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A68397 The breuiary of Britayne As this most noble, and renowmed iland, was of auncient time deuided into three kingdomes, England, Scotland and Wales. Contaynyng a learned discourse of the variable state, [and] alteration therof, vnder diuers, as wel natural: as forren princes, [and] conquerours. Together with the geographicall description of the same, such as nether by elder, nor later writers, the like hath been set foorth before. Writen in Latin by Humfrey Lhuyd of Denbigh, a Cambre Britayne, and lately Englished by Thomas Twyne, Gentleman.; Commentarioli Britannicae descriptionis fragmentum. English Llwyd, Humphrey, 1527-1568.; Twyne, Thomas, 1543-1613. 1573 (1573) STC 16636; ESTC S108126 73,902 228

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accompayned with many Erles and Lordes of VVales which loued not the prince Untill that the prince him selfe beyng forsaken by many of his owne men was by the men of Buelt betrayed not far from the riuer Vaga or wye whether he came with a very few souldiers And by one Adam Francton whiche faught vnder the conduct of Helias walwin far from the residew of his owne power beynge accompayned with one only Page and vnarmed with certain other noble men of that country which had tolde y same before to his enemies was there slayne most dishonorably After whose death the VVelshmen came in subiection to the Englishmen and had alwayes afterwarde to their prince the kyng of Englandes eldest sonne or daughter if male issue fayled This kynge builded certeyne townes and Castles there whiche he compassed with stone walles and left garisons in them to keepe the VVelshmen in awe And prouided by special lawes for that intent made that VVelshmen should enioy no such liberties nor freedoms as they and their posteritie had graunted vnto the Englishmen But by many Edictes Decrees set foorth agaynst the VVelshmen especially by Henry the fourth who by reason of a Rebellion made by one Owen whiche dwelt neare the Vally of Dee was verie highly offended with al that nation the kynges of England kept them vnder the yoke of seruitude abolishinge their owne proper Lawes brought in the English Lawes prouidyng by generall cōmaundement that no man should vse the welshe tongue in any Court or Schoole Howbeit the honour of th● most auncient tongue so much preuayled that not only the welshmen themselues but also the inhabitours of the English townes through VVales beyng now called by the name of welshmen doo gladly frequent the same And hath remooued the boundes into Englandwardes ouer the Riuer Dee cheifly since the beginnyng of the reigne of Henry the seuenth a moste prudent Prince vntill this day Who lineally descēdyng from his grandfather Owen Tudyr a welshman borne in the I le of Anglysey quite deliuered all the welshmen from such lawes of bondage as in other kynges dayes they were subiect vnto And the most mightie Prince kynge Henry the eight his sonne deliuered them wholy from all seruitude and made them in all poyncts equall to the Englishmen Wherby it commeth to passe that laying aside their old manners they who before were wonte to liue most sparingly are now enritched and do imitate the Englishmen in diet apparell howbeit they be somedeale impatient of labour and ouermuch boastyng of the Nobilitie of their stocke applying them selues rather to the seruice of noble men then geuynge them selues to the learnyng of handycraftes So that you shall finde but few noble men in England but that the greater parte of their retinew wherin Englishmen exceede al other nations are welsh men borne For men cheifly brought vp with Milke meates beyng ●ymble and well set of bodie are very apt to do any kynde of businesse Besides beyng somwhat high minded and in extreame pouertie acknowledgyng the nobilitie of their famely are more giuen to the culture and trimmyng of their bodies like Spayniards then to ritches or the belly and beynge very apt to learne courtlike behauiour are therfore by the English nobilitie preferred before Englishmen Howbeit also of late they haue very commendably begun to inhabite Townes to learne occupations to exercise merchandise to till the grounde well and to doo all other kindes of publique and necessary functions as wel as Englishmen And in this one thing surpassyng them that there is no man so poore but for some space he setteth forth his children to Schole and such as profitte in studie sendeth them vnto the Uniuersities where for the most part they enforce them to studie the Ciuile law Wherby it chaunceth that the greater sort of those whiche professe the Ciuile or Canon lawes in this Realme are VVelshmen And you shall finde but few of the ruder sorte whiche cannot reade and write their owne name and play on the Harpe after their maner And now also the holy Scriptures and dayly seruice are printed in their tongue And like as this nation as Tacitus reporteth beyng very impacient of iniuries was alwayes at variance in continuall warres and slaughter within it self so now through feare of lawes whiche they doo very ciuilly obey they striue in actions and controuersies vnto the consumyng of all their gooddes And thus much touchinge the manners and demeanure of the VVelshmen at this day but now heare of their olde out of Gyraldus Whiche writeth thus If is a light nation a sharpe nation rather then a rough a nation wholy giuen vnto warres For here not only the noblemen but all the multitude is redy so arinur For the Trumpet no sooner soundeth alarme but the husbandman cometh as spedely to battaile from the Plough as doeth the courtier from the court For not here as in other places The Ploughmans toyle in circle rounde doth runne For in March and Aprill only they steere once for Otes but they fallow not twise in Sommer and the thyrde Winter after for wheatland The most part of the people is fead with Rudder beastes for the payle They fead on Otes Cheese Mylke and Butter on Fleash more abundantly on Breade more sparyngly They trouble them selues with no Marchandize with no trauell by Sea with no handycraftes neither with any affayres els sauynge Martial And yet they seeke for preseruation of peace and their liberty They fight for their country they labour for theyr libertie For whiche not only to blade it out but also to leese their liues they compt it sweet Wherby it cometh that they thinke it shame to die in their Beds and an honour to die in warre And these beyng now the remnantes of Aeneas trayne would runne foorthe headlongewise in Armur for their libertie Of whom this is verie notable to be marked that many times beyng naked they dare encounter with those whiche beare weapon vnarmed with those which are armed and footemen with horsemē In which cōflict many times only through their nimblenesse courage of minde they become the conquerours And are not vnlike vnto those in place and nature of whom the Poet speaketh Subiect vnto the Northen Beare Most happie folke by their mischance on whom those heapes of feare And cheefest dread of death doth nothing daunt Wherby doth rise To them a redie minde to runne to fight and death dispise Accompting for to spare life that will come againe great cowardise And in another place A nation slenderly armed trustyng rather to theyr agilitie then the force of their men For if they be ouercome to day and shamefully turned in to blouddie fight notwithstandinge tomorow they prepare a new expedition not mindefull of theyr losse nor shame And althoughe they preuayle not when Warre is proclaymed with open meetynges yet in secret ambushments and breakynges in by night they wil vexe their enemy So that beyng
13 Englishmen whence descended 12 Erles of Glocestre 58 Etymology of Britayne 8 Etymology of Gaulle 56 Euboniae 49 Example of Gods iudgement 69 Exceter 17 F Famyly of Stuarts in Scotland 34 Famyly of Grayes in England 67 Famyly of Fitzalanes 72 Flauia 35 Flemmyngs driuen out of their owne country what place they possessed 57 Flint towne 69 Forest of Deane 74 Franci whence supposed to haue sprōge 53. France bounded 56 G Gadini 47 Glocester by whom builded 19 Golden numbre confuted reiected 68 Gwynedh 58. whence the kynges therof so called 64 Grancestre 23 Gyldas reprooued 93 Gyldo 42 Gylford 16 Gyllus vsurper 42 H Hamo with his xii knightes 80 Hastinge 93 Hebrides 49 Hengiscus sent agaynst the Scots and Readshankes 12 Henry the seconde vanquished 92 Henry the fourth 59 Henry the seuenth ib. Henry the eight 60 Henry Erle of Lincolne builded a castle 66 Herald last kyng of Danish bloud 25 Hereford where it lieth 74 Herryng takyng 65 Hibernēses afterward called Scots 44 Hierome Russelle reprooued 28 Hierhauts and Hierhautrye by Welsh men diligently retayned 7 Holt. 70 Hopa 72 How many cities so many kyngdomes in Britayne 32 Huntingtonshire ●4 I Iceni what region they inhabited 23 Idiome or proprietie of the British tongue 3 Iernaei 4 Ilands about Anglysea 64 Ilcestre 18 Irishmen called afterward Scots 44 Irland 49. by whom first endued with Christianitie 63 Iulius the martyr where buried 82 K Kennethus kyng of Scots 38 Kent 14 Kynton 74 Kynge of Englandes eldest sonne Prince of Wales 59 Kynge Arthur 91 Kynge of Powys why swallowed into the earth 69 L Lancashyremen how termed of old 32 Landas where it standeth 80 Landonia 47. of the Readshankes how called 48 Lhanydlos 73 Lasciuiousnes of the Scots 43 Latitude of Wales 57 Legion cities site described 82 Lemster 74 Letters of the Britaynes their ordre forme and pronunciation 1. Leycestershyremen 25 Lyncolnshyremen 24 London by whom builded amplefied the names therof 19. a colony of the Romans 20 Longitude of Wales 56 Lucopibia how termed and where it standeth 30 Ludlaw 74. Lychfyeld 25 M. Meatae 48 Màilor deuided 70 Malmsbury 19 Maluernhilles 74 Manchester 32 Mandubratius sent for Caesar into Britayne 19 March a kyngdom of England 27. 32 Authours whose names and woorkes are cited in this Booke Ammianus Annius Antoninus Appianus Aristoteles Athenaeus Aurelius Victor Beatus Rhenanus Beda Boëthius Berosus Caesar. Capgraue Claudianus Crantzius Diodorus Siculus Dion Eliote Eutropius Frossartus Giambularius Gothus Gyldas Gyraldus Haymo Armenius Hieronomus Hierono Russellus Herodianus Huntingtonensis Iuuenalis Lampridius Lazius Lelandus Lucanus Maior Mamertinus Malmsburiensis Marcellinus Marianus Scotus Marius Niger Mela. Meyerus Orosius Panuinius Parisiensis Paulus Diaconus Pausanias Plinius Plutarchus Polybius Polydorus Postellus Ptolomaeus Sextus Rufus Sidonius Apollinaris Spartianus Solinus Suetonius Sigisbertus Tacitus Regino Rhicuallensis Robertus Coenalis Virgilius Virunnius Volateranus Vopiscus Wilhelmus Paruus The Epistle of the aucthour To the most adorned and best deseruynge to be reueren ced of al that loue the knowledge of the Mathematicks Abraham Ortelius of Andwarp DEARLY beloued Ortelius that day wherein I was cōstayned to depart from London I receyued your Description of ASIA ad before I came home to my house I fell into a very perillous Feuer which hath so torne this poore body of mine these x. continuall dayes that I was brought into despayre of my life But my hope Iesus Christe is layde vp in my bosome Howbeit neither the dayly shakynge of the continuall Feuer with a double Tertian neither the lookyng for present death neither the vehement headache without intermission coulde put the remembrance of my Ortelius out of my troubled brayne Wherfore I send vnto you my Wales not beutifully set forth in all poinctes yet truly depeinted so be that certeyn notes be obserued which I gathered euen when I was redy to die You shall also receaue the description of England set forth as well with the auntient names as those which are now vsed and an other England also drawne forth perfectly enough Besides certein fragmentes written with mine owne hande Which notwithstandynge that they be written foorth in a rude hande and seeme to be imperfect yet doubt not they be well grounded by proofes and authorities of auntient writers Which also if God had spared me life you should haue receaued in better order and in all respects perfect Take therfore this last remembrance of thy Humfrey and for euer adieu my deare friend Ortelius From Denbigh in Gwynedh or Northwales the. xxx of August 1568. Yours both liuyng and diyng Humfrey Lhuyd ¶ THE BREVIarie of Britayne c. FOR so much as ▪ in my last letters which I wrote vnto you right learned Sir in the which I promised within few dayes after to send you the Geographicall Description of all Britayne set foorth with the most auncient names as well Latine as Brittysh wherin I must muche disagrée from th' opinions of learned men I thought it expedient first in a fewe wordes to disclose theffect of my purpose to all by what argumentes and aucthoryties of the learned I am mooued partly to change partly to ascribe vnto other otherwise then those which wrote before me haue done the names of Coūtreyes Townes Ryuers other places Whiche before I take in hande to do I purpose to entreate a lytle of the knowledge of the Britysh tongue of the signification of the Letters and the maner of pronouncinge the same Wherby the trewe name both of the whole Iland and of many places therin may be manifest The ignorance of whiche tongue hath driuen many notable men to suche shiftes that endeuorynge to winde them selues oute of one they haue fallen into many moe and those more grosser errours The ordre and signification of the letters is this as followeth A. B. D. E. H. L. M. N. O. P. R. S. T. They haue the very same pronounciation in the Britysh tongue whiche they haue in the Latine well pronounced C. and. G. haue the same force and signification beynge placed before all the Uowelles that they haue before A. and O in the Latine tongue CH. expresseth the nature of χ. called chi among the Grecians and hath no affinitie with the pronounciation in Frenche or Englysh of the same aspiration but is sounded in the throte like Cheth in the Hebrew Double DD as it is cōmonly written amongst our countrey men or amongst the learned after this maner DH is pronounced lyke the Greeke Delta or lyke the Hebrew Daleth without Dagas We vse F alwayes for V when it is a consonant as Lhanfair is in reading called Lhanuair for V is alwayes a vowell In steede of the latine F wee vse PH or Ff. We make I continually a vowell as the Gréekes do and is pronounced as the Italian I or rather as as the barbarous vnlearned Préestes in tymes past sounded E. We haue also a peculiar Letter to our selues whiche the ruder sort fashion