being advanced by the favour of Hyrcanus to the highest Employments at the Court of Jerusalem proved very serviceable to Caesar in the Expedition he made to Alexandria and therefore was made by him Governor of Judaea This Man was Herod the Great 's Father who for all that upon the death of Caesar assisted Cassius and when he was overcome joined in with the Interests of M. Antony as we shall see by and by and made way for himself to obtain the Throne by his marrying some time after Mariamne Hyrcanus's Grand-daughter We are to observe in the first place that Brutus and Cassius who were Heads of the Conspiracy for cutting off of Julius Caesar were in some time overcome by C. Octavius Caesar and M. Antony after they had caused great Disturbances in the Empire which would be too tedious for me to particularize what was most remarkable were the Proscriptions they made wherein perished a great many of the best and most accomplish'd Men of which number was Cicero M. Lepidus as Triumvir had a hand in these mischiefs with Antony and Caesar and then dying left the Supreme Power in their hands but they almost ever after were at perpetual enmity one with another until at last they brake out into a Civil War Sextus Pompeius who was the only surviving Son of Pompcy the Great was then in possession of Sicily and had a strong Naval Force but being at length conquered by Octavius Caesar he was by Antony's Command cut off as he was going to him for succour 3945. 39. CLXXXV ii 715. The Parthians while these things were in agitation brake into Syria and having seized on Jerusalem they at the Instigation of Antigonus the Son of Aristobulus cut off the Ears of Hyrcanus divested him of the Pontificate and made Antigonus High-Priest in his room Herod who took Hyrcanus's part fled to Antony and Caesar at Rome of whom he obtained the Kingdom of Judaea according to a Decree of the Senate beyond his own expectation From thence going into Judaea and being assisted by C. Sosius he took Jerusalem in the fourth year of his Reign Having made Antigonus a Prisoner he crucified him and thus having put an end to the Dominion of the Hasmonaean Family that had continued One hundred twenty six years he advanced one Ananelus who was fetch'd from Babylon and made him High-Priest but he discharged him afterwards and put in Aristobulus the Brother of Mariamne his Wife whom soon after because he found him Popular he caused to be strangled as he was swimming He also commanded his Wife Mariamne to be beheaded some years after because she continually upbraided him with that Murther 3953. 13. CLXXXVI ii 723. This year was the Actian War waged by Augustus Caesar against Antony and Cleopatra wherein the former prevailed and took Egypt while the other two laid violent hands upon themselves Caesar triumphed the third year after and it was not long before he obtained the Name of Augustus The Actions performed by him we shall pass over as having been set forth by divers Persons and only say That after such bloody Beginnings when once he got the Supreme Power into his own hands entirely he proved to be an excellent Prince and govern'd the Commonwealth with great Clemency the most notable Examples whereof you have in Seneca de Clementia He was also a favourer of Learning whereby it came to pass that many excellent Men flourish'd in all sorts of good Literature in his time the chief of whom whose Writings have reach'd our hands were Livy Strabo Vitruvius Virgil Horace Tibullus Propertius Ovid c. He had no Male Children but only one Daughter named Julia whom at first he married to Marcellus his Sister's Son that died young and afterwards to M. Vipsanius Agrippa who together with Mecaenas was his intimate Friend From this last Marriage came Caius and Lucius Caesaeres who being Adopted by their Grand-father died young Augustus also Adopted Tiberius and Drusus his Sons-in-Law the Children of Livia Tiberius died without leaving any Child for his Son Drusus by the treachery of his Wife Livia died before him But from Germanicus the Son of Drusus came a numerous Progeny of whom hereafter yet Germanicus himself as well as his Father Drusus lived not to an advanced Age. 3979. 5. CXCIII iv 750. Herod after the perpetrating of various Murthers and even upon his own Children Alexander and Aristobulus Mariamne's Sons being near his end for the compleating of his Cruelty slew the Children of Bethlehem because there was a rumour spread abroad That the King of the Jews should be born there For Christ according to the Calculation of Petavius whom we follow herein was born about Fifteen Months before the death of Herod The Wise Men soon after came into Judaea and from their making an enquiry where the King of the Jews was born Herod took occasion to cut off the Infants as aforesaid He also a little after commanded his Son Antipater whom he kept in Prison and knew he had designed to poison him to be slain The which when Augustus heard Macrobius in his Saturn lib. ii c. 4. says he should express himself to this purpose That it were better to be Herod 's Hog than his Son Archelaus after Herod's death came to Rome that in pursuance to his Father's Will he might obtain the Kingdom of Judaea from Augustus who divided the same into Tetrarchies or four Governments two whereof he bestowed upon Archelans and gave Herod Antipas and Philip each of them one 3983. 1. CXCIV iv 753. Though all Chronologers do agree that our Saviour was born about these Times yet as to the Year they do not agree some are of opinion that blessed Nativity happened six years before the vulgar Computation Petavius thinks it to have been five and Baronius and Scaliger with some others will have it to be no more than two years In the mean time that they may not derogate from the ancient usage and lest a confusion should be introduced into the Account all reckon the Years according to the Vulgar Opinion which is That our Saviour was born when Cossus Cornelius Lentulus and L. Calphurnius Piso were Consuls on the Twenty fift Day of December Forty three Years after the first Consulship of Augustus when in conjunction with Antony and Lepidus he invaded the Rights of the Commonwealth of Rome Yet this is not accounted the First Year of Christ but the following one only in reference to the Calculation of the Julian Year Christ The Xth EPOCH From the Nativity of Christ to the Conversion of Constantine the Great are reckon'd Three Hundred and Twelve Years which makes up The Xth PERIOD Years from the Birth of Christ 3. TIBERIVS who was of a morose and jealous Nature being not able to agree with Caius and Lucius Caesars withdrew into the Isle of Rhodes and lived there for seven years but having this year obtained leave of Augustus he came back to Rome wherein Lucius being sent into
that such a vast number of People could be contained in the lower Egypt but the wonder will be lessen'd to him that considers how populous and fertil Egypt was of Old Concerning which consult J. Vossius observ var. c. 10. Neither could there be any danger in the Opinion though we were to grant that the Copyers or Transcribers might through neglect mistake in the number so as that they are sometimes found in our Books to be more than really they were But of this we shall speak elsewhere After they had passed dry-shod through the Red-Sea they lived forty years in the Desarts of Arabia where what befell them is contained in Exodas Leviticus Numbers and Deuteronomy There it was more especially that they received the Law which comprehended three sorts of Precepts The first related to good Manners and were common to all Mankind alike others related to Sacred Rites and the third were established for the Government of Civil Society The Moral Precepts were approved of by all Civilized Nations and every Wife Man as to the Ceremonials there are several of them taken from those of the Egyptians which God established by a Law because the Israelites were already used to them those being rectified which might be faulty concerning which you may consult the Famous J. Marsham and J. Spencera There were also many things in their Polity alike from whence it came to pass that the Athenian Laws agreed in many things with those of the Hebrews as Learned Men and especially Sam. Petyte have observed which last has made a Collection of them because that as Cecrops the first King of Athens being an Egyptian born brought his own Country Laws into the Country of the Athenians so also Moses by God's Command the Children of Israel having been used to the Laws of Egypt commanded many Precepts out of them though he added many particular ones But above all others this was peculiar to the Common-wealth of Israel that God was the chief Magistrate therein and that there was no name of any other Polity could agree with it so that a new one was to be invented which they called a Theocracy 2493. 1421. Moses dyed before he got into the Land of Canaan leaving to the Jews that Law which he had given them in the Name of God 2498. 1486. Joshua having Subdued the Land of Canaan divided it among the twelve Tribes and dyed eight years after 2570. 1425. The Argives having turned out Gelanor the last King of Inachus's Race gave the Government to Danaus who came from Egypt into Greece 2525. 1459. When the Children of Israel after the Death of Joshua fell into Idolatry they were Conquered by Cuschan King of Mesopotamia and paid him Tribute for eight years but at length they were delivered by Othoniel the first Judge after Joshua in Israel 2583. 1401. The Israelites returning again to their former sins were subdued by Eglon King of Moab who was Slain by Ehud their second Judge Some think that Minos Reigned about this time others will have him to have Reigned King of Crete much later some again contend there were two of them one more Ancient and a famous Law-giver and the other co-temporary with Theseus who also lived about the end of this our Period The Kingdom of Troy was Erected and Enlarged in the lesser Asia by Dardanus Erichthonius Tros Assaracus Laomedon and some other Princes Pelops the Phrygian the Son of Tantalus Reigned in Peloponnesus and left his Name to all that Country At this time the Isthmian Games were institutedh which were Celebrated in Honour of Archemorus every third year at the Isthmus of Corinth But some will have them to have been Consecrated to the Memory of Archemorus by Adrastus and those Captains that went to Thebes which hapned later perhaps these only restored them in Honour of Archemorus Belus in the same Age Reigned in Assyria and after his Death was reputed to have been taken into the number of the Gods 2663. 1321. Jabin King of Canaan Subdued the Israelites but they were delivered Twenty years after by Deborah and Barak 2730. 1254. He was Succeeded by Gideon who overthrew the Midianites without fighting this Man was otherwise called Jerubbaal and Sanchoniathon of Berytis consulted him when he writ his History which he composed in the Phoenician Tongue and which Philo-byblius translated into Greek of which version there are some fragments still remaining See Sam. Bochaâ—tus in his Canaan lib. 2. Cap. ult You may also consult Henry Dodwell's Dissertation concerning it who would have Sanchoniathon to be a Supposititious Author 2770. 1214. Abimelech the Son of Gideon after he had Slain his Seventy Brethren Invaded the Office of Judge He was Succeeded by Thola Jair and Jephtha whose Deeds are recorded in the Book of Judges We shall only observe out of the History of Jephtha who vowed his Daughter in Sacrifice that some Learned Men have thought the Fable of Iphigenia to have sprung from thence whom the Greeks are said to have Slain in Aulis Certainly 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 do not much differ about which you may consult Capellus in his Diatriba de voto Jephthae But these belong to the following Period Many things during the time of these Judges in Israel worthy of Remembrance have hapned both in the East and West which cannot be reduced to any certain year Ninus the Son of Belus Reigned in the Greater Asia in the time of Deborah the same that built Niniveh and extended the Empire of Assyria far and near through Asia It was then this Empire seems to have begun to Flourish so as that Ninus may be esteemed as it were the founder of it The Computation of Herodotus is herein more exact from which it appears that the Empire of the Ancient Assyrians lasted only 500. years especially in the upper Asia After Ninus his Death his Widow Semiramis Ruled the Empire concerning whom as well as Ninus you may read Justin lib. 1. Palaetyrus or old Tyre was built in the Reign of Ninus as some would have it but others have thought it to be much older As for Greece there were several Kings who Reigned one after another as well in Athens as in Peloponnesus In Erichthonius his Reign who was the fourth King of the Athenians from Cecrops were the Panathenaea or Minerva's Festival instituted and under Erichtheus the Sixth King were appointed the Eleusinian Sacrifices in Eleusis a City in the Province of Athens which were attended with very Great and Sacred Rites and Phoemonoe was the first Priest at Delphos that delivered Oracles in Hexameter Verse Amphion Reigned in these times at Thebes and Perseus at Mycene A little after the time of Baruck the Theban Hercules the Son of Amphitryon and Alcmene Flourished He was believed to have been Jupiter's Son because in Old Times all that were Valiant were called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Jupiter's Sons even as the Hebrews called them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉
from Ireland to the Picts and to have converted them also to the Faith From henceforward the Christian Religion flourish'd in that Island which before seemed to have lain hid therein seeing the same if we believe Gildas a British Writer of those times had been brought thither in Tiberius's days 565. Justin II. Steward of the Houshold and his Sister's Son succeeded Justinian in the Empire who because he did not go out of his Palace by reason of a Meagrim wherewith he was afflicted he could not give a Hearing to the Complaints of the People against the Nobles which yet were very great but they had Satisfaction given them through the prudent Management and Severity of the Captain of the Guard Narses in the beginning of his Reign was called out of Italy and Longinas put into his room who was the first Exarch of Ravenna At that time Alboinus King of the Lombards leaving their Habitations in Germany invaded part of Italy where they erected the Kingdom of the Lombards 578. Justin died without doing any thing memorable and left Tiberius Anicius Constantine for his Successor Leovigildus King of the Goths in Spain is said at this time to have forbidden that any of those who went from the Homoousian or Consubstantial Party over to the Arians should be rebaptized by them as had been practised before but that they should only be admitted by the Imposition of Hands with this set form of Words If he gives Glory to the Father through the Son in the holy Spirit which Evagrius also says was in use among the Arians in the East 582. Tiberius did in the mean time overthrow the Persians in several Battles by his General Mauritius whom for that reason he created Caesar because he had overcome the Enemy with a small Army and falling Sick not long after he appointed him to be Emperor and gave him his Daughter Constantina to Wife The Avarians made War upon him but without Success while the French fought with the Lombards and the Saxons with the Suevians who had taken Possession of their Seats in Germany while the Saxons were with the Lombards in Italy These last People after the Death of Alboinus were without a King for Ten Years but at last they advanced Atharitus to the Regal Dignity who prevailed mightily over the Romans in Italy Recaredus at the same time quits Arianism and espouses the Consubstantialists Opinion in Spain and for that reason had the Appellation of Catholick given him Mauritius by his Generals Philippicus and Commentiolus worsted the Persians in divers Battles at what time Gregory sirnam'd the Great was chosen Bishop of Rome in a Season when a great Plague raged there Gregory soon after wrote his Dialogues and Evagrius bears Testimony that he wrote his History in the same Age. The Avares and Sclavi having possess'd themselves of Pannonia and the neighbouring Countries Mauritius was almost continually at War with them therefore as he was resolved to keep an Army upon the Frontiers of the Empire to defend the remote Provinces he chose rather that they should take up their Winter Quarters in the Enemies Countries than there which so disgusted the Soldiery that they rebelled against him and chose Phocas a Centurion to be Emperor who presently laying hold of the opportunity marched with a Body of his Troops directly for Constantinople and soon after when he had first slain Mauritius's Sons before his Face put him to Death also who shewed wonderful Constancy in this Tragedy 602. This Phocas is said to have given the Title of Vniversal Patriarch to the Bishops of Rome and a right of Precedency before the Bishop of Constantinople which hapned during the Incumbency of Boniface who next to Sabinianus succeeded Gregory and was the Third of that Name 606. Phocas as he had begun went on to reign cruelly and condemned all to Death whom he suspected to be in the least guilty of any Innovation without excepting his own Sons in Law Hence it was that several conspired together against him and Heraclius and Gregoras made an Agreement between themselves that he should be Emperor that Killed him wherein Heraclius prevail'd who immediately together with his Wife Eudoxia took upon him the Imperial Dignity This Prince observing Phocas's neglect of Military Affairs made it his first Care to levy an Army to oppose the Persians who ravaged all the Frontiers of the Empire Soon after died his Wife after she had brought him forth a Son whom he named Heraclius and dignify'd with the Title of Augustus then with the Permission of Sergius the Patriarch he Married Martina his own Niece 5. 〈◊〉 that time a most wicked Woman in France whose Name was Brunechildis sowed Discord between her Nephews Theodobertus and Theodoricus disturbed the Royal Family and at length after he had been twice overthrown procured Theodobert to be slain by his Brother She her self afterwards took care to have his Children put to Death and then removed Theodoricus also by Poison out of the way who was Succeeded by Clotair his Cousin-German and who obtained the Monarchy of all France which was before divided between the Brethren Now the first Attempts of Heraclius to raise an Army proving slow and faint because he was naturally averse to War the Persians and Avares rejecting the terms of Peace he offer'd them pressed him hard on both Sides so that he went seriously to work about forming an Army wherewith having now made Peace with the Avares he might at least repress the Insolence of the Persians for which end he was forc'd to borrow Silver and Gold Plate and other the Sacred Treasure of the Church Wherefore the War commenced in the Twelfth Year of his Reign at the beginning whereof the Persian General Saes having contrary to the Law of Nations made his 70 Ambassadors Prisoners sent them to King Cosroes who being Angry that he had not taken Heraclius himself commanded Saes his Skin to be flea'd off alive and put Sarbarus into his Command 622. Mahomet this year being accused of Sedition in Mecha a City of Arabia fled to Medina which for that reason by the Arabs is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Medinath ol Nabi the Jurisdiction of the Prophet from this year it is that the Mahometans begin their Aera which they called by the name of Hegira i. e. flight It 's said Mahomet was at first a Keeper of Camels but that afterwards by conferring with a certain Monk whose name was Sergius who was a follower of Manetes's Phantastical Opinion he became well instructed in the Notion of Predestination for which the Mahometans are great Sticklers and for those who thought Christ himself had not Suffer'd but that a Phantasm was substituted in his room which is believed by Mahomet's Followers to this day From hence it was that the Crafty Man had an itching desire to erect a new Sect in the World whereof himself was Head wherefore having Married his Mistress whom he had served in looking after her Camels he
Philosopher and a Christian Page 107 Aristobulus High-Priest of the Jews Page 86 93 Aristodemus the Messenian Page 32 Aristomenes the Messenian Page 34 Aristophanes the Comick Poet Page 55 Aristotle the Stagyrite flourish'd under Philip and Alexander Kings of Macedon and was Praeceptor to the latter and Author of the Peripatetick Sect Page 69 Arius the Heretick Page 125 c. Arnobius Page 120 Arrianus the Philosopher Page 108 Arsaces first King of Parthia Page 77 Arses King of Persia Page 66 Artabanus slew Xerxes Page 52 Artaxerxes Longimanus is made Partaker of the Kingdom with his Father 50. Reigns alone 51. Makes a base Peace with the Greeks Page 55 Artaxerxes the Mindful King of Persia 59. overcomes his Brother Cyrus Page 60 Artaxerxes Ochus King of Persia 62. subdues the Cyprians and Phoenicians Page 65 Artemius the Emperor Page 184 Ascanius builds Asbalonga Page 23 Ascanius Pedianus Page 103 Asdrubal Brother of Annibal is slain Page 78 Asphaltidis the Original of that Lake Page 11 Assarhaddon invades Babylon Page 33 Assuerus Esther 's Husband who he was Page 40 Astyages the last King of the Medes Page 38 40 Athanasius chosen Bishop of Alexandria Condemned at Tyre 129. Recalled from Banishment 132. Condemned again in Asia Acquitted in Italy Returns to Alexandria ibid. Condemned in the West Page 135 Athenaeus the Grammarian Athenagoras Page 108 Athens taken by Lysander and betray'd by the Thirty Tyrants The Athenians begin a War with the Lacedaemonians and make a Truce 55. Win many Victories under Pericles 60. Begin the Peloponnesian War ib. M. Attilus Regulus Page 74 Attalus I. King of Pergamus 78. II. makes the Romans his Heirs Page 85 Attila King of the Huns Page 153 Atreus when he lived Page 21 Avares created a great deal of trouble to the Eastern Emperors Page 170 171 Aurelian the Emperor Page 118 M. Aurelius Anton. Emp. Page 108 Augustine converted from Manichaism 144. Made a Bishop Page 146 Augustulus Emperor Page 156 Augustus gets the Power The learned Men that flourished in his time Page 93 94 B BAbylon taken by Cyrus Page 42 Babylon taken by Darius Page 46 The Babylonian Tower Page 6 The Babylonian Kingdom whether it ended with Sardanapalus Page 28 Baladan the same as Nabonassar Page 31 Baltassar King of Babylon Page 39 Barac King of Israel Page 19 Barchocheba Page 107 Barnabas his Epistle Page 103 Basil of Caesarea Page 138 Bede Page 185 Belisarius Page 164 Belus the Assyrian Page 19 166 Boethius Page 163 167 Brennus the Gaul Page 73 Brunechildis a Wicked Woman Page 171 Brutus and Cassius conquer'd Page 92 Bulgarians troublesome to the Eastern Empire Page 179 Byrsa a Tower of Carthage from whence called Page 27 Byzantium Dedicated Page 130 C CAdmus when driven into Greece Page 14 Calcedon Synod Page 154 Caligula Emperor Page 99 Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople Page 180 Cambyses the Father of Cyrus Page 40 Cambyles Second King of Persia Page 44 Caracalla Emperor Page 113 Caranus the Heraclidan Page 29 Charles the Great 's Reign Page 195 Charles Martell 184. overcomes the Saracens Page 185 Carthaginians wage the First War with the Romans 73. the Second 76. the Third Page 84 Carthage when it was built and whence named Page 27 Carausius Page 120 Carinus Emperor Page 119 Carus Emperor Page 119 Cataline 's Conspiracy Page 89 Catullus the Poct ibid. Cecrops 's Age Page 13 Censors of Rome first created Page 56 Chabrias the Athenian Page 63 Chaerisophus the Lacedaemonian Page 60 Christ 's Nativity 95. His Death Page 98 Christians when so called Page 100 Chrysostom 144 147. Condemned ibid. Cicero Quaestor 89. Consul ibid. Proconsul of Cicily 90. His Death Page 92 Cimon Miltiades 's Son his Exploits Page 51 55 Claudius Emperor Page 100 101 Claudius M. Aurelius Emperor Page 118 Claudius Clemens Page 192 Clearchus the Lacedaemonian Page 60 Clement 's Epistle Page 103 105 Cleopatra Syrian Queen a wicked Woman Page 86 Clodius Albinus Emperor Page 109 Clodovaeus the French King Page 160 Codrus the Athenian King Page 24 Coelestius a Disciple of Pelagius Page 148 149 Colossus the Remains thereof at Rhodes Page 178 Columban an Irish-man Page 168 Commodus Emperor Page 109 Confucius the Socrates of the Serans when he lived Page 42 Conon an Athenian Page 60 Constans Caesar 131. slain Page 135 Constants the Son of Constantine Heraclius 's Grandson Emperor Page 177 Constantinople New Rome Page 130 Constantinopolitan Synod the Second Oecumenical one Page 143 Constantinopolitan Synod the Sixth Oecumenical one Page 179 Constantinus Chlorus 120. made Emperor Page 121 Constantine Emperor 121. His Conversion 124. His Decree in honour of the Bishops ibid. War with Licinius ibid. His Cruelty 129. His Death Page 131 Constantius the Son of Constantine Caesar Page 125 Constantius Heraclius 's Son Emperor Page 176 Constantinus Pogonatus Emperor Page 179 Constantine Copronymus Page 186 Constantine the Son of Leo III. Emperor Page 190 Constantius Caesar 131. His Death Page 137 Constantius Gallus Caesar Page 135 Consuls at Rome first Created Page 46 Crates the Cynick Page 70 Crispus Caesar 125. slain Page 129 M. Curtius throws himself into the Chasm Page 63 Q. Curtius the Historian Page 102 Chuschan King of Mesopotamia Page 18 Croesus the last King of the Lydians 40. is overcome by Cyrus Page 41 Cyaxares I. besieging Nineve to no purpose is overcome by the Scythians 36. Destroys them ibid. Cyaxares II. King of the Medes 40. makes Cyrus his Son in Law and his Heir Page 42 Cyprian the Martyr Page 116 117 Cypselus a Tyrant of Corinth Page 35 Cyril of Alexandria Page 151 Cyril of Jerusalem Page 144 Cyrus the First Persian King 42. His Death Page 44 Cyrus the Younger makes War upon his Brother Page 59 D. DAlmatius Caesar 131. slain Page 132 Damasus Bishop of Rome how created Page 139 Danaus King of the Argives Page 18 Daniel the Prophet Page 39 Darius the Son of Hystaspis King of Persia Page 45 Darius makes War upon the Scythians to no purpose His Death Page 47. Darius Medus who he was Page 43 Darius Codomannus King of Persia 66. is overcome by Alexander Page 63 Darius the Bastard King of Persia Page 58 David 's Reign Page 25 Deborah the Prophetess Page 20 P. Decius Mus devoted himself to Death Page 66 Decius Emperor Page 116 Dejoces first King of the Medes Page 28 34 Demetrius Phalereus 90. Poliorcetes ibid. Demates the Orator Page 69 Demaratus of Corinth goes into Banishment 35. His Son becomes King of the Romans Page 36 Demetrius Philip 's Son Page 81 Demetrius Soter Page 84 Democritus the Philosopher Page 47 Demosthenes the Orator Page 69 Desiderius Longobardus conquer'd by Charles the Great Page 190 Deucalion 's Flood 13. Whence the Name of Deucalion Page 14 Diacrinomenians or the Doubting Page 158 Diadumenianus Caesar Page 111 Dido what time she lived Page 27 Didymus of Alexandria Page 139 Deluge Vniversal what Year Page 6 Dio Cassius Page 114 Dioclesian the Emperor His Pride
Leocrates the Athenian Page 53 Leonidas King of the Lacedaemonians slain at Thermopylae Page 49 Leontius the Emperor Page 181 Leosthenes the Athenian Page 69 Leovigildus King of the Goths in Spain Page 169 M. Lepidus Triumvir Page 92 Libanus the Sophist Page 138 Liberius Bishop of Rome Page 135 Licinius the Emperor 123. His War with Constantine 125. Falls out again 126. Is slain ibid. Licinius Son of Licinius Caesar Page 125 Livius Andronicus the Poet Page 75 T. Livy Page 94 Lot's Wife whether she was turned into a Pillar of Salt Page 11 Lucan Page 102 Lucian of Samosata Page 108 Lucifer Calaritanus Page 137 Lucretius the Poet Page 89 L. Lucullus Page 88 Luitprand King of the Langobards Page 186 Lycortas Praetor of Achaia Page 81 Lycurgus and the Errors of his Polity Page 30 Lysias the Orator Page 55 M MAcchabees whence so called Page 83 Macedonian Kingdom when it began Page 23 Macedonius the Heretick Page 136 Macrinus the Emperor Page 111 Magnentius the Tyrant Page 135 Mahomet a False Prophet his Tenets and Beginning Page 172 173 Majorianus the Emperor Page 155 Man's Life formerly longer Page 5 Mamercus Aemilius Page 57 Manasseh King of Juda Page 34 Manasseh the Brother of Jaddua Page 67 Manes the Heretick 119. Manichaeans in Persia Page 162 L. Manlius Imperiosus Page 62 T. Manlius kills his Son with an Axe Page 66 Marathonian Battel Page 48 M. Marcellus takes Syracuse 78. is slain by Annibal ibid. Marcian the Emperor Page 154 155 Mardonius prospers in Thrace and Asia 48. is overcome at Marathon ibid. at Plataeae Page 50 Mariamne Herod 's Wife Page 92 93 Martina Augusta Page 176 Martinianus Caesar Page 126 Martin Bishop of Tours Page 140 Marseilles when it was built Page 42 Massinissa King of Numidia Page 79 Mattathias the Priest Page 83 Mavias a Saracen Page 177 Mauritus the Emperor Page 169 170 Maxentius the Emperor Page 122 Maximus the Emperor Page 114 Maximianus Armentarius Caesar Page 120 Maximianus Herculius Emperor 120. lays aside his Royal Dignities 121. attempts to take them up again Page 122 Maximius the Emperor Page 114 Maximus thrusts himself into the Empire 143. He is slain Page 144 Maximus of Tyre Page 108 Mecaenas C. Cilnius Page 94 Megabasus sent into Europe by Darius Page 47 Melchites who they were Page 157 Melissus the Philosopher Page 55 Melito of Sardis Page 108 Sp. Melius aspires to the Kingdom of Rome and is punished Page 56 Menander a Comick Poet Page 70 Menenius Agrippa reduces the Commonalty of Rome Page 48 Meroveus King of the Franks Page 154 Messenians Builders of Messana Page 34 Messenian First War 154 Second War ibid. Miltiades the Athenian Page 48 Minos it may be two of the Name Page 18 Minutius Felix Page 120 Misitheus Gordian 's Father in-Law Page 115 Mithridates and his War with the Romans Page 87 89 Monks commanded to Marry Page 189 Monothelites their Original Page 175 Montanus the Heretick Page 109 Moses his Birth 13. His Acts 15 16. His Laws His Death Page 17-18 L. Mummius of Achaia Page 85 Myronides the Athenian Page 53 N NAbis a Lacedaemonian Tyrant Page 79 Nabonassar Restorer of the Babylonian Empire Page 31 Nabonidus the last King of Babylon Page 41 Nebuchadonosor carries away the Jews captive 37. Besieges Tyre 38. His Death Page 39 Naevius the Poet Page 75 Necho King of Egypt Page 36 Nectanebos the Son of the King of Egypt revolts from his Father 63. Is overcome by the Persians Page 65 Nehemiah repairs the Walls of Jerusalem 52. Regulates their corrupt Manners Page 54 Nemaean Games instituted Page 39 Nemesianus the Poet Page 120 Nepos the Emperor Page 156 Nepotianus the Tyrant Page 135 Neriglissor Nebuchadonosor 's Son-in-Law Page 40 Nerva the Emperor Page 105 Nestorius Condemned Page 151 Nicene First Synod Page 127 Nicene Second Synod Page 191 Nicephorus Brother of Leo Armenius Page 191 Nicephorus Patricius the Emperor Page 194 Nicomedia by whom and when it was built Page 75 Nimrod 's Reign Page 6 Nineveh built 20. Repaired Page 31 Ninus when he lived and why he is thought to be the Founder of the Babylonian Empire Page 20 Noah 's Sons what Coasts they inhabited Page 6 Numa Pompilius King of the Romans Page 33 Numantia taken Page 85 Numerianus the Emperor Page 119 O OCtavius Caesar Triumvir 92. See Augustus Odonatus King of Palmyra Page 117 Odoacer King of the Heruli Page 159 Ogyges 's Reign and Flood Page 13 Olybrius the Emperor Page 156 Olympick Games restored by Iphitus Page 29 Olympian Conquerors when they began to be Crowned Page 31 Olympius the Poet Page 120 Omar a Chaliph Page 176 Origen 112. His Tetrapla Hexapla Octapla Page 113. His Opinions Page 114 Origen 's Opinion condemned after his Death Page 166 Otho the Emperor Page 103 Othoniel Judge of the Jews Page 18 Ovid 's Anachronism Page 46 P PAcuvius the Poet Page 75 84 Pagans Name whence risen Page 135 Palladius of Galata Page 146 Panathenaea when instituted Page 20 Papinian the Lawyer Page 111 Paris Academy Page 192 Parmendides the Philosopher Page 55 Parthenians Builders of Tarentum Page 32 Parthians seek a King of Tiberius Page 99 Parthian War whence risen 77. It s end Page 114 Passover Differences concerning its Celebration Page 110 Paul the Apostle Page 99 Paul the Deacon Page 102 Paul Ictus Page 112 Paul of Samosata the Heretick Page 118 Pausanias overcomes Mardonius at Plataea Page 50 Pelagius 's Opinion 148. Synods held against him Page 149 Pelagius who was descended of the Goths preserved the Country of Asturia and transmitted the Dominion thereof to his Posterity Page 185 186 Pelopidas a Theban Page 62 Peloponnesian War 56. The Occasion thereof Page 57 Pelops when he reigned Page 18 Pilgrimages for Religion's sake Page 152 Pericles the Athenian Page 55 Perillus 's fate a Black-smith Page 41 Perseus King of the Mycenians Page 21 Perseus the last King of the Macedonians Page 82 Perseus the Poet Page 102 Persian War begun Page 114 Pertinax the Emperor Page 109 Pescennius Niger the Emperor Page 109 Peter whether he has been at Rome 100 102. His other Epistle Page 101 Peter Fullo the Heretick Page 155 Phalantus a Parthenian Captian Page 32 Phalaris the Tyrant Page 41 Phantasiasticks Page 165 Pharamund Page 150 Phavorinus the Philosopher Page 107 Pherecydes the Syrian Page 42 Phylemo a Comick Poet Page 70 Philetaerus King of the Pergamenians Page 75 Philippicus the Emperor Page 183 Philip the Arab Emperor Page 115 Philip the Son of Amintas King of Macedon 46. is slain Page 66 Philip the last King of Macedon save one Page 78 81 Philip the Tetrarch Page 95 99 Philomelus the Author of the Holy War Page 64 Philopoemen Praetor of Achaia Page 81 Philostorgius whether to be believ'd or not Page 125 129 Phocas the Emperor Page 170 Phoemonoë deliver'd the first Oracle in Hexameter Verses Page 21 Phoenicians whence so called Page 12 Photinus the Heretick Page 133 135 Phraortes besieges
Nineveh to no purpose Page 35 Phul King of the Assyrians Page 30 Pindar the Poet Page 50 Pippin Son of Charles Martell King of France brought back Aistulphus into his Obedience Page 188 Placida Sister of Honorius 148. She is Dignified with the Title of Augusta Page 150 Plataean Battel Page 50 Plato the Philosopher Page 60 Pliny the Elder Page 103 Pliny the Younger Page 105 Plutarch the Philosopher Page 106 Polycarpus the Martyr Page 108 Polycrates a Tyrant of Samos Page 45 Cn. Pompey the Great his Acts 90. overcome by Caesar and slain by Ptolemy Page 91 Sex Pompey Son of Cn. Pompey Page 92 Pontius Pilate Page 97 Porsennus his War with the Romans Page 47 A. Posthumius Dictator Page 56 Priscian the Grammarian Page 163 Priscillian the Heretick Page 144 Probus the Emperor Page 119 Prodicus the Rhetorician Page 55 Propertius Page 94 Psammeticus King of Egypt Page 35 Psmamenitus King of Aegypt Page 44 Ptolemy the Son of Lagus Page 70 Ptolemy Philadelphus Page 71 Ptolemy Philopater a Hater of the Jews Page 77 Ptolemy the Mathematician Page 107 Pulcheria Augusta Page 154 Punick War 72. Second War 77 Pupienus the Emperor Page 115 Pygmalion 's Kingdom Page 27 Pyrrha whence so called Page 14 Pyrrhus King of the Epyrots Page 72 Pythagoras the Philosopher Page 46 Pythian Games instituted Page 38 Q QUadratus Page 107 T. Quinctius Cincinnatus triumphs over the Volscians and Antium 51. Overcomes ths Aequi Page 53 Quintilian Page 102 R RAchisius a Beneventan Captain Page 191 Ravenna 's Exarchate its Beginning 168. It s End ibid. Recharedus the Catholick Page 169 Rehoboam 's Reign Page 26 Roderick King of Spain Page 182 Rotharitus Langobardus Page 177 Romulus 's Reign 32. His Death Page 33 Ruffinus of Aquileia Page 139 Ruffinus a Seditious Captain Page 146 S SAbellus the Heretick Page 117 Saguntum Besieged Page 76 Salaminian Battel Page 49 Salmanassar King of Assyria Page 32 Samaritans sent from Assyria into Judea 32. use the ancient Characters of the Hebrews Page 54 Sanaballat a Samaritan Page 67 Sanchoniathon an Historian of Phoenicia Page 19 Seven Wise Men of Greece Page 37 Sappho the Poetress Page 38 Saracens when they began to flourish Page 177 Sardis a Synod held there Page 134 Saul 's Reign Page 24 P. Scipio Aemilianus Page 84 85 P. Scipio Africanus ended the Second Punick War 79. Condemned Page 81 L. Scipio Asiaticus Page 80 P. Scipio Nasica Page 79 Scipio Pompey 's Son-in-Law conquer'd in Africa Page 91 Scythians invade Asia Page 36 Sedekiah the last King of Judaea Page 37 Seleucian Synod Page 136 Seleucus Nicanor Page 68 Semiramis Queen of Babylon Page 20 Sennacherib King of Assyria Page 33 Sextus of Chaeronea Page 108 Seventy Greek Interpreters of Moses 's Law Page 71 Q. Sertorius 's Acts Page 88 Servius Tullius 's Reign Page 39 Servile War Page 89 Servilius Isauricus Page 88 Sesostris King of Egypt what time he lived 26. Subdues Asia ibid. Seth when born Page 4 Severus L. Septimus the Emperor Page 109 Severus Caesar Page 121 Severus the Emperor Page 154 Severus the Theopaschite Page 161 Sextus the Empirick Page 106 Sicyons Kingdom 8. comes to a period Page 23 Sidon burnt Page 65 Simon the Maccabee Page 85 Simonides the Poet Page 44 Sirmium Synod Page 135 Smerdis Magus Page 44 Socrates Chief of the Philosophers 55. His Death 60. His Disciples ibid. Sodom destroyed Page 11 Sogdianus King of Persia Page 57 Solomon's Kingdom Page 26 Solon when born 35. Corrects the Laws of Draco Page 38 Sophocles the Tragoedian Page 51 Spanish War Page 84 85 Spartachus General of the Servii Page 89 Stesichorus the Poet Page 41 Stephen the Protomartyr Page 98 Stephen Bishop of Rome Page 117 Stephen the Pope flies to King Pepin to no purpose Page 187 Stilicho one of Honorius 's Captains Page 146 147 148 Strabo Page 94 Suetonius Page 106 L. Sulla his Exploits Page 88 Sulpitius Severus Page 140 Syloson a Tyrant of Samos Page 46 Symmachus Page 139 Symmachus Bishop of Rome when Created Page 160 Syphax King of Numidia Page 79 Syrian Kings most Potent in the times of the Kings of Israel Page 26 28 Syracuse built Page 30 T TAchos King of Egypt Page 63 Tacitus the Historian Page 105 Tacitus the Emperor Page 119 Tarichus the Arabian Invades Spain Page 182 Tarquinius Priscus 's Reign Page 36 Tarquinius Superbus King of the Romans 44. is Banish'd Rome Page 46 Tatius Reigns with Romulus Page 32 Temple of Jerusalem built 25. Dedicated Page 83 Tertullian Page 110 Teuta Queen of the Illyrians Page 76 Theban War twice begun Page 21 Themistius Page 138 Themistocles Conquers Xerxes 49. Is Banished Flies to Artaxerxes Page 52 Theodoricus I. King of the Goths Page 155 Theodoricus II. King of the Goths 159. a Disciple of Arius Page 163 Theodosian Code Page 152 Theodosius the Elder Emperor 140. His Repentance 145. His Death Page 156 Theodosius the Younger Emperor 148. His Death Page 154 Theodosius a Syrian made Emperor Page 183 Theodotion Ponticus Page 109 Theognis the Poet Page 41 Theophilus of Alexandria Page 147 Theophilus of Antioch Page 108 Theophrastus the Peripatetick Page 70 Theron of Agrigentum the Tyrant Page 50 Theseus when he lived Page 21 Thrasibulus Tyrant of Syracuse Expell'd Page 51 Thucydides the Historian Page 56 Thyestes when he lived Page 21 Tiberius obtains the Empire Page 97 Tiberius Anicius the Emperor Page 168 Tibullus Page 94 Timaeus 's jocular Expression concerning the Birth of Alexander Page 64 Timoleon 's Acts at Corinth Page 65 Timotheus Aelurus Page 155 Titus Vespasian the Emperor Page 104 Tolmides the Athenian Page 55 Trajan the Emperor Page 105 Trebonianus the Emperor Page 116 Three Factions Page 166 Tribonianus the Lawyer Page 164 Tribunes of the Roman People instituted Page 48 Thirty Tyrants of the Roman Empire Page 117 Triumvir's Proscriptions Page 62 Troy when its Kingdom began Page 18 Trojan War the occasion thereof Page 22 Tullus Hostilius 's Reign Page 34 Turks call'd in by Heraclius to his Assistance Page 175 Type an Edict of Constans the Emperor Page 177 Tyrus Old When it was Built 20. Destroyed and Re-built Page 38 Twelve Tables containing the Roman Laws Page 53 V VAlens the Emperor 138. His Death Page 140 Valentinian the Elder Emperor Page 138 Valentinian the Younger slain 145. His Laws Page 144 145 Valentinian the Son of Placidia Augusta 150. His Death Page 154 Valerian the Emperor Page 116 117 Valerian Caesar Page 117 M. Valerius Poplicola Page 46 Vallias King of the Goths Page 149 Vandals they possess themselves of Africa Page 153 M. Varro Page 89 Veij is Besieged Page 59 Venetians their Original Page 154 Vespasian the Emperor Page 104 Vetranio the Tyrant Page 135 Vincentius Lirinensis Page 152 Virgil Page 94 Viriathus Lusitanus Page 84 Vitalianus the Count Page 161 Vitellius the Emperor Page 103 Vitruvius Page 94 Ulpian the Lawyer Page 112 Volusianus the Emperor Page 116 W WAlidus King of Arabia sends an Army into Spain Ransacks Natolia Page 182. 186 Western Empire put to an end Page 157 Willibrordus Bishop of Utrecht Page 185 X XEnophanes the Philosopher Page 44 Xenophon the Socratick Page 60 Xerxes I. King of Persia 49. Conquer'd by the Greeks ibid. Is slain by Artabanus Page 52 Xerxes II. King of Persia Page 57 Y YEar amended by Julius Caesar Page 91 Years in ancient Times were not Monthly Page 5 Z ZEno the Emperor Page 157 Zeno the Philosopher Page 55 Zenobia Queen of Palmyra Page 118 Zorobabel Leader of the Jews brought back out of Captivity Page 43 Zosimus a Roman Bishop Page 150 THE END BOOKS Printed for M. Gillyflower J. Tonson W. Freeman J. Walthoe and R. Parker A New Voyage to Italy with Curious Observations on several other Countries as Germany Switzerland Savoy Geneva Flanders and Holland Together with useful Instructions for those who shall Travel thither Done out of French The Second Edition Enlarg'd above one Third and enrich'd with several new Figures By Maximilian Misson Gent. In Two Volumes A Compleat Body of Chyrurgical Operations containing the whole Practice of Surgery with Observations and Remarks on each Cases amongst which are inserted the several ways of Delivering Women in Natural and Unnatural Labours The whole illustrated with Copper Plates explaining the several Bandages Sutures and divers useful Instruments By M. de la Vauguion M. D. and Intendant of the Royal Hospitals about Paris Faithfully done into English The Roman History from the Building of the City to the perfect Settlement of the Empire by Augustus Caesar containing the space of 727 Years and from the Settlement of the Empire by Augustus Caesar to the Removal of the Imperial Seat by Constantine the Great containing the space of 355 Years Designed as well for the understanding of Roman Authors as the Roman Affairs Carefully Revised and Corrected In Two Volumes Octavo By Lawrence Echard A. M. late of Christ's College in Cambridge Prebendary of Lincoln and Chaplain to the Right Reverend James Lord Bishop of that Diocess
of Abraham out of Mesopotamia to the time of the Law given by Moses which we referr to the year of the World 2453 before Christ 1531 and comprehends 431 years The Fourth commences from the time of the Law given by Moses from whence to the taking of Troy we reckon 347 years in the year of the World 2800 before Christ 1184. The Fifth is the Destruction of Troy from whence to the building of the Temple of Jerusalem which was effected An. M. 2992 before Christ 992 are comprehended 192 years The sixth is the Building of the Temple at Jerusalem by Solomon which was 216 years before the first Olympiad which is computed to fall in the year of the World 3208 before Christ 776. The Seventh is taken from the first Olympiad from whence are reckoned 238 years to the return of the Jews from the Babylonish Captivity that hapned An. M. 3446 before Christ 538. The Eighth is the Freeing of the Jews from the Babylonish Captivity by Cyrus which fell out 336 years before Carthage was overcome by Scipio An. M. 3782 before Christ 202. The Ninth is taken from the Subduing of Carthage which hapned 202 years before our Saviours Birth and fell out in the year of the World 3984. The Tenth is the Birth of our Saviour Jesus Christ from which to the Conversion of Constantine the Great to the Christian Faith are reckoned 312 years which fell out An. M. 4296. The Eleventh is taken from the Conversion of Constantine which hapned 488 years before the Reign of Charles the Great which begun in the year of our Lord 800 An. M. 4784. The Twelfth we fetch from the Reign of Charles the Great with which we close up this our Compendium of Ancient History Now as for those Intervals of time that flow between the several Epochs them we call Periods The Creation The First EPOCH From the beginning of the World to the Deluge are computed 1656 years which space contains The First PERIOD The year of the World The year before Christ 1. 3984. THE most accurate Chronologers do reckon that the World was Created in Autumn in the Month of October concerning which you may consult Dionys Petavius his Ration Lib. 2. p. 2. as also his book De Doc. temp p. 2. l. 9. c. 7. We are informed by no other History besides the Scripture what was done in this Interval of time which yet at the same time speaks of things with that obscureness and brevity that but little knowledge of those times can be got from thence Recourse may be had to the first six Chapters of Genesis where after the Creation of the World these are the principal Events to be met with The Creation of Adam and Eve their sinning and begetting Cain and Abel 129. 3855. Cain Slew his Brother Abel when Adam and Eve had no other Sons besides them but afterwards begat Seth the Scripture says nothing of any Children they had of the Female Sex save that before Adam dyed he begat Sons and Daughters Gen. 5.4 987. 2997. Enoch was Translated to Heaven without tasting of Death 1536. 2448. God forewarns the corrupted World of the Deluge by Noah an hundred and Twenty years before it came to pass Here two things are observable the long life of the Antediluvian Patriarchs and their food They lived then many Ages which when some Men have not been able to digest they have said they were Monthly years so that 1200 years before the Deluge made up no more than 100 Solar years but how ridiculous this is will immediately appear by observing of the Computation for according to their Calculation Seth who is said to have begot Children when he was 105 years old must have begot his first born at nine years of Age and others as Enoch Cainan and Mahalaleel must have done so much sooner See Lanct Div. Inst lib. 2. c. 12. As to their Food most of the Ancient and many of the Modern Writers have been of Opinion that they lived only upon Fruit and that eating of Flesh did not begin till after the Flood which is very likely from Gen. 9.3 The Deluge The Second EPOCH From the Deluge to the calling of Abraham are 366 years which Interval makes up The Second PERIOD The year of the World The year before Christ 1656. 2328. GOD sent the Deluge to destroy the Corrupted Race of Mankind from off the face of the Earth and Noah with his Family alone escaped whereof there remain clear Footsteps in the Ancient Monuments of the Heathens concerning which among others Hugo Grotius may be consulted in his Annotations on the first Book of V. R. C. as also Sam. Bochartus in his Phaleg lib. 1. The Memory of Noah and his Sons Sem Cham and Japheth remained among the Heathens though obscured with divers Fables as they have shewed 1809. 2175. Then Mankind began to Build the Tower of Babel to preserve them a Name among Posterity and about which they might fix their Habitations least they should be scattered over the face of the Earth But through Discord they were dissipated into different Regions and it came to pass in process of time that the Original Language underwent various changes among a People that were so remote from one another Of this you may see what we have writ in our Philological Comment upon Gen. 11. The Posterity of Sem fixed their Seats in the upper Asia of Cham partly in Asia and partly in Africa and of Japheth in the lesser Asia and Europe See Gen. c. 10. as also the forecited Bochartus Soon after the first Discipation of Mankind Nimrod the Son of Chus who in the Chaldee is called Bar-Chus whence the name of Bacchus amongst the Greeks began to settle his Empire in Mesopotamia the beginning of whose Kingdom were Babylon Ezech Chalne and Acchad in the Land of Sinaar that is Babylon from whence he went out into Assyria and built Nineve Rechoboth Chalach and Rosen as Moses relates Gen. 10.10 11. by which words is only meant that he laid the Foundation of those Cities which were afterwards so called for Nineve was so named some ages after by Ninus See Bochartus his Phaleg Lib. 4. c. 12. But whether the Kingdom descended from this first King to his Posterity is uncertain Africanus doth indeed recite the Names of seven Chaldean Kings and six Arabian that Reigned in Babylon but these are clearly different from those which some have produced out of Ctesia The first that Africanus has is called Evechous but that in Ctesia is Belus and therefore all these are to be reckoned amongst the obscure number See Is Vossius and Dion Petavius Kingdoms were in those times very small and what has been usually said of that great Empire of Babylon whose bounds were extended by Ninus the Son of Belus who is thought to have been Nimrod through all the greater Asia is a meer Fable The Earth in those days was in a manner incumbred every where with Trees and inhabited rather
another of the Medes and Persians For he thinks that Cyaxares the first King of the Medes whom he supposes to have been Assuerus delivered the Persians whom his Father Phraortes had Conquered to his Son Darius to be governed by him as their King Whom Daniel c. 9.1 calls as he conjectures Darius the Son of Assuerus of the Seed of the Medes And Cyaxares I. had Astyages for his Successor in the Kingdom of the Medes Dispossest by Cyrus but Darius who was also called Astyages the Grandfather of Cyrus had Cyaxares for his Successor See Marsham ad Saec. 18. But there are many things that do occasion me to dissent from him though otherwise it must be confessed that there can be nothing almost besides conjectures in this business 3426. 558. LV. iii. 196. Craesus last King of Lydia Reigned sixteen years his Father being still alive as Petavius supposes The Poets Ibycus Simonides and Stesichorus as also the Philosopher Anaximenes flourished at this time 3429. 555. LVI ii 199. After the Death of Neriglissor Baltassar his Son Reigned alone nine Months at the end whereof he was Slain by Nabonides's faction or as Petavius thinks by that of Darius the Mede and Nabonides or Darius the Mede succeeded him In this Age lived Xenophanes of Colophon the Philosopher and Theognis the Poet Sirnamed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 now flourished Phalaris the Tyrant of Agrigentum flourished then also one Perillus is said to have made him a brazen bull hollow within wherein he shut up Men alive and putting fire under it made their crying to seem like the bellowing of a Bull. But the first on whom the experiment was tryed was Perillus himself of whom Ovid in his first Book de Arte Amandi after he had said that Busiris slew the Man who first taught him to pacifie the Gods with the blood of his Guests speaks thus Et Phalaris tauro violenti membra Perilli Torruit infelix imbuit auctor opus Justus uterque fuit neque enim Lex aequior ulla est Quà m necis artifices arte perire suá 3440. 544. LIX i. 210. Croesus King of Lydia marched against the Persians or the Army of the Medes and Persians commanded by Cyrus the Persian and while he hoped to return home Conqueror he was deluded by the Ambiguous answer of the Oracle 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 For having past over the River Haly he was overcome by Cyrus and upon the taking of Sardis was made a Prisoner and carryed into Captivity leaving all Asia unto Cyrus A little after flourished Anaximander the Milesian who foundout the obliquity of the Zodiack and Pherecydes of Scyros not the Syrian for he was not of Syria but of the Isle of Scyros who was Pythagoras his Master who not long after were followed by Hipponax and Hippicus the Poets In these times lived Consucius in the furthermost parts of Asia among the Chineses who was an excellent Philosopher Of whom see Mart. Martinius in his History of China lib. 4. and Philip Coupletius in his Proem to Confucius Not long after Croesus his overthrow when Harpagus in Cyrus's Name governed the lesser Asia the Phocaeans being weary of his Rule left Asia and Sailed into Gaul where they fixed their Seats about a place where now Marseilles stands and built that City 3446. 538. LX. v. 216. This year Cyrus having subdued the King of Babylon's Confederates marched to Babylon it self which he took and for his Reward his Uncle Cyaxares who dyed soon after bestowed his only Daughter Mandanes upon him whom when he had marryed he was made Heir to all Cyaxares his Kingdom and gave a beginning to the Persian Monarchy which had not any equal to it before Daniel the Prophet lived to this time who was carried captive into Babylon by Nebuchadnezer to whom under Nabonidus or Darius the Mede the last King of Babylon the Prophecy of the Seventy weeks was Revealed upon the elapsing of which the Messias was to come as we shall see hereafter The Return of the Jews The Eighth EPOCH From the Return of the Jews out of the Babylonish Captivity to the Subduing of Carthage are 336 years which makes up the Eighth PERIOD Year of the W. Year before Christ Olymp. of the Building of Rome 3446. 538. LX. v. 216. THE same year wherein Cyrus began his Reign upon the taking of Babylon he put forth a Decree wherein the Jews who were held in Captivity by the Kings of Babylon were ordered to Rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem in obedience to which they returned in great numbers into their own Country under the Conduct of Zorobabel together with Josua the Son of Josedec the High Priest Two years after they laid the Foundations of the Temple and erected an Altar But the Samaritans their Neighbours who also worshipped the God of Israel while they pretended a readiness of themselves to assist the Jews in the work and were refused by the Jews they endeavoured by their Calumnies to induce the King of Persia to put a stop to the further carrying on of the building Esd 4. In these times Simenides of Ceos Anacreon of Samos Lyrick Poets and Xenophanes the natural Philosopher and Poet flourished amongst the Greeks 3451. 533. LXI iv 221. This year Tarquinius Superbus the last King of the Romans having Slain his Father in Law began his Reign which continued for four and twenty years Five years after Cyrus wageth War with the Scythians if you believe Justin and Herodotus and was slain by Thomyris Queen of Scythia But Ctesias says that he was wounded in a Battle he fought against the Derbices and dyed three days after having first given many good Precepts to his Sons Cambyses and Tanyoxares But Zenophon clearly describes him dying pleasantly in a good old Age after he had Reigned thirty years He was Succeeded by Cambyses II. King of Persia who Reigned seven years and five Months Cambyses upon the Death of Amasis King of Egypt and his being Succeeded by Psammenitus in that Kingdom invaded it where after he had done many cruel Acts and in the mean time commanded his Brother in Persia to be put to Death he at last ran mad and not long after was wounded and dyed After his Death a certain Magician called Smerdis very much resembling Tanyoxares both in body and face took upon him to be the same Person and Reigned seven Months Petavius thinks this Man to have been Artaxerxes whom Esdras makes to Succeed Ahasuerus c. 9.7 See his Book de Doct. temp lib. 12.27 About these times Polycrates the Tyrant of Samos was crucified by Oron Governor of Sardis who took him by a stratagem after he held the Tyrannick power for eleven years with great Success 3436. 521. LXIV iii. 233. After the counterfeit Tanyoxares had hid himself seven Months he was at last taken and destroy'd by the Seven Peers of Persia who conspired against him and one of their number viz. Darius the Son of Hystaspis was made choice of in his room
In the Second year of his Reign the Jews begged leave to finish the begun work and at length after sixteen years began to build again notwithstanding all the efforts of the Samaritans to obstruct them who were always very obnoxious to the Jews The Temple was entirely finished within the compass of six years and a little after the Passover was kept at Jerusalem Esd 6. A few years before to wit in the fourth of Cambyses his Reign before the Birth of our Saviour 527 upon the Death of Pisistratus Tyrant of Athens Hippias Succeeded who was his Eldest Son and held the Government for eighteen years Hipparchus a very Learned Man was his Brother who is said to have compiled the Rhapsodies of Homer into one Volume which were before in several scattered pieces This Man seeing he maintained the Tyranny of his Brother was Slain by Harmodius and Aristogiton who though they were themselves killed in the midst of the Guards yet this did so incense the Athenians that they Divested Hippias of the Government who strove now to maintain it in vain and so put an end to Pisistratus his Tyranny 3472. 512. LXVIII ii 242. Not long after the Province of Babylon Revolted from King Darius which however after a long Siege of the City of Babylon he recovered by the cunning of Zopyrus While these things were doing in Greece and Asia Tarquinius Superbus the last King of Rome was expelled from thence because that his Son Sextus Tarquinius Ravished Lucretia and immediately thereupon the Kingly Authority was Abrogated and two Consuls created in the place of the Kings The first that executed that Office were L. Junius Brutus and L. Tarquinius Collatinus which last was by P. Valerius who succeeded him forced to lay down because of his invidious Name as not long after M. Horatius succeeded Brutus who was Slain in Battle a Catalogue of the Consuls that succeeded you have in Petavius About these times Pythagoras of Samos flying both from Samos and the Rulers of it for fear of the Tyranny exercised there went an exile into Italy Syloson Polycrates's Brother was then Tyrant of Samos Hence 't is manifest that Ovid who makes Pythagoras to be Numa Pompilius his Tutor is guilty of a gross Anachronism Next year after the Creation of Confuls at Rome M. Valerius Poplicola in his second Consulship Triumphed for his Conquering Tarquinius and the Etrurians whom he excited to make War upon the Romans But his Victories rendring him afterwards suspected by the People he made a Law whereby a Citizen that was called into question for his life might Appeal from the Consuls and the Senate to the People In the mean time the Family of the Tarquins making it their constant business to seek for aid among the Neighbouring Nations against the Romans stirred up Porsenna King of Etruria to make War upon them in which War the Romans did great exploits and amongst others M. Horatius Cocles Mutius Scaevola and Cloelia Virgo very much signalized themselves by whose Valour more especially Porsenna was brought to raise the Siege of Rome which he had invested and to grant a Peace to the Romans A little after the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus was Consecrated by M. Horatius At that time Darius being to make War upon the Scythians made a Bridge over the Thracian Bosphorus and then over the Danube from whence passing over into Scythia after he had lost a great part of his Army he returned into Asia leaving Megabazus to subdue Europe with Eight hundred thousand Men as being perswaded thereto by Hippias the Tyrant of Athens who by the assistance of the Persian Forces thought to reassume his lost power Megabazus Conquered Thrace and Macedon for the King of Persia as also the Ionians but having been overthrown by the Athemians upon several occasions Darius was so incensed at it that he resolved to make War upon Greece In these times flourished Heraclitus the Ephesian and Democritus of Abderis both famous Philosophers The Romans won many Victories over the Sabines and Vejentians they brought also the Latines who made a bustle and stir against them after various overthrows wherein the Romans still worsted them to renew their Alliance with them to whom they added the Volsci and Aequi who also gave them trouble 3491. 493. LXXI iv 261. But the Romans themselves could scarce be at Peace at home for the Commonalty finding they were opprest with the extortions of the Nobility passed over the Anien to the Hill called Mons Sacer as if they designed to erect another Republick without any Nobility but they were brought back to Rome by the Speech and Dexterous Management of Menenius Agrippa There it was that three Tribunes of the People were first created by a Law which they called the Holy Law to whose number two more were afterwards added who were to defend the Privileges of the Commonalty against the Nobles The Power of these Magistrates was esteemed most Sacred and no Law could be enacted without one of them were present While these wranglings were at Rome Darius made open War upon Greece and Mardonius his Son in Law was the first that expelled their respective Tyrants out of the Cities of Ionia and reduced Thrace and Macedon again which had shaken off the Persian yoke under its obedience 3492. 490. LXXII iii. 264. At length when he had entred Greece he engaged at Marathon a City of Attica with the Athenians and Plataeensians who under the Conduct of Miltiades whose number did not exceed ten thousand Men overthrew three hundred thousand of these Barbarians Darius soon after as he was preparing for a new expedition dyed At this time flourished Aeschylus the Athenian a Tragick Poet and Sophocles his Country-man was now born who excelled him in the same sort of Poetry Now the Athenians by the advice of Themistocles built the Pyraeum and Gelo became Tyrant of Syracuse C. Marcius Coriolanus being Banished from Rome excited the Volsci to make War upon this Country and being made their General he besieged Rome whose Siege when he could have taken it he raised at his Mothers tears and intreaties 3498. 486. LXXIII iii. 268. Sp. Cassius in his third Consulship was the first Author of the Agrarian Law which was made about dividing the Land of the Hernici whom the Romans and Latines had Conquered but next year the same Cassius as affecting Tyranny was thrown down headlong over the Rock Tarpeia and so perish'd 3500. 484. LXXIV i. 270. While the Romans waged War with the Vosci Vejentians and Aequi their Neighbour Nations Xerxes fourth King of Persia succeeded Darius and Reigned twenty years in the fourth of his Reign he made War upon Greece whither he Transported his Land Forces consisting of eight hundred thousand Men over a Bridge made cross the Hellespont His Navy consisted of above twelve hundred Ships But he was first beaten by the Athenians more especially under the Conduct of Themistocles in a Naval fight at Salamis and three hundred Spartans
357. CV iv 397. While divers Wars were waged among the Greeks all which seem to have turned to the advantage of Philip King of Macedon only Dionysius Tyrant of Syracuse was divested of his Government by Dion during his absence from Syracuse Two Transport Ships laden with Mercenary Troops overturned a Government furnished with 400 Ships of War an Hundred thousand Foot and Ten thousand Horse In the mean time Philip Subdued the three Neighbouring Kings of Thrace Paeonia and Illyria and in the three hundred fifty sixth year before the Birth of Christ had born to him by his Wife Olympias his Son Alexander on the very same day wherein the fam'd Temple of Diana at Ephesus was burnt Of this Timaeus in his History spake prettily when he said that it was not to be wondered that Diana who was desirous to be at the Labour of Olympias should be absent from home as you have it cited in Cicero de natura Deor. lib. 2. c. 27. A little after began that called the Sacred War in Greece which the Thebans and Locrensians undertook against the People of Phocis because these last had possest themselves of some part of the Holy Ground and afterwards by the incouragement of Philomelus pillaged the Temple of Apollo at Delphos Philip after eight years time put an end to this War by destroying the Cities of Phocis 3633. 351. CVII ii 403. Artaxerxes Ochus sent an Army against the Phoenicians and Cyprians who revolted from him and subdued the Cyprians by the help of Idrieus Prince of Caria Phocion of Athens and Evagora who held Cyprus in his Name but Tennes King of Sydon having received from Nectanebos King of Egypt some mercenary Greeks to assist him defended himself for some time but afterwards having made a Peace with the King he was slain which brought the Sydonians to such a desponding condition that they burnt themselves and all their Substance together with their City all at once From hence forward the Riches of New Tyre seem to have encreased as being a Place that was very potent in Alexander's days whereas the Affairs of the Sydonians were but in a mean condition Nectanebos himself was driven out of Egypt by Ochus with the assistance more particularly of the Theban Army and forced to fly into Aethiopia Four Years after Dionysius recovered Syracuse ten years after he had lost it but the Syracusians some time after having got of the Corinthians Timoleon for a General who had kill'd his Brother Timophanes for seeking to compass the Supreme Power into his hands Dionysius was driven out again who went to Corinth where it was said he turn'd Schoolmaster to get him a livelyhood The same Timoleon overthrew the Carthaginians divers times In this tract of time the Romans under the Conduct of several Dictators and Consuls a Catalogue of whom you have in Petavius's Tables won several Victories over the Gauls Samnites and other neighbouring Nations but they underwent very great danger in that called the Social War where T. Manlius struck off his Son's Head because that being challenged to a single Combat he overcame his Enemy when there were strict Orders given that none should stir out of their Ranks The other Consul P. Decius Mus devoted himself to death for the Army the same being a Ceremony usual to the Romans in extreme Danger 3644. 340. CX i. 414. Artaxerxes Ochus was succeeded by Arses who was the twelfth King of Persia and reigned four years At this time flourished Isocrates Demosthenes and Aechines Athenian Orators and the Philosopher Anaxarchus Epicurus was born the year before Ochus his death Philip after many happy Successes overcame the Athenians and Boeotians at Charonea in which Battel his Son Alexander but then Eighteen years of age fought valiantly Then Philip was chosen by all Greece to be their Captain-General against the Persians but next year he was slain by Pausanias after he had reigned four and twenty years 3648. 336. CXI i. 418. Bagoas the Eunuch who slew Ochus and put Arses upon the Throne having laid him aside and substituted Darius Codomannus Arsamus's Son and Great Grand-son to Darius the Bastard in his room yet when he went about to take away Darius by Poison Darius forced him to drink the Cup he had made ready for that purpose In the mean time Alexander Philip's Son was chosen General of the Greeks against the Persians and when the Thebans revolted from him he hasted from Thrace where he was then waging War besieged Thebes took and levelled it with the ground no Houses being saved but a few among which were those of Pindar and Epaminondas From thence the following year he transported the Army into Asia and overturned the Persian Empire We shall pass over most of his Actions unmentioned as being such as may easily be seen in Quintus Gurrius 3652. 332. CXII i. 422. Alexander after he had taken Tyre went to Jerusalem with a design to be revenged on the Jews who refused to send him any Aid while he was engaged in the said Siege but he was pacified by Jaddua the High-priest who being dress'd in his Sacerdotal Ornaments went out to meet him with all the People clad in White and commanded Sacrifices to be offered for him and granted the Jews many Privileges In these times also Manasses the Brother of Jaddua raised a Disturbance who refusing to put off Sanballat's Daughter the Samaritan whom he had married contrary to the Law was forced to flee to Samaria Sanballat his Father-in-Law who was much in favour with Darius by whom he was made Governor of that Country obtained leave of the King for this Man to build a Temple in Mount Garizin like unto that at Jerusalem The same Sanballat when he saw how prosperously things went with Alexander revolted from Darius and sent the other some Auxiliary Troops when he was besieging Tyre whereby he won to himself the Favour of Alexander From thence Alexander went and in the Battel of Arbela gave Darius a total Overthrow who having norrowly escaped being killed among the rest was said to have been slain afterwards by Bessus Governor of Bactria The Persian Monarchy ended with this King after it had lasted for about two hundred years Whilst Alexander the Macedonian subdued the Upper Asia Alexander King of Epirus his Uncle waged War in Italy where at length he died It 's reported that he comparing the War his Sister's Son was engaged in with his own should say That Alexander had to do with Women but he with Men. In the mean time the Romans fought with the Gauls and Samnites with various success but at last after having been beaten in some Battels they came off Conquerors in the War 3660. 324. CXIV i. 430. Alexander having almost conquered all Asia by Arms returned to Babylon and died there after he had reigned twelve years and seven months on the 22d day of June He would appoint no Successor but his Empire being divided into several Dynasties was from henceforwards infested
furnish'd us with an History of Paul's Travels and the time when he wrote each of his Epistles which Argument is also most accurately handled by Dr. Pearson in his Annales Paulini and Praelectiones in Acta 49. Claudius in the ninth year of his Reign turn'd the Jews out of Rome and the Christians also with them who were at that time confounded with and taken for the Jews whence Suetonius says that they Auctore Chresto tumultuantes growing tumultuous under Christ their Leader were expelled Rome Then it was as some will have it that Peter returned into Judaea and Aquila and Prisoilla came to Corinth as you have it Act. xviii The same year arose a Controversie at Antioch about the Jewish Ceremonies Whereupon the Apostles with the Church of Jerusalem make that Decree that is contained in the XVth Chapter of the Acts. Claudius at that time having slain his Wife Messalina who was an open Adulteress marry'd Agrippina the Daughter of his Brother Germanicus who by Domitius Ahenobarbus had a Son whose Name was Nero to whom this same Year he assigned L. Seneca now recalled from Banishment for his Tutor and being moved thereunto by the advice of his freed Man Pallaes disinherited his Son Britannicus whom Messalina bare him In the fourth year of Claudius's Reign died King Agrippa so that his Kingdom was put under the Government of Roman Magistrates who by innumerable Enormities so exasperated the minds of the Jews that they broke out at last into open War 54. Claudius being removed by Poison was succeeded by Nero whose very Name was enough to strike Horrour for his brutal savage Disposition and unheard-of Cruelties He slew his own Mother Brother Britanmicus Seneca his Tutor and other famous Men turn'd Stage-Player set Rome on fire and having cast the odium of the Crime upon the Christians cut off a great many of them by exquisite Torments In his time lived Perseus and Lucan the Poet as did Quintillian a little before who was a most excellent Rhetorician It was not long after that Juvenal flourish'd to whom we are to join Curtius the Historian though he publish'd his History in Vespasian's Reign 68. Peter and Paul are thought to have suffered Martyrdom at Rome in the fourteenth and last year of Nero's Reign 69. The Jewish War began a little before whereof Josephus who was engaged therein has writ an accurate History Vespasian Governor of Syria won many Victories over the Jews before he assumed the Empire into his Hands which he acquired the year after Nero's death when Galba Otho and Vitellius having slain one another had in vain endeavoured to secure themselves He then made his Son Titus Commander in Chief in the Jewish War who after a Siege of seven months took Jerusalem and razed it down to the Ground As there was scarce any other Nation that committed such flagitious Impieties and Evils as the Jews did in this War so was there scarce ever any that suffered so much A little after this was Onion or the Temple of the Jews in Egypt built by Onias the High-Priest levelled with the Ground upon a Tumult raised by the Jews in that Country Somewhat before these-times are supposed to be written the Two Epistles of those Apostolick Men viz. Barnabas which is Catholick or Universal and Clemens First Bishop of Rome to the Corinthians The Ancients differ very much whether Clemens or Liâ—â—â— or else Cletus was first fixed in the See of Rome Hereof you may consult Dr. Pearson and Henry Dodwell in his Dissertation concerning the Succession of the first Bishops of Rome At this time flourished Asconius Pedianus the famous Grammarian as did also Pliny Author of the Natural History 79. After Vespasian had for the space of ten years and six months governed the Empire he died and left Titus the best of Emperors to succeed him who complained That he lost a Day when he had not done some good Deed or other But he scarce attained to the third year of his Reign in which he was cut off by an untimely fate and left so much the more longing after him by how much his Brother Domitian that succeeded him proved a worse Prince than he This Man growing imperious both towards God and Man commanded himself to be stiled both God and Lord slew a great many of the Citizens and expelled Philosophers out of Rome for which Sulpitia writ the Satyr upon him which is still extant 81. But he who was thus outragious to Heathens proved much more so to the Christians in raising up the Second Persecution after Nero against them though it was of short duration of which you may read as well as of others in Dodwell's Dissertation entituled de Pancitate Martyrum 93. John the Apostle is said at that time to have been thrown into a Cauldron of hot Oil and to have come from thence safe and unhurt and to be afterwards banished to the Isle of Patmos Christianity began now to spread it self far and near so that Persons of highest Quality began to own and profess it of the number of whom was Flavius Clemens Consul and Domitian's Cousin German whom for that reason he commanded to be put to death About these times it 's generally believed that John writ the Apocalypse or Book of Revelation and Josephus himself bears witness that he was employed in writing his Book of Antiquities At the same time flourished Justus of Tiberias Josephus's Enemy who also wrote the Jewish History 96. Domitian after he had reigned for the space of fifteen years was slain by certain Persons that conspired against him and was succeeded in the Empire by Cocceius Nerva who rescinded all the other had done whence it came to pass that John had the opportunity of returning from the Isle of Patmos into Asia where the next year which was the Ninetieth of his Age he is said to have wrote his Gospel and to have lived two years longer 98. Nerva after he had reigned one year and some months had Vlpius Trajanus for his Successor who did great things for he conquered the Dacians Armenians Iberians Sarmatians Parthians and several other Barbarous Nations But the Persecution that was raised during his Reign against the Christians did not a little detract from that Princely Vertue of Clemency wherewith he was allowed to have been endowed However it was of no long continuance as appears by the 17th Epist Lib. 10. of Plinius Junior where he gives the Christians a great Character This is reckon'd for the Third Persecution wherein many did not die as Mr. Dodwell sets forth But yet it was under this Emperor that Clemens Bishop of Rome and Ignatius of Antioch suffered Martyrdom concerning whose Epistles that are remaining you may consult the most learned Doctors James Vsher and John Pearson 113. The Jews making an Insurrection in Cyrene and Egypt after having committed many Outrages were slain in vast numbers as well in the forementioned Places as in the Isle of Cyprus whither it was
length Eustathius a Catholick and worthy Prelate was put in Theodor. lib. i. c. 7. Blondell has well observed in the Margin of Petavius it 's wrong for what Eusebius relates belongs to the Deposing of Eustathius He might also have added That it was not the Arians but Eustathius that was the occasion of the Sedition whom Eusebius in the fore-cited place calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 This same year was the City Byzantium Dedicated which Constantine had two years before begun to re-build and was according to the Emperor's Name called Constantinople From henceforward it was made the Metropolis of the East and began to be called ÎΕΑ ΡΩΜΗ 333. Constans the Son of Constantine was made Caesar this year The Sarmatians about the same time that had been so often conquered and their rebellious Servants being brought to submit were divided through Macedon Thrace and Italy 335. Dalmatius the Emperor Constantine's Brother's Son having been advanced to the Dignity of Caesar the Empire was in this manner divided between the Caesars Constantine the Younger had the Charge of Gaul Constantius of the East and Africa Illyricum and Italy was the lot of Constans whilst Dalmatius was to look after the Gothick Frontiers Then it was that Athanasius was condemned in the Synod of Tyre because he had by ill methods got himself made Bishop of Alexandria and for other grievous Offences if you will believe Philostorgius See lib. iii. § 11. It 's certain that though Philostorgius was a favourer of Arius yet where he believes him to have fallen into an Error he fails not to reprove him and therefore he might deal candidly in other things See lib. ii § 3. Athanasius being accused a second time by the same Bishops now assembled at Constantinople that had condemned him at Tyre was by Constantine banished to Treves This year it was that Arius is said to have died by a wonderful Judgment of God as his Adversaries afterwards gave out but their Squabbles were then too hot to encline us to give credit to either Side 337. This year died the Emperor Constantine the Great after a Reign of One and thirty years His three Sous Constantine Constantius and Constans were immediately Proclaimed who divided the Empire betwixt them Dalmatius Caesar Constantius the Brother of Constantine the Great and Anaballianus on whom the Purple and Golden Robe was conferred by Constantine who declared them Nobilissimi at the same time were also in some measure Sharers in the Empire As to this last mention'd Dignity you may consult John Meursius in his Lexicon Graeco-Barbarum under the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 But these three were slain in a Tumult of the Soldiery by the means of Constantius who egged the latter to it or at least connived at them and together with them Optatus made a Patrician by Constantine of which word see the said Author under the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the same being a new-coin'd Honour which privileged him who enjoy'd it to take Place of the Praejectus Praetorio At the same time Ablavius who was Praefectus Praetorio was cut off also We learn out of Philostorgius that there was a Rumour spread abroad That Constantine was poison'd by his Brethren and that when he found his death draw nigh he made his Will and commanded the first of his Sons that should reach Nicomedia where he died to revenge his death And perhaps Constantius who first arrived there laid hold of this pretence to cut them all off 341. Athanasius was honourably recalled from Banishment by Constantine the Younger who not long after making War upon his Brother Constans and breaking more like a Robber than an Enemy in War into his Division of the Empire was slain Athanasius was thereupon called to the Synod of Antioch where about an hundred Bishops were assembled one third whereof espoused Arius's Opinion who condemned and deposed him putting Gregory the Cappadocian into his See In the mean time Julius Bishop of Rome absolved not only Athanasius in a Synod assembled in that City but also condemned the Synod of Antioch And Athanasius returning to Alexandria raised a great Tumult against Gregory wherein divers Soldiers and Citizens were slain Macedonius at the same time being substituted by Hermogenes the Emperor's Praefect in the room of Eusebius who from the See of Nicomedia was translated to that of Constantinople Hermogenes was tore to pieces by the Homoousian Party as they were called these last being intent to restore Paul who had been put out to the exercise of his Function again Then it was that Photinus the Disciple of Marcellus of Ancyra they said broach'd his Opinion concerning Christ which was much the same as far as may be gathered from the Ancients with that of Paul of Samosata of which we have made mention under the Emperor Aurelian 344. There was a new Council held by the Arians at Antioch wherein was formed a new Confession of Faith besides that made in the former Synod held in the same City wherein the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was left out The latter is said to have been Lucian the Martyr's whom Alexander Bishop of Alexandria and Philostorgius own to have been of Arius's Opinion See Sozomen lib. iii. cap. 5. Lucian and the Arians in this same Confession declining to make the Son Consubstantial say that he was 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is As to his Divinity Immutable and not obnoxious to Change but the Immutable Image of the Essence Council and Power of the Father the First-born of every Creature H. Valesius translates the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 In no wise differing But though the word frequently occurs in that sence yet it signifies also Immutable Which enclines me to believe that Lucian would have a Confession made in such terms as were agreeable to both Parties which hath been often done in relation to this Controversy 347. While Constantius was engaged in a War against the Persians Constans in the West was intent upon the Restitution of Athanasius to the See of Alexandria and for that end with his Brother's concurrence called a Synod at Sardis a City in Illyricum in the Confines of Thrace and Mysia Here met Three hundred and seventy Bishops wherein when most of them were Homoousians Athanasius was absolved But the Arian Bishops stealing from thence met at Philippi and set up contrary Decrees which they also called by the Name of Sardis-Decrees Neither would Athanasius have been recalled to Alexandria but that Gregory being killed by the Homoousian Party and that Constantius moved by Constans his threathing Letters thought fit to restore him for Peace-sake two years after the Synod of Sardis 350. Constans was this year slain by Magnentius who seized upon the Empire in Gaul The same was done by Vetranio in Panonia and Nepotianus at Rome But Magnentius quickly over-powered the rest though he was himself a year after he assumed the Empire ruined by Constantius The same year wherein Magnentius was slain
whence arose great Janglings 450. Theodosius having once expelled his Wife Eudoxin and Sister Pulcheria whose wise Counsels had been a long time useful to him from the Court did now upon a sense of his errour recall them and died not long after after he had appointed Marcianus to succeed him who together with his Wife Pulcheria taking the Reins of Empire into his hands assembled the Council of Chalcedon which was styled the Fourth General one and wherein Eutyches and Dioscorus were condemned From these times it seems to have come to pass that the Abyssines and others in Egypt who were infected with Dioscorus's Doctrine have begun to oppose other Christians as there were many in Babylon who followed Nestorius's Opinions remnants of whom continue to this day both in Africa and Asia Though Attila at that time was overcome in some Battels by Aetius yet he wasted Gaul and Italy far and near in which Age they say the City of Venice had its beginning many Persons for fear of Attila flying into the Island wherein the same is situated 453. He died the year after he had quitted Italy 454. Valentinian not long after he had put Aetius to death was himself cut off by Maximus a Senator who had advised him to that Fact But Eudoxia Valentinian's Wife called Geisericus out of Africa who possessing himself of Rome transported vast Riches from thence into Africa and marry'd Eudoxia's Daughter of the same Name to his Son Hunericus 455. Avitus in the mean time usurped the Empire in Italy while Merâ—veus who was the third in descent from Pharamund and who distinguish'd the first Race of the Kings of France by that of the Merovingian according to his own Name reigned among the Franks Theodoricus King of the Goths brought the Suevians who held part of Spain under his Subjection after he had made their King Rechiarius his Prisoner being encouraged thereunto by the Persuasions of Avitus 457. But this Person next year being forsaken by the Gauls and Goths lost both his Empire and his Life At the same time died Martianus Emperor in the East and was succeeded by Leo with whose consent Majorianus was made Emperor of Ravenna But this Prince after four years Reign was slain by Ricimer and succeeded by Severus In those times it was they say that the Egyptian Monks of the Eutychian Persuasion raised Commotions under the leading of Timotheus Aelurus and that at last they advanced him into the Episcopal See of Alexandria when they had slain Proterius but that Aelurus soon after was banish'd by the Emperor Leo. 463. Peter Fullo another seditious Person having expelled Martyrius invaded the See of Antioch They say this Peter held the same Opinion as the Theopaschites who affirmed That not only Man but God had suffered and that he had added to the Trisagium who died for us these words Sancte fortis Sancte Deus Sancte Immortalis qui passus es pro nobis miserere nobis O Holy and Strong Holy God Holy and Immortal who hast suffered for us have mercy on us But he was quickly banish'd by Leo. 465. This year Severus by the Treachery of Ricimer a Patrician was poisoned and died after whose decease there was an Interregnum for one year when Theodoricus King of the Goths departed this life and left his Son Evaricus to succeed him After this did Leo the Emperor send Anthemius a Nobleman to Rome and made him Augustus 467. In the mean time Geisericus who with a strong Fleet wasted the Coasts of Greece being overcome by Lea's Generals sued for Peace and confined himself within the Bounds of Africa But soon after he raised new Commotions which were difficultly quelled because of the Treachery of Basiliscus whom Leo sent against him 472. Anthemius was slain by Ricimer his Son-in-Law and Olybrius advanced to his Place who died the same year His Successor was Glycerius After him came Majorinus and then Nepos all of them in the space of two years There were also others who rashly snapt at the Western Empire which they could not hold At length Augustulus the Son of Orestes was the last Emperor of the West 474. Leo in the East left a Son of his own Name Leo II. who made Zeno his Colleague in the Empire and not long after by his death gave Basiliscus and opportunity to invade the Empire who expelled Zeno But he in a short time recovered his Station and made an Exile of Basiliscus in which state he died 476. In the mean time the Ostrogoths wasted Illyricum and Italy while the Arabian Saracens did the same by Mesopotamia or caused the People to ransom it for Money The Herulians also being called in by Nepos's Favourers whom Augustulus had succeeded divested this last of the Throne and at length PUT AN END TO THE WESTERN EMPIRE So that their King Odoacer took the Government upon him 482. Acacius whom Zeno had advanced to the See of Constantinople was the occasion of his writing a Letter to the Clergy and Monks of Egypt wherein he reconciled the Tenets of those who followed Dioscorus's Opinion with the Decrees of the Synod of Chalcedon And those who followed the said Decrees were by others called Melchites because they embraced the Opinion of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Melech the King for in the Arabick Language used by the Egytian-Arabs that is the Name they give a King as 't is also in the Hebrew Zeno would have the Egyptians subscribe this Epistle which in inserted in Evagrius's Ecclesiastical History lib. iii. cap. 14. but herein they did not comply with him The same was also called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it was written with a design of reconciling the contending Parties The Synods of Nice Constantinople and Ephesus are approved of therein but that of Chalcedon is left out and this Confession of Faith inserted We confess one only begotten Son of God and God made true Man our Lord Jesus Christ These words are taken out of the Chalcedon Creed See Evag. l. 2. c. 4. consubstantial with the Father according to the Divine Nature and the same consubstantial with us according to his Humanity 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 who came down and was begotten by the Holy Ghost of the Virgin Mary and the Mother of God That he is One and not Two 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 For we call both the Miracles and Sufferings which he endured of his own accord in the flesh the Miracles and Sufferings of One but for those who divide or confound them or introduce a phantom we by no means receive them for that true and sinless Incarnation from the Mother of God made no accession of another Son for the Trinity always remains the Trinity though God to wit the Word one of the Trinity was Incarnate Those who have followed this Edict because they have neither condemned the Eutychians nor others nor yet adhered to the Heads of any one Faction have been called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Doubting and
worthy in the opinion of the Nobles of the Royal Dignity Aistulphus who at that time was King over the Lombards drove Eutychius at length out of Italy and so an end was put to the Power of the Eastern Emperors in that Country The same Aistulphus began to be troublesom to the Pope and endeavoured to Possess himself of the City of Rome but Stephen Zachary's Successor withstood him stiffly and having sought to Constantine for Aid to no purpose he has recourse to Pippin to whom he privily wrote Letters wherein he begged his Assistance against the Lombards and Pippin at length prevail'd so far with Aistulphus as to make a Truce with the Pope but Aistulphus refusing to stand to his Promise Stephen in the year 754. went himself in Person to Pippin and wrought so far upon him as to raise an Army to pass over the Alps in his favour who accordingly entring Italy overthrew Aistulphus's Forces and at last granted him Conditions of Peace But so as that he should deliver up Ravenna to the Pope and make restitution of whatever he had taken from him From thence he returned into France and finding by the time a year came about that Aistulphus had violated his Faith he made a second Expedition into Italy and having beaten Aistulphus again imposed the same Conditions upon him Here was laid the principal foundation of the Pope's Power so that the Roman Pontiffs were beholding almost for all to Pippin and Charles the Great In the mean time Constantine having assembled 338 Bishops held the Seventh General Council wherein Images were put down and called Idols The Iconolatrae or Image-Worshippers do not allow this to have been a lawful Synod because the Western Bishops consent was wanting 759. Jusaph who reigned over the Saracens in Spain was dispossess'd in the Name of the King of the Asian-Saracens by reason of an overthrow given him by the remainders of the Christians in that Kingdom and Abderamen made King in his stead who reigned at Corduba Seven and twenty Years 763. All the Work which the Image-Worshippers found for Constantine could not hinder him from making War upon the Bulgarians whom he overcame and at his return to Constantinople triumphed tho' the Turks breaking into Armenia through the Streights of the Caspian Sea committed great Depredations there as they did afterwards and won great Victories over the Saracens themselves 766. He sent Ambassadors not long after to Pippin to perswade him to take away the Images about which there arose much Strife between the Greeks and Latins in the Synod of Gentiliacum but nothing seems to have been determined upon that Head The Greeks also accused the Latins because they added and from the Son to the Nicene Creed where it treats of the Procession of the Holy Ghost whereas it was only before who proceeds from the Father 768. This year wherein after much Contention Stephen III. was chosen Bishop of Rome died Pippin who left his Sons Charles and Carloman to succeed him Constantine about the same time finding by Experience that the Monks were a sort of People given to Sedition commanded them to leave their Monasteries and to Marry and so live among the Laiety unless they rather chose to be banished 771. Carloman after a Reign of Four Years died and left his Brother Charles sole Monarch of France who not long after sent Bertha Daughter to Desiderius King of the Lombards back to her Father This Prince divested Pope Stephen of the Exarchate of Ravenna and Charles's Ambassadors could by no means bring him to restore it which made Charles march with an Army into Italy and wrest that out of his hands which he could not effect by an Ambassy and so put an end to the Kingdom of the Lombards Paul the Deacon was Secretary to Desiderius and was the most Learned Man of those times and therefore highly esteemed by Charles who as the times went was a Learned Prince Alcuin an Englishman and Charles his Tutor was also a Person not inferior to the Deacon 773. The Saxons by their continual Rebellions cut out much Work for him now and afterwards while that Constantine the Emperor died in the mean time leaving Leo III. his Son to succeed him who also created his Son Constantine of that same Name with his Grandfather Emperor when he had first bound his Nobles by an Oath that they should suffer no other to Reign Leo had before this made his Wife Irene his Mother's Name-sake Augusta This same Princess was the King of Bulgaria's Daughter whereas the other Irene was Daughter to the King of the Chazari which I thought fit to take notice of in this place lest the sameness of the Name should work any Confusion in History 779. Whilst Charles the Great overcame the Saracen Prince of Navarr in Spain Leo also got a great Victory over that People in Syria This Prince was so set against the Idolaters or Image-Worshippers that upon his finding some Images with his Wife Irene he abstain'd from her Company tho' she denied that she knew any thing of them Irene soon after upon his Death in her Son's Name assumed the Imperial Power and held it for Ten Years Thereupon the Images were presently set up again and the Monks and Nuns sent into their Monasteries Nicephorus Leo's Brother whom Copronymus had formerly given the Dignity of Caesar to was still alive who when some of the Nobles had endeavoured to advance to the Throne was seized by Irene together with his Brothers shorn and shut up in a Monastery 786. Irene this year endeavoured to assemble a General Council at Constantinople in order to Condemn the Image-Breakers but was obstructed in her Design by a Sedition of the Common People yet next year there was one held at Nice wherein the Image-Breakers were condemned and this second Nicene Council was called the Seventh General one by those who approved of the Worship of Images Irene and Charles could not well agree because Rachisius Duke of Beneventum her Vassal was quelled by Charles when he would have made War upon the Bishop of Rome wherefore the Proud Woman sent an Army into Italy to restore the Kingdom of the Lombards but being overthrown by Charles's Forces they returned to Constantinople without effecting their Design 788. This year the Normans or Danes arriving at first with three Ships only in Britain ravaged the Sea-Coast of it In the mean time the Government of Irene grew daily more and more intolerable to the Nobility but when she observed that some of them favoured her Son's Interest she thrust them into Monasteries and forced the Inhabitants of Constantinople to Swear fealty to her without any mention of her Son But she could not the year following hinder Constantine by a Joint Consent of the Army to be advanced to his Father's Throne Tho' this Prince who before was invited by every body to take the Administration upon him being beaten often in the succeeding years became hated almost of all Men