Segobia in the beginning of the yeare 1355. and from thence to Burgos 1355. where hee called a generall assembly of the Estates in the which hee complayned greatly of the Queene his mother and of the Princes and Noblemen confederates saying that they had detayned him prisoner in the city of Toro and had forced him to do many things against his will and dignitie demanding mony from his subiects that hee might make war against them and punish them according to their merits the which he obtained After the end of the Estates he came to Medina del campo where he caused to bee slaine in his owne lodging one day in the holy weeke Murthers commited by Don 〈◊〉 king of Castile Peter Ruis of Villega Gouernor generall of he frontier of Castile and Sancho Ruis of Rojas and caused many to be put in prison Returning to Toro he had an incounter with Don Henries men who went to ioyne with Don Frederic his brother at Talauera from whence they after marched to Toledo and had meanes to enter although their comming was not pleasing to all the Cittizens beeing the meanes to draw a warre uppon them as it happened for that the king followed them soone after and entred as it were by force constrayning them to depart This was a meanes for him to haue the Queene his wife in his power who was poorely defended by the diuided Toledains so as shee was sent to the castle of Siguença The king caused about foure and twenty Burgesses to be executed in the cittie by Iustice who had taken the Queenes part too openly among the which a Gold-smith about 80. years old beeing condemned and ready to be executed Cruel executions the city of Toledo his soone a young man of eighteen yeares of age presented himselfe who mooued with pietie and a filiall loue besought the king to do him the grace not to suffer his father to end the dayes of his old age after that manner offering to suffer death for him The king who had no royall part in him accepted the condition and caused this young innocent man to be executed who in regard of his pietie did merit to saue his fathers life and to liue himselfe with honour and reward due to so great vertue the name of this yong man through the negligence of Writers is supprest Piety of a son ill rewarded by D. Pedro. After these dishonorable exploites the king went to Cuenca which held for Queene Blanche but he could not take it whereupon he marched against Toro and brought all the warre into the territories of Leon and Biscay where his men were twise defeated by D. Tello and Iohn of Abendagno with the death and imprisonment of many The K being before Toro he had newes of the death of Don Iohn Garcia of Padilla brother to Donna Maria his mistris being chosen master of S. Iames against his brother Don Frederic whereat he was much grieued During this heauines there came vnto the campe William Bishop of Bolonia Cardinall of Saint Marie in Cosmedin Legate to Pope Innocent the sixth beeing sent to pacifie the troubles of Castile and to reconcile the King and Queene but he lost his labor and obtayed nothing of him but that hee procured the deliuerance of Peter Barroso a Doctor of the Lawes and bishop of Siguença who was prisoner for that he had held the Queenes party The king wrought so partly by force and partly by parlees and promises he as hee was suffered to enter into Toro vppon condition that hee should not kill any man the which he promised and kept according to his faith for he was no sooner entred but he caused to be slaine within the castell in the presence of the Queene his mother Peter Stephen Carpinter Master of Calatraua Ruis Gonçales of Castagneda Martin Alphonso Tello and Alphonso Telles the which Queene Mary did so abhorre as shee swounded and was in danger of death and soone after not able to endure the sight of her sons cruelties Queen mother vnchast she demanded leaue to retire into Portugall to her father king D. Alphonso who caused her to be slayne soone after for that shee liued vnchast with Don Martin Telles The King Don Pedro did also cause to be slaine in Toro Gomes Manriques of Orihuela Diego Perez of Godoy Alphonso Gomes great Commander of Calatraua and many others The knights which defended the towne of Cuenca hearing of these bloudie executions left Castile and retired into Arragon others which held other places distrusting their strength abandoned them and past into France wherefore the king thinking himselfe now in a manner a conqueror transported with a tyrannous hatred against the Nobility of his Realme yea against his owne bloud he resolued to roote them out one after another not trusting in any one of them Hauing beseeged Palençcuela he watched an oportunity to kill the two Infants of Arragon his cousins Don Frederic his brother who was partly reconciled and Don Iohn de la Cerde but by reason of the absence of Doth Tello his brother whom he would catch in the same net he deferred it and the better to surprize him he made shew to pardon him and Don Iohn of Abendagno also and to remit all that was past This Don Iohn of Abendagno was one of the chiefe Knights of Biscay and without whose aduise Don Tello Lord of Biscay did not any thing Notwithstanding as the fauours of great men are vncertaine and wauering Don Tello enuying him for that he was rich D. Tello Lord of Biscay causeth D. Iohn of Abendagno to be murthered and welbeloued in the countrie caused him to bee slaine awhile after in the towne of Bilbora Palençuela being taken by composition the king Don Pedro made a tourney at Tordesillas whree he had resolued to murther Don Frederic his brother and others notwithstanding hauing by the same treason caused two other Knights to bee slaine the one of Toledo the other of Vailledolit he thought it sufficient for this time and deferred this execution vntill another oportunitie Don Henry who was in the Asturia's seeing that all were brought vnder and reconciled vnto the king he demanded leaue afarre off and obtained it for hee would not trust the king but vpon good termes and went to serue the French king Passing by the mountains of Asturia he escaped many ambushes which the king had layd for him notwithstanding his assurance giuen but he was ordayned to better fortune wherefore beeing come into Biscay and hauing there conferred with Don Tello his brother hee imbarked and landed at Rochel from whence he went to Paris to King Iohn then raigning who receiued him and honoured him much The king of Arragon was aduertised of all these troubles and alterations beeing then resident at Perpignan for the which he was not sorie At that time there raigned three bad kings in Spaine this Don Pedro king of Castile Don Pedro of Arragon and Don Charles of Nauarre violent Princes
in Iulie some say he was poisoned Death of the Prince of Spain others write that he was strangled by foure slaues He was buried in the Monasterie of S. Dominike the royall at Madrid whereas the king D. Pedro the cruel had beene interred Peter Mathew in his French Historie writing of the life and death of king Philip the second he sets downe a formall proceeding of the father against his Sonne in this action the which for that this subiect is so rare and memorable I haue thoght good also to insert After the Princes restra int◠Mathews vpon the death of Prince Charles as wee haue saied the king saith hee propounded to his Councel of conscience what punishment a kings son deserued that had made leagues against his estates and conspired against his fathers life and whether hee might be called in question His Councell laied two remedies before him both iust and possible the one of grace and the other of Iustice and punishment shewing him the difference betwixt the mercie of a father and the sinceritie of a king saying that if by his clemencie he did pardon them which loued him not hee must of force pardon that creature which should be most deare vnto him They desired him to imitate the emperour Charlemaigne who imputed the first conspiracie of his Sonne Pepin against him to the follies of youth for the second he confined him into a Monasterie protesting that he was a father not a king nor a iudge against his Sonne The king answered that by the law of nature he loued his Son better than himselfe but by the law of God the good and safetie of his subiects was to be preferred Moreouer hee demanded if knowing the miseries which the impunitie of his Sonnes offences would breed whether he might with a safe conscience pardon him and not be guiltie of these miseries Whereat his Diuines shrunke in their shoulders and with teares in their eies said that the safetie and health of his subiects ought to be dearer vnto him than his sonnes and that hee ought to pardon offences but such crimes should bee supprest as abhominable monsters Hereupon the king committed his Sonne to the censure of the Inquisitors commending them not to respect his authoritie no more than the meanest within his kingdome and to regard the qualitie of his Sonne as if he were borne a king making no distinction thereof with the partie accused vntill they found that the excesse of his offence would no more admit of this consideration remembring that they carried in their soules a liuelie image of the king which had iudged Angels and should without distinction iudge kings and the Sonnes of kings like vnto other men referring al vnto their consciences and discharging his owne The Inquisitors Iudgement of the inquisitors against the Prince of Spain for that he was charged to haue practised with Castillion Admirall of France the prince of Orange and other enemies of the Romish◠Religion declared him an heretike and for that hee had conspired against his fathers life they condemned him to die The king was his accuser and the Inquisitors his iudges but the sentence was signed by the king which done they presented many kinds of death in picture vnto the prince to make choise of the easiest In the end he demanded if there were no pitie in his father to pardon him no fauour in his Councell for a Prince of Spaine nor any wisdome to excuse the follies of his youth when as they told him that his death was determined could not be reuoked and that all the fauour was in the choise of the easiest death hee said that they might put him to what death they pleased that there was no choise of any death seeing that they could not giue him that which Caesar held to be the best These words deliuered with passion were followed with a thousand imprecations against his fortune against the inhumanity of his father and the crueltie of the Inquisition repeating these words often O miserable Sonne of a more miserable father He had some daies giuen him to prepare himselfe for death 1568 One morning foure slaues entred into his chamber who awaking him put him in mind of his last houre and gaue him some time to prepare himselfe vnto God He start vp suddenly and fled to the bed post but two of them held his armes and the third his feet and the fourth strangled him with a cord of silk Many hold that he died of letting blod his feet being put in warm water But Campana in the life of Philip 2 writes that being in prison he fel verie sick by reason of his disordred diet and drinking too much cold water wherewith his stomack grew so weake as he could not digest any meat which the Phisitions could not helpe so as hee died as he affirms of this sicknes verie religiously and penitenly to the great griefe of the king the whol state moreouer he writes that the king being much perplexed for this great losse retired himselfe into his chamber with two seruants wold not giue any audience then for many daies into the monasterie of S. Ierosme a mile without the town sequestring himself of al affairs writing only to princes potentates causing his secretaries to write vnto all his realms states of the death of his deare only son Thus writers discourse diuersly of the death of this Prince the which I leaue to the iuditious Reader to beleeue what he shall thinke most probable Within foure months after the death of the Prince D. Carlo Death of the queen of Spain the Queene D. Isabella his mother in law died also being broght in bed of her third child before her time the Phisitiōs hauing ignorātly caused her to take too much Phisick fering some other infirmitie this was the brute of the court of Spain But in France they had reason to think that the life of this princesse was shortned like vnto that of D. Charles by some notable malice by the same instruments For they to whom D. Isabella did belong in bloud had been verie carefull to auer the causes maner of her death but not so resolute to call it in question as Clouis sons were to reuenge the iniurie done vnto their Sister in Spaine where she also had beene maried As for the Prince Turkett it was verie cōmon in Spain that the great hatred the king bate him grew rather from the suggestions and reports of others than from his own misdeeds for by nature he was neither giuen to any odious vices Disposition of the prince D. Charles neither was he of so harsh and sower a disposition as commonly great men of that coūtrie be It is true that D. Charles kept his grauitie to courtiers that he shewed himselfe verie ambitious too desirous to mannage affaires and to be imploied and was giuen to some kindes of pleasures Such as would excuse him said
not of Greece it selfe but of that part of Italie which they call the great Greece and of Tarentum conceiued in adulterie by Alcmena Hercules Tarentina bastard the wife of Amphitrion a priuat man and an vnknowne father bred vp at Thebes in Beoce and nourished in theft fornication and execrable murthers a companion and counsellor to Iason in the voyage of Colchis at the spoyle of the treasures of Aeete and the rape of his daughter Medea the author and executioner of the ruine and death of Laomedon king of Troy whose daughter Hesione a noble and innocent virgine he did prostitute to his companion Telamon bold and hardie in all bad actions so as hee purchased the name and reputation of a valiant captaine and was readily followed into Spaine by men of his owne sort whereof there were store and finding nothing left to steale in Asia As he carried away many bad persons when he went into Spaine so he left others of diuers nations behind him who built cities and townes or finding some of their countreymen alreadie seated Calpe 〈◊〉 planted themselues among them Calpe which was called Heraclea was then built In this passage also Barcino so named of fishermens Cabbins made of oyziers which were first there was enriched with a Temple which this Hercules caused to be built to Iupiter Turiasso neere vnto Montcaio Ausonia was the Tyrians worke Ausonia the Italians it is now called Vic Ilerda now Lerida the Illyrians and others of other nations whereof Hercules army was composed Lerida To Dianaes Temple which the Zacynthians had begun before his comming there were by him or by the Zacynthians of his companie great beames of Iuniper set the which were spared by Hanniball when as he ruined those places and continued vnto the time of the Roman Emperors There remained many other marks of this passage long after in Spaine As for Gargoris who was king he recouered his authoritie with great difficultie and kept it with more paine yet he reigned some yeares and left the realme to his grand child which his daughter had by stealth wherewith Gargoris was so much offended as he caused this child to be left in the fields Crueltie of a grandfather to be deuoured of wild beasts the which by the will of God did not only leaue him vntoucht but did also nourish him with their vrine whereof the old man being aduertised he commaunded him to be laid in the high wayes that oxen horses hogs and such like going and comming might tread him vnder their feet yea he caused him to be presented to famished mastiues which had bin kept hungry of purpose but he was still preserued by the fauor of heauen and the brute beasts more kind than his grandfather turned from the infant and did not hurt him In the end this cruell man not content to put the poore child to an ordinarie death he caused him to be carried far into the Ocean sea yet could not his desire succeed for the infant was cast by the waues vpon the sands wheras a hynd hauing newly calued was so farre in loue with it as she forgat her own fruit and nourished the child vntill he grew great and got his liuing in the woods and rocks feeding vpon wild fruits who in the end grew strong and so actiue as he ran as swiftly as any stagge He was often seene and pursued by the huntsmen of the countrey who could not conceiue what it was yet they layd so many ambushes as in the end they tooke him and presented him vnto Gargoris their king who hauing carefully considered and viewed the countenance of this sauage prisoner he was of opinion that it was his grand child whereof he was the better assured by certaine marks which he had made vpon his bodie and caused him to be attended on as his Estate required then dying he left him heire of his realme of Spaine where he shewed himselfe wife vertuous and a louer of the good of men notwithstanding that he had bin bred vp among wild beasts in his youth For they say he made politicke lawes and taught them to tyll the land accustomed the barbarous people to a more ciuile life and sought the meanes to better the fruits of the earth by manuring remembring his hard and rough breeding in his younger yeares Hee is called by some Albius Albius Habidus or Habis by others Habidus or Habis He appointed exercises for the Spaniards and diuided the people into seuen townes or cantons 8 After him there is no mention of any kings in Spaine for many ages which giues some occasion to conjecture that they erected many Commonweales or that this region lay open to the inuasion of many strangers which came from diuers parts namely after the destruction of Troy The Celtes passe into Spaine which happened in the time of this Habidus in whose life time certaine Celtes comming out of Gaule came into Iberia where they had long and sharpe warre against the inhabitants of the country with whom they would share their lands in the end forced the Iberians to receiue them and to contract alliances with them giuing them their daughters in mariage and so communicating both ayre country and names with them they made of two nations one Celtiberia which was called Celtiberian and the countrey of Celtiberia which is all that lyes betwixt the Pyrenee mountaines and the riuer of Ebro Other Celtes and Gaules had passed farther into Spaine it may be before the Iberians came there and had run beyond the riuer of Ebro vnto the West Ocean where they had held a part of Portugal and Betica in which prouinces they did also carry the names of Celtes Celtiques Galates and Gallicians and there did build townes Ephorus for that the Celtes did hold all that North part of Spaine and part of Portugal extended Gaule vnto the Island of Gades Habis reigned yet when Elna a towne in the countie of Rossillon was first founded the which some haue ignorantly written was named by Helene mother to Constantine the Great or built by her grand child Constans Many Grecians in those times came into Spaine among the which as they say was Teucer the sonne of Telamon who hauing beene chased away by his father and after his death excluded from the succession landed whereas new Carthage now stands and so passed on into Galicia They attribute vnto him the foundation of the towne of Salamanca Salamanca a name which commeth neere vnto that of Salamina where Teucer was borne yet some affirme That in auncient time it was called Elmantica and more properly Diomedes also came into Spaine with certain Aetolians and they hold that the towne of Tude vpon Mynio was his worke Tude for that this name hath some affinitie with Tydeus the father of Diomedes Astur who was coach-man to king Memnon no small office in those dayes being come with the Grecians into this Region Asturia gaue the name
bee brought from any other place they die But the other Ophiusa in old time and now Fromentaria is so full of them as the island hath remained desart and not inhabited In Yuica they make excellent salt These islands are right against the shore betwixt Barcelone and Valence The islands of Sardinia and Corsica were in old time giuen by the Popes in fee to the kings of Arragon who haue contended by armes for the right thereof against the Geneuois and Pisans for many yeares till that in the end the Arragonois got the quiet possession of Sardinia of which conquest we shall speake often wherefore wee will describe it briefly without making any particular mention of that of Corsica which the Geneuois hold The isle of Sardinia lies in the Mediterranean sea Description of Sardinia hauing that of Corsica neere vnto it vpon the North. It runs out in length from North to South neere threescore leagues accounting foure miles to a league It is held to be about an hundred and fiftie leagues in circuit It is fiue and thirtie leagues from Africke the neerest place vnto it is Tunes or Bizerte Betwixt it and Corsica are but foure leagues and in some places but three in the which there are many smal islands which they cal Businares This island was in old time called Ico Ichnusa and Sandaliotis for that it hath the forme of a sole or of a mans foot The first inhabitants were Tuscanes and then Grecians led by Iolaus and Sardus companions to Hercules After which there arriued some Troianes and then Athenians After them the Carthaginians seised vpon this island who were dispossest by the Romanes which was the cause of the third warre betwixt them Hauing beene long vnder that commonweale and consequently vnder the Romane empire the Sarasens got footing there against whom the Geneuois and Pisans then mightie commonweales did arme by the Popes persuasion conquered it and planted themselues there But for that it was a subject of their warre and quarels and withall the Popes bearing a spleene against the Pisans Fertilitle of Sardinia it was giuen in fee to the kings of Arragon It was heretofore a store-house for the Romanes it was so fertile and would be so still if the people were industrious much better for tillage than Corsica especially that part which lies towards Africk which is a plaine and lyes lower than the other towards Corsica which is hilly In it there grow vines and all sorts of fruites as in Corsica except oyle by reason of the negligence of the Sardinians for nature bringing forth in the woods and mountaines infinit-store of wild oliues shewes it is their owne fault if this plant be not made good The island abounds in cattell of all sorts as it appeares by the great quantitie of hides and cheese which they transport into Italie and other places There are great store of wild goats called by the countreymen Musines or Muâ—les which haue their haire like stagges and their heads like rammes but their hornes bending backwards they are verie light and nimble and liue in the mountains whereof of the Sardinians who are better huntsmen than the Corsicans take three or foure thousand at a time the which they flea to sell their skinnes whereof the Cordeuan leather is made leauing the carkasses in the fields notwithstanding that the flesh be reasonable good to eat wherewith it may be the ayre is impaired The aâ—re in Sardinia corrupted by nature and by accident the which doth naturally infect that countrey by reason of certaine South windes which blow in Summer The horses of Sardinia are hot strong headed and hard to be broken but they last long and there are many wild Among their tame cattell there are certaine small bullockes which amble naturally which the countrey men vse like Asses and Mules to goe from one place to another Heretofore there haue beene mynes of sulpher or brimstone Mynes alume siluer and salt and it is but the negligence of the people that they are not found at this day and with good profit Neither doth it want bathes which are good for many infirmities Bathes especially betwixt Montreal and Saint Iohn In Sardinia as some maintaine there are no wolues nor any venimous nor hurtfull beasts the which they haue common with many other islands yet they haue verie great foxes fierce and cruell which easily kill a sheepe or a goat There growes the hearbe Sardonique which causeth death with such a contraction of the sinewes as they seeme to smile when they are dead This island hath in former times beene better inhabited than it is at this day and they haue beene more warlike than now they are When as the Geneuois and Pisans did hold it they distinguisht it into two prouinces that of Cap Caillery which lookes towards Africke the which was the Pisans part and the greater and Cap of Lugodori joyning vpon Corsica which the Geneuois held for them Then the Sardinians had their rulers and Gouernours whom they call Iudges Iudges is foure â—urisdictions diuided into foure jurisdictions or prouinces one at Caillery another at Arborea since called Oristagny one at Turrita or Torre and the fourth at Galluri This kind of gouernement was entertained vntill the conquest of the island by the Arragonis and the Spaniards rule At this day there is a Viceroy resident at Caillery with absolute authoritie who of necessitie must bee a Spaniard and is assisted by a Councell or royall audience consisting of a President and a certaine number of Counsellours The two prouinces aboue mentioned into the which the islands is diuided haue either of them a Gouernour who is a Spaniard or of the island indifferently which doe gouerne and haue authoritie in the absence of the Viceroy but hee beeing present it ceaseth The townes and chiefe places of this island Chiefe townes in Sardinia bee Caillery commonly called Calger a towne seated vpon the side of a hill towards Africke hauing a goodly port haunted by merchants and saylers from all parts it is well built and enriched with diuers towers and a stately temple built by the Pisans and an Archbishops seat This citie hath by priuiledge a jurisdiction apart besides the Viceroyes authoritie and is gouerned by the citizens themselues Next is Oristagny in old time called Arborea the which is also a bishopricke and was sometimes a marquisate with a particular lord but one of them rebelling the kings of Arragon haue vnited it vnto their demaines There is a port also towards the West Arghero or Alguero followes on the same West part the which hath no port but onely a road Bossa vpon the Sea the tower in old time was called Libisson a Colonie of the Romanes and afterwards called Torre or Turrite the which is now ruined Sassari ten or twelue miles from the sea where there is an auntient conduit of water the which continues about twelue miles vnto Saint Gauins temple Then castle
defendants to run thither where they did fight with such obstinacie both parties being in battaile betwixt the ruines not as at the entrance of a breach but as in an open champaine animated by two seuerall passions the one hauing hope to vanquish Hope despaire breed like effects at this siege and the other no hope of mercie in their enemies In the end the Carthaginians were forced to retyre and soone after the Romane embassadours arriued in the rode of Saguntum but Hannibal would not heare them but let them vnderstand That a man busied with so many affaires as he was could not spend his time in words and that he saw no great safetie for them if they landed among so many souldiours of diuers barbarous nations Whereupon they passed into Africke and hauing deliuered their charge vnto the Senat of Carthage and demaunded in vaine That Hannibal the author of the warre should be deliuered vnto them after many protestations they returned with bare words For after much contention among the factions in the Councell of Carthage whereas Hannibal had manie kinsmen and friends answere was made vnto the embassadours That the warre had beene begun by the Saguntines and that the Senat and people of Rome should not embrace their quarrell against the Carthaginians with whom they had liued in peace and amitie for so many yeares Whilest the Romans were thus busied to resolue and to send embassadours The simplicitie of the Romans Hannibal pursues his siege and presseth Sagunt by all means possible He builds new engines animates his souldiors and promiseth them the spoile of a rich towne the Saguntines rampar vp their breaches and labour day and night the batterie begins afresh and they haue many assaults giuen and with greater furie than before In the end being tyred with the multitude of assaylants who had fresh supplies continually they could not keepe the Carthaginians from entring by their breaches their walls being newly repaired with earth after their accustomed manner and therefore easie to pierce so as they seized vpon an high place within the precinct of the towne whereas they planted many of their great crosse-bowes and artillerie after their manner and casting a wall about it they made as it were a citadell against the which the Saguntines did presently make a trench diuiding it from the rest of the towne which was not yet taken And as it happened diuers times that the one getting the other must needs retyre the towne was reduced to a small compasse and withall they had great want of victuals and of all other necessaries by reason of the long siege Hannibal was then forced to march into Oretania and Carpetania where there was some likelyhood of a tumult for that those which he had sent to enroll souldiors were retained by them of the countrey by reason of the great rigour which they vsed As his absence from the campe gaue some rest vnto the Saguntines so his comming among those people caused peace and reduced them to obedience In the meane time Maharbal sonne to Himilco who had the charge to continue the siege vsed such diligence as there was no shew of Hannibals absence To conclude hee wrought so well as at his returne he shewed him large breaches sufficient to giue a generall assault which were made on the side of the castle the which the Carthaginians did win The miserable Saguntines being thus prest and out of all hope of succours Friends a farre off are slow to succour which could not come vnto them but from Rome which was farre from them Alco one of their citizens cast himselfe from the rampar and went to Hannibal without the priuitie of the Senat that he might moue him to some reasonable conditions but Hannibal offered them their liues onely and that they should depart the town with one robe only and to go and dwell where they should be appointed whereupon Alco durst no more returne vnto Sagunt beseeching him to giue him leaue to remaine within the campe then there was a Spanish souldior named Alorco who offered himselfe to carrie these conditions vnto the Saguntines and to persuade them to accept thereof But he preuailed as little as the other for being heard in their Senat they were so farre from yeelding in that manner as by a common consent they resolued to bring all their gold siluer and other goods into the market place where they set it on fire and consumed it and there were some so desperat as they cast themselues into the fire to be consumed with their goods In the meane time there was a great noise heard from a tower which fell suddainely hauing beene long battered the which gaue free entrie vnto the enemies a band of souldiors then being entred by that breach they made a signe vnto the campe whereupon Hannibal being vigilant to embrace all occasions Sagunt taken by assault marched thither with the whole bodie of the armie and tooke the towne hauing giuen charge to his souldiors to kill all that had past the age of foureteene yeares a cruell sentence but he held it necessarie seeing hee had to deale with such obstinat enemies who being in fight neuer yeelded but by death and being shut vp within their towne with their wiues and children would rather burne themselues in their houses than yeeld And although that many things were spoyled and consumed by the fire yet the bootie was great Thus Sagunt fell into Hannibals hands eight moneths after the beginning of the siege And during this siege his wife Himilce was deliuered of a sonne called Aspar which doubled his joy Then did the Romanes resolue to proclaime warre against Carthage The Romans resolue to warre against the Carthaginians mooued partly with the vnworthie calamitie of their friends and allies and partly with the feare of their owne estate the which happened 536 yeares after the foundation of Rome Pub. Cornelius Scipio and Titus Sempronius Longus being created Consuls Honnibal was so farre from any remorse to haue drawne these two Commonweales into armes as contrariwise when hee had brought backe his armie to new Carthage and diuided the spoyle among his souldiors Good fortune transports Hannibal to ouer-great enterprises he began to make preparations to march into Italie from whence he meant to chase the Romans and to driue them if it were possible out of the world Hauing therefore disposed of the affaires of that Prouince and well fortified and manned the townes he left the gouernment generall thereof to Asdrubal his brother and taking his way by the Mediterranean shore to Empurias he entred into Gaule and came vnto the Alpes without any opposition of the Gaules He marcheth towards Italy although they were much prest thereunto by the Romans leading an armie which consisted of Numidians Africanes Spaniards some Gaules and other nations the which he entertained and supplied often with the same nations as well with the reuenues of the mynes of Spaine as that which
colour of justice exacting extraordinarie tributes so as many towns did mutine and the loue which they did beare vnto Sertorius was turned into hatred wherefore Sertorius was forced for the suppressing of many tumults which did arise to shew himselfe seuere against his owne nature Sertorius grows cruell against his nature and at the last became cruell so as in the end he put to death many children of noble houses whom he held in the towne of Osca vnder colour to instruct them in learning and to teach them the manners of the Romans the which to speake truly were so many hostages and others he sold to punish the infidelitie of the Spaniards which he discouered daily the which did much blemish the lustre of his vertues Perpenna through his malice drew him to this excesse and did procure him infinite enemies as well Romanes as Spaniards and hauing found many confederats he conspired with Aufidius Graecinus Manlius Antonius and others to murther him the which he put in execution hauing inuited him to supper in his lodging Perpenna and his adherents murther Sertorius trecherously with the whole troupe of conspirators where they stabbed him with their daggers Such an end had this great captaine by the treason of his owne followers the which being published all the people of Spaine sent embassadours vnto Metellus and Pompey and yeelded vnto him The inhabitants of Ebora attribute the foundation of their towne to Sertorius where there are certaine inscriptions to bee seene making mention that he was buried there He had many times made offer to Metellus to lay aside armes so as he might be called home by a publique decree for he protested that he made not warre for the Spaniards greatnesse but to maintaine the people of Rome whom he loued and honoured so as there is no doubt but he was of a mild and gentle disposition but that necessitie had forced him to this contumacie and rebellion and the violent and ambitious pursute of his fellow citizens Perpenna thinking to doe some great exploit made vse of Sertorius forces Perpenna puninished for his treason but hee was deceiued for it soone appeared that he was not fit to commaund being in a short time vanquished taken and slaine by Pompey This traitor to redeeme his life offered Sertorius papers vnto Pompey where there were many letters from the Senatours of Rome persuading Sertorius to passe with his armie into Italy but Pompey tooke these papers and would not once read them but burnt them all and so put Perpenna to death to the end he should not name any one nor reueale that which was contained in them the which might haue raysed a new ciuile warre Pompeyes wisedome to extinguish the ciuile warre which was no act of a young man Of all the towns in Spaine Auxima at this day Osma and Calagurri held out for a time against Pompey but in the end they were taken by force and ruined Auxima by Pompey and Calagurri by Afranius and so this Sertorian warre was ended the last exploits whereof were about Osca and Ilerda in Catelogna tenne yeares after the beginning thereof Anno 682. in the yeare 682 in the which Metellus and Pompey for their successefull exploits in Spaine triumphed At that time Pompey was but a Romane knight and they say That he afterwards erected his trophies in the Pyrenee mountains where he caused to be written the names of 871 townes in his victories Pompeyes trophies and the beginning of Pampelone among the which he would not put that of Sertorius This was the beginning of Pampelone according vnto some There were found in those dayes in the vallies of Andorre and of Altauaca certaine great buckles of yron soldered into the rockes with lead which were held to be the trophies of Pompey A yeare after we find mention made of M. Puppius Piso Pretor who triumphed also for some victories gotten in Spaine 13 In the yeare 688 L. Aurelius Cotta and Lucius Manlius Torquatus being Consuls Cn. Piso slaine in Spaine Cn. Piso a young man audacious poore and seditious suspected to haue conspired with Cateline was sent into Spain with charge vnder pretext to do him honor but the true cause was to get him out of Rome where he was slaine troubling the prouince with exactions and other excesse some say it was plotted by Pompey Then mention is made of Q. Calidius a Pretor in the yere 692 and after him of Tubero in the further Spaine who gaue the Prouince to Caius Iul. Caesar his Questor in qualitie of Pretor Q. Metellus and L. Afranius being Consuls at Rome in the yeare 693 of the foundation thereof whereas in few dayes he subjected vnder the Romane yoake all that was to be subdued in Galicia Clul Casars exploits in Spaine being Pretor Brecaire and Lusitania among others he destroyed Brigantium in Galicia the which is Bragance if it be not the Port of Corugna or the Groine called in old time Portus Brigantinus He dispersed the Herminian mountainers inhabiting betwixt the riuers of Duero and Minio and forced them to retyre into the islands of Cincies which are those of Bayonne of Minio And if hee shewed himselfe actiue and valiant in matters of warre hee woon no lesse honour in administration of justice and other actions of peace aboue all things hee pacified many suites commenced by vsurers against their debtors the which he so ordered as the creditors should haue two third parts of their debtors goods and the rest they should haue for their maintenance vntill the debt were payed and he made many other good ordinances for the which he was much honoured After Caesars returne he being Consull there was a complot made betwixt him Crassus and Pompey who diuided the Romane Prouinces betwixt them whereof Spaine fell to Pompey the which he gouerned by his Lieutenants then P. Lentulus was sent thither as Proconsull and after him Q. Metellus Nepos in whose time the Gaules of Aquitania made warre against Caesar and the Romanes employing the captaines and Spanish souldiors which had carried armes vnder Sertorius From that time Spaine was gouerned by Pompey or men of his faction so as vpon the beginning of the ciuile warre betwixt him and Caesar L. Afranius M. Petreius Pompey perpetuall Gouernour in Spaine and M. Varro did gouerne it for him against whom Caesar marched after that he had chased Pompey out of Italy knowing well that Spaine was a seminarie for souldiors and if he tooke it not from Pompey his designes would proue but vaine being well aduertised that Pompey had sent Vibullius Rufus thither to keepe that great prouince at his deuotion and to oppose him against Caesar in those parts The lieutenants vpon Vibullius comming put themselues in order euery one in his gouernment Petreius made a leuie of horsemen in Lusitania Great preparations to resist Caesar in Spaine Afranius did the like among the Celtiberians and that part of the Cantabrians where he
of Spaine touching the reigne of Amalaric and deeds of Theodoric king of Italie whom the Spaniards make his grandfather by the mothers side 19 Theude the ninth king of the Gothes in Spaine 20 Theodiscle the tenth king of the Gothes in Spaine 21 Agila the eleuenth king 22 Athanagilde the twelfth king 23 Luiba the thirteenth king 24 Leonigilde the foureteenth king and his deeds 25 End of the reigne of the Sueues in Gallicia 26 Ricared the fifteenth king abiuration of the Arrian heresie at the third Councell of Toledo reformation of the Gothicke lawes 27 Luiba the second of that name sixteenth king cruell his death 28 Vuiteric the seuentcenth king a tyrant 29 Gundamyr the eighteenth king 30 Sizebut the nineteenth king 31 Suintilla the twentieth king deposed for his vices 32 Sizenand the one and twentieth king the fourth Councell of Toledo 33 Cinthilla the two and twentieth king and the fift and sixt Councels of Toledo 34 Tulba the three and twentieth king 35 Cindasuinthe the foure and twentieth king vnder whom was the seuenth Councell of Toledo 36 Recesuinthe the fiue and twentieth king and the ninth and tenth Councels of Toledo 37 Bamba the six and twentieth king rebellion of Paule and others in Gothike Gaule and their punishment 38 The eleuenth Councell of Toledo vnder him and some decrees 39 Eringe the seuen and twentieth king and vnder him the twelfth thirteenth and foureteenth Councels of Toledo 40 Egica the eight and twentieth king vnder whom were the fifteenth sixteenth and seuenteenth Councels of Toledo 41 Vitiza the nine and twentieth king cruell and infamous the eighteenth Councell at Toledo 42 Roderic the thirtieth and last king of Gothes in Spaine his vices inuasion of Spaine by the Moores and Arabians and the end of the Gothes reigne 43 A Catalogue of the auncient Bishops of Spaine BEing to treat of the Gothes kingdome in Spaine it is fit to know from what region they are come and by what accidents they first seated themselues in Spaine Honorius sonne to Theodosius the Great then reigning in the West 1 The Gothes are issued from the Getes The Gothes come out of Asia intâ— Europe and their first beginning was in Asia they passed into Europe long before and did first seize vpon the higher countrey of Thrace and Mysia which is at this day Bulgaria Bosna Rascia Seruia and it may be a part of Hungarie and in the end they came to either banke of the riuer of Danube and then by degrees peopling all that lyes betwixt that riuer and the Northerne shore of the Baltike sea they did in the end hold all that continent which extends it selfe in manner of an island in the bosome thereof with all the neighbour islands They were famous for a long time in Dacia in those regions which wee now call Valachia Transyluania Gothes Geâ—es Gepides all one nation and Moldauia where they were called Getes and Gepides In the times of Alexander the Great there were certaine encounters betwixt the Grecians and the Gothes not farre from the island of Peuce aboue Constantinople at the mouths of Danube or Ister as they called it in that place Syrmius reigned ouer that nation at that time We read also That Lysimachus one of Alexanders successors was vanquished in battaile and taken by a king of the Gothes whom hee afterwards set freely at libertie and married his daughter After which in tract of time other nations being mingled with them those which did inhabite the great Peninsule which the auncients called Scandia and Scandinauia yet little knowne to them retained the name of Gothes and the language the which as some affirme was like vnto that of the Celtes others hold That it was the Teuton or Dutch tongue which languages being corrupted differ much at this day from those times when they were in their greatest puritie From these Northerne regions which containe at this day the realmes of Suethland and Denmarke often and vpon diuers occasions there came great troupes of people who tooke possession againe of the countries joyning to the Venedique or Baltike sea The Gothish tongue and of the islands thereof chasing away the inhabitants and aduauncing into the maine land they did repossesse Dacia and Mysia and ouerrun the higher Thrace vnder Filymer sonne to Gandaric who was the fift king after this returne In these countries they planted their bounds vpon the Danube and there reigned some ages they did encrease their fame with great victories and did giue their name to many nations whom they subjected They inuaded the Romane Empire in the time of Decius vnder the conduct of their king Giua and did vanquish the Romanes in a great battaile whereas Decius and his sonne were slaine after which by many victories they made themselues fearefull to the Romans so as the Emperous were often glad to haue them for friends and companions in arms and by the vertue and valor of their troups which they entertained did often execute great matters About the time of Valentinian and Valens Hermanaric reigned ouer the Gothes The Hunschase the Gothes out of their coÌ„quests who vanquished many nations who notwithstanding yeelded to the force of the Hunnes fathers to the Hungarians who came at that time out of Asia into Europe in great numbers through the fennes of Meotides Hermanaric being dead and Vithimir his successor slaine in battaile the Gothes estate was ouerthrowne and troden vnder foot by the Hunnes wherefore such as would not liue vnder the Conquerors subjection retyred themselues into diuers other countries Athanaric who had shewed himselfe an enemie to Valens in supporting Procopius his rebell would not trust him and therefore he tooke his course towards the North and did inhabite with his troupes in the forrests of Sarmatia But Fritigerne and Alauin being followed with a great number of Gothes came vnto the bankes of Danube vpon the confines of the Empire where desiring to be admitted to dwell with the other subjects Valens consented supposing that they should serue as a rampier against forraine nations that would inuade the empire on that side Then there arriued vpon the same marches Vitheric Distinction of the East and West Gothes sonne to Vithimir with his tutors Alathee and Safrax and also Farnabe conductors of other great troupes Then did the Romans begin to distinguish these people into Ostrogoths or East Goths and Visigoths or West Goths calling those which did remaine vnder the domination of the Hunnes Ostrogoths and those Visigots which had passed the Danube and dwelt in Hungarie Mysia and Thracia the which distinction was ancient among them according to their countries and abodes and was againe practised in Italie Gaule and Spaine when as this nation had erected kingdomes there whereof the princes were diuided into two families or factions that is the Hâ—mels or Amales and the Baltes 2 The name of Iesus Christ had beene many yeares preached among this nation Christian religion among the Gothes before
Christians who desired to abate the power of the Moores and to keepe them diuided all they could came to succour the Toledanes being led by one of the sonnes of king D. Ordogno both armies met not farre from the citie neere vnto the riuer of Guadacelette Mahumets victorie but Mahumet had the victorie there were slaine in this battaile 13000 Moores of Toledo and 8000 Christians yet all this could not make him master of the towne Mahumet being victor he caused the heads of his enemies to be carried into diuers townes to strike terror into those that would rebell for it was the custome of that nation at the change of Princes to stirre vp new troubles This warre continued three yeares vnto the death of the king D. Ordogno 33 Cont Bernard of Barcelone liued at this time Cattelogne much fauored in the Court of the Emperour Lewis the Gentle not without enuie especially of such as had had the gouernment of Prince Bernard the sonne of Pepin king of Italie in his youth He was accused to haue committed adulterie with the Empresse Iudith D. Geoffrey Earle or Gouernour of Barcelone whatsoeuer the cause were D. Geoffrey of Arria succeeded him in the Countie of Barcelone in the yeare 839. In the yeare 841 Ouiedo king D. Ordogno being much afflicted with the Gout and other infirmities was withall oppressed with griefe for the rout of his men which he had sent to succour the Toledanes whereupon he fell grieuously sick and died hauing gouerned the realme of Leon and Ouiedo tenne yeares The letters and titles of the Church of S. Iaques of Compostella giue longer liues to these kings for there is one found of king D. Ordogno of the yere 854 and another of the yeare 862 yea of 874 wherefore there is no great certaintie of the time in the raignes of the kings of Ouiedo and Leon. These letters and titles differ aboue 33 yeares from the common opinion D. Alphonso third of that name twelfth King of Ouiedo 34 ALphonso the Great Anno 841 sonne to D. Ordogno Ouiedo was but foureteene yeares old or ten as some say when he began to raigne a prince endowed with all royall vertues whose life and gouernment was long His entrie was disquieted by a knight of Gallicia called D. Froila Bermudes who contemning the kings youth did rise and seise vpon the Crowne D. Alphonso being retired to Alaua to preserue himselfe against this tyrant as he was busie to raise an armie of his friends and subiects he had newes that D. Froila being come to Ouiedo the chiefe towne of the whole realme Tyrannie and vsurpation iustly punished to be crowned there he had beene slaine by the Senators and Councellors which had conspired against him wherefore he came thither was receiued and recouered his realme in peace Then was there gouernour in Alaua a knight called Eylo or Zeybon brother to one Zenon which some Authors say had beene Lord of Biscaie This Eylo as soone as Alphonso was setled in his realme of Ouiedo rebelled against him and drew from him all which the kings of Ouiedo held in that prouince D. Alphonso who was then at Leon being aduertised of this disorder marcht with such forces as he could gather readily together towards Alaua where his presence caused him to be generally obeyed He tooke this gouernor and carried him to Ouiedo where he ended his dayes in prison Mahumet Moores first Moore of that name raigned then in Spaine against whom the earle of Barcelone made sharpe warres but with small successe He sent an armie against the Christians led by two captaines Imundar and Alcama the which came and lodged about Leon as if they would besiege it Anno 842. in the yeare 842. But king D. Alphonso succoured it and forced the Moores to retire In the end of Abderramens raigne there had beene a great persecution against the Christians which dwelt in the Moores countries whereof their insolencies and rebellions was the cause The libertie of Christians among the Moors in Spaine They had as we haue said libertie of their religion and they were suffered to build Temples and Monasteries at their pleasures their Priests and Monkes did freely vse their seuerall habits They had Iudges and Rectors among them to administer iustice vnder the authoritie of the Mahumetane kings onely they were forbidden to enter into the Mosquee and not to speake ill of their Prophet Mahumet They payed tributes the which were sometimes augmented as necessitie required or according to the passions of their kings Whereupon many Christians tooke occasion to murmure and to make bitter complaints the which did incense the Moores Some Christians of more iudgement exhorted the rest to patience foreseeing the mischiefe but it was in vaine yea Accafred a Bishop and Seruand an Earle who were of these moderators were condemned by a Councell and are blamed by the Authors of Histories who haue made no scruple to put in the number of Martyres those rebells which perished in this massacre the which was great and continued ten yeares for an aduertisement to all others not to rise against their prince to whom they are made subiect by the will of God especially for their temporall goods In the meane time the quarell betwixt this Miralmumin and them of Toledo continued and their obstinacie was such as Mahumet seeing they would not acknowledge him vpon any conditions he sent a mightie armie against them vnder the conduct of his brother or as some hold of his sonne called Almondir who spoyled rased and burnt all that was within the territorie of Toldo and yet no man durst make head against him his forces were so great King D. Alphonso imbracing this occasion of the Moores diuisions being entred into league with the French and Nauarrois D. Alphonso spoyles the Moors country he entred and spoyled their countrey They hold that Bernard of Carpio was chiefe of this armie Mahumet did aboue all things desire to subdue them of Toledo the which was a great and strong citie and therefore hard to be forced Wherefore he resolued to reduce it to extremitie of victuals by a long siege and so force them to yeeld Anno 848. And hauing raised a great armie in the yeare 848 he led it himselfe in person against the Toledanes who issued out of the towne resoluing to fight with him but it was to their losse and confusion for they were forced to retire with shame the towne was besieged the bridge vpon the riuer of Tayo the worke of king Hisem was beaten downe the Moores call bridges Alcantara and all meanes of succours taken from the inhabitants Wherefore they began somewhat to yeeld Toledo reduced vnder the obedience of the Morres at Cordoua and to talke of a composition wherein they were heard and satisfied so as Mahumet entred the citie with great ioy hauing reduced so great a people vnder his obedience From whence he sent some troupes to
vnder the commaund of an Earle called D. Gonsalo Sanches who watched his opportunitie so well as he defeated the Normanes slew their captaine Gundired and burnt their shippes D. Sisenand second Bishop of Compostella had beene slaine by these pyrates he was a turbulent man and an vnworthie Prelate of whom Histories report â—isenand bishop 〈◊〉 Compostâ—lla â—urbulent 〈◊〉 that for his vices prodigalitie and lewd life the king D. Sancho the fat had caused him to be put in prison in whose place Rodosinde was chosen a holie man and of good fame a Monke of the Order of S. Benet but after the death of D. Sancho Sisenana being gotten out of prison he came with force to enter his Bishopricke being resolued to kill Rodosinde the which he had effected if this holie man had not willingly quit the place returning to his Monasterie where he ended the rest of his dayes Afterwards Sisenand pursuing the Normanes being more fit to commaund souldiors then to gouerne the Church of Christ hee was slaine with an arrow neere vnto Formellos Such were the Bishops for the most part in those times The Estate of Leon was by this meanes peaceable both within it selfe and in regard of enemies abroad hauing peace with the Moores King Hali Hatan being loth that the beginning of his raigne should passe without some famous exploit Castille being also sollicited by D. Bela of Nagera a knight of Alaua who as we haue said had beene expelled by D. Fernand Earle of Castille and was retyred to the Moores Court at Cordoua hee raysed a mightie armie the which hee sent to ruine the Earle of Castille against whom he had a spleene for the former warres and tooke from him Sepuluedas An. 942. S. Estienne of Gormas and other places about the yeare 942 the which the Earle of Castille could not suddainely preuent whereat he was so much discontented as within few dayes after he died in Burgos to the great griefe of all the people of Castille and was interred in the Monasterie of Arlansa which he founded There is some reason to doubt of the yeare of his death for that there is found in the Instruments and Titles of donation made by him to the Monasterie of S. Emylian of the towne of Saint Marie de Pezuegos dated in the yeare 944 to the Church of S. Martin of Granon the yeare 945 of certaine houses in the towne of Salines of the Church of S. Stephen of Sabredo dated 947 to the same Monasterie of the Church of S. Iohn Baptist of Ciguri vpon the riuer of Tiron the which runnes into the riuer Ebro neere vnto the towne of Haro where it is expressely said that the Earle D. Fernand and D. Sancha his wife make this donation to the Abbot and religious of the said Monasterie and to their successors for the loue of the glorious Confessor S. Emylian that at the dreadfull day of judgement they might deserue to heare that comfortable voice of the Lord Come ye blessed of my father c. In these letters D. Ferdinand did intitle himselfe Earle of Castille of Alaua and of Nagera There are registers and memorials found also in the Monasterie of S. Emylian making mention of the Earle D. Fernand and of D. Vrraca his first wife of the yeare 964 the which without doubt is false and counterfeit Donations priuiledges and other titles of Monasteries vncertaine as in the truth there is no great certaintie in anything which the Monkes produce of their priuiledges donations exemptions and other graunts of auncient kings It is to be seene vpon the tombe of D. Sancha Countesse of Castille in the great Chappell of S. Peter of Arlansa that she died that yeare 964 and in the Aera 1002 to Cont Fernand Gonsales succeeded his third sonne D. Garcia Fernandes the first of that name in the Earledome of Castille and other places aboue mentioned in the yeare according to the common opinion 942. 13 The Moores being masters of the field in Castille Moores there being no forces together to withstand them being pust vp with successe they entred the territories of Leon breaking the peace which they had with the king D. Ramir without any subiect and came and besieged the towne of Zamora Zamora taken and ruined the which they tooke and ruined Vntill that time which was about the yeare 950 An. 950. the Christians dwelling vnder the gouernment of the Arabian Moores whom they called for the respect Musarabes had remained in great tranquilitie and peace without forcing them in their religion in any sort whatsoeuer Moreouer they had justice duely administred paying the pensions and tributes which were imposed vpon them whereby they were assured from all violence But Hali Hatan being come to the Crowne he was so zealous in his religion and conceiued so great a hatred against that of the Christians as he published an edict A cruell edict made by Hali Hatan against the Christian his subiects by the which all Christians dwelling vnder his iurisdiction were commanded to abiure the religion of Iesus Christ and causing themselues to be circumcised to imbrace that of Mahumet vpon paine of death Then did the spirit of God quicken in the hearts of many the fire which had beene smothered by the humane traditions and instructing them inwardly seeing that ordinarie meanes failed or were corrupted made it appeare vnto the world that the true religion hath no better meanes of propagation than persecution for loue and charitie surmount nature making the dull quicke witted causing them which were in a manner dumbe to speake and giuing force and courage to the simple and weake Many Christians of all sexes and ages did vertuously confesse the saluation we haue in Iesus Christ by his onely merit and satisfaction before the Inquisitors and Iudges which were sent by this barbarous king The names of which holie martyrs are worthie of memorie to be a president to all the faithfull Martyres vnder the Moores but we haue too few of them In the citie of Cordoua there were put to death for the testimonie of Christs truth Aurelius Gregorius and Felix with their wiues Natalia Crescencia and Liliosa In the territorie of Rioje Victor borne at Cerezo who had long defended his fellow citizens from the violence of the Moores was beheaded At Bosca neere to Nagera Nunilla and Allodia two holy sisters suffered death Yet by the letters and priuiledges of the kings of Nauarre giuen to S. Sauiour in Leyre where they say they were buried it seemes their death was long before this persecution In Arragon in the towne of Iaca the holie virgine Eurosia suffered and many others in diuers parts of Spaine where the Moores commaunded Thus were the Christians afflicted both in peace and warre by armes and by vniust proceedings The Authors of the Spanish Historie make no mention Leon. that the king D. Ramir had any great care to suppresse the insolencie of these Arabian Infidels nor to be
againe to field parting from Alcaçar de Sal and went and laied siege to Cezimbra the which he carried and in like manner Palmela hauing put the Moores of Badajos to rout in the mountaines of Cezimbra comming with great troupes of horse to succor these two places It is a remarkable thing in this Prince that although he were three score and fiue yeeres old yet he was continually in armes and himselfe in person enduring the trauels and discomodities of the warre as wel as the yongest The troubles of Castile and Leon procured his peace on that side where hee was to dispute his royal title and the acknowledgment of the lands held by him with D. Fernand king of Leon who giuing some time of breathing vnto the Castillans vpon whom he had made his profit although he could not get their kings person he retired into Leon leauing them of Lara and Castro to end their owne quarrels 3 The Estates of Castille and the Gouernors of places Castille amidest so great troubles which the King D. Fernand hee of Nauarre and the factions of the noblemen of the country had caused maintained themselues as well as they could whilest that the King D. Alphonso was bred vp at Auila The Order of the knights of Calatraua which had his beginning in the time of the King D. Sancho the Desired Confirmation of the order of Calatraua was now confirmed by Pope Alexander the third by his Breefe in the yeere 1164. directed vnto D. Garcia first Maister of the knights of that Order It appeeres by the Spanish Histories that at that time there were Abbots at Calatraua and that D. Raymond liued yet in whose place there succeeded Priors by grant from the Chapter generall of the Order of Cisteaux We finde also that at that time the house of Aualos which hath beene famous since in Castille was then great in Nauarre from whence it is descended and mention is made of many great personages of that family of D. Ximen d' Aualox Iean Mertines and Sancho Martines d' Aualos brethren and of Garcia Nunes d' Aualos The family of Aualos whereof D. Ximen in the yeere 1162. gaue vnto the Monastery of Saint Emibian certaine rights which he had in the church of Saint Felix a' Aualos the letters whereof are yet extant in that Monastery The King D. Alphonso beeing eleuen yeere old the Earles D. Manrique D. Aluaro and D. Nugno de Lara with other Noblemen which had the charge of him thought it now fit that he should goe and visit the townes of his realme and shew himselfe to his subiects who desired to see him wherefore they drew him out of Auila with good troupes of horse besides an hundred and fifty horse which they of Auila gaue him for his gard Some places which D. Fernand King of Leon had seized on in Castille beganne already to reuolt but when as King D. Alphonso went his progresse euery towne where hee past obeyed him vntil hee came to Toledo whereas D. Fernand Ruis Castro was Gouernor since the raigne of the King D. Sanche and ment to keepe it vntill the King D. Alphonso was fifteene yeeres old as it was decreed by the fathers will but the Earle D. Manrique de Lara was not of that minde for hauing some secret intelligence with a knight of Toledo called D. Estienne Illian who had built the parish church and the high tower of Saint Romains and was in some bad termes with D. Fernand Ruis hee had by his prctises meanes to stirre vp the people to a mutiny hauing caused the King to approach to Saint Romains tower in a disguised habit where he hung out his armes and collours so as D. Fernand fearing his owne weaknesse abandoned the castle and fortefied himselfe in Huete By this meanes the city of Toledo was deliuered vnto the Earle Manrique in the Kings name by this knight D. Estienne Illian whose picture armed on horse-backe for this goodly act is to bee seene in the body of the great church of Toledo and not for any prowesse that is knowne to the ignorant people In recompence whereof they gaue him the gouernment of this Citie From thence D. Manrique led the King to Huete against D. Fernand Ruis who beeing faithfully and couragiously assisted by the Inhabitants of Huete sallied forth against the Earle D. Manrique where there was a cruell battaile before the fight D. Fernand had giuen his armes and deuice vnto a Squire of his setting him in the most remarkable place of the battaile to the end they should take him for his master for hee knew they had vowed and conspired his death at what price soeuer so as comming to fight the Earle D. Manrique followed by his choise men picked out this Squire whom hee slue with his owne hand but an other of D. Fernands Squiers The Earle D. Manrique de Lara slaine before Huete reuenging his Campanions death gaue the Earle a deadly wound and slue him vpon the place so as D. Manriques army hauing lost their Generall was put to route and defeated D. Nugno de Lara for his brothers death did afterwards accuse D. Fernand of treason saying that hee had caused his brother to bee trecherously slaine but it was ended by the Prelats by reason of the great spoiles they endured but the hatred continued still betwixt these two families many forts came afterwards into the power of the yong King D. Alphonso without any resistance The towne of Surita which was held by Lope d' Arenas would not yeeld obiecting the testament of the young King D. Sancho yet notwithstanding they would haue the place and hauing inuested it they beganne to batter it D. Lope Diaz de Haro Lord of Biscay was at this siege well accompanied although hee had not beene called the Earle D. Nugno de Lara and hee beeing at some iarre The taking of this place seeming euery day more difficult D. Nugno and the Earle D. Suero entred into the towne vpon assurance giuen by oth to parle with Lope d' Arenas the Gouernor but they were detained prisoners Lope was soone after punished for this fraude God shewing that there is not any thing which displeases him more then false-hood and treachery and in truth there is no brute beast more detestable then that man which seekes to circumuent by promises and othes There was in King D. Alphonsos campe one which had serued or beene bred vp in Lope d' Arenas house who presented himselfe vnto the King offring to deliuer him the place if hee would giue him meanes to liue and that there were any one which would bee content hee should wound him that hee might haue some collour to flie vnto the enemy The King promised to recompence him well but as for the hurting of any one there was some difficulty yet there was one Pedro Diaz or Pedro Ruis as others call him of Toledo offred himselfe to receiue the blow This varlet whose name was Dominâ—gullo drew
and of the tyranies aboue named did presently aduance a kinsman of his to the royall seat his name was Almorcada who was the sixth Miralmumin of the race of the Almohades He was no sooner crowned King but he went to field with an army to punish these rebels which had intitled themselues Kings in their gouernments First he came and assailed Bucar Aben Merin the new King of Fez but he was repulst and vanquished by him so as the race of the Merins kept the possession of Fez and of the territory in the plaine country or Algarue as the Moores call it So as Bucar dying a peceable King his sonne Hiaja raigned after him vnder the tutelage of Iacob Aben Ioseph his vncle for that he was then very young but he liued not long wherefore Iaccb Aben Ioseph remained heire of the realme of Fez and was much esteemed and feared amongst the Moores being called as an honour the old or elder of the Merins This Moores good fortune was not so bounded for Budebuz nephew to Almorcada king of Maroc being rebelled against him and retired to Fez he gaue him an occasion to get the realme of Maroc and to ioyne it vnto Fez. Budebuz intreated Iacob Aben Ioseph to aide him against his vncle promising to giue him all that he held of the realme of Fez vnto the riuer Natab Iacob Aben Ioseph gaue him such succors as Almorcada being amazed durst not attend him within Maroc but fled being pursued by certaine horsemen which Budebuz sent after him Budebuz the seuenâ— King of Maroc whom they ouertooke and slue carrying his head to the King of Fez wherefore Budebuz was peaceable King of Maroc the seuenth and last of the Almohades Finding himselfe setled in his Kingdome he would haue mocked Iacob Aben Ioseph who had helpt him to attaine this dignity not caring to performe any promise but threatned to take Fez from him by reason of which Ingratitude there beganne a cruell warre betwixt them the which hauing continued three yeeres at the last it was ended by the defeat and death of King Budebuz Iacob Aben Ioseph first King Merin at Maroc being slaine in battaile of whose Estate Iacob Aben Ioseph seized giuing an end to the raigne of the Almohades and a beginning to that of the family of Merin in Affrike about the yeere of our Lord 1270. It is this Iacob Aben Ioseph which we haue sayd had sent one thousand light horses Arabians into Spaine to Mahumet Alhamar King of Granado vnder the conduct of a captaine with one eye of great authority with whom D. Alphonso the wise King of Castille hauing not vouchsafed to treate of a truce when as he went in France to court the Pope Mir Almuz who had succeeded in Granado and hee conspired together to the preiudice of Castille and all the Christians in Spaine for this King of Granado beeing discontented with the accords which he had made at his first entrance in the which he could not procure King Alphonso to abandon the captaines of Malâ—ge and Guadix his enemies he feared that these Moores which had beene enemies to his father and him would attempt some thing against his realme and therefore he resolued at what price soeuer to ruine them And for that it was a meanes to imbarke him in a warre with the King of Castille hee did solicit Iacob Aben Ioseph to vndertake the enterprise of Spaine as his predecessors Kings of Arabia had done offring him the townes and ports of Algezire and Tariffe for his descent whereof the Miralmumin did willingly accept finding himselfe assured in his Estate and mighty in men and armes but it happened that they of Malaga and Guadix seeing that the truee which they had with the King of Granado was nere expired and doubting they should haue warre and not be releeued by the forces of Castille by reason of the Kings absence they held it the best course to reconcile themselues to the King of Granado as in like manner the captaine of Comares did who was of the same league Notwithstanding the Miralmumin hauing leauied great forces to passe into Spaine sent some troupes of Moores to receiue the townes of Algezire and Tariffe according to the accord The King of Maroc passeth into Spaine the which were deliuered vnto them so as he stayed not long to come himselfe in person to Algezire whereas afterwards he past his troupes to the number of seuenteene thousand horse The two Kings met in the country of Malaga whereas they concluded to make warre against the Christians the Affrican King towards Eccia and he of Granado but Iaen This passage was contrary to the expectation of the Christian Princes for the Miralmumin who could not make so great a leauy of horse without knowledge made a shew as if he would goe against one of his subiects which was rebelled and had by stealth taken the towne of Ceuta and the better to dissemble his deseigne hee had sent to intreat the King of Arragon to assist him in this warre with tenne Gallies and some ships of burthen and with fiue hundred horse to whom hee promised good entertainememt Don Fernand de la Cerde Viceroy and Lieutenant generall in Spaine for his father did not descouer that these forces were prepared for Castille vntill they had past the straight being then a Burgos hee was aduertised of the League betwixt these Moorish Kings and of the reconciliation of them of Malaga and Guadix with the King of Granado all which inconueniences grew by the Kings absence wherefore both of himselfe and at the instance of Don Nugno de Lara who was at Cordoua hee made the speediest preparation hee could to oppose himselfe against the violence of these Infidels Don Nugno knowing that the Miralmumin tooke the way of Ecclia drew neere vnto that quarter with such forces as he could gather together but finding the passage stopt hee was forced for to fight with the Moores where after a long fight hee was defeated and slaine yet most of his men which escaped entred but night into Eccia The victorious Moores hauing found the body of Don Nugno D. Nugno de Lara vanquished by the Moores and slaine cut off his head and sent it to Mahumet King of Granado who was glad of this victory but very much discontented for the death of the Earle Don Nugno who had beene the cause that hee raigned wherefore hee sent his head to Cordoua to bee buried with his body The like misfortune happened to Don Sancho of Arragon Archbishop of Toledo who hauing gathered together all the souldiars of Toledo Guadalajara Madrid and Talauera presented himselfe vpon the frontier where hee incountred the King of Granados army inuading the Diocesse of Iaen where hee was slaine and his army put to route His body head and hand where he ware the Pontifical Ring Rout and death of D. Sancho of Arragon Archbishop of Toledo by the Moores beeing seperated were recouered from the Moores
Castile Don Iohn Nugnes Don Aluar Nugnes and others all beeing assisted by the troupes of France and Nauarre they made roades as far as Toledo with great ruine of the country and people for the French King hated Don Sancho as an vsurper of his Nephewes right neither was he lesse enemie to Don Pedro King of Arragon as well for the detention of his nephewes and his practises with Castile as for that which had happened in the Realme of Naples betwixt the Arragonois and the French as you shall heare These spoilers being a competent armie of foure thousand horse and great numbers of foot returning towards Toledo had a desseigne to enter into Arragon and to assaile Tarrassone whereof Don Pedro being aduertised who kept a garrison of three hundred horse at Logrogno for the defence of Castile he sent to intreat the Infant Don Sancho to march thither and to succour him against the French and Nauarrois who came to destroy his Realme of Arragon the which he did presently so as beeing ioyned with the king Don Pedro they saued Tarrassone yet the Arragonois lost the castell of VI the which was wel defended by Ximeno of Artieda they also lost Lerida and Filera the which were giuen in gard to them to Sanguessa Baylo and Arbuis were ruined and the French and Nauarrois past vnto Verdun Vpon their returne the army of D. Pedro and D. Sancho attended them where as they could not auoyd the battaile which the French presented them but the Knights of Castile which did accompany them told them that they had willingly ouer-runne the country and done their indeauors in all assaults but to charge their lances against Don Sancho it was not their intention that is to say to spoile towns to ruine poore innocents who had no interest in great mens quarrels they did it willingly yet wold they not attempt any thing against the heads who might giue them impunity for all their insolencies and could take reuenge of them if they shewed themselues too eager enemies So the troupes of France and Nauarre returned towards Pampelone from whence some of the Noblemen of Castile went to D. Sancho hauing made their peace 26 The King D. Pedro finding himselfe in this danger Arragon it made him to seeke a peace with Nauarre for some moneths for he had many questions to decide with his Noblemen and Knights of Arragon and Cattelogne who complained much of his sower disposition and his tyrannous manner of gouernement insulting ouer the greatest yea against his owne bloud contrarie to all lawe and nature For wee reade that there were scarce two yeares expired after the decease of his father when as hee forced his brother Don Iames to whom the Ilands of Maiorca and Minorca with other places adiacent had beene giuen by testament Iniustice of D. Pedro against his bro. with the title of a king to hold them of him as fees depending of the Crowne of Arragon and therefore he caused him to take an oath and do homage as also for the Counties of Rossillon Cerdagne Conflans Vallespierre Colibre Omelades Carlades and for the rights of Montpellier with promise for himselfe and his descendants Kings of Maiorca to come to the Estates of Barcelona beeing called and do deliuer the citty of Maiorca the towne of Perpignan and the castell of Cerdagne vnto the Kings of Arragon whensoeuer they shold demand them in regard of which submissions and promises the king Don Pedro did confirme these lands and portions to the king Don Iames his brother for the which he would haue the Earles of Foix and Empurias D. Dalmas of Rocabertin Vicount of Castelnau Raymond of Vrgio William Canet Bernard Hugo Serralongue Dalmais of Castelnau Ponce Zagardia Arnaud Corsaccio William Sous with the Deputies of the Ilands of Maiorca and Minorca to become cautions Sometime after picking a quarrell against the Nobilitie of Cattelogne and their priuiledges this king Don Pedro did so furiously assaile the Earles of Foix Vrgel and Palliars with the Vicount of Cardona who were the most apparent as hauing beseeged and taken them in Balaguer he detained them long in a miserable prison especially the Earle of Foix whom he intreated vnworthily in the castell of Siurana Moreouer a little before this last warre of Nauarre hee had attempted and executed great matters against the French raigning in Italy hauing employed the men and meanes of Arragon and Cattelogne to the great discontentment and oppression of all his subiects and hee was newly returned out of France whether the warre of Naples and Sicily had drawne him vppon the occasion which followeth 27 The French hauing conquered Naples and Sicily Insolencies of the French in Sicily vnder Charles the first brother to Saint Louis they committed many vnaccustomed insolencies among these nations against the honor of women with other exactions and spoiles vnder colour of Iustice by reason whereof as also by the iust iudgement of God to whom without doubt the cruel deaths of Conradin and of the Duke of Austria whose heads King Charles had caused to be cut off by the pernitious counsell of Pope Clement the Sicilians did sollicite D. Pedro King of Arragon to pursue the right which he had vnto these Realmes as husband to Q. Constance heire thereof beeing daughter to king Manfroy promising to ayde and assist him with their persons and goods he which did most labour in this poursute was called Iohn de Procula or Prochida borne at Salerne Phisition to the deceased King Manfroy who by his perswasions induced the king Don Pedro to affect this conquest for the effecting whereof he first made a secret league with Pope Nicholas the third and with Michel Paleologue Emperour of Constantinople obtayning from the Pope a promise of Inuestiture of the Realmes of Naples and Sicily Martin the 4. beeing Pope after the decease of Nicholas the king sent Hugh Mataplana a Catelan to Rome to sound his disposition touching the confirmation or renewing of this Leaque and to intertaine him for Martin was friend to Charles King of Naples and to disguise the cause of his Ambassadors voyage he had charge to mooue the Pope and the Consistorie to canonize Don Friar Raymond of Pegnafort according to the aduice of a Prouinciall Councell held a litle before at Barcelona by the Prelates of Arragon and Cattelogne In the meane time D. Pedro did arme forty galleys with many ships the which he caused to passe along the coast of Affricke vnder a colour of restoring Bouqueron king of Constatine in Africke who was expelled by his brother and the better to couer his enterprise the Ambassador besought the Pope to take the Realme of Arragon into the protection of the Church whilest that the king D. Pedro should be absent in the warre of Affricke and to demaund leaue to exact a tenth of his Cleargie The king was demanded by the Ambassadours of France the reason of this great preparation with offers that if it were
easie to land finding no resistance whereat King D. Alphonso who was at Seuile was much incensed blaming his Admiral incessantly of cowardise and treachery the which hee took so greeously as he resolued rashly to goe and charge the Moores at what price soeuer and hauing drawne those few Gallies and Ships he had out of Saint Lucar into the open sea he presented himselfe before Algezire prouoking the enemie to battaile who going out of Algezire and Gibraltar farre more in number then the Christian Gallies there was a fierce and cruel battaile Defeat of the Castillan army and death of the Admiral the end whereof was the whole losse of the Castillan army whereof there were but fiue gallies saued the which recouered the neere port of Tariffe and some few ships which escaped by fauour of the winde and current sayling towards Carthagena The Admirall was slaine in this conflict saying that the King should know he was neither Coward nor Traitor but it was a rash attempt in him to hazard so small a fleete against so great an armie who should haue considred that by the losse of a battaile hee gaue the whole commande of the sea vnto the enemy Thus this Admirall thinking to preserue his honor which hee might well haue warranted by the reasons of warre which disallow all great hazards but in extremity hee did more blemish it This losse which happened to Don Alphonso King of Castille partly by his owne bitternesse and vniust rigour to his faithfull seruant did much afflict him so as hee was forced to seeke speedie meanes to repaire so great a ruine for the Moores army insolent of this victory and knowing that there were no forces at sea able to make head against them vaunted that they would beseege Seuile wherefore the King of Castille was forced to conuert the true which hee had made with the King of Portugall to a peace and to consent that D. Constance Manuel should marry with Don Pedro Infant of Portugall whose wife D. Blanche beeing fallne into a Palsey was put away by him By meanes of this peace and at the instance of the Queene Donna Maria daughter to the King of Portugal hee promised to lend all his shippes of warre to the King of Castille the which stayied not long before they arriued at Seuile when as the King gaue order to rigge out fifteene gallies of his owne and twelue ships of the which hee gaue the charge vnto Don Alphonso Ortiz Calderon Prior of Saint Iohn In the meane time King Albohacens army past the Moores Gallies and Ships neuer ceasing for a long time to transport horse and foote victualles and munition for the warre which they had prepared the which was as great and fearefull as any had beene seene for hey write in their Histories that this Arabian King had gathered together all the forces hee could from the shoare of the Westerne Atlantike sea Great preparation of war made by King Alboacen against Spaine vnto Egipt hauing by the conquest of the Realmes of Tremessen and Sojumença so extended the bounds of his Empire as there was not any King or Potentat in all the length of Affrike which was not his subiect or strictly allied vnto him so as the Spanish authors say that hee brought into Spaine aboue seuenty thousand horse and foure hundred thousand foote the Arabians and Affricans comming from all part vpon the newes of this great expedition by the preachings and perswasions of the Alfaquins Doctors and Priests of their law who were sent through out all the regions of Affrike by King Alboacen to the end that such as spoile and gaine the common end of warre could not mooue might bee perswaded to take armes for religions cause This great multitude of Infidels were neere fiue monthes in passing hauing at this passage besides the Gallies of Maroc and Granado those of the Kings of Tunes and Bugie whereof hee of Tunes was father in law to Alboacen and their common landings were Algezire and Gibraltar It behooued King D. Alphonso studie how hee should resist so great a power the whihc did wonderfully trouble him yet beeing a Prince of a great courage hee prouided for many things speedely which were of great importance for the warre And doubting that the Moores first attempt would bee against Tariffe hee manned it with a good garrison of old souldiars and gaue the charge thereof to Iohn Alphonso of Benauides furnishing the place with all things necessarie to maintaine a seege wherein hee was not deceiued for it was presently inuested by the enemie King Albaçen beeing in person in the armie Experience hath often taught that multitudes giue no victory for besides that God will therein shew a testimony that it is hee alone without the force of mans arme which rayseth and pulles downe Kingdomes and states there are so many naturall and humaine reasons which doe concurre with this point of religion as thee is no cause to call it in question The confusion disorder disobedience mutinies hunger diseases the infinit carriages and lets of baggage iealousies betwixt commanders and diuersity of nations the negligence and rash confidence which Kings ground vpon their great numbers of men Armies vnprofitable by their too great multitudes are inseparable mischeefes to great armies the which haue most commonly ruined them but haue alwaies made them vnprofitable and a burthen to them that haue lead them So it happened to King Alboaçen in this voiage for as soone as hee had landed this infinite multitude of Arabians and other Nations presuming that there was not any Christian is Spaine that would dare to present himselfe before so great a power and that hee should presently see himselfe Maister of all the townes of Andalusia besides hee thought hee had no cause to feare any impeachment at sea the two armies of Castille and Arragon hauing beene defeated so as all small vessels of burthen might passe safely from Spaine to Affrike and furnish his campe with victualls if hee should haue any neede wherevpon hee presently disarmed all his Gallies and drew them into the Ports hauing no other thought but to make warre by land but it fell out otherwise for there was not any pettie place vpon the frontiers of Andalusia but held good so as being forced to attend his prouisions for so great an army from Affrike for that the countrie of Granado could not supply it he found himselfe being at the seege of Tariffe in great want of victuals being easie for the gallies of Castile and Portugal to spoile all passengers which brought munition from the ports of Africke into Spaine wherefore he repented himself much of this enterprise and would gladly haue found some meanes to haue retired honorably At that time Don Iohn Martines de Leyua arriued at Seuile returning from Pope Benedict who kept at Auignon from whom he brought pardons and full indulgences to such as should crosse themselues for this warre against the Infidels or otherwise employ
to either partie were spent in disputes without any conclusion The defeat of the confederats army at Epila did so terrefie them of Saragossa as many men of marke went out of the Realme others sent vnto the King of sue for their liues so as that great city whose forces had beene fearefull to the Kings of Arragon was then made subiect with the whole realme for the King hauing calling there an assembly of the Estates such as he pleased hee wrested away the popular lawes and the preuiledges of the vnion Reformation of the Gournors iurisdiction namely those of King D. Alphonso the third and the confirmation which he himselfe had made was disanulled and new Articles made against the seditious many that were culpable were condemned to die and their goods confiscate Thus the rights and preuiledges gotten seditiously by armes were lost againe by armes There the iurisdiction of the Gouernor of the realme was also reformed a dignity neere vnto that of the King the which hauing to that time beene held by Princes or great personages with great abuse corruption and libertie for that it had beene an ancient custome vsed in Arragon not to call such men in question for their faults but ciuily beeing exempt from condemnation of death prison or banishment It was then decreed that from thenceforth that dignity should not bee giuen to Princes nor to any one that were to powerful aboue the rest but to simple knights to the end that if they did commit any fraude or abuse or did violate the Lawes and publike liberty they might make their criminall processe Lymitation of the iurisdiction of the iustice Maior of Arragon and take away their liues if the case so required The iurisdiction or the iustice Major of Arragon was there also lymited that is he should haue authority to suppresse the vniust decrees of the Kings officers and the rash attempts and actions of mighty men with all publike force and maintaine iustice betwixt great and smal and it was decreed that this Magistrat should not be giuen by the peoples suffrages nor at the appetite of the Plebeians to men of base condition but to knights which should be named by the King Saragossa being subdued the King led his army against them of Valence who persisted in their rebellion Valence subdued The Valentians in the beginning thought to be able to resist and there were some incounters betwixt them and the Kings men but being often beaten and repulst with losse they resolued in the end to yeeld the city the which the king being sharpe and seuere by nature would haue razed plowed vp and the place sowen with fault in hatred of the insolencies and contempt of which the Valentians had vsed against him yet he was diuerted from this cruell intent by the Noblemen that were about him and his wrath was appeased by the punishment of Iohn Ruis Corellia Raymond Scorne Iames Romanin and Ponce of Solier men of noble families who were put to death and others that were more lightly punished Such was the end of the reuolts and tumults of Arragon and Valence Reuolts in Sardynia During the which the Island of Sardynia was likewise in a combustion entertained by the Geneuois hauing lands there namely by Mathew Nicolosio Iohn Anthony Iulian Doria by whose support the Sardiniens did rise and spoiled the countries which held the Arragon party D. William of Ceruillon was then Gouernor for the King D. Pedro in that Island who thinking to repaire the harme which the rebels had done was defeated and slaine neere to Bestide which the enemies did beseege wherefore D. Rambaud of Corbera was sent in his place and Ponce Santa paz for Generall of the Arragon gallies These were moire fortunate then Ceruillon had beene for D. Rambaud raised the seege from before Sasseri and recouered many places wherein he was faithfully assisted by Marian Iudge of Arborea and by Iohn his brother and so prest the faction of Doria which was contrarie to the Arragonois as he freed the Island the which ministred occasion vnto the common weale of Genoa to breake the peace which they had with the King of Arragon Iohn Murta was then Duke of Genoa beeing in the yeere of our Lord An. 1348. 1348. wherefore they of the family of Doria with the helpe and support they had from the common weale of Genoa beseeged Sasseri againe and gaue a rout to Hugues Corbera brother to the Gouernor D. Rambaud who was then absent for he was come into Cattelogne to makes new leauies of souldiars so as the affaires of Sardinia were in greater combustion then euer D. Rambaud returning to his Gouernment with some gallies and good numbers of souldiars of Cattelogne he toucht at the Island of Majorca Last attempt of D. Iames King of Maiorca euen as there was a battaile ready to be giuen betwixt the Arragonois and the dispossest King D. Iames who hauing armed many vessels vpon the coasts of Prouence and Languedoc and giuen the leading thereof to Charles of Grimaldi Lord of Monaco had landed in the Island of Majorca being resolute either to recouer those Islands or to die to make head against him besides the care of D. Gilibert Ruillia Gouernor for the King D. Pedro in the Islands of Majorca and Minorca D. Ponce of Moncade Admiral of Arragon laying a side his voyage of Sicile whether he was going had also landed in Majorca so as there were in armes for the King of Arragon the day of this battaile comprehending D. Rambuds forces eight hundred horse and about twenty thousand foote who ioyning with the King D. Iames men D Iames King of Maiorca slaine defeated them after a long cruel fight with great slaughter whereas the King Don Iames a Prince alwaies vnfortunate in his enterprises lost his life his sonne called also D. Iames being a prisoner and sore wounded wherefore the King Don Pedro by this victory held the conquest of that Island from that time without any contradiction notwithstanding that hee had gotten it by tyranie and iniustice A little before the death of this last King of Majorca he had sold to Philip of Valois the French King all the interest hee had to Montpellier and other lands on this side the Pyrenee mountaines wherevpon the King of Arragon sent D. Pedro Fenouillet Lord of Lisle and Cagnette in Ambassage into France to transact with king Philip for these rights who agreed that the sale thereof made by the deceased king of Majorca should bee good vpon condition that what the French king had not yet paied of the price should bee deliuered to the king of Arragon and then did they treat of a marriage betwixt D. Constance daughter to the king D. Pedro and Lewis Earle of Aniou Grandchild to king Philip to ballance by this alliance the fauours which don Fernand and Don Iohn brethren to the king Don Pedro might haue in France who pretended besides their portions
who whilest they liued did continually afflict both themselues and thier subiects by tyrannies so as they purchased the surnames of Bad and Cruell Charles the second of that name and the thirtith king of Nauarre 5. LEauing the Estate of Castile at this time somewhat quiet Nauarre we will returne to the affaires of Nauarre the which we left at the death of Donna Ieanne wife to King Philip of Eureux to whome of three sonnes Charles Philip and Lewis Charles the eldest succeeded to the Crowne of Nauarre who was surnamed the bad by reason of the troubles he caused as well on this side as beyond the Pyreneé mountaines and of his strange disposition Beeing called by the three Estates of the Realme hee came in the yeare 1350. and was crowned in the cittie of Pampelona in an assembly made to that end after the manner of his Predecessors swearing to obserue the lawes and liberties of the country His coronation was accompanied with some bountie to the Cathedrall church of Pampelona to the which among other things he gaue a great crosse of siluer enameled with Flower de Luces azure During his coronation some of his people mutined pretending a breach of thier priuiledges whome the king did punish to seuerely causing many to be hanged and to bee executed by other cruell punishments as the cure farre exceeded the disease With the like violence he afflicted the Nobility of Nauarre Manners of K. Charles the 2. so as they decayed greatly and he shewed himselfe in all his actions inconstant wauering and light of beleefe If hee had any good in him it was a certaine respect he bare to Clergie men and to schollers At his coming the king of Arragon sent a Secretarie of his vnto him called Peter of Tarrega to confirme the League which was betwixt these two Realmes and soone after hee sent him another ambassage by Don Lope Earle of Luna and Don Iohn Fernandes of Heredia Castellan of Amposta for a more ample confirmation of the league and allyance betwixt them two propounding vnto the king of Nauarre an allyance by marriage to the end he might hold the kingdomes of Nauarre and Arragon well vnited for the king of Arragon feared much least Don Pedro king of Castile who was a violent dangerous and faithlesse Prince should breake the peace that was betwixt the two Realmes imbracing the quarrels of the Queene dowager of Arragon and of her children and should ioyne with Nauarre by some allyance which might be preiudiciall vnto him Hereuppon the Ambassadors propounded a marriage betwixt Don Charles king of Nauarre and one of the daughters of the king of Sicily who was of the house of Arragon And for that it was bruted that the king of Castile who had not then concluded a marriage with Blanche of Bourbon pretended to marrie Blanche of Nauarre sister to this King Charles and widdow to Philip of Valois the French king he was intreated to hinder it King Charles who had a desire and was councelled to take a wife in France excused himselfe from marrying with Sicile assuring the king of Arragon that the Queen Dowager of France would not marrie any more for it had beene a custome long obserued in France that the Queenes remayning widowes how young soeuer did not marrie againe finally hee conclded with the Ambassadours of an interview betwixt the king of Arragon and him but before it could be effected Don Pedro king of Castile who had beene aduertised of all which had past betwixt the King Don Charles and the ambassadours of Arragon wrought so as he drew the King of Nauarre to Bourgos Enterview of the Kings of Nauarre and Castile where there was great embracings and rich presents giuen of either side in the yeare 1351. as we haue sayd At this enterview was Philip brother to king Charles Beeing returned into Nauarre and hauing many great desseigns in his head hee made preparation to passe into France Whereof the King of Arragon beeing aduertised he sent to summon him of his promise that they should meete together whereunto he yeelded assigning the place at Momblanc where by the same meanes he should visit Enterview betwixt the kings of Arragon and Castile passing by Huesca his Neeces D. Constance and D. Ieanne Infants of Arragon Then the King Don Charles tooke his way towards France leading with him his two breethren Don Philip and Don Lewis The enterview of these Princes at Momblanc made them no better friends neither did they conclude that which D. Pedro king of Arragon did expect The king of Nauarre being come into France he beganne to make claime to many things for besides the Earledomes of Champagne and Brie which he pretended to belong vnto him hee made a title to the Duchie of Bourgongue by reason of his mother Queene Ieanne issued from that house of Bourgogne by her mother with many other claimes wherein king Iohn had no intent to do him right finding it so by his Councell ◠He had for his chief aduersarie another Charles or Iohn according to the French Histories who was Constable of France of the house of Castile Earle of Angoulesme sonne to Don Alphonso de la Cerde of whome wee haue often made mention whereby there were great insolencies murthers and rebellions committed throughout the Realme of France as we will touch briefly in passing for that these quarrels belong rather to the Historie of France then Spaine The king of Nauarre beeing in these poursuites by the course of Iustice before the Estates of France and the Courts of Parlament King Iohn thinking to pacifie him and to make him more tractable gaue him one of his daughters in marriage and in recompence of his demands gaue him Mante and Meulan but this did not abate his pride but wrought a contrarie effect This Princesse called Ieanne was the onely wife of King Charles of Nauarre Genealogie of Nauarre who had a great and a noble issue by her Charles was the first borne of this marriage who was king after his father Philip who dyed young Peter who was Earle of Mortaing in Normandie Moreouer they had these daughters following Mary who was Countesse of Denia married to Don Alphonso of Arragon Blanche who died at the age of thirteene yeares and Ieanne future Duchesse of Brittaine and after that Queene of England Of the Earle of Mortaing some Histories say is issued one sonne named Peter of Peralta who was Constable of Nauarre the stemme of the Marquis of Falses yet by the feminine line who are also Earles of Saint Esteuan Before the marriage of King Charles hee had a bastard sonne called Don Leon of Nauarre or Lyonel from whome are descended the Marquises of Cortes Marshals of Nauarre begotten of a Gentlewoman of the house of Euçe Of him was borne Don Philip the first of that line Marshall of Nauarre◠of Don Philip was borne Don Pedro of him Don Philip and Don Pedro brethren of Don Pedro anther
name of Christians Whilest the King lay idle in Andalusia beeing too much giuen to women he courted Donna Aldonça Cornel daughter to the deceased Don Alphonso Fernandes Cornel whom he had caused to be slain and wife to D. Aluar Perez of Guzman his rebell but yet he did not forget D. Maria of Padilla Besides this vice hee continued his cruelty against the Nobility for that yeare 1358. An. 1358. he caused his brother D. Frederic Master of S. Iames to be slain in the town of Carmona D. Frederic the kings brother and other Noblemen put to death being newly come out of Murcia where hee had in his name recouered Iumilla from the Arragonois who had taken it There was also slaine by his commandement Sancho Ruis of Rojas at Cordoua he also put to death Peter Cabrera Fernand Alphonso of Gates and at Salamanca Alphonso Geoffrey Tenorto at Toro Alphonso Peres Fermosino and in the castell of Moja Garci Mendez of Toledo and moreouer he caused Lope Sanches of Abendagno great Commander of Castile to bee put to death and others in diuers places according to his humour and discontentment yet seeking to couer these executions with a cloake of Iustice publishing declarations containing the crimes of such as he had put to death although it were apparent that they were but reuenges for that all or the most part of them had not approued his excesse or had in some sort opposed themselues In which murthers employed two were much fauored by him who afterwards fell into the same misfortune for a recompence of their good seruices as it happened to his cousin D. Iohn of Arragon sonne to the Queene D. Leonora who being an actor in the death of D. Frederic maister of Saint Iames did willingly follow the King in a voiage he made into Biscay to disposse D. Tello his other brothr of that Lordship and to kill him The King being sodainely arriued at Aguilar del Campo he had surprized D. Tello being a hunting and not dreaming of his comming had he not beene aduertised by a Squire of his called Guttiere Guerra but through this aduertisment he escaped and retired to Vermeo the chiefe towne of Biscay where getting into a fisher boate he saued himselfe at Saint Iohn de Luz and from thence retired to Bayone He was not farre at sea before the King came to Vermeo who hearing that he was dislodged he beganne to pursue him by sea and went as Farre as Legueytio but descouering nothing and the sea withall beginning to grow high returned and carried away prisoner D. Ieanne of Lara wife to D. Tello Inheretrix of Biscay 〈…〉 The King being at Vermeo D. Iohn of Arragon who had married D. Isabella of Lara the other sister besought him to grant him that Lordship seeing that D. Tello had shewed himselfe contumacious his wife being also prisoner that he had married the other sister to whom the King answered cunningly that hee would haue the Biscains assemble in the towne of Guernica according to their ancient preuiledges and there choose their Lord and that for his part he would labour to haue him chosen the which did satisfie D. Iohn for the present In the meane time the King did let the chiefe of the assembly vnderstand that when they were together and the King should propound vnto them for to choose D. Iohn of Arragon they should all cry out that they would haue no other Lord then the King himselfe and his successors Kings the which they did as they had beene enioyned so as D. Iohn of Arragon found himselfe frustrate of his hopes This generall assembly of Biscay is called in her countrie language Batçaar which is as much to say as an assembly of ancients The King being come from Guernica to Bilbao hee sent for D. Iohn of Arragon to his lodging and there commanded he should be slaine in his presence D. Iohn of Arragon slaine in the Kings lodging and in his presence and his body to be cast out at the window which looked into the court the which was ful of people and crying woth a loude voice Behold your Lord of Biscay who demaunded you then he caused him to be carried to Buâ—gos and there to be cast into the riuer and would not suffer him to be buried and for that his mother D. Leonora Dowager of Arragon and his wife D. Isabell were greeued for this cruel act he caused them to be shut vp prisoners in the castle of Castro Xeris This was the reward of Iohn of Arragon who had to please a tyrant consented to the death of many great personages yea his neere kinsmen The King being come to Vailledolit he had resolued to sacrifice some in that towne but hearing that D. Henry of castile Earle of Transtamara and D. Fernand of Arragon brother to D. Iohn did ouerrunne the countries of Soria and Almajan and that of Murcia he did forbeare and hauing put great garrisons into the places about Soria he came to Seuile being resolued to doe all acts of hostility both by land and sea against the King of Arragon He had made ready eighteene gallies with the which and great forces by land he came and beseeged Guardamar and tooke it and for that it did belong to the Infant D. Fernand he burnt the towne but he could not take the castle But sodainely a violent winde tooke his gallies vpon that coast so as sixteene of them ranne on ground yet he returned againe into Murcia and was nothing amazed thereat for he was of a proude and haughty spirit but caused many other gallies to be built at Seuile and commanded that all the ships in Galicia Biscay and Guipuscoa should come thether in the beginning of the yeere 1359. An. 1359. to inuade the Realmes of Valence Cattelogne and Arragon During these exploits of warre D. Pedro King of Arragon charged him of Castile with disloyaltie and treason before the Pope and challenged him by Bernard Galscran of Pinos to whom the King of Arragon would haue giuen the title of King of Majorca that he might be equal in quality to the King of Castile but this was a mocquery Marriage of Isabel of Maâ—orca to the Marquis of Montferrat This yeere was married D. Isabel daughter to the vnfortunate Don Iames King of Majorca to Iohn Marquis of Montferrat to whom the King of Arragon gaue fifty thousand florins in dowry vpon condition that she should renounce all her fathers rights and so she did The King of Arragon being then at Saragossa he renued and confirmed to the Nobility of that city whom they call Ermunios the preuiledge they haue not to goe to the warres but when the King is in person ready to giue battaile or to assaile some place and declared that if any one of these preuiledged persons had followed him beyond these limitations that it should be no preiudice to their rights There he gaue the charge of the warre for the preseruation of the
which the seller demanded vpon great penalties yea death in some cases Hearing that aduocates did multiply sutes and that of one they often made many he discharged them all throughout his realme and imposed great punishments vpon Iudges that should suffer themselues to be corrupted with money or otherwise yea losse of life and confiscation of their goods he made in any lawes for the shortning of sutes appointing fit men for Iudges causing his ordonances to be executed with all rigor Hee appointed great punishments for light offences and if any one told him that he was to seuere he answered that it was the meanes to reforme vice and that it was pleasing vnto God for if the wicked were not kept in awe with the feare of death they would neuer bee restrained with lesser punishments Finally to haue the good liue in peace it was necessary to punish the bad seuerely As soone as the pleaders had made their demaunds and pertinent answeres giuen they were presently dispatched if it might be If by any trickes and deuises matters were delaied the offenders were punished that is the poore by the whip and the rich by great fines by reason whereof his realme florished in peace and aboundance of all things and he was honoured and beloued of his subiects as much as any Prince lyuing Hee had often in his mouth the saying of the Emperour Titus That he held that day lost wherein hee had not done good to some one Hee did not greeue to be himselfe in person at the deciding of causes and did often assist at the examination and torturing of criminal persons he did so hate malefactors as hee did often times rise from the table to haue them punished yea he tooke such pleasure to doe iustice as he caused to be borne before him or did carry himselfe a whip or rod wherewith offenders should be punished to the end he might cause himselfe to be feared and Iustice more respected so as to many this seuerity seemed to approch neere vnto cruelty Moreouer he was carefull to dispatch all sorts of businesse His dilligence and equity with great breuity especially if a stranger came into his court he commanded he should be presently dispatched to the end hee should not consume himselfe in charges With his royal vertues hee loued hunting His delights dauncing and Ladies and all other sports but not with such excesse as the other Kings of Spaine of his time neither was he free from desire of reuenge mixt with some infidelity for his father being once dead he affected nothing more then to reuenge the death of his best beloued D. Agnes of Castro wherefore knowing that Diego Lopes Pacheco Peter Cuello and Aluar Gonçales who had slaine her â—esiâ—e of reuenge moues the King of Portugal to betray them that were retired vnto his protection were in Castile hee made an accord with his Nephew D. Pedro King of Castile to deliuer vnto him in exchange some Castillan Knights who to flie the fury of this tyrant were retired into Portugal vnder his protection so as they made this dishonorable exchange when as these three men were brought to Saint Iren whereas the King was hee would insantly haue them put to sundry torments but the Noblemen which were about him disswaded him yet could he not forbeare to vse outragious speeches yea hee strooke Peter Cuellâ— on the face and notwithstanding that they excused themselues vpon the commaundement of the King his father yet hee condemned them to cruel deaths Peter Cuello and Aluar Gonçales were executed first before the court gate causing the one to bee opened by the brest and the other by the backe to pul out their hearts Diego Lopes Pacheco appointed to the same death had the hap to escape flying in a pilgrimes weed into Castile where he lay concealed vntil that Don Henry came vnto the crowne Family of Pacheco in Castile whom hee serued and was much beloued of him They say he was the stem of the house of Pacheco in Castille which gaue beginning to the Marquis of Villena and Dukes of Escalona This cruel example shal be followed by one more commendable this King D. Pedrâ— beeing in Lisbone where they had made him a stately entry and ordained a Tourney whereas many Knights both Portugals and strangers did runne hauing beene aduertised that a Knights wife of the city called Alphonso Andre abandoned her selfe to an other he watched that day which he held fit to execute such vnlawful loues these adulterers in such sort as he surprized them together the gentlewomans husband being in armes at the lists with the rest in the new street who without making bruit or suffring any to aduertise the husband of the wrong his wife had done him Adulterers punished hee caused her to bee burnt and her adulterer to be slaine If he descouered any baude namely of such as vnder collour of deuotion enter into houses to carry messages or which vse charmes or giue loue drinkes and such like he did punish them seuerely He was like to haue slaine his Admiral in that towne for that hee had imploied a woman of that trade but hee fled and so escaped his fury but hee caused the woman to be burnt In the country of Vera he caused a married man to bee hanged hauing children by his wife for that hee had forced her beeing a maide before hee had married her If he punished secular men seuerely hee did no more spare priests and monkes yea and prelats if they offended Wherevpon being giuen to vnderstand that hee should send them to their superior Iudges he answered that so he did for hauing once caused them to bee hanged they went directly before God who was the head Iudge of al and did the last Iustice. Knowing that the bishop of Porto were hee then was liued loosely with a married woman of that towne he sent for him seeming that he would confer with him of some businesses The bishop being come he caused euery one to depart the chamber hauing shut the doore he began to pursue the bishop handled him in such sort as if some which staied in the chamber had not taken him out of his hands he had slaine him He was more seuere to his houshold seruants then to any other he caused a Secretary to be slaine hauing taken money without the priuity of his Tresorer This we read of the maners and customes of this king who spared himselfe sometimes as for the stately buildings which he leâ—t they hold that the bridge and towne of Lima are of his foundation he caused Santa Maria of Charneça to be built he indowed the Monastery of Alcouaça with sixe Chaplains and appointed ordinary masses to which monastery his sonne Fernand did afterwards giue the towne of Paredes in the country of Leyra Hee was bountifull and courteous to them that did him seruice to whom hee gaue many guifts His liberty and was accustomed euery yeere to put
To the Earle of Barçelos son she procured the suruiuance of his fathers Estate in the same county or gouernm the of Barçelos a brother of hers was made Earle or Gouernor of Viane and D. Henry her brother in law Earle of Seaa To D. Lope Diaz de Soze her Nephew sonne to Donna Maria Telles her sister and to Aluar Diaz de Soza she caused to bee giuen the dignity of great maister of Christ. Don Henry of Albuquerque whose sisters were married to the brethren of this Queene D. Leonora Telles was by her fauor maister of Saint Iames. She caused D. Ieanne Telles of Meneses her bastard sister who was commanderesse of Sanctos to be married to D. Iohn Alphonso Pimentâ—l and Bragança to be giuen vnto him She married D. Agnes Botello one of her gentlewomen and her kinswoman being of a Noble family to Pero Rodriguez of Fonseca giuing him the castle of Oliuencia She also concluded the marriages of D. Mencia Vasquoz Coutina with Mâ—rtin Gonçales of Tuy and of D. Theresa of Meyra with Fernand Gonçales of Soça giuing vnto the last the castle of Chaues and to the other that of Portel She made D. Atuar Peyre of Castro Castellan Earle or Goueruor of Aroyolos and procured many fauours and graces for D. Fernand de Castro his elder brother They say that by her meanes the King on a time sent a present to Iohn Alphonso of Muxica beeing in the towne of Ebora of thirty horse thirty armors complete thirty mulets thirty pounds of gold a hundred and thirty markes of siluer and foure mulets laden with tapistry and other rich furniture adding therevnto as an hereditarie guift the towne of Torresuedras Such also was the fauour shee bare vnto Don Fernand of Andeiro a Knight of Galicia who was come to serue the King her husband in his last warres against Castile as besides that hee was made an Earle hee had the neerest place next to her selfe in the Kings fauour so as by his meanes many Gentlemen were gratefied and aduanced in Portugal and moreouer hee liued in such familiarity as hee lodged in the same lodging with the King and Queene and did often remaine alone with her a long time whereat many murmured and grew iealous saying that their conuersation ws not honest and the Portugois did beleeue that the children which shee bare were not the King D. Fernands a Prince which was vnsound and of a weake complexion but begotten by stealth by this Earle of Oren. Finally she wrought so as all the dignities honours and forts of Portugal were in the hands of her kinsmen friends and allies But to what fury doth the desire of commaund thrust a woman vnto The Portugal authors write that the Infant Don Iohn the Kings brother beeing in loue with Donna Maria Telles of Meneses the Queenes sister who had managed the loue betwixt the King and her a widow woman and mother to Don Lope Diaz Soça but faire and pleasing hee serued her and sought her loue the which shee could not refuse Don Iohn beeing a Knight in the floure of his age goodly also and full of grace yet shee was thus farre discreet that before shee would yeeld to that which hee desired hee promised to marrie her secretly the which beeing afterwards made knowne vnto the Queene shee was much discontented it may bee desiring that Don Iohn who was much beloued of the Portugalls should marrie Donna Beatrix her daughter fearing that if the King her husband should die hee should bee chosen King and her daughter reiected or that shee her selfe did beare him some good will and seeing her husband ill disposed had an intent to marry him if her husband died that shee mought reigne still Policy cruell and detestable of the Queene D. Leonora Telles wherefore being transported with these passions she began to practise the death by a notable cruelty and detestable stratagemme of her who had raised her vp conspiring with Don Iohn Alphonso Telles her brother Admirall of Portugall to perswade the Infant Don Iohn that Donna Maria Telles who said shee was his wife abandoned her selfe to other men to his great dishonour in whom they wrought such an impression as this simple and ill aduised Knight transported with extreame iealousie came in a morning to Coimbra where this Lady did remaine where entring furiously into the house after that hee had forced her chamber doore finding not any signes of that which had beene told him he slue his miserable wife most barbarously who called to God for aide but in vaine holding vp her hands to her inraged husband This was the reward which Donna Maria Telles of Meneses had hauing beene the broker of that vnfortunate marriage and as it were the Gardien of the Queene Donna Leonoras loues who not content therewith came to complaine vnto the King of Don Iohn for the death of her sister and preuailed so as he was forced to absent himselfe from court and to keepe himselfe secret in places of hard accesse for his safety yet finding not himselfe well secured he retired into Castile for Gonçal Telles brother to the deceased and her sonne D. Lope Diaz de Sosa the Earle of Barcellos and his brother the Earle of Viana with other of her kinsfolkes sought to kill him to reuenge the death of Donna Maria. Besides these excesses Treachery of the Queene D. Leonora against the maister of Auiz the Queene Donna Leonora attempted the death of D. Iohn maister of Auiz the King her husbands base brother a Knight of great valour who had neuer offended her but only in conceit that he onely did crosse her deseignes To effect her wicked intent shee caused letters to bee counterfetted in the name of the maister and of a gentleman called Gançalo Vasques of Azebedo his cousin and very familiar beeing of the Kings councell whom shee would also draw into this danger These letters were directed to the King of Castile and did treat of matters against the seruice of the King D. Fernand whom she did aduertise that they had beene surprized vpon the frontiers The King giuing credit to her malice that he had taken councell of his wife and of D. Iohn Fernandes of Andeyro Imprisonment of the maister of Auiz and of D. Goncal Vasques he commanded that the maister of Auiz and Gonçal Vasques should be apprehended and put into the tower of the castle of Ebora where they were kept rigorously in chaines the maister being ignorant of the cause of this his misery As for D. Gonçal Vasques he remembred that hee had giuen eare vnto his wife telling him that on a time D. Gonçal Telles the Queenes brother and D. Iohn Fernand of Andeyro her mignon entring into her chamber all sweating shee gaue them a kerchife she had vpon her to wipe themselues withall and that D. Iohn Fernandes approching neere vnto her spake certaine lasciuious words which being heard by the wife of Don Gonçal Vasques and reported by her vnto her
care not to bee hated so they bee feared banishments confiscations and cruell deaths whereas many were ruined and many also escaped amongst the which was the Alguazil Ioseph Aben Sarrax who fled to Lorca a towne in the realme of Murcia submitting himselfe to the mercy of the King of Castile and of the Gouernor of Lorca who was Lope Alphonso of Lorca who afterwards led him to court and presented him to the King D. Iohn at Illesca a towne belonging to the Archbishop of Toledo seated betwixt Madrid and Toledo The King gaue good entertainment to this Moore from whom he vnderstood the resolutions of Granado Lope Alphonso being truchman betwixt them The King being intreated by Ioseph Aben Sarrax to aide his maister to recouer his realme hee yeelded vnto it and hauing giuen him many presents and shewed him all fauour he sent him with Lope Alphonso in Ambassage to Tunes to let King Mahumet vnderstand how much hee desired to doe him good and to exhort him of Tunes to aide and fauour his guest The businesse succeeded so well as Mahumet Aben Azar receiuing money and all other kinde of aide from the King of Tunes he past from Tunes to Oran and then crossing the sea hee came and landed at Vera in Granado whose comming being divulged through the country the towns thereabouts yea that of Almery opened their gates vnto him Mahumet the Little who held the Realme resolued to make head against him thinking that his forces were yet but weake sending about eight hundred horse and some foote before to incounter him most of which ioyned with Mahumet Aben Azar who pursuing his good fortune entred with the like facility into Guadix yea hee was receiued into the city of Granado so as Mahumet the Little his competitor was forced to shut and fortefie himselfe in the Alhambra of Granado Mahumet Aben-Azar recouers his realme of Granado where he was presently beseeged Aben Azar lodging his campe at a place called Alcabiçar neere to the fort of Alhambra to whose obedience there presently yeelded the townes of Malaga Gibraltar Ronde and in the end the whole realme wherefore Mahumet the Little being hated and abandoned of all men and fainting hee was forced and taken in the castle of Alhambra with his children Mahumet the vsurper taken and put to death where hee ended his daies miserably and his children were kept prisoners Thus Mahumet Aben Azar recocouered the realme two yeeres after he had beene expelled in the yeere 1429. and of the Arabians 812. An. 1429. The King of Nauarre at his departure out of Castile left Deigo Gomes of Sandoual Earle of Castro Xeris Castille his familiar friend there who presently caused the townes o Pegnafiel Portillo and Casto Xeris to bee repaired which made D. Iohn King of Castile conceiue that there was some enterprise in hand to his preiudice and that the King of Nauarre was gone away discontented with him In which opinion he was confirmed by the newes which he receiued that they leauied both foote and horse in Nauarre and Arragon the which they couered with a Pretext to send them into France to succour King Charles against the English Moreouer that hauing treated an accord and pacification betwixt Castile Nauarre and Aragon although the King of Nauarre had signed it yet he of Arragon would not heare of it For these causes the King of Castile sent friar Francis of Soria his confessor and Peter of Boccanegra Deane of Cuenca Ambassadors into Nauarre to know what the King of Nauarres intention was and to complaine of the Earle of Castros doings and of other things whereof hee was aduertised which were practised against him and the Estate of Castile To whom answer was made that they did not practise any thing against him and that the souldiars which were leauied were not to bee sent into Castile and if they should it were not for any thing that might offend the King their maister But in effect D. Iohn King of Nauarre hee of Arragon and D. Henry their brother Cerâ—moâ—â— in taking possession the realme of Nauarre were conspired against the gouernment of Castile and they had an intent to trouble the State to pull downe them that were great and to aduance others who were kept vnder or chased away aboue all the King of Nauarre was furiously iealous of the Constables D. Aluaro de Lunas greatnesse and other things that were managed in that court contrary to his liking and as he was of a turbulent spirit hee did not cease to seeke occasion of quarrels entertaining his brother D. Alphonso king of Arragon in the hatred which he had conceiued against the king of Castile for the imprisonment of D. Henry These two Princes being thus disposed all things prepared to warre the which did much trouble the Queene Donna Blanche and the Estates of Nauarre who intreated him that hee would forbeare and enioy his realme in peace and those goodly Estates which hee had in Castile whereas the Queenes dowry was assigned the reuenues of many Lordships affected to Prince Charles his sonne but they were not heard and much lesse a second Ambassage from the King of Castile in which were D. Alphonso Tenorio Notary or Secretary of the realme of Toledo and Doctor Fernand Gonçales of Auila councellor of State to the King of Castile with two deputies of townes wherefore the King of Castile made preparation and leauied men of all sides to resist the kings of Nauarre and Arragon and he tooke a new oth of fealty of all the Noblemen of this realme especially of the Infant D. Henry Herevpon the King of Nauarre sent to excuse himselfe and to require an enterview of the King of Castile but his excuses were not credited yet the enterview was graunted At this time there being dead D. Death of D. Alpâ—onso Henriques Admiral of Castile Alphonso Henriques high Admiral of Castile base sonne to D. Frederic maister of Saint Iames and grand-child to King D. Alphonso the twelfth there was substituted in his place his sonne D. Frederic his body was interred at Saint Clara in Palence founded by him The Kings troupes being ready to march the constable went towards the frontier of Arragon with two hundred launces and the King led the rest of his forces towards Pegnafiel whereas the Earle of Castro and the Infant D. Pedro brother to the Kings of Arragon and Nauarre had fortefied themselues Their other brother D. Henry sought in the meane time to leauy men about Toledo but the Inhabitants hindred him Warre of the Castillan against Arragon and Nauarre The King sommoned D. Pedro and the Earle to yeeld vp the towne of Pegnafiel vpon paine to be proclaimed traitors and to be so condemned so as the Earle yeelded vp the towne vpon honorable conditions and amongst others not to be bound to carry armes against the King of Nauarre The castle which was commanded by Gonçalo Gomes Sumel held some daies On the
against the Infidels D. Aluar Gonçales Bishop of Lamego was the bringer of this Croisadoe into Portugal D. Iohn the second King of Castile being growne iealous of these nauigations and conquests as I haue said sought to hinder them sending word vnto the King Alphonso that they did belong vnto the crowne of Castile and therefore he did forbid the Portugals to goe thether any more else he would make violent warre against him King Alphonso answered his Ambassadors who were D. Iohn de Guzman and Doctor Fernand Lopes of Burgos very mildly that he had alwaies held that the conquests and descoueries of those coasts did belong vnto the Realme of Portugal yet he would alwaies if need were submit himselfe to iudgement and would desist if it were said that it did belong to any other and therefore he intreated him that without good information hee would not breake the peace betwixt the two realmes Herevpon the King of Castile died in the yeere 1454. at which time King Alphonso had a daughter borne called D. Ioane which was a very vertuous and religious Princesse In the end the body or bones of the Infant D. Pedro hauing remained some time in the castle of Arantes and remoued from thence to Saint Eloy at Lisbone they were buried at the intercession of the Pope the Duke of Burgondy of the Duchesse his wife and of the Queene D. Isabella and of many Noblemen and Prelats in the Monastery of the battaile so great account they made of a small matter in these ceremonies as the whole world must of force bee therein imployed The funeralls were celebrated with great pompe and solemnity The end of the nineteenth Booke SEMPER EADEM THE TVVENTETH BOOKE of the Generall History of Spaine The Contents 1 DOn Henry the foâ—rth of that name nineteenth King of Castile and fortith of Leon his disposition and qualities 2 Forgetting of offences rebellions and riots past repealing of the Lords absent from Castile 3 The Gouernment of Castile at this Kings comming to the Crowne 4 Warres against the Moores 5 The diuorce of D. Henry the vnhable King of Castile with his second marriage 6 Quarrels betweene the Prince D. Charles of Nauarre and Queene Ioane his mother in law Partialities of Beaumont and Grammont in Nauarre warre betweene the father and the sonne 7 Last deeds of the King of Arragon D. Alphonso the fifth his royall disposition and quallities 8 Commotions in Biscay 9 Continuance of the warres against the Moores 10 Aduancement of diuers of meane condition in the Court of Castile 11 Insolencies of D. Iohn of Pacheco Marquis of Villena 12 Domesticall affaires of D. Henry the vnhable King of Castile his loues and vanities 13 D. Iohn the second of that name the eighteenth King of Arragon troubles betweene him and the Prince D. Charles his sonne 14 Affaires of Castile hatred and enuies of Court 15 Enterprises of the Prince D. Charles against the King Don Iohn his father his ouerthrow and imprisonment and of that which followed afterward euen vntill his deliuery and death 16 The warres of Granado 17 Gouernment of Castile and of the affaires of Court 18 Warre betweene Castile and Arragon 19 Behauiours of King Henry the vnhable and of Queene Ioane his wife the birth of D. Ioane the supposed Infanta 20 Sedition and ciuill warre in Cattalogâ—a with the rebellion of the Barcelonois and pawning of the Earldome of Rossillon to the French King 21 Gaston de Foix sonne in law to the King of Arragon and Nauarre his behauiour towards his sister in law Lady Blanche the heire of Nauarre Continuance of the warre of Cattalogâ—a 22 Arbitrement of King Lewis the eleuenth for the composing of the differences and disagreements betweene the Kings of Castile and Arragon and those of Barcelona with their Prince Enter view of the kings Lewis of France and Henry of Castile on the frontiers 23 Murther of a lew collector of the subsidies in Guipuscoa 24 Deceits betweene the Kings of Castile Nauarre and Arragon 25 D. Pedro of Portugal chosen King by those of Barcelona 26 Slanderous and false accusations of bloudy Monkes Quarrels betweene the prelats in Castile 27 Carelesnesse and iniustice of King Henry the fourth of Castile 28 The house of Bragança vnlucky enterprise of the King of Portugall D. Alphonso the fifth in Affrica 29 Lady Ioane borne in adultery promotion of D. Bertrand de la Cueua to the dignity of Maister of Saint Iames. Matters of quarrell in Castile Conspiracies and ciuill warre in that kingdome 30 Dangerous enterprises and treasons of the rebels against Don Henry King of Castile the King degraded by them and his brother the Prince Don Alphonso lifted vp to the regall dignity 31 Donna Leonora Countesse of Foix her cruell appetite and desire of gouernment her behauiour towards her elder sister 32 Continuance of the warre against the rebels of Cattalogna D. Pedro of Portugal a tumultuçs King in Barcelona his exploits and death The taking of Tortosa by the king Don Iohn of Arragon 33 The raysing vp againe of the king D. Henry of Castile stirres in Andaluzia by D. Pedro Giron Agreements recompences and gu fts made and giuen by the king of his faithfull friends and others Here follow the names of the Princes raigninge in Spaine in this twentith Booke CASTIL and LEON 19. D Henry the 4. and XL. ARRAGON and NAVARRE 18. D. Iohn 2. himselfe KIng Iohn the second being dead Surnames of liberal and vnable his sonne Henry the fourth of that name succeeded him in the Kingdomes of Castile and Leon who by diuers was surnamed the liberall for he was not onely bountifull but a great water and prodigall the which he did inherit from the King his father The surname of vnhable was giuen vnto him by reason of his naturall weakenesse being in the company of women the which his Queenes had experience of and yet those which haue written of his stature and proportion say Qualities and manners of the King D. Henry the fourth that he was strong and bigge of a manly aspect fierce and hairy This Prince was light-headed variable inconstant yet for all that of faire demeanure cutteous and affable to his familliar friends in so much as he neuer said thou to any one he did euer maintaine his grauity with Princes he was a louer of peace and did naturally put of from himselfe the managing of matters of State Hee would at one time bee bold and confident without suspition and within a while after contrary to himselfe solitary and an enemy of company most of which quallities he had by inheritance from his father He did take great pleasure in hunting in musicke and in buildings of houses of pleasure and he did likewise erect monasteries with other religious houses he would oftentimes sit and sing in Churches with singing men he was a great eater but he did neuer tast any wine By his bounty and liberality he raised diuers to great
had The Turks they of Cambaia prest the siege hard but more by land than by sea for that they held it weakest on that side so as battering a tower they made a great ruine by the which they were in great danger to lose the whole castle the enimy seeking twise a day to force it which they continued all the month of October Silueria did sodenly cast vp a trauers with good flanks wherby they might brauely defend theÌ„selues making great slaughter of the Turks On the 20 of October they attempted to take a tower standing towards the sea for the defence of the Castle by scalado but they were repulst with great losse yet the next day they came with 10 gallies 33 armed barks with great numbers of soldiers to force the tower but in vaine for they were not only forced to retire by 50 Christians which defended it but also flanked by the artillery of the castle there were in 2 dais aboue 800 slain Sallie of the Portugalls vpon the Turkes at Diu. many vessels sunck Three daies after at noon day when they least expected there was a sally made by 150 Portugalls who entred the Turks treÌ„ches that were sleeping with such resolution as they slew about 260 so disordered the whole army as they could scarce put theÌ„selues in defence but seeing the nuÌ„ber so small they offred to charge them yet so late as they had time to retire into the fort in good order with the losse of 3 men only 6 hurt Soon after Silueria sent a frigot to Goa to craue aid froÌ„ Acugna who had already sent 16 galeots Garcia Norogna viceroy at the Indies with poulder march some soldiers but they were not yet come to Diu At the coÌ„ming of this secoÌ„d message to Goa Garcia of Norogna was come to viceroy who took vpon him the charge to prepare a great armie to succor the besieged and to fight with the enemie if need were Arriuing the 11 of September and taking vpon him the gouernment he gaue libertie to Acugna to returne into Europe but he died in his voyage neere vnto cap Bone Esperance hauing bin gouernor for his K. tenne yeres at the Indies Death of Nonio Acâ—gna with much honor and reputation Norogno came wel prouided from Portugall for this war for that they had intelligence of the Turks preparation in Egipt bringing 7000 soldiers in 11 ships being at Goa he prepared 12 great ships of burthen called hulks 16 galeons 25 chrauels 29 gallies of 26 banks 15 galeots and 20 â—oists which in al made 117 great smal Army of Portugalles prepared against the Turkes but al wel armed The â— of Nouember Soliman Bascha made his first attempt to force the castle of Diu but he found a braue resistance Silueria hauing the night before discouered the Turks intentions by their preparations At the break of day there approched neere vnto the tower vpon the sea about 50 barkes and 12 gallies full of soldiers engins making a shew to assaile it but it was only to draw their force thither from the land part where they meant to make their greatest attempt But Silueria like a discreet captaine knowing the strength of that part towards the sea brought his greatest force where there was most need where the enemy was likely to vse his greatest force And so it fel out for first of all there were 3000 Turks which presented themselues to the assault who for an houres space were brauely affronted by the Portugalls and in the end repulsed with great losse but the Bascha renued the fight with brauer men but fewer in number which did not a little terrifie Silueria who had seen many of his men slaine in the first assault Assault giuen by the Turkes 〈◊〉 Diu. He therefore commaunded his lieutenant Roderigo of Araue who was in the tower towards the Sea to come vnto him with his fresh band the which was speedily effected but vnfortunatly for him being slain with a shot in whose place Emanuel Vasconcello was put being followed by 30 fresh soludiers for that the enemy omitted no force Vasconcello carried himself brauely the enemy being vpon the breach whereas they were come to the sword in the end repulst Hauing had som litle rest behold ther sallied out of the treÌ„ches aboue 6000 Ianisaries Turks others of the realm of CaÌ„baia which SolimaÌ„ had chosen reserued for the last toouerthrow the Portugals forces which wer alredy much weakened and at the same instant he caused a generall assault to be giuen to the whole castle The enemy aduanced to the rampires and the Portugalls made resistance Silueria went from place to place with a few choice souldiers and comming where hee saw greatest need he turned him vnto his company and said Ah countrymen do you not remember that you are the souldiers of Christ for the confession of whose faith we haue put on these armes follow me then sacrifice your liues gloriously in his seruice who refused not to suffer a shameful death for our health And without speaking more words shaking his sword he went wher he saw most of the enemies wheras he made such resistance as after 5 houres that this last assault continued he made the enemies attempts vaine Turkes valianâ—ly repulsed at Diu. At the last night gaue an end to this cruell assault not without great slaughter of the Mahumetans they had lost that day as some write aboue 3500 besides hurt men of the Portugals there were 70 slaine aboue 300 wounded so as they say there remained only 12 vntoucht But the numbers of the slaine and wounded are diuersly reported yet they al affirm that if the enemy had giuen another assault they could not haue withstood it wanting both men munition for they had no poulder but what their ordnance was charged with so as Silueria to prouide for a future mischiefe causes those peeces which were towards the sea to be drawne away in the night to be planted towards the land But the Bascha seeing his attempts vaine laied the blame proudly vpon Coffaro other Lords of the countrey who had assured him that the fort was very weake and not able to make two days defence moreouer he said they had abused him and not assisted him with such forces as they had promised him in the beginning assured the great Turk in Constantinople so as full of wrath shame he knew not what to resolue for that there was a bruit of a Portugal army which was preparing at Goa doubting they wold fight with him both by sea land trusting litle in them of CaÌ„baia who in effect hated him generally for the sacking of Diu other great wrongs the Turkes had done them Besides they feared that this cruel man hauing chased away the Portugals would put their new king to death and seaze tyrannously on the whole Countrey Whilest they stood vpon these termes the 16 galeots
the houses where falling to spoyle they found some little resistance made by the women who were there remaining who both there and at the wals did vse armes and assist their husbands and brethren in so great danger Whereof Mascaregna being aduertised he with a discreet secrecie for that he would not amaze them that defended the breach taking some souldiers with him from places least in danger went and charged the enemie whereof some he slue the rest cast themselues from those rocks into the sea but few escaped They fought obstinatly at S. Thomas bulwarke where there were about 1000 of the assailants slaine and they were so wearied as they were forced to retire but soone after hauing brought fresh souldiers they gaue a more â—urious assault than before A second assault and were as valiantly repulst by the Christians and it is reported for a wonder that in this cruell incounter there were onely seuen Portugals slaine but many were hurt Two dayes after they gaue another assault whereas they lost aboue three hundred souldiers in which Fernando de Castro and Lewis de Sosa did win much honor The like did Francis of Almeida who hauing the gard of S. Thomas about noone time when as other men vse to take their rest A third assault the enemies ran furiously to the assault the which he with twentie fiue souldiers maintained valiantly vntill that some others came to second them where the fight was cruel for some houres with great losse to the Barbarians where they lost 800 men But the defendants began to be out of hope of victorie their numbers being diminished by death and weakened for that many were hurt and the assaylants on the other side were much fortified there being come vnto the campe a supplie of foureteene thousand souldiers vnder a certaine lord of Cambaia called Moiatecan besides within the â—ort they had great want of victuals and many hurt and sicke for want of good feeding Afterwards the Barbarians began to make mines with great secrecie making shew of other approaches but on Saint Laurence day hauing brought one to perfection vnder S. Iohns bulwarke they made offer of an assault to draw many thither to defend it but when they thought it time they retired without the compasse of the mine and then gaue fire to it Bulwarke of S. Iohn blowne vp with a mine which blue all that building into the ayre in which accident there dyed aboue sixtie valiant souldiers and men of account among which were D. Fernando de Castro the Viceroyes sonne a young man of great worth Iohn of Almeida Lewis Mello Diego Sotomaior Aluaro Ferriera Roderigo Sosa Lorenzo Faria Iohn Brandano George of Almeida Tristan Sosa Francis Lupio and Garcia Ferrâ—â—ia It is written That Mascaregna doubting of some fraud when he saw the Barbarians retire aduertised Fernando de Castro That he should leaue that place but he was not obeyed The Infidels would not loose the opportunitie of this ruine but suddenly aduanced to enter into the place where they found foure souldiers onely to make resistance for that of twentie which were remaining aliue the rest were so amazed at this accident as they could not doe any seruice In the meane time those foure more by the assistance of God than any humane force staied the enemies furie vntill the comming of Mascaregna with some choyce souldiers who repulst the enemie being fauoured by the approaching night And in the meane time others labouring behind they had raised vp a wall of stone without morter sixteene spans thicke the which they did afterwards rampar with earth and thus they repaired the ruines of that bastion They continued their mines in other places especially vnder Saint Thomas where the Portugals countermines auailing them nothing they ruined a great part of it The like they did to others and were aduanced into the place and had gotten footing into Saint Iames church from whence the Portugals could not expell them so as they drew a wall through the middest and it remained a lodging for them both some dayes The Viceroy being aduertised of the progresse of this siege foreseeing their need sent another sonne of his called D. Aluaro with foureteene vessels who parting from Goa on Saint Iames day Succours sent from Goa to Diu. which was in those countries the verie height of the Spring he arriued notwithstanding the foule weather at Baziin and for that he knew it would be impossible by reason of stormes to come all together to Diu he gaue order they should all get thither as they could so as all of them arriued soone or late as they could worke it out at sea D. Aluaro de Castro and Franâ—is deâ— Meneses arriued the eighth of August with the greatest part hauing not brought aboue 400 souldiers who had much coâ—â—age but not so much militarie judgement as the state of their affaires required They pretended that standing alwaies vpon their defence they had lost much and therefore they should sally forth couragiously vpon the enemy and hinder his proceedings The good reasons of Mascaregna Importunitie of some Portugals did somewhat restraine their forwardnesse when as hearing that the enemy sought to draw two great peeces of ordnaÌ„ce out of one of the ruined Bastions they held it an insupportable affront forcing Mascaregna to giue theÌ„ leaue to sallie forth who to auoide a greater mischiefe by a sedition yeelded to this necessarie remedie to whome he spake after this manner That it was fit souldiers should bee gouerned by their Captaine and not gouerne him that they should attend their ensigne and not take it by violence as it did behoue a commander and his Councellors to know how to mannage warre But you hauing now in a manner laid violent hands vpon me and presented your selues before me with seditious words and lookes the Maiestie of command is ouer-ruled by an vnreasonable desire by an indiscreet hope Goe on and God make it successefull vnto you let them know your valour and the force of your armes I will be content to follow you who by right shold lead you although it be in an vnseasonable time yet will I be partaker of your toile and daunger Remember that in going into the enemies trenches in fighting you continue as valiant and resolute as you haue shewed your selues before the fight After which speech when occasion time serued he diuided his little army into three small squadrons leauing some few to gard the fort The first he gaue to Aluaro de Castro the second to Francis de Meneses and himselfe remained with the third to succour where need should require which action was performed with as little discretion as it was begunne For they were no sooner in the enemies trenches but they began to doubt of the euent and although they did terrifie those that were then in gard killing some and putting the rest to flight yet when as they saw â—he great squadron began to march from the bodie
Prouinces of the west Indies From thence hee sent Hinoiosa to Caxamalcan to commaund the troups which were there assembled and himselfe came with the armie to Truxillo appoynting them all a time to come in the valley of Sansaua Gonsaluo Pizarro beeing come to Arequipa hee found not any creature there for all were gone to ioyne with Ceutons troupes who aduanced to fight with him the which hee did Victorie of Pizarro but to his owne losse for hee was defeated and forced to flie hauing three hundred and foure score souldiers slaine vpon the place with some captaines and almost as many taken prisoners with which Pizarro fortified his army distributing them among his bands and of his part there were onely one hundred men slaine By this good successe some others were induced to runne the same fortune with him he promising them great recompences so as holding his forces to be sufficient hee returned towards Cusco with an intent to fight with the imperiall army wheresoeuer hee should find it Army imperiall pursuing Pizarro the which beeing assembled in the valley of Sansaua there were found to be sixteene hundred harquebuziers fiue hundred pikes and seuen hundred horse Spaniards whereof the captaines were Peter Alphonso of Hinoiosa commaunding in qualitie of Generall Aluaredes marshall of the campe Doctor Caruaial Pedro of Vlloa and other Captaines Gabriel de Roias was master of the artillerie The leaders of the horsemen were Pedro Cabrera Gomes of Aluarado Iohn Sauedra Iames Mora Ferdinand Mexia Roderigo Salezar and Alphonso Mendosa all which had reuolted from Pizarro The President had for his councell the Archbishop of the towne of Kings Thomas S. Martin prouinciall of the preaching friers with many others Peter Valduuia gouernour of the Prouince of Chiliane came and ioyned with his armie a man of great experience in matters of warre worthie to be opposed against Francis Caruaial who was the most redoubted captaine the enemy had and in the end vnfortunate Ceuton came and ioyned with them with about fortie horse Being all together they marched towards Cusco whither they vnderstood that Gonsaluo Pizarro was come with his army The Countrey by the which the imperialls did march was rough desart and without victualles so as they suffered much vntill they came to Andaguara where the Countrey is peopled and furnished with victualles and other commodities wherefore they stayed long there for that they would not be consumed with trauell and the tediousnesse of the winter if the enemie should seeke to prolong the warre the which he might easily doe hauing the towne of Cusco and the riuer which passeth by the valley of Seguisagrane at his deuotion In the Spring time of the yeare one thousand fiue hundred fortie and eight the President caused his army to dislodge from Andaguara and crossed many narrow passages of the mountaines without any difficultie and many riuers whereas Pizarro might haue annoyed them much if hee had not beene negligent and then came and lodged vpon the declining of the hilles in a discommodious place aboue the valley of Seguisagrane in the which Pizarro was camped who wanted not any thing hauing the towne and riuer behind him at his commaundement whereas the imperialls suffered much hunger cold and other discommoditities yet notwithstanding the President did forbeare to fight being aduertised that a good number of the Spaniards that were with Pizarro did but watch an oportunitie to abandon him and to reuolt which he desired might be before they did fight that he might haue the weaker opposition But they could not temporize long in that bad lodging whereas the cold which was great in that season did so benumme the souldiers as they could scarce hold their armes and also for the neerenesse of the two armies which were daily in skirmish so as they were forced to come to a generall battell the which was soone ended For the ordnance was scarce discharged but many of Pizarros armie disbanded openly Defeat of Pizarro among which were Doctor Câ—peda Garci Lazo de la Vega and Alphonso Peres Hita captaines and all the souldiers which remained at the rout of Ceuton went away in one squadron to the imperialls which made the rest retire and to flie the battell some going towards the citie of Cusco which was fiue leagues off and others to other places they that were most affected to Gonsaluo and most guiltie remained about him who being foure in number were of opinion to cast themselues into their enemâ—es troups and to die fighting valiantly rather than to be led bound to an ignomimious death but Gonsaluo told them that seeing Fortune had turned her backe it were better to die Christianlike acknowledging their faults than to perish like pagans in such vanities Being then enuironed by the imperiall horsemen he yielded his armes to Pedro de Vlloa great Prouost of the armie who led him before the President by whom hee was much blamed for his obstinacie yet hee shewed himselfe nothing deiected but answered resolutely to whatsoeuer was demaunded Being giuen in gard to Iames de Ceuton he was for some daies well and modestly intreated not suffering any one to disquiet him either in word or deed All the other Commaunders were in a manner taken that day either with Gonsaluo or in the pursuite except Francis Caruaial who was afterwards found and deliuered by his owne souldiers being hidden among the reeds in a moore thinking to renue the warre if hee might escape All the rest were somewhat lamented but not hee for hee was exceeding cruell and the chiefe author of Pizarros â—rebellion and it was said that by his inhumane councell Pizarro had caused aboue sixe hundred gentlement to be murthered and thrice as many good souldiers Spaniards with an infinite number of Indians and that he neuer was at the death of anie one but he did reuile him with all the opprobrious words he could inuent The rebelles campe remained a prey to the imperialls whereby they were greatly enriched and to preserue the citie of Cusco from sacke and to containe euery one in his duetie and to preuent reuenges which do commonly follow ciuill victories Ferdinand Mexia and Martin Robles were sent thither with two companies Afterwards the prisoners processes were formally made The chiefe of the rebellion were condemned to die as guiltie of treason Gonsaluo Pizarro had his head cut off the which was for a time set in the market place in the citie of Kings Death of Gonsaluo Pizarro for a publike spectacle with this Inscription This is the head of the Traitor and Tyrant Gonsaluo Pizarro who being rebelled and hauing taken armes in the realme of Peru against the most mightie Emperour Charles the fift his prince was vanquished fighting against the standard royall in the valley of Saguisagrane and hath beene thus worthily punished All his goods were forfeited his proud palace which hee had built in the citie of Cusco was ruined the soile sowed with salt and a pillar erected with
these there were as some write other secret articles concluded betwixt Caraffa and the duke of Alba concerning Palieno and that duke During these broiles betwixt the Pope and the king of Spaine the warre was as violent vpon the frontiers of Artois Picardie where the duke of Sauoy being general for the king of Spain S. Quentin taken entred with an armie of 40000 men he beseeged S. Quentin defeated and tooke the Constable which came for to relieue it and then tooke the towne after which the duke of Guise was called home out of Italie The duke of Sauoy hauing taken Castelet and some other places in Picardie dissolued his armie after which the French king hauing raised a great armie commaunded by the duke of Guise Calis taken hee tooke Calis Guines and all the land of Oye from the English in the heart of winter 1558 Soone after the Marshall of Termes went with an armie into Flaunders where hauing taken Bergues and Dunkerke and beseeged Grauelin hee was charged by the earle of Egmont his armie defeated and hee himselfe taken Marshall of Termes defeated After which rout the French king leuied new forces and came and camped about Amiens And king Philip on the other side being nothing inferiour in forces lodged neere vnto Dourlans Whilest that these two mightie armies which lay so neere one vnto another held all the world in expectation of some bloudie battell God inspired the hearts of these two great Princes with a desire to quench this warre without effusion of bloud and to preferre an accord before a doubtfull victorie wherefore their Deputies being assembled in the Abbaie of Cercampe vpon the Marches of Artois hauing propounded certaine Articles a peace was more easily concluded at Castell Cambresis Peace betwixt France and Spaine vpon the newes of the death of Marie queene of England The conditions were 1 That king Philip being a widower should marrie Elizabeth eldest daughter to king Henrie 2 That Marguerite of Fraunce the kings Sister should bee giuen in marriage to Emanuel Philibert duke of Sauoy and that in consideration thereof all his country townes Castles and iurisdictions of Sauoy and Piedmont should bee restored except the towns of Turin Quier Pignerol Chiuas and Villanoua of Ast which should continue three yeares in the French kings hands and that in the meane time the king of Spain should retaine Ast and Verceil 3 That all the Townes and forts which had beene taken in these last warres should bee restored on either part whether they did belong to those kings or to others which had followed their parties and namely the Island of Corsica to the Genouois Montferrat to the duke of Mantoua and the towne and castle of Bouillon to the bishop of Leege 4 That they of the house of Longueuille should bee put in possession of the countie of Saint Paul and the king D. Philip of the country of Charalois the Soueraigntie referued but there was no mention made of the Siennois 5 That the two kings should doe their best endeuours to entertaine the peace of Christendome and should procure the continuance and ending of the generall councell begun at Trent This yeare one thousand fiue hundred fiftie and eight Death of Queen Leonora queene Leonora sister to the Emperour Charles the fift died in Februarie at Talaberuela three leagues from Badajos shee was first wife to Emanuell king of Portugall and then to Francis the French king she was honoured with a royall funerall pompe And in September following the emperour Charles ended all his toiles Death of the Emperour Charles the fift and past to a better life in the monasterie of Saint Iust where hee had remained two yeares his bodie was left there to bee afterwards buried in the monasterie of Saint Laurence which king Philip his sonne did since build with great charge and state in remembrance of the victorie gotten against the French and the taking of the Constable on Saint Laurence day the tenth of August Hee left an immortall fame of his valour Praises of the Emperour Charles more than any of his predecessors had done in many hundred yeares before for that in him all those vertues might be seene which are to bee desired in one that shold gouerne his people iustly and commaund armes and manage warre iuditiously He was verie religious and pitifull to the poore wherein he seemed rather prodigal than liberall In his eating drinking apparel he was very temperate modest so as he might wel be a president to any priuat mā as wel as to great princes in the practise of that vertue He had a care of justice to haue it duly administred although the continual wars wherewith he was afflicted made him to endure many defects He not only spake the language of euery nation on where hee commaunded in Europe but also those that were not vnder his gouernment for hee spake the French and Sclauon tongues readily In other things hee was not learned but eloquent shewing great grauitie in his speech It seemed that his good fortune did strue with vertue to fauour him Hee was prompt in execution and constant against any apparent daunger little esteeming death Hee was so accustomed to the toyles of warre that vntill hee grew aged it seemed no trouble vnto him Hee liued eight and fiftie yeares sixe moneths and sixe and twentie daies his funerals were celebrated with great pompe throughout all the cities of his realme yea throughout Christendome euerie one seeming both in publike in and in priuate to be partakers of this generall losse In December after king Philip his Sonne caused his funerall to bee made at Brussells with great state and pompe where all his most glorious enterprises were represented Spaine this yeare besides the losse of two such great Princes was not a little annoyed by the Turkes army which going from Prouence landed some men in the Island of Minorca beyond the port of Maone and there after some difficultie and losse Armie of Turks in Minorca they tooke Cittadella where there were not aboue fiue hundred men to defend it of whome there were aboue foure hundred slaine the Turkes disdaining that they were forced to batter it and to giue some assaults before they could take it And so valour which is wont to bee admired and respected of the enemie did now cause a contrarie effect in the hearts of these barbarous and cruell men and hauing spoyled the towne and the whole island they returned with many prisoners into Prouence 22 A little before the emperours death Death of D. Iohn the third king of Portugal D. Iohn the third of that name king of Portugall died at Lisbone to the great griefe of his subiects by reason of the infancie wherein hee left D. Sebastian the heire of the Crowne Hee was stately and beautifull Prince and of hautie enterprise hee continued the Nauigation of the Indes with great happinesse and reputation and made the name
victors It is impossible to bridle and tame the insolencie of the Turke whilest that hee is lord at sea the which hee will alwayes hold himselfe to bee when as our nauie shall not dare to affront him with sufficient forces and that it is all one to flie the enemies sight and to feare to receiue some harme but that feare doth not onely leaue him the possession of the sea free and doth increase his boldnesse with his force but doth quite discourage the subiects and giues them occasion to attempt things verie prejudiciall to the commonweale Let vs then goe and seeke this armie to daunt the pride of the Turks and to giue courage to the Christians hauing found it let vs fight with it hauing a firme confidence both in the helpe of heauen and in our owne forces that we shall vanquish them Let vs persuade our selues that the reputation of the Christian name and the honour of our princes cannot be otherwise maintained for that being knowne that they haue two yeares together prepared so great a fleet with their incredible charge and giuen it out That they would fight with the Turkes if we should retire with such apparent signes of feare I doe not see how we can auoid a generall imputation either of want of gouernment or of extraordinarie cowardise It is requisit then by all the reasons of warre that for the importance of this action and to auoyd shame and dishonour we should trie a battel for that the losse thereof cannot be so preiudiciall as the Commaunder saith and by a victorie we are to expect a great conquest if we will presently imbrace the occasion reape the honorable fruits of so great an aduenture For it is apparent that all the Turkes dominion is gouerned by most cruell tyrannie that his subiects whether you wil make an attempt vpon Albania Morea or Soria yea and in Thrace it selfe as soone as they shal heare that his forces who oppresseth them vnder the heauie yoke of barbarous seruitude are ouerthrown at sea wil attempt some innouation if they shal but see the Christians ensignes so as the Turks seeing the enemie not only round about them but euen in their houses they will find themselues in a verie hard condition what remedy shal they find to escape but they must endure themselues to be triumphed ouer by many Noble victories It is not any vaine hope grounded vpon desire that makes mee to speake thus seeing it is certaine that the Christians in those Countries which I haue mentioned are more in number than the Turkes and although they bee vnarmed yet are they not without courage so as being armed by vs they will doe great seruice in any thing that shall bee attempted Besides those coasts hauing not of many yeares seene a Christian Nauie and not sufficiently fortified for such dangers what resistance can they make against our victorious armie If these great hopes should make vs resolue otherwise than the Commaunder hath propounded should we not doe it the rather for that it is the chiefe intent of your king and my Lord to free Christendome from the oppression of the Barbarians then to assure the Spanish Seas from the continuall spoiles of Pyrats Turkes and Africans But his Maiestie shall neuer attaine to either of them if their forces at Sea bee not first subdued neither can they bee subdued if wee doe not hazard a battell wee haue no hope to bee stronger at Sea the next yeare than this but rather to decrease both in number and courage hauing twise performed so little if wee shall resolue as you aduise vs what then remaines to bee done but that being forced wee proceed with an assured hope not of one but of many worthy victories and finding out the enemy fight with him like the souldiers of Christ So may it please his diuine bountie to abate their arrogancie and to confound this their mightie fleet the which I assure my selfe cannot bee soone repaired if there bee the flower of the Turkes forces as well of Captaines as of priuate men as wee suppose But if our Princes as hee pretends loosing the battell should with all lose the best of their forces why shall not wee with the same argument augment our hopes our enmies being so much afflicted for that our Princes exceed them much in men of commaund and for Sea-causes I dare affirme that the State of Venice hath more valiant Captaines than the Turke Let vs not for Gods sake so much distrust our owne forces as our hearts should bee surprised with amazement and that depriued of all generositie yea of pietie and Religion wee should hold the enemie in that degree and so basely esteeme of our selues and of the dignitie of the confederate princes hauing in a maner no faith that the supreme power which hath giuen them these forces will also preserue and increase them with their ruine that are his cruell enemies for the propagation of which faith we haue put on these armes the which being guided by his victorious hand must needs yeeld glorious trophees both in life and death if wee will not defaud our selues of this certaine hope D. Iohn was in the flower of his age and retaining that generous and warlike minde of his father hee inclined to his Councell who with so many reasons propounded so honourable a party and worthie of such a prince notwithstanding that the command had beene giuen him by his brother as a Schoolemaster or guide and with this resolution hee caused the Nauy to bee diligently viewed and furnished and gaue order how they should goe forth in battell Veniero incensed against the Spanish Sâ—uldiers But there fell out an accident which had almost ouerthrowne the whole action and depriued them of immortall glorie Some of the kings Souldiers being placed in a Venetian Galley they fell to quarrell with others that were in the same gallie so as there were some hurt slain Veniero the general sent some officers with his admirall to bring the offenders vnto him but they being distempered receiued the admirall with iniuries wherewith Veniero being much incensed hee caused the offeÌ„ders to be appehended wold haue two of theÌ„ with their captain Anticatro haÌ„ged at the main yard D. Iohn disconted with the Generall Veniero After which Paulo Sforza their Colonel going to speake with Veniero he wold not hear him threatning him that if he did not depart he wold turn his ordinaÌ„ce vpon him sink his boat D. Iohn was wonderfully disconteÌ„ted with the generall Venieros actioÌ„ holding himself much wroÌ„ged for that he had not referred the iudgement to him as it was fit but had chased away Colonell Sforza whome hee had sent with threates and disgrace The whole armie was suddenly in a mutinie the Spaniards seemed to prepare themselues to reuenge and the Venetians stood vpon their gard But Colonna with great dexteritie although hee held himselfe wronged therein by Veniero sought to preuent
Iohn Andrew Doria was gone to that end the nobilitie hauing prouided money to make warre when D. Iohn hearing that they to whom it was compromitted in the name of those great princes could not pacifie them he sent order to the Gouernour of Milan to dismisse his Germans and Italians that the faction of the Nobles might imploy them to reduce them to their duties that had no will of an accord With which troupes the faction of the Old went to field and tooke diuers places In the end after many letters written from the Pope Emperour and King of Spaine it was wholly compromitted to their agents who caused a suspension of armes and there were hostages giuen by both factions to stand to their arbitrement but the accord was not fully concluded vntill the yeare following This yeare there grewe seeds of warre in Afrike which past into Europe to the great preiudice of Christendome for that Muley Mahomet king of Marocco beeing loath to leaue the gouernment of that realme to Muley Moluc his vncle according to the will of his grandfather dying Moluc fled de vnto the Turkes for aid and obtained it with the which Muley Mahomet expelled out of his realm and with the Moores which fauoured him he made warre against his nephew and defeated him thrice in battell so as he remained absolute Lord of the realmes of Fez and Marocco his nephew beeing fled vnto the mountaines where with some that followed him he ranne vp and downe not as a king but like a thiefe beeing by nature both couetous and cruell vntill that in the end he persuaded the ill aduised king of Portugal not onely to giue him succours to recouer his realme but to passe thither in person with the ruine of that royall house as you shall hereafter heare 2 After the death of Lewis de Requesens 1576 great Commaunder of Castille D. Iohn d' Austria was appointed to succeed him in the gouernment of the Netherlands D. Iohn of Austria gouernour of the Netherlands to which end he came into Luxembourg but he would not aduance vntill that the Estates had accepted him for gouernour and Lieutenant generall to the king his brother This prince was once in an humour as wee haue said to obtaine the crowne of Tunis by the bountie of the king D. Philip whom hee had caused to bee often importuned by the Pope wherein the king tooke no delight but the taking of that citie by the Turkes and the razing of those forts which the Spaniards had built to keepe it in awe made him to forget that humour but it did not quench his desire to raigne in some other countrie in the which a Secretarie of his called Iohn de Soto entertained him Which the king vnderstanding hee tooke him from him and commaunded him to vse the seruice of Iohn d' Escouedo Iohn de Escouedo Secretarie to Don Iohn by which change he got little he animating him more to greatnesse wherefore he thought it expedient to diuert him somewhat from these ambitious desires to drawe him out of Italie and from those honourable imployments which presented themselues and to send him into Flanders to contend against his rebellious subiects the which D. Iohn hearing hee bare it with great impatiencie to see himselfe so much deiected as to become as a man would say an Algouzil or Prouost Marshall to punish common people whereas he had been Generall of armies to the greatest Potentates in Christendom against the incomparable forces of the great Turke Hauing failed of Tunis he conuerted his thoughts vpon England and caused the king to be solicited to make warre vpon that realme D. Iohn a-spires to the crowne of England for that said he Queene Elizabeth had alwaies fauoured the Estates and townes of the Lowe countries in their contumacie and rebellion and to make him Generall hoping to make himselfe king thinking that the affaires of the Lowe countries were too little to keepe him occupied The king D. Philip for that hee would not flatly refuse him seemed to yeeld to it but hee said they must first subdue the Flemings commaunding him to goe directly out of Italie thither and not to passe by Spaine but he obaied him not for he went out of Italie into Spaine and all by the counsell of Escouedo which made the king to bee ill conceited of him but in the end hee was forced to goe and arriued as you haue heard Beeing accepted for their gouernour hee ratified the treatie of Gand made by the Deputies of the Prouinces for the expelling of all strange souldiers and other things the which was confirmed by the king of Spaine 1577 in April 1577 and his Letters of approbation sent to D. Iohn Then the poore Netherlanders beganne to hope for better vsage thinking that they were at an end of all their miseries but the effects which followed did soone shew that this hope had beene conceiued vpon apparances For in all D. Iohns gouernement there was nothing but dissimulations D. Iohns carriage in his gouernment secret enterprises accusations false imputations surprises and apparent designes to heap vpon this people all the miseries of the precedent gouernements although the effects did not follow according to the Spaniards desires The which they imputed to D. Iohn who was not come into the Low Countries to liue there in a quiet estate or to walke in his night gowne but with an intent that the enterprise of England should proceed and that the King would make him Generall but seeing that notwithstanding all troubles in his gouernement were in a maner pacified they made no preparation tending to inuade that Iland and that there came no aduice out of Spaine conformable to his desire yet would hee commaund an armie and breed occasions to imploy it where he was What his particular actions were you may read in that countrie historie Sir Francis Drake beeing incouraged by the good successe of his first voyage to the Indies Voyage of Sir Francis Drake into the South sea and about the world resolued to make a new attempt and to passe into the South thinking thereby to doe his Prince and Countrey great seruice to winne himselfe immortall fame and to annoy the King of Spaine and his subiects wherefore in Nouember in the yere one thousand fiue hundred seuentie and seuen he went forth of Plimmouth with fiue English shippes and barques bending his course towards the Indies my meaning is nto to report the particularities of this voyage but onelie to touch the action summarily for that it concernes Spaine in August after his departure he past the Strait of Magellan and came into the South sea whereas the Spaniards liued secure from all feare hauing neuer seene any Englishman there before Beeing in this sea hee tooke many ships and barkes with great store of treasure but there was one shippe which exceeded all the rest in wealth he tooke it at a place called Cape S. Francisco
king of Castile in his last testament 629 Orders for the gouernment of the realme of Castile ibid. Order for the gouernment of Castile 637 Orders for the giuing of spirituall liuings 641 Officers called in question 659 Order of the golden fleece instituted 696 Outrage committed by a Moore in Seuile vnpunished 776 Opinion of the Biscains concerning Bishops 863 Orders for the quiet of the realme of Nauar. 891 Order touching the gouernment of Castile 881 Oran in Affrike taken miraculously 893 Order of the Nuns called the Conception 900 Orders for the Indies 930 Outrage committed by the Earle of Vregna 948 Oran beseeged by the Turkes and valiantly defended 1077 Occasion of a victory lost by the Christians 1086 Order of the Christians army at Gerbe 1087 Oran beseeged againe and well defended 1112 Obiections against the Prince of Spaine 1130 Order of the Christians and Turkes armies at Lepanto 1168 P PAssion in Amilcar the ruine of his country 35 Parle betwixt Masinissa and Scipio 74 Palantines among the Spaniards 106 Pampelone begun 112 Paliardise the ruine of the Gothes kingdome 157 Palence restored to the king of Nauarre 230 Patricide among the Princes of Cattelonia 254 Papacy disputed by armes 276 Parliament at Toledo for the Moores warre 339 Pampelona in sedition 346. diuided into two factions 405 Parricids committed by Conrade 412 Pablo a Iew conuerted a learned Doctor and of a good life 658 Pampelona made one body 689 Pardon granted to the confederats 731 Parliament at Toledo 880 Pastors being negligent cause persecutions 946 Pampelona beseeged in vaine by king Iohn 910. it is abandoned by the Castillans 962. it is taken by the Lords of Asperaut 965 Passage of king Francis a prisoner into Spaine 974 Pardon for the Moores proclaimed 1145 Perpenna and his confederats murther Sertorious 111. he is punished for his treason 112 Pelagius the first king of the Asturies 168. he flâ—es into the mountaines 169. he stiles himselfe king of Ouiedo 171 Pelagius a religious man cruelly murthered 194 Peace betwixt Nauarre and Castile 289 Peace betwixt Nauarre and Arragon 303 Pero Nugnes a faithful vassal to his king 309 D. Pedro king of Arragon slaine in France 345 D. Pedro of Arragon drawes his brother 401 D. Pedro Sanches of Montagu regent of Nauarre 402. he is murthered 405 Peace betwixt France and Arragon 436 Perpignan taken by the French 427 Peace betwixt Nauarre and Castile 501 D. Pedro king of Castile called the cruel 531. hee leaues his new wife 3. daies after his marriage 534. he marries a second wife the first beeing liuing 536. murthers committed by him 538. he puts his brother to death 546 his diuilish cruelty 548. he spoiles the Venerians at sea 551. hee murthers two other of his brethren 552. hee murthers Queene Blanch his wife 554. his cruelty couetousnesse and treachery 557. his flight out of Castile 567 he discontents the English 571. he is slaine by his base brother D. Hen. 575 Peace broken by the Castillan with Arragon 556 Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal 585 Peace betwixt Castile and Nauarre 594 D. Pedro of Portugal a great traueller 691 D Pedro of Arragon slaine at Naples 714 Pedro Sarmiento deliuers Toledo to Prince H. 739 Peace concluded betwixt Castile Arragon 768 D. Pedro of Portugal chosen king of Arragon 775 he is crowned at Barcelona 786. he is defeated with the Cattelans ibid. he is poisoned 789 Pedro de Velasco made Constable of Castile 834 Pero Gonzales of Mendosa Cardinal of Spaine 835 Perpignan yeelded to the French 847 Peace betwixt France and Castile 870 Peace betwixt Portugal and Castile 875 Pedro of Nauarre made Earle of Albeto 874. hee is chiefe conductor of the warre at Oran 892 Peace betwixt France and Spaine 879 Pegnon de Velez fortified by the Castillans 888 Pedro Arias d' Auila viceroy of the firme land at the Indies 917 Pearles in aboundance at the Indies 918 D. Pedro Giron raiseth new troubles 955 Peru discouered 981 Peace betwixt the Pope and king of Spaine 1080 Peace betwixt France and Spaine 1081 Persecutions in Spaine for religion 1083 Pegnon de Velez how scituated 1112 Pedro Aroio defeated and slaine by the Moores 1144 Pegnon of Fregiliana taken by the great Commander 1148 Peace betwixt the Turke and the Venetians 1172 People of the Terceres brutish 1218 Pedro de Baldes defeated by them of the Terceres ibid. Phenitiens spoile Spaine 8 Philip Archduke of Austria and Ioane his wife driuen into England by a storme 880 Philip Prince of Spaine sworn future king of Spain 1007. he goes into Flanders 1025. his marriage with Mary Queene of England 1039. hee is made king of Naples 1040. he is desirous of a peace with the Pope 1078. hee returnes into Spaine 1083. he sends succors into France 1094 his marriage with his Neece 1156. he sends his gallies to assist the Venetians 1157. his resolution to warre against the Turke 1173. he disswads D. Sebastien from the voiage of Affrike 1198. his troupes march towards Portugal 1208. he enters into Portugal 1217. his bounty in Portugal 1220. he is acknowledged king in Lisbone ibid. he goes out of Portugal 1226 Pyrenee mountaines ful of yron mines 2 Pirenees why so called 14 Piety of Isabel Queene of Portugal 469 Pisans abandon the Island of Sardinia 480 Piety of a sonne ill rewarded by D. Pedro king of Castile 530 Pizarro abandoned by his soldiers at Peru 1031. he defeats his enemies 1032. he is defeated and executed 1033 Pialy Basha hauing taken Gerbe enters Constantinople in triumph 1093 C. Plautius defeated by Viriatus 99 Pleasures corrupt both minde and body 215 Plague in Alphonso de la Cerdes campe 441 Places vpon the frontier of Castile abandoned by bad counsel 736 Places yeelded to the king of Castile 930 Placentia taken from D. Aluaro d' Estuniga 932 Places returne to the obedience of the king of Nauarre 910 Places belonging to the Portugals in Afrike yeeld to king Philip. 1215 Portugal whence it was so called 18 Pouerty assures the peoples liberty 28 Policy of the Romaine and Carthag captaines 43 Pompey deceiues the Numantins 103. he is sent into Spaine against Sertorius 111. his wisdome to end the ciuil war 112. he is made perpetual gouernor in Spaine ibid. he gets the farther Spaine to be at his deuotion 115 Policy of Flaccus Commissary of the victuals 105 Popilius Lenas vnfortunat in the warre of Numantia 104 Pompeys sonne slaine by Caesar. 116 Power of Ballancing that of kings 146 Pope Benedict an heretike 151 Posterity of Mudarra Gonsales 218 Portugal held in fee of the crowne of Leon. 258 Pope ratifies the election of the Emperour Rodolphus 406 Pope and D. Alphonso king of Castile met at Beaucaire 407 Pompe at the creation of the Earl of Barcellos 551 Policy cruell and detestable of Queene Leonora Telles 558 Pope Clement sends a Legat into Castile 631 Portugals slaine at Aliubarota 609 Power of the realme of Granado 644 3. Popes at one time in