his own Gauger wherein not only the Artist is shown a more ready and exact Method of Gauging than any hitherto extant But the most Ignorant who can but read English and tell twenty in Figures is taught to find the Content of any sort of Cask or Vessel either full or in part full and to know if they be right siz'd Also What a Pipe Hogshead c. amounts to at the common rate and measure they buy or fell at With several useful Tables to know the Content of any Vessel by Likewise a Table shewing the Price of any Commodity from one pound to an hundred weight and the contrary To which is added the true Art of Brewing Beer Ale Mum of Fining Preserving and Bottling Brew'd Liquors of making the most common Physical Ales now in use of making several fine English Wines The Vintners Art of Fining Curing Preserving all sorts of Wines of making Artificial Wines Distilling of Brandy and Spirits from Malt Malasses c. Together with the compleat Coffee-Man teaching how to make Coffee Tea Chocolate Content and the Richest Finest Cordials c. Of great use for common Brewers Victuallers Vintners Wine-Coopers Distillers Strong water-men Coffeemen and all other Traders Twelves price 1 s. P. Ovidij Nasonis Metamorphosem Libri XV. Interpretatione notis Illustravit Daniel Crispinus Helvetius ad usum Serenissimi Delphini Recensuit Joh. Freind Aedis Christi Alumn 80. Romae Antiquae Notitiae Or the Antiquities of Rome in 2 parts 1. A short History of the Rise Progress and Decay of the Commonwealth 2. A description of the City an account of the Religion Civil Government and Art of War with the remarkable Customs and Ceremonies publick and private with Copper Cuts of the principal Buildings c. To which are perfix'd two Essays Concerning the Roman Learning and the Roman Education By Basil Kennett of C. C. C. Oxon Dedicated to his Highness the Duke of Gloucester 80. FINIS Tractatum hunc cui Titulus An Account of the Nature Causes Symptoms and Cure of those Distempers that are incident to Sea-â—aring People c. dignum judicamus qui imprimatur Samuel Collins Praeses Tho. Burwell Rich. Torlesse Gul. Dawes Tho. Gill Censores Datum in Comitiis Censoriis ex Aedibus Collegii Febr. 21. 1695. The usefulness of this Undertaking It s order Their Victuals The consequence of this victualling Is first thâ—â— Scurvy With an extraordinary weakness And an unequal Pulse Their Gums inflam'd Rotten and stinking And Itching The Scurvy and Melanchol Hypochon are not the same Their Bread Their Burgoo Their Pease Their Lodging The Symptoms of our Fevers An Hypothesis The weight or heaviness Less Activity Sudden Weakness Coldness over the whole body A Coldness in all the extremities Except the Brain â—â— Pain As when one is beat A weak Pulse A Pulse that 's rare And depressed A Want of Appetite And Costiveness Sometimeâ— a Sleepiness They are very warm Their Pulse great and strong They are restless And very dry Their Tongue is rough And black The Respiration difficult Their Breath's like fire They are delirious and cannot sleep They end in Death Or the sickness cur'd by Sweating Hemor Looseness The Vindication of the Hypothesis Diarrhea's may be They feel a Coldness after Dinner Their Lips are pale They â—emble Their Pulse is weak They may be insensâ—ble the external senses being right Their Body like a Corpse A great Drought In place of Death comes warmth and heat And ends in sweating The Pulse stronger and more frequent They have beating in their head A great Drought The Pulse natural for some time It recurrs every day every third or fourth c. It ends sometimes in death and that in the Return Their Life as to what concerns their temper c. The diseases got nearer or c. Why I have neglected the common stories of Poyson c. Why Poyson Why the Chymical Principles Why Acid and Alkali Observ I. Hints for Curing Fevers The reason of unsuccessful practice What our thoughts are about the former intimations What of Bleeding Sweating and Purging Observ 2. Observ 3. Observ 4. Observ 5 â—â—â—erv 6. Observ 7. Observ 8. The General Cure observ 9. Obser 10â— Places marked from this Author's Book p. 4. Obser 11. The Scurvy Obser 12. Obser 13. Obser 14. 4. Obser 15. Obser 16. Obser 17. Obser 18. Obser 19.
An Account of The Nature Causes Symptoms and Cure OF THE DISTEMPERS That are incident to Seafaring People WITH Observations on the Diet of the Sea-men IN HIS Majesty's Navy Illustrated with some Remarkable Instances of the Sicknesses of the Fleet during the last Summer historically related Libera per vacuum posui vestigia princeps Non aliena meo pressi pede Horat. epist xix lib. 1. By W. C. of the Colledge of Physicians London And Physician to the Blue Squadron of his Majesty's Fleet. LONDON Printed for Hugh Newman at the Grashopper in the Poultry 1696. TO THE Right Honourable THE Lords Commissioners For executing The Office of Lord High Admiral of England Ireland c. My Lords YOUR Lordships having been pleased to appoint me One of the Physicians of the Fleet I thought my self obliged to use my utmost endeavours for discharging the Trust you committed to me and therefore I not only kept a Journal of the Mens Names and a History of their Sickness but of the Medicins I gave them with the Success they had And when I had considered the way of their living and other circumstances there appeared to me a very reasonable View of the Diseases at Sea which I first committed to Paper for my own Assistance in the Service but am now perswaded to submit those Thoughts to the Censure of the World Yet in This I shall run no great Risque under your Lordships Protection which I hope you will not deny me since 't is your Lordships gave Them first Life and They have grown up under your Favour to what They are so that if They obtain the End I design'd Them for the publick Good 'T is the Publick must thank you for Them I am with great Respect My Lords Your Lordships Most Humble and Faithful Servant W. Cockburn THE CONTENTS THE Vsefulness of this Work pag. 1 A prospect of it 3 What the Sea Victuals are 5 The consequence of this Victualling 8 Is first the Scurvey 9 Its description ibid. How these symptoms are produc'd 10 How that extraordinary weakness 13 And unequal Pulse 15 How the Inflammation of the Gums 16 Their Rottenness and Itching ibid. How the Scurvy and Melancholia Hypochondriaca are distinguisht 17 What may follow upon the use of their Bread 21 What from their Burgoo 24 And Pease 25 What the Inconveniencies from their Lodging 26 As catching Cold 27 And a Fever 28 Its description 29 An hypothesis for helping us to account for its symptoms ibid. How the weight heaviness is produc'd 31 How the lesser activity 32 And lesser weakness ibid. How the Coldness over the whole body 33 How the Coldness in the extremities 34 And not in the Brain 35 How the pain is produc'd 36 And such an One as when one is beat 37 Why the Pulse is weak 38 Rare ibid. And depress'd 39 How a want of Appetite 40 And Costiveness 41 How the sleepiness ibid. How the warmth begins 44 The Pulse becomes great and strong ibid. They are restless 45 And very dry ibid. How the roughness of the tongue 46 And its Blackness ibid. Why they are hard of Breathing ibid. How their breath is like fire 47 Why they are light headed ibid. Fevers end in death 48. Or by Sweating a Looseness c. 49 The former supposition is not a meer Hypothesis ibid. This interrupted perspiration makes Diarrheas 51 And Agues 53 An enumeration of their symptoms ibid. The symptoms accounted for and first the Coldness after dinner 55 The Paleness of their Lips 56 Their Trembling ibid. Their weak Pulse 57 Why they are insensible while their external senses are right ibid. How their Bodies like a Corpse 59 And a great drought ibid. Yet in the place of Death comes Warmth and Heat 60 Which ends in sweating 61 Their Pulse stronger and more frequent ib. And a beating in their Head ib. A great drought 62 The Pulse natural for some time 63 Why it recurs every day every third or fourth 65 How it ends sometimes in death and that in the return 70 The Seamens life as to what concerns their temperance c. ibid. A hint at the diseases got nearer or under the line 73 Why I have neglected the common stories of Poyson c. 74 Why Poyson ibid. Why the Chymical Principles 77 Why Acid and Alkali 82 The Contents of the Second Part. THE Way of relating these Observations 89 First Observation of a Fever 90 General hints for its Cure ibid. Why the Practice is unsuccessful 91 What my thoughts are about these general hints 93 What of Bleeâ—ding Sweating c. 94 A remarkable history of a Patient of Dr. Willis's 96 The particular Cure 99 Observation 2d of a Fever 101 Observation 3d 102 A Remark 104 Observation 4th 105 Observation 5th 106 Observation 6th 108 Observation 7th 110 Observation 8th of an Ague 112 The General Cure ibid. An Account of the Jesuits Bark 116 A necessary Corollary deduced from this account 119 The Chymists have given no account of its way of working 121 It s astringent power is unaccountable 123 Why the Bark has sometimes so pernicious effects 125 The particular Cure 126 Observation 9th 128 Observation 10th 131 An Examination of Helvetius's Bark-Clyster practice 135 Citations from his Book ibid. The answer 141 Observation 11th of the Scurvy 150 Observation 12th 152 A particular Remark 153 Observation 13th of a Diarrhea or Looseness 154 Observation 14th 155 A remark of a particular Medicin 156 Observation 15th 157 Observation 16th 159 Observation 17th of a Decay 161 Observation 18th of a Clap 164 A singular way of curing it ibid. Observation 19th of a Quinsey 168 Two Remarks 169 PART I. An account of those Sicknesses that are incident to Sea-faring People THere are none who have us'd the Sea for any time especially in the Royal Navy but must be highly sensible how useful an undertaking of this nature is and how assisting to most of the Surgeons who pursue their employments at Sea and particularly in the Meridian for which this is calculated and yet 't was never attempted by any of what Nation soever as far as I can learn either by reading or conversation Officers and Sailers must needs have their courage which is naturally great besides its being supported by the Applauses and Rewards of Honour much augmented by the security they may have in the suitable provision that is made for their health and the Surgeons themselves having a full view of all the maladies they are to encounter upon that Element will surely be better provided than when their expectations are more general It s use I think by these small hints is put beyond all exception and I do heartily wish I could have as good help to my practising in Medicin in our world the warry Element but since I can have none I doubt not but the ingenious will very easily pardon a Treatise of this kind and almost any mistakes I can fall under since the paths of former
many fatal distempers which 't would be needless to insist upon in this place since the thing is generally agreed upon yet I cannot forbear observing that an untimely use of Sweating Medicines in some and thickning Lozenges in others is more frequently the productive cause of Fevers Phthisicks c. and of more fatal consequence than a Cold could have been if left to the strength of the blood and abstinence without employing any other Auxiliaries but more for the confirmation of this may be easily collected from what follows in this Discourse I say then since so far is already clear and because too the force of the perspiration is only kept up by a certain impetus and degree of the velocity of the blood and that is only interrupted by the falling or diminution of this 't would be an easy task to give a more genuine and conceivable account of catching cold than is generally assign'd to be done by I don't know what nitrosity or nitrous power in the Air which upon various occasions Authors make use of for making the blood fluxile and tenacious two very different effects tho 't is fit for neither as I have already prov'd in its proper place But I shall content my self at present with enumerating those symptoms that constitute the essence of a cold and then proceed to consider the effects of this by the different symptoms that naturally attend it Since then I find 't is agreed on by all Physicians that perspiration in a catch'd cold is not so free as in a natural state but is interrupted and a great deal of that substance that is usually sepâ—rated that way is detain d in the mass of blood That which is so detain'd will proportionably encrease its bulk and fill the vessels and so becomes the source of all those symptoms that are observed to attend a catch'd Cold by a necessary consequence I shall afterwards have occasion to demonstrate The Symptoms that usually appear in this case are these and in this order First a weight or heaviness a pain in the breast a less activity over all the body sudden weakness a coldness in all the extremities except the Brain Costiveness such a pain in the bones as when one is beat a weak sunk and depressed Pulse sometimes accompanied with a great inclination to sleep in a day or two the Pulse is great and strong they become very warm restless and thirsty the tongue is dry black and rough the breathing difficult the breath striking those that stand near the sick person like Fire they are delirious cannot sleep and their sickness is terminated in Death by Sweating Hemorrhagie Looseness c. Having thus enumerated these symptoms that appear constantly in our Fevers and in the same order in which I have rank'd them I shall now endeavour to evince the necessity of their attending an interruption of perspiration as I intimated before and hereafter I shall endeavour to demonstrate that that fulness which gives rise to all these appearances is more especially to be attributed to an interruption of perspiration than any other cause and so the Hypothesis tho own'd by every one will be more than one that is merely such First then an interruption of perspiration will encrease the Moles or bulk of the Fluids proportionably to what is left unexpell'd of the quantity which usually passeth thro the pores and because Sanctorius in his Statical Medicin has taught us that we perspire according to the different constitutions of our bodies about forty fifty or sixty ounces in 24 hours therefore if but a sixth part of this be detain'd as I could prove it to be it must needs produce a very great Plethora in a day or two in such that were in perfect health before besides the addition may be suppos'd to be made by our daily food and perhaps rarifying liquors The blood upon this consideration admitting of a vast augmentation distends the sides of its Channels is more unfit for motion and presseth the neighbouring parts and so may easily produce the sense we have and very often complain of an unnatural weight for in this weight or heaviness we have the same sensation as when loaded under a great burden and therefore in this the parts are the same way affected as when a weight presses our body but by this weight the Membranes Nerves and Muscles are so prest and the Bones so forc'd into their Joinings that they could not subsist if it were not for the violent Nisus of the Muscles neither could those Muscles be contracted but by a more abundant influx of the animal spirits overcoming this pressure nor could they be propell'd thro the compressed Nerves unless they were pusht on by a greater force and by this greater force is known that by which is meant to press and therefore 't is evident that the blood thus filling its vessels may easily produce that sense of Weight as was said The blood while in this fulness because of its bulk and the viscidity it contracts by this stagnating fulness both in its own nature and by reason of the diminution of its motion is not so capable to separate its subtile parts or animal spirits because it is not so well divided or broken into such small particles Now since the abundance and separation of the spirits in the brain are necessary for the motion of the muscles upon the contraction of which the strength and activity of the whole body depends 't is plain that in such a case where the motion of the blood is so languid and the secretion of the animal spirits so small there will be a laziness and a diminution of activity over all the body And because this artificial Plethora that lessens the activity is very sudden i. e. in two or three days this less activity will be sudden too or a sudden weakness will happen which was to be shown When the blood is thus stopt and become very viscid 't is evident that the body must proportionably want of its warmth since that is only an effect of the greater liberty the small parts of the blood that make the heat have to disperse themselves over the body and this liberty is procur'd by the parts of the blood in their motion justling and breaking each other into smaller parts But the blood being viscid or tough is not so easily in its nature broken and dissolved and therefore the warmth is still more violently lock'd up and confin'd Moreover while the blood is so viscid its motion is ev'n slower than naturally it should be and consequently the heat is lessen'd and the blood not so well divided because the breaking of it into smaller parts depends upon its motion So that according as the motion is diminished and the force of the viscidity greater the coldness is proportionably greater over the whole body and because the blood hath its motion from the heart and in its whole journey round the body
Moreover in this extraordinary heat there is a less secretion of spittle and that which is separated is immediately exhal'd by this unnatural heat and therefore the tongue and all that neighbourhood being very dry the sense of thirst is felt but because of this dryness and the particular contexture of the tongue which has its fibres running across in its composition These fibres rise stare are stiff and rough and appear to our touch as if we run our fingers over a grater so soon as it is depriv'd of its humidity and while the fibres and blood vessels stare thus they cannot be easily contracted and so the parts of the blood that are drier cannot move but stagnate under the surface of the tongue while its more fluid parts are press'd forward and the parts of the blood that are thus stopp'd being of a high red colour appear very easily to be black and a little inflam'd And if this heat increases naturally or by Art 't is evident that the blood will be mightily rarify'd and flowing thro the lungs in this great and rarify'd quantity 't will press them violently on all sides so that they will not be so easily expanded and therefore the Respiration will be also difficult and the small quantity of Air that is received into the unexpanded lungs being warmed with the hot blood which then circulates thro that part affects us so when expir'd as the Air of a Chamber that is agitated by the small parts of our fires that move among it and this affects us with heat so the breath of those sick strikes those that stand near like fire Seeing he blood is driven about in such a huâ—â—y the animal spirits separated iâ— so great abundance the blood so very fluxile and these spirits running thro a great many different Tracts in the Brain present to us so many different Ideas according to which we express our selves and they being different and of several sorts our thoughts are found very incoherent and unconnected which is to Rave or to be Delirious That watchfulness too we daily observe proceeds from these live representations and velocity of the blood and spirits And since in all the stages of this Illness there either may be too great a distension of the blood-vessels in the Brain and so no spirits deriv'd into the Nerves which will entirely destroy the contraction of the Heart and bring Death or the blood may be in such a condition that it can give no supply of such spirits and upon this account too there can be no contraction of the heart no motion of the blood which is the want of life it self and in both these respects 't is evident how Death may be the fatal consequence of this sickness for in the first the blood being either very viscid in the cold fit or extremely rarify'd in the hot by the patients own constitution the heat of the place where he liveth or warming Medicins is so interrupted in the Arteries of the Brain and being augmented by the succeeding blood it may distend the sides of the Arteries and produce the named effect or if the blood in the cold fit is so viscid and confines the spirits that they cannot be separated or there be a real want of spirits in the blood which turn to the same account there can be no secretion of spirits where there are none and therefore there will none be derived into the Nerves for the motion of the muscles and contraction of the heart By the by 't is no less evident that when the blood is thus infinitely comminuted and still broken down into parts lesser and lesser by an indiscreet management and want of drinking of something that may be a body to the spirits the blood is not only depriv'd of that Serum that should have preserv'd its fluxility and been that Body but of its spirits too and so must needs produce the fore-going effect and make this melancholy tragedy end at last in Death Lastly since the sick must continue in this condition so long as the state of the blood is in this way and seeing those parts which are thus broken in this motion may be carried off by the Glandules of the Skin breaking open of the pipes by the Intestins c. and by these means the blood may be rendered more compact and equal in its motion therefore 't is plain that this Sickness may be judged by Sweating Hemorrhages Looseness c. Thus having demonstrated the necessity of these Symptoms from the supposition of an Interruption of Perspiration I would proceed to considerations of the like nature if I were not first oblig'd to vindicate this Hypothesis from one that is merely such as I but lately promised If therefore any one will take one more or all of these Symptoms and let him have no respect to any hypothesis but read them backward according to the known and familiar rules of Nature he shall find them necessarily proceeding from a real or factitious Fulness which are the same as to their effects and since we come by this fulness in our ordinary way of living 't is plain that 't is not that that is its cause but there 's no way else we can acquire it except by retaining somewhat for some time we usually lose and since 't is not the first the last is either by the suppression of the secretions made by Stool by Urine in the Respiration or by the Skin or Perspiration now we see the foregoing symptoms rendezvous'd into a great number while neither the Evacuations by Stool Urine or Respiration the others I name not they being very inconsiderable seem to be much altered from what we see them in a natural state and therefore 't is Perspiration only that is able to produce these effects and this Fulness as I justly supposed Moreover Sanctorius has taught us by making out the proportions of secretions in the 5 6 21 59 60th Aphorisms of the first sect of his Statical Medicin that secretion by Perspiration is at least double of all the other secretions and therefore when that is interrupted it can produce that fulness in as short a time as all the secretions together could and since they or the most of them are good while the named symptoms have grown into a great number therefore this fulness has its rise from an Interrupted Perspiration and so the supposition was just and a great deal more than a mere Hypothesis as I was oblig'd to prove The Perspiration thus interrupted in hotter constitutious hot Countries or a warmer season these Fevers do not begin with so long a continued coldness but the heat succeeds a great deal sooner as may be collected from what I 'm to say hereafter when I give some intimations of the sickness of hotter Countries Yet the blood having sometimes that velocity we assign'd it to have in another place when it is most apt to make secretions by
the Stomach Intestines and Pancrea's which secretions being sent into the guts in a greater or less quantity and finding them less constricted and the humour thus separated not so viscid as to subsist it must needs get out the natural way and produce a Looseness and tho the guts were very firmly shut yet if there be such a quantity that the power of its Moles is greater than the force whereby they are constracted it will make way to it self by the intestines as before But supposing the guts thus shut up and the quantity so small that it cannot make its way by the intestines because of its moles yet if it 's very thin sharp and forced forward either by its own motion or the compression of the neighbouring parts or both so that it can dilate the guts there will be a Looseness as is evident But since in our way of living and in the Channel where the Air is seldom very sultrie 't is but rare for our blood to be in these circumstances here required and almost never but in scorbutical cases therefore we shall trouble you no further about this affair but mind you we are to account our Diarrhea's amongst our accidental sicknesses and to be treated as such in these observations that make the second part of this Since we have seen very plainly these two different ways of the bloods being affected in an interrupted Perspiration or a catcht Cold there 's a third that in a colder season with the blood a little weakned wherein not only the blood but the rest of the humours contract such a lentor and viscidity as we spoke of just now yet when 't is comminuted and has past the several stages as before returns again by a fresh supply of such matter that is able to produce the same or like effects and in the discovering of this I shall use the same method I did in the former i. e. I shall endeavour to give a plain and genuine History of the symptoms or appearances in that order they affect and I shall unfold them in a natural familiar and conceivable way that we may be the better able to make such inferences that may be useful in our Practice First then they feel a coldness after Dinner their lips are pale they tremble their Pulse is weak while they are thus affected they have an insensibleness and trouble of mind while all the external senses are right and sometimes the external senses are faulty when the mind is serene and thinks very clearly their whole body like a dead Corpse and have a great drought yet instead of death comes warmth and heat which lasts for some time and ends in sweating at this time the Pulse is strong and more frequent than is usual they have a beating in their head a great drought and after the sweating the Pulse becomes sometimes natural It recurrs every day every third or fourth day inclusive and acts over the same Tragedy it ends sometimes in death and that in the return We have seen very clearly in the foregoing part of this discourse that this viscidity of the blood that confines the hot and small parts and makes it so apt to stagnate in the extremities and afterwards in the other parts is the true and genuine cause of that coldness we observe but the blood thus dispos'd and not actually stagnating and producing this coldness is reduc'd to act by any thing that has greater parts than the parts of the blood so that they cannot be intimately mixed with the blood and become one homogeneous body and since the chyle is of such a substance as is here requisite as I have plainly shown in another place therefore this viscidity will have its power to make the blood stagnate after the chyle has entered the blood and not throughly comminuted by the lungs so that the parts of the chyle may glide along equally with the parts of the blood And since the chyle is separated from the other mass into the lacteal vessels in an hour and an half or two hours after dinner therefore in an hour and a half or two hours after dinner this coldness is felt Now in this viscid state of the blood it is more compact and distends not its channels sufficiently and they as 't were withdraw and disappear and because the vessels of the lips are more superficial and are only covered with a very thin skin so that the blood in a natural state may almost be seen running in these vessels and give that fine red we daily see yet when the vessels thus subside and withdraw the blood is thicker and more compact and nothing remains to be seen but the genuine colour of the membranes and fibres that compose these muscles and they being of a pale and Clay like colour the Lips will be pale as was said The blood then being so viscid weak and having the spirits so confin'd must needs separate very few animal spirits for the reasons often assign'd and so the Nerves will be but not perfectly empty now the motion of the spirits I have already prov'd to be alternate and the continual efflux to proceed only from the abundance of these spirits in the Nerves and therefore when at this time there are so few spirits separated this fulness of the Nerves ceases and so must the continual efflux too and their alternate influx must be more sensible i. e. because their motion is alternate the motion of their propelling power being alternate they flow alternately into the muscles these weights which they are to sustain and because of that alternate influx they are contracted alternately and this alternate contraction of the Antagonistial Muscles being that which Physicians call trembling 't is plain that there must be a trembling in this want of animal spirits tho Physicians have thought fit to express it quite another way Now supposing that this viscidity was so great that it could even fill up the vessels in the brain and therefore the viscid blood thus filling those vessels being not so fit to separate animal spirits and in this distention of the full vessels they do so compress the origin of the Nerves that those spirits are not derived into the Nerves and propell'd in that quantity into the heart that 's fit to make its contraction able to force out the blood into the Arteries that they may affect our touch as usually and their sides neither being distended so much as in a natural state nor with so great a force make that sort of Pulse which is called a weak Pulse In the midst of all this viscidity the spirits are both in a lesser quantity and more confin'd therefore in this real want of spirits the mind cannot execute its office they being necessary for the functions of the soul Thus the Patient is insensible while all the external senses may be in a good state tho the converse of this may be true that viz. any one or