and downe in other contries and remembred the great misfortunes he had passed and the sundrie daungers he fell so often into being pursued still by sea and by land it grieued him to the harte and made him so vnquiet that he coulde not sleepe in the night or if he slept had fearefull dreames that troubled him and still he thought he heard a voyce bussing in his eares A Lyons very denne is dreadfull to behold Though he him selfe be gone abroade and be not therein hold But fearing most of all that he should no more sleepe and take his rest he gaue him selfe to make vnreasonable banckets and to drinke more then his yeres could beare seeking to winne sleepe by this meanes to auoyde care the better But at the length there came one from the sea that gaue him certaine intelligence of all that was an increase of a new feare vnto him And thus he being now extreamely troubled partely for feare of the thing to come partely also for the ouer heauie burden of his present ill there neded but litle more aggrauation to fall into the disease whereof he dyed which was a plewrisie as Posidonius the Philosopher wryteth who sayeth plainly that he went into his chamber when he was sicke and spake vnto him about matters of his Ambassade for the which he came to ROME Yet an other historiographer Caius Piso wryteth that Marius walking one day after supper with his frendes fell in talke of his fortune from the beginning of his life telling them at large how often fortune had turned with and against him concluding that it is no wise mans parte to trust her any more So when he had done he tooke his leaue of them and layed him downe vpon his bed where he lay sicke seuen dayes together and on the seuenth day dyed Some wryte that his ambition appeared plainly by a straunge rauing that tooke him in his head during his sickenes For he thought that he made warres with Mithridates and shewed in his bed all his gestures and mouings of his bodie as if he had bene in a battell crying the selfe same cryes out alowde which he was wont to crie when he was in the extreamest fight The desire he had to haue taken this charge in hande against Mithridates was so deepely setled in his minde through extreame ambition and iealouzy that possest him that being then three score and ten yeare old after he had bene the first man that euer was chosen seuen times Consull in ROME and also after that he had gotten a world of goodes and richesse together that might haue suffised many kinges yet for all this he dyed for sorrowe lamenting his harde fortune as if he had dyed before his time and before that he had done and ended that which he had desired But this was cleane contrarie vnto that the wise Plato did when he drewe neere to his death For he gaue God thankes for his fatall end and good fortune First for that he had made him a reasonable man and no brute beast secondly a Greke and no barbarous man and furthermore for that he was borne in Socrates time It is reported also that one Antipater of THARSIS calling to mind a litle before his death the good fortune he had in his life time did not forgette amonge other thinges to tell of the happie nauigation he made comming from his contrie vnto ANTHES which did witnesse that he put vpon the fyle of his good accompts for a singular great grace all fauor fortune had shewed him and that he kept it in perpetuall memorie being the onely and most assured treasure a man can haue to kepe those giftes that nature or fortune doe bestowe vpon him But contrariwise vnthankefull fooles vnto God and nature both doe forget with time the memory of their former benefittes and laying vp nothing nor keping it in perpetuall memory are alwayes voyde of goods and full of hope gaping still for things to come leauing in the meane time the things present though reason perswades them the contrary For fortune may easily let theÌ„ of the thing to come but she can not take that from theÌ„ which is already past and yet they vtterly forget the certaine benefit of fortune as a thing nothing belonging vnto theÌ„ dreame alwayes of that which is vncertaine And sure it chaunceth to them by great reason For hauing gathered outward goodes together and locking them vp before they haue built and layd a sure grounded foundacion of reason through good learning they can not afterwardes fill nor quenche their vnsatiable greedie couetous minde Thus ended Marius his life the seuenteenth day of his seuenth Consulshippe whereof all the citie of ROME was not a litle glad and tooke harte againe vnto them supposing they had then bene deliuered from a bloodie cruell tyranny But within few dayes after they knew it to their cost that they had chaunged an olde master taken out of the worlde for a younger that came but newly to them such extreame vnnaturall cruelties murders did Marius the younger commit after the death of his father Marius murdering in manner all the chiefest noble men of ROME At the first they tooke him for a valliant and hardy young man whereuppon they named him the sonne of Mars but shortly after his deedes did shew the contrary and then they called him the sonne of Venus In the end he was shut in and besieged by Sylla in the city of PERVSIA where he did what he could possible to saue his life but all was in vaine lastly seeing no way to éscape the city being taken he slewe him selfe with his owne handes The end of Caius Marius life THE LIFE OF Lysander IN the treasorie of the ACANTHIANS which is in the temple of Apollo at DELPHES there is this inscription Brasidas and the ACANTHIANS with the spoile of the ATHENIANS That inscription maketh many men thinke that the image of stone that standeth within the chamber by the dore therof is the image of Brasidas howbeit in truth it is the liuelie image of Lysander him selfe made with a great bush of heare a thicke long beard after the old auncient facion And where some say that the ARGIVES after they were ouercome and had left a great battell did all of them shaue them selues in token and signe of common sorrow and that the LACEDAEMONIANS on thother side to shewe the ioy of their victory did all let their heares growe that is not true No more then this is true which other do reporte of the BACCHIADES who being fled from CORINTHE vnto LACEDAEMON the LACEDAEMONIANS founde them so ill fauoredly disguised and deformed bicause their beâ—â—â— were all shauen that thereupon they had a desire to let their heare and beards grow For that was one of the ordinaunces of Lycurgus who sayd that the long bushe of heare maketh them that are naturally fayer the pleasaunter to looke vppon
an other without any playing or vncomely talke In the middest of supper they that sought occasion of quarrell beganne to speake lewde wordes counterfeating to be dronke and to play many vile partes of purpose to anger Sertorius Whereuppon Sertorius whether it was that he coulde not abide to see those villanous partes or that he mistrusted their ill will towardes him by fumbling of their wordes in their mouthes and by their vnwonted irreuerent maner shewed vnto him fell backewards apon the bed where he sate at meate seeming no more to marke what they did or sayd Perpenna at that instant tooke a cuppe full of wine making as though he dranke let it fall of purpose The cuppe falling drowne made a noyse and that was the signe geuen among them Therewithall Antonius that sate aboue Sertorius at the table stabbed him in with his dagger Sertorius feeling the thrust stroue to rise but the traiterous murderer got vp on Sertorius brest held both his handes And thus was Sertorius cruelly murdered not able to defend him selfe all the conspirators falling apon him Sertorius death being blowen abroade the most parte of the SPANYARDS sent Ambassadors immediatly vnto Pompey and Metellus and yeelded them selues vnto them and Perpenna with those that remained with him attempted to doe some thing with Sertorius army and preparation But all fell out to his vtter destruction and ruine making the world know that he was a wicked man who could neither commaund nor knew how to obey For he went to assaile Pompey who had ouerthrowen him straight and was in the end taken prisoner And yet in that instant of his calamitie he did not vse him selfe like a valliant minded man and one worthy to rule for thinking to saue his life hauing Sertorius letters and wrytinges he offered Pompey to deliuer him all Sertorius letters sent him from the chiefest Senators of ROME wrytten with their owne handes requestinge Sertorius to bring his armie into ITALIE where he should finde numbers of people desirous of his comming and that gaped still for chaunge of gouernment But here did Pompey shewe him selfe a graue and no younge man deliueringe thereby the citie of ROME from great feare and daunger of chaunge and innouation For he put all Sertorius letters and wrytinges on a heape together and burnt them euery one without readinge any of them or sufferinge them to be red And moreouer he presently put Perpenna to death fearing he should name some which if they were named would breede new occasion of trouble sedition And as for the other conspirators some of thē afterwards were brought to Pompey who put them all to death and the rest of them fled into AFRICKS where they were all ouerthrowen by them of the contrie and not a man of them scaped but fell vnfortunately apon th edge of the sworde Aufidius only except Manlius companion in loue Who either bicause he was not reckened of or else vnknowen dyed an olde man in a pelting village of the barbarous people poore miserable and hated of all the world THE LIFE OF Eumenes DVris the Historiographer wryteth that Eumenes was borne in the citie of CARDIA in THRACIA being a cariers sonne of the same contrie who for pouertie earned his liuing by carying marchaundises to and fro and that he was notwithstanding honestly brought vp as well at schoole as at other comely exercises And furthermore how that he being but a boy Philip king of MACEDON chaunsing to come through the city of CARDIA where hauing nothing to do he tooke great pleasure to see the young men of the citie handle their weapons boyes to wrestle and among them Eumenes shewed such actiuitie and performed it with so good a grace withall that Philippe liked the boye well and tooke him away with him But sure their reporte seemeth truest which wryte that Philippe did aduaunce him for the loue he bare to his father in whose house he had lodged After the death of Philippe Eumenes continued his seruice with king Alexander his sonne where he was thought as wise a man as faithfull to his master as any and though he was called the Chaunceller or chiefe secretary yet the king did honor him as much as he did any other of his chiefest frendes familiars For he was sent his Lieutenaunt generall of his whole army against the INDIANS and was Perdiccas successor in the gouernment of his prouince Perdiccas being preferred vnto Hephaestions charge after his death Nowe bicause Neoptolemus that was one of the chiefe Squiers for the body vnto the king after the death of Alexander told the Lordes of the counsell of MACEDON that he had serued the king with his shield and speare and howe Eumenes had followed with his penne and paper the Lordes laughed him to scorne knowing that besides many great honors Eumenes had receiued the king esteemed so well of him that he did him the honor by mariage to make him his kinseman For the first Lady that Alexander knew in ASIA was Barsine Artabazus daughter by whom he had a sonne called his name Hevenles of two of her sisters he maried the one of them called Apama vnto Ptolomye her other sister also called Barsine he bestowed vpon Eumenes when he distributed the PERSIAN Ladies among his Lordes and familiars to marrie them Yet all this notwithstanding he often fell in disgrace with king Alexander stoode in some daunger by meanes of Hephaestion For Hephaestion following Alexanders courte on a time hauing appointed Euius a phiphe player a lodging which Eumenes seruauntes had taken vp for their maister Eumenes being in a rage went with one Mentor vnto Alexander crying out that a mā were better be a phiphe a common plaier of Tragedies then a souldier sithence such kinde of people were preferred before men of seruice that ventured their liues in the warres Alexander at that present time was as angrie as Eumenes roundly tooke vp Hephaestion for it howbeit immediatly after hauing chaunged his minde he was much offended with Eumenes bicause he thought him not to haue vsed that franke speech so much against Hephaestion as of a certaine presumptuous boldenes towardes him selfe And at an other time also when Alexander was sending Nearchus with his army by sea to cleere the coastes of the Occean it chaunsed the king was without money whereupon he sent to all his frendes to take vp money in prest and among others vnto Eumenes of whom he requested three hundred talentes Eumenes lent him but a hundred and sayd he had much a doe to get him so much of all his tenantes Alexander sayd nothing to him neither would he suffer them to take his hundred talentes but commaunded his officers to set Eumenes tent a fire bicause he would take him tardy with a lye before he could geue order to cary away his gold and siluer Thus was his tent burnt downe to the ground before they could
was chosen captaine of the great shippe Argus and had commission to sayle euery where to chase and driue awaye rouers and pyrates and to scoure the seas through out About this time Daedalus being fled from CRETA to ATHENS in a litle barke Minos contrarie to this restraint woulde needes followe him with a fleete of diuers vessels with owers who being by force of weather driuen with the coaste of SICILE fortuned to dye there Afterwardes his sonne Deucalion being marucilously offended with the ATHENIANS sent to summone them to deliuer Daedalus vnto him or els he woulde put the children to death which were deliuered to his father for hostages But Theseus excused him selfe and sayed he coulde not forsake Daedalus considering he was his neere kynseman being his cosin germaine for he was the sonne of Merope the daughter of Erichtheus Howbeit by and by he caused many vessels secretly to be made parte of them within ATTICA selfe in the village of Thymetades farre from any highe wayes and parte of them in the cittie of TROEZEN by the sufferance of Pitheus his grandfather to the ende his purpose shoulde be kept the secretlyer Afterwardes when all his shippes were readye and rygged out he tooke sea before the CRETANS had any knowledge of it in so much as when they sawe them a farre of they dyd take them for the barkes of their friends Theseus landed without resistaunce and tooke the hauen Then hauing Daedalus and other banished CRETANS for guydes he entred the cittie selfe of GNOSVS where he slewe Deucalion in a fight before the gates of the Labyrinthe with all his garde and officers about him By this meanes the kingdome of CRETA fell by inheritance into the handes of his sister Ariadne Theseus made league with her and caryed away the yong children of ATHENS which were kept as hostages and concluded peace and amytie betweene the ATHENIANS and the CRETANS who promised and sware they woulde neuer make warres against them They reporte many other things also touching this matter and specially of Ariadne but there is no trothe nor certeintie in it For some saye that Ariadne honge her selfe for sorowe when she sawe that Theseus had caste her of Other write that she was transported by mariners into the I le of NAXOS were she was maryed vnto O Enarus the priest of Bacchus and they thincke that Theseus lefte her bicause he was in loue with another as by these verses shoulde appeare AEgles the Nymphe vvas loued of Theseus vvhich vvas the daughter of Panopeus Hereas the Megarian sayeth that these two verses in olde time were among the verses of the Poet Hesiodus howbeit Pisistratus tooke them awaye as he dyd in like manner adde these other here in the description of the helles in Homer to gratifie the ATHENIANS Bolde Theseus and Pirithous stovvte descended both from godds immortall race Triumphing still this vvearie vvorlde aboute infeats of armes and many acomly grace Other holde opinion that Ariadne had two children by Theseus the one of them was named O Enopion and the other Staphylus Thus amongest others the Poet Ion writeth it who was borne in the I le of CHIO and speaking of his cittie he sayeth thus O Enopion vvhich vvas the sonne of vvorthy Theseus did cause men buylde this stately tovvne vvhich novve triumpheth thus Nowe what things are founde seemely in Poets fables there is none but dothe in manner synge them But one Paenon borne in the cittie of AMATHVNTA reciteth this cleane after another sorte and contrarie to all other saying that Theseus by tempest was driuen with the I le of CYPRVS hauing with him Ariadne which was great with childe and so sore sea sycke that she was not able to abide it In so muche as he was forced to put her a lande and him selfe afterwards returning abourde hoping to saue his shippe against the storme was forthwith compelled to loose into the sea The women of the countrye dyd curteously receyue and intreate Ariadne and to comforte her againe for she was marucilously oute of harte to see she was thus forsaken they counterfeated letters as if Theseus had wrytten them to her And when her groninge time was come and she to be layed they did their best by all possible meanes to saue her but she dyed notwithstanding in labour and could neuer be deliuered So she was honorably buried by the Ladies of CYPRVS Theseus not long after returned thither againe who tooke her death maruelous heauily and left money with the inhabitantes of the countrie to sacrifice vnto her yearely and for memorie of her he caused two litle images to be molten the one of copper and the other of siluer which he dedicated vnto her This sacrifice is done the seconde day of September on which they doe yet obserue this ceremonie they doe lay a young childe vpon a bed which pitiefully cryeth and lamenteth as women trauellinge with childe They saye also that the AMATHVSIANS doe yet call the groue where her tombe is sette vp the wodde of Venus Adriadne And yet there are of the NAXIANS that reporte this otherwise saying there were two Minoes and two Adriadnees whereof the one was maried to Bacchus in the I le of NAXOS of whome Staphylus was borne and the other the youngest was rauished and caried away by Theseus who afterwardes forsooke her and she came into the I le of NAXOS with her nurce called Corcyna whose graue they doe shewe yet to this day This seconde Adriadne dyed there also but she had no such honour done to her after her death as to the first was geuen For they celebrate the feaste of the first with all ioye and mirthe where the sacrifices done in memorie of the seconde be mingled with mourninge and sorowe Theseus then departing from the I le of CRETA arriued in the I le of DELOS where he did sacrifice in the temple of Apollo and gaue there a litle image of Venus the which he had gotten of Adriadne Then with the other young boyes that he had deliuered he daunced a kinde of daunce which the DELIANS keepe to this day as they say in which there are many turnes and returnes much after the turninges of the Labyrinthe And the DELIANS call this manner of daunce the crane as Dicaorcus sayeth And Theseus daunced it first about the altar which is called Ceraton that is to saye horne-staffe bicause it is made and builded of hornes onely all on the left hande well and curiously sette together without any other bindinge It is sayed also that he made a game in this I le of DELOS in which at the first was geuen to him that ouercame a braunche of palme forreward of victorie But when they drewe neere the coast of ATTICA they were so ioyfull he and his master that they forgate to set vp their white sayle by which they shoulde haue geuen knowledge of their healthe and safetie vnto AEgeus Who
we ought to consider in them the diuersities of manners and passions seeing anger is vnreasonable and wrathe rashe and passionate then can we not clere the one nor excuse the other of extreme rage and passion in the facte committed by the one against his brother and by the other against his naturall sonne Howbeit the occasion and beginning of anger doth muche excuse Theseus who moued with the greatest cause that might be was put into suche choller and passion But if Romulus variaunce with his brother had proceeded of any matter of counsell or cause of the common weales there is none so simple to thincke that his wisdome would so sodainely haue set vpon him Where as Theseus in contrarie manner killed his sonne prouoked by those passions that fewe men can auoyde to wit loue ielousie and false reporte of his wife Moreouer Romulus anger went to the effect whereof the issue fell out very lamentable Theseus anger stretched no further then to roughe wordes and olde folkes curses in their heate For it seemeth cursed fortune and nought els was the cause of his sonnes only mishappe as forespoken and wished for somewhat by his father These be the speciall things maye be alledged for Theseus But for Romulus this was a noble thing in him First his beginning being very lowe and meane and his brother and he taken for bonde men and the children of hoggeheards before they were them selues all free they set at libertie in manner all the LATINES winning at one instant many titles of glorie and honour as distroyers of their enemies defenders of their parents Kings of nations founders of newe citties and no ouerthrowers of the olde where as Theseus of many habitations and houses made onely one and dyd ouerthrowe and plucke downe diuers states bearing the names of auncient Kings princes and halfe goddes of ATTICA All these also dyd Romulus afterwards and compelled his enemies whom he had ouercome to distroye their owne houses and to come and dwell with their conquerours And in the beginning he neuer chaunged nor increased any cittie that was buylt before but buylt him selfe a newe cittie out of the grounde getting all together land countrie kingdome kinred and mariages without losing or killing any man and to the contrarie rather he dyd good to many poore vacabonds who had neither countrie lands nor houses and desired nothing els but to make a people amongest them and to become cittizens of some cittie Also Romulus bent not him selfe to follow theeues and robbers but subdued by force of armes many mightie and puissant people he tooke citties and triumphed ouer Kings and Princes which he had vanquished in battell And touching the murder of Remus it is not certainely knowen of whose hands he dyed The most parte of authors doe charge other with the death of him But it is certaine that Romulus deliuered his mother from apparant death and restored his grandfather to the royall throne of AEneas who before was deposed and brought from a King to seruill obedience without any regarde of honour or dignitie to whom he dyd many moe great pleasures and seruices Besides he neuer offended him willingly no not so muche as ignorantly Contrarylie I thincke of Theseus who fayling by negligence to put out his white sayle at his returne cannot be cleared of parricide howe eloquent an oration soeuer could be made for his excuse yea though it were before the most fauorable iudges that could be Wherefore an ATHENIAN very well perceyuing that it was an harde thing to excuse and defend so fowle a faulte dothe fayne that the good olde man AEgeus hauing newes brought him that his sonnes shippe was at hand dyd ronne in so great haste to his castell to see his sonne arriue a farre of that as he ranne his foote hit against some thing and ouerthrewe him as though he had none of his people about him or that neuer a man seeing him ronne so hastely to the sea side dyd make haste to attende and wayte vpon him Furthermore Theseus faults touching women and rauishements of the twaine had the lesse shadowe and culler of honestie Bicause Theseus dyd attempt it very often for he stale awaye Ariadne Antiope and Anaxo the Troezenian Againe being stepped in yeres and at later age and past mariage he stale awaye Helen in her minoritie being nothing neere to consent to marye Then his taking of the daughters of the TROEZENIANS of the LACEDAEMONIANS and the AMAZONES neither contracted to him nor comparable to the birthe and linadge of his owne countrie which were at ATHENS and descended of the noble race and progenie of Erichtheus and of Cecrops dyd geue men occasion to suspect that his womannishenes was rather to satisfie lust then of any great loue Romulus nowe in a contrarie manner when his people had taken eight hundred or thereabouts of the Sabyne women to rauishe them kept but onely one for him selfe that was called Hersilia as they saye and deliuered the reste to his best and most honest cittizens Afterwardes by the honour loue and good entertainment that he caused them to haue receyue of their husbands he chaunged this violent force of rauishement into a most perfect bonde and league of amitie which dyd so knyt and ioyne in one these two nations that it was the beginning of the great mutuall loue which grewe afterwards betwext those two people and consequently of the ioyning of their powers together Furthermore time hath geuen a good testimonie of the loue reuerence constancie kyndenes and all matrimoniall offices that he established by that meanes betwext man and wife For in two hundred and thirtie yeres afterwards there was neuer man that durst forsake or put awaye his wife nor the wife her husband And as among the GRECIANS the best learned men and most curious obseruers of antiquities doe knowe his name that was the first murderer of his father or mother euen so all the ROMAINES knewe what he was which first durst put away his wife It was one called Spurius Caruilius bicause his wife was barren and had no children The effects also doe agree with the testimonie of the time For the Realme was common vnto Kings of both nations and through the alliance of these mariages that beganne first of rauishements both nations liued peaciblie and in equalitie vnder one ciuill policie and well gouerned common weale The ATHENIANS contrariewise by Theseus mariages dyd get neither loue nor kynred of any one persone but rather they procured warres enmities the slaughter of their citizens with the losse in the ende of the cittie of APHIDNES and yet very hardely and by the mercie of their enemies whom they honored as godds they escaped for him the daunger which the TROIANS suffered afterwards for the self acte done by Alexander Paris So it fell out at the last that his mother was not only in daunger but euen feelingly suffered like miserie and captiuitie which Hecuba dyd
them neither haue they done any vnseemely thing but haue passed the rest of their life like wise constant and vertuous men For it is not loue but weaknes which breedeth these extreme sorowes and exceeding feare in men that are not exercised nor acquainted to fight against fortune with reason And this is the cause that plucketh from them the pleasure of that they loue and desire by reason of the continuall trouble feare and griefe they feele by thincking howe in time they maye be depriued of it Nowe we must not arme our selues with pouertie against the griefe of losse of goodes neither with lacke of affeâ—tion against the losse of our friendes neither with wante of mariage against the death of children but we must be armed with reason against misfortunes Thus haue we sufficiently enlarged this matter The ATHENIANS hauing nowe susteined a long and troublesome warre against the MEGARIANS for the possession of the I le of SALAMINA were in the ende wearie of it and made proclamation straightly commaunding vpon payne of death that no man should presume to preferre any more to the counsaill of the cittie the title or question of the possession of the I le of SALAMINA Solon could not beare this open shame and seeing the most parte of the lustiest youthes desirous still of warre though their tongues were tyed for feare of the proclamation he fayned him selfe to be out of his wittes and caused it to be geuen out that Solon was become a foole and secretly he had made certaine lamentable verses which he had cunned without booke to singe abroade the cittie So one daye he ranne sodainly out of his house with a garland on his head and gotte him to the market place where the people straight swarmed like bees about him and getting him vp vpon the stone where all proclamations are vsually made out he singeth these Elegies he had made which beganne after this sorte I here present my selfe an Heraulde in this case vvhich come from Salamina lande that noble vvorthy place My minde in pelting prose shall neuer be exprest But songe in verse Heroycall for so I thincke it best This Elegie is intituled SALAMINA and conteineth a hundred verses which are excellently well written And these being songe openly by Solon at that time his friendes incontinently praysed them beyond measure and specially Pisistratus and they went about persuading the people that were present to credit that he spake Hereupon the matter was so handled amongest them that by and by the proclamation was reuoked and they beganne to followe the warres with greater furie then before appointing Solon to be generall in the same But the common tale and reporte is that he went by sea with Pisistratus vnto the temple of Venus surnamed Coliade where he founde all the women at a solemne feast and sacrifice which they made of custome to the goddesse He taking occasion thereby sent from thence a trusty man of his owne vnto the MEGARIANS which then had SALAMINA whom he instructed to fayne him selfe a reuolted traytour that he came of purpose to tell them that if they would but goe with him they might take all the chief ladyes and gentle women of ATHENS on a sodaine The MEGARIANS easely beleeued him and shipped forthwith certaine souldiers to goe with him But when Solon perceyued the shippe vnder sayle comming from SALAMINA he commaunded the women to departe and in steade of them he put lusty beardles springalles into their apparell and gaue them litle shorte daggers to conuey vnder their clothes commaunding them to playe daunce together vpon the sea side vntill their enemies were landed and their shippe at anker and so it came to passe For the MEGARIANS being deceyued by that they sawe a farre of as sonne as euer they came to the shore side dyd lande in heapes one in anothers necke euen for greedines to take these women but not a man of them escaped for they were slayne euery mothers sonne This stratageame being finely handled to good effect the ATHENIANS tooke sea straight and costed ouer to the I le of SALAMINA which they tooke vpon the sodaine and wanne it without much resistaunce Other saye that it was not taken after this sorte but that Apollo Delphicus gaue Solon first such an oracle Thou shalt first vvinne by vovves and sacrifice the helpe of lordes an demy goddes full bright of vvhose dead bones the dust engraued lies in vvesterne soyle Asopia that hight By order of this oracle he one night passed ouer to SALAMINA dyd sacrifice to Periphemus to Cichris demy goddes of the countrie Which done the ATHENIANS deliuered him fiue hundred men who willingly offered them selues the cittie made an accorde with them that if they tooke the I le of SALAMINA they should beare greatest authoritie in the common weale Solon imbarked his souldiers into diuers fisher botes and appointed a galliot of thirtie owers to come after him he ankred hard by the cittie of SALAMINA vnder the pointe which looketh towards the I le of NEGREPONT The MEGARIANS which were within SALAMINA hauing by chaunce heard some inckling of it but yet knew nothing of certaintie ranne presently in hurly burley to arme them and manned out a shippe to descrie what it was But they fondly comming within daunger were taken by Solon who clapped the MEGARIANS vnder hatches fast bounde and in their roomes put aborde in their shippe the choycest souldiers he had of the ATHENIANS commaunding them to set their course direct vpon the cittie and to keepe them selues as close out of sight as could be And he him self with all the rest of his souldiers landed presently and marched to encounter with the MEGARIANS which were come out into the fielde Now whilest they were fighting together Solons men whom he had sent in the MEGARIANS shippe entred the hauen wanne the towne This is certainly true testified by that which is shewed yet at this daye For to keepe a memoriall hereof a shippe of ATHENS arriueth quietly at the first by by those that are in the shippe make a great showte and a man armed leaping out of the shippe ronneth showting towardes the rocke called Sciradion which is as they come from the firme lande and hard by the same is the temple of Mars which Solon built there after he had ouercome the MEGARIANS in battell from whence he sent backe againe those prisoners that he had taken which were saued from the slaughter of the battell without any ransome paying Neuertheles the MEGARIANS were sharpely bent still to recouer SALAMINA again Much hurte being done suffered on both sides both parts in the ende made the LACEDAEMONIANS iudges of the quarrell But vpon iudgement geuen common reporte is that Homers authoritie dyd Solon good seruice bicause he did adde these verses to the number of shippes which are in the Iliades of Homer which he rehearsed before the iudges as if they
made good cheere at the feast of this sacrifice they went to bed but they rose not againe the next morning for they were found dead without suffering hurte or sorowe after they had receyued so much glorie honour Croesus then could no loÌ„ger bridell in his pacience but breaking out in choller sayed vnto him why doest then recken me than in no degree of happy men Solon would neither flatter him nor further increase his heate but auÌ„swered him thus O King of LYDIANS the godds haue geueÌ„ vs GRECIANS all things in a meane amongest other things chiefly a base popular wisedome not princely nor noble which considering howe mans life is subiect to infinite chaunges doth forbid vs to trust or glorie in these worldly riches For time bringeth daylie misfortunes vnto man which he neuer thought of nor looked for But when the goddes haue continued a mans good fortune to his end then we thinke that man happy and blessed and neuer before Otherwise if we should iudge a man happy that liueth considering he is euer in daunger of chaâ—ge during life we should be much like to him who iudgeth him the victorie before hande that is still a fighting maye be ouercomen hauing no suertie yet to carie it away After Solon had spoken these words he departed from the Kings presence and returned backe againe leauing king Croesus offended but nothing the wiser nor amended Nowe AEsope that wrote the fables being at that time in the cittie of SARDIS sent for thither by the King who entertained him very honorably was very sorie to see that the King had geuen Solon no better entertainement so by waye of aduise he said vnto him O Solon either we must not come to princes at all or els we must seeke to please content them But Solon turning it to the contrary aunswered him either we must not come to princes or we must needes tell them truely counsell them for the best So Croesus made light accompt of Solon at that time But after he had lost the battell against Cyrus and that his cittie was taken him self became prisoner was bounde fast to a gibbet ouer a great stacke of wood to be burnt in the sight of all the PERSIANS of Cyrus his enemie he then cried out as lowde as he could thryse together O Solon Cyrus being abashed sent to aske him whether this Solon he only cried vpon in his extreme miserie was a god or man Croesus kept it not secret from him but sayed he was one of the wise men of GRECE whom I sent for to come vnto me on a certaine time not to learne any thing of him which I stoode in neede of but only that he might witnesse my felicitie which then I dyd enioye the losse whereof is nowe more hurtefull than the enioying of the same was good or profitable But nowe alas to late I know it that the riches I possessed then were but words opinion all which are turned now to my bitter sorowe and to present and remediles calamitie Which the wise GRECIAN considering then and foreseeing a farre of by my doings at that time the instant miserie I suffer nowe gaue me warning I should marke the ende of my life and that I should not to farre presume of my selfe as puffed vp then with vaine glorie of opinion of happines the ground therof being so slippery and of so litle suertie These wordes being reported vnto Cyrus who was wiser than Croesus seeing Solons saying confirmed by so notable an example he dyd not only deliuer Croesus from present perill of death but euer after honoured him so long as he liued Thus had Solon glorie for sauing the honour of one of these Kings the life of the other by his graue wise counsaill But during the time of his absence great seditions rose at ATHENS amongest the inhabitants who had gotten them seuerall heades amongest them as those of the vallie had made Lycurgus their head The coast men Megacles the sonne of Alamaeon And those of the mountaines Pisistratus with whom all artificers craftsmen liuing of their haÌ„die labour were ioyned which were the stowtest against the riche So that notwithstanding the cittie kept Solons lawes and ordinaunces yet was there not that man but gaped for a chaunge and desired to see things in another state either parties hoping their condition would mende by chaunge and that euery of them should be better than their aduersaries The whole common weale broyling thus with troubles Solon arriued at ATHENS where euery maÌ„ did honour and reuerence him howbeit he was no more able to speake alowde in open assembly to the people not to deale in matters as he had done before bicause his age would not suffer him therefore he spake with euery one of the heades of the seuerall factions a parte trying if he could agree and reconcile them together againe Whereunto Pisistratus seemed to be more willing then any of the rest for he was curteous and maruelous fayer spoken and shewed him selfe besides very good and pittiefull to the poore and temperate also to his enemies further if any good quality were lacking in him he dyd so finely counterfeate it that men imagined it was more in him than in those that naturally had it in them in deede As to be a quiet man no medler contented with his owne aspiring no higher and hating those which would attempt to chaunge the present state of the common weale and would practise any innouation By this arte and fine manner of his he deceyued the poore common people Howbeit Solon found him straight and sawe the marke he shot at but yet hated him not at that time and sought still to winne him and bring him to reason saying oftetimes both to him selfe and to others That who so could plucke out of his head the worme of ambition by which he aspired to be the chiefest and could heale him of his greedy desire to rule there could not be a man of more vertue or a better cittizen than he would proue About this time begaÌ„ne Thespis to set out his tragedies which was a thing that much delited the people for the rarenes thereof being not many poets yet in number to striue one against another for victorie as afterwards there were Solon being naturally desirous to heare and learne and by reason of his age seeking to passe his time awaye in sportes in musicke making good cheere more then euer he dyd went one daye to see Thespis who played a parte him selfe as the olde facion of the Poets was and after the playe was ended he called him to him and asked him if he were not ashamed to lye so openly in the face of the worlde Thespis aunswered him that it was not materiall to doe or saye any such things considering all was but in sporte Then Solon beating the grounde with his staffe he
that ought to be among citizen would beare For this manner of banishment for a time called Ostracismon was no punishment for any faulte committed but a mitigation and taking away of the enuie of the people which delited to plucke downe their stomaks that to much seemed to exceede in greatnes and by this meanes they tooke awaye the poyson of his malice with diminishing his glorie and honour So Themistocles being banished ATHENS went to dwell in ARGOS In this meane season Pausanias trecchery fell out which gaue his enemies occasion to lye heauie on his backe But he which became his accuser was partener of the treason was one called Leobotes Alemeons sonne borne in a village called AGRAVLA Besides this the SPARTANS also dyd sit on his skirtes charged him forely For Pausanias neuer before reuealed to Themistocles the treason he had purposed although he was his very familiar friende But after he sawe Themistocles was banished and dyd take his exile very vnpaciently then Pausanias was bolde to open his treason to him to procure him to take his parte and shewed him the letters the king of PERSIA had written to him and all to sturre him vp against the GRAECIANS as against vngratefull and vnnaturall people Howbeit Themistocles shooke him of and tolde him plainely he would be no partener of his treason Notwithstanding he neuer reuealed it to any liuing creature nor disconered the practise he intended hoping either he would haue geuen it ouer or that shortely it would appeare by some other meane considering he so fondly aspired to things of great daunger and without purpose or possibilite After Pausanias was condemned and had suffered paynes of death for the same they found amongest his papers certaine writings and letters which made Themistocles to be very sore suspected Whereupon the LACEDAEMONIANS on the one side cried out of him and his enemies and ill willers at ATHENS accused him on th' other side To the which he made aunswer by letters from the beginning and wrote vnto the people it was not likely that he who sought all the wayes to rule and was not borne to serue neither had any minde thereto would euer haue thought in his heade to sell his owne libertie and the GRAECIANS also vnto the Barbarous people their enemies Notwithstanding this purgation of his the people by the procurement of his enemies sent to apprehende him and to bring him before the states of all GRAECE to be iudged by that counsaill Whereof Themistocles hauing intelligence in time he dyd conuey him selfe into the I le of CORPHV bicause the citie there was greatly beholding to him for a certen pleasure in time paste he had done them For they being at sute and strife with the CORINTHIANS he tooke vp the matter betweene them and gaue iudgement on their side condemned the CORINTHIANS to paye them twēty talents damages and did set downe an order that they should occupie the I le of LEVCADE in cōmon together as ground that had bene inhabited with the people aswell of the one cittie of the other From thence he fled to Epirus whether being followed by the ATHENIANS the LACEDAEMONIANS he was compelled to venter him selfe vpon a doubtfull and very daungerous hope For he went to yelde him selfe into the hands of Admetus king of the MOLOSSIANS Who hauing heretofore made certen requestes vnto the ATHENIANS and being shamefully denied them by meanes of Themistocles who then was at his chiefest height and authoritie the King was maruelously offended with him and it was a clere case in deede that if he could then haue layed handes on him he would haue bene reuenged of him throughly Howbeit feeling the present miserie of his exile he thought he might lesse feare the Kings olde quarrell and displeasure then the freshe hate enuie of his contriemen Whereupon he went vnto king Admetus trusting to his mercie and became an humble suter to him in a straunge extraordinarie sorte For he tooke the Kings litle young sonne in his armes and went and kneeled downe before the altar in his chappell which humble manner of suinge the MOLOSSIANS take to be most effectuall and such as they dare not denie nor refuse Some saye that Queene Phthia her selfe the Kings wife dyd enforme him of this their country custome and manner brought her litle sonne also neere vnto the altar Other write also that it was Admetus him selfe that taught shewed him this inforcing manner of petition only for a cloke to excuse him selfe to those that should come to demaunde Themistocles of him that by duetie of religion he was so straightly bounde restrained that he might not deliuer him out of his protection In this meane time Epicrates Acharnian founde the meanes secretly to conuey Themistocles wife and children out of ATHENS dyd send them priuelie vnto him whereupon he was afterwards accused put to death vpon Cimons accusation motion as Stesimbrotus writeth Who not remembring those matters I knowe not howe or making as though Themistocles had not remembred him selfe doth saye that Themistocles sayled into SICILE where he sought to mary Hierons daughter the tyranne of SYRACVSA promising him if he would let him haue her he would assure him to conquer all GRECE for him and to bring them vnder his obedience But Hieron refusing this offer Themistocles went from thence into ASIA but that is not likely For Theophrastus writeth in his booke intituled of Kingdomes that Hieron hauing sent certain running horses to the feast of games Olympicall hauing set vp a maruelous riche and sumptuous tent there Themistocles made an oration to the GRECIANS declaring vnto them how they should teare the tyrannes tente in peces and not to suffer his horses to ronne with other swifte and light horses and to cary away the price in those holy games Thucydides againe declareth howe he went vnto the other sea and imbarked in the cittie of PYDNE being knowen of neuer a man in the shippe vntill such time as the winde beganne to carie them into the I le of NAXOS which the ATHENIANS by chaunce dyd besiege at that time where being afeard to be set on lande he was forced to bewraye him self to the master of the shippe the masters mate and wrought them what with fayer wordes and what with threates by saying he would accuse them to the ATHENIANS that they dyd not ignorantly receiue him in but hiered for money so as he compelled them to sayle on further and to cary him into ASIA As for his goodes his friendes saued the most parte of them and sent them into ASIA to him But for those that came to light and were confiscate vnto the state Theopompus writeth they dyd amounte to the value of one hundred talents And Theophrastus sayeth but to foure score talents only So that all his goodes was not worth three talents when he beganne to gouerne the state of the common weale when he came vnto the
entred the teÌ„ple of Apollo in the cittie of DELPHES with Philodemus PHOCIAN with Onomarchus who were partakers of their sacriledge Moreouer they were lose people abiectes that were abhorred of euerie body who vacabondlike wandred vp downe the contry of PELOPONNESVS when Timoleon for lacke of other was glad to take them vp And when they came into SICILE they alwaies ouercame in al battells they fought whilest they were in his company But in the ende when the furie of warres was pacified Timoleon sending them about some speciall seruice to the ayde of some of his they were cast away euery man of them and not all together but at diuers times So as it seemed that Goddes iustice in fauor of Timoleon did separate them from the rest when he was determined to plague them for their wicked desertes fearing least good men should suffer hurt by punishing of the euill And so was the grace goodwill of the goddes wonderful towards Timoleon not onely in matters against him but in those things that prospered well with him Notwithstanding the common people of SYRACVSA tooke the iâ—asting wordes and writings of the tyrans against them in maruelous euill part For Mamercus amongest other thinking well of him selfe bicause he could make verses tragedies hauing in certen battels gotten the better hand of the strauÌ„gers which the SYRACVSANS gaue pay vnto he gloried very much And when he offred vp the targets he had gotten of them in the teÌ„ples of the godds he set vp also these cutting verses in derision of them that were vanquished VVith bucklers pot lyd like vvhich of no value vvare vve haue these goodly targets vvonne so vichly trymmed here All got gorgeously vvith golde and eâ—e vvith Iuorye vvith purple cullers finely vvrought and dect vvith Ebonye These thinges done Timoleon led his armie before the citie of CALAVRIA Icetes therewhile while entred the coÌ„fines of the SYRACVSANS with a maine army caried away a maruelous great spoile And after he had done great hurt spoiled the contry he returned backe againe came by CALAVRIA to despite Timoleon knowing wel enough he had at that time but few men about him Timoleon suffered him to passe by but folowed him afterwards with his horsemen lightest armed footemeÌ„ Icetes vnderstanding that passed ouer the riuer called DAMIRIAS so staied on the other side as though he would fight trusting to the swift roÌ„ning of the riuer and the height of the bankes on either side of the same Now the captaines of Timoleons bands fell out maruelously amongest them selues striuing for honor of this seruice which was cause of delaying the battel For none would willingly come behind but euery man desired to lead the voward for honor to begin the charge so as they could not agree for their going ouer one thrusting another to get before his companion Wherfore Timoleon fell to drawing of lots which of them should passe ouer first tooke a ring of euery one of them and cast them all within the lappe of his cloke so rolling them together by chaunce he pluckt one at the first wheron was grauen the markes tokens of a triumph The young Captaines seeing that gaue a shoute of ioy without tarying drawing of other lottes they began euery man to passe the riuer as quickly as they could to let apoÌ„ the enemies as sodainely But they being not able to abide their force ranne their wayes and were faine to cast their armor away to make more hast howbeit there were a thowsand of them lay dead in the feilde And within few daies after Timoleon leading his armie to the citie of the LEONTINES tooke Icetes aliue there with his sonne Eupolemus and the generall of his horsemen who were deliuered into his hands by his owne souldiers So Icetes his sonne were put to death like the traitors tyrannes and so was Euthydemus also who though he was a valliant souldier had no better mercie shewed him then the father the sonne bicause they did burden him with certaine iniurious words he spake against the CORINTHIANS For they say that when the CORINTHIANS came first out of their contrie into SICILE to make wars against the tyrannes that he making an oration before the LEONTINES said amoÌ„gest other things that they should not neede to be afraide if The vvomen of Corinthe vvere come out of their contrie Thus we see that men do rather suffer hurt then put vp iniurious words do pardone their enemies though they reuenge by deds bicause they can do no lesse But as for iniurious words they seme to proceed of a deadly hate of a cancred malice Furthermore wheÌ„ Timoleon was returned againe to SYRACVSA the SYRACVSANS arrained the wiues of Icetes and his sonne and their daughters who being arrained were also condemned to die by the iudgement of the people Of al the actes Timoleon did this of al other in my opinion was the fowlest dede for if he had listed he might haue saued the poore womeÌ„ from death But he passed not for them so left them to the wrath of the cittizens who would be reuenged of them for the iniuries that were done to Dion after he had driuen out the tyranne Dionysius For it was Icetes that caused Arete the wife of Dion to be cast into the sea his sister Aristomache and his sonne that was yet sucking child as we haue written in another place in the life of Dion That done he weÌ„t to CATANA against Mamercus who taried him by the riuer of ABOLVS where Mamercus was ouerthrowen in battel aboue two thowsand men slaine the greatest part wherof were the CARTHAGINIANS whoÌ„ Gisco had sent for his reliefe Afterwards he grauÌ„ted peace to the CARTHAGINIANS vpon earnest sute made vnto him with conditioÌ„ that they should kepe on thother side of the riuer of LYCVS that it should be lawful for any of thinhabitaÌ„ts there that would to come dwel in the territory of the SYRACVSANS to bring away with theÌ„ their goodes their wiues their children and furthermore that from thenceforth the CARTHAGINIANS should renounce al league coÌ„federacy alliance with the tyrannes Wherupon Mamercus hauing no hope of good successe in his doings he would goe into ITALYE to stir vp the LVCANIANS against Timoleon and the SYRACVSANS But they that were in his company returned backe againe with their gallies in the myd way and when they were returned into SICILE they deliuered vp the cittie of CATANA into the handes of Timoleon so as Mamercus was constrained to saue him selfe and to flye vnto MESSINA to Hippon the tyranne thereof But Timoleon followed him and beseged the cittie both by sea and by lande Whereat Hippon quaked for feare and thought to flye by taking shippe but he was taken startyng And the MESSENIANS hauing him in their hands made all the childreÌ„ come from the schole to the
desirous to bring his men safe home againe who most of loue had followed him beganne to marche away through narrow bushy places him selfe being in the rereward and turned oftentimes vpon his enemies skirmished with them onely to driue them away from followinge of the rest of his company and not a man that durst once set apon him for they did but cry outaloofe and wheele as it were about him Howebeit Philopoemen sundry times venturinge farre from his company to geue these young noble men leasure to saue them selues one after an other tooke no heede to him selfe that he was alone enuironned on euery side with a great number of ennemies Notwithstandinge of all his enemies there was not a man that durst come to hande strokes with him but still slinging and shooting at him a farre of they draue him in the end amongest stony places betwene hewen rockes where he had much a doe to guide his horse although he had spurred him that he was all of a gore blood And as for his age that did not lette him but he might haue saued him selfe for he was strong and lusty by the continuall exercise he tooke but by cursed happe his body being weake with sickenes and weary with the long iorney he had made that day he founde him selfe very heauy and ill disposed that his horse stumbling with him threwe him to the grounde His fall was very great and brused all his head that he lay for dead in the place a great while and neuer sturred nor spake so that his enemies thinkinge he had bene dead came to turne his body to strippe him But when they saw him lift vp his head and open his eyes then many of them fell all at once apon him and tooke him and bounde both his hands behinde him and did all the villany and mischiefe they could vnto him and such as one would litle haue thought Dinocrates would haue vsed in that sorte or that he could haue had such an ill thought towardes him So they that taried behinde in the city of MESSINA were maruelous glad when they heard these newes and ranne all to the gates of the city to see him brought in When they saw him thus shamefully bounde and pinnioned against the dignity of so many honors as he had receiued and of so many triumphes and victories as he had passed the most parte of them wept for pitie to consider the mishappe and ill fortune of mans nature where there is so litle certainety as in maner it is nothing Then beganne there some curteous speeche to runne in the mouthes of the people by litle and litle that they should remember the great good he had done vnto them in times past and the liberty he had restored them vnto when he expulsed the tyran Nabis out of MESSINA But there were other againe howbeit very few that to please Dinocrates sayed they should hang him on a gibbet and put him to death as a daungerous enemy and that would neuer forgiue man that had once offended him and the rather bicause he would be more terrible to Dinocrates then euer he was before if he escaped his hands receiuing such open shame by him Neuertheles in the end they caried him into a certen dungeon vnder the ground called the treasury which had neither light nor ayer at all into it nor dore nor half dore but a great stone rolled on the mouth of the dungeon and so they did let him downe the same and stopped the hole againe with the stone and watched it with armed men for to keepe him Now when these younge noble ACHAIAN horsemen had fled vppon the spurre a great way from the enemy they remembred them selues looked round about for Philopoemen finding him not in sight they supposed straight he had bene slaine Thereuppon they stayed a great while and called for him by name and perceiuing he aunswered not they beganne to say among them selues they were beastes and cowardes to flie in that sorte and how they were dishonored for euer so to haue forsaken their Captaine to saue themselues who had not spared his owne life to deliuer them from daunger Hereupon ryding on their way and enquiring still for him they were in the end aduertised how he was taken And then they went caried those newes through all the townes and cities of ACHAIA which were very sory for him and tooke it as a signe of great ill fortune toward them Wherupon they agreed to send Ambassadors forthwith to the MESSENIANS to demaunde him and in the meane time euery man should prepare to arme them selues to go thither and get him either by force or loue When the ACHAIANS had thus sent Dinocrates feared nothing so much as that delay of time might saue Philopoemenes life wherefore to preuent it as soone as night came and that the people were at rest he straight caused the stone to be rolled from the mouth of the dungeon and willed the hangman to be let downe to Philopoemen with a cuppe of poison to offer him who was commaunded also not to goe from him vntill he had dronke it When the hangman was come downe he found Philopoemen layed on the grounde apon a litle cloke hauinge no lift to sleepe he was so grieuously troubled in his minde Who when he sawe light and the man standing by him holding a cuppe in his hande with this poison he sate vpright vpon his cowch howbeit with great paine he was so weake and taking the cuppe in his hande asked the hangman if he heard any newes of the horsemen that came with him and specially of Lycortas The hangman made him answer that the most of them were saued Then he cast his handes a litle ouer his head and looking merely on him he sayd it is well seeing we are not all vnfortunate Therewith speaking no moe wordes nor makinge other a doe he droncke vp all the poison and layed him downe as before So nature straue not much withall his body being brought so lowe and thereupon the poison wrought his effect and rid him straight out of his paine The newes of his death ran presently through all ACHAIA which generally from high to low was lamented Whereupon all the ACHAIAN youth and counsellors of their cities and townes assembled them selues in the city of MEGALIPOLIS where they all agreed without delay to reuenge his death They made Lycortas their Generall vnder whose conduct they inuaded the MESSENIANS with force and violence puttinge all to the fire and sword so as the MESSENIANS were so feared with this mercilesse fury that they yelded them selues and wholly consented to receiue the ACHAIANS into their city But Dinocrates would not giue them leasure to execute him by iustice for he killed him selfe and so did all the rest make themselues away who gaue aduise that Philopoemen should be put to death But those that would haue had Philopoemen hanged on a gibbet Lycortas
where such a fact was committed Titus aunswered he knewe not of it Then Cato opened all the whole matter as it was and in the ende of his tale he bad Lucius Quintius sweare openly if he would deny that he had sayed was true Lucius aunswered not a worde Whereuppon the people iudged the shame was iustly layed vpon him and so to honor Cato they did accompany him from the pulpit for orations home vnto his owne house But Titus beinge much offended at the disgrace of his brother became enemy to Cato and fell in with those that of long time had hated him And so by practise he procured of the Senate that all bargaines of leases and all deedes of sales made by Cato during his office were called in and made voyde and caused many sutes also to be commenced against him Wherein I can not say he did wisely or ciuilly to become mortall enemy to an honest man a good citizen and duetifull in his office for his yeare but vnworthy kinseman who had iustly deserued the shame layed vpon him Notwithstanding shortely after when the people were assembled in the Theater to see games played the Senators were set according to their custome in the most honorable places Lucius Flaminius came in also who in lowly and humble maner went to sit downe in the furthest seates of the Theater without regard of his former honor which when the people saw they tooke pity of him could not abide to see him thus dishonored So they cried out to haue him come and sit among the other Senators the Consulls who made him place and receiued him accordingly But to returne againe to Titus The naturall ambiton couetous greedy minde he had of honor was very well taken and esteemed so long as he had any occasion offered him to exercise it in the warres which we haue spoken of before For after he had bene Consull of his owne seeking he became a Colonell of a thousand footemen not being called to it by any man So when he beganne to stoupe for age and that he had giuen ouer as a man at the last cast to beare office any longer in the state they saw plainely he was ambitious beyond measure to suffer himselfe in olde age to be ouercome with such youthfull violence beinge farre vnmeete for any of his yeares For me thinkes his ambition was the only cause that moued him to procure Hannibals death which bred him much disliking and ill opinion with many For after Hanniball had fled out of his owne contry he went first vnto king Antiochus who after he lost the battel in PHAYGIA was glad the ROMAINES graūted him peace with such conditions as them selues would Wherefore Hanniball fled againe from him and after he had long wandered vp and downe at the length he came to the realme of BITHYNIA and remained there about king Prusias the ROMAINES knowinge it well enough and bicause Hanniball was then an olde broken man of no force nor power and one whome fortune had spurned at her feete they made no more reckening of him But Titus being sent Ambassador by the Senate vnto Prusias kinge of BITHYNIA and finding Hanniball there it grieued him to see him aliue So that notwithstanding Prusias maruelously intreated him to take pitie apon Hanniball a poore olde man his frend who came to him for succor yet he coulde not perswade Titus to be content he should liue Hanniball long before had receiued aunswer of his death from an oracle to this effect The lande of Lybia shall couer vnder movable The valliant corps of Hanniball vvhen he is dead and colde So Hanniball vnderstoode that of LYBIA as if he should haue dyed in AFRICKE and bene buried in CARTHAGE There is a certaine sandy contry in BITHYNIA neere to the seas side where there is a litle village called LIBYSSA and where Hanniball remained continually He mistrusting king Prusias faynte harte and fearing the ROMAINES malice also had made seuen priuy caues and vaultes vnder grounde longe before that he might secretly go out at either of them which way he woulde and euery one of them came to the maine vault where him selfe did lye and coulde not be discerned outwardly When it was tolde him that Titus had willed Prusias to deliuer him into his handes he sought then to saue him selfe by those mynes but he found that all the ventes out had watch and ward apon them by the kinges commaundement So then he determined to kill him selfe Now some say that he wounde a linnen towell harde about his necke and commaunded one of his men he should set his knee vpon his buttocke and waying hard vpon him holding the towell fast he should pull his necke backeward with all the power and strength he could and neuer linne pressing on him till he had strangled him Other say that he drancke bulles blood as Midas and Themistocles had done before him But Titus Liuius wrytheth that he had poyson which he kept for such a purpose and tempered it in a cuppe he helde in his handes and before he dranke he spake these wordes Come on let vs deliuer the ROMAINES of this great care sith my life is so grieuous to them that they thinke it to long to tary the naturall death of a poore old man whom they hate so much and yet Titus by this shall winne no honorable victorie nor worthie the memorie of the auncient ROMAINES who aduertised king Pyrrus their enemy euen when he made warres with them and had wonne battels of them that he should beware of poysoning which was intended towards him And this was Hanniballs ende as we finde it wrytten The newes whereof being come to ROME vnto the Senate many of them thought Titus to violent and cruell to haue made Hanniball kill him selfe in that sorte when extreamity of age had ouercome him already and was as a birde left naked her feathers fallinge from her for age and so much the more bicause there was no instant occasion offered him to vrge him to doe it but a couetous minde of honor for that he would be chronicled to be the cause and author of Hanniballs death And then in contrariwise they did much honor and commend the clemency and noble minde of Scipio AFRICAN Who hauing ouercomen Hanniball in battell in AFRICKE selfe and being then indeede to be feared and had bene neuer ouercome before yet he did not cause him to be driuen out of his contry neither did aske him of the CARTHAGINIANS but both then before the battel when he parled with him of peace he tooke Hannibal curteously by the hand and after the battell in the condicions of peace he gaue them he neuer spake word of hurt to Hanniballs person neither did he shew any cruelty to him in his misery And they tell how afterwardes they met againe together in the city of EPHESVS and as they were walkinge that Hanniball tooke
sacrificed to the Muses and to the GREECIAN Graces that is to say that he had knowen the Greeke tongue to so many famous and glorious deedes as he did both in peace and warres he had to ioyned so vnfortunate and miserable an end as he made through his choller and extreame ambition at such yeares and through an vnsatiable couetousnes which like boysterous windes made him to make shipwracke of all in a most cruell bloody and vnnaturall age The which is easily knowen in reading the discourse of his doinges First of all he was of a meane house borne of poore parents by father mother that got their liuings by sweate of their browes His father as him selfe was called Caius Fulcinia was his mother And this was the cause why he beganne so late to haunt the city and to learne the ciuility and manners of ROME hauing bene brought vp alwayes before in a litle poore village called CIRROEATON within the territory of the city of ARPOS where he led a hard contry life in respect of those that liued pleasauntly and finely in the cities but otherwise well reformed and nearest vnto the manners of the auncient ROMAINES The first iorney he made vnto the warres was against the CELTIBERIANS in SPAYNE vnder Scipio AFRICAN when he went to besiege the city of NVMANTIA where his Captaines in shorte time found that he was a better souldier then any other of his companions For the did maruelous easily receiue the reformation of manners and the discipline of warres which Scipio aduaunced amongest his souldiers that were ill trained before and geuen ouer to all pleasure And they say that in the sight of his Generall he fought hand to hand with one of his enemies and slew him vpon which occasion Scipio to make him loue him did offer him many curtesies and pleasures But specially one day aboue the rest hauing made him suppe with him at his table some one after supper falling in talke of Captaines that were in ROME at that time one that stoode by Scipio asked him either bicause in deede he stoode in doubt or else for that he would curry fauor with Scipio what other Captaine the ROMAINES should haue after his death like vnto him Scipio hauing Marius by him gently clapped him apon his shoulder and sayd peraduenture this shal be he Thus happely were they both borne the one to shew from his youth that one day he should come to be a great man and the other also for wisely coniecturing the end by seeing of the beginning Well it fortuned so that these words of Scipio by reporte aboue all things else put Marius in a good hope as if they had bene spoken by the oracle of some god and made him bold to deale in matters of state and common wealth where by meanes of the fauor countenaunce Cecilius Metellus gaue him whose house his father and he had alwayes followed and honored he obtained the office of Tribuneshippe In this office he preferred a law touching the manner howe to geue the voyces in election of the Magistrates which did seeme to take from the nobility the authority they had in iudgement And therefore the Consull Cotta stepped vp against it and perswaded the Senate to resist that lawe and not suffer it to be authorised and therewithall presently to call Marius before them to yeld a reason of his doing So was it agreed vppon in the Senate Now Marius comming into the Senate was not abashed at any thing as some other young man would haue bene that had but newly begonne to enter into the world as he did and hauing no other notable calling or quality in him sauing his vertue only to commend him but taking boldenes of him selfe as the noble actes he afterwards did gaue show of his valor he openly threatned the Consull Cotta to sende him to prison if he did not presently withdrawe the conclusion he had caused to be resolued apon The Consull then turning him selfe vnto Caecilius Metellus asked him how he liked it Metellus standing vp spake in the behalfe of the Consull and then Marius calling a sergeaunt out commended him to take Metellus selfe and to cary him to prison Metellus appealed to the other Tribunes but neuer a one would take his matter in hand so that the Senate when all was done were compelled to call backe the conclusion that before was taken Then Marius returning with great honor into the market place among the assembly of the people caused this law to passe and be authorised and euery man held opinion of him that he would proue a stowt man and such a one as would stoupe for any feare nor shrinke for bashfullness but would beard the Senate is fauor of the people Notwithstanding he shortly after chaunged opinion and altered the first by an other act he made For when an other went about to haue a law made to distribute corne vnto euery citizen without payment of any penny he was vehemently against it and ouerthrew it so that thereby he came to be a like honored and estemed of either party as he that would neither pleasure the one nor the other to the preiudice of the common wealth After he had bene Tribune he sued for the chiefest office of AEdilis Of the AEdiles there are two sortes the first is called AEdilitas Curulis so named bicause of certaine chayers that haue crooked seete vpon which they sit when they geue audience The other is of lesse dignity and that is called AEdilitas popularis and when they haue chosen the first and greater AEdilis at ROME they presently proceede the same day also in the market place vnto election of the lesser Marius seeing plainely that he was put by the chiefest of the AEdiles turned againe straight yet to demaund the second but this was misliked in him and they tooke him for too bold too shameles and too presumptuous a man So that in one selfe day he had two denyalles and repulses which neuer man but him selfe before had And neuerthelesse all this could not cut his combe but shortely after he sued also for the Praetorshippe and he lacked but litle of the deniall of that yet in the ende being last of all chosen he was accused to haue bribed the people and bought their voyces for money And surely amongest many other this presumption was very great that they saw a man of CASSIVS SABACON within the barres where the election is made running to and fro amonge them that gaue their voyces bicause this Sabacon was Marius very great frend The matter came before the iudges and Sabacon was examined vpon it Whereunto he aunswered that for the great extreame heate he felt he was very dry and asked for colde water to drinke and that this man had brought him some in a potte where he was howbeit that he went his way as soone as euer he had dronke This Sabacon was afterwardes put out of
DELPHES and for euery priuate Captaine of the gallies in like case and the two starres of Castor Pollux in golde besides which vanished away a litle before the battell of Leuctres and no man knewe what became of them Againe in the chamber of the treasory of Brasidas and of the ACANTHIANS there was also a galley made of gold and iuory of two cubittes long which Cyrus sent vnto him after the victory he had wonne by sea of the ATHENIANS And furthermore Alexandrides the historiographer borne at DEEPHES wryteth that the selfe same Lysander had left there to be kept safe a tallent of siluer two fifty Minas and eleuen peeces of gold called Stateres But all this accordeth not with the which all the other historiographers write agreeing of his pouerty But Lysander being aâ—â—â— then and of greater power then euer any GREECIAN was before him caried a greater poâ—e and countenaunce then became his ability For as Duris writeth he was the first of the GREECIANS vnto whome they did euer erect any aulters and offer sacrifice vnto as a god and in honor of whom they did first sing any hvmnes and at this day there is yet good memory of one which beganne in this maner The noble Captaines praise vve meane to celebrate Of Greece that land vvhich is deuine in euery kinde of state Euen be vvhich vvas both borne and brought to high renovvne VVithin the noble vvealthie vvalles of Sparta stately tovvne The SAMIANS by publicke decree ordained that the feastes of Iuno which were called in their city Heroea should be called Lysandria Lysander had euer one Cherilus a SPARTAN Poet about him to wryte and set forth all his doinges in verse An other Poet called Antilocus one day made certaine verses in his praise which pleased him so well that he gaue him his have full of siluer There were two other Poets Antimachus COLOâ—â—â—ONIAN and NICERAUS borne as HERACLEA which did both wryte verses to honor him striuing whether of them should do best Lysander iudged the crowne and victory vnto Niceraus where with Antimachus was so angry that he rased out all that he had writteÌ„ of him But Plato who at that time was young loued Antimachus bicause he was an excellent Poet did comforte him and tolde him that ignoraunce did blinde the vnderstanding of the ignoraunt as blindenes doth the fight of the blinde Aristonous an excellent player of the citerne one that had six times worthe the prises of the Pythian games to winne Lysanders fauor promised him that if once he wanne the prise of his arte againe he would cause him selfe to be proclaimed Lysanders slaue This ambition of Lysander was very odious and grieuous only vnto great persones and men of his estate but besides his ambition in th ende he became very prowde and cruel through the 〈…〉 of his followers and them that courted him so that he exceeded in recompencing his frendes as also in punishinge of his enemies For to gratifie his frendes and familiars he gaue them absolute power and authority of life and death in their townes and cities and to pacific and appeease his anger where he once hated there was no other way but death without all possibilitie of pardon And that he plainly shewed afterwards in the city of MILETVM where fearing least they would flie that tooke parte with the people bicause he would haue them appeare that hid them selues he gaue his word and sware that he would doe them no hurt at all The poore men gaue credit to his worde But so soone as they came out and did appeare he deliuered them all into the handes of their aduersaries which were the chiefest of the nobility to put them all to death they were no lesse then eight hundred men one without other He caused great murders of people to also be done in other cities for he did not only put them to death that had priuatly offended him but numbers besides onely to satisfie and reuenge the priuate quarrells enmities and couetousnes of his frendes whom he had in euery plate And therefore was Eteocles LACEDAEMONIAN greatly commended for his saying that GREECE could not abide two Lysanders Theophrastus wryteth also that the very like was spoken of Alcibiades by Archestratus Howbeit in Alcibiades there was nothing but his insolency and vaine glory that men misliked but in Lysander a seuere nature and sharpe condicions than made his power fearfull intollerable Neuerthelesse the LACEDAEMONIANS passed ouer all other complaintes exhibited against him sauing when they heard the complaints of Pharnabazus who purposely sent Ambassadors vnto them to complaine of the wrongs and iniuries Lysander had done him spoyling and destroying the contry vnder his gouernment Then the Ephori being offended with him clapped vp Thorax in prison one of his frendes and Captaines that had serued vnder him and finding that he had both gold and siluer in his house contrary to the law put him to death And to him selfe they sent immediatly that which they call Scytala as who would say the scrolle wrytten apon a rounde staffe commaunding him that he should retorne immediatly apon receite thereof The Scytala is in this sorte When the Ephori doe sende a Generall or an Admirall to the warres they cause two litlerounde staues to be made of the like bignes and length of which the Ephori doe keepe the tone and thother they geue to him whome they sende to the warres These two litle slaues they call Soytales Nowe when they will aduertise their Generall secretly of matters of importaunce they take a scrolle of parchement long and narrowe like a leather thonge and wreath it about the round staffe leauinge no voyde space betwene the knottes of the scrowle Afterwardes when they haue bound them fast together then they wryte vppon the parchment thus rolled what they will and when they haue done wryting vnfolde it and sende it to their Generall who can not else possibly read it to know what is writteÌ„ bicause the letters are not ioined together not follow in order but are scattered here and there vntill he take his litle rowle of wodde which was geuen him at his departure And then wreathing the scrowle of parchment about it which he receaueth the folding and wreathes of the parchment falling iust into the selfe same place as they were first folded the letters also come to ioyne one with an other as they ought to doe This litle scrowle of parchement also is called as the rowle of wodde Scytala euen as we commonly see in many places that the thing measured is also called by the name of the measure When this parchement scrowle was brought vnto Lysander who was then in the contrie of HELLESPONT he was maruelously troubled withall fearing aboue all other thinges the accusations of Pharnabazus so he sought meanes to speake with him before he departed Hoping thereby to make his peace with him When they were
vnto the castell accompanied with his younge familiars and companions caryinge a bitte of a bridle in his hande to consecrate vnto the goddesse Minerua signifyinge thereby that the citie had no neede of horsemen at that time but of mariners and sea-men And after he had geuen vp his offering he tooke one of the targettes that honge vppon the wall of the temple and hauinge made his prayer vnto Minerua came downe to the hauen and was the first that made the most parte of the citizens to take a good harte to them and coragiously to leaue the land and take the sea Besides all this he was a man of a goodly stature as Ion the Poet testifieth and had a fayer curled heare and thicke and fought so valliantlie at the day of the battell that he wanne immediatly great reputacion with the loue and good will of euerie man So that many were still about him to encorage him to be liuely and valliant and to thinke thence foorth to doe some actes worthie of the glorie that his father had gotten at the battel of MARATHON And afterwardes so soone as he beganne to deale in matters of state the people were maruelous glad of him and were wearied with Themistocles by meanes whereof Cimon was presently aduaunced and preferred to the chiefest offices of honor in the citie being very well thought on of the common people bicause of his soft and plaine nature Moreouer Aristides also did greatlie furder his aduauncement bicause he sawe him of a good gentle nature and for that he would vse him as a countrepease to controll Themistocles craft and stowtnesse Wherefore after the MEDES were fled out of GREECE Cimon being sent for by the ATHENIANS for their generall by sea when the citie of ATHENS had then no manner of rule nor commaundement but followed kinge Pausanias and the LACEDAEMONIANS he euer kept his contrie men and citizens in maruelous good order in all the viages he made and they were readier to doe good seruice then any other nation in the whole armie whatsoeuer And when kinge Pausanias had practised with the barbarous people to betraye GREECE had wrytten also to the kinge of PERSIA about it and in the meane time delt very cruelly and straightly with the confederates of his contry and committed many insolent partes by reason of the great authority he had through his foolish pride whereof he was full Cimon farre otherwise gently entertained them whom Pausanias iniured and was willing to heare them So that by this his curteous manner the LACEDAEMONIANS hauing no eye to his doinges he stale away the rule and commaundement of all GREECE from them brought the ATHENIANS to be sole Lordes of all not by force and cruelty but by his sweete tongue and gracious manner of vsing all men For the most parte of the confederates being no lenger able to away with Pausanias pride and cruelty came willingly and submitted them selues vnder the protection of Cimon and Aristides who did not only receiue them but wrote also to the counsell of the Ephores at LACEDAEMON that they should call Pausanias home for that he dishonored SPARTA and put all GREECE to much trouble and warres And for proofe hereof they say that king Pausanias being on a time in the citie of BYZANCâ— sent for Cleonice a young maiden of a noble house to take his pleasure of her Her parents durst not keepe her from him by reason of his crueltie but suffered him to cary her away The young gentlewoman prayed the groomes of Pausanias chamber to take away the lightes and thinking in the darke to come to Pausanias bed that was a sleepe groping for the bed as softly as she could to make no noyse she vnfortunately hit against the lampe and ouerthrew it The falling of the lampe made such a noyse that it waked him on the sodaine and thought straight therewithall that some of his enemies had bene comen traiterously to kill him wherupon he tooke his dagger lying vnder his beddes head and so stabbed it in the young virgine that she dyed immediatly vpon it Howbeit she neuer let Pausanias take rest after that bicause her spirite came euery night and appeared vnto him as he would faine haue slept and spake this angrily to him in verse as followeth Keepe thou thy selfe vpright and iustice see thou feare For vvoe and shame be vnto him that iustice dovvne doth beare This vile fact of his did so stirre vp all the confederates hartes against him that they came to besiege him in BIZANTIVM vnder the conduction of Cimon from whom notwithstanding he escaped and secretly saued him selfe And bicause that this maidens spirite would bene let him rest but vexed him continually he fled vnto the city of HERACLEA where there was a temple that coniured dead spirites there was the spirite of Cleonice coniured â—o pray her to be contented So she appeared vnto him told him that he should be deliuered of all his troubles so soone as he came to SPARTA signifying thereby in my opinion the death which he should suffer there Diuers wryters do thus reporte it Cimon being accompanied with the confederates of the GREECIANS which were come to him to take his parte was aduertised that certaine great men of PERSIA allyed to the king himselfe who kept the city of EIONE vpon the riuer of Strymon in the contrie of THRACIA did great hurt and damage vnto the GREECIANS inhabiting thereabouts Vpon which intelligence he tooke the sea with his armie and went thither where at his first comming he vanquished and ouerthrewe the barbarous people in battell hauinge ouerthrowen them drave all the rest into the city of EIONE That done he went to inuade the THRACIANS that dwelt on the other side of the riuer of Strymon who did commonly vittell them of EIONE and hauing driuen them to forsake the contrie he kept it and was Lord of the whole him selfe Whereupon he held them that were besieged at EIONE so straightly from vittells that Butes the king of PERSIABS Lieutenaunt dispayringe of the state of the citie set fire on the same and burnt himselfe his frendes and all the goodes in it By reason whereof the spoyle taken in that citie was but small bicause the barbarous people burnt all the best thinges in it with them selues howebeit he conquered the contrie thereaboutes and gaue it the ATHENIANS to inhabite being a verie pleasaunte and fertyle soyle In memorie whereof the people of ATHENS suffered him to consecrate and set vp openly three Hermes of stone which are foure square pillers vpon the toppes of the which they set vp heades of Mercurye vpon the first of the three pillers this inscription is grauen The people truely vvere of corage stovvte and fierce VVho hauing shut the Medes fast vp as stories do rehearce VVithin the vvalled tovvne of Eione that tyde VVhich on the streame of Strymon stands they made them there abide The force of
ouerthrowe of king Cleomenes so muche more lamentable For if he had delayed battell but two dayes lenger when the MACEDONIANS had bene gone he might haue made what peace he would with the ACHAIANS but for lacke of money he was driuen as Polybius wryteth to geue battell with twentie thowsande men against thirtie thowsande where he shewed him selfe an excellent and skilfull Captaine and where his citizens also fought like valliant men and the straungers in like case did shewe them selues good souldiers But his onely ouerthrowe was by the manner of his enemies weapons and the force of their battell of footemen But Phylarchus wryteth that treason was the cause of his ouerthrowe For Antigonus had appointed the ACARNANIANS and the ILLYRIANS which he had in his armie to steale vppon the winge of his enemies armie where Euclidas king Cleomenes brother was to compasse him in behinde whilest did sette the rest of his men in battell When Cleomenes was got vp vpon some hill to looke about him to see the countenaunce of the enemie and seeing none of the ACARNANIANS nor of the ILLYRIANS he was then affrayed of Antigonus that he went about some stratageame of warre Wherefore he called for Demoteles whose charge was to take heede of stratageames and secret ambushes and commaunded him to looke to the rerewarde of his armie and to be verie circumspect all about Demoteles that was bribed before as it is reported with money tolde him that all was cleere in the rerewarde and bad him looke to ouerthrowe his enemies before him Cleomenes trusting this reporte sette forward against Antigonus and in the ende his citizens of SPARTA which he had about him gaue suche a fierce charge apon the squadron of the MACEDONIAN footemen that they draue them backe fiue furlonges of But in the meane time Euclidas his brother in the other wing of his armie being compassed in behinde Cleomenes turning him backe and seeing the ouerthrowe cried out alowde alas good brother thou art but slaine yet thou dyest valliantlie and honestlie and thy death shall be a worthie example vnto all posteritie and shall be song by the praises of the women of SPARTA So Euclidas and his men being slaine the enemies came straight to sette vpon Cleomenes winge Cleomenes then seeing his men discouraged and that they durst no lenger resist the enemie fledde and saued him selfe Many of the straungers also that serued him were slaine at this battell and of sixe thowsande SPARTANS there were left aliue but onely two hundred Now Cleomenes being returned vnto SPARTA the citizens comming to see him he gaue them counsell to yeeld them selues vnto Antigonus the conqueror and for him selfe if either aliue or dead he could doe any thing for the honor and benefit of SPARTA that he would willingly doe it The women of the citie also comming vnto them that flying had escaped with him when he saw them vnarme the men and bring them drinke to refresh them with he also went home to his owne house Then a maide of the house which he had taken in the citie of MEGALIPOLIS and whom he had enterteined euer since the death of his wife came vnto him as her maner was to refresh him comming hot from the battell howbeit he would not drinke though he was extreame drie nor sit being verie wearie but armed as he was layed his arme a crosse apon a piller and leaning his head apon it reposed himselfe a litle and casting in his minde all the wayes that were to be thought of he tooke his frendes with him and went to the hauen of Gythium and there hauing his shippes which he had appointed for the purpose he hoysted sayle and departed his way Immediatly after his departure came Antigonus into the citie of SPARTA and curteously intreated the citizens and inhabitants he found and did offend no man nor prowdly despise the auncient honor and dignitie of SPARTA but referring them to their owne lawes and gouernment when he had sacrificed to the goddes for his victorie he departed from thence the thirde daye newes being brought him that the warre was verie great in MACEDON and that the barbarous people did spoyle his contrie Now a disease tooke him whereof he dyed afterwards which appeared a tisicke mixt with a sore catarre but yet he yeelded not to his disease and bare it out that fighting for his contrie and obteyning a famous victorie with great slaughter of the barbarous people he might yet dye honorably as in deede he did by Phylarchus testimonie who sayth that with the force of his voyce fiercely crying out in the middest of his fight he tare his lunges and lightes worse then they were before Yet in the schooles it is sayd that after he had wonne the battell he was so ioyfull of it that crying out O blessed day he brake out into a great bleeding at the mouth and a great feuer tooke him withall that he dyed of it Thus much touching Antigonus Now Cleomenes departing out of the Isle of CYTHERA went and cast ancker in an other Iland called AEGIALIA Then determining to saile ouer to the citie of CYRENA Therycion one of Cleomenes frendes a man that in warres shewed him selfe verie valliant but a boaster besides of his owne doinges tooke Cleomenes aside and sayd thus vnto him Truely O king we haue lost an honorable occasion to dye in battell though euery man hath heard vs vaunt and say that Antigonus should neuer ouercome the king of SPARTA aliue but dead A seconde occasion yet is offered vs to dye with much lesse honor and fame notwithstanding then the first Whether doe we saile to no purpose Why doe we flie the death at hand and seeke it so farre of If it be no shame nor dishonor for the posteritie race of Hercules to serue the successors of Philip and Alexander let vs saue then our labor and long daungerous sailing and goe yeelde our selues vnto Antigonus who in likelyhoode will better vse vs then Ptolomy bicause the MACEDONIANS are farre more nobler persons then the AEGYPTIANS And if we disdaine to be commaunded by them which haue ouercommen vs in battell why then will we make him Lord of vs that hath not ouercomen vs in steade of one to make vs inferior vnto both flying Antigonus and seruing king Ptolomy Can we say that we goe into AEGYPT in respect to see your mother there A ioyfull sight no doubt when she shall shew king Ptolomyes wiues her sonne that before was a king a prisoner fugitiue now Were it not better for vs that hauing yet LACONIA our contrie in sight and our swordes besides in our owne hands to deliuer vs from this great miserie so doing to excuse our selues vnto them that are slaine at SELASIA for defence of SPARTA then cowardly loosing our time in AEGYPT to inquire whom Antigonus left his Lieutenaunt and Gouernor in LACEDAEMON Therycion ending his oration Cleomenes aunswered him thus Doest thou
the Ladies of the citie who were busy solemnly celebrating a secret sacrifice in the honor of the goddesse called of the ROMANES the good goddesse and of the GRAECIANS Gynacia to wit feminine vnto her this yearely sacrifice is done at the Consuls house by the wife or mother of the Consul then being the Vestal Nunnes being present at it Now Cicero being comeâ— into his neighbours house beganne to bethinke him what course he were best to take in this matter For to punish the offenders with seueritie according to their deserts he was afraid to doe it both bicause he was of a curteous nature as also for that he would not seeme to be glad to haue occasion to shew his absolute power and authoritie to punish as he might with rigour Citizens that were of the noblest houses of the citie that had besides many friends And contrariwise also being remisse in so waightie a matter as this he was affraid of the daunger that might ensue of their rashnes mistrusting that if he should punish them with lesse then death they would not amend for it imagining they were well rid of their trouble but would rather become more bold and desperate then euer they were adding moreouer the styng and spight of a newe malice vnto their accustomed wickednes besides that he him selfe should be thought a coward and tymerous man whereas they had already not much better opinion of him Cicero being perplexed thus with these doubts there appeared a miracle to the Ladies doing sacrifice at home in his house For the fire that was thought to be cleane out vpon the aulter where they had sacrificed there sodainely rose out of the imbers of the ryend or barkes which they had burnt a great flame which amased all the other Ladies Howbeit the Vestall NuÌ„nes willed Terential Ciceroes wife to go straight vnto her husband to bid him not to be affraid to execute that boldly which he had considered of for the benefit of the coÌ„mon wealth and that the goddesse had raised this great flame to shewe him that he should haue great honor by doing of it Terentia that was no timerous nor faint harted woman but very ambitious and furthermore had gotten more knowledge from her husband of the affayres of the state then otherwise she had acquainted him with her housewiuery in the house as Cicero him selfe reporteth she went to make report thereof vnto him and prayed him to doe execution of those men The like did Quintus Cicero his brother and also Publius Nigidius his friend and fellow student with him in Philosophie and whose counsell also Cicero followed much in the gouernment of the common wealth The next morning the matter being propounded to the arbitrement of the Senate how these malefactors should be punished Syllanus being asked his opinion first said that they should be put in prison and from thence to suffer execution Others likewise that followed him were all of that minde but Caius Caesar that afterwards came to be Dictator and was then but a young man and began to come forward but yet such a one as by his behauior and the hope he had tooke such a course that afterwards he brought the common wealth of ROME into an absolute Monarchie For at that time Cicero had vehement suspicions of Caesar but no apparant proofe to conuince him And some say that it was brought so neare as he was almost conuicted but yet saued him selfe Other write to the contrary that Cicero wittingly dissembled that he either heard or knew any signes which were told him against Caesar being affraid in deede of his friends and estimation For it was a cleere case that if they had accused Caesar with the rest he vndoubtedly had sooner saued all their liues then he should haue lost his owne Nowe when Caesar came to deliuer his opinion touching the punishment of these prisoners he stoode vp and sayde that he did not thinke it good to put them to death but to confiscate their goods and as for their persons that they should bestow them in prison some in one place some in another in such cities of ITALY as pleased Cicero best vntill the warre of Catilin were ended This sentence being very mild and the author thereof maruelous eloquent to make it good Cicero him self added thereunto a couterpease inclining vnto either of both the opinions partly allowing the first and partly also the opinion of Caesar. His friends thinking that Caesars opinion was the safest for Cicero bicause thereby he should deserue lesse blame for that he had not put the prisoners to death they followed rather the second Whereuppon Syllanus also recanted that he had spoken and expounded his opinion saying that when he spake they should be put to death he ment nothing so but thought the last punishment a Senator of ROME could haue was the prison But the first that contraried this opinion was Catulus Luctatius and after him Cato who with vehement wordes enforced Caesars suspition and furthermore filled all the Senate with wrath and corage so that euen vpon the instant it was decreed by most voyces that they should suffer death But Caesar stept vp again spake against the confiscation of their goods misliking that they should reiect the gentlest part of his opinion and that contrariwise they should sticke vnto the seâ—â—â—rest onely howbeit bicause the greatest number preuailed against him he called the Tribunes to ayde him to the ende they should withstand it but they would giue no eare vnto him Cicero thereupon yelding of him self did remit the confiscation of their goods and went with the Senate to fetche the prisoners who were not all in one house but euery Praetor had one of them So he went first to take C. Lentulus who was in the Mount Palatine and brought him through the holy streete and the market place accompanied with the chiefest men of the citie who compassed him round about and garded his person The people seeing that quaked and trembled for feare passed by and sayd neuer a word and specially the younge men who thought it had bene some solemne misterie for the health of their contry that was so accompanied with the chiefe Magistrate and the noble men of the citie with terror and feare So when he had passed through the market place and was come to the prison he deliuered Lentulus into the handes of the hangman and commaunded him to doe execution Afterwardes also Cethegus and then all the rest one after another whome he brought to the prison him selfe and caused them to be executed Furthermore seeing diuers of their accomplices in a trowpe together in the market place who knewe nothing what he had done and watched onely till night were come supposing then to take away their companions by force from the place where they were thinking they were yet aliue he turned vnto them and spake alowd they liued This is a phrase of speeche which the ROMANES vse sometyme
bicause he knew her cruel reuēging mind that neuer pardoned any against whō she conceiued any grudge The king therefore to know the troth when his wife Statira was dead apprehended all his mothers houshold seruaunts officers did put them to torments to make them confesse the troth sauing Gigis whome Queene mother kept close in her chamber a long time would neuer suffer the king to haue her who earnestly requested her to deliuer her vnto him Notwithstanding Gigis her selfe at length prayed Quene mother to giue her leaue one night to go home to her house The king vnderstanding it layed waite for her and intercepted her by the way and when she was taken he condemned her to suffer the paynes of death ordeyned for poysoners the which in PERSIA is executed in this manner They make them put their head vpon a great plaine stone and with an other stone they presse and strike it so long till they haue dashed the braynes of the malefactor out of their head After this sort was Gigis put to death Now for Parysatis his mother the king did her no other hurt nor sayd no more vnto her but confined her vnto BABYLON according to her desire sware that whilest she liued he would neuer see BABYLON In this state stoode the affaires of the king But now Artaxerxes hauing done the vtmost he could to haue ouercomen the GRAECIANS which came to make warre with him in the hart of his Realme and would haue bene as glad of that as he was to haue ouercome Cyrus to keepe his crowne Realme he could neuer preuaile against them For though they had lost Cyrus that gaue them enterteinment all their priuate Captaines that led them they saued them selues notwithstanding being in the hart of his Realme and shewed the PERSIANS by experience that all their doings was nothing but gold siluer curiositie fayer women otherwise nothing but pompe vanity Hereuppon al the GRAECIANS became couragious despised the barbarous people insomuch that the LACEDAEMONIANS thought it a great shame dishonor vnto them if they did not deliuer the GRAECIANS that dwelt in ASIA from the slauery bōdage of the PERSIANS kept them from the open violence cruelty of the barbarous people For they hauing at other times attempted to doe it by their Captaine Thimbron afterwards also by Dercyllidas whom they sent thither with an army hauing done nothing worthy memory at lēgth they determined to send their king Agesilaus thither in person who passing through ASIA with his shipps began presently to make hot warre against the PERSIANS as soone as euer he had landed his army For at the first cōglict he ouerthrew Tisaphernes the king of PERSIAES Lieuetenant in battel and made the most part of the cities of GRAECE that are in ASIA to rebel against him Artaxerxes loking into this warre wisely cōsidering what way meanes he was to take to make warre with the GRAECIANS he sent into GRAECE one Hermocrates a RHODIAN of great credit about him with a maruelous sūme of gold siluer bountifully to bestow in gifts among the nobilitie chiefe rulers of the cities of GRAECE to make all the other GRAECIANS to rise against the LACEDAEMONIANS Hermocrates wisely executed his cōmission for he made the chiefest cities of GRAECE to rebel against LACEDAEMON so that all PELOPONNESVS being vp in armes and in great garboyle the Ephori at LACEDAEMON were inforced to send for Agesilaus home again Agesilaus being sory to depart out of ASIA said vnto his friends that the king of PERSIA had driuen him out of his Realme with thirty thowsand archers bicause that the PERSIAN coyne is stāped with an archer hauing a bow in his hand Artaxerxes also draue the LACEDAEMONIANS out of all their iurisdiction by sea by the meanes of Conon general of the ATHENIANS whō Pharnabazus one of his Lieuetenant had wonne to take his part For Conon after he was ouerthrowen in battel at a place called the goates riuer kept euer after in the I le of CYPRVS not so much for the safetie of his person as also for that it was a mete place to stay in vntil the wars of GRAECE were appeased He knowing that the deuise he had in his head lacked power to put it in execution on the contrary side that the power of the king lacked a man of deepe iudgemēt to be imployed he wrote letters vnto him of his deuise what he thought to doe straightly charging him whom he deliuered his letters vnto that if he could possibly he should cause the same to be deliuered vnto the king by Zenon the CRETAN one of the kings dauncers or by one Polycritus his Phisition born in the city of MENDE in both their absences then to giue it vnto Ctesias to deliuer vnto the king It chaunced so that this letter came to the hands of Ctesias who as it is reported added moreouer vnto the cōtents of the letter that the king should send him vnto Conon bicause he was a necessary man to be employed in his seruice but specially by sea Ctesias sayth not so but writeth that the king of his owne voluntary motion gaue him this charge Now after Artaxerxes had through the leading of Conon Pharnabazus won the battell by sea neare to the I le of GNIDVS that therby he had driuen all the LACEDAEMONIANS from their iurisdiction by sea all GRAECE had him in maruelous great estimation so that he gaue vnto the GRAECIANS with such cōditions as he would that so famous peace called Antalcidas peace This Antalcidas was a citizē of SPARTA the sonne of one Leon who fauoring king Artaxerxes affaires procured by the treatie of this peace that the LACEDAEMONIANS left vnto Artaxerxes all the cities of GRAECE in ASIA all the Iles conteined in the same to enioy quietly making thē pay tribute at his pleasure This peace being cōcluded with the GRAECIANS if so shameful a treason reproch common infamy to all GRAECE may be called a peace as neuer warre fell out more dishonorable infamous for the vanquished king Artaxerxes that otherwise hated the LACEDAEMONIANS to the death that estemed thē as Dinon writeth the impudentest men liuing did notwithstanding loue Antalcidas passingly wel enterteined him very honorably when he came into PERSIA vnto him It is reported that the king one day tooke a garland of flowers did wet it with the most pretious sweetest oyle of perfume that was prepared for the feast sēt the same vnto Antalcidas insomuch as euery mā maruelled to see the kīg set so much by him In deed he was a mete than to follow the vanity curiositie of the PERSIANS had wel deserued such a garland to be sent him who was so bold to daunce a daunce before the PERSIANS mocking coūterfeating Leonidas Callicratidas two of the valliantest
it was but a lye deuised to be the better welcome for this good newes The selfe same night it is reported that the monstruous spirit which had appeared before vnto Brutus in the citie of SARDIS did now appeare againe vnto him in the selfe same shape and forme and so vanished away and sayd neuer a word Now Publius Voluminius a graue wise Philosopher that had bene with Brutus from the beginning of this warre he doth make mencion of this spirite but sayth that the greatest Eagle and ensigne was couered ouer with a swarme of bees and that there was one of the Captaines whose arme sodainly fell a sweating that it dropped oyle of roses from him and that they oftentimes went about to drie him but all would doe no good And that before the battell was fought there were two Eagles fought betwene both armies and all the time they fought there was a maruelous great silence all the valley ouer both the armies being one before the other marking this fight betwene them and that in the end the Eagle towardes Brutus gaue ouer and flew away But this is certaine and a true tale that when the gate of the campe was open the first man that standered bearer meâ— that caried the Eagle was an AETHIOPIAN whome the souldiers for ill lucke mangled with their swordes Now after that Brutus had brought his armie into the fielde and had set them in battell ray directlie against the voward of his enemie he pawsed a long time before he gaue the signall of battell For Brutus riding vp and downe to view the bands and companies it came in his head to mistrust some of them besides that some came to tell him so muche as he thought Moreouer he sawe his horsemen set forward but saintly and did not goe lustely to geue charge but still stayed to see what the footemen woulde doe Then sodainly one of the chiefest Knightes he had in all his armie called Camulatius and that was alway maruelously esteemed of for his valliantnes vntill that time he came hard by Brutus a horsebacke and roade before his face to yeeld him selfe vnto his enemies Brutus was maruelous sorie for it wherefore partely for anger and partely for feare of greater treason and rebellion he sodainly caused his armie to marche being past three of the clocke in the after noone So in that place where he him selfe fought in person he had the better and brake into the left wing of his enemies which gaue him way through the helpe of his horsemen that gaue charge with his footemen when they saw the enemies in a maze and affrayed Howbeit the other also on the right wing when the Captaines would haue had them to haue marched they were affraid to haue bene compassed in behinde bicause they were fewer in number then their enemies and therefore did spred them selues and leaue the middest of their battell Whereby they hauing weakened them selues they could not withstande the force of their enemies but turned taile straight and fled And those that had put them to flight came in straight vpon it to compasse Brutus behinde who in the middest of the conflict did all that was possible for a skilfull Captaine and valliant souldier both for his wisedom as also for his hardinesse for the obtaining of victorie But that which wanne him the victorie at the first battell did now lose it him at the seconde For at the first time the enemies that were broken and fled were straight cut in peeces but at the seconde battell of Cassius men that were put to flight there were fewe slaine and they that saued them selues by speede being affrayed bicause they had bene ouercome did discourage the rest of the armie when they came to ioyne with them filled all the army with feare disorder There was the sonne of M. Cato slaine valliantly fighting amongst the lustie youths For notwithstanding that he was verie wearie and ouerharried yet would he not therefore flie but manfully fighting and laying about him telling alowde his name and also his fathers name at lenghth he was beaten downe amongest many other dead bodies of his enemies which he had slaine rounde about him So there were slaine in the field all the chiefest gentlemen and nobilitie that were in his armie who valliantlie ranne into any daunger to saue Brutus life Amongest them there was one of Brutus frendes called Lucilius who seeing a troupe of barbarous men making no reckoning of all men else they met in their way but going all together right against Brutus he determined to stay them with the hazard of his life and being left behinde told them that he was Brutus and bicause they should beleue him he prayed them to bring him to Antonius for he sayd he was affrayed of Caesar and that he did trust Antonius better These barbarous men being very glad of this good happe and thinking them selues happie men they caried him in the night and sent some before vnto Antonius to tell him of their comming He was maruelous glad of it and went out to meete them that brought him Others also vnderstanding of it that they had brought Brutus prisoner they came out of all parts of the campe to see him some pitying his hard fortune others saying that it was not done like him selfe so cowardlie to be taken aliue of the barbarous people for feare of death When they came neere together Antonius stayed a while bethinking him selfe how he should vse Brutus In the meane time Lucilius was brought to him who stowtly with a bold countenaunce sayd Antonius I dare assure thee that no enemie hath taken nor shall take Marcus Brutus aliue and I beseech God keepe him from that fortune For wheresoeuer he be found aliue or dead he will be found like him selfe And nowe for my selfe I am come vnto thee hauing deceiued these men of armes here bearing them downe that I was Brutus and doe not refuse to suffer any torment thou wilt put me to Lucilius wordes made them all amazed that heard him Antonius on the other side looking vpon all them that had brought him sayd vnto them my companions I thinke ye are sorie you haue failed of your purpose that you thinke this man hath done you great wrong but I doe assure you you haue taken a better bootie then that you followed For in steade of an enemie you haue brought me a frend and for my parte if you had brought me Brutus aliue truely I can not tell what I should haue done to him For I had rather haue suche men my frendes as this man here then enemies Then he embraced Lucilius and at that time deliuered him to one of his frendes in custodie and Lucilius euer after serued him faithfullie euen to his death Nowe Brutus hauing passed a litle riuer walled in on either side with hie rockes and shadowed with great trees being then darke night he went no further but stayed
then Aratus came from the castell vnto the Theater of the citie whether repayred an infinite number of people aswell for the desire they had to see him as also to heare him speake vnto the CORINTHIANS So hauing placed the ACHAPANS of either side as the comming into the Theater Aratus being armed went vp into the chayer or pulpit for orations hauing his face quite chaunged both for the great paynes he had taken and also for lacke of sleepe so that his body being ouerwearied his spirits were euen done Now when all the assembly of the people seeing him in the chayer did humble them selues to shewe hâ—â—â— all the honor and kindnes they could possible he tooke his speare out of his left hand into his right and bowing his knee and body somewhat he leaned vpon it and so stoode a great while in this manner before he spake receiuing the cryes of ioy and clapping of handes which the people made praysing his valliantnes and blessing his good happe and fortune Then when they had done and were quiet againe he framed his countenance and began to make an oration vnto them in the name of all the tribe and common wealth of the ACHAIANS meete for the enterprise from whence he came and perswaded them to ioyne to the ACHAIANS So therewithall they presently deliuered him the keyes of their citie the which were neuer before that tyme in their power since the raigne of king Philip. Nowe touching the other Captaines of king Antigonus Aratus hauing taken Archelaus prisoner he let him goe but put Theophrastus to death bicause he would not goe out of CORINTHE Persaus Captaine of the castell seeing the castell but lost he secretly saued him selfe fled vnto the citie of CENCHREES And it is reported that as he was afterwards in talke of Philosophie where one mainteyning that a man could not be a good Captaine vnles he were a perfit wise man This q he is one of Zenoes opinions rightly the which heretofore pleased me best but now this young SYCYONIAN Aratus hath made me of an other mind Many writers doe report this saying of Persaus Furthermore Aratus wanne presently the temple of Iuno and the hauen of LICHAEVM where he tooke fiue and twenty shippes of king Antigonus and fiue hundred horse of seruice for the warre and foure hundred SYRIANS which he sold euery one of them The ACHAIANS left within the castell of the Acrocorinthe a garrison of foure hundred footemen and fiftye doggs and as many hunts all the which were kept for the watch of the castell Now the ROMANES wondring at the valliantnes of Philopaemen they called him the last of the GRAECIANS Euen so might I also in my opinion say that this acte is the last and most famous of all the GRAECIANS and deserueth to be equall aswell for valliantnes as also good successe with the greatest exploytes of the most famous auncients as that which followed immediatly after doth amply declare For the MEGARIANS reuolting from king Antigonus did straight ioyne with Aratus and the TROEZENIANS also with the EPIDAVRIANS did likewise enter into league and friendship with the ACHAIANS So at the first inuasion he made he went to spoyle the contry of ATTICA and crossed ouer to the I le of SALAMINA and spoyled and destroyed it euen as if he had deliuered the power and force of the ACHAIANS out of prison to serue his owne turne in any thing he thought good of Howbeit he sent home the ATHENIAN prisoners without paying of ransom and all of policie to make them desirous to rebell against the MACEDONIANS Furthermore he made king Ptolomy a friend and confederat of the ACHAIANS with condition that he should be Lieuetenant generall both by sea by lande For these respects Aratus was of maruelous estimation and credit with the ACHAIANS insomuch that where they could not yearely choose him their general being contrary to their law they chose him at the least euery second yeare but in effect all was done by his aduise and counsell For they saw plainly that it was nether honor nor riches nor friendship of kings Princes nor the priuate benefit of his owne citie wherein he was borne nor any other thing els that he preferred before the glory increase of the common wealth of the ACHAIANS For he was of opinion that cities by theÌ„ selues were but weake being ioyned together with the chaine of common benefit they were a strength one to preserue the other And in like manner euen as the parts that are in the bodies of brute beasts haue life sustenance being ioyned knit together straight so soone as there is any seperation of them th one from thother they liue no more putrifie euen so cities also were brought to decay by them that did disperse their societie among them in contrary manner did then againe increase when ioyning with any other great body city they were gouerned with wisedom good counsell So Aratus seing the chiefest cities thereabouts enioy their lawes and liberties thought it a shamefull thing to leaue the ARGIVES in slauery bondage Wherefore he practised to kil the tyrant Aristomachus that gouerned them both to shew him selfe thankefull to the citie for his bringing vppe there as also to ioyne that great mighty citie vnto the tribe of the ACHAIANS Now there were diuers men that had the harts and corage to vndertake to doe it of the which the chiefest were AEschylus and Charimenes the Soothsayer but they had no swordes for they were straightly forbidden by the tyrant and grieuous punishments ordeyned for them that should be found with any swordes Aratus therefore caused certen litle short daggers to be made at CORINTHE for them the which he sowed vp in packes caried on certen beasts loden with other baggage and stuffe But the Soothsayer Charimenes did impart this enterprise vnto a third man and made him one of the conspiracie with them AEschylus being very much offended with it beganne therefore to enter into practise by him selfe and left their company Charimenes perceiuing that tooke such a toye in his head in a mad moode that he bewrayed them as they went about to execute their enterprise This notwithstanding the most parte of the conspirators saued them selues and fled to CORINTHE So the tyrant Aristomachus was slaine shortly after by his owne men But then another tyrant Aristippus a crueller man than the first made haste to take the tyranny before he could be resisted This notwithstanding Aratus with all the young men of the ACHAIANS able to serue in the field went sodainly thither with ayde hoping to find them of the citie very glad to recouer their libertie Howbeit the people being acquainted and of longtime vsed paciently to beare the yoke of bondage there was not a man of them that would once take his part So he returned backe againe and did nothing sauing that thereby the ACHAIANS
Aratus by the hand as if by force he had cast him out of the castell and had also taken the citie of MESSINA from him sayd vnto him come on then lette vs euen take that course But after that time Aratus came as litle to the Court as might be and so by litle and litle left Philippes companie For when he went to make warre in the realme of EPIRVS he was earnestlie in hand with Aratus to goe that iorney with him But Aratus prayed him to hold him excused and so remained at home being affrayed to be brought into an euill name with Philippes doings For Philippe afterwards hauing shamefullie lost his armie by sea against the ROMANES besides hauing had also verie euill successe in all other his affaires he returned againe to PELOPONNESVS thought once more to haue deceiued the MESSENIANS But when they founde his practise then he beganne with open force to spoyle their contrie Aratus then flatlie fell out with Philip and vtterly refused his frendship for that he perceiued then the iniurie he had done his sonnes wife the which grieued him to the harte but yet he made not his sonne priuie to it bicause he coulde gette no other amendes then to knowe what iniurie had bene done to him considering that he had no way nor meanes to be reuenged For king Philip was maruelously changed and from a curteous and chast young Prince becomen a vitious and cruell tyran the which to speake truely was not a chaunge or alteracion in nature but a manifest declaracion when he was no more affrayed of any man of his wicked and deuelish mind the which through feare had of long time bene kept secret Now to prone that Philips first loue and good will he bare vnto Aratus was also mingled with feare and reuerence that which he did afterwards vnto him did plainly shew it For he being desirous to put Aratus to death not thinking him selfe free so long as he liued neither king nor tyran he durst not goe about to kill him him selfe but procured one of his Captaines called Taurion and commaunded him to make him away as secretly as he could possible specially with poyson in his absence This Taurion fell in frendship with Aratus and poysoned him with no violent poyson but so tempered qualified it as it did by litle and litle heate the bodie and procure a pretie coffe which brought him into a consumption Aratus knewe he was poysoned but bicause he sawe it booted not to bewray it he bare it pacientlie and made no words of it as if he had had some naturall disease about him Yet on a time one of his chiefest frends being in his chamber with him who wondred to see him spit blood as he did he told him frēd Caephalon mine this is the reward of a kings loue So he died of this poison in the city of AEOIVM being the seuenteenth time chosen Generall of the ACHAIANS who would haue had him buried in the selfe same place and haue made some honorable monument for him worthie of his noble life But the SICYONIANS thinking them selues dishonored if his body were buried any where else but in their owne citie they so perswaded the counsell of the ACHAIANS that they suffered them to take Aratus bodie with them Yet was there an auncient law that forbad buriall within the walls of the citie of any maner of person whatsoeuer and besides that law they had a certaine superstitious feare in them that made them they durst not Whereuppon they sent to Apolloes temple at DELPHES to aske counsell of his Nunne that gaue the Oracles who made them this aunswere Thou happie soile of Sicyon Aratus natiue place VVhereas thou askest counsell in that noble Captaines case For keeping of a yeareminde and for making feastfull dayes In honor of that vvorthie vvight to last henceforth alvvaien If any hinder your intent through fondnes or through spight Both sea and land and heauen it selfe vvill punish that same vvight This Oracle being brought all the ACHAIANS were maruelous glad of it but the SICYONIANS speciallie who presentlie chaunging their mourning into publike ioy they caried the bodie from the citie of AEGIVM brought it home as in maner of procession in white robes and garlands of flowers on their heades singing hymnes and songes of ioy and daunsing till they came to the citie of SICYONE And there they chose out the chiefest place and buried him as their founder father and sauior of their citie and the place is called at this present time ARATIVM There they yearely make two solemne sacrifices the one the fift of Nouember at which time he deliuered the citie of SICYONE from tyrannie they call this sacrifice Soteria as much to say as the feast of health and the other on his birth day as it is reported For the first sacrifice that was done by the Priest of Iupiter the sauior The second sacrifice also was done by Aratus sonne who was girt about with a cloth not altogether white but mingled with purple colour So during the sacrifice they song hymnes vpon the harpe in praise of him and the maister of the Musitians made a procession round about being accompanied with boyes and young men of the citie after whom followed the Senate crowned with garlands of flowers and other citizens that were disposed to goe a procession How beit the most part of the honors that were appointed to be done vnto him were left of by processe of time chaunge of things that followed afterwards Thus you see what the life of Aratus the father hath bene as we find in histories Now Philip being a wicked man and cruell of nature caused his sonne Aratus also to be poysoned not with a deadly poyson but with such poyson as troubleth a mans wits so that through their deuelish receit he becometh a starke foole without any wit at all and maketh him to attempt straunge and abhominable things and to haue certaine shamefull and detestable desires insomuch as his death though he dyed in the pryme of his youth could not be thought miserable but rather a happy deliuerance to him of all his miseries and mishappes But Philip afterwards so long as he liued payed vnso Iupiter protector of all iustice and frendship the punishment his wicked life deserued For after he was ouercome in battell by the ROMANES he was compelled to yeelde him selfe to their mercy by whome he was depriued from all the rest of his landes and dominions he had and of all his shippes but fiue only and condemned besides to pay a thowsand talents for a fine and to giue his sonne in hostage and they only left him for pities sake the kingdom of MACEDON with all the appertenaunces And there he daily putting to death the chiefest of his nobilitie and neerest of blood vnto him he filled his realme with crueltie and mortall hate against him Furthermore
honor and the slaue enfranchised had priuiledge giuen him to weare ringes of gold and he was called Martianus Vicellus who afterwards of all the infranchised bond men became the chiefest man about his Master Galba In the meane tyme Nymphidius SABINE began at ROME not couertly but with open sorce to take vpon him the absolute gouernment of the Empire perswading him self that Galba was so old that he could hardly be brought in a lytter vnto ROME being at the least three score and thirteene yeare olde besides also that the army of the PRAETORIANS which were in ROME did beare him good will of long tyme and then acknowledged none other Lord but him onely for the large promise he had made them for the which he receiued the thankes and Galba remained the debter So he presently commaunded Tigellinus his companion and Captaine with him of the army of the PRAETORIANS to leaue of his sword and disposing him selfe to bancketing and feasting he sent for all those that had bene Consuls Praetors or Proconsuls of prouinces and made them all to be inuited in the name of Galba So there were certaine souldiers gaue out this rumor in the campe that they should doe well to send Ambassadors vnto Galba to praye him that Nymphidius might be their onely Captaine still without any companion ioyned with him Furthermore the honor and good will the Senate bare him calling Nymphidius their benefactor and going dayly to visite him in his house procuring him to be Author of all their decrees passed in Senate and that he should authorise them this made him hie minded and the bolder by much insomuch that shortly after they that came to honor him in this sort did not onely hate and mislike his doings but moreouer he made them affrayd of him Furthermore when the Consuls had giuen to commoÌ„ purseuants any commissions vnder seale or letters pattents signifying the decrees of the Senate to cary them to the Emperor by vertue of which letters pattents when the officers of the citie doe see the seale they straight prouide the purseuants of coches and â—reshe horses to further their speede and hasty iorney Nymphidius was very angrye with them bicause they did not also come to him for his letters sealed by him and his souldiers to sende likewise vnto the Emperor But besides all this it is also reported that he was like to haue deposed the Consuls howbeit they excusing them selues vnto him and crauing pardon did appease his anger And to please the Commons also he suffred them to put any of Neroes friends to death they could meete withall Amonge other they slue a Fenser called Spicillus whome they put vnder Neroes statues which they dragged vp and downe the citie Another also called Aponius one of Neroes accusers they threw him to the ground and draue carts ouer him loden with stones And diuers others also whom they slue in that manner of the which some had done no maner of offence Hereuppon one Mauriseus one of the noblest men of the citie so esteemed sayd openly in the Senate I feare me we shall wish for Nero againe before it be long So Nymphidius being comen in manner to the fulnes of his hope he was very glad to heare that some repyned at him bicause he was the sonne of Caius Caesar that was the next Emperor after Tiberius For this Caius Caesar when he was a young man had kept Nymphidius mother which had bene a fayer young woman and the Daughter of one Callistus one of Caesars infranchised bond men whome he had gotten of a Laundres he kept Howbeit it is found contrary that this Nymphidius was borne before Caius Caesar coulde knowe his mother and men thought that he was begotten by a Fenser called Martianus with whome his mother Nymphidia fell in fancie for that he had a great name at that time in ROME and in deede Nymphidius was liker to him in fauor then vnto any other So he confessed that he was the sonne of this Nymphidia how beit he did ascrybe the glory of the death of Nero vnto him selfe and thought him selfe not sufficiently recompensed with the honors they gaue him nether also with the goods he enioyed nether for that he lay with Sporus whome Nero loued so dearely whome he sent for to Neroes funeralls whilest his bodye was yet a burning and kept him with him as if he had bene his wife and called him Poppaeus Furthermore all this did not content him but yet secretly he aspyred to be Emperor partly practising the matter in ROME it selfe by the meanes of certaine women and Senators which were secretly his friends and partly also through one Gellianus whome he sent into SPAYNE to see how all thinges went there Howbeit after the death of Nero all things prospered with Galba sauing Verginius Rufus only who stoode doubtfull yet and made him sorely mistrust him for that he was affrayd besides that he was generall ouer a great and puisant army hauing also newly ouerthrowen Vindex and secretly ruling the best parte of the Empire of ROME which was all GAVLE and then in tumult and vprore ready to rebell lest he would harken vnto them that perswaded him to take the Empire to him selfe For there was no Captaine of ROME at that tyme so famous and of so great estimation as Verginius and that deseruedly for that he had done great seruice to the Empire of ROME in tyme of extreamitie hauing deliuered ROME at one selfe tyme from a cruell tyranny and also from the daunger of the warres of the GAVLES This notwithstanding Verginius persiâ—ting still in his first determination referred the election of the Emperor vnto the Senate although that after the death of Nero was openly knowen the common sort of souldiers were earnestly in hand with him and that a Tribune of the souldiers otherwise called a Colonel of a thowsand men went into his tent with a sword drawen in his hand and bad Verginius either determine to be Emperor or els to looke to haue the sworde thrust into him Yet after that Fabius Vaelens Captaine of a legion was sworne vnto Galba and that he had receiued letters from ROME aduertising him of the ordinaunce and decree of the Senate in th end with much a doe he perswaded the souldiers to proclayme Galba Emperor who sent Flaceus Ordeonius to succeede him vnto whome he willingly gaue place So when Verginius had deliuered vp his army vnto him he went to meete with Galba on whome he wayted comming on still towards ROME And Galba all that time neither shewed him euill countenance nor yet greatly esteemed of him Galba him selfe being cause of the one who feared him and his friends of the other but specially Titus Iunius who for the malice he bare vnto Verginius thinking to hinder his rising did vnwittingly in deede further his good happe and deliuered him occasion to draw him out of the ciuill warres and mischieues the which lighted afterwards vpon
Emperour that they kept him not from killing him selfe for their sakes So there was not a man of them that left his body though the enemies were hard at hand but hauing honorably buryed him and prepared a great stacke of wodde they conueyed him armed to the fire of his funeralls euery man thinking him selfe happy that coulde first set his shoulders to the coffyn to helpe to cary him Others comming to it kneeled downe on their knees and kissed his wound Others tooke and kissed his handes Others that could not come neare him honored him and did reuerence him a farre of and some there were also that after the stacke of woode was set a fire slue them selues hard by the fire who had neuer receiued benefit by him that was dead at the least to any mans knowledge nether had they any occasion to be affraid of him that was Conqueror And truely me thinkes neuer king nor tyrant was so ambitiously giuen to raigne as they vehemently desired to be commaunded by Otho and to obeye him considering that their desire left them not euen after his death but was so liuely rooted in their mindes that in the ende it turned to a deadely hate vnto Vitellius But of this we will speake more hereafter in time and place Now when they had buried Othoes ashes they did set vp a tombe for him nether for magnificence of building nor forglorious epitaphe subiect vnto enuy For I haue seene his tombe in the citie of BRESSELLES a meane thing and the epitaph vpon it translated out of Latine sayeth no more but this This is the tombe of Marcus Otho He dyed being but seuen and thirty yere olde and was Emperor but three moneths there were as many famous men that commended his death as they that reproued his life For though he liued not much more honester then Nero yet he dyed farre more honorably Furthermore when Pollio one of the Captaines would haue compelled his souldiers presently to haue taken their othes to be true to Vitellius they fell out with him and vnderstanding that there were yet remayning some Senators they would not medle with them but onely troubled Verginius Rufus For they came to his dores armed and called him by his name commaunded him to take charge of them and to goe as Ambassador to intreate for them Howbeit he thought it were but a fond part of him to take charge of them that were already ouercome considering he refused it when they had ouercome and also he was affraid to goe Ambassador to the GERMAINES bicause he had compelled them to doe thinges against their willes Therefore he went out at his backe dore and saued him selfe So when the souldiers heard of it they were at length contented to be brought to be sworne vnto Vitellius and so ioyned them selues with Cecinnaes souldiers so they might be pardoned for all that was past THE LIVES OF ANNIBAL AND SCIPIO AFRICAN Translated into French by Charles de la Sluce and englished by Thomas North. Annibal IF we doe call to mind the first PVNICK warre the CARTHAGINIANS had with the ROMANES we shall find many Captaines who by the glorye of their noble deedes haue left great same and renowme vnto their posteritie Howbeit amongest all the Captaines of the CARTHAGINIANS none are found more worthy of fame and so commended of all Greeke and Latine Authors then Hamilcar Annibals father otherwise surnamed Barcha a valliant man doubtles and in his time a skilfull souldier as any was The same Hamilcar first of all made warre with the ROMANES a longer tyme in SICILIA then was looked for who had done greate hurte to his contrye and common wealthe After that also in the warres of AFRICK at what tyme the mercenarye souldiers through their rebellion did put the contrye of CARTHAGE in great daunger he did so valliantly appease the insurrection that to euery mans iudgement he was reputed the onely preseruer of his contrye Then he was sent Gouernor and Captaine into SPAYNE and caryed with him at that tyme as it is reported his sonne Annibal beeing but a younge boye where he did noble seruice In fine in the nynth yeare of his aboade there in that prouince he dyed fighting vallyantly agaynste the VETHEONS After his deathe Hasdrubal his Sonne in lawe whom the CARTHAGINIANS through the ayde friendship of the BARCINIAN faction had made generall of all their armye remayned gouernor there the space of eight yeares This Hasdrubal sent for Annibal into SPAYNE after his father Hamilcars death against the minds of the chiefe of the contrary faction to th end that as he had bene trayned from his youth in the discipline of warres in his father Hamilcars life euen so in like manner that now being come to mans state he should the better harden his body to away with the paines and daungers of the warres Now although at the first the remembraunce of his father was a great helpe vnto him to winne the loue and good will of the souldiers Yet he him selfe afterwards through his diligence and industrie so handled the matter that the olde souldiers forgetting all other Captaines they onely desired to choose him and none other for thier gouernor For they found in him all the perfections that could be wished for in a noble Captaine or generall He had a present and ready wit to giue counsell what was to be done in most greatest attempts besides he lacked nether manhood nor industry to put it in execution He had a valiant and inuincible mind euen in greatest daungers and aduersities of bodye the which are wont to staye others from performing their indeuors and duety He would watche and warde as any priuate souldier and was quicke and ready to doe any kind of seruice either like a valiant souldier or a good Captaine In this sort Annibal continued in seruice in the warres the space of three yeares vnder the conduct of Hasdrubal In that time he so wanne the hartes of all the army that immediatly after Hasdrubals death he was chosen to be Lieuetenant generall with the common consent of all the souldiers this honor was layed vpon him without contradiction of any of the CARTHAGINIANS through the friendship and good will of the BARCINIAN faction Annibal was now six and twenty yeare olde when the souldiers made him their Lieuetenant generall For at what time his father Hamilcar brought him into SPAYNE he was then but nyne yeare olde from that time vnto Hasdrubals death according to Polybius declaration it was seuenteene yeares more So he was no sooner made Lieuetenant generall of all the campe and his contry but he bent him selfe to make warre with the ROMANES hauing long before determined it For first of all he chiefly mainteyned almost a common hate of all the CARTHAGINIANS against the ROMANES bicause of the losse of SICILIA and SARDINIA Besides also he bare them a secret malice in nature as a thing inheritable from
not otherwise thinke of him but that he was a great and valiant Captaine Others also speaking of Scipio doe greatly prayse and commend him for the foure Chieftaines he ouercame and for the foure great armies which he defeated and put to flight in SPAINE and also for that he over came and tooke that great king Syphan prisoner In fine they come to prayse that famous battell in the which Scipio ouer came Annibal ZAMA For if Fabius sayd they were praysed bicause he was not ouercome by Annibal what estimation will they make of the AFRICAN that in a pitched battell ouercame that so famous dreadfull Captaine Annibal and also did ende so daungerous a warre Besides alfeo that Scipio did alwayes make open warre and commonly fought with the enemy in plaine field Where Annibal in contrary manner did alwayes vse craft and sâ—â—elry and was full of stratageames policie And therefore all Authors both Graeke and Laâ—yâ—y doe count him very fine and suttell Furthermore they greatly commend Annibal for than he maynteyned his army of so sundry nations so long time in peace as he had warre with the ROMANES and yet that there was neuer any mutinie of rebellion in his campe On the other side they blame him againe bicause he did not follow his victory when he had ouercomen the ROMANES at that famous battell of CANNES and also bicause he spoyled his souldiers with too much ease and the pleasures of CAMPANTA and APVLIA whereby they were so chaunged that they seemed to be other souldiers then those that had ouercomen the ROMANES at the sundry battells of TREBIA THRASYMENE and CANNES All writers doe reproue these thinges in Annibal but specially his crueltie For amongest other thinges what crueltie was it of him to make a woman with her children to come from ARPIto his campe and afterwardes to burne them aliue What shall a man say of them whome he cruelly put to death in the temple of Iuno Lacinia when he departed out of ITALY For Scipio AFRICAN on the other side if we shall rather credit the best authors that write then a number of other detracters and malitious writers we may say he was a bountifull and temperate Captaine and not onely liuely and valiant in fight but also curteous and mercifull after victorye For oftentimes his enemies proued his valiantnes the vanquished his mercy and clemency all others men his faithfulnes Now therfore let vs tel you what his continency liberalitie was the which he shewed in SPAYNE vnto a young Lady taken prisoner and vnto Luceius Prince of the CELTIBERIANS doth it not deserue great prayse Nowe for their priuate doings they were both vertuously brought vp and both of them imbraced learned men For as it is reported Annibal was very famillier with Socillus LACEDAEMONIAN as the AFRICAN was with Ennius the Poet. Some saye also that Annibal was so wel learned in the Graeke tongue that he wrote an historie in Graeke touching the deedes of Manlius Volso Now truely I doe agree with Citero that sayd in his booke de Oratore that Annibal heard Phormio PERIPATETICIAN in EPHESVS discoursing very largely of the office and duety of a Chieftaine and generall and of the martiall lawes ordinaunces and that immediatly after being asked what he thought of that Philosopher he should aunswer in no very perfit Graeke but yet in Graeke that he had seene many old doting fooles but that he had neuer seene a greater doterd then Phormio Furthermore both of them had an excellent grace in their talke Annibal had a sharpe tawnting wit in his aunswers When king Antiochus on a time prepared to make warre with the ROMANES and had put his army into the field not so well furnished with armor and weapon as with gold and siluer he asked Annibal if he thought his army sufficient for the ROMANES yea Sir ê™ he that they be were the enemies neuer so couetous This may truely be sayd of Annibal that he obtayned many great victories in the warres but yet they turned to the destruction of his contry Scipio in contrary manner did preserue his contry in such safetie and also did so much increase the dominions thereof that as many as shall looke into his desert they can not but call ROME vnthankefull which liked rather that the AFRICAN preseruer of the citie should goe out of ROME then that they would represse the fury and insolency of a few And for myne owne opinion I can not thinke well of that citie that so vnthankfully hath suffred so worthy and innocent a person to be iniured and so would I also haue thought it more blame worthy if the citie had bene an ayder of the iniurye offred him In fine the Senate as all men doe report gaue great thankes vnto Tiberius Gracchus bicause he did defend the Scipions cause and the common people also following the AFRICAN when he visited all the temples of ROME and left the Tribunes alone that accused him did thereby shewe how much they did loue and honor the name of the Scipioes And therefore if we should iudge the Citizens harts and good wills by those things men would rather condemne them for cowards to haue suffered such outrage then vnthankfull forforgetting of his benefits for there were very few that consented to so wicked a deede and all of them in manner were very sory for it Howbeit Scipio that was a man of a great minde not much regarding the malice of his enemies was content rather to leaue the citie then by ciuill warres to destroy it For he would not come against his contry with ensignes displaied nether would he solicite straunge nations and mighty kings to come with force and their ayde to destroy the citie thew which he had beautified with so many spoyles and triumphes as Martius Coriolanus Alcibiades and diuers others did by record of auncient stories For we may easily perceiue howe carefull he was to preserue the libertie of ROME bicause when he was in SPAYNE he refused the title and name of king which was offred him and for that he was maruelous angry with the people of ROME bicause they would haue made him perpetuall Consul and Dictator and considering also that he commaunded they should set vp no statue of him nether in the place of the assembly nor in the iudgement seate nor in the Capitoll All which honors afterwardes were giuen by the Citizens vnto Caesar that had ouercomen Pompey These were the ciuill vertues of the AFRICAN which were great and true prayses of continency Now therefore to deliuer you the summe and effect of all these thinges these two so famous Captaines are not so much to be compared together in their ciuill vertues in the which Scipio chiefly excelled as in the discipline of warres and in the glory of their famous victories To conclude their deathes were somewhat a like for they both dyed out of their contries although Scipio was not condemned by his contry as
the Megarians Athenians for Salamina Iliad lib. 2. The manner of burial with the MegariaÌ„ the Athenians Solon defendeth the cause of the teÌ„ple of Delphes Epimenides Phaestus taken for one of the 7. sages excluding Periander Solon pacified the sedition at Athens The miserie of dett and vsurie Solons equitie and vprightnes Solon by subtiltie set order betwext the poore rich Solon chosen reformer of the lawe and chief gouernour Salt refuseth to be a tyranne Tynnondas and Pittacus tyrannes Solens aunswere for tyrannie Excellent temperature Things hatefull made pleasaunt with sweete wordes Cleering of detts Solons first lawe Vsurie forbidden vpon gage of the bodie The value of money cried vp by Solon Lawes would be kept secret till they be published Ill consciences by craft preuent LaweÌ„ A good lawemaker beginneth to doe iustice in him selfe Solons absolute authority in the common weale Solon tooke awaye all DracoÌ„s lawes Solon â—ateth euerie citizen at a certen surname Pentacosiomedimnes Zeugite Thetes The darknes of the lawe increased the authoritie of the iudge The counsell of the Areopagites 3 Counsells erected in Athens Other lawes of Solon A lawe against neawters An acte for matching with inheritoâ—s Solon forbiddeth iointers and dowries Dionysius saying of mariages A law forbidding to speake euill of the dead * Drachmeâ— A lawe for willes and testaments marg A lawe for womens going abroade Craftes and occupations aduaunced The authoritie of the courte and counsaile of the Areopagites * Drachmae The tribes of the AtheniaÌ„s howe they were called An acte for welles An acte for planting and setting of trees Drachmae Feasts for townes men in the towne hall of AtheÌ„s Axones Cyrbes Thesmothetes SoloÌ„s trauell Clarius fl AEpia called Soles Solon saâ—e king Croesus in the cittie of Sardis Croesus question to Solon touching happines Solon esteemed Tellus a happie man. Cleobis Biton happy meÌ„ Solon commeÌ„deth the meane No man happie before his endâ— AEsope saying to Solon Solons aunswer to AEsope King Croesus wordes of Solon hanging vpoÌ„ a gibbeâ— to be bâ—ant Riches are but wordes opinion Sedition as AtheÌ„s in Solons absence Solon returneth to Athens Pisistratus wicked crasie subtiltie Thespis a maker of tragedies Solon reproued Thespis for lying Solons libertie constancie A good lawe for reward of seruice The house of P. Valerius Tarquinine Superbus Valerius Brutus companion in expulsing the Kings Lucius Brutus Tarquinius Collatinus Consuls The first embasâ—iâ—e of king Tarquine for recouering his Realme Another embasstate from Tarquine demaunding his goodes Good counsell of Minutius Tarquines ambassadours practise treason The Aquilij and Vitellij with Brutus sonnes traytours to their countrie The confederacy coÌ„firmed with drinking of maÌ„s bloud Vindicius heareth all their treason The conclusion of their treason Vindicius bewrayeth the treason vnto Valerius Titus Valerius Brutus sonnes Brutus seeth his â—ame sonnes punished executed Brutus praised reproued for the death of his sonnes Collatinus softnes perileus Valerius boldly appeacheth Collatinus of iniustice Collatinus resigneth his Consulshippe 〈…〉 departeth 〈…〉 S. Vindicta so called by reason of Vindicius Tarquines flied coÌ„secrated to Mars Vhereof the holy Iland came in Rome that lieth betwene both bridges Tarquine coÌ„meth with a great power of the Thuscans to wage battell with the Romaines Arsia silua AruÌ„s Brutus encountered and slue eche other The victory of the Romaines against the Thuscans Valerius the first Consul that euer triumphed vpon a cherres The first beginning of funerall oration amoÌ„g the Romaines Anaximenes sayeth Solon was the first that instituted prayses for the dead Valerius stately house staÌ„ding on mouÌ„t Velia Valerius a good example for magistrates Valerius ouerthrew his stately house The temple called Vicus Publicus VVhy Valerius was surnamed Publicola Publicolath actes and lawes VVhereof Peculium was called The first Quastores Publius Veturius Marc. Minutius Lucretius Publicola Consuls Publicola Marcus Horatius CoÌ„suls How oft a Iupiter Capitolins temple was burnt and built againe How much was spent in building the Capitoll Domitians mad building humor Personae proclaimeth warres with Rome Publicola Thus Lucretius Consuls Horatius Cocles why so called Good seruice rewarded Publicola Consul The noble acte of Mutius Secuola How Mutius come by the name of Secuola Publicolae maketh Porsena iudge betwext them and the Tarquines Peace graunted the Romaines by Porsena The boldenes of Claelia and other Romaine virgines The liberalitie of king Persona to the Romaines Marcus Valerius Posthumius Tubertus Consuls Marcus Valerius the brother of Publicola triumpheth of the Sabynes Appius Clausus goeth to dwel at Rome The familie of the Claudians The Sabynes slaine The death of Publicola His funeralles Publicola happie Publicola erected the office of Quaestores A politicke precepâ— Cynosargos a place of exercise dedicated to Hercules Thermistocles towardness Themistocles was Anaxagoras Melissus schollar Mnesiphilus Phrearian VVhat wisedome at in olde time Nowe the name of Sophisters came â—â— Themistocles youthe The priuie grudge betwext Themistocles and Aristides Aristides a iust man. Themistocles ambition Themistocles persuaded his contriemen to make gallyes The AtheniaÌ„s beÌ„t their force to sea by Themistocles persuasion Themistocles a good husbaÌ„d to looke for his profit Themistocles extremely ambitious A wise saying of Themistocles Themistocles made Aristides to be banished Epicydes an orator sued to be generall Arthmius defamed for bribing Themistocles generall of the AtheniaÌ„s against Xerxes The coast of Aretemisivm Themistocles straâ—ageame VVodden walles signifie shipps The Athenians forsake Athens by Themistocles persuasion doe goe to the sea Xanthippus dogge The dog goe graue Aristides renorneth from banishement by Themistocles decree Notable aunswers of Themistocles The Sleue is a fishe facioned like a sworde Themistocles stratageame by the which he wanne the ba'tell at Salamina Themistocles Aristides consent together to geue battell Xerxes king of Persia had a thousand ships Ariamenes Xerxes admirall The Grecians victorie of the Persians â—aâ—y by sea Aristides counsell vnto Themistocles for the breaking of Xerxes bridge Themistocles stratageame Themistocles honored aboue all the Grecians Themistocles ambition noted A prety tale of Themistocles Themistocles saying of his sonne Themistocles buylt againe the walles of the cittie of Athens A subtle fetche of Themistocles The hauen of Piraea fortified The equitie of the Athenians Themistocles goddes Loue and Force The AndriaÌ„s goddesses Pouertie Impossibilitie Themistocles banished for fiue yers Pausanias reuealeth his reason vnto Themistacles Themistocles suspected of treason Themistocles fled into the I le of Corphv The manner of supplicatioÌ„ among the Molossians Themistocles dreame The Persian iealous of their wiues Howe Themistocles was conueyed to the king of Persias courte The Persians honour their King as the image of the god of nature Themistocles talke with the â—ing of Persia An excellent comparison of Themistocles Themistocles honoured of the king of Persia. Demaratus fond demaÌ„do of the King. Themistocles had the reuenue of three citties allowed him for his dyet Themistocles escaped murder by a
tombe built in the market place The coÌ„parison of Timoleon and Paulus AEmylius for the vvarres The woÌ„derful continencie of AEmylius from bribes Not to take giftes commended for a singular vertue AEmylius Constancie for exceeded Timoleons To be so bold veÌ„turous is not good The aunswere of a souldierâ— to king Antigonus Diuers opinions of life death why the Greecians do punish him that casteth away his target Iphicrates comparison of an armie of men A lieutenant of an armie must be careful to saue him selfe Timotheus saying Pelopidas Marcellus lost both their liues by to much venturing Pelopidas stock liberalitie Aristotles saying of rich men Pelopidas saying for the necessitie of monie The persit frendshippe betwixt Pelopidas Epaminondas The true cause of frendshippe Agesipolis king of the Lacedaemonians Cadmea the castel of Thebes taken by Phebidas captaine of the Lacedaemonians Ismenias death Pelopidas Pherenicus and Androclidas banished from Thebes Archias and Leontidas gouerners of Thebes vnder the Lacedaemonians Androclidas slayne The thanckfulnes of the Athenians vnto the Thebans Pelopidas counsel for the libertie of the Thebans Conspiracie against the Lacedaemonians for the libertie of Thebes Charon kept promise with daunger of life Pelopidas coÌ„meth into Thebes disgised in cloynes apparel Philidas secretary to the tyrans Pelopidas daunger Archias Bishop of AtheÌ„s bewraieth the treason to Archias in a letter VVeighty matters to morrow Prou. Pelopidas killeth the tyrans The Liberty of the Thebans restored Pelopidas receiueth the Castell of Cadmea by Composition Pelopidas ouerthrewe the seigniorie of the Lacedaemonians Pelopidas policy to make the Athenians fall out againe with the Lacedaemonians The Thebans exercise in armes Antalcidas saying to king Agesilaus The victory of Thebans against the Lacedaemonians Pelopidas victory of the Lacedaemonians at the battlle of Tegyra Melas ft. Latona brought to bed betwene two springes called the Palme and the Oliue Pelopidas victorie What enemies are moste terrible to be feared The first institution of the holie bande Men louing together fight desperately against their enemies Hercules Iolaus loue Platoes saying of a louer The Goddesse Harmonia Cleombrotus king of the Lacedaemonians Pelopidas princely aunsweare Se what plagues folowe where iustice is denied Pelopidas dreame vision in the fieldes of Leuetrea Agesileus dreame Godly sayings concerning God. Gods prouidence and sodaine ayde The filly slaine sacrificed The battell at Leuctres The cause of the ouerthrow of the Lacedaemonians Pelopidas and Epaminondas victorie at the battaile of Leuctres Pelopidas Epaminondas iorney into Peloponesus being both gouernors of Boeotia Apenall lawe at Thebes for resigning vp of offices at the yeers end Pelopidas Epaminondas went ouer the riuer of Eurotas with 70. thousand meÌ„ The ingratitude of the Thebans toward Pelopidas and Epaminondas The Lawe Boucation Epaminondas patience Pelopidas coÌ„demneth Meneclidas a seditious orator and accuser The practise of spitefull men Our forefathers did paint and set forth their battailes Alexander the tyran of Pheres Larissa a city Philip of Macedon deliuered for ostage vnto Pelopidas Pelopidas taken prisonner by the tyran Alexander at Pharsale Pelopidas stoutnes Thebe the wife of Alexander the tyran Epaminondas sent into Thessalie with an army The brutishe cruelty of Alexander the tyran Epaminondas deliuered Pelopidas out of prison Artaxerxes king of Persia Pelopidas sent Ambassador to the king of Persia Pelopidas greatly honored of the king of Persia. Pelopidas refused the great giftes of the kinge Artaxerxes Timagoras Ambassador for the Athenians put to death for taking great giftes of the kinge of Persia Pelopidas second iourney against the tyran AlexaÌ„der of Pheres The eclipse of the sunne made the Thebans afraid Battaâ—ll geuen by the temple of Thetis vnto the tyran Alexander Pelopidas slaine The great lamentacion mourning for Pelopidas death The oration of the ThessaliaÌ„s to the Thebans The strange manner of sorowe of Alexander the great for the death of Ephestion Pelopidas happines Esops sayinge of the happines of the dead Death a blessed thing The Thebans reuenged Pelopidas death Alexander the tyran of Pheres slaine by his wife Alexander the tyran of Pheres was the first tyran that was slaine by his wife Marcellus kinred Marcellus condicions The Romaines troubled with warres Marcellus saved his brother Octacilius Marcellus chosen AEdilis and Augure Marcellus accuseth Capitolinus The Romaines had warres with the Carthaginians two twenty yeres together The warre of the Gaules Gessates mercenary Gaules A lawe to exempt ecclesiasticall persone froÌ„ the warr The Romaines did feare the warre of the Gaules Men and women buried aliue Flaminius P. Furius Consulls Newes brought to Rome of strange things seene in Romania Flaminius ouercome the Gaules in battayle The great religion of the Romaines An ordinance for publike sacrifice Marcellus Cneus Cornelius Consulls The Gaules Gessates make warres with Rome and come ouer the Alpes Acerres a city apon the riuer of Po. Clastidium a village or this side the mountaines The maner of the Romaines when they worship The combat a horsebacke betwixt Britomarus king of the Gaules and Marcellus Marcellus slue king Britomaerus as Clastidium Marcellus prayer vnto Iupiter Feretrian The Gaule ouercome by Marcellus Marcellus wanne the city of Millaine Marcellus triumphe Marcellus offeringe up of his rich spoiles The three persones that offered vp Spolia opima in Rome Romulus Cossus Marceâ—us Iupiter Feretrian why so called Spolia opima what they be Marcellus sent into Sicile with an army Posidonius wordes of Fabius Marcellus Lucius Bandius of Nola a valliant man. Marcellus gentlenes Reward made Bandius a true subiect Marcellus victorie of Hanniball at Nola. Marcellus proconsull Certaine Spanyards and Numidians are reuolted from Hannibal Marcellus the third time Consull sent into Sicile The seuerity of the Romaines to cowardly souldiers Cowardes detested of the Romaines Hippocrates generall of the Syracusans Marcellus wanne the city of the Leontines Marcellus besiegeth Syracusa Archimedes a notable mathematician Architas and Eudoxus famous Mathematicians VVhy Plato reproued Eudoxus and Architas Archimedes with an engine drew one of the greatest hackes Hieron the king had a shore The woÌ„derful force of Archimedes engines as Marcellus siege of Syrcusa Marcellus Sambuca Marcellus wondred as Archimedes engynes Archimedes profowndely learned Archimedes Siren. Archimedes demonstracion of the Cylinder Marcellus victories in Sicile Danippus a LacedaemoniaÌ„ Captaine taken prisoner Marcellus winneth Syracusa Acradina Marcellus gentlenes Rich spoyled at Syracusa Archimedes mathematiciaÌ„ slaine in his study Marcellus clemency Engyivm a city in Sicile Nicias craft Marcellus the first that brought in finenes curious tables and pictures into Rome of the spoyles of Syracusa Marcellus entreth into Rome with Ouation triumphe VVhos the Ouation triumphe is Ouation whereof it is called The sacrifices of the quiet triumphe The sacrifices of the litle triumphe Ouation The differeÌ„ces betwixt the Spartans and Romaines in their sacrifices for victorie The Syracusans accuse Marcellus Marcellus being Consull aunswered the Syracusans accusations as a
suerer gard to a Prince then the loue of the subiects The miserable life of Aristippus the tyrant of Argos Aratus gouernment obtayned by vertue Chares fl Aratus gaue Aristippus the victorie Aratus straâ—agâ—â—â— to intrappe the tyrant Aristippus Aratus victory of the tyrant Aristippus Aristippus the tyrant slayne A philosophicall question whether trembling and chaunging of culler in daunger be a signe of cowardlines Lysiadas tyran of Megalipolis Lysiadas tyran of Megalipolis leaueth the tyrannie and yelded him selfe and his dominion vnto the Achaians Dissention betwixt Aratus and Lysiadas One of Isopes tales of the Cuckowes question to litle birdes Aratus noble counsell against the AEtolians Geraniamous Aratus setteth vpon his lascinious enemies A womaÌ„ with a Burganet of her head seemed a monstrous thing The signe of Diana with the Pallenians Aratus bringeth the AEtolians in league with the Achaians Aratus atteÌ„pteth to set Athens at libertie Aratus ouerthrowen by the Macedonians Aratus by perswasion deliuered Argos from tyrannie The loue and faith of the Achaians vnto Aratus Aratus ouerthrowen in battel by king Cleomenes hard by the mountaine Lycaeum Aratus tooke the citie of Mantinea The death of Lysiadas Aratus once againe ouerthrowen by king Cleomenes Aratus reproch A Gouernor of a common weale ought no more to forsake his contry in time of daunger then the maister of a shippe his shippe at storme and tempest The meanest man of Sparta was to be preferred before the greatest Prince of Macedon Esopes hunter Polybius Historiographer Philarchus the Historiographer not greatly to be credited Cleomenes winneth the citie of Megalipolis from the AchaiaÌ„s The spitefull letters that passed betwext Cleomenes and Aratus Aratus pâ—â—seth the rebells of Sicyone to death Aratus constancie in daunger Aratus sureletie when he fled out of Corinthe The citie of Corinth yeelded vp vnto Cleomenes Aratus in great daunger for his contrie King Cleomenes curtesie vnto Aratus The AchaiaÌ„s do send for king Antigonus Gouernors obey necessitie Antigonus honorable enterteinment to Aratus A woÌ„der shewed to Aratus Antigonus and Aratus sworne brethren The citie of Argos reuolted from Cleomenes Aristomachus drowned in the sea Aratus infamie for Aristomachus Mantinea called Antigonia by Aratus decree Aratus ouerthrowen in battell by the citie of Caphyes The AchaiaÌ„s sent for king Philip Antigonus sonne Aratus a wise counseller Enuy the coÌ„panion of vertue The beginning of displeasures betwext Aratus and Philip. The deepe dissimulacion and double dealing of king Philip. Aratus the sonnes wordes vnto Philip. The wise answere of Aratus vnto king Philip touching the safetie of a Prince Aratus the father forsooke Phillippe Philip of a curteous Prince became a cruell tyran Aratus poysoned by king Philippes meanes A kinges frendshippe daungerous The death of Aratus A law for buriall among the Sicyonians The Oracle for Aratus buriall Arativm Yearely sacrifices appointed to bones Aratus memorie The miserable death of Aratus the sonne Straunge kindes of poisoning King Philip punished for his wickednes Persaeus king Philippes sonne when Paulus AEmylius triumphed for in Rome Iphicrates saying what maner of man a Mercenarie souldier should be AEmylius saying of souldiers Platoes saying of an armie Demades saying of Alexanders armie after his death The Empire of Rome whereas likened Nymphidius Sabyne and Tigellinius betrayed Nero The hope of gifts destroies the Empire of Rome The wealth and nobility of Galba Galbaâ—s maners Galbaâ—s curtesie Iunius Vindex revelled against Nero In this place the Greeke is corruptly red pâ—â—bâ—â—â—s for peaâ—â—â—â—et Sulpitius Galba saluted by the souldiers an Emperour Galba iudged an enemie by the Senate of Rome and his goods sold by the â—rier Clodius Macer Gouernor of Africke Verginius Rufus Gouernor of Gaule Verginius Rufus called Emperour * Others read Clonia Colonia Citie of Spayne Nymphidius Sabine taketh vpon him to be Emperor Honors done to Nymphidius by the Senate made him grow no bold and insolent Neroes frieÌ„ds slayne at Rome by Nymphidius commaundemens The parentage of Nymphidius Verginius a famous Captaine The â—â—â—ditiâ—â—â— of Titus Iunius Nymphidius practises The oration of Antonius Honoratus Tribune of the souldiers vnto his mutinous souldiers Nymphidius aspireth to be Emperor Nymphidius Sabine slaine The crueltie of Galba Cornelius Tatanus calleth him Turpilianus Galba thired Rome with murder The vileueâ— of Galba Hesiodus saying Galba killeth Nereos seruaunts and officers The noble saying of the Emperour Galba Galba offended the souldiers Tumult amongest the souldiers and legione of the Romanes in Germany Othoes maners Poppea Othoes wife Otho sent Propraetor into Lusitania Othoes credit about Galba Othoes practise aspiring to the Emperor The legions in Germanie doe rebell against Galba The souldiers doe rebell against Galba Vitellius accepted the name of Germanicus but not of Caesar. Vitellius named Emperor by the souldiers Galba adopteth Piso his successor Euill signes appeared vnto Galba Ptoloâ—ers prediction of Othoes Empire Optio and Tesserarius why so called by the Romanes Otho bribed the Praetorian souldiers The presage of Ombricius the Soothsayer touching the treason practised against Galba Otho called Emperour Otho receiued of the Praetorian souldiers A shamefull lye of a souldiers Tamuls for Galba * Tachus doth call him Virgilio * Cornelius Tacitus doth call him Densus The velliansnes and sidelitie of Sempronius in discharge of his othe to the Emperour Galba The death of Sempronius The death of Galba his wordes at his death * Others doe read Marcus. The murther of Piso and T. Iunius The Senate sware by the name of Otho Citizens beades sold at Rome Othoes moderation at the beginning of his raigne Tigellinus killeth him selfe Otho at the beginning of his raigne tooke vpon him the name of Nero. Tumulâ— amongest the Praetorian souldiers The death of Crispinus Othoes liberalitie to the souldiers Vitellius rebellion Small difference betwext Otho and Vitellius maners of life VVonders seene at Rome The wonderfull ouerflowing of the riuer of Tiber. The srewâ—â—dnes of Otho and Vitellius souldiers PlaceÌ„tia the fertilest town of all Italie The praise of Othoes Captaines and dispraise of Vitellius Captaines Fabius Valens Cremona a goodly citie Paulinus Othoes Captaine accused for a coward Bebriacum a towne by Cremona Othoes consultacion of geuing battell Freshwater souldiers lamens their pleasaunt life at Rome fealing the paines and smart of a souldier Secundus the Orator secretarie vnto Otho the Emperour Vitellius a dronkard and glutton Otho a wanton and licentious liner The towne of Bresselles in hard by the riuer of Po. Battell bewixt the Othonians and Vitellians Legions called by prety names Denowrer Helper The valliantnes of the Battanâ—j in warres Note the â—riâ—â— seruice of Fensers and what souldiers they he The Othonians ouercomen in battell by the Vitellians The cowardlines of the fresh water souldiers Marius Celsus orationes Othoes souldiers perswading them to goe to Vatellius Othoes Captaines doe yeld them selues vnto Vitallius Me that fight a battell know not all thing that are done at the battell The great fidelitie of the souldiers vnto the Emperor
Otho The wonderfull corage of a souldier of Othoes The noble corage of Otho before his death â—â— his oracion to the souldiers The Emperor Othoes words to his Nephew Cocceius Otho in his death seemed to follow Case Vaican Otho slue him selfe The funeralle of Otho the Emperour The Emperor Othoes tombe in the citie of Bresselles Othoes age and raigne The parteÌ„lage of Annibal The sharpe wit and disposition of Annibal Annibal chosen Lieuetenant generall after the death of Hasdrubalâ— being but 26. yeare olde Diuers causes of Annibals mortall hate to the Romanes The Barcinian faction Iberus fl The conspiracie of the Spanyards against Annibal Tagus fl Annibal stra tageame The Iberians yeeld them selues vnto Annibal Annibal layeth seege to the citie of Saguntus Two contrary factions in the Senate of Carthage the Barcinians Hannians Hamilcar Barcha Hanno a graue counseller and gouernor in peace A happy thing to follow good couÌ„sell VVise counsell for gouernors to preuent things at the beginning Annibal wan the citie of Saguntus P. Cornelius and T. Sempronius Consuls marg VVarres proclaymed by the Romanes with the Carthaginians The greatnes of the dominion of Africke * This place is false Annibal determineth to inuade Italy Annibale dreame at the riuer of Iberus The head course of the riuer of Rhone Arar fl The Volcin people that inhabited about the riuer of Rhone P. Cornelius Scipio Consule sent against Annibal and arrived at Massilia The Boians InsubriaÌ„s reuolt from the Romanes take parte with Annibal Lagdunum built by PlaÌ„cus Munatius Druentiâ— fl Annibal made waies through the rockes of the mountaines by force of fire and vineger The valley of Taurinus Annibals comming into Italie by Piedmont not farre from Turine Anniballs army in Italie Annibals first conflict with the Romanes and victorie P. C. Scipio Consul hâ—râ— and sâ—â—ed from â—â—â— enemies by his sonne who was afterwards called African Paedâ—s fl P. Cornelius Scipio and T. Sempronius Longuâ— Consulls against Annibal Trebia fl Ambush laied by Annibal to entrappe Sempronius Annibal fought with Sempronius the Consul aâ— the riuer of Trebia The Numidians craft iâ—â— flying Annibals victorie of the Consul Sempronius Arnus fl Annibal lost one of his eyes in the marishes by the riuer of Arnus C. Flaminius Cn. Seruilius Consuls Montes Cortonenses Lacus Thrasimenus The iudgement of a souldier Battell betwext Annibal and C. Flaminius the Consul by the lake of Thrasymene The Romanes were so earnest in fight that they heard not the noise of an earthquake C. Flaminius the Consul slaine * Plutarke in the life of Fabius Maximus addeth to as many prisoners Annibals craftines to dissemble vertue The naturall disposition of Annibal Extreame ioy causeth sodaine death The office of Dictator of what effect Q. Fabius Maximus created Dictator Hastines of Captaines oftentimes very hurtfull The guide cruelly put to death by Annibal Annibals stratageame in the mountaines of Gallicmum and Casilinium against Q. Fabius Dictator Certaine bathes at Swessa called the tower of the bathes Gleremen a citie in Apulia Two Dictators together neuer heard of before L. Paulus AEmylius and C. Terentius Varro Consuls Ansidusfl Battell at Cannes A stratageame of Annibal * Pluturke in the life of Fabius sayth that there were fiftie thousand slaine and foureteene thowsande taken prisoners Paulus AEmylius Consul slaine as the battell of Cannes Great slaughter at the battell of Cannes The constancy of the Romanes in extreamities The Romanes left three great battells to Annibal at Ticinum Trebia and Thrasimens Maharbal generall of Annibals horsemen Maharbals saying to Annibal Conspiracy against Annibal at Capva Marcellus victorie of Annibal at the citie of Nola. Annibals souldiers marred with ease at Capua Pleasure the baite of all euills One wintere ease spoiled a souldier and made him a coward The hard shife of the Cassilinians to liue during Annibals siege Annibals good seruant began to faile him Three famous Captaines of the Romanes Fabius Maximus Sempronius Gracchus Marcus Marcellus * Plutarke in the life of Marcellus speaketh of fiue thowsand CarthaginiaÌ„s slaine and only of fiue hundred Romanes The victories of the Romanes against Annibal Two factions in Naples The citie of Tarentum deliuered vnto Annibal by treason Tarentum wonne by Annibal Annibals stratageame Vulturnus fl Sulpicius Galba Cornelius Centimalous Consuls Anienes fl Annibal commethe to inuade Rome A wonder Salapia a city where Annibal fell in loue The death of Fuluius Viceconsul Diuers conflicts of the Romanes with Annibal Annibals wordes of Marcellus Marcellus Crispinus Consuls Annibal Layeth ambushe for the Romanes The death of Marcellus The power of magnanimitie Marcus Liuius and C. Nero Consuls Sena a citie of Apulia Metaurum fl M. Leuius C. Nero Consuls ouercame Hasdrubal slue 56000. of his men The chaunge and alteration of the Carthaginians good fortune The praise of Annibals great wisedomes in that gouernment of his army P. C. Scipio inuaded Carthage The last battell Annibal fought in ledily with Sempronius in the which he ouercame Annibal Annibals arche of trietumphe Annibal departeth out of Italy Annibal sent for to returne into Africk after he had warred 16. yeares in Italy Annibal and Scipioes meeting talke Scipioes victory of the Carthaginians at the battell of Zama The flying of Annibal Annibal could not abide to heare fooles talke of warre Annibal in his misery fled vnto king Antiochus into Asia Enuy the coÌ„mon plague and poyson of Princes Courtes Scipio African met with Annibal at Ephesus Annibals iudgement of the most famous Captaines Annibal cost selleth king Antiochus to make warre with the Romanes King Antiochus iudgement of Annibal Annibal made generall of Antiochus army by sea together with Apollonius Annibal fled to Prusias king of Bithynia Annibal king Prusias generall by sea against Eumenes king of Pergamum A straunge deuise of snakes put in earthen pots and throwen into the enemies shippes Titus Quintius Flaminius sent Ambassador into Asia Annibal poysoned him selfe being 70. yeare old Annibals tombe by Libyssa The praise of Annibal The pareÌ„tage of Scipio The first souldiers are of P. Cor. Scipio being but seuenteene yeare olde P. Scipio rescued his father from being taken of the enemies Honors done to Scipio being but a young man. Scipio Viceconsul at 24. yeares of age Scipioes great mind and goodly personage Scipioes iorney into Spayne The valiantnes of Lucius Martius a Romane knight Scipio beseegeth new Carthage in Spayne Scipio wanne citie of new Carthage by assault The great chastitie of Scipio Mago Hasdrubal Barcinian Hasdrubal Gisgo the three famous Captaines of the CarthaginiaÌ„s Besula fl Scipioes liberaltie to his enemies Vertues meete for a General Scipio called king by the Spanyards Hasdrubal sent into Italie to his brother Annibal with an army Hanno the chiefe of the contrarie faction vnto Hasdrubal Barcinian ouercomen in battell and takeÌ„ prisoner Masinissa offereth his frendshippe vnto the Romanes Syphax king of the Masasylians Hasdrubals iudgement of Scipio Syphax king of the MasaesyliaÌ„s maketh league with the Romanes The vnfortunate fight of two cousin germanes The rebellion of the Romaneâ— souldiers against their Captaines in Scipioes sicknes Mandonius Indibilis two kinges is of Spayne Scipioes wisedome suppressing his anger Scipioes great wisedome in punishing the offendors Scipioes care of his countriemen Scipio did put the authors of the rebellion to death A noble thing to ouercome the enemie by clemencie Masinissa cometh vnto Scipio A Princely Maiestie in Scipioes personage The antiquitie of those of Gades Scipioes noble deedes Scipioes returne out of Spayne to Rome Scipio made Consul Scipio prepared his armie and nauy by sea in 45. dayes Scipio policie in Sicilia P.C. Scipio accused Q. Fabius Maximus a great auersary vnto Scipio Scipioes nature King Syphax reuolteth froÌ„ the Romanes The ready faithfull good will of Masinissa to the Romanes Hanno ouercomen and slaine Sophonisba king Syphax wife Scipioes craft A maruelous great slaughter of the CarthaginiaÌ„s Syphax king of the Masaesylians ouercome takeÌ„ in battell Masinissa wan the city of Cyrtha where he fell in loue with Sophonisba king Syphax wife The great rare coÌ„tinency of Scipio Sophonisba poysoned her selfe through Masinissaes procurements Annibal sent for into Italy to runno into Afrike Battell at Zama and Scipiues victorie of the Carthaginians The praise of Annibal Fiue hundred shippes of the CarthaginiaÌ„s burnt by Scipio Scipio returne to Rome Scipioes triumphe at Rome for the Carthaginians Scipio and AElius Petus chosen Censors Scipio Prince of the Senate Scipio and Sempronius Longus chosen Consuls The craftie counsell of Scipio The naturall loue of Scipio African to his brother L. Scipio The fidelitie and loue of P. Scipio to his contrie Antiochus being ouercome acceptesh condicions of peace Great kingdomes and wealth are ful of troubles L. Scipio surnamed Asian for his coÌ„quest of Asia T. Q. Flaninius M. C. Marcellus Censors The time of the florishing of the Corneli The inconstaÌ„cy of these worldly things Great men most enuied The last fortunate day of the Africans good fortune The voluntary banishmeÌ„t of P. Scipio from Rome T. Gracchus Tribune diuers opinions about the accusasion of the Africans The Africans wife children Diuers opinions touching the death of P. Scipio Statues of the two Scipioes and Ennius the Poet by the gate Capena at Rome Scipio African dyed at Linternvm The Epitaphe of Scipio African Scipio African 54. yeare old at the time of his death The power of vertue Phormio Peripatetician reading Philosophie in Ephasus Annibals witty aunswer vnto the king Antiochus Imprinted at London by Thomas Vautrollier dvvelling in the Blacke Friers by Ludgate
cried out alowde speaking to the souldiers of the MACEDONIANS that were vnder Antigonus Ah wretches come ye to fight with your fathers And so assailing them with a lustie corage and in a rage withall in a shorte space ouerthrew the squadron of their enemies slue the most parte of them in the field Thus was Antigonus armie cleane ouerthrowen on that side but on thother side where his men of armes were through Peucestas cowardlinesse that handeled him selfe very ill at that battell he had the vpper hande and wanne all their cariage through his foresight in the greatest furie of the battell and the strength of the place where the battell was sought For it was a maruelous great plaine of length neither too depe nor yet to hard vnderfoote but couered ouer with a small fine sand much like to the drie sand the sea casteth vp leaueth apon the shore This sand being scattered abroade by riding and going to fro of so many thowsandes of men and horses during the time of the battell foughten had raised such a mightie dust and white smoke in the element as if they had sturred or tempered white lime together which troubled their sight so sore as they could see nothing before them in respect whereof Antigonus might easily lease all their cariage them selues being neuer a whit the wiser The battell being came to this passe you haue heard Teutamus sent presently vnto Antigonus to pray him to redeliuer them their cariage againe which he had taken caried into his campe Antigonus made him aunswere that he would not only redeliuer the goodes vnto the ARGYRASPIDES but would moreouer vse them with all the fauour he could so farre foorth as they deliuered Eumenes into his handes Whereupon the ARGYRASPIDES tooke presently a wicked resolution to deliuer him aliue into the handes of his enemies And with that determination they came neere vnto him not makinge any countenaunce as though they would lay handes on him but rather seeming to garde and defend his persone as their manner was some of them lamenting that their goods were gone others telling him that he cared not now that he had wonne the battell and others accusing the noble men of cowardlines saying that the fault was in them that they had not the whole victorie But infine one of theÌ„ hauing spied his time flew to him and tooke his sword out of his hande the others straight layed hold of him and bound both his handes behinde him with his owne girdle Antigonus vnderstanding it sent Nicaner thither to take him out of their handes and to bring him to him Then Eumenes hauing made request vnto them to suffer him to speake as they brought him through the bandes of these olde MACEDONIAN souldiers it was graunted him with condicion that he should make no motion vnto them to turne from that they were determinated to doe but to tell them of thinges which as he sayd tended greatly to their benefite Whereuppon silence being made he goe vp apon a litle hillocke and there spake vnto them putting forth his hands being bound O wretched and faithlesse men the wickedest that euer MACEDON bred What so great triumphe or victorie hath euer Antigonus wonne of you hauing sought it such infinite wayes and you your selues doe now put into his handes deliuering him your Captaine bound and manacled Will not this be to your great shame that being masters of the fielde you will graunt the honor of the victory vnto your enemy only for a litle coueteousnes of money and paltry stuffe which you haue lost And yet is not this all but the worst behinde to send your Captaine as you do to pay the ransome of your baggage For my selfe though now they lead me bound yet doe I remaine free vnouercome vanquish her of mine enemies sold by them that should be my frendes Well yet this request I onely make vnto you in the name of Iupiter protector of armes and for the honor of the goddes vnto whom all vowed othes ought faithfully to be kept I pray and coniure you to kill me your selues in this place For all commeth to one end To be slaine in Antigonus campe by the hands of mine owne enemies will euer be counted your deede and you may be assured he will not be angrie withall for he only desireth Eumenes death and not his life If you will needes hold your hands from this attempt vnlose yet one of minie only that shall suffice to doe the seate And if for feare ye will not put a sword in my hande throw me bound yet hands and feete vnto wilde beastes which if ye performe then doe I discharge you of your othe taken betwene both my handes which ye haue sworne vnto your Captaine as holily and perfectly performed Apon this speeche of Eumenes all the rest of the army had a coÌ„passion of him that they wept for tender affection But the ARGYRASPIDES cried out to cary him away and not to geue eare to his preaching and that it was a good deede to punishe this wicked CHERRONESIAN according to his desertes considering that he had turmoyled the MACEDONIANS with endlesse warre and battell And moreouer that it were too much shame that the worthiest souldiers that euer serued kinge Philippe Alexander so painfully in all their warres should for recompence of their seruice in their olde age be turned a begging their wiues hauing now lyen three nightes with their enemies With those wordes they violently draue him on towardes Antigonus campe who seating least the multitude of people that ranne to see him would smother him in the prease bicause euery man ranne out of the campe he sent thither tenne of the strongest Elephantes hâ—â— had and a good number of men of armes of the MEDES and PARTHIANS to made way for him in the prease When Eumenes was now come into Antigonus campe his hart would not serue him to see him in that miserable state for that they had once bene familiarly acquainted together Whereupon such as had him in their custodie came to Antigonus to aske him how he would haue him kept Who aunswered them like a Lyon or an Elephant Yet within a while after he tooke pitie of him and discharged him of his weightiest irons and sent one of his household seruaunts to him to see him well vsed and suffered his frendes to come bring him any thing he lacked Thus did Antigonus deferre many dayes before he would determine ought of Eumenes hearing euery man speake and pondering their purposes and seuerall opinions Nearebus CRETAN and his owne sonne Demetrius spake for Eumenes and made sute to saue his life contrarie to all the other Lordes and Captaines that were about Antigonus who would in any case haue him dye Eumenes standing in these termes asked his keeper Onomarthus one day what Antigonus ment that hauing his enemy in his hands he did not quickly tid him out of his paine or noblely deliuer
him Onomarchus chuslishly aunswered him againe that the time was past nowe to shewe his corage as though he feared not death and that he should haue shewed is in the field at the battell So helpe me Iupiter quod he so haue I done and if thou beleuest not me aske them that set apon me for I neuer met with man yet more strong then my selfe Onomarchus replied againe sith now therefore thou hast found a stronger than thy selfe why then canst thou not abide his pleasure In fine when Antigonus bad resolued of his death he commaunded them to geue him no more meate and thus taking his susteaunce from him Eumenes was three dayes a dying In the meane time came such newes that sodainely the campe remoued and therefore before their departure a man was sent to Eumenes to dispatche him out of his paine Antigonus licensed his frends to take his body and burne it and then to gather his ashes and bones to send them to his wife children Eumenes being slaine in this manner the gods appointed none other iudges to reuenge the disloyalties and treason of the ANGYRASPIDES and their Captaines for betraying of Eumenes but Antigonius selfe who detestinge them as cruell murderers and periured persones to the goddes appointed thyrtius Gouernor of the prouince of ARACHOSIA to kill them euerie mothers sonne what way he coulde that none of them might euer see MACEDON againe nor the Greekishe sea THE COMPARISON OF Eumenes with Sertorius HEre haue we set downe the thinges worthie memorie of Eumenes and Sertorius Nowe to compare them together in this they were both alike that they being straungers in a straunge contrie and banished out of their owne had alwayes bene Captaines of diuers nations and chiefetaines of great and warlicke armies But this was proper to Sertorius that all those of his faction gaue him the chiefest place of authoritie as the most sufficientest man among them and worthiest to commaund where Eumenes hauing many that contended against him for the chiefe rule and conduction of the armie through his noble deedes obtained the chiefe place and authoritie in the same So that they obeyed the one desiring to be gouerned by a good Captaine for their owne safety gaue place to the other seeing them selues vnable to commaund For Sertorius being a ROMANE gouerned the SPANYARDS and LVSITANIANS and Eumenes a CHERRONESIAN the MACEDONIANS Of the which the SPANYARDS of long time had bene subiect of the Empire of ROME and the MACEDONIANS at that time had subdued all the worlde Furthermore Sertorius beinge then of great estimation for that he was a Senatour of ROME and had had charge of men of warre before came to the dignity estate to be chiefetaine of a great army Where Eumenes came with small reputacion disdained for that he was but a secretarie and when he began to come forwardes had not only lesse meanes to preferre him then Sertorius had but greater lets impedimentes also to hinder his rising and estimation For many openly stoode against him and secretly conspired his death and not as Sertorius whom no man contraried from the beginning vntill his latter ende when certaine of his companions secretly conspired against him Therefore Sertorius ende of all his daungers was to ouercome his enemies where Eumenes greatest daungers came through his victories which he wanne of his owne men through the malice of them that enuied his honor Nowe for their deedes of armes they are both in maner alike but on thother side for their conditions Eumenes naturally loued warre and contention and Sertorius imbraced peace quietnes For Eumenes that might haue liued in safety with honor if he would but haue geuen place to his betters and forsaken the warres liked better with the daunger of his life to followe martiall feates with the greatest personages of MACEDON and in the end so came to his death Sertorius contrarily being vnwilling to come in trouble was forced for the safetie of his person to take armes against them that would not let him liue in peace For had not Eumenes bene so ambitious and stowte to striue against Antigonus for the chiefest place of authoritie but could haue bene contented with the seconde Antigonus would haue bene right glad thereof where Pompey would neuer so much as suffer Sertorius to liue in rest So the one made voluntary warre onely to rule and the other against his wil was compelled to rule bicause they made warres with him Wherby it appeareth that Eumenes naturally loued warre preferring the couetous desire of a better estate aboue the safety of his life and the other as a right souldier vsed the warres only for a meane to saue his life by valiaÌ„t defence of armes Furthermore the one was slaine mistrusting no treason against him and the other looking euery hower for present death threatned him Whereof the one argued a noble minde not to mistrust them whom he thought his frendes and the other shewed a saint hart being taken when he ment to flie So Sertorius death dishonored not his life suffering that of his owne companions which his deadly foes could neuer make him suffer The other hauing no power to auoide his destinie before he was taken and hauing sought meanes to liue being in prison and captiuitie could neither paciently nor manfully abide his death For begging life at his enemies handes he gaue him his hart with his body who before had but his body in his power THE LIFE OF Agesilaus ARchidamus the sonne of Zeuxidamus hauing honorably raigned in LACEDAEMON left two sonnes behind him Agis which he begate of that noble Lady Lamprido Agesilaus a great deale younger which he had by Eupolia Melisippidas daughter So the kingdom falling by succession vnto Agis the elder the younger sonne Agesilaus remaining a priuate person was brought vp after the LACONIAN manner which was a straight kind of life but withal it taught children how to obey Wherof it is thought the Poet Simonides calleth SPARTA Damasimbrotos to wit making men ciuill for that by continuance of custome it frameth the citizens to be obedient to the lawes as much or more than any other city that euer was in the world taming them from their childhoode as they doe young coltes The law dispenseâ—â— with the heires apparant to the crowne from that straight subiection hard life but Agesilaus had that excellencie in him aboue all others of his estate that he came to the dignity and honor to commaund hauing from his youth learned to obey The which vndoutedly was the cause that he knewe better than any other king howe to please and beare with his subiectes helping his royall estate princely behauior grafted in him by nature with that curtesie and familiarity which he had attained by education At that time when he went in company with the boyes which were brought vp together Lysander fell in loue with him wondering at the modesty