Legate of the Arabians was condemned Agapetus the Roman was sent of Theodorus king of the Goths to Iustinian the Emperour to excuse the death of Amalasuenta where the Emperour being pacified and hee attempted by the Emperour to follow the Heresie of Eutiches by his constant denying thereof so wrought that in th' end he enforced the Emperour to return to a sound opinion of Catholique Religion Francis Dandalus the Venetian Orator being sent into France to Clement the Pope to pacifie him for that hee was offended with the States of Venice for the receiving of Feraria when he had divers times used many perswasions and yet could not remove the anger of the high Bishop falling groveling upon his hands and feet of his voluntary motion not by compulsion as some affirm with a Chain about his neck in the manner of a Dog did prostrate himselfe at the feet of the Bishop then at Dinner At which strange sight the Pope being astonied received him into his favour and forgave the injurie of the Venetians Laurence Medices Ambassadour of the Florentines sent to Naples to King Ferdinando when one of the Kings horses was brought forth on which Laurence should ride together with the King who came to meet him not as a private person into the Castle said hee should then need a horse and not before when hee had obtained Peace of such a King whereby hee might with quick speed carry such message to his City whose hope in this was not deceived for Ferdinand being allured with the
the Sea of Helespont Sadocus the Sonne of Sitalces But Herodotus maketh Sitalces the Son of Tereus Author of this deed by the perswasion of the Legates of Athens by chance being then in Thracia were overthrown and sent bound to Athens by Mymphiodorus Abderitas The Legates thus brought into Attica were by publique Decree slain and cast into Wells and Ditches and so the Athenians revenged the death of their people which were taken in the beginning of the warres by the Lacedemonians and were slain and cast out unburied Sabell li 7. en 3. ex Herodot. When Pacorus the King of the Parthians had taken Hierusalem contending against Hercames to bring the kingdome to Antigonus the Sonne of Aristobolus Hee perswaded Hyrcanus that he with Phalesus the eldest Son to Antipater and brother to Herod should goe in Embassie to Barzapharnez a noble man of Parthia into Galile Hyrcanus obeyed though Herod diswaded him from it and so in the end was taken by Barzapharnez and delivered to Antigonus who cut off the ears of Hyrcanus that hee should thereafter bee unapt for the high Priesthood upon the which Phasaetus knocking his head against a stone was author of his own death Ioseph li 14. cap. 24. 25. Antiquitat The Fideni being a Colonie or people sprang from Rome did revolt to Larte Tollinius King of Vrentines by which occasion Legates were dispatched to demand the cause of their new devise and Counsell which Legates by the Precept of Tolunnius were murdered of which deed there were which did absolve the King for that his Speech was misunderstood the same being uttered in a fortunate cast of the Dyce But whether by error or of purpose they were slain it was in question They that came to the Fidenians were Caius Fulcinius Lullius Tullius Sp. Nuntius c. Boscus to whom after their slaughter Images were erected at Rome Sabell li 5. en 3. The Tarentines by occasion setting upon the Roman men of warre carried away the same having killed the Captain of the Fleet with many other persons by reason whereof Legates were sent from Rome after the manner of the Citie to demand restitution of their goods whom the Tarentines adding one mischief to another did violate against the Law of Nations Afterwards being urged of the Romans by warre when they found themselves not able to encounter the Roman force and would not for their naturall pride have the warre dissolved they called Pyrrhus into Italy Sab. li 8. en 4. The Illyrians having gotten a prey upon the Borderers of Italy and robbing their Merchants being intercepted in the high Sea great complaint was thereof made to the Senate of Rome whereupon they sent two of the Cornicans a family of Rome to Teuca the Queen of the Illyrians who succeeded in the kingdome after the death of Argronus her Husband at what time she was besieging the Isle of Issa whether the Ambassadors came to whom uttering the complaint of her sellows she thus concluded saying That shee would endeavour that no injurie should be publiquely offered to the Romans but to prohibit her people that they should not privatly reap the fruit of the Seas it was not the manner of Kings neither would shee forbid it Then one of the Legates in years youngest stoutly but out of time replyed Because said hee O Teuca the Romans by custome doe publiquely revenge private injuries wee will by the assistance of the Gods endevour that whether you will or no this your kingly custome shall bee amended With which bitter answer the Queen grew so offended as that Sex is most impatient in anger that neglecting Ius Gentium she sent out certain which set upon the Ambassadours departed and killed the the younger whose death being declared the Romans raised a power gathered a Navie and made Teuca tributarie with her Dominions in the revenge of the Legates death Sab. li 9. en 4. Borifrinus li 6. Decad. 1. who calleth this Queen by the name of Teutana At the beginning of the Jewes warrs Agrippa the King of the Jewes sent Ambassadours to the seditious Jewes within Hierusalem such persons as were best known unto the Jewes which were Borceus and Phebus to move the people to lay down their Armour and be reconciled to the Romans but the seditious fearing lest the people would have gon to Agrippa killed Phebus before ever he spake and Borceus being wounded hardly escaped Ioseph li 2. cap. 24. de Bello Iudaior Iulianus Apostata so called for that he denyed the Christian faith being Emperour with unspeakable furie raging against the Christians contrarie to all Law and equitie did not at Calordan fear to murder Manuel Sabelles and Ismael because they were Christians and sent Ambassadours to him out of Persia Nicephorus li 10. cap. 11. The Catholiques remaining in the Citie of Constantinople conceiving a certain hope of the clemencie of Valence the Emperour sent 80 men of holy orders as Legates to him lying at Nichomedia The chiefe whereof were Theodorus Curbaggus and Thenedenus who with the rest together with their shipps he commanded to be burned Suidas Iohn the Scribe or Secretarie after the death of Honorius did invade the Empire and required the dignitie of the East Empire to be confirmed unto him But Theosodius casting his Legates in prison and sending Captain Asparus with his host overcame the Tyrant and Created Valentinian the Sonne of his Aunt Placidia Emperour of the West Paulus Diaconus Innocentius Bishop of Rome being ascertained of the injuries wherewith Iohn Chrysostome Bishop of Constantinople was troubled beyond all humanitie by Arcadius the Emperour dispatched certain Ambassadours whose names for brevitie I omit unto the Emperour to Constantinople who at their first arrivall into Greece were traiterously received of the Tribune suborned thereunto by Eudoxia the Empresse the wife of Arcadius who charged them with many reports and said that they came to disturb the Orientall Empire Wherefore divers of them being cast into divers prisons of the suburbs of Constantinople when they could not deliver the Letters they had unto any others than the Emperour Valerius having broken one of his thumbs did forcibly take from them their Letters and their money who after offering them 3000. peeces of gold did tempt them to follow the part of Attichus the usurped Bishop of Constantinople but they pretending that they were admonished in their sleep not to consent therto did earnestly require libertie of return whereupon being put into an old ship which leaked with many chincks they were exposed to the Sea as to their utter destruction who using very dangerous Navigation at the length hardly escaped in safetie and arrived at Lampsacum there changed their ship and returned into the West Nicephorus li 13. cap. 33. So zomenus li. 8. cap. uâ—…â—…imo Hormisda Bishop oâ—…Rome sent Aemiodius thâ—… Bishop with Fortunatus Venantius and Vitalis Leâ—… gates to Anastatius Emperour of Constantinople to reduce him from He resie