Rebel as both small and inconsiderable Upon this the Senate judged Catiline an Enemy to the State and likewise Manlius who had join'd him in Hetruria Lentulus also was depriv'd of his Office of Praetor by whom the Ambassadors had been perswaded over who confess'd that they had often heard him make his Conjectures from the Sibyllime Oracles Cicero shortly after summonâ—d the People again and made another Oration to 'em wherein he reported the Particulars of the Discovery with the Arraignment and Conviction of many of the Conspirators Lentulus Cethegus Statilius Cassius and several others being now secur'd Cicero call'd the Senate and propounded to the Fathers to consider what was to be done with the Prisoners But while the Senate was sitting great Disturbances arose in the City for the Slaves and Dependentâ— of Lentulus and Cethegus had gatherâ—d together a great Number of Artificers and Rabble who endeavourâ—d to break in upon the back-side of the Praetor's House and resâ—â—e the Prisoners Upon Notice of this Cicero left the Senate House and appointing a Watch and sufficient Guards returnâ—d asking the Opinions of the Senators Now a great Debate arose concerning the Punishment of the Prisoners Silanus designâ—d Consul for the next Year being first ask'd his opinion according to Custom was for putting 'em to Death as were several others till Nero diswaded in and Iulius Caesar standing up in a plausible Speech pleaded much for Mercy and disapprov'd of Death as an irregular Way of proceeding speaking to this effect If any Punishment might be found to equalize their Faults then I shouâ—d approve your Design but if the Vastness of their Crimes surpasses all our Inventions we ought to make use of such 〈◊〉 the Law provides Tho' I must confess that all the Tortures is the Wor'd are inferiour to their Offences yet most Men still remember what comes last and in the Sufferings of the most Impious forget the Fact and discourse of nothing but the Punishment if more severe than ordinary and since the Porcian Law only punishes Capital Offenders with Exile we ought not to bring in Innovations for certainly their Wisdom and Vertue was greater who rais'd so vast an Empire from such small Beginnings than ours who can hardly preserve what they so bravely won Caesar's Advice was likely enough to have taken till Pâ—rcius Cato Grandson to the great Moralist stood up and with some Heat oppos'd him saying That he had never pardon'd in himself the least Error of his own Thoughts and therefore cou'd not easily forgive the Misdemeanors of a turbulent Passion and Ambition in others That among the Ancient Romans Manlius Torquatus had caus'd his own Son to be put to Death only for fighting the Enemy contrary to his Command And if that valiant Youth was so severely chastis'd for his over-hasty Courage shall the present Generation hesitate what to decree against the most bloody of Parricides and the greater Monsters of Mankind Cicero after these Speeches made one himself which was his fourth upon this Occasion wherein he with a cunning sort of Mildness and Ambiguity inclin'd to Cato ' s Side telling them That his Earnestness did not proceed from any Malice or Anger but from a singular Tenderness and Compassion That they ought to consider that it was not T. Grachus who requir'd a second Tribuneship nor C. Gracohus who claim'd the Publick Lands nor yet Saturninus who shew Memmius that was to be call'd in Question but Burners of the City Murderers of the People and Assistants of Catiline himself and likewise that this Mischief was already diffusâ—d over all Italy and beyond the Alpes and therefore impossible be crush'd with Forbearance and Delays By Cicero ' s Speech the Senate were inducâ—d to put 'em all to Death which the Consul saw Executed before the House arose but 〈◊〉 Mildness and Peculiar Management in this Affair made several suspect he himself had some Hand in the Conspiracy As for Catiline himself he was shortly after overtaken by C. Antonius Cicero ' s Collegue nigh the Alpes as he was passing into Gaul to compleat his Levies where engaging most obstinately he was slain but his Men desperately sought it out to the last and scarce any of 'em remainâ—d to be taken or were found out of their Places when dead Thus was this most dangerous Conspiracy quash'd chiefly by the Vigilance and Diligence of Cicero the Consul Publick Thanks were given him for his great Care and Pains and at the Instance of Cato he was first of all others stil'd Father of his Country and that with loud Acclamations of the People who said That tho' indeed they were indebted to several Commanders of that Age for Riches Spoils and Power yet it was to Cicero alone that they ow'd the Safety and Security of all these Blessings V. After these Disturbances were over the Affairs of Rome were in a much more quiet Posture but neither Catiline's Defeat nor Death was sufficient to settle the City in a firm and lasting Peace but still she lay expos'd to the sinister Designs which some more Ambitious Senators than the rest were always forming against her Liberty Nor cou'd their Inclinations of that kind meet with Greater Temptations since the Gaining of this only City must carry with it so Great a Part of the World And now it was that Caesar began to make a Greater Appearance in Rome than ever being this Year made Praetor He had before gone through the two Offices of Questor and Aedile in the latter of which by his Magnificence in Shews and Buildings he had acquitted himself with much Reputation having also the Advantage of being descended from one of the most Illustrious Families in Rome He afterwards stood for the High-Priesthood and by his Great Liberality carry'd it from two of the most Powerful Men in Rome and his Seniors and scarce any Man in the City was more Remarkable either for the Freeness of his Presents or the Largeness of his Bribes He was now also arriv'd to a very high degree in Learning as well as an Admirable Skill in Eloquence having already disputed the Prize with the most famous Orators and scarce anything appear'd impossible for his Great Genius to undertake Little was perform'd by him during this Time of his Praetorship besides composing some Disturbances occasion'd by one Clodius a young Man of a Noble Family but of a Scandalous Life who being in Love with Caesar's Wife Pompeia had in a Womanâ—s Habit enter'd his House in the time of a particular Festival when only Women were permitted to be present This brought Clodius into much Trouble and Danger for Prophaning those Sacred Institutions and caus'd Caesar to put away his Wife privately who being Ask'd the Reason said He did not believe her Guilty but Caesar's Wife ought to preserve her self from the Suspicion as well as the Guilt of the Crime The Violent Heats and the Parties with the Factions and Divisions upon this and other Occasions sufficiently shew'd that
be seen in divers Accidents relating to this Proscription Though the Pretence was the revenging of Caesar's Death yet many suffer'd upon the Account of their great Estates others out of Malice and old Resentments and some for their convenient Houses and Gardens Among those of greatest Note was the famous Varro who now living to see and feel a second Tricipitina as he calls it in his Writings yet with much Difficulty escap'd with his Life But Cicero was the Man most aim'd at by Anthony which caus'd him to get on board a Ship with all speed but not being able to endure the Sea he return'd to Land saying That he would die in his own Country which he had so often preserv'd Being weary both of his Flight and his Life he came to a small Village a little above a Mile from the Sea Here his Servants terrify'd by several Prodigies partly by Persuasion and partly by Force put him again into his Litter and were carrying him back to the Sea But Cicero perceiving those that came to apprehend him order'd his Litter to be set down and quietly laid out his Neck to Popilius Lena the Tribune whom formerly by his Eloquence he had sav'd from Condemnation Lena cut off his Head and Hands which he presented to Anthony who cou'd not forbear insulting over those poor Members and crying out That his Revenge was compleated and he had no further Occasion for the Proscription But his Wife Fulvia's Hatred cou'd not be confin'd to Words for she pierc'd his Tongue several times with a golden Bodkin after a most spiteful Manner and Anthony order'd his Head and Hands to be set up upon the Rostrum where the People cou'd not without Horror behold those sad Remains of a Man who had so often Triumph'd there by the Force and Charms of his Eloquence Thus fell the great Cicero in the sixty third Year of his Age A Man as Iulius Caesar observes that obtain'd a Laurel as much above all Triumphs as the Enlargement of the Bounds of the Roman Wit was above that of the Bounds of the Roman Empire About the same time Quintus Cicero's Brother was slain together with all his Sons but Cicero's Sons escap'd for he had some time before sent 'em to Athens to be there educated Still the City was fill'd with Slaughters and the ordinary Price of the Head of a Proscribâ—d Person brought to the Triumviri was 100000 Sesterces if done by a Free man and haif as much if done by a Slave with the Freedom of the City This corrupted a great many who forgetting both Duty and Natural Affection betray'd those whose Preservation they ought principally to have endeavour'd Tho' many rare and admirable Examples of the Love of Wives to their Husbands and of Slaves to their Masters appear'd yet those of Children to their Parents were less common However Oppius's Act may stand for many who Aeneas-like carry'd out his old and decrepid Father upon his Back and convey'd him to the Sea sometimes leading and other times carrying him till they both escap'd into Sicily from whence afterwards upon his Return the People out of a just sense of his Piety made him Aedile in which Office wanting Money to set out the usual Games the Work-men did all without Wages and the Spectators inrich'd him by their Voluntary Contributions As many as cou'd escape the Cruelty of the Proscription fled either into Macedonia to Brutus or into Africk to Cornificius but the greatest Number went to young Pompey in Sicily who was now very Powerful especially by Sea His Generosity was at this time a very great Succour to many Illustrious Persons he sent Brigantines and other small Vessels to all the Coasts of Italy to receive such as made their Escape and treated them with much Kindness and Civility The Triumviri having almost satisfy'd their Revenge began now to think of Money which they very much wanted to carry on the War against Brutus and Cassius For this reason they drew up a List of 1400 of the richest Ladies of Rome Mothers Daughters or any Relations of their Enemies these Alliances were far enough fetch'd for Riches alone was sufficient to make 'em guilty in this Case These Ladies assembling themselves first went to the Female Relations of the Triumviri and after that to the Palace of these Magistrates where after several Repulses one of 'em was permitted to speak upon Condition that the rest wou'd be silent This was Hortensia the Daughter of Hortensius who alone had been able to dispute with Cicero for Eloquence My Lords said she these unhappy Ladies which you see here imploring your Iustice and Bounty would never have presum'd to appear in this Place had they not first made use of all possible Means which either their native Modesty might allow or their best Understandings cou'd inform ' em Tho' it be contrary to the Rules of Decency prescrib'd to our Sex which we have hitherto most strictly observ'd yet the Loss of our Fathers of our Children of our Brothers and of our Husbands is sufficient to excuse us nay and to vindicate â—s too when their unhappy Deaths are made a Pretence for our further Misfortunes You pretend ye have been affrented but what have the Women done that they must be impoverish'd if they are as blameable as the rest why do you not proscribe 'em too In the mean time none of our Sex have ever declar'd you your Country's Enemies We have neither plunder'd your Goods nor suborn'd your Soldiers We have rais'd no Troops against you nor oppose those Honours and Offices to which you pretend We pretend not to govern the Republick nor is it our Ambition which has drawn the present Miseries and Misfortunes on our Heads Empire Dignities and Honours were never design'd for our Sex We alas have done nothing to affront you nothing to offend you or so much as move you to this severâ— Treatment a Treatment which neither Caesar nor Pompey ever propos'd in their Wars nor Marius nor Cinna ever thought of in their Cruelties no not Sylla himself who first set up Tyranny in Rome yet after all you aâ—dorn your selves with the glorious Title of Reformers oâ— the State This Discourse appear'd so Bold and Dangerous to the Triumviri that they immediately sent their Ushers to cause the Ladies to retire buâ— perceiving the Multitude began to cry out againsâ— such Violence they adjourn'd the Affair till the nexâ— Day and for the Satisfaction of the People reâ—trench'd the Number of the Ladies to 400 but aâ— the same time tax'd above 100000 Men as well Ciâ—tizens as Strangers At last the Triumviri went into the Senate to declare that the Proscription was at an end Lepidus excus'd himself for what had pass'd assuring the Senators of a more moderate Conduct But Octavius more politickly said He wou'd still reserve to himself the Liberty of Punishing such as were guilty After this Anthony and Octavius with all Diligence march'd against Brutus and Cassius IV. The
Behaviour 14 Horatii and Curiatii their Combat for their Country 27 28 Horatius Coecles See Coecles Horatius Hortensia her Behaviour and Speech to the Second Triumvirate 387 388 I. Janus its Temple built and shut the first time by Numa Pompilius 21. A second time 193. The third time by Octavius 437 438 Illyrian War 193 194 Italian War See Social War Jugurthine War 248 to 251 Julius Caesar his danger in Sylla ' s Proscription 266. He favours Pompey ' s first great Authority 277. His Behaviour in relation to Cataline ' s Conspiracy 286 287. His Rise and Acts in Spain 288 289 290. He quits his Triumph and joins with Pompey and Crassus in the first Triumvirate 292 293. His Consulship 296 297 298. His Expeditions against the Gauls Germans Britains c. 300 to 304. and 306 to 310 and 315 316. Falls out with Pompey and the Senate and becomes Master of all Italy 320 to 327. His Expedition against Afranius and Petreus in Spain 328 to 331. Against Pompey in Illyricum 333 to 341. And in Thessaly 342 to 348. His Wars in Aegypt and Love to Cleopatra 351 to 355. Against Pharnaces in Asia 356 357. Against Cato and others in Africa 357 358 359. His magnificent Triumph 360 361. He regulates the Roman Year 361 362. His Expedition against Pompey ' s Sons in Spain 362 363 364. His great Honours and Acts at Rome 365 to 370. His Death and Character 371 to 374. His remarkable Funeral 377 378 379 L. Lepidus joins in the second Triumvirate with Octavius and M. Anthony 384 385. He is confin'd to Africk by Octavius 406. And after that banish'd by him 411 Lucius Junius Brutus See Brutus Lucius Junius Lucretia Her Rape and voluntary Death 51 52 Lucullus his Acts and Success against Mithridates 271 c. Is stopp'd in his Progress by the Senate 274. Falls out with Pompey 278 M. Macedonian War the first 218 to 221. The second 226 to 229 Maelius his popular Designs and Death 125 126 Manlius Capitolinus his Valour in saving the Capitol 141. His Designs Tryal and Execution 143 144 Manlius Torquatus his Combat with a Gaul 151. His severe Iustice 158 Marcellus his Success against Hannibal 207. His Acts in Sicily 208 209. His Death 212 Mariamne Wife to King Herod her Death 426 427 Marius his first Rise and Acts against Jugurth King of Numidia 250 251. Against the Cimbrians 251 252. In the Social War 156. Occasions the first Civil War and his Danger 257 258 259. His Acts and Cruelties in this War with his Death 259 260 261 Marius the Younger his Son his ill Success in the first Civil War with his Death 264 265 Masanissa his remarkable Passion 215 Mecaenas his Speech and Advice to Octavius in relation to the holding the Empire 441 442 443 Menenius Agrippa his skilful Management of the Seditious Commons 81 82 Metullus Numidicus his Acts against King Jugurth 249 250. His Troubles and Recovery 252 253 Milo the Tribune opposes Clodius 303 304. At last kills him 313. And is banish'd 314 Mithridatick War the first 257 262. The second 268. The third 271 to 274. and 277 to 281. Mithridates his Death 281 282 Mutius Scaevola See Scaevola Mutius Mus See Decius Mus. N. Naevius his Augury 38 Numa Pompilius the second King of Rome his backwardness to accept of the Kingdom 19 20. His Reign 21 to 24 Numantia its Siege 235 236 O. Octavia Sister to Augustus Caesar her Worth and Marriage to M. Anthony 405. Reconciles her Husband and Brother 409. Her generous Speech in relation to both Parties 417. Her Compliance 419 420 Octavius Caesar declares himself Heir to Julius Caesar with his Success 379 380 381. Marches against M. Anthony 381 382. Falls out with the Senate 383. Ioins with Anthony and Lepidus in the second Triumvirate 384 385. Marches against Brutus and Cassius and by Anthony's Assistance overthrows 'em 393 394 395. His Cruelties after their Deaths 396. His troublesome Division of Lands 400. His War with Lucius Antonius and Success 401 402 403. And with young Pompey 408 410. His Marriage with Livia 408. Is chosen perpetual Tribune 413. Falls out with Anthony 417 c. Proclaims War against him 420. Beats him at Actium 424 425. Visits Cleopatra 434 435. Reduces Aegypt and shuts the Temple of Janus 437 438. His grand Consultation with Agrippa and Mecaenas 439 to 443. His Ordinances 444 445 446. His Speech to the Senate 446 447. His establishment of the Roman Empire and his taking the Title of Augustus 448 449 450 P. Papirius Cursor his Acts against the Samnites 163 165 166 Paulus Aemilius See Aemilius Paulus Perusian War 401 402 403 Petreus See Afranius Pompey the Great his Acts in the first Civil War 164 165. In Africk 265. Against Sertorius in Spain 269 270. Against the Pirates 275 276. Against Mithridates Tigranes and many other Eastern Kings 278 to 283. His magnificent Triumph 290 291. Is oppos'd by the Senate 292. And joins in the first Triumvirate 293. Assists Julius Caesar in his Consulship 297. Procures Cicero ' s Restoration 303 304. Gains the Consulship with Crassus by Force 305. His sole Consulship 314. Falls out with Julius Caesar 320. Abandons Rome 323. And also Italy 326 327. His Wars with Julius Caesar 332 to 347. His Misfortunes Death and Funeral 347 to 350 Pompey Sextus his Son joins with his elder Brother Cneius against Julius Caesar 362 363 364. Has great Authority procur'd him by M. Anthony 380. Relieves many proscrib'd Persons 387. He severely molests Italy and comes to a Treaty with Octavius Caesar 405 406. His Wars with him after that and Death 408 to 411 Pontius Cominius his bold Attempt 140 Poplicola Valerius his several Acts and Death 61 to 70 Porcia Daughter to Cato the younger her Courage 371. Her strange Death 396 Porsena King of Hetruria besieges Rome and shews great Generosity to the Romans 66 to 69 Proscription the first by Sylla and its Effects 266 267. The second by the second Triumvirate and its Effects 385 to 389 Punick or Carthaginian War the first 181 to 191. The second 198 to 217. The third 230 to 233 Pyrrhus King if Epirus his Successes against the Romans and Civility 171 to 176. He is at last worsted and abandons Italy 177 178 179 Q. Quintius Cincinnatus See Cincinnatus Quintius Quintus Flaminius his Success against King Philip in the first Macedonian War 219 220 R. Regulus his Acts against the Carthaginians and Defeat 186. His extraordinary Bravery and Death 189 190 Remus falls out with his Brother Romulus and is slain 6 7 Romulus his Birth 5. Re-inthrones his Grand-Father Numitor 6. Founds the City of Rome 7. His Reign 8 to 18 S. Saturninus his Sedition and Death 252 253 Scaevola Mutius his extraordinary Courage and Boldness 67 68 Sceva his great Valour 338 Scipio Africanus his first Rise 211. His great Success in Spain 213. And in Africk 214 215. Where he at last overthrows Hannibal 216 217. Goes
the Designs of a Warlike Prince so in the beginning of his Reign he purchas'd the good Opinion of the Poorer sort by dividing to them Man by Man that Portion of Land which his Predecessors the two former Kings had kept to bear their Charges saying That his own Inheritance was sufficient for his own Expences That none of these might want Room he enlarg'd the City and took in the Hill Caelius where he also had his Palace and all such as had now gotten Ground and wanted Habitations built upon it so the City encreas'd in Bulk every day It was not long before this Prince had a fair Opportunity of War offer'd him for Cluilius Governour or Dictator of Alba envying the Growth of Rome had procur'd some Persons to Rob and Pillage in the Roman Territories knowing they wou'd revenge the Injury which when they did he perswaded the Albans that they had receiv'd a great Affront and caus'd 'em to take up Arms But that there might be some Appearance of Reason and for the greater Formality Ambassadors were sent to Rome to demand Restitution Hostilius presently perceiv'd the Design and well knowing that they who first refus'd Satisfaction wou'd bear the greatest Blame by nobly treating the Ambassadors cunningly delay'd giving Answer till he cou'd send to demand Restitution at Alba. His Ambassadors receiv'd a sharp Repulse from Cluilius at Alba upon notice whereof Hostilius gave Audience to the Alban Ambassadors telling them How he had receiv'd such an Answer from Alba as argu'd the League broken whereupon he proclaim'd a just and necessary War against the Albans which he wou'd carry on to the utmost Both Parties made all possible Preparations and drew out their Forces about five Miles from Rome to a Place afterwards call'd Cluilius Ditch where when they expected to have decided the Quarrel Cluilius was found dead in his Tent but whether by a natural or violent Death is uncertain In his Place was chosen Metius Fuffetius a Person who had no other Qualifications to recommend him to this Office besides his turbulent Spirit and his being as great an Incendiary as his Predecessor At the same time the Fidenates and Veientes who in Romulus's days had submitted to the Romans and in Numa's Reign were preparing and seeking for an Opportunity to shake off their Yoak had now drawn their Forces together at Fidenae with Design to fall upon both Romans and Albans after they had weakned themselves in Battel The News of these Preparations at first put the Armies to a stand and made 'em both decline Fighting for a while till at last Fuffetius fearing these People and Hostilius desiring to punish them came both to a sort of an Accomodation agreeing That for the Safety of both Nations the Quarrel shou'd be decided by a Combat of three Persons on each side and the Conquering Party shou'd obtain the Preeminence and Command over the other These Proposals were no sooner ratify'd but many Valiant Persons ambitious of the Honour of serving their Country offer'd themselves to be the Combatants but cou'd not be accepted of others being before agreed upon For it hapned that one Segvinius of Alba had formerly two Daughters one marry'd to Curiatius an Alban and the other to Horatius a Roman who being both with Child at the same time were deliver'd of Three Sons at a Birth Now to these two Ternions of Brothers was this great Combat committed as being of equal Years Strength and Courage and all Matters of Consanguinity and private Affections dispenc'd withal Now was the Fate of Rome to be decided by Six Persons only which rais'd all Peoples Hopes and Fears to a more than ordinary Pitch The Lists were prepar'd between the two Armies Judges were appointed and the Combat perform'd with extraordinary Pomp and Solemnity and with as much Courage and Resolution on both Sides The Curiatii were in a short time all wounded but two of the Horatii were slain downright and the third unhurt left to oppose three Adversaries At this the Albans gave a great Shout but he not the least daunted cunningly retreated as tho' he had wholly fled and drawing 'em out severally so as to have but one against him at once he slew 'em all and Rome became Conqueror At his return to the City his Sister met him with many provoking and reproachful Words for imbruing his Hands in the Blood of his Cozen-Germains whereof one was contracted to her upon which Horatius elevated with the Honour of his Conquest and transported with the Love of his Country slew her upon the Spot For which Fact when he was accused Hostilius avoided giving Judgment himself but hereupon created those Officers call'd Duumviri for Capital Punishments and they Condemn'd him But there lying an Appeal from these Officers to the People they gave him his Life at the Request of his Father who esteem'd it as a great and Heroick Act and gave his Daughter Ignominious Burial for a dreadful Example to all who preferr'd Private Respect before the Publick Good Hostilius dealt very gently with the Albans but notwithstanding for the Advantages gain'd over them had a Triumph II. The Fidenates and Veientes finding that they were like to be call'd to an Account for their treacherous Practices now broke into open Rebellion and Fuffetius enrag'd at the Event of the late Combat and hoping to free himself from the Roman Power privately encourag'd 'em with large Promises of Assistance if they stood in need of it The Romans and Albans now made up one Army and were advancing towards the Fidenates and Veientes but upon their nigh Approach Fuffetius who had laid all his Designs before-hand drew off all the Alban Troops on one side with a Resolution of joining with the prevailing Party The Romans apprehending the danger of their Separation and fearing some Treachery were greatly discourag'd at it but Hostilius tho' satisfy'd of the Villany immediately gave it out as publickly as he cou'd That it was done by his Order and was all a Stratagem to surprise the Enemy At this unexpected Report the Fidenates and their Companions were quite disheartned upon Suspicion of their Friends Infidelity and in a short time were put to the Rout by the Romans for which Victory Hostilius triumph'd a second Time After the Battel Fuffetius join'd with the Romans again like one that had done nothing amiss but Hostilius assembling the whole Body of the Albans and then laying before them all his treacherous Practices and villanous Designs caus'd him to be torn in pieces by Horses having before-hand sent Marcus Horatius to Alba who utterly demolish'd that City and transplanted the Inhabitants to Rome Thus fell the City of Alba once famous for its Riches and Number of Inhabitants after it had flourished 487 Years Rome grew much in Strength Riches and Grandeur out of the Ruins of Alba Mount Caelius being appointed for the Inhabitants that came from thence and the King allowing 'em all the Roman Privileges He
into the Garden and in imitation of Thrasybulus the Milesian cut down the tallest Poppies before his Face then dismiss'd him without any other Answer Sextus knowing the meaning of all that put to death the most principal Citizens and easily betray'd the Place into his Father's Hands After this Tarquin made a League with the Aequi a neighbouring People between the Volsci and the Sabines and renew'd that with the Hetrurians Tarquin having gain'd great Riches and Spoils from Suessa-Pometia resolv'd to set about the Temple his Grand-Father had design'd and when he found some Respite from War he employ'd a great number of Workmen about it At their digging to lay the Foundation a Man's Head was found bleeding afresh belonging to one Tolus which gave the Name of CAPITOL to the Building It was seated upon a high Crag or Rock on Mount Capitoline which from Romulus's time had been call'd Mons Tarpeius and before that Saturnius It was eight Acres in compass 200 Foot long and as many broad wanting 15 Foot its height being equal to its length a most magnificent Building dedicated to Iupiter in Chief but containing three Temples within the same Walls the middle belonging to Iupiter and the other two to Iuno and Minerva all under the same Roof It had a noble Front looking towards the South to the grand Forum the most frequented part of the whole City It had also a stately Porch or Gallery with three Rows of Pillars each side having a double Row and to this they ascended by an hundred Steps with large Spaces between several of ' em To carry on this great Work Tarquin employ'd much of the Publick Money and Stock and likewise the Labour of the Common People but the Building was not finish'd till two Years after his Banishment The Building of the Capitol was not only counted a great Ornament to the City in respect of Magnificence but was likewise look'd upon as a very great Blessing upon the account of Religion And in the same Reign another as great in their Opinion hapned likewise to the Romans which was this A certain strange Woman came to the King offering to fell him nine Books of the Sibylline Oracles He refusing to buy 'em at her Rate she departed and burning three of 'em return'd demanding as much for the six remaining Being laugh'd at for a Mad-Woman she again departed and burning half of 'em return'd with the other three still asking as much as at first Tarquin surpriz'd at the Strangeness of the Thing immediately sent for the Augurs to know her Meaning who much blamâ—d him for not buying the nine and advis'd him to buy the three at the same Rate The Woman after the Sale and Delivery advising him to have a special care of 'em vanish'd and was never after seen as Dionysius relates the Story Tarquin chose two Men out of the Nobility to keep them to whom he allow'd two Publick Servants but afterwards in the time of the Common-wealth they were kept with the greatest Care imaginable fifteen of the most eminent Persons of the Nobility being chosen and appointed to keep 'em in a Stone Chest in a Vault under the Capitol and these were exempted from all other Burthens both Military and Civil and for them only it was lawful to look in ' em These Magistrates from their Number were afterwards call'd Quindecemviri These Oracles were consulted by the Senate's Decree in times of Seditions Plagues and any Publick Calamities and were kept here till they perish'd with the burning of the Capitol III. The People being so much employ'd for four Years together about the building of the Capitol began to make some Complaints but Tarquin to satisfie 'em but especially to recruit his own Coffers proclaimâ—d War against the Rutili a People joining to the Latines the Volsci and the Sea pretending they had receivâ—d and entertain'd some Roman Exiles and upon that account he invested Ar dea their Metropolis a City 16 Miles South-East of Rome While he lay before this Place his Son Sextus with Tarquinius Collatinus the Son of Egerius Priscus's Nephew and some of the Principal Courtiers were drinking together in the Camp where there hapned a Discourse concerning their Wives each Man praising his own to a very high Degree which occasionâ—d a kind of a Quarrel Collatinus told 'em it was in vain to talk when their Eyes might so soon convince 'em how much his Lucretia excell'd the rest if they wou'd but immediately put it to a Tryal whereat they all cry'd Come on and being well heated with Wine they took Horse without Delay and posted for Rome From which Place they rod to Collatia to see Lucretia where coming late at night they found her not like the rest of their Wives spending her Time in Ease and Idleness but in the midst of her Maids hard at Work Her Goodness and Modesty as well as her Shape and Beauty so charm'd 'em all that they unanimously gave her the Preferrence Here Collatinus made a noble Entertainment for his Guests and the next Day returned with 'em to the Camp Sextus now inslam'd by Lucretia's Beauty and the more by the Reputation of her fam'd Chastity was resolv'd to enjoy her upâ—n any Terms therefore within few days after he went privately with one Servant to Coâ—lacia where he was kindly entertainâ—d by her and without any suspicion lodg'd in the House At Midnight he found Means to convey himself into her Bed-Chamber approach'd her Bed-side with his drawn Sword and rudely laying his Hand on her Breast threatned her with present Death if she offer'd to stir or speak The poor Lady affrighted out of her Sleep and seeing Death so nigh was in the greatest confusion imaginable but Sextus at first with all the Prayers and Intreaties told her the Violence of his Passion withal endeavour'd to corrupt her with the glittering Promises of Empire and a Crown but all in vain At last he told her If she wou'd not yield he wou'd first kill her then lay his own Slave dead by her side and report it was for surprizing her in Adultery with him by which means he obtain'd his End and in the Morning he departed Lucretia inrag'd at this barbarous Usage immediately sent for her Father from Rome and her Husband from the Camp desiring them to bring with them some particular and special Friends for a most dreadful Mischief and that of the vastest Importance had befall'n her With her Father Lucretius came Publius Valerius and with her Husband Lucius Iunius Brutus formerly mention'd who finding her in her Chamber in a most lamentable and desperate Condition she told 'em the whole Matter and rejecting all Thoughts of Comfort she most solemnly adjurâ—d 'em all with the most powerful Perswasions imaginable To revenge her Cause to the utmost and immediately with her Knife stabb'd her self to the Heart as the truest Instance she cou'd give of her real Chastity The whole Company were stricken
himself in the same Room fearing to be found there and not having time to come out Now Vindicius fearing to discover this strange Accident to either of the Consuls upon the Account of such a nigh Relation went directly to Valerius afterwards call'd Poplicola a great Assistant in this Revolution and laid open the whole Plot. Valerius was much startled at the Discovery therefore to proceed warily he first secur'd the Slave to have him in readiness then sending his Brother Marcus to beset the King's Palace and watch all the Servants there he himself with his Friends and Clients went to the House of the Aquilii where he seiz'd on several Letters writ to Tarquin by these Conspirators The Aquilii being abroad met 'em at the Gate where they endeavour'd to recover the Letters by force of Arms but Valerius by the help of his Followers violently dragg'd 'em to the Forum where he found some of the King's Servants with other Letters who had been likewise forcâ—d thither by his Brother Marcus The People throng'd on all sides but the Consul's Sons drew the Eyes of the whole Multitude upon 'em and several Tumults were like to arise till both the Consuls came and ascending the Tribunal appeas'd all Vindicius was immediately sent for by Valerius's Order and coming before the Consuls he related the whole Story at large and for a greater Proof against 'em the Letters were read publickly before all Brutus all the while inwardly burning with Rage and Fury The Accused Parties pleaded nothing for themselves but all stood wonderfully astonish'd and in a profound Silence till at last some to flatter Brutus propos'd Banishment as a sufficient Punishment and Colatine's Tears with Valerius's Silence gave the Prisoners great Hopes of Mercy But Brutus at last rose up with a stern Majesty and a Resolution to do something that the World shou'd wonder at he call'd aloud to both his Sons Canst not thou O Titus nor thou Tiberius make any Defence against these Crimes now laid to your charge This Question he put to them three several times and receiving no Answer he turn'd himself to the Lictors and Executioners saying Now 't is your Part to perform the rest Nor could all the Sentiments of Paternal Pity nor all the sad pleading Looks of the People nor yet the lamentable Complaints of the unhappy Youths move the Firmness of his Resolution but presently the Lictors seiz'd on the two Young Men and stripping 'em ty'd their Hands behind 'em then tore their Bodies with Scourges and presently after beheaded 'em Brutus all the time gazing on the cruel Spectacle with a most steady Look and unalter'd Countenance while the Multitude look'd on with a strange Mixture of Pity and Amazement Brutus after this Execution immediately departed out of the Assembly leaving the rest of the Criminals to the Discretion of his Collegue Collatine's Backwardness in punishing the Prisoners encourag'd the Aquilii to desire some time to answer and to have their Slave Vindicius deliver'd up to 'em and not to continue in the hands of their Accusers Collatine was ready to do both and to dismiss the Assembly when Valerius who had the Slave in his hands wou'd neither deliver him nor suffer the People to break up without censuring the Accused but immediately laid hands on the Aquilii and sent for Brutus exclaiming against Collatine's partial Dealings whereupon the Consul in a Rage commanded the Lictors to take away Vindicius who laying hold on him by Violence were assaulted by Valerius's Friends the People all the while crying out for Brutus Upon his appearing Silence being made he told the People He had already shewn himself a sufficient Lover of his Country by his Iustice to his Sons and left the other Delinquents to them giving leave to every Man to speak freely They immediately put it to the Vote and condemn'd 'em to be beheaded which was presently executed Collatine finding the People so enrag'd at him partly for the sake of his nigh Relation to Tarquin and partly for his unfortunate Behaviour in this Business willingly resign'd his Place and departed the City Valerius was strait chosen Consul in his room who to reward Vindicius made him Free allowing him some Privileges above former Freed Men and from him a perfect and full Manumission was afterwards call'd Vindicta This done the Consuls divided Tarquin's Goods among the People demolish'd his Palace and laid the Campus Martius which he had kept to himself open as before where happening to be Corn which had been newly cut down they threw it into the River and after that the Trees that grew there which fastning in the Ground and stopping the Rubbish that was brought down by the Stream at last grew into an Island which they call'd Insula Sacra II. Tarquin now finding all his Endeavours ineffectual drew together a considerable Army of Hetrurians and advanced towards Rome The Consuls likewise drew out theirs to oppose him and upon their joyning the two Generals Aruns the Son of Tarquin and Brutus the Consul imprudently singled out each other and fighting with more Zeal and Fury than Conduct and Discretion were both Slain A very bloody Battel follow'd between both Armies which the Night parted but with such equal Fortune that neither Party had much reason to boast but in the Night-time either from a Voice out of a Grove as the common Story goes That the Hetrurians had lost one Man more than the Romans or from some other extraordinary Fright the Enemy abandon'd their Camp and being fallen upon by the Romans were nigh 5000 taken Prisoners having lost 11300 in the Battel before For this Victory Valerius triumph'd at his return to the City after a more magnificent Manner than any before him whose Example was always observ'd by Posterity Soon after he bury'd his Collegue Brutus with great Honour he himself making a Funeral Oration in his Commendation and this Custom was continu'd in Rome for the future upon the Death of all great and memorable Persons There was such an universal Concern through all the City for Brutus's Death that the Women by general consent mourn'd for him a whole Twelvemonth which was two Months more than Numa had appointed Valerius now sole Governour deferr'd the Election of another Consul that he might the more easily settle the Common-wealth himself but the People complaining and fearing another Tarquin he soon let 'em see their Mistake by his Courteous Behaviour and ready Compliance with all their Desires even to the demolishing his own House which they thought too large and stately for him His courteous and obliging Carriage and his Bowing to the People in the Assembly got him the name of Poplicola He first fill'd up the Senate which wanted 164 Persons then made several Laws in favour of the People and for the Retrenchment of the Consular Power By one he allow'd an Appeal from the Consuls to the People By another he made it Death for any Man to take any Magistrate's
and Judges many Citizens were unjustly put to Death and others illegally depriv'd of their Estates whose Causes they all formally judg'd that they might make the greater Shew and Pretence of Justice Accusers were subborn'd out of their Dependents each one affording all Assistance herein to his Collegue and such private Persons as had Suits depending had no other way to secure their Causes but by joining themselves with the Judges Party so that in a short time most of the Citizens were also Corrupted And such as were most offended at the Extravagancy of the Decemvires Actions withdrew themselves waiting for a new Creation of Magistrates One very memorable Thing was done by 'em this Year which was their adding two Tables of Law to the ten that were made the Year before whereof one forbad all Marriages between the Patritians and Plebeians These two together with the other ten always went by the name of the Laws of the Twelve Tables being much talk'd of by many Authors and extreamly commended by Cicero as containing Matters of the greatest Policy and excelling the Libraries of all the Philosophers They were divided into three Parts whereof the first contain'd what belong'd to the Religion of the Romans the second what concern'd the Publick and the third the Rights of private Persons These Laws being establish'd it necessarily follow'd that Disputations and Controversies wou'd arise which requir'd the Interpretation and Determination of the Learned Now this Interpretation or this unwritten Law fram'd by the Learned was call'd by the common Name of Ius Civile or Civil Law Besides certain Cases were compos'd out of these Laws almost at the same time which Cases least the People shou'd make 'em at their Pleasure were to be certain and solemn and this part of Law was call'd Actiâ—nâ—s Iuris or Cases at Law So that almost at the same time arose these three sorts of Law Namely the Laws of the Twelve Tables call'd barely Leges the Civil Law and the Cases at Law The rest of the Roman Laws that were either before or after these according to Pomponius were of these sorts namely a Plebiscitum made by the Commons without the Authority of the Fathers or an Edict of a Magistrate call'd Ius Honorarium or an Ordinance of the Senate by their sole Authority call'd Senatus Consultum or Lastly that call'd Principalis Constitutio which was Enacted by the Prince or the Emperor But to return to the Decemviri who now neither regarded the Approbation of Senate nor People but in a meer Arbitrary Way continu'd themselves in Power for the Year following which was the third of the Decemvirate They so manag'd the Affairs that in a short time even the most considerable of the Citizens Patritians and others were either Murder'd or forc'd to quit the City At the same time the Sabines and Aequi began to invade the Roman and Latine Territories which did not a little startle the Decemviri because they found no means of Resistance without first assembling the Senate which had been laid aside for some considerable time At this pressing Juncture a Senate was at last call'd where Appius in a premeditated Oration propounded the Business of the War Upon which Valerius the Grand-Son of Poplicola first stood up and tho' Appius commanded him to forbear violently exclaim'd against the Tyranny of the present Usurpers He being forc'd to Silence was seconded by Marcus Horatius Grand-son to Poplicola's Collegue who having express'd great Indignation against the Decemviri threatned to have him cast Headlong down the Tarpeian Rock All the Senators exclaim'd against this as the highest Breach of their Priviledges and an intollerable piece of Injustice Whereat the Ten a little repenting this Rashness began to excuse themselves saying They hinder'd none of the Liberty of speaking to the Matter propounded but interrupted all Seditious Orations which they might do by their Power of Consuls and Tribunes receiv'd from the People not for a Year or any limitted Time but till the great Work of the Laws shou'd be finish'd until which they were resolv'd to Act and wou'd then give an Account of their Administration The Design of Tyranny and Slavery too openly appear'd under this Veil whereupon Claudius Appius's Uncle stood up and very handsomely expos'd the Arbitrary and Tyrannical Carriage of his Nephew and nine Companions plainly demonstrating that this War was solely occasion'd by the present Distempers of the State withal advising the Senators to resolve nothing till the accustom'd Magistrates were first Created Many of the younger Sort were of Opinion that the present Urgency requir'd the War to be committed to the Management of the Decemviri and others were for creating a Dictator which Opinion had the most plausible Appearance of any So that the House was very much divided many out of Fear either of the Decemviri or the Enemies having alter'd their first Intentions Appius took Advantage of these Divisions and look'd upon his own Parties Votes as a â—ufficient Determination whereupon he immediately commanded the Clerk to draw up a Senatus Consultum whereby full Power of Levying Forces and Commanding them was given to the Decemviri and straight the Senate was dismiss'd to the great Dissatisfaction of many This new way of Proceeding made Horatius and Valerius stand upon their own Defence gathering together their Clients and Dependents and caus'd Claudius to go over to the Sabines where he liv'd And notwithstanding all the Care and Provision of the Decemviri great Multitudes follow'd his Example leaving their Native Seats with their Wives and Children and went into a voluntary Exile II. The Decemviri divided their Army into three Parts whereof on continu'd with Appius and Oppius in the City and the other two were commanded by their Collegues one against the Aequi and the other against the Sabines The Aequi forc'd the Romans to abandon their Camp and fly shamefully which causâ—d great Joy in Rome among the Enemies of the Decemviri So thar Appius fearing some Attempt wrote to his Collegues in the Army to destroy their known Adversaries by any Means which was Effected upon several But at Rome among many others Siccius Dentatus the Roman Achilles as he was called blam'd the Commanders as Cowards and Unskilful whereupon Appius to secure him with good Words perswaded him to go as Lieutenant or Legatus â—o the Army then lying at Crustumeria against the Sabines Siccius without any suspicion or distrust undertook the Employment for the Office of Legatus was most Sacred and Honourable among the Romans having the Power and Authority of a General and the Inviolableness and Veneration of a Priest Upon his Arrival at the Camp he was sent out with a Party of 100 Men who had strict Orders to Murder him where he shew'd such incredible Strength and Valour that he kill'd fifteen of 'em himself and wounded twice as many as Dionysius relates it so that at length they were forc'd to throw Darts and
Stones at him keeping some distance and by that Means effected their Design The Assassinates gave out that he fell into the Enemies hands but the Soldiers easily perceiving the Villany began to grow very Mutinous and the Decemviri to appease 'em gave Siccius a very Honourable Burial which was perform'd with much Ceremony and an universal Sorrow among the Soldiers who from that time thought upon nothing but a Revolt which the other Army lying at Algedum against the Aequi soon after found a fair Opportunity to effect It was occasion'd dy one Virginius a Plebeian who had a Daughter of most admirable Beauty and of as eminent Chastity whom Appius saw by chance and was so extreamly smitten with her that nothing cou'd allay his violent Passion His own Laws had forbidden him Marrying her as being a Plebeian nor cou'd he hope to enjoy her any other Way but by procuring Claudius one of his Clients to challenge her for his Slave so that the Matter being brought before him he might judge her to be so Claudius according to his Instructions laid Claim to her and bringing the Matter to a Tryal before Appius he affirm'd That she was natural Daughter to his Slave procur'd by Virginius ' s Wife being Barren and now Dead and brought up for her own a thing though known to others as well as himself he had no Opportunity till now to make it â—â—â—ear This Pretence was so Impudent and Groundleâ—â—â—hat it rais'd the Indignation of all unconcern'd Peâ—â—ons and Numitor the Maids Uncle with Icilius who was Contracted to her â—ufficiently prov'd the Falsity of the Assertion But Appius resolutely bent upon his lustful and base Design wou'd hear no Reason nor mind any Proof till at last the loud Cries and Murmurs of the Multitude prevail'd with him to deferr the Matter till her Father cou'd be sent for from the Camp to defend her Cause for which he wou'd allow but one Day He immediately wrote to Algedum at the Camp to confine Virginius but Numitor and Icilius's Brother intercepted the Letters and Virginius pretending the Death of a near Relation got Leave to leave the Camp and come posting to the City The next Day Virginius appear'd at the Place to the great Surprize of Appius he and his Daughter both in Mourning accompany'd with several weeping Matrons and a numerous Train of Advocates the whole City crowding into the Forum Virginius prov'd the Maid to be his own Daughter but Appius corrupted by the Greatness of his Power and inflam'd with the Heat of his Lust neither consider'd the just Defence of the Father nor the bitter Tears of the poor Virgin but was inrag'd at the Pity of the Standers by thinking himself a greater Object of Pity who endur'd more for her Beauty's sake than she her self did He interrupted all that pleaded in her behalf Commanding their Silence and strait judg'd Claudius to be right Lord and Owner of her Great Outcries and Lamentations being made as well by others as the Virgin and her Relations all knowing she was doom'd to the Tyrant's Lusts Appius commanded all to depart and order'd Claudius to take Possession of his Slave Virginius finding no relief desir'd he might speak a Word with his Daughter before he parted from her which being Granted he dragg'd her hanâ—â—ng about him to a Butcher's Stall hard by and 〈◊〉 bewailing her deplorable Condition where catcâ—â—ng a Knife in his Hands he said Daughter I will send thee to our Ancestors both Free and Unspotted for the Merciless Tyrant will suffer thee to be neither here and thereupon stabb'd her to the Heart Then casting his angry Eyes up to the Tribunal he cry'd out Appius thou Tyrant with this Blood I doom thee to certain Death With the bloody Knife in his Hand in a great Rage and Fury he ran through the City wildly calling upon the People in all Places to regain their Liberty and coming to the Gate rod Post to the Army a Company of 400 Plebeians following him In this Posture Virginius arriv'd at the Camp with the Knife and his Clothes all Bloody where with all his Rhetorick and Pathetick Reasons he persuaded 'em to revolt from the Ten and redeem their sinking Country shewing 'em likewise That their Sacramentum or Military Oath was no ways binding in this Case because the Oath suppos'd the Commanders to be made according to Law which the Ten were not having Usurp'd all the Power and Authority they cou'd pretend to The Army ready enough for such a Design immediately decamp'd some few Centurions only remaining and took their Station on Mount Aventine and the next day fortifying their Camp chose Ten Captains whereof one Oppius was Chief And soon after came great Parties from the other Army who were much Offended at the Murder of Siccius and join'd them and this was the second Separation of the Commons Appius in the mean time having endeavour'd by Force to suppress the Disturbances he had rais'd in the City was so over-power'd by the Parties of Valerius and Horatius formerly mention'd that he was forc'd to keep himself to his House Oppius one of the Decemviri assembled the Fathers and urg'd the Punishment of all Deserters but the Senate was so sensible of the threatning Dangers and Miseries of the State that they were glad to come to any Agreement with the Solâ—â—ers Therefore to compose all Differences they immediately dispatch'd Messengers to the Army which had lately remov'd to the Holy Mount as they had once done above 40 Years before Where the People demanded to have the same Form of Government as was setled before the Creation of the Decemviri which was readily Granted 'em the People all returning home to the City Thus in less than three Years time ended the famous Decemvirate III. Valerius and Horatius were for their Services made Consuls for the remaining part of the Year These preferrâ—d divers Laws in favour of the Commons to the great Regret of the Patritians whereof one was That such Laws as the Commons enacted in the Comitia Tributa shou'd have the same Force as those made in the Comitia Centuriata which was a great Advantage to the People After this the Tribunes whereof Virginius was one thought it convenient to call the Decemviri to an Account Appius was Committed to Prison no Bail being allow'd him but before his Tryal was found Dead but by what means is uncertain Oppius the next to him in Guilt was accus'd and being Condemn'd dyâ—d the same day in Prison by his own Hands The other eight banish'd themselves and Claudius the pretended Master of Virginia was driven out after 'em with which Justice the State was satisfy'd and Indemnity granted to all others Affairs thus setled the Consuls took the Field against the Aequi Volsci and Sabines and so successfully as to deserve a Triumph but the Senate gave 'em a Repulse for making Laws so much in favour of the Commons and so disadvantageous to the Patritian Priviledges The Consuls
Quintius who had both been Consuls before In this Year the Consuls finding the Publick Business to increase to ease themselves procur'd two new Magistrates to be created call'd Censors so nam'd because the Business of the Census which had been instituted by Servius Tullius the Sixth King of Rome was one great part of their Office These Magistrates at first made no great Appearance but in a short time they became Persons of extraordinary Dignity and Power having all the Ornaments and Ensigns of Consuls except Lictors At the beginning they were created for five Years which space was call'd Lustrum as was formerly observ'd but soon after their time was shortned to a Year and half but still they were chosen but once in five Years the Census being no oftner perform'd Their Power was very large and their Office very extensive for tho' at first they only perform'd the Census making an Estimate of Men's Estates distributing them into their several Classes and Centuries taking the Numbers of the Inhabitants c. yet in a short time they became Publick Inspectors of Men's Lives and Manners and were therefore frequently call'd Magistri Morum and took upon 'em to degrade Senators upon Misdemeanors to take away Horse and Ring from Equites or Knights and to turn Plebeians out of their Tribes and put 'em into a Lower and many other things of the like Nature The two first Censors were Papirius and Sempronius both Patritians and the two last Years Consuls and these high Officers were for nigh 100 Years chosen out of the Patritians and only such as were Eminent and Famous and had formerly been Consuls till the Plebeians found the way to this as they did to all other Offices Afterwards the Roman Colonies had their Magistrates call'd Sub-Censors who gave an Account to these of the Number of Inhabitants and their Wealth which was immediately register'd in the Censor's Books The Fathers were extreamly satisfy'd that they had got these Magistrates created out of their own Body and the Tribunes esteeming their Power to be inconderable were willing enough to agree to it In this same Year the Ardeans as being Allies sent to the Romans for Succour against the Volsci who were call'd in by some dangerous Factions among themselves and had reduc'd them to great Extremities The Romans were ready to serve the Persons they had so lately injur'd about their Lands and immediately Geganius the Consul was sent with a considerable Army against the Volsci and he soon reliev'd the Ardeans and clear'd the Country of the Enemy This Victory was very memorable and the Consul had a noble Triumph Clulius the Volscian General being led before the Chariot Ardea had now been so dispeopled with the Factions and the late Wars that they were willing to accept of a Roman Colony which the Senate sent soon after and to shew a further Piece of Generosity restor'd all the Lands they had before adjudg'd to the Publick Use tho' with the great Complaints of many of the Commons II. The Heats of the Commons were still kept alive but for some time were of no dangerous Consequence till three Years after Sp. Maelius a rich Knight incourag'd upon these Contentions by his large Bounty to the Poorer Sort in time of a great Famine began to affect Popularity and by that means to aspire to the Sovereignty His Designs were soon guess'd at and he was accus'd of this by Minucius who had the care of the Provisions which thing in these unsettled times so startled the Senate that by advice of Quintius the Consul they order'd a Dictator to be immediately created the Tumult hourly increasing Quintius Cincinnatus now 80 Years old was the Person who chose Servilius Ahala for his Master of the Horse The Dictator presently summon'd Maelius to appear who being well back'd and supported by the Mob refus'd to obey now breaking out into open Rebellion whereupon Ahala set upon him in the Forum and kill'd him and was justifi'd by Quintius who commanded his Goods to be sold and his House to be demolish'd The Tribunes inrag'd at the Death of their great Friend Maelius procur'd Military Tribunes instead of Consuls to be created for the following Year now six Years after their first Institution hoping that some Plebeian might get into the number of Six which might give 'em an Opportunity of revenging his Death But Three only were created all Patritians too and their Expectation wholly unanswer'd The following Year Consuls were created again and in the same Year Fidenae a Roman Colony revolted to Tolumnius King of the Veientes and to inhance their Crime by his Instigation they treacherously murder'd the Ambassadors sent thither who dying thus for the Publick the Senate generously appointed Statues to be erected in their Honour This War in the beginning prov'd so dangerous and threatning to the Romans that they were forc'd to create a Dictator to manage it Mamercus Aemilius being the Person who made choice of Quinctius Ciâ—cinnatus an Eminent Youth of the City for his Master of the Horse Aemilius the Dictator obtain'd a great Victory over the Enemy in which Battel Cornelius Cossus a Tribune in the Army slew King Tâ—lumnius with his own Hands and by that means obtain'd the Honour of the Opima Spolia or Royal Spoils which were the only Spoils of that Nature since the Reign of Romulus These Spoils were a great Grace to Aemilius's Triumph and a great Honour to Cossus they being with extraordinary Pomp and Ceremony consecrated to Iupiter Feretrius Two Years after this there hapned a great Plague in the City and the Fidenates and Veientes press'd so hard upon the Romans that they were forc'd to have recourse to another Dictator and Servilius Priscus was created who chose Aebutius Elva for his Master of the Horse Servilius was so successful as not only to drive the Enemy back but to take the Town of Fidenae which he did by a Mine The taking of Fidenae was so disadvantageous to the Enemy that the Veientes sent to all their Neighbours about for Succour threatning no less than entire Destruction to Rome These formidable Preparations put the Romans upon creating another Dictator a little above a Year after the last which was Aemilius who had been Dictator three Years before and he chose Posthumius Tubertus for his Master of the Horse In a short time the Romans found that the Veientes cou'd procure no Aid so the Dictator had little Employment abroad but resolving to do something at home he caus'd the Censorship to be reduc'd to a Year and a half which was eight Years after its first Institution and then laid down his Office The Censors from this took an Occasion to remove him out of his Tribe which so inrag'd the People that the next time they procur'd Military Tribunes to be brought in again after there had been Consuls four Years And in this Election notwithstanding the great Industry of the Tribunes of the People they
that they presently created a Dictator which was Valerius Corvus one of the last Years Consuls who appointed Aemilius Mamercinus for his Master of the Horse and march'd against the Rebels who had now forc'd T. Quintius an eminent Soldier to be their General Upon the Approach of both Armies the Rebels out of Fear yielded themselves and were receiv'd into Favour the Dictator having no more Imployment abroad In the same year the frequent Inroads made by the Romans into the Samnites Country drew 'em to a Peace the Sidicini being left to their Mercy II. Soon after this Peace the Samnites desir'd of the Romans that the Latins and Campanians might be commanded not to assist the Sidicini but because the Senate wou'd not deny that these Nations were under their Command and were likewise unwilling to provoke 'em such an ambiguous Answer was return'd that the Latins and Campanians thought themselves so far disoblig'd as to revolt Manlius Torquatus now Consul the third time and his Collegue Decius Mus were sent by the Senate to chastise the Latins who now wou'd be satisfi'd with no less than having one of the Consuls and half the Senators chosen out of their Nation Upon certain Dreams and Prognostications that the General on one side and the Army on the other was certainly to be destroy'd the Consuls Solemnly agreed That in what Part the Roman Army shou'd be distress'd the Commander of that Part shou'd devote himself to the Gods and die for his Country which generous Resolution was confirm'd by Oath And because they were all acquainted with each others Discipline and way of Fighting strict Commands were given that no Man upon pain of Death shou'd Fight without Orders Both Armies were drawn up in Battalia and a bloody and obstinate Ingagement immediately follow'd the Latins pressing very hard upon Decius's Part he according to his Promise devoted himself to the Gods and rushing violently into the midst of his Enemies after a great Slaughter lost his Life the Latins being soon after entirely defeated Nor was the Discipline of Manlius less remarkable than the Courage of Decius in relation to his own Son For he passing with his Troops before the Battel nigh the Enemy was challeng'd by Metius Captain of the Tusculans whom when he had slain and stripp'd his Father with Tears commended him for his Valour but condemn'd him for his Disobedience which though a sad was a profitable Example to the rest of his Men And after that cruel Commands were usually call'd Manliana Dicta The Latins now defeated begg'd Peace which being given 'em tho not with the same Conditions to all Manlius return'd in Triumph but was met only by the Old Men the Young Ones refusing to do him that Honour and ever after hating him upon the account of his Son Soon after the People of Antium and Ardea made incursions into the Roman Territories But Manlius being Sick he nam'd Papyrius Crassus for Dictator who appointed Papyrius Cursor his Master of the Horse and kept the Field some Months in the Antiates Country but no remarkable Action hapned The Consuls for the following Year Aemilius and Publius overthrew the Latins who had again revolted upon the Account of some Lands taken from ' em Publius by whose Conduct the Victory was obtain'd receiv'd into Alliance such Cities as had been worsted and Aemilius march'd his Army and sat down before Pedum which receiv'd Supplies from several Places Tho he had the Advantage in all Skirmishes yet still the Town held out and he understanding that his Collegue was return'd to his Triumph he immediately left the Siege and went for Rome to demand that Honour likewise The Senate was much offended at this Presumption denying him that Honour except Pedum was either taken or surrender'd which caus'd him out of Revenge to joyn with the Tribunes against the Patritians the rest of his Time his Collegue not opposing it being himself a Plebeian The Senate out of a Desire to get free of 'em both order'd a Dictator to be created whom it fell to Aemilius's share to nominate as having the Fasces that Month. Aemilius nam'd his Collegue Publius Philo who appointed Iunius Brutus for his Master of the Horse and was the second Plebeian Dictator in Rome Publius was a great Vexation to the Nobility and was full of Invectives against 'em procuring three Remarkable Laws whereof the first alter'd the very Constitution of the State which was That the Plebiscita shou'd bind the Quirites or Citizens of Rome of all Ranks and Degrees whatsoever The second was That such Laws as were enacted in the Centuriate Comitia shou'd be propos'd or pass'd by the Senate before they were voted by the People The third That whereas they had obtain'd before that both the Censors might be Plebeians now one at least must of necessity be so So now the Majesty of the Roman State was more impair'd by the Authority of these two at home than it was augmented by their Valour abroad In the following Year wherein Furius Camillus and C. Maenius were Consuls Pedum was taken by Storm and the Consuls in pursuit of the Victory Conquer'd all Latium bringing it and some neighbouring Parts to an intire Submission for which they triumph'd and had Statues on Horseback erected for 'em in the Forum an Honour very rare in those Days The several People of Latium had several Conditions of Peace appointed 'em some being rewarded and honour'd others punish'd and disgrac'd according as their former Behaviour had been To Antium was sent a new Colony the old Inhabitants being forbidden the Sea and had all their long Ships taken from 'em but had leave to enter themselves in the Colony and were made free of that City The Ships were some of 'em brought into the Roman Arsenal others burnt and with their Rostra or Beaks was the Gallery or Pulpit for Orations in the Forum adorn'd whence that had afterwards the name of Rostra The Year following Minutia a Vestal Virgin was bury'd alive in the Campus Sceleratus which as Livy believes had its Name from Incest for so Incontinency in those Women was call'd And in this same Year Publius Philo was made Praetor who was the first Plebeian that obtain'd this Honour the Senate little regarding it having been so often overpower'd in Matters of the greatest Consequence And this hapned in the 416th Year of the City and 28 Years after the first Creation of this Office III. Not long after the Agreement between the Romans and Latins a War broke out between the Arunci and the Sidicini in Campania in which the latter constrain'd the former to abandon their ancient Seats and settle in Suessa which was afterwards call'd Arunca The Arunci had given up themselves to the Romans who thereupon order'd 'em Relief but the Consuls deferring it lost the Opportunity of assisting ' em But in the next Year the Sidicini with their Confederates and Neighbours the Inhabitants of Cales were overthrown
and Valerius Corvus now the fourth time Consul for the following Year and one of the greatest Roman Commanders of his time took Cales also in which he plac'd a Colony of 2500 Persons Corvus return'd in Triumph but he and his Collegue being imploy'd in some small Actions abroad a Dictator was created for the holding the Comitia for the Election of new Consuls which was Aemilius Mamercinus who appointed Publius Philo for his Master of the Horse Two Years before this a Dictator was created and another a Year after this but by reason of their undue Election and their not acting I shall not reckon 'em among the Number of Dictators Affairs abroad were in a peaceable Posture for some time but in two or three Years the mere Rumour of an Invasion by the Gauls occasion'd the Creation of a Dictator which was Papirius Crassus his Master of the Horse being V. Poplicola but neither of 'em had any extraordinary Employment In this same Year two new Tribes were added namely the Metian and the Scaptian for the late admitted Citizens which now made the Number twenty nine The Arunci were also made free of the City but without the Privilege of Voting by a Law prefer'd by Papirius the Praetor About a Year after the Settlement of these Matters above 170 Women were put to Death for the Art of Poysoning being discover'd by a She-slave This was look'd upon as such a Prodigy by the Superstitious People that a Dictator was created to drive a Nail into Iupiter's Temple as the best Remedy for the Distempers of the State Quintius Varus was the Man and Valerius Potius his Master of the Horse and this was the second Dictator created upon that account For the two succeeding Years a War was carri'd on against the Inhabitants of Privernum in the Volscian State who were drawn into it by Vitrurius Vaccus a Man of principal Note among the Arunci The first Year they were overthrown the next Vitrurius was taken Prisoner and Privernum surrender'd the principal Actors with Vitrurius being put to Death and the rest of the Inhabitants made free of the City This hapned in the same Year with Alexander's destroying the Persian Empire and his setting up the Macedonian and 60 after the burning of Rome by the Gauls In a Year or two after the Inhabitants of Palaepolis in Campania trusting to the Treachery of the Samnites and taking advantage from a Plague in Rome committed great Acts of Hostility against the Romans who dwelt about Cumae and Falernus War was presently declar'd against 'em and tho they we assisted by the Samnites and Tarentines a People beyond 'em yet they were forc'd to yield up their City which stood in some Place where Naples did afterwards and the Samnites lost three of their own Towns The Tarentines nevertheless proceeded and drew the Samnites with the Residue of the Palaepoltians again into the War wherein the Vestini together with their Allies were also ingaged In the beginning of this War great Commotions happen'd in the City occasion'd by one Papirius who had given up himself as Slave to Publius a severe Usurer to work out his Father's Debt Papirius being both Young and Beautiful Publius attempted to abuse him after a filthy Manner and upon his Refusal most cruelly scourg'd him In this Condition Papirius fled to the People who were so affected with his barbarous Usage that they procur'd these two Laws Shortly after First That no Man shou'd be detain'd in Bounds except for heinous Misdemeanors and then not after Punishment The second That the Money and Goods not the Body of the Debtor shou'd be responsible Whereupon all Prisoners for Debt were immediately set at Liberty The following Year the Vestini were overthrown by Brutus Scaeva the Consul and two Towns taken from ' em His Collegue Furius Camillus being Sick at Samnium nam'd Papirius Cursor for Dictator the most famous Commander in those times who appointed Fabius Rullianus for his Master of the Horse Papirius being encamp'd nigh the Samnites was forc'd to return to Rome to renew his Auspicia leaving a most strict Command to Fabius not to stir out of his Trenches in his absence But Fabius finding a great Advantage engag'd the Enemy and made a great Slaughter of ' em The Dictator in a great Rage return'd to the Camp and wou'd have put him to Death but the Army rescu'd him which caus'd Papirius to make great complaints to the Senate withaâ— urging the absolute Necessity of a strict Discipline and Authority But at last the Intreaties of the Fathers with the Commotions of the Tribunes and People prevail'd with him to spare his Life This Severity of Papirius so alienated the Hearts of the Soldiers that it almost cost him the loss of a Battel soon after which constrain'd him to be more Popular for the future after which he overthrew the Samnites and so much wasted their Country as forc'd them to desire a Peace The Samnites soon return'd to their former Enmity and in two Years time they grew so strong that the Senate thought it necessary to create a Dâ—ctâ—tor to oppose 'em and this was Cornelius Arvina who appointed Fabius Ambustus for his Master of the Horse and gave the Enemy a great Overthrow by which the Samnites were so weaken'd that they sent all their Prisoners and Plunder to Rome together with the dead Body of the Author of the Revolt who had kilâ—'d himself to avoid being deliverâ—d up and all to purchase Peace The Senate only receivâ—d the Men with such Goods as were particularly challeng'd and dem'd 'em Peace Inrag'd at this Pontius the chief Man among em drew out the Samnites to a Place call'd Caudium and putting ten Soldiers in the Habit of Shepherds he sent 'em to Calatia where the Consuls lay with Instructions to report that the Samnites were now in Apulia before Luceria and had almost taken it The Consuls believing this Report made all speed to relieve the Town lest their Allies the Apulians might be oblig'd to join with the Samnites Now the Romans had but two Ways to March to Luceria one large enough but far about the other a narrow Passage through the Straits of Caudium a Place incompassâ—d with high Mountains and extream difficult and dangerous to pass if an Enemy were nigh The Consuls leading their Army through this were immediately block'd up on all sides by Pontius who had possess'd himself of all the Defiles The Samnites having got the Romans at this great Advantage immediately sent to Herennius Pontius's Father to know how to proceed Herennius sent two several Messages the first to dismiss the Romans without any Injury at all the second to put 'em all to the Sword urging That one of thâ—se two Ways was absolutely necessary for the first would lay a perpetual Obligation on a most powerful People and the second would be a great weakning of a most formidable Enemy and that no third Way cou'd either gain
Xantippus a brave Lacedaemonian for their General soon after gave Regulus a dreadful Overthrow he himself being taken Prisoner and most of his Army cut off the rest escaping to Clupea But Xantippus met with more Barbarous and Ungrateful Usage than Regulus for the Carthaginians pretending to conduct him home Honourably commanded the Sea-men to throw him and his Companions over-board least so great a Victory shou'd be ascrib'd to the Lacedâ—emonians as Appian relates it The Romans were Besieg'd in Clupea till their Enemies perceiving the small probability of reducing 'em broke up the Siege and made all Preparations for the opposing the Succours sent under Aemilius Paulus and Fabius Nobilior the following Years Consuls These Consuls putting to Sea with 350 Sail were met with by the Carthaginians night hir own Coasts whom they entirely defeated taking 30 Ships and sinking 104 with the loss only of Nine of their own After this the Consuls took in the Roman Garrison from Clupea and set Sail again for Sicily expecting to have several Towns there surrender'd to 'em upon the News of this Victory but before they cou'd make the Shore there arose such a dreadful Storm that most of their Ships were swallow'd up or split upon Rocks so that the Shore was fill'd with dead Bodies and broken Pieces of Ships Both the Consuls perish'd and those few that escap'd Hiero kindly receiv'd and furnishing 'em with Cloaths and other Necessaries conveyâ—d â—em safe to Messana Karthalo the Carthaginian immediately taking Advantage of this great Misfortune besieg'd Agrigentum and soon after took it and demolish'd the Fortifications of it The Romans nothing discourag'd at the great Losses sustained by the Tempest immediately set about Building 220 Vessels which they prosecuted with that extraordinary Diligence and Expedition that in three Months time they were both Built and Launch'd On the other side Asdrubal the Carthaginian with his Veterane Troops and Levies arriv'd at Sicily with a Fleet of 200 Sail Old and New The Consuls Attilius and Cornelius being order'd for Sicily this Year manag'd the War so prosperously as to take several Towns after which they return'd Their Successors Servilius and Sempronius in the following Spring pass'd into Sicily with the whole Fleet and from thence to Africk where Coasting about they Landed in many Places but perform'd nothing very Memorable At last they touch'd upon the Island of the Lotophagi call'd Meninx nigh the lesser Syrtis where being ignorant of these Coasts they fell upon certain Quick-sands but getting off with much difficulty they return'd to Panormus in Sicily in a flying Posture Then sailing for Rome through the Straights very unadvisedly they were taken in a Storm and 150 of the Ships lost This same Year the Censors calling over the Senate turn'd out 13 Members for Misdemeanours and performing the Lustrum 297797 Free Citizens were Pollâ—d Tho' the Senate and People of Rome were extremely vigorous in all great Attempts being push'd on by an extraordinary Desire of Glory yet the Losses at Sea had now been so great and numerous that they were constrain'd to omit Naval Preparations and place all their Hopes in their Land-Forces Caecilius and Metellus were sent into Sicily with the Legions and 60 Transport Vessels only for Necssearies and they did not only yield the Dominion of the Sea to the Carthaginians but fearâ—d 'em also at Land by reason of their great Preparations but especially for their Elephants which had oftentimes much annoyâ—d ' em Asdrubal the Punick General understanding their Fears and that one of the Consuls was now return'd into Italy with half the Army with great Assurance and Confidence ravag'd all the Country about Panormus and with the more Carelessness and Security because Metellus kept himself within the Walls But the Consul taking an Opportunity so well plac'd his Men against the Elephants that when Asdrubal came nigh the Town he gave him a dreadful Overthrow killing 20000 Men and taking 26 Elephants for which he had a noble Triumph The Carthaginians immediately lost all Sicily except Lilybaeum and Drepanum to the former of which Places Asdrubal escap'd but being Condemn'd at Carthage he was taken and put to Death as soon as he returnâ—d the Unhappy Fate of many Carthaginian Generals III. The Carthaginians now finding themselves great Losers and weary'd out with a Tedious War which had now continuâ—d 14 Years began to sollicit for Peace and sent to the Senate to Treat about it With the Ambassadors Regulus also was sent who had been Five Years Prisoner and was now Bound with an Oath to return to Carthage in case there was no Peace nor Exchange of Prisoners made Regulus contrary to the Expectation of all openly in the Senate discovered the Weakness of the Carthaginians and advised the Romans to make no Peace shewing withall both how honourable and profitable it might be to the State to prosecute the War The Senate seem'd well satisfied with the Advice if it were to be followâ—d without Prejudice to the Adviser whom they Pityâ—d as well as Admir'd and cou'd not determine any thing to the Ruin of a Person who had deservâ—d so well at their hands Upon that Account they desir'd him to stay but he with an Undeunted Resolution told â—em That he knew that Death and the extreamest Tortures were preparing for him at Carthage but still he cou'd not comply with their Requests who might have better us'd their Commands had he been still his Countries Servant as he was Africk ' s Slave and upon that account not capable of living as became a Citizen of Rome yet however he had so much of the True Spirit of a Roman that he cou'd do nothing that was base or dishonourable and that he less fear'd the Tortures of a cruel Rack than the Shame of an infamous Action for the former only touch'd the Body whereas the latter pierc'd the Mind All Means were us'd to perswade Regulus to stay both by his Friends and others which he avoided as much as possible refusing to speak with his Wife and shunning the Embraces and Kisses of his little Children And when the Negotiation was at an end he return'd to Carthage there ending his Days in great Torments For first they cut off his Eye-lids keeping him in a dark â— Dungeon for a while then brought him out in the midst of the Day with his Face turn'd full against the Sun At last he was put into a Chest or Barrel stuck with Nails with the Points inward and so narrow that he cou'd have no Ease where he died with the Extremity of the Pain When the Senate heard of the Barbarous Usage of Regulus in great Rage they deliver'd up some Prisoners of the Highest Note and Quality to Marcia his Wife who shut 'em up in an Armory stuck round with Iron Spikes designing to torment them after the same manner that her Husband had been and keeping 'em five days together without Meat in which time Bostar the Carthaginian with Pain and Hunger died
Veturius Philo and Pomponius Matho was his Master of the Horse The new Consuls were Aemilius Paulus and Terentius Varro the former a prudent experiencâ—d Person the latter a hot rash and inconsiderate Man These had gather'd together an Army of 80000 Foot and 6000 Horse which gave great Hopes to the People but raisâ—d as great Fears in some of the wiser sort especially Fabius who with all the powerful Arguments imaginable advis'd Aemilius To beware of the Policy of Hannibal and the Rashness of Varro Both Armies met at a Village in Apulia call'd Cannae where Varro resolv'd to engage contrary to Aemilius's Advice the Enemy being about 40000 Foot and 20000 Horse This Battel was fought with dreadful Fury on both sides and Hannibal had plac'd his Men with all possible Skill and Art so that the Romans were not only forc'd to fight with Wind Dust and Sun but pressing forwards were in a little time almost surrounded In short the Abilities of the Punick General at this time were more apparent than ever who more over-match'd them in Skill than they exceeded him in Numbers making a most miserable Slaughter of the Romans till quite wearied out he commanded his Soldiers to give over Aemilius was found desperately wounded by Lentulus a Colonel who offer'd him his Horse to fly but the Consul with weeping Eyes desired him to make use of it himself and go tell Fabius that he had follow'd his Directions to the last but Fate had conquer'd him and then falling among the dead Bodies he expirâ—d In this Battel the Romans lost 50000 Men. Polybius says 70000 2 Quaestors 21 Tribunes 80 of Senatorian Order and so many Equites or Knights that 't is said that three Bushels of their Rings were sent to Carthage the Enemy having lost but 5700 Men. Never was any thing so terrible and dreadful to Rome as the News of this fatal Defeat never was the City so sadly fill'd with Terrour and Tumult and never was a more universal Mourning and Lamentation throughout all the Streets than at this time The Citizens were all in an Uproar and Consternation and the Senators themselves in great Trouble and Confusion being extreamly disturb'd in their Debates by the dismal Outcries of miserable Women tearing their Hair and beating their Breasts after a sad and deplorable manner A Dictater upon this was created which was M. Iunius his Master of the Horse being T. Sempronius and Order was immediately given to keep all the Women from coming abroad into the Streets the Senators themselves going from House to House to comfort and appease 'em what they cou'd Great Care was likewise taken to set strict Guards at the Gates to keep all Persons from abandoning the City and to make all People see That there cou'd be no possible Meanâ—s of preserving themselves but by bravely defending the Walls In a short time Varro arrivâ—d at Rome with the weak and tatter'd Relicts of his Army and tho' he had been the principal Cause of this Defeat yet the Romans out of an extraordinary Greatness of Mind went out to meet him in Multitudes and the Senate return'd him Thanks for that he had not despair'd of the Commonwealth Notwithstanding the vast Losses sustain'd by Hannibal and the Revolt of a great part of Italy immediately after this last Defeat the Romans wou'd never so much as mention Peace Whereas as Livy says No Nation under Heaven but wou'd have fainted and have suffer'd themselves to have been overwhelm'd and crush'd with the weight of so mighty a Disaster III. Thus far was Hannibal extraordinary successful and had he made the best use of this his last Victory by marching directly to Rome he might in all Probability have put an end to the War and Roman State at once but this great Soldier as Maharbal Captain of his Horse told him knew perfectly how to gain a Victory but not how to use and improve it For his careless manner of proceeding that Summer gave the Romans an Opportunity of Recovering themselves when they were almost reduc'd to a despairing Condition And now they were inspir'd with new Courage and new Resolutions of prosecuting the War without Fainting making all possible Preparations for another Campaign arming of several thousands of Slaves and filling up the Senate which wanted 177 Persons This last was done by Fabius Buteo a Dictator created for that purpose without any Master of the Horse and that before the last Dictator was out of Office who was then abroad But that which provâ—d most fatal to Hannibal was his Wintering in Capua a most wealthy and luxurious City which among many other Places had surrenderâ—d it self to him since his last Victory Heâ—â—â—e utterly spoilâ—d an excellent and hardy Army which now was so enfeebled and enervated by their immoderate Use of the Pleasures and Effeminateness of that Place that ever after his Men became impatient of Labour and the ancient Military Discipline So that Capua became a Cannae to Hannibal â—s Soldiers And now Hannibal's Fortune began to change for in the next Campaign he was worsted in a Sally out of Nola by Marcellus the Praetor and repuls'd at Casilinum after he had brought the Place to great Extremities and not long after Marcellus gave him a considerable Repulse nigh Nola which gave the Romans mighty Hopes of farther Successes In Spain the Scipio's managâ—d the War with great Success overthrowing Hanno and gaining much Ground and likewise defeating Asdrubal who but just before had been order'd by the Senate of Carthage to go for Italy and joyn Hannibal which Design by this means was broke In Sicily and Sardinia tho' several Attempts were made by the Carthaginians and some Revolts hapned yet Affairs succeeded prosperously especially in Sardinia where a Battel was fought and 12000 Carthaginians kill'd and many taken Prisoners among whom were Asdrubal Hanno and Mago all Persons of the highest Quality Rome now had the Misfortune of having Enemies on all sides of her and in all Parts of her Dominions and Territories so that the Vigour and Diligence of her Inhabitants was certainly very admirable in sending Recruits and Supplies into Spain Sicily and Sardinia those distant Countries with the same Care as against Hannibal himself But what is a greater Instance of the Roman Courage and Magnanimity is their proclaiming War with Philip King of Macedon in Greece not long after their dreadful Defeat at Cannae for his making a League with Hannibal and their venturing to invade his Dominion which they did with good Success About this time Claudius Centho was created Dictator for holding the 〈◊〉 in the Consul's Absence for a new Election and his Master of the Horse was Fulvius Flaccus The Affairs of Sicily were in a little time alter'd by the Death of Hiero King of Syracuse and the Murder of his Grandson Hieronymus not long after which caus'd great Factions in that City The prevailing Faction proving Enemies to Rome Marcellus was sent thither who besiegâ—d the great
City of Syracuse by Sea and Land but cou'd not storm it with all his Power being perpetually hinder'd by the great Skill and Inventions of that excellent Mathematician Archimedâ—s who contriv'd such Engines as wouâ—d cast Stones of prodigious Bulk upon the Romans and vast Beams upon their Ships and dismount all their Bat-Battering Engines He also set the Roman Ships upon one end or overturn'd them or hois'd 'em up into the Air and after all the Men were fallen out let 'em fall upon the Walls by which means he became so formidable to the Romans that Marcellus was forc'd to remove to a farther Distance Jeering his own Engineers and calling Archimedes Briareus After some considerable Actions in Sicily and after Three Years Siege Marcellus found means to surprize the City on a great Festival of theirs by reason of an Ill-guarded Tower and so became Master of it Marcellus cou'd not forbear his Tears at the Destruction of such a glorious and Magnificent City which he endeavour'd but could not prevent but above all the Death of Archimedes was the greatest Trouble to him for he had given strict Command to his Men to preserve him But this great Artist was at that time so extreamly Busie about his Mathematical Speculations that he took no Notice of the Noise and Uproar in the City and so was kill'd by a Common Soldier before he suspected any Danger His Body was honourably bury'd by Marcellus's Order and vast Plunder was obtain'd by the Soldiers besides many rich Works and great Rareties sent to Rome the City being full of People and 22 Miles in Compass The Wars in Italy were manag'd the same time with various Success Hannibal had Tarentum betray'd to him the Castle still holding out and the Romans invested Capua straitning it so much that they were forc'd to send to Hannibal for Relief He made no great haste to relieve 'em being very desirous to take the Castle first but then coâ—sidering how great a Disgrace the loss of such a Place as Capua wou'd be he broke up the Siege of Tarentum and directed his March thither Hannibal attack'd the Romans in their Trenches and tho' he was assisted both by the Inhabitants and his own Garrison he was repell'd with considerable Loss Finding the Relief of the Place extream hazardous he resolv'd to fall upon Rome it self expecting that the very Name of such an Enterprize wou'd oblige 'em to raise the Siege for which Reason he March'd directly that way His Designs being heard of at Rome the Citizens were variously inclin'd as to their Way of Security some thinking all the Forces in Italy were to be sent for but Fabius wou'd by no means hear of rising from before Capua therefore a middle Way was taken which was to send for Fulvius the Proconsul from the Siege with 15000 Foot and 1000 Horse for the Defence of Rome which was speedily effected Hannibal being now encamp'd about eight Miles from the City Hannibal in a short time decamp'd and advanc'd to the River Arno three Miles from Rome from whence with a Party of 2000 Horse he went to take a View of the City Flaccus much offended that he shou'd take such Liberty without Opposition sent out a considerable Body of Horse which falling upon him forc'd him to retreat The next Day and the Day following Hannibal on one side and Flaccus with the Consuls on the other drew out all their Forces for a General Battel but on both those Days there fell such great Storms of Hail and Rain that the Armies cou'd not joyn but after they had retir'd to their Camps the Weather provâ—d fair and calm This struck the Carthaginians with a Religious Awe and made Hannibal to say That one while his Mind another time his Fortune wou'd not suffer him to become Master of that mighty City Whereupon he decamp'd and March'd to the River Turia from thence to the Lake of Feronia where he plunderâ—d a Temple of that Goddess proceeding in this outrageous Manner through the Countries of the Lucani and Brutii which Cruelty lost him much Credit and did him as much Injury Flaccus return'd to the Siege of Capua which soon after was surrender'd the Heads of the Revolt being put to death and the common sort sold. This City being situated in so good a Soil was reserv'd for the Use of all sorts of Plowmen Labourers and Artificers without any Shew of Government of its own as it had formerly This happen'd in the 7th Year of this War and 54â—d of the City In Spain the War had been carry'd on all this time with great Vigour the Romans being generally Conquerours killing in one Battel 3â—000 Men but in this last Year Claudius Nero the Governour of Spain was much impos'd upon by the Treachery of Asdrubal and another Governour was order'd to succeed him both the Scipio's having been slain not long before in Spain A Comitia was held for the creating a Proconsul for Spain but none appear'd to stand for that Office well perceiving the Hazards and Difficulties of such a War which causâ—d a great Concern and Sadness among the 〈◊〉 Whereupon young Scipio a Noble Youth 〈◊〉 24 Years of Age bravely stood up and profess'd â—â—â—self Candidate having the Year before been 〈…〉 tho' under Age by the great Favour and Câ—â—â—ence of the People This Scipio was Son to the Consul slain in Spain a Person of rare and wonderful Abilities for his Age of extraordinary Courage and Valour and of as eminent Prudence and Vertue which excellent Accomplishments made him joyfully accepted of by the Votes of all but after he was chosen they began to have some Concern upon the Account of his Youth which he apprehending call'd 'em together and with such a noble Spirit and great Resolution promis'd 'em Success that they departed abundantly satisfied with their Choice The following Year after Scipio's Voyage to Spain Valerius Laevinus who had done good Service against Philip of Macedon was made Consul a second time and sent into Sicily where taking the City Agrigentum he soon reduc'd the whole Island which was the first time the Romans became Masters of all Sicily and this fell out in the 8th Year of this War and 544th of the City In the time of Laevinus's Consulship a Dictator was created for holding the Comitia for a new Election both he and his Collegue Marcellus being abroad this was Fulvius Flaccus and his Master of the Horse was Licinius Crassus In this Election Fabius Maximus was chosen Consul a Fifth time in which Year Tarentum was Betray'd into his hands the Success of this Campaign proving very doubtful and various and in this same Year was a Lustration where were found but 137108 Free Citizens by which Account it appears what great Losses the Romans had sustained by these Dreadful Wars Marcellus for this Year sometimes won and sometimes lost with Hannibal and the following was made Consul a Fifth time when going against Hannibal he was slain in
an Ambuscade a Valiant Soldier who was callâ—d the Sword as Fabius 〈◊〉 Buckler of Rome His Collegue Crispinus also 〈◊〉 a Wound which in a little time killâ—d him 〈◊〉 nominated a Dictator for holding the Comitiâ—â—â— new Election which was Manlius Torquatus his Master of the Horse being C. Servilius The following Year Asdrubal was order'd to leave Spain and go for Italy to the Assistance of his Brother Hannibal Whereupon Livius the Consul was order'd to meet and oppose him whilst his Collegue Nero observ'd the Motions of Hannibal but Nero having met with some Success against Hannibal made a choice Detachment of 6000 Foot and 1000 Horse and with great Secrecy and as great Expedition Marchâ—d towards his Collegue Having joyn'd him they surrounded Asdrubal who by the Treachery of his Guides had led him into a dangerous Place and cut him and his whole Army in pieces Nero immediately returnâ—d to his Camp and before Hannibal knew of his Departure cast his Brother's Head in his Camp by which to his great Grief he knew of his Defeat At the finishing of this Consulship a Dictator was created for the holding of the Comitia for a new Election the Consuls being both in the Field which was Livius Salinator his Master of the Horse being Caecilius Metellus The Year after this Scipio after the obtaining many great Victories and the performing many noble Exploits in Spain wholly reduc'd that Country to the Obedience of Rome having taken or driven out all the Carthaginian Commanders and gain'd as much Reputation by his Mild Sweet and Generous Temper as he did by his Courageous and Valiant Acts. This happen'd Five Years after his undertaking this Charge and Twelve after the Beginning of this War IV. The Romans now found themselves in a much better Condition than they were at the Beginning of these Wars especially by the happy Reduction of two such considerable Provinces as Spain and Sicily which had been great Diversions to â—em but still Hannibal in the Bowels of Italy was a severe Curb and a grievous Burden to â—em upon which Scipio at his Return being made Consul at 29 Years of Age greatly desired to be sent into Africk as the most effectual Means to finish the War declaring to the Senate That he doubted not but to manage Affairs so as that the Carthaginians should be forcâ—d to recall Hannibal out of Italy for the Defence of his own Country Fabius most earnestly and with some Heat oppos'd this and thereupon a considerable Difference arose but at length Sicily was granted him for his Province and Leave given him to pass over into Africk if he saw it convenient for the Common-wealth All the first Year he spent in Sicily in providing Necessaries for his Expedition at the end of which a Dictator was created for holding the Comitia for a new Election of Consuls namely Caecilius Mâ—tellus his Master of the Horse being Veturius Philo The next Lustrum being soon after 215000 Free Citizens were Cessâ—d which was 77892 more than at the last a happy Encrease for Five Years time This same Year which was the 14th of this War Scipio arriv'd at Africk with a brave Fleet where Masanissa King of Numidia who had joyn'd with him in Spain came in to his Assistance Scipio was not long in Africk without Employment for in a short time Hanno opposâ—d him and was slain himself with 3000 of his Men which so encourag'd Scipio that he immediately Invested Utica but Syphax King of Numidia who had dispossess'd Masanissa of his Kingdom Marching with the Carthaginians to relieve the Place Scipio broke up the Siege and departed to his Winter Quarters But in the Winter he again Invested Utica and understanding that the Enemy was encamp'd not far off he sent his ablest Soldiers in the Habits of Slaves with his Commissioners to view their Camp This done he suddenly set Fire to their Coverings of Mats Reeds dry Boughs and the like which they not suspecting but thinking it came by Accident were cut in pieces in the midst of the Hurry and Confusion to the Numberof 40000 Men 6000 being taken Prisoners Not long after he gave them another great Overthrow which so terrify'd the Carthaginians that they were obligâ—d to recall their great Champion Hannibal out of Italy who himself likewise had been in declining condition for a considerable time An Embassage was immediately dispatch'd to Rome with a Design to obtain a Cesâ—ation of Arms till Hannibal cou'd safely retire from Italy But their Aim being sufficiently understood their Message was slighted and came to no Effect During these Endeavours Syphax finding his Kingdom wou'd probably return to Masanissa the True Inheritor had gather'd together a Numerous Army of Unexperienc'd Strangers and with them March'd against Scipio but was soon defeated and himself taken Prisoner Masanissa the better to regain his Kingdom March'd with all speed to Cirta the Chief City and by shewing them the King in Bonds procur'd the Gates to be open'd every one striving to gain the Favour of him who as they perceiv'd wou'd be their King Among the rest Queen Sophonisba Syphax â—s Wife a Woman of incomparable Beauty who very earnestly and humbly besought him That she might not be deliver'd up into the hands of the Romans Her Powerful Charms so recommended her Suit that young Masanissa forthwith granted it and the more effectually to perform his Promise Marry'd her himself that Day This Action was much disapprovâ—d of by Scipio at his Arrival soon after letting him to understand That the Romans had a Title to her Head as being their Captive one of their greatest Enemies and the Principal Cause of all Syphax ' s Treachery Upon this therefore Masanissa in desperate Passion sent her a Bowl of Poyson at the receiving of which she only said That if her Husband had no better Token to send to his new Wife she must accept of that adding That her Death had been more honourable if her Marriage had been farther from it and so boldly drank it oft Scipio the better to comfort the Melancholy Prince had him immediately Proclaimâ—d King of Numidia with the greatest Pomp and Solemnity that couâ—d be expected having now setled him in his Throne without any farther Opposition V. Hannibal had now made his greatest and utmost Efforts in Italy and had perform'd more than any other Commander when he was recall'd by his Superiours and with great Concern and Reluctancy was forc'd to quit that Country after he had spent 15 Years in it with various Fortune He complain'd much of his Senate and of Himself of his Senate because they had so badly supplyâ—d him with Money and other Necessaries when he had been so long in an Enemies Country of Himself for giving the Romans time to recover themselves after he had so often overthrown ' em It is said likewise that before he Embark'd he built an Arch nigh the Temple of Iuno Lacinia where in Punick and Greek Letters
Vote of the Senate in these or the like Words Videant Consules ne quid detrimenti Respublicâ— accipiat Marius therefore with his Collegue set upon Saturninus in the Publick Assembly and forcâ—d him and his Followers into the Capitol where for want of Water they were constrain'd to yield after Marius had given 'em his Faith for their Safety Saturninus and Glaucius much rely'd upon Marius not scrupling to give out That they were but the Actors and Instruments of his Designs But notwithstanding this Security they were all cut in Pieces by the Equites in the Foâ—rum who broke in among 'em and Numidicus especially by his Sons Industry was recallâ—d with the General Applause of the People The Wars abroad and the Dissentions and Corâ—uptions at home did not hinder Learning for that â—till flourish'd more than ever and Poetry was come almost to its highest pitch in Rome for a little before â—his flourish'd the Famous Lucretius an admirable Poâ—t in his kind and in many particulars scarce inferiâ—ur to Virgil. Now for the space of seven or eight Years there was no great Action abroad nor any oâ—en Sedition at home but however there was great Dissatisfaction among those of the Senatorian Order by reason of the Power of Judicature given to the Equites by C. Gracchus's Laws which prov'd an extraordinary Grievance to â—em The Common-wealth too was bought and sold the Publicans who Farmâ—d the Publick Revenues being as they were Equites both Judges and Parties Upon these accounts Drusus the Tribune a very eminent and well-designing Person endeavour'd to restore the Fathers to their Ancient Privileges and Authority and yet not offend the Equites and therefore the Senate being now reducâ—d to a small Number he preferr'd a Law that as many Equites should be added to them and that the Power of Judicature shou'd be committed equally to all that shou'd be then of this Body This gave great Offence to both Parties and Caepio also one of Drusuâ—'s Collegues oppos'd him and coming into the Senate there accus'd some of the Highest Rank of Illegal Endeavours to gain Offices Drusus to withstand his Designs again propos'd the Agrarian Law and that the Allies and Confederates of Italy the present Possessors might take it amiss he gave 'em hopes of the Freedom of the City A great Concourse of Strangers was occasion'd upon this account and as great a Contention raisâ—d where Philippus the Consul for opposing the Law for dividing the Lands was Disgracefully buffeted by one of the Strangers and violent Disturbances follow'd Drusus disappointed in this Particular still endeavour'd to perform his Promise to the Italians but going home accompany'd with a Great Multitude of People he was Stabb'd in the Court of his own House having Breath enough to say That the Common-wealth cou'd never find a Person more true to her Interest than he IV. These Troubles did not end with Drusus's Death for soon after a very Dangerous War broke out upon this account with most of the Italians call'd the Social or Italian War These People had for some time taken it very hainously that they were deny'd the Freedom of the City which had been partly Promis'd 'em in the time of the Gracchi But now Drusus's Death who had very much heightned their Expectations inrag'd 'em more than eveâ— especially when the Equites immediately after had by-force of Arms procur'd a Law for Banishing all the Great Persons who were not for their Interest The Italians also thought that they had sufficient Reason to expect this Privilege from that City whose Subsistance and Empire had been so much maintainâ—d by their Valour they commonly sending out double the Number of Troops to those of Rome Upon these Grounds they resolv'd to procure that by Force and Violence which cou'd not be obtain'd by Intreaties and Civil Means and thereupon they joyned together in a close Confederacy and privately sent Messages and Hostages to each other namely the Lucanians Apulians Marsi Peligni with many others and especially the old Enemies of Rome the Samnites who made their Preparations with equal Diligence and Secrecy These private Transactions being discover'd at Rome tho' late enough Spies were immediately sent out into all Quarters to make what further Discoveries they cou'd One of which happening to see a young Man of Asculum carryâ—d into another City for an Hostage thereupon acquainted Servilius the Pro-Consul who going to Asculum and reprimanding the Citizens of that Place was set upon and Slain together with all the Romans Their Designs being now wholly discoverâ—d for their greater Security they all broke out into open Rebellion However first they thought it most convenient to send to Rome to complain but their Messengers cou'd not be Admitted without Satisfaction and Repentance for what they had already done Whereupon the War was committed to both the Consuls together with Mariâ—s and Sylla and several othersâ— ther 's who had Pro-Consular Authority the Forces on either side amounting to about 100 000 fighting Men. The War was very dangerous and destructive and Râ—tilius the Consul in a short time lost his Life falling into an Ambuscade laid by the Marsi and the Romans receiv'd many terrible Blows so that they were constrain'd to List many who had been Slaves The Bodies of the Consul and several others being carryâ—d into the City so discourag'd the People that the Senate made a Decree that henceforward the Bodies of the Slain should be Bury'd where they Dy'd which as a Prudent Example was likewise follow'd by the Enemy After the Death of Rutilius his Army was committed to Marius his Lieutenant and Capio who acted in Conjunction with him Caepio was Slain not long after in an Ambuscade laid by Popedius one of the Italian Generals so Marius had his Desire of Commanding alone and did excellent Service as likewise did Sylla the same Year For the following Year Pompeius Strabo Father to Pompey the Great and Porcius Cato were made Consuls and now the Senate thought fit to give the Freedom of the City to such of the Italians as had not Revolted which much establishâ—d those who were somewhat wavering in their Minds and abated the Courages of the other already ingag'd Yet these were not chosen into any of the 35 Triben but were placâ—d by themselves behind all so that in Voting they cou'd not hinder the rest which afterwards causâ—d some Disturbance Cato the Consul did very good Service this Campaign which swell'd him with such an Opinion of himself that he boasted himself equal to Marius for which he was Slain by Marius's Son in the midst of a Battel against the Marsi His Collegue Pompey overthrew the Picentes and Asculani and having long Besieg'd Asculum he defeated the Enemy which Sally'd out upon him he likewise kill'd 18000 of the Mâ—rsi taking 3000 Prisoners And at last possessing himself of Asculum he caus'd all the Officers and Principal Men in the City to be first Scourg'd and then Beheaded Sylla
all possible Ways and Methods to procure Forces and thus was the rest of the Summer spent in which time the Capitol was burnt down none knowing by what means it was done this hapned about 430 Years after it was first built The following Year Carbo a third Time and young Marius the Son of the former were made Consuls the latter at 27 Years of Age. In the beginning of the Campaign Carbo's Lieutenant Carinus was overthrown by Metellus and Marius himself by Sylla Marius was driven into Praeneste where being closely besieg'd and almost despairing of Relief he in a great Rage wrote to Brutus then Praetor at Rome to use some Pretence to call the Senate and then to kill the principal of 'em who were his Enemies which Order was executed with great Cruelty so that whatsoever Side were Conquerors Rome was still a miserable Sufferer Metellus having by this time overthrown Carbo once more and Pompey defeated Marcius another of that Party Sylla march'd directly to Rome which Place he easily enter'd great Numbers of the opposite Faction being fled into the Country The Inhabitants of Rome were extremely terrifyâ—d at Sylla's Entrance but he only put the Goods of the Persons that fled to Sale wishing the People not to be dejected for he was oblig'd to act as he did Then leaving a sufficient Garrison in the City he departed to Clusium where he and his Officers several times overthrew Carbo's Armies Carbo being now upon the defensive sent eight Legions to Praeneste to relieve his Collegue Marius but they were met by Pompey in a narrow Passage where he â—lew many of 'em and dispers'd the Rest. Soon after Carbo being join'd with Norbanus engag'd with Metellus and had 10000 of his Men slain and 6000 yielded whereupon great Numbers went over to Sylla's Party which presently became Masters of all Gaul on that side the Alpes Norbanus fled to Rhodes where fearing to be deliver'd up he kill'd himself and Carbo fled to Africk tho he had 30000 Men at Clusium besides other Forces all which soon after were broken and dispers'd by Pompey But Carinus and Marcius with other Commanders by the Assistance of the Samnite Troops endeavour'd to force the Trenches at Praeneste and relieve Marius but finding it impracticable they advanc'd to Rome where meeting with Sylla a most bloody Battell was sought at the very Gates in which many thousands were slain on both sides But Sylla at last obtain'd the Victory and Carinus and Marcius were taken and their Heads sent to Praeneste to be shewn to the Inhabitants at which sorrowful Sight they surrender'd to Lucullus and Marius kill'd himself whose Head was set up in the Pleading-Place at Rome All his Faction in Praeneste with the Natives and Samnites were put to Death without Mercy only the Romans escap'd with their Lives and this rich City was plunder'd Norba a little after was taken and the Inhabitants setting the Town on Fire all destroy'd themselves some one way and some another So now all Italy came under the Power of Sylla Sylla having been thus successful against his Enemies at home sent Pompey into Africk against Carbo and gave him Charge to pass from thence into Sicily against others of that Party Pompey in a short time drove Carbo into Sicily and thence into Corcyra where he took him and causâ—d his Head to be cut off and sent to Sylla But Rome in the mean time now severely felt the dreadful Effects of Civil Contests for Sylla calling the People together told them That he wou'd put 'em into a better Condition if they were obedient to his Commands but as for his Enemies be was resolv'd to prosecute them with all sorts of Miseries and Calamities which he did with more Severity than any before him killing and butchering many thousands after a most barbarous and inhumane Manner Eight Thousand were put to Death together in the Villa Publica a large House in the Campus Martius Men were slain in the Embraces of their Wives Children in the Arms of their Mothers and Liberty was given to the Soldiers to kill all they met without distinction till Furfidius a little stopp'd the Current of his Rage by putting him in mind that he ought to leave some to reign over Sylla then publish'd Tables of Proscription for particularly Persons these being the first ever known in Rome wherein were proscribed 80 Senators and 1600 Equites to which he afterwards added more promising great Rewards to the Discoverers and threatning Death to the Concealers of them Of these Out-lawâ—d Persons some were slain in their Houses others in the Streets and others prostrate at his Feet begging their Lives and those that fled their Goods were seizâ—d on Marius Brother to Sylla's great Enemy had his Eyes first pull'd out then his Hands and Legs cut off at several times that he might die with the greater Torment â— Iulius Caesar a young Man of wonderful promising Abilities who had marry'd Cinna's Daughter very hardly escap'd the common Miseries of these Times of whom Sylla was wont to say after a Prophetick Manner That in Caesar were many Marius ' s. Rome was not the only Sufferer in these dreadfull Calamities for this Proscription was carryâ—d throughout all the Cities of Italy where the merciless Effusion of Blood was such that neither the Temples of the Gods nor all the Sanctuaries cou'd afford Protection to any Man Both the Consuls being now destroy'd Sylla withdrew himself from the City and order'd the Senate to create an Inter-Rex which they most willingly did naming Valerius Flaccus He wrote to him to ask the People that since Affairs were yet much unsettled a Dictator might be created and that not for any limited Time but till all publick Evils and Grievances should be redress'd not forgetting to mention himself This the People were constrain'd to yield to he having then all the Power in his own Hands and so this Office which had been intermitted for 120 Years was conferr'd on him without any Limitation of Time And thus ended the first Civil War in Italy tho' not in all other Places about 6 Years after it began and four after the first Marius's Death in the 672d Year of the City in the 3d. Year of the 174th Olympiad 427 Years since the Beginning of the Consular State 248 since the setting up of the Macedonian Empire and 80 before our Saviours's Nativity CHAP. XIV From the Perpetual Dictatorship of Sylla to the first Triumvirate namely that of Caesar Pompey and Craâ—sus which prov'd the Ruin of the Consular State and the first Step to the setting up the Imperial Containing the Space of 22 Years THE Government of Rome was now for some space changâ—d to a Monarchy Sylla's Power being unlimited as to Time and thoâ— to keep up a Shew of a Common-wealth he permitted Consuls to be made yet he plainly reignâ—d alone having 24 Lictors with their Fasces and Axes and a great Guard constantly to attend his Person as the
Kings in former times had and repealing old Laws and enacting new at his pleasure He regulated the Consulship ordering that none shou'd be capable of it without first passing through other Offices He remov'd that Plague to the Senate the Tribuneship by making those who bore it uncapable of any other Trust. He added 300 of the Equites to the Senate and likewise 10000 of the Slaves of the Proscribed to the People making 'em Free and calling 'em Cornelii according to his own Name and he assign'd great quantities of Land to 23 Legions the better to secure and bind 'em to his Interest This was the first Year of Sylla's Reign in which the War broke out again with Mithridates about three Years after the first occasion'd by Murena whoâ— Sylla had left behind him in Asia This Person being extraordinary ambitious of a Triumph found an Opportunity of making a Breach with Mithridates contrary to the Senate's Designs but as it proved he only procurâ—d himself an Overthrow and Mithridates a Peace not long after which finish'd the second War with that Prince having lasted above two Years In the second Year of Sylla's Office he again made Consuls but joyn'd himself with Caecilius Metellus he being one which Course the Emperors afterwards imitated The Year after when the People designâ—d him Consul again he declinâ—d it and chose two others and then to the great Surprize and Wonder of all Men he laid down his Dictatorship in the third Year of his Office and what was more Surprising tho' he had done so many cruel and wicked Acts he like a Man perfectly Just and Innocent freely offerâ—d to give an Account of all his Management and Proceedings Yet we find none accus'd him but one young Man whose scurrilous Language to him made him say that such course Usage for the future wouâ—d keep any Man from laying down an Office of such Supream Authority which Iulius Caesar afterwards seem'd to have been aware of Not long after he retired himself into the Country where following nothing but his Pleasure he dy'd in a short time at Puteoli his body being putrefied and all turn'd into Lice This was the End of Cornelius Sylla and as his Life was very pernicious to his Coâ—ntry so was his Death extreamly troublesome to it the two Consuls and their Factions falling about the Honours design'd for him at his Funeral Catullus prevailing against his Collegue Lepidus his Body was carry'd in great Pomp and State through the City and was the first in Rome that was burnt to prevent being treated as Marius before had been whose Bones Sylla himself had order'd to be digged up and thrown away After this the Consuls fell into greater Dissentions about the Lands given away by Sylla which Lepidus was for returning to the former Possessors The Senate being very fearful of another War made 'em both swear Not to deside the Controversie by the Sword But Lepidus resolv'd not to return out of his Province 'till the new Election of Consuls was over and then to begin a War thinking himself discharg'd from his Oath when he was out of his Office Hereupon the Senate sent for him and at his return he offer'd to bring his Troops into the City but being oppos'd by Catullus and Pompey a Battel inâ—uâ—d wherein he was overthrown and fleeing to Sardinia he dy'd the same Year with Sylla This was not the end of all these Troubles for a more dangerous War was still depending in Spain against Q. Sertorius an admirable expert Commander of Ciâ—â—â—a's Faction who had driven out all Sylla's Party from Spain and had chosen 300 of his Friends whom he call'd a Senate in Opposition to that at Rome Sertorius having joyn'd with the Celâ—iberians had before been Successfull against Metellus and now being re-inforc'd with part of Lepidus's Army brought over by Perpenna he design'd no less than the Invasion of Italy The Senate apprehensive of this threatning Danger sent Pompey against him who for his great Exploits in Africk and Sicily had already triumph'd tho' scarce 26 Years of Age and neither Consul nor Praetor Pompey in Imitation of Hannibal pass'd the Alpes tho' a contrary way but with no Success against Sertorius either then or in the next Spring and tho' Perpenna and Herculeus were several times worsted by Metellus yet Sertorius by his extraordinary Management reduc'd Pompey to great Extremities insomuch he was oblig'd to send to Rome for Supplies which after he had receiv'd he attackâ—d several Places subject to Sertorius yet perform'd no thing of Consequence this Year The following Year Pompey and Metellus being much strengthn'd made Incursions into several Parts and with more Success than formerly yet no considerable Battel was fought And indeed there needed none since Sertorius fell away insensibly by disobliging his chief Soldiers in preferring the Celtiberians for his Guard but more especially by his degenerating into a lazy and debauch'd as well as cruel Temper putting many to Death with little Reason or Justice And now Perpenna fearing it might fall to his Lot to be destroy'd amongst the rest resolv'd to prevent it and thereupon inviting him to a Sumptuous Feast first made him and his Companions very drunk and then murder'd him which was a very inglorious End for so great a Soldier who had stoutly and bravely resisted all that had been sent against him and had been admired by the Spaniards as another Hannibal Perpenna with much difficulty obtain'd his Command from his Army but not long after was overthrown in Battel and taken Prisoner by Pompey He offer'd to disclose to Pompey in private some Matters of the highest Consequence if he wou'd spare his Life but Pompey with great Policy and Discretion commanded him to be Executed immediately and his Papers all to be burnt least his Accusations shou'd bring the State into further Troubles of which it had felt too severely already Thus ended all the Civil Wars in the 68th Year of the City 1â— Years after they first began and 9 after it ended in Italy in the Consulship of Terentius Varro and Cassius Varus the former being a Person of wonderful Knowledge and one of the most Learned Men that ever Rome produc'd in whose time Learning was in many respects at the highest Pitch in the State II. But the Year before a third War broke out with Mithridates who now had joyn'd himself with Tigranes King of Armenia and gatherâ—d together an Army of divers Countries consisting of 140000 Foot 16000 Horse by which he in a short time Possess'd himself of all Bithynia which Nicomedes the late King had given by his Will to the Romans Lucinius Lucullus and Aurelius Cotta being Consuls the former a brave General was sent against Mithridates He found the King before Câ—zicus a City of Propontis where he plac'd his Men with so much skill as to besiege the Besieger and reduc'd Mithridates to such Extremities that through Famine he was forc'd first to send away his Cavalry and
Disturbances in those Parts and relieving â— Cicero Brother to the Orator and one of his Lieutenants who was besieg'd by the Eburones he finish'd his fifth Year's Expedition The next Year Caesar perceiv'd that many of the States of Gaul were dispos'd to a general Insurrection in a great measure upon the account of an imperfect Settlement of Affairs the last Year whereupon he re-inforc'd his Army with three Roman Legions and as many Auxiliaries as he cou'd well procure He pursu'd his Business with great Vigour and openâ—d the Campaign sooner than ordinary thereby to break or at least to weaken their Union He soon subdu'd and reduc'd several Nations of the Gauls as the Nervii first and shortly after the Senones Carnutes and the Menapians while his Lieutenant Labienus reduc'd all the People about Triers After this he built a Bridge and pass'd the Rhine a second time by reason that several of the Germans had enter'd into a Confederacy with the Gauls where after he had made some Attempts upon the Suâ—vi with little Success upon the account of their flying into Woods and impassable Places he turn'd his Arms against the Eburones But while he was ravaging their Territories the Sigambri crossing the Rhine suddenly set upon Cicero's Camp kill'd many and caus'd a great Consternation among his Men but at last were forc'd to retire at the News of Caesar's Approach who after that fell a-fresh upon the Country of the Eburones then call'd a Council in Gaul for the Punishment of all Revolters and providing his Army with all Necessaries drew it into their Winter-Quarters and so ended Caesar's sixth Year's Expedition in the 701st Year of the City IV. During these great Actions in Gaul Pompey and Crassus upon the expiring of the Time of their Consulships began to take care about their several Governments that were allotted ' em Crassus was extremely elevated with the Thoughts of his Expedition into Syria and Parthia promising himself greater Success and Glory that even Pompey himself Therefore he was very forward and diligent in his Preparations The Tribunes hinder'd the raising of Men as much as they cou'd and labour'd to repeal the Laws made for their Expeditions Pompey was well enough satisfy'd sending his Lieutenants into his Provinces being unwilling to leave the City as he pretended because of the general Charge of Provisions committed to him an Honour which Cicero in Recompence for his Ressitution had procur'd him from the Senate that so he might have Authority all over the Roman Empire But Crassus betook himself to Force which when the Tribunes saw themselves unable to withstand they desisted but loaded him with horrible and unheard-of Curses and Imprecations and many exclaimâ—d against it as an unworthy Thing to injure the Parthians who deserv'd no Ill at the Romans Hands but were now in Peace with ' em But Crassus heeding no Reproaches in this case after he had got all things in a Readiness set forward to his Province Pompey the mean time kept himself wholly to the City still contriving how to make himself more great and powerfull in his Country But the Fame of Ceasars Conquests which daily fillâ—d the City began to prove very ungratefull to him who feared nothing so much as a Rival in point of Glory and therefore he set himself to do all that was in his power to diminish the Reputation of Caesar obliging the Magistrates not to publish any Letters they receiv'd till he had forestall'd the Credit of 'em by spreading selfe and disadvantageous Reports This gave great cause of Trouble to many discreet and wise Persons who foresaw the Miseries that wou'd follow from a Rupture between two such Extraordinary Persons and what still augmented their Fears was the Death of Pompey's Wife Iulia Daughter to Caesar which hapned at the same time Pompey most passionately lov'd her and her Wit and Vertue had always a great Ascendant over the Dispositions both of Caesar and Pompey The people of Rome gave sufficient Testimony of the Respect they bore her by publick Demonstrations of their Sorrow and when Pompey wou'd have carry'd her Body to one of his Houses nigh Alba the people wou'd not suffer it but bore it into the Field of Mars where they bury'd it with the greatest Magnificence imaginable From this Moment Pompey resolv'd to pursue nothing but his own particular Advancement and for the restoring himself to the Favour of the People he caus'd a stately Theatre to be built which he dedicated by Plays and other magnificent Shews which were no ways pleasing to Cicero as appears from one of his Epistles While Pompey was managing his Affairs at home and Caesar in the midst of Gaul Crassus was pursuing his Expedition with all Vigour In his Journey he march'd through Ierusalem where he riâ—led the Temple of a great Treasure to the value of 10000 Talents which Pompey to his great Reputation had spar'd He spent many Days in weighing the Treasure of the Idol Goddess in Hierapolis or Edâ—sia in Syria and in his whole Passage he shew'd more of Covetousness than Valour listing many Men and then discharging 'em again for Money He likewise neglected his Opportunities of falling upon the Parthians unprovided despissâ—d the Friendship of the Armenian King who gave him leave to pass through his Country to Parbia and took no care about the refreshing of his Men some City till he had certain News of the Enemy and neglected to pass down the River Selucia as he was adviâ—'d where he might have been supplyâ—d with Provisions by Water This latter Counsel he rejected by means of the cunning Insinuations of Abgarus the Osroenian who having formerly been a Friend and Alley of the Romans was now in the Interests of the Parthians and feeding Crassus with Money to gild over his Treachery gave 'em Notice of all that pass'd in the Roman Camp He likewise persuaded Crassus to lay aside all Thoughts of Selucias and Câ—esiphon and march directly against Surenas the Parthian General This Advice he follow'd and thereby first losing his Son a very hopefull Youth he himself was circumvented by Surenas under Pretence of a Treaty and either slain by his Enemies or killâ—d by some of his own Men to prevent his falling into their Hands His Men were miserably slaughterâ—d to the Number of 10000 besides 10000 taken and his Head carryâ—d to Orodes King of Parthia who caus'd melted Gold to be poured into his Month crying Now satisfy thy self with Gold of which thou always hast been so insatiably greedy Thus fell Crassus in the second Year after his setting out one of the richest Men in all the Roman Empire and by this one of the Heads of the Triumvirate was cut off This laid the foundation of the following Civil War between the other two for while he liv'd he was a Check to â—em both and ballanc'd their Interests but after this an open Field was left for their Ambition and Emulation to work in This happenâ—d in the
701â—â—ear of the City nigh seven Years after the beginning of the Triumvirate and 51 before our Saviour's Nativity A. M. 3952 CHAP. II. From the Death of Crassus to the Death of Pompey which made way for Caesar's Absolute Authority and was the second step to the Imperial State Containing above Five Years Space I. THE same Year that Crassus was slain most violent Disturbances and Dissentions were rais'd in the City Factions daily encreasing nothing manag'd with the ancient Equity and Moderation and all Offices purchas'd with Bribes and Money or else gain'd by Swords and Clubs The Consuls finding themselves debarr'd by the Power of the Triumvirate from waging War and leading Armies as formerly made it their sole Business to enrich themselves out of the Publick Revenues or from the Bribes as well as the Sallaries depending upon their Offices Pompey conniv'd at all this hoping that the Infirmities of the State wou'd occasion him to be created Dictator and for that reason he retir'd himself for a while that his Friends might have a fair Opportunity of insinuating the Necessity of his Presence as well as Authority for the preserving of the Peace of the City At the time for the new Election of Magistrates there was such a violent Contention among the Candidates that for Eight entire Months none couâ—d be Elected And what still heighten'd these Mischiefs was the Death of Clodius killâ—d by his Great Enemy Milo who met him by Accident by his Country House The Body was immediately brought to Rome and exâ—os'd all Bloody to the People which causâ—d great Disturbances among the Multitude who immediately ran furiously to Milo's House to set it on Fire but he being well provided to receive 'em repuls'd and kill'd several of the Assailants Upon which they return'd to the Body where they pull'd all the Magistrates Seats in pieces made a Funeral Pile of 'em and set Fire to it with so much Rage that all the stately Building where the Senate us'd to Assemble was burnt with Clodius's Body After this the Mutineers dispers'd themselves all over the City where under pretence of searching for Milo's Friends they committed the most insupportable Violences imaginable so that the whole City was fill'd with Murthers and Quarrels till no Body durst walk the Streets unarm'd These fatal Mischiefs turn'd all Mens Eyes upon Pompey as the fittest Person to redress all but while they were consulting about creating him Dictator Catâ— by many Perswasions procur'd the Senate to make him Consul alone that so if occasion were he might be afterwards accountable for any Male Administration This was soon after done having the Authority of a Dictator conferr'd on him under a Gentler Name a thing never known in Rome before but upon some extraordinary Occasion and for some few Days when Commission was sometimes given to the Consuls to take care that the Common-wealth receive no Damage New Troops were allotted to Pompey 1000 Talents allow'd yearly for their Pay and the Government of Spain was continuâ—d to him for Four Years longer which he Administred by his Deputies Milo was shortly after Accus'd by Appius Clodius's Brother and tho' Cicero himself undertook to defend him yet it happen'd that by his Fear of Pompey's Souldiers who surrounded him as he was Pleading he was put out in his Speech and so Mâ—lo for his Insolence was Banish'd And when Cicâ—ro afterwards sent him his Oration in Writing the Excellency of it made him Answer That it was happy for him that Cicero was out in his Harangue for otherwise he shou'd not have liv'd so well at Marseilles as now be did for that was the Place of his Exile Pompey having hitherto executed the Office of a Dictator took Scipio Metellus for his Collegue whose Daughter Cornelia he had lately Marry'd a Lady of no less Accomplishments than Beauty This considerably strengthen'd Pompey's Interests who therefore now thought it no ways difficult to overthrow the Fortunes of Caesar waiting only till Affairs were somewhat more ripe for Execution But Caesar by his Great Policy and Inudstry by his noble Exploits abroad and his bountiful Presents at home still secur'd himself a sufficient Party in the City He caus'd a New Forum to be set up at Rome the Place whereof cost him 100000 Sesterces He gave also to the People certain Plays and a Publick Feast in Acknowledgement of the Honours done to his Daughter Iulia being likewise a particular Incourager of Learning At this time among many other Learn'd Men flourishâ—d Salust a most excellent Historian both for matter and stile Caesar had now almost compleated his Conquests in Gaul when the Troubles in Rome and his Absence occasion'd many of the Nations to endeavour once more the Recovery of their Liberty pursuing their Designs with Greater Vigour than ever chusing Vercingetorix for their General Caesar resolving to lose no time forc'd his way over the Mountains through vast deep Snows and after some various Success against the Enemies numerous Armies he overthrew Vercingetorix who upon that retirâ—d to Alesia a City of the Mandubii shutting himself up with no less than 80000 Men and made all necessary Provisions for a Siege Caesar not withstanding the Hazzard of such an Attempt shortly after invested the Place and here he shew'd an admirable Skill and indefatigable Industry in his vast and prodigious Works he rais'd against this Place both to defend himself and distress the Town well knowing the great Numbers of the Succours that were Marching to relieve it For tho' the City by the extraordinary Height of its Walls and the Multitude of its Defendents appearâ—d to be impregnable he encounter'd with Greater Difficulties without being in a short time besieg'd himself by 250000 of the choicest of the Gauls Yet by means of his double and treble Trenches his mighty Lines of Contravallation and his wonderful Management and Vigilance he repuls'd the Relievers and soon after he became Master of the Town to his Great Honour and Reputation all other Places submitting without delay And thus ended Caesar's seventh Year's Expedition in these Parts which as it was the most hazardous and dangerous so it was the most honourable and glorious that ever he undertook The Gauls notwithstanding their Great Losses and the irresistible Power of Caesar's Arms resolv'd to try their Fortune once more and many of their Nations joyn'd again in Confederacy Caesar having Intelligence of their Designs began his March from Bibracte and made great Devastations throughout the Territories of the Bituriges in Aquitain and subdu'd several of the People about those Parts C. Fabius one of his Lieutenants also reduc'd some Parties of 'em in the mean time and Caninius another of his Lieutenants defeated likewise several other Parties after which Caesar joyn'd him and invested Uxellodunum a City of the Cadurci a Place very strong by Situation yet he obtainâ—d it with little or no Bloodshed by turning the course of the Springs that supplyâ—d the Place with Water After this the
five considerable Towns and made several others Capitulate Caesar who spared no Pains to distress his Enemies threw up divers Intrenchments and Ditches in order to cut off the Water from their Camp and to make the Segre Fordable Afranius and Petreius dreading the success of this Enterprize after several Motions of both Armies resolv'd to reach Octogâ—sa situated on the Iberus where they had sent a Party before to lay a Bridge over In order to this Design they Decamped at Midnight but Caesar sent his Cavalry after 'em and oblig'd 'em to Ford the River before they cou'd come at their Bridge then leaving his Baggage in his Camp he suddenly crossâ—d the River with his Infantry and pursu'd em so close that they couâ—d neither reach their intended Place nor return to their former Camp By which means he reduc'd 'em to such extremities of Hunger and Drought that they were all oblig'd to yield to his Mercy without any Bloodshed Caesar to shew his kind and Generous Temper dismiss'd 'em all and satisfy'd 'em with incredible Courtesies such as were never practis'd elsewere towards Enemies And in a short time after he became Master of all Spain sending back his Enemies loaden with Shame and Obligations to publish his extraordinary Clemency and Valour while he himself departed for Marseilles which was then just upon the point of yielding Upon Caesar's arrival they capitulated During which time Domitius made his escape by Sea Caesar pardon'd the Inhabitants more upon the account of their Name and Antiquity as he told 'em than for any other Merit and leaving two Legions in Garrison he departed for Rome Upon his arrival there he was receiv'd with Great Satisfaction by most People and made Dictator by M. Lepidus the Praetor but finding this Office not well lik'd of he laid it down after holding of it 11 Days and caus'd himself to be chosen Consul with Servilius Isauricus His Design was now to procure himself as many Friends as possible in pursuance of which Purpose he preferr'd several favourable Laws the first was concerning the Borrowing of Money for the War which as it usually happens having ruin'd almost all Credit and render'd a great many Men incapable of Payment Caesar order'd that an Estimate should be made of Inheritances at the same Value they bore before the War and that Creditors should take them according to his Estimation by which means he took away the Fears of a General Bankrupcy and supported the Credit of the Debtors Besides he brought over to his Party all such as expected to be favour'd in this General Valuation which was the principal Design of the Law The other Law was for the calling home those who had been condemn'd during Pompey's presiding in the passing Sentences of Justice Caesar likewise made several other Ordinances and after having quitted the Name and Dignity of Dictator departed for Brundusium to go against Pompey before which time he receiv'd the bad News of the Defeat and Death of Curio whom he had sent against Vaâ—us Pompey's Lieutenant in Africk V. Pompey after his Departure from Italy into Epirus and Greece had made all possible Preparations for Resistance drawing over all the East to his Interest and during the time of Caesar's being at Rome and in Spain had gather'd together very powerful Armies both by Sea and Land His Land Forces consisted of 9 Italian Legions effective besides the two which Scipio his Brother-in-law brought him and the Auxiliaries from the Eastern Countries of 7000 Horse â—000 Archers and 8 Cohorts of Slingers These Troops were distributed into Dyrrachium and Apollonia and over all that Coast to oppose the coming down of Caesar. And more than this he had prepar'd a noble Fleet of 500 large Ships besides Gallies Brigantines and other lesser Vessels all which were commanded in chief by Bibulus who executed the Office of Admiral Besides these Forces Pompey had drawn great Summs of Money out of Asia and Greece and to recompence himself in some measure for the loss of Spain had caus'd Dalabella and Caius Antonius who Commanded for Caesar on the Coast of Illyricum to be attack'd and with that Success that the former was driven out and the latter taken These Advantages which daily kept up the Reputation of Pompey â—s Party still engagâ—d more Persons of Consideration to come and joyn themselves with him so that he found he had in his Camp above 200 Senators whereof he compos'd a Body and they Assembled themselves in the Form of a Senate With these M. Brutus had joynâ—d himself not for any Respect to Pompey whom he hated but that severe Vertue of which he made Profession and the Example of his Uncle and Father-in-Law Cato had ingagâ—d him in that Party which he thought had the most Justice on its side In one of their Assemblies by the Politick Advice of Cato it was determin'd That no Roman Citizen should be put to Death out of Battel and that no Town subject to the Roman Empire shouâ—d be Plunder'd In effect this Laudable Decree drew the Good Wishes of the People upon the Honourable Authors of it and gain'd the Reputation of great Justice and Humanity to their Designs and likewise was the Occasion that the Fortune of Caesar hung for a long time doubtful and was afterwards made use of to justifie his Death Notwithstanding these Disadvantages on Caesar's side he proceeded with an uncommon Vigour and undaunted Courage and rendezvouzing at Brundusium he without any Delay shipp'd off 5 of his 12 Legions which amounted to no more than 20000 Foot and 6000 Horse at this time the rest were oblig'd to stay behind for want of Shipping Caesar very much incourag'd his Men telling 'em what glorious Actions they were going to undertake and in spight of the Rigour of the Season upon the 4th of Ianuary he weigh'd Anchor This much surpris'd the Officers of Pompey's Fleet to find him venture so boldly through the Dangers both of the Weather and their Navies But Caesar tim'd it so well that he made his Passage in one Day and landed his Men at a place call'd Pharsalus not daring to venture into any known Port which he believ'd to be possess'd by the Enemy Having once got to Land he sent back all the Ships to transport the rest of his Legions under the Command of Calenus but in their Passage 30 of 'em fell into the hands of Bibulus Pompey's Admiral who sensible of his former Neglect in a great Passion set 'em all on Fire destroying both Owners and Seamen hoping by this Example to terrifie the rest and for the future he took more than ordinary Care in guarding the Coasts In the mean time Caesar took possession of Oricum and Apollonia which at the sight of his Troops surrender'd themselves by which means he cut off all Communication of Land from Bibulus as long as he staid to intercept his Fleet. Caesar still took care to justify his Actions and for that reason he sent Rufus whom
to block up Pompey by that Circumvallation This was done chiefly to diminish the mighty Reputation that Pompey had gain'd among Foreign Nations when all the World shou'd know that he was invested by Caesar and dared not hazard a Battel But Pompey resolv'd to run the hazard of any Scandal rather than a Battel at this time or to quit either Dyrrachium or the Sea so that both Parties at present were employ'd in Designs and Stratagems Caesar's Men daily carry'd on their Works to straighten the Enemy and those of Pompey did the same to enlarge themselves they having the Advantage as to Numbers besides their 's being the innermost Circumvallation was not extended so far as Caesar's Tho' Pompey declin'd coming to a Battel yet he severely gall'd Caesar's Men with his Archers and Slingers which oblig d 'em to make certain Blinds with Clothes and Skins for their Defence against the Arrows and no Day pass'd without some Encounter or other particularly when Caesar's ninth Legion was too far advanc'd Caesar brought it off safely when Pompey before believ'd it impossible It was very remarkable to find Caesar besieging an Enemy stronger than himself and supply'd with all Provisions by Sea while he himself was reduc'd to extream Necessity for want of Corn. Yet his Soldiers bore all with admirable Constancy remembring what great Honours they had often gain'd after such Miseries as these They made use of Beans and Barley and a Root call'd Chara which they mingled with Milk some of which they often threw among Pompey's Soldiers telling 'em That they wou'd rather eat the Barks of Trees than let Pompey escape now they had got him in their Power Pompey was extreamly surpriz'd at this and said That â—e did not expect to have had Wild Beasts to deal withal But afterwards when Summer came on there was a great Change for Pompey's Army cou'd hardly be kept alive being most distress'd for want of Water which Caesar by Dams and other Methods had turn'd another Way On the contrary Caesar's Army was in very good Health well furnish'd with Water and all Provisions except Wheat of which also they had fair hopes Harvest being so nigh After this follow'd several Skirmishes and one Night Pompey understanding Caesar was absent a little way attack'd his Works but was beaten off with considerable loss and forc'd to retreat into his old Trenches In this Encounter one Sceva a Centurion behav'd himself with a wonderful Bravery killing two Officers after he had been wounded in the Eye Shoulder and Thigh as Appian relates it and receiving 230 Shots upon his Buckler Caesar greatly rewarded him and many others and encourag'd by this good Success drew out his Men every day and offer'd Battel to Pompey within view of his Lines and tho' Pompey drew out also in Battalia yet he always kept his Troops under Defence of his Ramparts where Caesar did not think fit to attack kim Caesar had now by means of his Officers drawn several Provinces of Greece to his Party and understanding that Scipio was come into Macedonia he sent to him to procure an Accommodation between him and Pompey which he might easily bring about as having the command of an Army But Caesar finding this not to succeed apply'd himself more closely to block up Pompey and with the utmost Art and Diligence which brought him to a more dangerous Condition than ever for his Horses had consum'd all their Barley and likewise all the Leaves of the Trees so that there remain'd no more Subsistence for 'em and they were now scarce able to go on their Legs for want of Forage all which gave very great Hopes to Caesar and his Soldiers These Troubles and Inconveniencies which incompass'd Pompey made him resolve to break through especially after he had been inform'd of the Condition of Caesar's Fortifications by Roscillus and Aegus two Brothers of considerable Note who deserted Caesar and came over to him To carry on this Design he gave Orders to his light Harnass'd Men and Archers to defend themselves with Bavins and Faggots of Osiers then drawing out 60 Cohorts he put 'em on Board his Ships and attack'd Caesar's Works by the Sea which had been too little regarded and not well compleated This was done with such Effect that all the Centurions of the first Cohort were cut off except one and tho' Caesar and his Officers us'd the utmost Endeavour to hinder Pompey's Designs yet by means of his great Conduct and Forecast he got out of his Fortifications and incamp'd in another Place by the Sea where he had both the Conveniency of all Forage and of his Shipping besides Caesar perceiving the Loss he had sustain'd and that the Course of the War had not succeeded according to his Expectation resolv'd to change it and sit down close by Pompey In that Enterprize he design'd to cut off a Legion of the Enemy which was posted by a Wood but this Action brought on a general Battel where his Men were all entangled within the Intrenchments of the old Camps lately abandon'd and likewise so surpriz'd and over-power'd by Pompey's Forces that in spight of all Caesar's Endeavours they fled with great Precipitation and Loss The greatest part perish'd in the Trenches and on the River Banks press'd to Death by their Fellows Pompey pursu'd his Victory to the very Camp of Caesar but durst not attack it being both surpriz'd with the Suddenness of the Victory and the Fear of Ambuscades And this was his great Error in this Case for Caesar himself confess'd That he had been lost without Redress cou'd Pompey have known how to make use of the Victory This Advantage gain'd by Pompey caus'd him to be saluted Imperator Labienus begging the Prisoners caus'd 'em all to be slain and Pompey's Party had such Assurance that not thinking any more of further Engagements and Dangers they carry'd themselves as undoubted Conquerors which they reported in all Places not considering the many Circumstances that occasion'd this Success But Caesar being driven from his former Purposes resolv'd to change the whole Course of the War and assembling his Men together with a fearless Mind spake to 'em after this manner We have no reason to be dejected or discourag'd at our late Insuccess but have much more to be thankful to Fortune for the long and uninterrupted Course of her Favours in those many and glorious Conquests in Gaul and Britain and those happy and more successful Victories in Italy and Spain If after all these renown'd Exploits and noble Acts one little Disorder one Error of Inadvertency or indeed of Destiny it self has depriv'd us of the Success we might reasonably have expected we ought to correct all by the Greatness of our Souls and the Magnanimity of our Courages After his Speech he cashier d some Ensigns but he needed to make no other Examples for his Soldiers offer'd to punish themselves by any Labour or Danger crying out with great Impatience To Arms let us be reveng'd
Greatness and Magnificence of Rome now found himself reduc'd to seek Retreat with some few of his Friends in a poor Fisherman's Cabbin From whence he went aboard another Vessel and made forward every Day as much as he cou'd but the ungrateful Sound of his Defeat still flew before him which so dejected and confounded him that he cou'd not think of any thing that might be serviceable to him His Assurance of Victory made his Defeat most intolerable leaving him naked and disarm'd of all Relief And his Misfortunes had so infaturated his Mind that he could not so much as use those Advantages he had still by Sea where he had a powerful and victorious Fleet. He sail'd first to Amphipolis then to Lesbos where he took his Wife who bitterly complain'd of the ill Destiny which allid her to Crassus first and afterwards to Pompey only to cause the Ruine of two such Illustrious Families Pompey from thence directed his Course to Aegypt where King Ptolemy a Minor was in War with his Sister Cleopatra whose Father Pompey had setled in his Kingdom Pompey sent to him That in regard of the ancient Hospitality and Amity between him and his Father he desir'd a Retreat of him in Alexandria and that by his Wealth and Power he wou'd support him now fallen into the utmost Misery and Calamity The Message was well enough receiv'd but such as were Protectors of the King and Guardians of the Kingdom now in his Minority either induc'd by the Fear of the Armies being gain'd by Pompey many of 'em having been his Soldiers or else despising the lowness of his Fortune gave a civil Answer openly to the Messengers and desir'd him to come to the King But secretly plotting among themselves sent Achillas a principal Commander and of great Boldness together with Septimius a Roman Tribune to kill him They met him with much Civility and Pompey knowing Septimius to have led a Company under him in his War against the Pirates went aboard a little Bark with a few of his Soldiers and there was barbarously and treacherously murther'd by Achillas and Septimius his Wife and Friends flying with what sail they cou'd make His Head being cut off they left the Body on the Shoar which was carefully taken up by Philip his Freed-Man who gathering up some Pieces of a Broken Boat for a Pile was surpiz'd by an old Roman Soldier of Pompey's residing in Aegypt Who art thou said he that art making these sad Preparations for the great Pompey ' s Funeral Philip answer'd him One of his Freed-Men Ab reply'd he thou shalt not have all this Honour to thy self but suffer me to partake in an Action so Iust and Sacred that among all the Miseries of my Exile I may please my self in having the Honour to touch the Body and assist at the Funeral of the greatest and noblest Soldier that Rome ever produc'd After which they gave him the last Rites the Sadness of which Ceremony was very peculiar Such was the End and such the Funeral of Pompey the Great who after his escaping so many memorable and eminent Dangers where he might have fall'n with the Honour agreeable to the Greatness of his Character came at last to lose his Life miserably by the Hands of three or four Villains he being now in the 58th Year of his Age. This happened near two Years after his Breach with Caesar and this cut off the second Head of the Triumvirate and made way for Caesar's Absolute Power soon after and this hapned in the 706th Year of the City A. M. 3957 about 12 Years after the beginning of the Triumvirate and 46 before our Saviour's Nativity CHAP. III. From the Death of Pompey to the Death of Caesar which finish'd the Power of the first Triumvirate but still kept down the Consular State Containing the space of nigh four Years I. THUS Successful was Caesar in all his Actions especially in the last which Advantage heresolv'd to pursue to the utmost and knowing that all his Enemies Hopes were lodg'd in the Person of Pompey he follow'd him with his usual Diligence And as tho' Fortune was resolv'd never to forsake him Cassius retreating into Asia with a Fleet of 60 Sail fell in among Caesar's little Barks he had provided for his Troops and tho' he might easily have ruin'd Caesar yet Caesar's Presence and Behaviour so over-aw'd him that he immediately surrender'd himself with all his Navy Caesar shortly after arriv'd at Alexandria with two Legions and 800 Horse in ten Galleys of Rhodes and a few Ships of Asia ordering the rest of his Men to follow Tho' these Forces were very inconsiderable the Legions being reduc'd to 3200 Men yet the Confidence he had in his Victories and the high Reputation they had gain'd him made him believe that he shou'd meet with Obedience where-ever he cou'd find Men. Upon his landing at Alexandria he was entertain'd with the News of the Death of Pompey whose Head was presented to him and his Ring which he us'd for his Signet This mournful Spectacle immediately reviv'd the Thoughts of his former Friendship which with the sad Imagination of the fatal Misfortunes that attend the greatest Men drew Tears from his Eyes and made him turn away his Face with Horrour keeping the Ring and sending away the Messenger in a Moment He afterwards to shew his Respect to this great Man caus'd a magnificent Sepulchre to be built by the Place where he was murder'd with a Temple which he call'd The Temple of Wrath. Caesar upon his entry into Alexandria having his Axes and Fasces carry'd before him as Consul the Multitude were much offended as they were at his Landing crying out That the King's Authority was diminish'd which occasion'd Caesar to give Orders for other Legions which were enroll'd for Pompey's Service to be brought to him out of Asia In the mean time as an Argument of his Confidence he made great Entertainments and assisted at the Conferences of Philosophers who were in great Numbers within that City But Photinus the Eunuch who came to Alexandria with the young King daily gave him fresh Marks of his Dissatisfaction and Intention of making use of Arms till at length the Insolence of this Person and probably the Reputation of the admirable Beauty of Cleopatra caus'd him to declare publickly That the Controversie between the King and his Sister belong'd to the Cognisance of the People of Rome and consequently to himself as Consul and the rather because old Problemy by his Will had left his eldest Son and Daughter Heirs and the People of Rome Executors Upon this Account he intended to make up all Differences between 'em and sent to 'em to have 'em rather to plead their Causes before him than to decide the Controversie by the Sword At this time Photinus had the Administration of the Kindgdom and he disdain'd to come to Caesar's Proposals but thereupon procur'd Acbillas to march directly to Alexandria at the Head of 22000 stout Men
Age and for his hindring him from giving a Publick Show to the People His Behaviour towards Caesar gave him sufficient Reasons to suspect him and when his Friends advis'd him to beware of Anthony and Dolabella he told 'em That it was not those persum'd and plump Sparks that 〈◊〉 distrusted but those pale and meagre Gentlemen Nevertheless he still prepar'd for his Expedition against the Parthians and caus'd sixteen Legions to march and 10000 Horse for his Passage into Asia He design'd to depart four Days after when the Conspirators spread a Report That according to the Sybill's Oracles the Parthians cou'd not be overcome but by a King and upon this Pretence Cotta was to propose the giving him that Title to the Senate Cassius took this Occasion to go and visit Brutus demanding of him If be wou'd be at the Senate-House when Caesar ' s Friends were to propose the declaring of him King Brutus told him that he wou'd be absent at that time But reply'd Cassius suppose you are call'd thither Then answer'd Brutus I shou'd think it my Duty to speak oppose yea and die too rather than part with the Liberty of Rome Ah reply'd Cassius what generous Roman wou'd suffer you to die for his Liberty You are ignorant Brutus who you are if you imagine that those Billets thrown into the Tribunal came from less than the most Illustrious and Bravest Men of Rome From other Praetors they demand Games Shows and Plays but from you whose very Name is a Terror to Tyrants they cry for the Ruine and Downfal of Arbitrary Power being ready to expose themselves to the utmost Hazards in expectation of your auspicious Aid After this Conversation they parted and Brutus for some time after appear'd much discompos'd in his Thoughts which occasion'd his Wife Porcia being in Bed with him earnestly to enquire the Reason of his Trouble Brutus fearing she wou'd disclose the Secret if urg'd to it by Torture Porcia immediately wounded her self on the Thigh and with a Masculine Courage let him see That she fear'd no Torments nor cou'd act any Thing below Cato ' s Daughter by which means she learn'd the whole Design and became one of the Conspiracy The Name of Brutus whose Person was much esteem'd ingag'd a great many in the Conspiracy so they resolv'd to put their Design in Execution upon the very Ides of March and in the Hall of the Senate A great many Prodigies and Dreams foretold this Misfortune to Caesar and Spurina a famous Augur told him That great Dangers threaten'd him upon the Ides of March He dreamt the same Night that he was carry'd above the Clouds and that he shook Hands with Iove and his Wife Calpurnia also dreamt that her Husband was assassinated in her Arms the Doors of the Chamber opening at the same time of their own Accord with much Noise This last Accident somewhat confounded him and his Wife by her Prayers and Tears prevail'd so that he wou'd not go abroad that Day But another Brutus call'd Decimus who was one of the Conspirators tho' of the Number of his intimate Friends caus'd him to change his Resolution telling him He was much expected at the Senate and it wou'd be a great Shame for him not to venture out of Doors but when it shou'd please Calpurnia to dream favourably So Decimus carry'd him almost by Force out of his Lodgings and as if every thing seem'd to contribute to his Destruction a Slave who came to give him Advice of the Conspiracy cou'd not get up to him by reason of the Croud of People that surrounded him Artimedorus his Host and Friend having given him a Letter to the same purpose he mingl'd it without reading of it among other Papers that were given him And Lena who was one of the Conspirators entertaining him a considerable time in private as he came out of his Litter the others who believ'd themselves discover'd thought already of killing themselves with the Daggers which they had under their Robes when Lena quitting Caesar and kissing his Hand gave them to understand that he thank'd him for some Favour which he came to obtain The Assembly of the Senate was at this time held in a Place which Pompey had built for that Purpose and from thence was call'd the Court or Hall of Pompey where was to be seen his Statue in Marble rais'd upon a Pedestal Caesar as he was entring met Spurina and smiling told him The Ides of March were come Yes reply'd the Augur but they are not past As soon as he had taken his Place the Conspirators mov'd towards him under Pretence of saluting him and Tullius Cymber approach'd to ask Pardon for his Brother who was then in Exile Caesar deferr'd the Matter and put back Cymber who press'd upon him so far as to take hold on both sides of his Robe and when Caesar cry'd out That this was Violence Casca who stood behind him gave him the first Stab with a Poniard nigh the Shoulder but the Weapon glancing the Wound was not Mortal Caesar struck Casca through the Arm with his Dagger crying out Vile Traitor what do you mean Casca on the other side call'd his Brother and Caesar wou'd have rais'd himself but he receiv'd a mortal Wound in his Breast and all the Conspirators charg'd upon him together with so much Fury that many of 'em were wounded themselves He nevertheless made great Resistance rushing and leaping among 'em like a Lion till perceiving Brutus with his Dagger in his Hand he struggled no more but cry'd What my Son Brutus and thou too Then covering his Face with his Robe and drawing his Skirts down to his Knees that he might fall decently he sunk down at the Foot of Pompey's Statue having receiv'd three and twenty Wounds and the rest of the Senate looking on with Wonder and Amazement not being able to assist him Thus fell the great Iulius Caesur in the 56th Year of his Age in the Court of Pompey and at the Feet of Pompey's Statue a Person of the greatest Soul the most magnanimous Spirit and of the most wonderful Accomplishments and Abilities that Rome or perhaps the World ever saw whether we consider him in his Care and Vigilance in his Valour and Conduct or in his Knowledge and Learning all which noble Qualities made him belov'd and reverenc'd by the People honour'd and ador'd by his Friends and esteem'd and admir'd even by his Enemies And setting aside his Ambition which was the Fault of the Times as well as his Temper he was never much or justly tax'd with any great Vice but that of Women His Death put an end to the first Triumvirate or rather the Power occasion'd by the first Triumvirate but did not re-establish the Consular Authority nor restore the Liberty of the Common-wealth but occasionâ—d its Ruine shortly after with as great Miseries as Rome ever suffer'd It hapned in the 710th Year of the City A. M. 3961 about 16 Years after the beginning of the
Triumvirate and 42 before our Saviour's Nativity CHAP. IV. From the Death of Caesar to the Defeats and Deaths of Brutus and Cassius by the second Triumvirate Octavius Anthony and Lepidus which ruin'd all the Remains of the Common-wealth Containing the space of above two Years I. UPon the Death of Caesar so great a Confusion and Disorder hapned among the Senate and People of Rome that the Conspirators soon perceiv'd that their Fact was not like to meet with the general Approbation which some expected All the Senators who were not Accomplices fled with such Haste and Precipitation from the Assembly that some of 'em were in Danger of their Lives as they press'd out of Doors and the People alarm'd at the News left all their several Employments ran tumultuously about all parts of the City some for Information some for Safety and others for Plunder Which Disturbances caus'd the Conspirators all to retire to the Capitol to which they were guarded by a considerable Number of Gladiators belonging to Decimus Brutus What they gave out to justifie themselves to the People was Liberty but that Pretence was not much regarded by them for they had been so us'd to submit of late and were so chang'd from their ancient jealous and vigorous Temper that they much more dreaded the Effects of Poverty than Subjection Anthony now Consul and Lepidus were extreamly enrag'd at Caesar's Death and were resolv'd to revenge it to the utmost therefore the latter immediately got to a Legion of his just by and led 'em into the Campus Martius where Anthony as Consul commanded ' em This much surpriz'd the Conspirators and put 'em upon sending Deputies to Anthony and Lepidus desiring 'em To consider the sad Consequences of a Division at this time that no Hatred to Caesar's Person had put them upon that Design but only their hearty Loves to their Country which had already been so drain'd by Civil Wars that any new Disunion must carry off the miserable Remainder that they believ'd them also too generous to let any particular Hatred transport them to the Prejudice of the Publick Anthony began to consider that Decimus who was now Governour of the Hithâ—r Gaul might fall upon him with a powerful Army therefore he resolv'd to gain what Time he couâ—d and endeavour to get over Decimus's Soldiers and for that reason return'd Answer That tho' their Honours and their Oaths had engag'd 'em to revenge Caesar ' s Death and tho' they thought it more honourable to live without Reproach among a few good Men than to draw upon themselves the Miserie 's due to Falshood yet they were not obstinate but were content to have the Senate assembl'd that they might be govern'd by so many illustrious and discerning Persons Which Answer was receiv'd with much Satisfaction The Senate was immediately call'd where a great many Debates arose and several Opinions were urg'd which at last terminated in this That they had but two things to chuse either to declare Caesar a Tyrant or that his Murderers stood in need of Pardon Anthony industriously oppos'd the former urging That if the Memory of Caesar were condemn'd all his Orders ought to be cancell'd and that wou'd be in Effect to proclaim so many Illustrious Men as he had rais'd unworthy of their Honours which besides drawing upon themselves the Contempt of other Nations wou'd infallibly turn to the Confusion of the Common-wealth After many violent Heats and Disturbances in the House and great Tumults at the Doors the Senate at last pass'd an Act of Oblivion for all what was past and ratify'd Caesar's Ordinances with this Reason enter'd Because it was requisite for the Good of the Common-wealth This Act of Oblivion brought Matters to a more peaceable Posture but Anthony finding the People much discontented resolv'd to pursue his Revenge upon the Conspirators tho' he was seemingly reconcilâ—d to ' em The next Day therefore he order'd Caesar's Will to be publickly read before the Body of the People which he knew wou'd have a considerable Influence upon 'em which Danger the Conspirators had been so sensible of that they us'd their utmost Endeavours to hinder its being read In the Will it appear'd that Octavius the Grandson of Iulia Caesar's Sister was adopted to take upon him his Name and constituted Heir of three parts in four of all his Estate and Pinarius and Pedius of the other fourth Part. To the Roman People he left the Gardens which he had on the other side of the Tiber and to every Citizen in particular a certain Summ of Money Among his second Heirs who were to inherit in case of Mortality he substituted Decimus Brutus one of the Conspirators Several others also who had dipp'd their hands in his Blood were nam'd for Guardians for his Son in case he had left one These Tokens of Caesar's Goodness and his great Affection for the People began to move the Multitude extreamly but Brutus's being an Heir provok'd the Indignation of the whole Assembly Immediately after this Caesar's Body was brought forth with extraordinary Pomp and Solemnity being born by some of the most Illustrious of the Senate It was set down in the middle of the Forum with a Guard of Soldiers in which Place was erected a little Temple of gilded Wood according to the Model of that of Venus and in this Temple was a Bed of Ivory magnificently adorn'd with Curtains of Gold and Purple Trophies and the Robe that he wore when he was assassinated All the People ran hastily to see this Sight weeping and lamenting afresh and those who bore Arms made deep Complaints as if they demanded Vengeance Anthony ascending the Place began Caesar's Funeral Oration in this manner Romans tho' I alone present myself to celebrate the Memory of this great Man whose Body you see thus mangled here before ye yet I can read in each Man's Look the Affections of his Mind and the Thoughts of his Heart which give nobler Praises than my Tongue can express So that when I shall recount to you the Extent of his glorious Actions the Variety of his noble Vertues and the Number of the deserv'd Honours which the Senate and you have conferr'd upon him I shall not be so much the Publisher of my own Sentiments as the Interpreter of Yours Then he mention'd all his Titles of Honour his Dictatorship his several Consulships with the most deserving Name of Father of his Country from whence he proceeded to his Vertues praising his generous Courage his exquisite Learning his free Spirit and above all his unbounded Clemency After which he repeated the Oath which the People of Rome had made to Caesar by which they swore That his Person shou'd be sacred and Inviolable and call'd the Gods to witness that they wou'd defend it with the hazard of their Lives But observing some Alteration in several of the Senators he concluded with saying That what had been done ought rather to be forgotten since it was the Crime of
some Infernal Spirits Enemies to Rome rather then Men and nothing ought further to be thought of than the honouring the Memory of this illustrious Hero and placing him among the Immortal Gods At the End of this Oration one of the principal Attendants as if some Fury had possess'd him tore off Caesar's Robe from the Trophy and shew'd it to the People crying out That it was the Spoil of a Person belov'd of the Gods and reverenc'd by the World even to Adoration This and several other things he spoke in a most moving Tone using many great Outcries and strange Postures of Sorrow which extreamly stirrâ—d up the People's Compassion At the same time was expos'd Caesar's Image in Wax which mov'd it self by Springs and shew'd the several Wounds which he had receiv'd upon his Face and in his Body and this Sight transported the People even to Madness and made 'em cry out That they wou'd inflect the most cruel Punishments and execute the most dreadful Revenges upon the Heads of all his Murtherers Upon the lighting of the Pile all the old Soldiers who had serv'd under him with an unexpressible Grief threw into the Fire all their Coronets Pikes Bracelets and other Tokens of Honours which he had given ' em A great many Ladies of Quality also threw in their Children's Robes and Ornaments with every thing they had of Value about ' em The People ran and tore up the Benches and Seats of the Magistrates just by and after that with flaming Brands from the Pile ran desperately to set Fire to the Conspirators Houses and meeting with one Cinna whom they mistook for another of that Name they immediately tore him in a thousand Pieces The Conspirators themselves being of the greatest Families and well guarded with no great Trouble repuls'd the People but nevertheless so great was the Rage and Threats of the People that they thought it much more safe to retire from the City All the Strangers in Rome mourn'd after their Customs and more particularly the Iews who watch'd several Nights at Caesar's Pile At last Divine Honours were given him and an Altar erected in the Place of his Burning where Octavius Caesar afterwards call'd Augustus caus'd a Temple to be built and a Pillar of Jasper twenty Foot high with this Inscription To the Father of his Country At the same time that Caesar was kill'd his Heir and Adopted Son Octavius afterwards call'd Augustus was at Apollonia in Greece who upon the first News of the Murther notwithstanding the earnest Advice of his Friends to secure himself there return'd to Rome with all speed with a full Resolution to revenge his Death not questioning but to find Anthony both a Friend and Assistant in this Design But Anthony now was so much chang'd and so busily employ'd in his Projects of raising and advancing himself that he cou'd hearken but little to such a Proposal and when Octavius publickly declar'd himself Caesar's Heir and demanded his Money of Anthony or at least some part of it he receiv'd him with great Coldness and Contempt of his Youth refusing to give him any upon several Pretences Yet neither Anthony's Repulses nor his Friends Advices to the contrary cou'd stop Octavius from pursuing his Designs who was now about eighteen Years old of a great Wit a lofty Mind and of a most insinuating Conversation and had a Face so Comely and Graceful that it acquir'd him a Veneration from all Men. That he might be certain to gain the People's Hearts he sold all his Inheritance to pay off the Legacies given 'em by his Uncle Caesar's Will which procur'd him much Love and Caesar's old Soldiers flock'd to him in considerable Numbers whom he accepted of out of Fear to Anthony who daily became more Suspicious both to the Senate and People Octavius manag'd his Affairs with so much Skill and Dexterity that those who before admir'd at his Boldness of opposing Anthony were now as much surpriz'd at his extraordinary Address and Authority Anthony on the other side being sensible of the passionate Affection the People had for Pompey to curry Favour propos'd the promoting Sextus his only surviving Son that in requital of his Father's Estate confiscated he might have an Allowance out of the Publick and the same Command of the Seas and Navy that his Father formerly had This was receiv'd with great Applause and strait enacted so Pompey was call'd back into Sicily where he afterwards manag'd a sharp War against Octavius Anthony was still Restless and resolv'd if it were possible to procure some Province to be assign'd him that he might get the greater Authority and the Difference daily increasing between him and Octavius he desir'd to command the six Legions which lay in Macedonia and obtain'd them by deceiving the Senate with a false Rumour that the Getae hearing of Caesar's Death had invaded that Province And because the Senate shew'd great Unwillingness to this Demand and more Jealousie of his Power he endeavour d to satisfie 'em by preferring a Law against any Man's being Dictator for the future and making it Death for any to offer at it These Legions he design'd to bring over into Italy to awe and command all and the better to effect this he preferr'd another Law for changing of Provinces and by that procur'd Macedonia for his Brother C. Antonius which had been assign'd to M. Brutus and the Hither Gaul for himself which had been allotted to Decimus Brutus The Senate wou'd by no means admit of this Demand but sent to D. Brutus to strengthen himself against the Pretensions of Anthony which caus'd Anthony to betake himself to the People where partly by Force and partly by Bribes he obtain'd it But still he was not altogether so Successful as he expected for his daily Quarrels with Octavius and his little Care of revenging Caesar's Death gain'd him the Hatred of his Soldiers so that when he had brought over his Legions two of 'em went over to Octavius who now was very busie in going through all Italy and gathering together Soldiers out of the Colonies which his Uncle had planted At length Anthony with a considerable Army march'd into Gaul from whence he commanded Decimus Brutus to depart who gave Way to him for some time but at last retreated to Mutina where Anthony soon after streightly besieg'd him And thus a new War broke out in about three quarters of a Year after Caesar's Death II. About this time new Consuls were made which were Hirtius and Pansa both great Friends of Iulius Caesar as well as Intimates of Cicero the former of which serv'd under Caesar and gave the Relation of the Wars of Aegypt and Africk which is annex'd to his Commentaries Upon their Assembling the Senate Anthony was declar'd Enemy to the State but especially by Cicero's Means who now had made many ingenious and severe Invectives against him which in Imitation of Demosthenes he publish'd under the Name of Philippicks This prov'd of great Advantage
towards the Bringing in and Preferring young Octavius for tho' the Senate as being generally of Pompey's Faction had little or no Esteem for him yet they resolv'd to make Use of him for his Army's sake and upon that Account erected him a Statue made him a Senator tho' at this Age decreed that he shou'd be consider'd as ten Years older in respect of Publick Preferment and likewise gave him equal Power and Authority with the Consuls themselves whom they sent with all speed to relieve Decimus now besieg'd by Anthony Tho' the Senate had oblig'd Octavius by these Honours yet their promoting and giving Provinces to all the Conspirators much more displeas'd him and a Letter from Anthony upbraiding him with advancing and assisting Caesar ' s Murderers gave him great Scruples but concealing his Designs with a Prudence surpassing his Age he march'd with the Consuls The Consuls in a short time took Bononia and Anthony shortly after meeting Pansa overthrew him but returning carelesly to his Camp was worsted by Hirtius Not many Days after a general Battel was fought nigh Mutina wherein Anthony with much Difficulty and great Bloodshed was defeated and fled to Lepidus who then commanded in the further Gaul Both the Consuls dy'd of their Wounds Pansa first advising Octavius to join with Anthony and Decimus being at this time spar'd tho' not pardon'd by Octavius thought of getting to Brutus and Cassius now in Greece but his Soldiers not pleas'd with the Journey went over part to Octavius and part to Anthony and himself endeavouring with a few Attendants to pass through Gaul was taken and betray'd at Aquileia by Sequanus Governour of the Country who sent his Head to Anthony This was the End of one of the chief Conspirators which was attended with the Deaths of Trebonius and Basilius much about the same time the former excluding Dolabella from Pergamus and Smyrna by reason the Senate had declar'd him an Enemy was taken by him and after grievous Torments had his Head cut off which the Soldiers kick'd about after a most contemptuous manner and the latter was murder'd by his own Slaves whom before he had us'd very severely Octavius gain'd much reputation in these Wars but the Senate now finding little or no Occasion for him slighted him extreamly and decreed all the Honour that he had gain'd to Decimus whom he had reliev'd besides they gave him many detracting and reproachful Words and deny'd him a Triumph when he demanded it From this Moment he resolv'd to join with Anthony and Lepidus sending back all the Prisoners taken at the Battel of Mutina without Ransom for since the Senators were most against his Uncle he cou'd not revenge his Death without some new Assistance and at the same time that he wrote to these two he sent 400 of his Soldiers into the City in the Name of his Army to demand the Consulship for him The Senate was as ready to deny him as the other two were to joyn with him which caus'd Octavius to send for Anthony and Lepidus into Italy The News of their Approach and at the Head of seventeen Legions so terrify'd and startl'd the Senate that they immediately declar'd Octavius Consul with Pedius but upon the sudden Arrival of some new Troops they as soon repeal'd their Decree again and never was the Senate of Rome so distracted between different Interests and so guilty of Irresolution as at this time These new Troops not answering their Expectations the Senate again decreed him Consul and moreover advancâ—d him above all Example They decreed that after his Consulship he shou'd take Place of all Consuls and tho' formerly they were displeas'd with his levying Forces as being a private Man now they desirâ—d him to encrease his Army and order'd him the Legions of Decimus The City was likewise committed to his Care and Power given him to act what he pleas'd tho' without the Prescript of the Laws which he retain'd to his Death So that Octavius now with no great Difficulty procur'd Laws to condemn Brutus and Cassius with their several Accomplices and likewise to cancel those Decrees made against Dolabella and other of his Friends In a short time after Octavius's Consulship Anthony and Lepidus arriv'd in Italy where Octavius met 'em nigh Mutina and after three Day Conference enter'd into a strict Combination with them in which it was agreed That Octavius should quit his Consulship and leave the Title to Ventidius Anthony ' s great Friend That the Supreme Authority should be divided between these three which they should keep for the space of five Years under the Name of Triumviri and in Quality of the Reformers of the Common-wealth That they should cause that Authority to be confirm'd by the Roman People That Anthony should have all Gaul except Narbon which Lepidus was to have with Spain and Octavius should have Africk with Sicily and Sardinia Italy and the Eastern Provinces were for a while to remain in Common In this manner did these Men divide the World between 'em as if it had been their Inheritance They further agreed That all their Enemies should be destroy'd and in this the Case of Cicero caus'd the greatest Controversie for Anthony his implacable Enemy wou'd consent to nothing till his Death was determin'd Lepidus was content with it but Octavius would willingly have preserv'd him upon the Account of former Friendship yet at last he consented and for that Reason Lepidus permitted his Brother Paulus and Anthony his Uncle Lucius to be likewise proscrib'd Lastly it was agreed That Lepidus should be made Consul for the following Year and guard Rome and Italy while the other two manag'd the War against Brutus and Cassius who now were strongly posses'd of Greece and Syria and had lately taken Dolabella in Laodicea and beheaded him In this manner was concluded the Second Triumvirate the Consequences whereof were so dreadful and which in effect gave the last Blow to the Liberty of the Roman Common-wealth It was concluded on above a Year and a half after Iulius Caesar's Death and was introduc'd as some Authors report with many strange Presages and frightful Prodigies III. Now was the City of Rome in a very miserable and deplorable Condition for the first Thing done by the Triumviri after establishment of their Authority was a dreadful Proscription of 300 of the Senatorian and about 2000 of the Equestrian Rank and nothing but Cries and Lamentations were heard through all the City and Murders committed in all Places by the Soldiers No Man dared refuse Entrance to any of 'em who search'd the most secret Places and Rome at this time appear'd like a City wholly expos'd to Waste and Pillage Great Numbers of uncondemn'd Persons perish'd in this Confusion some by Malice or Mistake and others for concealing or defending their Friends In short all the most Tragick Fury that either Revenge or Interest could produce and all the most generous Kindness that Love or fidelity cou'd inspire were to
Conspirators had now made a considerable Progress in the East and Cassius having got all Syria into his Power thought of making an Expedition into Aegypt against Cleopatra who had made great Preparations to assist Caesar and his Party But Cassius was immediately recall'd by Brutus upon the News that Anthony and Caesar were now upon their March with forty Legions of which eight had already pass'd the Ionian Sea Brutus in his Letter told him That their powerful Armies were not design'd for their particular Advancement but the Liberty of their Country therefore they ought not so much to aim at the Glory of new Conquests as the Destroying those who sought the Ruin of that Liberty Cassius therefore leaving Syria to his Brother's Son with one single Legion he sent a considerable Party into Cappadocia which slew Ariobarâ—â—nes as one who had conspir'd against him and there rais'd vast Summs of Money After many seâ—ere Exactions he came himself into the Lesser Asia and meeting Brutus at Smyrna they there consulted about the present War Brutus mov'd to have the Armies pass over into Greece and Macedonia and there meet Octavius and Anthony but Cassius so far prevail'd as to have the Rhodians and Lycians first reduc'd who had refus'd to pay any Contributions and were very powerful at Sea Both were sensible â—ow Dangerous it was to have any Enemies behind 〈◊〉 therefore this Expedition was immediately put â—n Execution and in a short time compleated and extraordinary Contributions were rais'd by that Means The Rhodians were severely plunderâ—d and scarce any thing but their Lives left 'em but the Inhabitants of Xanthus made such an obstinate Resistance that scarce any were left alive for they burnt their City and destroy'd themselves with it After the reducing of these Places Brutus and Cassius met at Sardis from whence after several Consultations they resolv'd to march against Anthony and Octavius Here it was that Brutus is reported to have seen a Ghost in his Tent after Midnight He ever employ'd the greatest part of the Night in dispatching of Affairs and in Reading and one Night being thus employ'd according to his Custom there was a general Silence through all the Camp especially about his Tent when of a sudden he heard an unusual Noise at the Door which open'd of it self at the same time Brutus casting his Eye towards the Place perceiv'd the frightful Figure of a hideous Spectre of a proportion much more than Natural which presented it self before him He had notwithstanding the Courage to speak to it demanding Art thou a God or art thou Man and for what Reason camest thou hither I am reply'd the Spirit thy Evil Genius Brutus and thou shalt see me again near Philippi Brutus very boldly answer'd Well I will see thee and immediately it disappear'd He presently call'd up his Slaves who all told him That they had neither seen nor heard any thing He continuâ—d walking all the rest of the Night and early in the Morning went to give an Account of what hapened to Cassius who being an Epicurean told him That all this proceeded from the Weakness of his Senses and the Strength of his Imagination at that time As for the rest continu'd he Let us not believe that there are any such Spirits here that have either Voice humane Shape or Power over us tho' I could wish there were that we might not only relie upon the Greatness of our Forces but likewise upon the Assistance of those Immortal Beings who cou'd not but be favourable to a Cause so Iust and Sacred as ours is This Discourse satisfy'd Brutus and soon after they pass'd over into Thrace and so to Philippi a City between that Country and Macedonia nigh which the Forces of the Triumviri were posted It was with extraordinary Fear and Terrour that all Persons stood waiting the Success of these two powerful Armies which were to decide the Fate and Fortune of the Roman Empire The Conspirators Forces consisted of 19 Legions and 20000 Horse and the Triumviri of the same Number of Legions but much better compleated and of 13000 Horse Brutus and Cassius encamp'd on a high and convenient Ground nigh the Sea where they were supply'd with Provisions in abundance The other Party was much streightned for want of Necessaries having only Macedonia and Thessaly open to 'em for Pompey had cut off all Communication from Africk and Marcus and Aenobarbus from Italy by their several Navies This made Anthony extreamly desirous of coming to a Battel which Cassius being sensible of refus'd to engage tho' Brutus was very forward saying That he was impatient to put an End to the Miseries of Mankind by a glorious Victory or a noble Death At last Anthony with great Labour and Industry made a Way through a large Fen and Cassius threw up Works against him which with the Soldiers Forwardness caus'd a general Battel tho' much against Cassius's Will who declar'd That he was forc'd in the same manner as Pompey was to expose the Liberty of the Roman People to the Hazard of a Battel In the Morning just before the Battel Cassius ask'd Brutus's Opinion of what they ought to do if they were unsuccessful and Brutus reply'd That he had formerly in his Writings condemn'd the Death of Cato and maintain'd that such a manner of avoiding Disgraces was an insolent Attempt against Heaven that sent 'em but he had now alterâ—d his Opinion since he was not Master of his Life having already sacrific'd it to his Country he was resolv'd to change it for a Happier if Fortune prov'd his Enemy Cassius imbracing him told him Now we may venture against the Enemy for either we will be Conquerors our selves or will have no Cause to fear those that are so The Forces of the Triumviri were commanded by Anthony alone Octavius being now sick and both Armies being drawn up Brutus's Party in a short time attack'd that of Octavius with little Order but with so much Fury that at the first Onset they overthrew all that oppos'd and pressing forward with great Slaughter they enter'd the very Camp of Octavius who had just retreated to Anthony's Anthony was very hotly engag'd with Cassius but in a short time found means to open a Passage through the Lines and charging Cassius's Troops upon the Flank overthrew 'em with great Slaughter then pursuing the Victory he soon became Master of his Camp which Skill and Diligence he had learnt from Iulius Caesar. Cassius retir'd to a Hill not far off expecting the Event of the Battel on his Partner's side and by reason of the greatness of the Dust he cou'd not discern whose Cavalry it was that made towards him at a distance He therefore sent Titinius to make the Discovery Titinius was receiv'd with great Joy by 'em who were bringing Tidings of Victory but stay'd so long that Cassius fearing Brutus had been routed and his Friend taken Prisoner cry'd out Alas to preserve the Remainders of a miserable Life I have
ruin'd my best Friend At these Words he retir'd into his Tent and kill'd himself or caus'd his freed Man to do it Titinius arriv'd immediately after with the Cavalry all rejoycing but their Joy was suddenly dash'd and Titinius first accusing himself of Folly and Laziness in a great Rage slew himself upon the Body of his Friend Brutus was extreamly sorrowful for the Death of his Companion whom he call'd the last of the Romans causing his Body privately to be remov'd and bury'd out of Sight lest his Army shou'd be too much dejected In the mean time he told his Friends That he thought Cassius very happy in being beyond the reach of those Misfortunes which remain'd for them to suffer He for some little time kept from Fighting epxecting to starve his Enemies who were now in extream want of Provisions their Fleet being lately defeated but at last being forc'd to it by the Fear of a general Desertion and the Eagerness of his Soldiers he drew 'em up in Battalia It is reported that the Spectre which he had seen before appear'd to him again the Night before his great Battel but now said nothing Whatever melancholy Apprehensions he had upon him he encourag'd his Men as much as possible promising 'em the Liberty of Plundering the two Cities of Lacedemon and Thessalonica and when the Battel began the Eagerness of both Parties made 'em throw aside their missive Weapons and betake themselves immediately to their Swords fighting with great Fury till after much time and more Bloodshed Brutus's Party was born down by main Force and intirely defeated Brutus himself fled to a Hill hard by and there remain'd all Night and when in the Morning he saw no Way of escaping he began to cry out O unhappy Vertue I follow thee as a solid Good but thou art only a meer Notion a vain empty Name or at best a Slave of Fortune Yet shortly after he told some of his Friends That he look'd upon himself much Happier than any of his Conquerors since he shou'd enjoy that Reputation which always follows Vertue and which Tyranny and Injustice cou'd never deserve Then going aside with a particular Friend call'd Strato he with all Earnestness begg'd of him To shew him the last Office of his Friendship and seeing him very unwilling to perform so hard a Duty he call'd for a Slave Ah! then cry'd Strato It shall never be said that the great Brutus in his last Extremity stood in need of a Slave for want of a Friend so turning away his Head he presented the Sword 's Point to Brutus who threw himself upon it and immediately expir'd This was the End of these two memorable Persons Brutus and Cassius and as some write they themselves died by the same Weapons with which they kill'd Caesar who had given 'em their Lives after the Battel of Pharsalia and after that had loaden 'em with his greatest Favours which Favours some make use of to aggravate the Ingratitude and others to magnifie the Justice of the Act. All such as knew themselves guilty of Iulius Caesar's Death slew themselves with their own Hands but the rest rallying themselves sent Deputies to Caesar and Anthony for an honourable Composition which the two Generals frankly allow'd of By this famous Overthrow the Triumviri establish'd their Authority so far as to give the last Blow to the Liberty of the Common-wealth for the Opposition they met from Pompey was inconsiderable in respect of this in which they were to dispute for one Half of the Roman Dominions This hapned above two Years after Iulius Caesar's Death and about half a Year after the second Triumvirate in the 712th Year of the City and 40 before our Saviour's Nativity CHAP. V. From the Deaths of Brutus and Cassius to the Banishment of Lepidus which vary'd the Course of the second Triumvirate's Power Containing the space of six Years I. As the last Efforts and Struggles of a dying Commonwealth are generally the most violent so were these of Rome the greatest that ever she had for the maintaining her Liberty For in the Sedition of the Gracchi and in the Wars of Marius and Sylla Rome and Italy were only Sufferers and tho' in the Dissentions of Caesar and Pompey the Troubles were more General yet several of the Senators and People thought they might well enough stand Neuters out of their Respect to the Common-wealth which Name in Appearance was still reverenc'd Whereas in these last Wars the Mask was wholly laid aside and all things were carry'd on in such an open Manner that there was an absolute Necessity of Declaring for Liberty or against it But now all Pretence of Liberty was utterly ruin'd by the Defeats of Brutus and Cassius and from that Moment the Triumviri began to act as Sovereigns and to divide the Roman Dominions between 'em as their own by Right of Conquest though Lepidus was not much consider'd by the other two as either having no Share in this last Battel or little Interest among the Soldiers The following Days after the Victory were employ'd by the Triumviri in punishing their Enemies Anthony sacrificâ—d Hortensius to the Memory of his Brother Caius Livius Brutus the Father of that Livia who was afterwards marryed to Octavius killâ—d himself in his Tent and Quintilius Varus adorn'd with all the Marks of those Honours he had born caus'd himself to be slain by his freed Man Octavius upon this Occasion appear'd more Cruel than was agreeable to his natural Temper he sent the Head of Brutus to Rome to be thrown at the Feet of his Uncle's Statue his Ashes were sent to his Wife Porcia Cato's Daughter who according to her Father's and Husband's Example it is said kill'd her self by swallowing down hot Coals and Ashes Octavius forc'd a Senator and his Son to draw Lots for their Lives but they both refus'd it the Father voluntarily gave up himself to Execution and the Son stabb'd himself before his Face To another that begg'd of him to have the Rites of Burial he said That that wou'd sâ—on be at the Disposal of the Ravens These bitter Words and rigorous Punishments render'd him both odious as well as terrible to all the Prisoners who were brought before him After the Triumviri had satisfy'd their Revenge they thought upon establishing their Authority Anthony undertook to go into Asia to raise Money for the Soldiers Rewards in those Provinces that were Tributary to the Romans and Octavius took upon him to lead the old Troops into Italy to put them in Possession of the Lands that were promis'd ' em Anthony first visited Greece as being the Country where Flattery was manag'd with the greatest Delicacy in the World was familiarly present at the Conferences of the Philosophers at Athens and made great Presents to that City Then leaving Marcus Censorius to command in Greece he pass'd over into Asia with all his Troops There all the Princes of the East who acknowledg'd the Roman Power came to make their
Lethargy of his Softness and to make him consider how much his Actions were like to disgrace the glorious Name of Conquerour whereupon he gather'd together 200 Ships and a considerable Army which he had ready in those Parts His Design was immediately to march against the Parthians but the earnest Instances of his Wife Fulvia and his Friends oblig'd him to turn towards Italy He went from Alexandria to Tyre from whence passing by the Isles of Cyprus and Rhodâ—â— he arriv'd at Athâ—ns where he met Fulvia He much blam'd her and his Brother Lucius for occasioning the late Disorders and here he understood that Octavius had lately marry'd Scribonia the Sister of Libo Pompey's Father-in-Law This Octavius did to gain an Alliance with Pompey for the Sake of his Shipping not forgetting the least thing that might make for his Advantage and he manag'd all things with that Secresfie Skill and Industry that the most piercing Judgments cou'd by no means penetrate into the Bottom of this exquisite Politician's Designs Anthony suspecting Octavius's Conduct advanc'd towards Italy without shewing the least Concern for Fulvia whom he left Sick at Sycion which last Neglect and Scorn finish'd what his Iâ—fidelity had begun she dying soon after Anthony crossing the Ionian Sea was there met by Domitius who deliver'd up all his Fleet and Force to him from whence they sail'd to Brundusium where they were forbidden Entrance by a Carison plac'd there by Octavius This made such a Breach between 'em that Anthony immediately block'd up the Place and likewise procur'd Pompey from Sicily to invade Italy Octavius march'd directly to Brundusâ—â—m where the old Soldiers being unwilling to fight against Anthony the Army endeavour'd all Ways to reconcile these two great Men which Cocceius Friend to both at length with much Labour effected and Pollio on Anthony's side and Mecâ—â—nas on Octavius's both eminent Persons as Delegates made up this dangerous Breach All Offences and Affronts were mutually to be forgiven and a Marriage was propos'd between Anthony and Octavius's half-Sister Octavia and Widow of Marcellus a Lady of most extraordinary Beauty and as extraordinary Vertues and Accomplishments Tho' Cleopatra had so large a Share in Anthony's Heart yet he cou'd not without Baseness refuse a Lady of Octavia's admirable Qualities and to avoid all present Inconveniencies he marry'd her Then a new Division of the Roman Empire was made between these Commanders the Bounds of their Dominions being Codropolis a Town of Illyricum all from that place Westward being to obey Octavius and all Eastward Anthony Africk was left to Lepidus whose Authority declin'd daily and who having offended Octavius had been confin'd by him to that Province According to this Division Anthony sent Ventidius into Asia against the Parthians but the Troubles at Home seem'd much greater to both Anthony and Octavius who were now entertain'd with the sad and lamentable Complaints of poor People ready to starve for want of Provisions which Pompey hinder'd from coming either from the East or West by means of Sicily Sardinia and Corsica which he had in his Power and from Africk by his navy also which was then most powerful at Sea Octavius by reason of some former Affronts wou'd not be brought to any Accommodation with Pompey notwithstanding the continual Cries and Prayers of the Multitude whose Rage and Fury at last came to that height that he was nigh being ston'd by 'em and Anthony too by coming in to his Assistance At last both he and Pompey were so far persuaded as to come to an Enterview but the latter demanding large Privileges for the proscrib'd Persons and to be admitted into the Power and Place of Lepidus the Treaty was ineffectual Yet the pressing Necessities and frequent Mutinies of the People brought 'em together a second Time where among some other Articles it was concluded That Pompey shou'd retain all the Islands he had already and Peloponnesus over and above that he shou'd have the Privilege of demanding the Consulship in his Absence and of discharging that Office by any of his Friends That he shou'd leave the Sea open and pay the People what Corn was due out of Sicily And that the Proscrib'd Persons except such as were guilty of Caesar ' s Death shou'd have all their Liberty to return And so a Peace was concluded to the great Joy and Satisfaction of all People which they testify'd by many publick Games and Pastimes IV. All Civil Wars were now for a while at an End and Octavius and Anthony were about taking the Field against Foreigners but before that time they nam'd the Consuls for the four following Years Anthony and Libo for the first Octavius and Pompey for the second Domitius and Sosiâ—s for the third and Anthony and Octavius for the fourth by which time it was hop'd and discours'd that they wou'd restore the Liberty of the Common-wealth Octavius to keep his Soldiers in Military Discipline sent one Part of his Forces into Illyricum and led the rest into Gaul where there were some Disturbances Anthony departed for the East against the Parthians which War Ventidius had manag'd with good Success having got several Victories kill'd several of their principal Commanders and repell'd 'em in Media and Mesopotamia being the only General that cou'd revenge Crassiâ—s's Death or that triumph'd over that Nation Anthony there setled the Affairs of Syria and made Peace with Antiochus King of Comogena who had assisted the Parthians and he got the several Kings which he had establish'd in those Parts to be confirm'd by Ordinance of the Senate which were Darius in Pontus Pharnaces in Idumaea Herod in Iudaea Amintas in Pisidia and Polemon in Cilicia The City of Athens he chose to pass the Winter in with Octavia in which place he intirely gave himself over to his Pleasures and Diversions quitting all the Tokens and Marks of his Authority to live like a private Person and in his Court there was no Business discours'd of but only Learning and Philosophy As for Pompey he seem'd for a while to be satisfy'd but as the Treaty between him and Octavius only regulated their Pretensions not their Ambitions a Breach was soon made again the Pretences of which was That Anthony who was oblig'd by Articles to quit Peloponnesus wou'd not do it till Pompey had satisfy'd him for such Moneys as were due to him from the Inhabitants Pompey wou'd by no Means hearken to this but immediately fitted out a new Fleet and provided himself of Forces perhaps giving Credit to Menodorus who told him That the present Settlement of Affairs was no true Peace but rather a Cessation of Arms. He then renew'd his Cruisings and Pyracies which likewise renew'd the former Miseries and Grievances and made the People cry out That the Matter was only chang'd from three Tyrants to four But Metrodorus in a short time revolted to Caesar bringing in with him Corsica Sardinia and three Legions and soon after Octavius put to Sea to invade Sicily but
space of six Years I. ROME now began to take Breath after so many Domestick Broils and Octavius was receiv'd at the City with a general Joy the Senators met him at the Gates and conducted him to the Capitol follow'd by all the People crown'd with Garlands of Flowers where after he had given Thanks to the Gods they waited on him to his Palace Octavius now thought of nothing so much as the gaining the Hearts and Inclinations of the People and he much endeavour'd to restore the publick Peace of the City which had of late been much disturb'd by Thieves and Robbers For that End he order'd Sabinus with his Troops to pursue and bring to Punishment all such as might be found in Italy and Sicily and likewise establish'd at Rome some Companies for the Guard of the City This and many other things he executed with such great Diligence and Dexterity that the Romans began to have an extraordinary Veneration for a Man who had such a surprizing Understanding at so small an Age. Some Cities of Italy proceeded even to the erecting Altars to him especially after one generous Act he did He had among Pompey's Papers a great Number of Letters and Memoirs of the chief Senators enough to occasion many new Disturbances These he brought into the Forum and before all the People threw 'em into the Fire protesting That he there sacrific'd all his private Resentments to the Good of the Commonwealth and design'd to give up his Authority as soon as Anthony shou'd return from the Parthian Expedition The People applauded him beyond Example and to shew that they ever desir'd to obey him they chose him Tribune for his Life and by this they likewise thought to oblige him to quit the odious Dignity of Triumvir Octavius willingly accepted of the perpetual Tribuneship but deferred the Suppression of the Triumvirate till Anthony's Return and sent Bibulus to communicate his Design to him and after he had dispos'd of the Government of the Provinces he march'd against the Illyrians It was believ'd that the Death of Pompey wou'd have establish'd a Peace through all the World especially since Anthony and Octavius might in the Extent and Riches of the Roman Empire have found all that cou'd be desir'd for the satisfying their Ambition But the secret Hatred between these two which broke out upon all publick Occasions now began to raise new Commotions in the Roman State The Passion of Anthony for Cleopatra and the extravagant Presents of whole Provinces which he made her serv'd Octavius for a plausible Pretence to renew the War and free himself from a Competitor so formidable both for his Valour and his Reputation among the Soldiers Anthony had now call'd Cleopatra into Syria and there gave her all Phoenicia Coelo-Syria and Cyprus with a great part of Cilicia Arabia and Iudaea which much displeas'd the Roman People who daily publish'd scurrilous Discourses of Anthony's Prodigality Anthony being inform'd of these Libels by his Friends from Rome immediately publish'd an Apology wherein he affirm'd That the Grandeur of the Roman Empire was never so conspicuous for the Conquests made as for the Liberality practis'd in bestowing the conquer'd Provinces That true Nobility was inlarg'd and multiply'd by the numerous Posterity that Soveraign Princes left in several Parts of the World and that was the Motive that induc'd Hercules from whom he deriv'd his Birth not to subject himself to the single Tye of one Wife but to leave the Foundation of several illustrious Races in all Parts where he extended his glorious Conquests These false Reasonings which were design'd to justifie his Passion prov'd more injurious to him and made him appear odious to the Romans who made Profession of a much stricter Morality Anthony besides had march'd against the Parthians with a mighty Power which made the East tremble but with very ill Success for at the Beginning the Enemy slew one of his Lieutenants and entirely defeated two Legions and even he himself was reduc'd to such Extremities that he often despair'd of his own Safety At last after the Loss of the fourth Part of his Troops and all his Baggage he sav'd himself in Armenia by the Advice of a Roman who had been Prisoner among the Partâ—ians ever since the Death of Crassus Tho' Anthony in this War behav'd himself with his usual Bravery yet the great Loss and shameful Retreat of such a General as he who in all probability was once able to have conquer'd his Enemies extreamly diminish'd his former Reputation And what was still more disadvantageous to him was the general Belief that these Misfortunes were owing to his Passion for Cleopatra which had caus'd him to take no Measures aright but such as shou'd hasten his Return to her But what principally enrag'd the Romans was the taking Artabazus King of Armenia whom Anthony led in Triumph into Alexandria This Rome cou'd by no means bear that a Roman General shou'd impart such a peculiar Honour to a Foreign Nation and that she shou'd be depriv'd of the Glory of insulting over vanquish'd Kings which for so many Years she had enjoy'd All these Faults of Anthony Caesar made Advantage of and above all exaggerated the little Value he had for his Country And when he found the People sufficiently exasperated against him he resolv'd to send Octavia to her Husband that he might have a plausible Pretence to declare War against him if he shou'd Offer her the Affront of sending her back without seeing her Anthony was now at Leucopolis between Tyre and Sidon where he stay'd with an Impatience he was not able to conceal frequently leaving the Table to run to the Sea-side himself to see if the Queen were coming At last she came with great Quantity of Cloathing for her Soldiers and a vast Summ of Money at least Anthony gave her the Honour of it when he distributed it Almost at the same time Niger arriv'd from Octavia who staid at Athens from whence she sent her Husband word that she had brought him Clothes and Arms Horses and Presents for his Officers and 2000 chosen Soldiers well arm'd This was very unwelcom News to Cleopatra who fearing she cou'd not prevail against so powerful a Rival when she appear'd immediately feign'd a deep Melancholy abstaining from Food to make her self lean and when she was near Anthony she beheld him with languishing Eyes and a despairing Countenance like one besides her self with Love She let fall Tears in his Presence and turn'd away her Face as if she desir'd to hide from him those Marks of her Grief These Artifices together with the smooth and cunning Flatteries of Cleopatra's Friends prevail'd so much upon Anthony's Weakness that they quite turn'd his Thoughts in favour of his Mistress He broke off his honourable Enterprize against the Parthians notwithstanding all the Instances of the King of Media who offer'd to join with him and oppose that People with his Cavalry accustom'd to their Way of Fighting He
himself a Wound which threw him dead at his Master's Feet Dear Eros cry'd he I thank thee for teaching me to do what I ought my self and upon that he thrust himself into the Belly and fell backwards upon his Bed Tho' the Wound was Mortal yet the Blood stopping he came to himself and most earnestly begg'd of his Friends to dispatch him but they all fled from him leaving him in a miserable Condition tossing and struggling with the Anguish of his Pain whilst Diomedes came to carry him to Cleopatra Anthony understanding Cleopatra yet liv'd begg'd and entreated in the most moving Manner in the World to be carry'd to her and with much difficulty and pain they lifted him up to the Door of the Monument Cleopatra having only her two Women durst not open the Door but let down Cords from the Window All the People of Alexandria were present at this sad Spectacle and nothing appear'd so lamentable as to see this great Man renown'd for so many Conquests and Victories bath'd in his Blood and just expiring holding out his Hands to Cleopatra and faintly endeavouring to raise himself and to see this famous Queen striving with her Body just out of the Window with the feeble Assistance of her Women to pull him up the People all the time seeming to assist her with their Cries and Tears When after much Pain she had drawn him up she embrac'd him and laid him gently upon her Bed tearing all her Cloathes in a most violent Passion beating her Face and Breast and calling Anthony her Lord her Husband her Emperour and tho' her own Misfortunes were very great and astonishing yet she forgot them all at the sight of this deplorable Object Anthony begg'd of her to moderate her Grief and Transports and ask'd for some Wine either because he was thirsty or because he thought it wou'd soon end him After he had drank he exhorted Cleopatra to endeavour to save her Life if she cou'd do it with Honour and for that End Proculus wou'd be her best Friend in Caesar ' s Camp that she wou'd not too deeply reflect upon the cruel Turn of Fortune which he felt in his last Days but rather think what Glory and Renown he had liv'd in famous for so many noble Victories Triumphs and Dignities and that after he had been the first Man of the World and the most illustrious of all the Romans he was at last overcome by a Roman At the finishing of this Discourse Anthony expired in the 53d Year of his Age a Person of as great Spirit and Valour as any among the Romans since the Death of Iulius Caesar yet softn'd overcome and entirely ruin'd by a Woman His Death put an End to all the Civil Wars and gave Octavius Opportunity to make his Fortunes as he pleas'd and from this Period many Historians date his Reign others three Years after and some from Iulius Caesar's Death This hapned in the 724th Year of the City the 3d of the 187th Olympiad and the 13th of the Second Triumvirate about 14 Years after Iulius Caesar's Death and 28 before our Saviour's Nativity CHAP. VII From the Death of Anthony to the perfect Settlement of the Empire by Octavius which finish'd all Disturbances and brought Rome to its utmost Glory Containing the space of about three Years I. OCtavius shew'd great Satisfaction at his Success and Fortune yet when Anthony's bloody Sword was brought to him the Sight of it oblig'd him to retire into his Tent where he cou'd not refrain from Tears when he reflected upon the deplorable End of a Person so eminent both for Birth and Valour and one with whom he had contracted so strict a Friendship and Alliance He call'd his Friends in to whom he declar'd That he had contributed nothing to the Overthrow of Anthony through any Hatred or Ambition shewing 'em the Copies of the Letters he had writ to him which contain'd nothing but just and reasonable Proposals and Anthony's Answers full of Passion and Disdain After this he sent Proculus to employ his utmost Address to seize upon Cleopatra extremely desiring to save her Treasure but more especially to grace his Triumph with this Queen who had so long triumph'd over the Roman Commanders Cleopatra refus'd Proculus Entrance but through the Door demanded Aegypt for her Children which caus'd Proculus after observing the Avenues of the Monument to return to Octavius who the same Instant sent Gallus with him to make her new Propositions While Gallus was discoursing with Cleopatra below Proculus with two others enter'd by the Window at which Anthony had been drawn up which one of her Women perceiving presently shreek'd out Wretched Princess thou art taken alive Upon which Cleopatra turn'd quick and drew out her Dagger to stab her self but Proculus caught hold of her saying Madam will you at once injure your self and Caesar in depriving him of the most illustrious Testimony he can give of his Generosity and make the best and gentlest Prince in the World pass for Cruel and Barbarous Whereupon he disarm'd her search'd her lest any Poison shou'd be conceal'd about her and after he had secur'd her he return'd to Octavius with this joyful News Octavius was extreamly satisfy'd to find this haughty Queen at his Disposal who before had lifted the Crown of Aegypt above the Empire of the Romans He first commanded Epaphroditus to Guard her with the greatest Care and yet to serve her like a Queen after which he made his Entrance into Alexandria after a solemn and pompous Manner The Majesty of Octavius follow'd by so many arm'd Soldiers who breath'd nothing but Destruction drove the Aegyptians into great Fears and Apprehensions imploring his Mercy upon their Knees Octavius told 'em He pardon'd 'em for the sake of their illustrious Founder Alexander for the extraordinary Beauty of the City and for his great Esteem he had for Arrius their Fellow-Citizen and Philosopher Several Kings Princes and Roman Senators begg'd of him the Body of Anthony to pay their last Respects to him but he wou'd not deprive Cleopatra of a Satisfaction so dear to her and more than that he took Care to furnish her with what was needful for the Pomp of the Funeral which she solemniz'd with extraordinary magnificence Octavius took further Care that nothing shou'd occasion the Encrese of Cleopatra's Afflictions but the Greatness of her Soul and the Nobleness of her Courage made the Loss of her Liberty insupportable to her Her excessive Melancholy and the many Blows she had given her Breasts put her into a slow Fever which gave her great Hopes of ending her Sorrows and her Life in a short time She had besides resolv'd to abstain from Eating if her Physician had not discover'd this Secret she had trusted him with to Octavius who immediately threatned to put her Children all to Death if she persisted in her Obstinacy This was the only thing she cou'd be sensible of and the Thoughts of this caus'd her to comply
great Wisdom and Dexterity he regulated many Abuses and Corruptions in the State and tho' he wou'd not give up the least part of his Authority yet he exercis'd it with that Discretion and Moderation that the Common-wealth was more happy under his Government than when it enjoy'd all its Privileges He allow'd the People all their due Liberties only retrench'd the Liberty of making Factions and Dissentions in the State and to the Senate he restor'd their ancient Splendour but banish'd their late Corruption He contended himself with a moderate Power which wou'd not afford him the Freedom of doing Ill but he made it Absolute when it impos'd upon others the Necessity of doing Well So that the People were not less Free but in Matters of Sedition nor the Senate less Powerful but in Matters of Injustice and the Romans seem'd to have lost nothing of the Happiness that Liberty might produce but only the Misfortunes it might occasion Octavius having establish'd so good an Order found himself extreamly embarrass'd with various Thoughts and Opinions and long consider'd with himself whether he ought to retain the Government of the Empire or restore the People to their first Liberty The eminent Examples of Sylla and Iulius Caesar put him to many Doubts and Scruples when he consider'd that the former who had voluntarily quitted his Authority dy'd peaceably in the midst of his Enemies and the latter for retaining of it was assassinated by his most intimate Friends But then he consider'd on the other side that the Common-wealth had been so extreamly harrass'd and broken by violent Factions and Civil Wars that the Yoak wou'd prove their greatest Relief especially as he wou'd manage it He found likewise that the People of Rome had lost much of their ancient Vigour and Desire of Liberty and the Senate as much of its ancient Firmness and Resolution and that there were such numerous Corruptions and such dangerous distempers in the State that nothing but a Change cou'd cure or correct ' em As he consider'd that both Senate and People never wanted a Head so much as at present the Advantage of which they were in this short time sensible of so these Considerations gave him great Hopes and almost as great Resolutions However this most wary Prince thought it highly necessary for his own Security to consult his two intimate Friends Agrippa and Mecoenas the former most famous for his Courage and Valour and the latter for his great natural Endowments Octavius taking these two into his Closet ask'd their Advice telling 'em among other things That they were his Friends therefore he had made 'em his Iudges as Men that were able to speak Soundly and willing to speak Freely That he knew 'em to have a greater Care of his Honour than his Profit but more of the Common-wealth than of both Agrippa return'd the first Answer to this purpose You may well admire my generous Lord that I who am certain of an uncommon Promotion under your Empire shou'd advise you to a private Retirement but since I esteem your Honour above my own Profit and the Publick Good before my particular Preferrment I am sure You will pardon me You have now gloriously finish'd the Civil Wars and brought an honourable Peace to your Country but what will the Advantage be without a Restoration of that Liberty for which those Wars were begun Or what Benefit can the People reap from so noble a Victory if it be us'd only as an Instrument for their greater Slavery A Word so odious to the Roman Nation that whenever that has seem'd to have been aim'd at by any Person no Vertues could shield him no Merits protect him no Services secure him from the Rage of the People no not those of your great Father Julius And can you hope to escape But say That the Divine Power shou'd so protect you as to out-live such Dangers wou'd you also out-live your Glories Are you willing that Posterity shou'd brand you with Tyranny and perhaps with Baseness in curbing and putting a Stop to the Fame and Grandeur of your Country A Country which has gain'd all its Renown and Reputation and owes all its great and glorious Acts to a Government quite contrary to what you seem inclin'd to and a Government under which other Nations have generally been most prosperous and flourishing Therefore your Generosity shou'd lead you to set your Country free and since you are already Master of the World's Forces and without Rival in the Empire and have both Senate and People at your Mercy to do it now wou'd strike all Detraction dumb and make future Ages stand amaz'd at the Greatness of your Temper Mecoenas on the other side declar'd his Thoughts after this Manner Be not deceiv'd most noble Prince with the specious Shew of Words and Names but since just Heaven has ordain'd you a Father as well as a Master of your Country rather hearken to her real Wants and Necessities than to the fallacious Clamours of the Rabble who like Children cry for what wou'd prove their Ruine Our Republick is a Ship fraught with Multitudes of various Nations and destitute of a Pilot which for many Years has been miserably toss'd and shatter'd and is now ready to be cast away without your relieving Hand to save it In former times indeed this thriving Empire did not seem to want a Monarch but is is now grown too vast and unwieldy to subsist without one Formerly the Strictness of the Roman Discipline and Morality and the Fears of rival Nations kept the Common-wealth from sinking Yet in those pure Times what Commotions in State what Revolutions in Government what Divisions and Distractions were occasion'd by the Tribunes Rage and Peoples Madness Camillus Rome's second Founder and Scipio that Scourge of Carthage were disgrac'd and the great Coriolanus banish'd only because their Worth alone had lifted 'em above the ordinary Pitch of Subjects But then to mention all the numerous Troubles and dreadful Miseries of these latter Times were to revive our Sorrows which you in a great Measure have allay'd and since by your Means your Country has recover'd some of her Spirits it is your Duty to establish her in perfect Health which can be no Ways done but by retaining the Empire And this Advice is not only for the good of your Country but also for the Security of your Person for the resigning of your Authority wou'd be the Parting with your Safety Pompey was contemn'd after the Disbanding of his Army at Brundusium and tho' your Uncle Julius fell it was not for retaining his Power but for grasping of it too strongly which you know better how to manage In the gaining of an Empire there is no Medium between the Death of an Enemy and the Life of a Prince and since you have already gone so far you must either resolve to be Greatest in the State or Least among the People to be Caesar or Nothing Octavius thank'd 'em both for their friendly
Octavius ought to have the Title of Romulus because he had founded the Empire but the more venerable Name of AUGUSTUS propounded by Munacius Planâ—us at length seem'd most agreeable for sacred Placeâ— and Temples consecrated by Augurs were term'd Augusta by the Romans Caesar tho' he much desir'd that of Romulus yet perceiving he shou'd be suspected of affecting the Title of King declin'd it and was sirnam'd Augustus intimating something in him more than Mortal and this he accepted of a Title expressing more Dignity and Reverence than Authority And Things are call'd Augusta which are most worthy of Honour and most Sacred wherefore the Greeks express it by 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Venerable From this Day forward began the Sovereign Power and Authority to be in the Hands of one Man and by a Law call'd Lex Regia all the Power of the People and Senate was transferr'd upon Augustus When his ten Years were expir'd ten more were added and after that as many more so that he had his Authority still continu'd for his Life for which Cause his Successors tho' they had the Power settled on 'em for the Term of Life yet at the End of every ten Years solemniz'd at it were the Renewing of it Thus Augustus Caesar became Supreme Governour of the Roman People neither by Inheritance nor Usurpation nor Conquest nor Election yet by means of 'em all This great Change of Government hapned in the 727th Year of the City A. M. 3978 in the second Year of the 188th Olympiad 482 Years since the Beginning of the Consular State 303 since the Beginning of the Macedonian Empire 33 since the Beginning of the Mix'd State 17 since the Death of Iulius Caesar and 25 before our Saviour's Nativity Here ended the greatest Common-wealth in the World and at the same time began the greatest Monarchy a Monarchy so well fix'd and firmly settled that nor all the tyrannical Carriage of those Monsters of Men that succeeded Augustus cou'd shake it a Monarchy which if it be consider'd with others as to its Power and Riches together with its Extent and Continuance there is scarce any room left for Comparison and a Monarchy which the Romans for many Years believ'd Indissoluble and Immortal The Roman Dominions were now almost brought to their utmost Extent containing in Europe Italy both the Gauls Spain Greece Illyricum Dacia Panonia with some part of Britain and Germany In Asia all those Provinces which went under the Name of Asia Minor Armenia Syria Iudaea with part of Mesopotamia and Media and in Africa Aegypt Africk Numidia Mauritania and Lybia besides many Islands and some Parts of other Provinces All which comprehended the greatest and far the best Part of Europe with very large Parts of Asia and Africa being no less than between 3 and 4000 Miles in length and about half as much in breadth As to the yearly Revenues of the Empire by a moderate Computation it has been reckon'd at â—igh forty Millions of our Money whereof Gaul paid five and that without being extremely burdensom to the People But what still makes it seem greater is what Vespasian told the Senate at his coming to the Empire that he wanted 40000000 of Sestercium's to settle the Common-wealth which amounts to 312000000 of our Money As for the Romans themselves they had now nothing so elevated a Temper either for the Greatness of Genius or the Force of the Soul as in some Time in the Republick but had something more Polite and Sociable and never were more glorious or at least more pleasant Times than now all Wars and Contests ceasing all Arts and Sciences flourishing and all Riches and Pleasures increasing In short Augustus made the World happy and was happy in the World he had nothing to desire of the Publick nor the Publick of him And considering the many Evils he occasion'd before he came to the Empire and the great Good he did after he was Emperor it was said with good Reason That he shou'd never have been born or never have dy'd But for his Actions afterwards and his further settlement of the Empire I must leave to the other Volume of this History FINIS An INDEX of the principal Things relating more particularly to the Ancient Magistrates Laws Buildings Customs c. of Rome A. ACtio Iuris Pag. 113. Aedilis 185. Aedilis Curâ—â—lis 148 149 366. Agraria Lex 96. Aprilis 23. Augustus 49. C. Candidatus 80. Capitol 37 49 264. Celer 11. Censor 124 152 365. Census 41 42. Centuria 41. Classus 41. Client 9. Cloacae 37. Comitia Centuriata 42. Comitia Curiata 9 Comitia Tributa 102. Consul 59 60 65 147 152 292 314 365. Curia 8. D. December 24. Decemviri 11â— Decuria 9. Dictator 74 75 76 151 204 207 267 355 365 380. Duumviri 28. E. Equites 242 243. F. Februarius 241 242. Fecial 21 31 32. I. Ianuarius 23. Ianus 21. Imperator 365. Interrex 18. Iugum 106. Iulian Year 361 362. Iuly 24 367. Iune 24 Iupiter Feretrius 12. Iupiter Indiges 3. Ius Civile 113. Ius Honorarium 113. L. Legatus 115. Legio 14. Lictor 11. Ludi Fescennini 150 192. Ludi Seculares 192. Ludi Terentini 193. Lustrum 42 124. M. Magister Equitum 75 355. Maia 24. Mancipium 43. Manipulares 6. Mars 23. Mercedonius 23. Months 23 24. N. November 24. Nundina 16. O. October 24. Opima Spolia 12 126 196. Ovatio 71. P. Pagus 22. Palatium 449. Patres Conscripti 10. Patres minorum Gentium 35. Patritius 9. Patronus 9. Pecunia 44. Plebeius 9. Plebiscitum 113. Pomaerium 7. Pompilian Year 23 24. Pontifex 21. Praefectus Vrbis 10. Praetor 147 148 160 195 219 366. Principalis Constitutio 113. Publicanus 243. Q. Quadrata 14. Quaestor 65 129 366. Quintilis 24 367. Quirinus 17. Quirites 14. R. Rex 8. Rex Sacrorum 53. Rostra 160. S. Salius 21. Satirus 192. Senatus 10 14 35 366. Senatus Consultum 113. September 24. Sextilis 24. Slaves 43. T. Tarpeia Rupes 13. Tribus 8 15 41 70 143 151 161 165 167 192. Tribuni Militum 123 128 131 147. Tribuni Plebis 83 84 87 89 90 106 268 292 355. Tribunus Celerum 11. Triumphus 71. Triumvirate First 293 295. Triumvirate Second 384 385. Triumviri Capitâ—les 169. Twelve Tables 112. V. Vestal Virgins 21 35. Vindicta 63. AN INDEX Of the Principal MEN and MATTERS IN THIS HISTORY A. ACtium See Battel Aemilius Paulus his Actions in the Second Macedonian War Page 228 229 Aeneas his Arrival and Settlement in Italy 3 Afranius and Petreus their War against Julius Caesar and their Losses 329 330. Their Deaths 358 Agrippa Menenius See Menenius Agrippa Vipsanius beats young Pompey 410. And Anthony ' s Forces at Actium 424. His Speech to Octavius about his laying down the Empire 440 441 Allobrogick War 251 252 Ancus Marcius the fourth King of Rome his Reign 30 to 34 Annibal the Carthaginian general See Hannibal Annibal the Carthaginian Admiral his ill Successes and Death 184 185 Anthony See
Antonius Marcus Antiochian War or the War with Antiochus King of Syria 221 to 224 Antonius Caius the Consul defeats Cataline 288 Antonius Marcus his management in relation to Julius Caesar ' s Death 375 to 378. His Attempts of raising himself 379 380 381. Is beaten at Mutina 382. He joins in the second Triumvirate 384 385. His Acts against Bâ—utus and Cassius 391 392. His Eastern Iourney 396 397. Falls in love with Cleopatra 399. His luxurious and prodigal Life with her 403 404 416 to 419. His Marriage with Octavia 405. His ill Success against the Parthians 414. Falls out with Octavius 417 c. He challengeth Octavius twice 421 429. Is beaten by him at Actium 424 425. Treats with Octavius 427. His Dispair Death and Character 430 431 432 Antonius Lucius his Brother raises a War against Octavius and is worsted 401 402 403 Appius one of the Decemvirate his ambitius Design 111 112. His Tyranny Lust and Death 116 to 119 Archimedes his famous Works and Death 209 Aristobulus King of Judaea conquer'd by Pompey 282 283 Augustus Caesar See Octavius Authors See Writers B. Battels the principal were at Actium 423 424 425. At Allia 137. At Cannae 205 206. At Dyrrachium 339 340. At Munda 363 364. At Phaâ—salia 343 to 348. At Philippi 392 393. At Trebia 200 201. At Thrasymene 202. At Regillus 76 77. At Zama 216 217 Brutus Decimus one of the Conspirators with M. Brutus against Julius Caesar his Actions and Death 381 382 Brutus Lucius Junius his Politick Designs 49 50. He everthrows the Kingdom of Rome 52 to 55. Causes the Execution of his owns Sons 62 63. His Death Brutus Marcus joins with Pompey 332. Together with Cassius conspires against Julius Caesar and kills him 370 to 373. His and Cassius ' s Success in the East 389 390. Sees a Ghost and his Discourse with Cassius concerning it 390 391. Another Discourse with him before the Battel at Philippi 391 392. Both their Defeats and Deaths 392 393 394 C. Caesar See both Julius and Octavius Calpurnia Wife to Julius Caesar her Dream 372 Calpurnius Flemma his great Valour 185 Camillus Furius takes the City of Veii 132 133. His extraordinary Generosity at Falerii 134. His Banishment 135. He saves his Country 141 142. His after Acts both at home and abroad 142 to 149 Capitolinus See Manlius Capitolinus Carthaginian War See Punick War Cassius the Consul his Ambitious Designs and Death 95 96 Cassius the Praetor surrenders his Fleet to Julius Caesar 350. For his other Actions See Brutus Marcus Cataline his Conspiracy against the State 283 284. Is repremanded by Cicero and leaves the City 285. Is defeated and slain 288 Cato Porcius the Elder his Behaviour towards the Women and his Soldiers 221. And towards Scipio Africanus 225. His great Enmity to Carthage 230 Cato Porcius the younger his Grandson his Management in Cataline ' s Conspiracy 287 288. Opposes Pompey 291. And Julius Caesar 292. His Opinion concerning Bribery 296. He is sent from Rome by Clodius ' s means 300. His nice Advice in Pompey ' s Camp 332 333. His remarkable Death 358 359 Caudium the dishonourable Treaty and its Effects 164 165 Cicero the renown'd Orator procures Pompey his first great Authority 277. His skilful Management in Cataline ' s Conspiracy 284 to 288. His Banishment 299 300. His Restoration 303 304. Pleads for Milo in vain 314. Desires a Triumph without success 319 320. Procures Anthony to be declar'd Enemy to the State 381. His Death by the second Triumvirate and Character 385 386 Cimbrian War 251 252 Cincinnatus Quintius is chosen Consul and Dictator both times from the Plow 105 106 Cinna the Consul joins with Marius and acts in the first Civil War 259 c. His Death 263 Cisalpine-Gallick War 195 196 Civil War the first between Marius and Sylla 258 to 271. The second between Julius Caesar and Pompey 321 to 348. Continu'd by Cato and Pompey ' s Sons 357 to 364. The third between the second Triumvirate and Brutus and Cassius 389 to 394. The fourth between Octavius Caesar and M. Anthony 420 to 432 Clelia her great Bravery 68 69 Cleopatra Queen of Aegypt her Enterview with Julius Caesar 352. The Favours she receiv'd from him 355. Her Character and famous Enterview with M. Anthony 397 398 399. Her Management of him 403 404 415. Her Prodigality 416 417. Her great Designs 425 426. Treats with Octavius 427. She retires to the Temple of Isis 428. Her Carriage towards Octavius 434 435. Her Lamentations over Anthony ' s Tomb and Death 436 437 Clodius his Attempts upon Julius Caesar ' s Wife 289. His Tribuneship 298 299 300. The Disturbances rais'd by him 303 304. His Death by Milo 358 359 Coecles Horatius his extraordinary Valour 67 Commanders See Generals Coriolanus Marcius his great Valour 86 87. His Behaviour exasperates the People 88. His Tryal and Banishment 89 90. Turns against his Country with great Success 91 92 93. Is persuaded by his Mother to desist and is afterwards slain 94 Corvus or Corvinus see Valerius Corvus Crassus his suppression of Spartacus 272. He joins in the first Triumvirate 293. Gains the Consulship with Pompey by Force 305. His Eastern Expedition Overthrow and Death 311 312 Curiatii see Horatii and Curiatii Curio his serviceable Assistance to Julius Caesar 318 319. His Death 331 Curius Dentatus overthrows Pyrrhus 177 178 Cursor see Papirius Cursor Curtius his incredible Bravery 150 D. Decimus Brutus see Brutus Decimus Decius Mus his dying for his Country 158 Decius Mus his Son his same Practice 168 Dentatus see Curius Dentatus and Siccius Dentatus Drusus his unfortunate Attempts and Death 254 F. Fabii their Generosity Valour and Destruction 98 99 Fabius Maximus his cautious Proceedings against Hannibal 203 204 205 Fabricius his great steadiness and Generosity 173 174 175 Flemma see Calpurnius Flemma Fulvia M. Anthony ' s Wife her Hatred to Cicero 386. Raises a Civil War against Octavius 401. Her Death 405 G. Generals or Commanders the principal were Romulus Tullus Hostilius Ancus Marcius Tarquinius Priscus Coriolanus Cincinnatus Camillus Manlius Papirius Cursor and Curius Dentatus among the Ancient Romans Among the later were Fabius Maximus Marcellus Scipio the Greater Scipio the Less Aemilius Paulus Marius Sylla Sertorius Lucullus Pompey Julius Caesar and M. Anthony Gracchus the Elder or Tiberius his Laws Seditious Attempts and Death 237 to 240 Gracchus the Younger or Caius his many Attempts and Alterations in the State and Death 241 to 246 Gauls their principal Wars with the Romans 135 to 142 H. Hannibal the Carthaginian General his March over the Alps 199 200. Beats the Romans at Ticenum and at Trebia 200 201. At Thrasymene 202 203. And at Cannae 205 206. He declines 207 to 213. Is intirely beaten by Scipio 216 217. His after Acts 222 223. His Death and Reflections upon the Romans 226 Herod King of Judaea his Submission to Octavius and cruelty to his Wife 426 427 Hersilia her generous