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death_n	dare_v	fair_a	great_a	71	3	2.1037	3	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A03069	Foure bookes of husbandry, collected by M. Conradus Heresbachius, counseller to the hygh and mighty prince, the Duke of Cleue: conteyning the whole arte and trade of husbandry, vvith the antiquitie, and commendation thereof. Nevvely Englished, and increased, by Barnabe Googe, Esquire; Rei rusticae libri quatuor. English	Heresbach, Conrad, 1496-1576.; Googe, Barnabe, 1540-1594.	1577 (1577)	STC 13196; ESTC S103974	336,239	412

no kinde of mischeefe vndoone Amongst all which commonly there is not so ill a neighbour as the newe vpstart that takes vpon him the name of a gentleman who though you vse him neuer so well wyll at one time or other geue you to vnderstand from whence he comes and make you syng with Claudian ASPERIVS NIHIL EST HV MILI CVM SVRGIT IN ALTVM A leudar vvretche there lyues not vnder skye Then Clovvne that climes from base estate to hye As the Prouerbe in Englande is Set a Knaue on horsebacke and you shall see him shoulder a Knight for an Ape wyll be an Ape though you clothe him in Purple Surely M. Portius would haue a man shunne the neighbourhood of suche as the pestilence I for my part am happie in this point that I haue no neighbour that I neede to feare RIGO Perhaps they dare not for your aucthoritie doo as otherwyse they woulde CONO But since death and other casualties riddes a man of them the dwelling is not to be left yf it haue other good commodities except it be placed in the borders of sundry Countreys that be subiect to great sicknesses Some commend the dwelling that hath faire wayes about it is neare some Riuer or good market wherby a man may carrie his marchādize with lesse charges The olde fellowes would neuer haue a man place him selfe neare the hie way for pilffering of such as passe by and troublesomenesse of ghestes as I saide before in speaking of the placing of an house In the letting of a Farme those thinges are to be obserued that I spake of before in describing of a Bayliffe of husbandry and his labour that you let it to suche whose trauayle and good behauiour you may be assured of and that you regard more their good ordering of the lande then the rent which is least hurtfull and most gaynefull For where as the grounde is well husbanded you shall commonly haue gayne and neuer losse except by vnreasonablenesse of the weather whiche the Ciuil Lawyer sayth shoulde not be any damage to the Tenaunt or the inuasion of the enimie where the Tenaunt can not helpe it Besides the Lorde must not deale with his Tenaunt so straightly in euery poynt as by lawe he might for his rent dayes bargaynes of wood quit rentes or suche the rigour wherein is more troublesome then beneficial neither ought we to take euery aduantage for lawe many times is right plaine wrong neither must ye be to slacke on the other side for too muche gentelnesse many times makes a man the woorst And therefore it is good yf the Farmer be slacke in his paimentes to make him to knowe it but in no wyse to be a rayser or enhaunser of rentes for that discomfortes and many times vndooeth the Tenaunt Moreouer you must not lightly change the olde Farmer both because of his desertes and that he is better acquainted with the grounde then a newe L. Volusius would alwayes say that he was in best case for his landes that had alwayes his Tenauntes borne and bread vp in them whereby the long familiaritie shoulde make them more louingly to vse them selues for sure it is an euill vse often to change Tenauntes and therefore I doo like well that order where the land is let for the liues of the Tenaunt his Wyfe and his Chylde paying a yeerely rent so that as long as he payes his rent and keepes the reparations it shall not be lawfull to deceiue him for hereby the Tenaunt shall be prouoked to order the grounde with more diligen●e to repayre the house to looke to it in al pointes as to his owne bestowyng many times as muche as he hath vppon it This way of letting lande mee see●es is best where the ground is subiect to the Sea or the Riuer or other daunger that the Tenaunt be charged with the maintenaunce of it And here be sure that you let it rather to one of habilitie then to a an vnthriftie man that is not able to beare it whereby you may loose both your land your rent In suche place as lyes neare the lord he may occupie it by his Bayliffe or to hawues but where it is farre of it is better to let it out for a yeerely rent vpon the foresayd couenantes For yf you occupie it with your seruauntes they wyl eyther looke yll to your cattel or your ground or suffer thinges to be stolen or steale them selues or make you be at more charges then needeth be carelesse in euery thing In letting of ground commonly it is couenaunted that the Tenaunt shall not let nor sell without leaue of the lorde and that he shall not breake any Pasture or Medowe lande and what and howe muche he shall sowe of eue●y kinde of grayne howe much he shall haue for Pasture howe muche he shall let lye and howe muche he shal mend Here haue you almost as muche as I am able to say in husbandyng of the grounde RIGO I thanke you you haue greatly delighted me with the describing of your Pasture grounde and Earable ¶ The ende of the fyrst Booke The seconde Booke of Gardens Orchardes and Wooddes Thrasybulus Marius Iulia. BEcause of the Aliance betwixt Hearbes Trees and Corne and because their husbandry is almost one it is reason that next to the first booke written of earable grounde and tyllage shoulde folowe the description of Orchardes Gardens and their fruites Virgil in wryting of husbandry left this part vnwritten of howe be it diuers others both olde and newe wryters haue not without some diligence written of this part but yet by snatches as it were and not throughly whose opinions ioyned with myne owne experience it seemeth good to me in this booke to declare And since the vse of Orchardes and Gardens is great and auncient and that Homer wryteth howe Laertes the olde man was woont with his trauayle in his Orchardes to driue from his minde the sorowe he tooke for the absence of his sonne And Xenophon reporteth that king Cyrus as great a prince as he was woulde plant with his owne handes and sette Trees in his Orchardes in suche order as it seemed an earthly paradise Qu. Curtius writeth of Abdolominus that for his great vertue of a poore Gardner came to be king of the Sidonians And surely not vnwoorthyly is this part of husbandry esteemed seeing it doth not alonely bring great pleasure but also is greatly profitable for the maintenaunce of household and the sparing of charges ministring to the husband dayly foode and sufficient sustenaunce without cost For when as Columella sayth in the olde time the people liued more temperately and the poore at more libertie fedde of fleshe and milke and suche thinges as the ground and foldes yeelded but in the latter age when ryotte and daintinesse began to come in and the wealthyer sort to esteeme no fare but costly and farre fetched not content with meane dyet but coueting such thinges as were of greatest price the

Fearne and Horsetayle RIGO Howe shall I knowe when the Grasse is ripe and ready to be cutte CONO The time of cutting of it is when the Bent beginneth to fade and to waxe stiffe and before it wyther Cato biddes not to mowe your Grasse with the latest but before the seede be ripe It is best cut downe before it wyther whereby you shall haue bot● more and better Hey of it Some where they may ouerflowe it doo water it a day before they cut it it cutteth better after a dewye Euening RIGO Doo you cut Grasse in the like sort as you doo Corne CONO Almost in the like same sort some do vse short Sythes mowing it with one hand but we here doo vse the common great Sythe mowing with both our handes as I saide before that Oates and Barley and suche other like Corne was mowed whiche Sythes we vse to sharpe with Whetstones or instrumentes of Wood dressed with Sande The Grasse being cutte must be well tedded and turned in the Sommer and not cocked till it be drye and yf it chaunce to be wette with rayne it must not be turned till the vpper part be dryed There is a measure to be vsed in making of it that it be not had in too drie nor to greene The one sort yf the iuyce be dryed vp serueth only for litter the other too greene and moyst yf it be carryed into the Loft rotteth and the vapour being ouerheated falleth on fyre and burneth And yf so be the rayne chaunce to fall vpon the Grasse that is newe cut downe yf it be not stirred it takes not so muche harme but yf it be once turned you must still be stirring of it otherwyse it will rotte Therefore the vppermost part before it be turned must be well dryed with the Sunne and the Winde when it is dryed we lay it in windrowes and then make it vp in Cockes and after that in Moowes which must be sharpe and piked in the toppe the better to defend it from the rayne whiche yf it doo not fall yet is it good so to doo that they may sweate in the saide Moowes and digest what so euer moysture is in it And therefore good husbandes doo not lay it vp in their Loftes till suche time as it hath sweat in the Feelde Grasse is commonly mowed twyse a yeere in May or Iune and againe after Haruest the first mowing is counted the best As soone as the Hey is of after the first mowing it woulde be ouerflowed yf you may conueniently to the ende the after swath may be mowed in Autume whiche they call in Latine Cordum In the Dukedome of Spol●to it is saide they mowe foure times a yeere being drye grounde and diuers other places thryse a yeere Medica may be rutte sixe times a yeere yf it be ordered as it ought to be It is best mowed when it beginneth to flowre for it must not growe to seede being dryed it is made vp in bundels and kept good three yeeres to the great comfort of poore Cattell but because I haue tolde you of Medica before it is but vayne to rehearse it agayne RIGO You haue spoken of a very large and great knowledge of husbandry whiche out of doubt requireth in a man great trauayle and diligence CONO It requireth in deede great diligence and trauayle howebeit it recompenceth the paines and the charges not without great gaynes whereof Plinie bringeth for example Caius Cresinus who when vppon a little peece of grounde he reaped more fruite and graynes a great deale then his neighbours did vppon their great occupiers gr●we into great hatred amongst them as though they had bewitched their feeldes whereof being accused by Spurius Albinus and fearing to be condemned when the Quest should passe vppon him he bringes all his instrumentes of husbandry into the common place and brought in there with all his daughter a iolly great royle his iron tooles perfectly wel made great Spades mightie Coulters and lustie Cattell loe here quoth he myne echauntments neither can I bring before you my great and painefull labours watchinges and sweat wherevppon he was presently quitte by the voyces of them all But I keepe you to long about my husbandry it is good time we leaue and goe home RIGO With a good wyll If I may obtayne one thing at your handes whiche when you haue made an ende with I wyll trouble you no longer CONO What is that RIGO If a man woulde bye a Farme or a Mannour in what sort shall he best doo it for I dout not but you haue good skill in suche matters CONO Iscomachus in Xenophon telleth that his father taught him that he shoulde neuer buye a peece of grounde that had been skilfully or curiously husbanded before but rather suche ground as by the slouthfulnesse and pouertie of the maister had lyen vntilled and neglected and yet seeme to be very good grounde as it is better to bye a leane Horse so that he be not olde and that he haue the tokens of a good Horse then a fatte Horse and one that is curiously kept A well ordered peeece of lande is helde deare and yeeldes no great encrease and therefore is neither so pleasant nor so profitable as that which by good husbandry may be made better Cato woulde haue two thinges to be obserued in bying of lande the goodnesse of the ground and the holsomenesse of the ayre of whiche two yf eyther be lacking whosoeuer dooth bye it he iudgeth him mad and meete to be sent to Bedlem for none that is well in his wittes wyll bestowe cost vppon barraine grounde nor hazarde him selfe for a little riche grounde to be alwayes subiect to pestilentiall diseases for where a man must deale with the Deuil there is not onely his commoditie but his life doubtfull and rather his death then his gayne certaine After these two principall notes as Columella sayth Cato added of like weyght these three that folowe to be regarded the Way the Water the Neighbour The goodnesse of the waye is a great matter for it both makes the maister haue a delight to goe about it and it is commodious for carriage whiche bringeth great gayne and litleth charges Of the commoditie of water who doubteth without whose vse no man is able to liue Of a mans neighbour he woulde haue a man haue speciall regarde Hesiodus sayth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 an euill neighbour is a great mischiefe I haue knowen diuers that for the troublesomenesse of theyr neighbour haue forsaken good dwellings and changed golde for copper because they haue had false knaues to their neighbours and quarellers that suffering their cattel to runne at large in euery mans ground to spoyle their Corne and their Uines would also cutte downe wood and take what so euer they finde alwayes brabling about the boundes of their grounde that a man coulde neuer be in quiet for them or els haue dwelt by some Caterpiller Ruffian or Swashbuckler that would leaue

that about Rome and other places are greatly esteemed Columella countes them to be strong meate and heauie of digestion Loe here is all that for my share I haue to say touching my cattell nowe HEDIO holde you the candell an other whyle HEDIO Next vnto the greater sort of cattell the cheefest place is to be assigned to Sheepe yea yf you consider the great commoditie and profite they are to be prefered before them for as Oxen serue for the tylling of ground necessary vse of men so is to this poore beast ascribed the safegard of the body for the Sheepe dooth both with his fleese apparayle vs with his milke holesome fleshe nourish vs as the Poet witnesseth Poore beast that for defence of man at fyrst created wast And in thy swelling vdder bearst the iuyce of deynty tast That with thy fleese kepst of the cold that should our limbs assaile And rather with thy life then with thy death dost vs auaile Of Sheepe there are sundry breedes The ritch the champion countrey breedeth a large and a great Sheepe the barraine and the clyffy a resonable stature the wylde and the mountaine grounde a small and a weerysh Sheepe The olde husbandes did greatly commend the breede of Milet Appulia and Calabria and most of all the breede of ●aranto next of Parma and Modena At this day for the finenesse of their fleese are most in price the Sheepe of England of Germanie about the Rhine and of France Varro councelleth all such as would bye Ewes to haue their cheefe consideration of their age that they be neyther to old nor to young the one of them not yet come to it the other already past proffite but better is that age wherof there is some hope then where there followeth nothing but a dead carcasse Your best is therfore to bye them at two yeeres olde and not to meddle with such as are past three their age is to be knowen by their teeth for the teeth of the olde ones are worne away next must you looke that your Ewe haue a large body deepe woolled and thicke ouer all the body specially about the necke and the head and good store vppon the belly for such as were bare necked and bellied the olde husbandes alwayes refused The necke must be long the belly large the legges short though the Sheepe of England be long legged the tayle in some countrey short in others very long for in Arabia some haue tayles a cubite long but woonderfull broade others as both Herodotus Aelianus affirme three cubites long so that the shepheardes are forced to tye them vp for being hurt with trayling vpon the ground In Egypt a Rammes tayle hath ben found to waye twentie pound more The Ramme must haue his hornes great wyneding inward and bending to the face though in some place they haue no hornes at all yet not better Rammes the hornes must rather crookle inward then growe straight vp In some countrys that are wet stormie Goates and Rammes are to be chosen that haue the greatest largest hornes whereby they may defend their heads from storme and tempest and therfore in colde stormie countreys the horned Rammes are best in milde gentle climets the pold Beside there is this inconuenience when he knowes him selfe to be armed he wil alwayes be fighting and vnruly among his Ewes and though he be not able to serue the turne him self yet wyll he suffer no other Ramme in the flocke tyll he be euen cloyed lamed with lechery The Pollarde on the otherside finding him selfe vnarmed is milder and quieter by much wherefore the Shepheards to restraine the rage of the vnruely do vse to hang before his hornes a little boorde with sharpe prickes inwarde which keepes him from his madnesse whyle he perceiueth him selfe to be hurt with his owne blood others say that yf you pearce his hornes with a Wymble next to the eares where they winde inwarde he wyll leaue his brauling In some places also the Ewes are horned but to the Ramme his eyes must be browne his eares great his brest shoulder buttockes broade his stones great his tayle broade and long you must looke beside that his tongue be not blacke nor pecled for comonly such wyll geat blacke pied Lambes as Virgil noteth And though the Ramme in sight be white as snowe If black within his lawes his tongue be wrought Refuse him quite least yf he leape thy Yow● He doo infect thy folde with colour nought Bye not your Sheepe but washed vnshorne that the colour may plainlier appeare the white colour as it is the beautifullest so is it the profitablest In March is your best bying of Sheepe for shepheardes lyke suche as haue well worne out the winter Whosoeuer wyl be a sheepemaister must regarde the abilitie of his ground for it is not yenough to haue pasture in sommer But they must be well prouided for in winter in any wyse you must haue store of pasture and better it is and more proffitable to the Master to keepe a fewe Sheepe well then a great number with scarsitie of pasture Florentinus is of that fancie that he woulde your number should rather be odde then euen thinking that number more fortunate for the healthynesse and long continuance of the cattell but these are superstitious toyes as are a great number of others imagined by the faithlesse Be sure euery yeere once to make your muster and supply the places of such as are dead or sicke with a newe and a sounde number so that the Master be not deceiued with an olde vnproffitable flocke The hardnesse and crueltie of the colde Winter dooth oftentimes beguile the shepheard and destroyeth many of his flocke whereof presuming of their strengh in the ende of the Sommer he had made no supply and therfore Columella is of oppinion that the age for breede ought not to be lesse then three yeere nor aboue eyght both because that neyther of the ages is meete to be kept and also that whatsoeuer commeth of an olde stocke hath lightly a smack of his olde parentes imperfection and proueth eyther to be barraine or weake The selfe same Columella woulde haue the Ewes to be put to the Ramme after they had passed two yeere olde the Ramme to be of fiue yeere olde and after seuen to decay In many places at this day they suffer both the kindes to breede from two yeere olde tyll niene but before two yeeres it is not good to put eyther the Ramme or the Ewe to breede although in most places they suffer the Ewes at a yeere old The Ramme is put by his purpose by the Wyckers or Bulryshes tyed to the Ewes tayle but more commodiously by going in seuerall pastures howbeit they are not commonly seuered but sufferd to goe togeather The Rammes that you would haue to serue your Ewes must afore the blossoming be kept in good pasture for two monethes whereby they

When you haue thus after his thyrst killed him you shal eyther skalde hym with water or with a flame made with strawe or stickes syng him for the maner of such as flea him I lyke not After that hangyng him vp by the heeles you shall plucke out his bowels and put them to dressing his fleshe being cold hard you shall lay vppon a table and cutting out the head the gammon and the fleetches pouder them with salt thrusting greate store thereof in euery place specially where the bones be that donne put it into your pouldring tubbe strowing salt yenough vnder it some would haue you salt in the wane of the Moone Before you pouder it you must presse and drye out al the blood and the water Some before they salt it doo plucke out the bones thinking it the best way for preseruing it and to keepe it longest sweete Others agayne doo not strayghtwayes put it into the pouldering tubbe but doo leaue it vppon a table for ten dayes after and then hang it vp in a pure ayre to drye in the larde And when it hath ben dryed in the winde certaine dayes by little and little they let the smoke come to it and afterwards more abundantly The Bacon wyll be the sweeter yf beside the smoke the winde may come to it yf you hang it in grea●e smoke at the fyrst it wyl be rustie Dydimus sayth that the Bacon wyl long continue sweete yf after the dressing cooling and drying it be hanged vp in shaddowy and moyst places rather toward the North then toward the South and that it wyll be sweeter yf it be couered with Snowe and Chaffe the tubb●s that you poulder in must be such as haue had Oyle in rather then those that haue had Uineger Although I haue before spoken of the woorthynesse and antiquitie of shepheardes and heardsmen yet must I here say that it is in vayne to meddle with the ordering and keeping of cattell except you haue handsome and skilful men that may take the charge For the knowledge of keeping of cattell hath a discipline wherin a man must from his very Chyldehood be brought vp and surely it is meete that the husband or Bayliffe haue ben brought vp or trayned in all these trades and to come by degrees to his maisters pryze As from a swyneheard to a shepheard from a shepheard to a netheard c. And most true it proueth in this that commeth to passe in all other gouernmentes that such are best able to take charge of gouernment that passing by degrees and offices haue from being vnder gouernment come to gouerne them selues for though where the flocke is but small and feeding not farre of is brought home euery day Chyldren and young folkes are able to serue the turne yet where the flockes be great and must be kept night and day in Forestes and wylde feeldes as I sayd before of the flockes that wintred in Appulia and sommered in the mountaynes of Kiete here I say the shepheards must both be men of lusty age strengh and diligence as also skilfull in that belongeth to theyr office for neyther old men nor chyldren are able to endure the hardnesse of clyming the hilles nor the sharpnesse of the cold mountaynes which they must alwayes doo that follow theyr flockes specially they that keepe Bullockes and Goates that delight to feede vpon Rockes and Clyues You shal se on the mountaines of Swycherland great goodly fellowes furnished in warlike maner to followe their heardes and flockes and to lodge in the wylde desartes farre from the company of men and there also to make both Butter and Cheese wherfore such as are meete to take charge in these places must be light swyft well limmed and not only wel able to followe their flockes but if neede be to defend them from wyld and rauening beastes to lyft great burdens to followe the chase and to be good archers in fine such a one as Homer doth make his EVMEVS to be And therefore the olde husbandes in hyring of a shepheard did alwayes couenant among others that he should be sound of body and limme and free from filching and theft In Slauony the heardsmen doo vse to haue theyr wyues abrode with them as companions of theyr iourney to dresse their meate such things as they neede suche thinges as are for the health of his beastes the shepheard must alwayes haue in a redynesse Varro would haue him both for this purpose for the better order of his reckoninges with his maister to wryte and reade Of the number of the heards men how many euery flocke ought to haue is to be measured by the countrey and kinde of the cattell The same Varro alloweth for euery foure score Goates one shepheard which Atticus alloweth to a hundred to euery fyftie Mares two men in our countrey one shepheard suffiseth for a hundred or two hundred Sheepe yea many times for three hundred and aboue specially where they be euery day brought home One swyneheard wil keepe twentie or thirtie Hogges or more if the ground be thereafter the lyke for Bullockes and Kine For Horses we seeldome haue heardsmen but euery man keepeth them at home eyther in stables or pastures not commonly exceedyng the number of twentie In what order you shall feede your cattel eyther in Sommer or in Winter and when towardes the South and when to the West I haue tolde you before The Dogge though the Lawyer alloweth him not in the number of cattel and though he yeeldes of him selfe no profyte yet is he as the shepheard for his trustinesse watching of the flocke to be esteemed and set by for they haue been seene to fight in the defence quarell of their maister Yea diuers of them haue been knowen after their maisters death vppon great affection and loue to famishe themselues wherevpon the price of good Dogges grewe to be very great It is written that Alcibiades gaue for one Dogge eyght score poundes There is not a more necessary creature then the Dogge about husbandry for beside his singuler faythfulnesse and watching in the night time he is also a quarter maister in keeping of the cattell and very needefull for the defence of them specially Sheepe Goates whiche would be soone destroyed by Woolfes Foxes Grayes and other vermine yf Dogges were not set to be their keepers Swyne feeding in heardes yf the wylde beastes inuade them making as it were a larum with their gruntyng and crying assemble them selues in their owne defence The greater cattell defende them selues some with their heeles some with their hornes onely the poore Sheepe hath no souldier but the Dogge Of Dogges that serue for profite there are but three sortes for of the fourth which are but for pleasure I make no account One of the sortes is such as by sent or swiftnesse serue for the chase and killing of wyld beastes these what maner of ones they should be and how they should be ordred Xenophon and

and whatsoeuers meete To rayse their walles and Empire vp to set The other maners or repairing Bees by art the same Poete eloquently this touched But yf your Bees doo happen all to dye The breeders gone that should the race renewe His lesson learne whose skilfull cunnyng bye Made Bees with blood of Bullockes that he slewe c. The maner how Bees are ingendred of a Bullocke Virgil doth largely discourse out of Mago and Demberitus You must frame a little house fouresquare about tenne cubites in bredth and as much in heighth with foure wyndowes on euery side one A young fatte Steere being brought hither his Nose his Eares and al other open ventes stopped and filled with linnen dipped in Pitche must be beaten with numbers of Clubbes to death so as both the bones and the fleshe may be broken without any blood for of the blood commeth the Bee. Afterward the house beeing deepe strawed with Tyme and the Bullocke laide vppon his backe the doores and the wyndowes must be close shut vp and so plaistred as there can no ayre enter Three weekes after the wyndowes must be opened on euery side saue where the winde bloweth strongest and the light and the ayre let in when it hath been wel cooled and refreshed the windowes must be shut vp againe and made as close as before and being opened the eleuenth day after you shall finde the house ful of Bees and nothing left of the Oxe saue the hornes the heare and the bones they holde opinion besides that the kinges are ingendred of the braine and the other Bees of the body TVLLARIVS I like not so costly comming by Bees MELISSEVS Of the same opinion is Columella I tell you but the order of the olde skilfull fellowes you may choos● whether you wyll trye it CHENOBOSCVS I had rather you would tell vs what siicknesses and diseases they are subiect to and howe we may knowe the sicknesses and in what sort to helpe them MELISSEVS I wyl wyllingly shew you The signes and tokens of their health is yf they be liuely quicke and many in number yf their woorkemanship be neately and equally wrought yf they goe about their businesse cheerefully and yf they looke taire and smoothe Their signes of their not being in health is yf they looke lothsomely be roffe and heary except in the time of their labour when they commonly looke like labourers or be drousie or yf you see them carrying out of dead carkasses and folowing the Corses after the manner of mourners or that you heare no noyse nor sturring amongst them These signes when you see Columella wylleth you to geue them meate in little troughes of Reedes specially Hony sodden and ground with Galles or Roses You must also to heale them perfume them with Galbanum Reazins or olde strigges of Grapes If the king happen to dye the common people wayle and mourne with great heauinesse neither wyll they make any prouision for their owne sustenance and therefore yf you feede them not they wyll famishe them selues PISSINARIVS With what diseases are they most vexed MELISSEVS They are many times infected with the pestilence against which you haue no other remedy then to seuer the Hiues farre a sunder Theyr cheefest and early sicknesse is in the beginning of the spring when the Spurge and the Elme doo both flowre for as vpon newe fruites so at their first comming abroade entysed with these newe flowres being almost hungerstaruen with the winter passed they feede so greedily as they fall into a Flix whereof yf they be not quickly remedied they dye For Spurge dooth loose the bellies of all other creatures but the flowres of Elme bringeth only the Flix to the Bee. And therefore in such countreys where there is great plenties of these trees the Bees continue but a while Columella teacheth you against this disease to geue them Rosemary sodden with water and Hony some againe vse to geue them the stale of man or Bullocke as also the graines of the Pom●g●a●●te beaten and sprinckled with Wine or Rezins with the like quantitie of Manna kneded togeather and geuen them 〈◊〉 sharpe Wine boyled in an earthen vessell and powred 〈…〉 Reedes Virgil discribeth an hearbe called Aumellus with a yellowe stalke and a Purple flowre the iuyce of whose roo●e being sodden in old Wine and strained out is very good to be geuen them Columella out of Higimus teacheth to remedy them in this sort First to take out all the rotten and corrupt Coames and to geue them freshe meate and after to perfume them with smoke It is good also to put to a decayed Hiue a newe swarme as I saide before Many times they dye of a disease that they call the great deuouring which happeneth when they haue made so much Wax as they thinke they shal be able to fill and afterwardes by storme and tempest many of them be destroyed so that the remaine suffiseth not to fill the Coames whereby the empty partes of the Coames becommeth rotten and so by little and little infecteth both the Hony and the Bees For which the only remedy is eyther to put in a newe swarme to fill vp the celles or yf you haue no such swarmes to cut away part of the Coames before they come to be nought which you must doo with a very sharpe knife for feare of displacing the rest of the Coames A cause beside many times of the death of the Bees is theyr too much prosperitie as when there are diuers yeeres great abundance of flowres and the Bees so busie in theyr feeding that they forget theyr breeding who ouerweerying themselues with trauaile they dye not leauing any brood behind them It is called Blapsig●nia when eyther by sicknesse slouthfulnesse or barramesse they leaue no fruitte behind them To remedy this it is good euery third day to shutte vp the Hiues close leauing but very small holes out of which they can not creepe so shall they be forced to looke to their broode when as they can not otherwyse range abroade Many times besides they are the cause of theyr owne deathes when perceauing their Hony to goe away they feede to greedily Their owne Hony dooth also many times destroy them for being touched with it on the backe they are so limed as they can not stur and Oyle doth not only kill Bees but also all other like creatures Flies and Woormes They hate all filthy fauours and sting such as smell of oyntmentes they are often beseeged with Waspes Hornettes and great Gnattes the Swallow doth oftentimes spoyle them the Woodpecker doth with his long tongue thrust into the Hiue licke vp their Hony and diuers other Birdes as I haue sayd before annoy them The Toade bloweth them and sucketh them vp at their owne doores who sustaines no hurt by their stinging Sheepe are also hurtfull and troublesome to Bees in whose fleeses they so tangle them selues as they can hardly geat out In the waste woods of Sarmatia