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death_n	day_n	time_n	year_n	9,302	5	4.9795	4	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A58326	A letter of Francesco Redi concerning some objections made upon his Observations about vipers written to Monsieur Bourdelot ... and Monsieur Alexander Morus : printed in Italian at Florence, 1670 / now made English ; together with the sequel of New experiments upon vipers, and a dissertation upon their poyson ... written in French by Moyse Charas ; now likewise Englished.; Lettera di Francesco Redi sopra alcune opposizioni fatte alle sue Osservazioni intorno alle vipere. English	Redi, Francesco, 1626-1698.; Charas, Moyse, 1619-1698. Nouvelles expériences sur la vipère. Suite. English.	1673 (1673)	Wing R663; ESTC R5968	49,196	113

shall we say of the imagination of Fright and Constraint that a Toad also impresses in a Wecsel which having seen and been seen by that ugly animal at a certain season of the year and always in summer can not avoyd to run a pretty while round about it making a continual shrill noyse as if she cried for help whilst the Toad remains moveless with his throat open and which after a long troublesome motion is constrain'd to come and render her self into that throat The thing is too well known in divers places of France to doubt of it and I can assure to have heretofore seen it my self and that after I had well observ'd and withal wondred at the force of those Idea's appearing in the agitation of the Weesel and in her being constrained to fall into the mouth of the Toad I had the satisfaction to kill the Toad in that moment and so to save the Weesel which quickly run away finding her self deliver'd by the death of the animal which was followed by the extinction of those Ideas that before had had so much power over her This effect cannot be adscribed to the foam nor to any material part of the Toad since the Weesel flyes from him naturally and falls not into his mouth but in spight of her teeth Besides that the foam of the Toad which the Weesel failed not to meet with in his throat can work nothing seeing the Weesel saved her self immediately after the death of the animal We therefore must needs seek for the cause of all these effects in the Spirits More-over what will Sign Redi say of a mad dog which in the pervertion of all his senses and of all the ordinary functions of his body breaths after nothing but mischief and makes it his business to reduce into the same miserable condition all men he sees and even his own master as well as all animals he can come near and bite If then the mad Dog hath the power to make pass the same Idea's and the same imagination which have seized on him into all the creatures that he can come to bite and into man himself though of a very different soul and nature from his by doing no more than with the edge of his teeth to touch the superfice of the skin and that through his coaths that may retain and wipe off all the foam adhering to the teeth and lyable to be accused of having a hand in the mischief as is very well observ'd by Van Helmont in the same Chapter If I say this dog hath the power of communicating his evil to all sorts of animals from one to another without a limit and without excepting any kind Why should he think it incredible that a Viper is able by her biting to carry her enraged spirits into the bodies of such men and other animals as she can light upon That these spirits are capable to kill the animal bitten and that they effect this by the perturbation and corruption they introduce into the whole mass of blood forasmuch as they do manifestly hinder its circulation and the communication of the natural spirits that were wont to be conveyed into all the parts Considering withal that they do not extend themselves as far as those of the bite of a mad Dog seeing none of the Animals bitten by a Viper have any venom diffusible either by their biting or otherwise as long as they live and that they may be safely handled and even without danger eaten after their death I say besides that if it be true that a man who hath at all times the same spitle and the same teeth who hath them not pointed nor shaped like those of a Viper is capable to introduce the Gangrene and to cause death it self by a bite made by him in a rage whereas another and longer bite made by the same man not enraged is not accompanied with any ill accident and is healed like a simple wound This being true I say we ought to think it neither strange nor impossible that a Viper which hath long and piercing teeth and which shews the force of her being vexed by the nimbleness of her biting should be able by biting when enraged to make animals feel the mortal effects of her vexed spirits What shall we say of the pricking of a Tarantula how slight soever shall we declare it to be exempt from the idea and imagination of this little animal since it impresses it so strongly and differently upon persons that have been pricked therewith insomuch that it perverts in part the senses and spirits conforms them to his stirring and skipping nature and constrains them at certain and set times to continual dancing for several days and which having left a contumacious leaven of the same idea's faileth not to produce the same effects every year and if you may believe Authors as long as the Tarantula liveth and until the same idea's be extinct by its death And though I doubt not but that Sign Redi hath seen very many examples of persons pricked by Tarantula's there being store of them in Italy yet I shall not forbear here to recite that of a Neapolitan Souldier who hath been these four years among the French infantry This Souldier whom his Camarads call'd Tarante because he had been pricked by a Tarantula is still to this very day in the Royal Regiment of Roussillon He never failed to feel every year at a determinate time viz. about the 24 th of July the effects of that sting which he had receiv'd before he came into France He was always sure of the time about two or three days near it And when the ideas of the sting were found exalted to a degree capable to produce their effects he began to dance and desired to hear without interruption the Violins which the Officers of that Regiment caused to be play'd for him out of charity to which he answer'd continually keeping time very well without being tired for three days eating and drinking without interruption of his dance and being very impatient of any discontinuance of the play of the Violins and that the more if the intermission was any thing long for then he became altogether livid and fell into grievous swoundings He pleased himself whilst he danced to have in his hands several naked swords one after another to see about him many Looking-glasses to behold himself in them dancing to be environed with much people and that he might hinder them from going away to take from them their Gloves Ribbons and such other things being very careful to keep all he had taken from them unto the fourth day which being come his eagerness to dance abated and at length quite ceased he remembring all he had done and knowing all that were about him to every one of whom he rendred very exactly and without any mistake all he had taken from them though he had to do with a thousand people After which time he pass'd the remainder of that

when I have been ready to confide in one hasty experiment And to say truth in the moneth of June there wanted not much but that I had imposed upon my self in the tryal of an experiment which I am going to relate to you and which done I shall ease you of further trouble Having read them in the Book of the New Experiments that the Head of a Viper being eaten of an animal bitten by another Viper did certainly cure the wound and the thing being by me looked upon as very useful excellent and admirable I had an eager desire to try it my self that I might speak of it with more confidence although those learned men had made these two following experiments of it viz. pag. 120. We had also a desire to find whether a Viper being eaten by an animal which she had bitten before would be cured of that biting We therefore caused to be slightly broiled the head of a Viper which had on it a part of the neck newly sever'd from the body and we caused a Dog to be thrice bitten at the ear by a well enraged Viper in such a manner that the blood came out at the three pricked places We soon cast before him the head and neck broiled and yet hot The Dog that was hungry and felt not so soon the effects of the bitings immediately seized on the head bruised it between his teeth and swallowed it down After which we stay'd a pretty while to see whether the three bitings would prevail over the devour'd head and neck but the Dog was free except some blewness and a little Tumour he had at the places bitten but which little by little vanisht in three or four days We made also a Dog to be bitten three times in the same place and without broiling the head of the same Viper that had bit him we cast it before him hoping that he would eat it because he had not eaten any thing for many hours before but the Dog would not touch it Upon that we bruised and stamped that head in a mortar and so cram'd it down the Dogs throat rubbing also the bitten places with the blood of the same Viper which done we expected the success which was that this head raw and bruised and if you will assisted by the blood of the Viper being applied to the part bitten had produced the same effects with the former which had been slightly broiled in regard that this Dog was safe excepting those inconveniencies the former suffer'd and was after that as sound as if he had never been bitten If these two Experiments had been made before that Gentleman above discours'd of was bitten by a Viper we should have been in much less anxiety for his preservation And a little before pag. 119. they had said We have tryed that having caused to be bitten at the thickest place of the ear by a sufficiently vexed Viper a young Cat very lean that had but just before eaten the Eggs the Matrix and all the Guts of a Viper the biting had almost no effect and there appeared nothing but a very little swelling and a very inconsiderable lividness in the part bitten And pag. 154. It is very certain that the Head of a Viper broiled and swallowed healeth the biting of that Animal The Heart and the Liver may do the same Reason and Experience have confirm'd it and therefore in an urgent occasion these parts may be very beneficially employed And pag. 156. We believe that the Liver swallowed is capable to heal the biting of a Viper like the heart flesh and other parts of which we have spoken and that it may much facilitate the delivery of Women with Child as doth the Liver of Eeles Hereupon I resolved to imitate those Gentlemen and having given a Vipers head half boiled to a chain'd young Dog I caused him immediately to be bitten by an other Viper in the right ear but the Dog dyed not nor did he appear to me to have any other inconvenience than that he stood as 't were amazed and looking grim and melancholly for four or five hours space I soon reiterated the same Experiment upon another Dog which having been forced to swallow the head of a Viper raw and bruised in a Mortar gave no sign of any great poison and had very little and almost no ill ensuing Whence I was ready to reckon this Experiment among things proved and true when a doubt coming into my mind obliged me to cause two other young Dogs to be bitten in their ears who although they had not eaten the counter-poison of a Vipers head yet dyed not Whence the suspicion being increased in me I caused to be brought me the raw head of a Viper and crammed it into the throat of a young Pullet and then had its left thigh bitten by a Viper whereupon it presently fell to the ground and in a little more then the eight part of an hour died Whence the suspicion growing still greater about ten a clock in the morning I made a Capon to eat two raw heads of Vipers and afterwards about twelve a clock I made him swallow two others and without losing any time I caused him to be once bitten by a Viper in the thigh and the Capon immediately dyed without finding any good in the four swallow'd heads The next day I prepared for two young Dogs a dish of Viper-heads parboiled but they would not eat them and we were forced to cramm them down Soon after the lesser of the two Dogs was bitten in the thigh near the groin and the bigger in the tongue and they both dyed And in the like manner dyed eight Chickens two Kitlings two young Hares and six Turtle-Doves likewise bitten by Vipers and Physiqued not only by their heads both raw and boiled but also having their wounds washed with the Viper-blood And I remember that I caused those 6 Turtle-Doves to be bitten not by the heads of live Vipers but by those of dead ones and such as had dyed two days before Moreover I continued for three days successively to cram two such other Doves with Viper-slesh and gave them no other drink then the broth of that slesh and yet they could not escape death being bitten by a Viper Whence I am inclined to believe that in Tuscany the slesh of Vipers is no help or remedy at least no considerable one to Animals bitten by Vipers Mean while I refer my self to the Learning Experience and Authority of those noble persons to whom I do most willingly submit this or any other opinion of mine and with whom I would never entertain a controversie For I should apprehend lest it might befall me what Marcus Tullius was wont to say of Cato viz. That it was not less troublesome to him to answer to the authority of Cato then to his strongest arguments For the rest I earnestly intreat you Sirs that you would pardon the rudeness of this my Letter sufficiently appearing to have been written by a

arrive there I know that there it produces afterwards those troublesome accidents which ensue upon the biting and that lastly it causeth death if it be not prevented by a quick relief Which clearly shews that a poison of this nature must needs have dispositions to penetrate very differing from those that appear in a yellow liquor that is incapable of all sudden motion and operation It would also prove an useless labour to suck at the place of the biting in hopes of getting out from thence a Juyce which could not enter there And though I do not disprove this way of succours on such occasion yet I know that all what the sucking can do is to fetch out again part of the enraged spirits that had enter'd by the openings of the bite I know also that a specifique remedy taken at the mouth is far better I would be in vain to object unto me the example of the seed of Animals which notwithstanding its viscosity serves daily to propagate that Species which produces it and that it could in like manner come to pass in the yellow liquor to convey the venom in the biting For besides that the seed is the purest and most elaborat part which an animal can produce it is also accompanied with store of Spirits and there needs besides the concurrence of many other means as well to introduce and to receive it as to form and perfect the Foetus There is moreover necessary an assistance of abundance of spirits from the mothers side a juyce proportionate and proper for its nourishment and increase and a sufficient time for the same Whereas the yellow liquor that can pass for nothing but a juyce excreted out of the Salival Glanduls after it had been sent thither from the brain and the neighbouring parts and that is destitute of spirits and of all disposition to act wants also a passage sufficient to intromit it and a place proper to lodge in And if you should grant it an entry and a place to sojourn in it must have a much longer time than the seed of which I was speaking But with all this time and all the other circumstances it would still be incapable of working any thing at all perfect and perish of it self without any remarkable production If any should say That this yellow liquor may have spirits proper and proportionate to its nature and that they are not wanting to make the poison work at the moment of the biting but that being drawn out of the vesicles and exposed to the Air those spirits are dissipated and thereby render it incapable of all action I answer That without staying upon what I have amply made out of its innocence in all kind of uses Signor Redi himself contradicts it as I have mentioned above since he pretends that the Juyce even of such Vipers as have been dead for several days that is dryed to boot ceaseth not to insinuate its venom without any intervention of spirits when it is put into wounds But besides all that many Experiments have evinced to me that death follows the biting without any intervention of the yellow liquor and then when it hath been perfectly wiped away Moreover it is well known that 't is the nature of spirits to be in motion to fasten themselves to and to follow the parts that have most of them as for example the blood It is also to be noted that the spirits that do insinuate the poison are not of the nature of those that follow the ordinary motion of the blood of the animal that they do not joyn themselves to it as those and that neither of them have any union with the yellow liquor which is but a meer excrement But that the Spirits I speak of do form themselves in the moment that the Viper conceives the Idea of revenging her self and they need not the embarasment of such a dull and viscous juyce which is not qualified to follow them nor to pass through the imperceptible pores of the teeth which the spirits only can penetrate no more then they can any ways enter through the holes which the teeth have made In a word the nature of a gross tough and viscous juyce is not to act penetrate and be wiftly carried to the most remote parts of the body but that belongs to spirituous substances to go and come where gross corporall ones cannot These are the only spirits that can subvert the whole Oeconomy of the body they are they that disturb the circulation of the blood and that corrupt it they are they that stop the natural and animal spirits and hinder them from passing to the parts of the body as they were wont to do and lastly 't is by the let of them that the death of the Animal usually ensueth the biting As to what may be objected that 't is very difficult so exactly to evacuate the yellow liquor that there remain none at all and that it may very well come to pass that a little of it intervenes in all bitings I answer that besides that this is also against the opinion of Sign Redi and which he hath renounced in his first Assertion the Salival Glanduls though many in number yet are too small and have too little capacity to contain juyce enough to furnish for that purpose and that that cannot be expected but from great animals that have those Salival glanduls and the other parts far bigger And though it were possible they should sufficiently furnish I do maintain that the impossibility of intromitting that juyce and it s evinced innocence ought to suffice for confuting this Objection Yet this I shall here say in favour of Sign Redi That I doubt not but that this yellow liquor as Salivous and Excrementitious as it is contains its Volatil Salt as well as all the other parts of a Viper and all the parts of Animals and even all their excrements and that consequently it is to be reputed spirituous But then besides that these spirituous substances are never hurtful they are yet too intimately mixed and locked in with their matter and they cannot produce their effects without being separated from it which cannot be but by a violent heat and in vessels fit for it I say therefore that by art there may be extracted a true Volatil Salt out of this yellow liquor even without any addition or mixture of other matter which may be proved to be of the same nature with that of the other parts of a Viper and that 't is so far from being able to work like poison that t' is very proper and effectual to master all the ill accidents which the bite of a Viper may cause of which I do accuse the enraged spirits alone Since therefore Sign Redi hath dried and laid aside the yellow liquor of two hundred and fifty Vipers and may easily obtain much more of it 't is in his power to extract such a salt out of it when he pleaseth to verifie what