by be instructed in the beste learnyng neyther is he a manne nor the sonne of a man Were it not an abhominable sight that the mynde of a man shulde be in a beastes body As we haue read that â—iâ—â—es when she had enchauÌ„ted men wyth her wytchcraft dyd turne them into Lions beares and swyne so that yet ther shuld be stil in them the mynde of a man which thyng Apuleus wrote to haue happened to hym selfe and Austin also hathe beleued that men haue bene turned into wolues Who could abyde to be called the father of such a monster But it is a more merueylous monster that a beastes mynde shulde be in a mans bodye and yet do very many please themselues in suche chyldren and bothe the fathers seme and the common people thynke suche to be verye wise It is sayde that beares caste oute a lumpe of fleshe wythout anye fashion whych wyth longe lyckyng they forme and brynge into a fashyon but there is no beares yonge one so euyll fauored as a manne is borne of a rude mynde Except wyth much studye y u forme and fashion this thou shalt be a father of a monster and not of a man If thy sonne be borne wyth a copped head or crocke shuldred or splay footed or wyth syxe fingers in one hande howe lothe woldest thou be for it how arte thou ashamed to be called the father not of a man but of a monster and art thou not ashamed of so moustruous a mynde Howe discoraged be the fathers in theyr hertes if their wyfe brynge forthe a naturall an infante of a brute mynde For they thynke they haue begotteÌ„ not a man but a monster and excepte feare of the lawe dyd let them they wolde kyll that that is borne Thou blameste nature whych hath denied the minde of a man to thy chylde thou causest by thyne own negligence that thy sonne shulde be wythoute the mynde of a man But thou wylte saye Better it is to be of a brutishe rather theÌ„ of an vngracious mind Naye better it is to be a swyne theÌ„ an vnlearned and euyll man Nature when she geueth the a sonne she geueth nothyng else theÌ„ a rude lumpe of fleshe It is thy parte to fashioÌ„ after y e best maner that matter that will obey folow in euery poynt If thou wylt slacke to do it thou hast a beaste if thou take hede thou hast as I myght saye a God Srayght waye assone as thy infaÌ„te is borne it is apte to be taughte those thynges whych properlie belonge to a man Therfore after the sayinge of Uyrgyll bestowe diligente labour vpon hym euen from hys tender age Handle the waxe strayght way whyle it is very soft fashion thys claie while it is moist season thys earthen vessel wyth verye good liquour while it is newe dye your wolle whyle it commeth whyte frome the fuller and is not defiled wyth any spottes Antisthenes dyd verye merilye shewe the same whyche when he had taken a certen mans soÌ„ne to be taught and was axed of hys father what thinges he had neede of a newe booke quod he a newe pensyle and a new table Uerelye the philosopher requyred a rude and emptye mynde Thou canst not haue a rude lumpe but and if thou fashyon it not lyke a manne of it selfe it wyll waxe naught into monstruous formes of wylde â—eastes Seynge thou doest owe this seruyce to God nature although there were no hope that thou shuldest haue any profite therby count in thy mynd how greate comforte how greate profite howe much worshyp the children that be well brought vp brynge to theyr fathers Agayne into what shames and greate sorowes they cast their parentes that bee euyll broughte vp There is no nede to bryng here vnto the examples out of olde chronicles do no more but remember in thy mind the housholdes of thine owne citye howe many examples shalt y u haue in eueri place I know thou doest often hear such wordes O happye man that I were if my chyldren were buryed O fortunate mother if I hadde neuer broughte forth chylde It is a wayghâ—y matter to brynge vp chyldren well I graunt but no man is borne to him selfe no man borne to be idle Thou woldest nedes be a father y u muste be a good father y u haste gotten theÌ„ to the coÌ„mon wealth not to thy self only or to speake more lyke a christen man y u hast begotteÌ„ theÌ„ to god not to thy selfe Paul wryteth that so in dede women be saued if they bryng forth childreÌ„ so brynge theÌ„ vp that they continue in y e study of vertue God wil straitly charge the pareÌ„ts w t the childreÌ„s fautes Therfore excepte y t euen forthwith thou bryng vp honestly y t that is borne fyrst y u dost thy selfe wronge which thorow thy negligence gettest y t to thy selfe then the which no enemye could wyshe to an other ether more greuous or paynful Dionisius did effeminat w t delyghtes of the court Dions yong son y t was run awaye from him he knew y t this shuld be more carefull to y e father then if he had kylled hym w t a swerde A litel whyle after when the yong manne was forced of his father that was come to him to returne agayne to his old vertue he brake his necke out of a garret In dede a certeyne wise hebricioÌ„ wrot very wisely A wise child maketh the father glad a folish son is sorow to y e mother But a wyse chyld not only is pleasure to hys father but also worship and succoure and finallye hys fathers lyfe Contrarye a folyshe and leude chylde not only bringeth heauynesse to hys parentes but also shame and pouertye and olde before the tyme and at laste causeth death to them of whom he had the begynnyng of lyfe What nede me to rehearse vp daily are in our eies the examples of citizens whome the euyll maners of theyr chyldreÌ„ haue brought to beggarye whome eyther the sonne beyng hanged or theyr daughter an whoore of the stewes haue tormented wyth intollerable shame and vylany I know greate men whych of manye chyldren haue scante one lefte alyue One consumed wyth the abhominable leprie called by diminucion y e french pockes beareth his death aboute wyth hym a nother hathe burste by drynkynge for the beste game an other goyng a whorehuntynge in the nyghte with a visar was pitifullye kylled What was the cause Bycause theyr parentes thynkynge it inough to haue begotten them and enryched them toke no heede of theire bryngynge vp They shall dye by the lawe whych laye awaye theyr children and cast them into some wood to be deuoured of wylde beastes But there is no kynde of puttynge them awaye more cruell then to geue vp that to beastlye affeccions whych nature hath geuen to be fashioned by very good waies If ther wer ani witch could wyth euyl craftes and wold go about to turne thy sonne into a swyne or a wolfe woldest
holye thing out of an holy place is worse then some other kynde of theft No lesse matter of argumentacion ministreth the qualitie of time which signifieth two thynges Fyrst it is taken playnly for the time present past or to come Seconde it signifieth oportunitie to do a thynge and so when a man cometh as we wold haue it we saye he cometh in time And in the seuenth of Ihon when Christ sayth My tyme is not yet come tyme is taken for oportunitie of tyme. And lykewyse in the syxt to the Galat. Therfore whyle we haue tyme. c. The Rethoricianes put chaunce vnder tyme because the ende of a thynge perteyneth to the time that foloweth but of thys wyll we speke in the place called Euent Facultie is a power to do the thynge that is taken in hand and in coniectures two thinges speciallye be considered whether he could or wold Wyll is gathered of hope to performe it and is made more probable wheÌ„ the nature of the mynde is ioyned to it as it is not like he wyl abide in his glorye because he is enuious and ambicious Also when we counsell one to leaue of vayne mournynge when it is not in his power to get agayne that is gone Instrument semeth to be a part of facultie for instrumentes sometyme are cause of oure hablenes to do a thinge and it is a more mischeuous deede to kyl with venome theÌ„ with swearde And to instrumeÌ„t soâ—e is the manour of doyng that almoste it is all one But more properlye perteyne to the manour or fashion those thynges that be eyther excused or made greater by wyl As lesse faute is it to fall into a vice by ignorance or frailtie then of a purpose and full deliberacion The vse of circuÌ„stances profiteth to amplifie to extenuate to euidence to confirmacion and probabilitie And hytherto be referred also the common places that indifferentlye apperteyne to all kyndes and partes of causes of the whyche Rodulphe entreateth and Aristotle in hys Topyckes But before we speake of them it is to be noted that thys woorde place is taken foure maner of wayes They are called common places because thei be entreated of of bothe partes althoughe not in all one cause as he that is sore spoken agaynste by witnesses swadeth that we shulde not geue credite to witnesses Contrarye he that is holâ—en by them speaketh in defence of wytnesses and so of other that we spake of before when we entreated of vnartificial argumentes Lyke to thys sorte be sentences whyche wee eâ—aggerate as it were wythoute the cause but so that they serue to the cause whiche wee haue in hande as bee the amplificacions of vertues and the exaggeracions of vices As when wee accuse anye manne that by euyll companions he was broughte to do also the mischeuouse deede A common place shall bee wyth wordes to exaggerate howe much it profiteth to keepe goodnesse to bee in companye wyth good men and contrarye howe greate myschyefe the companye of euyll men dothe cause In the third sence places be called seates of argumentes whyche the Rethoricianes do applie to echâ— kyndes of causes As in the kynde suasorie honest profitable pleasauÌ„t easye necessarie c. In demonstratiue kynde kynred contrey goodes of the bodye and of the mynde In the Iudiciall kynde inespecial deniall those that we spake of euen nowe The fourth places be general whych declare what belongeth to euerye thynge and howe oute of eche of them there be taken argumentes partly necessary and partlye probable These be commen to the Oratours with the Logicians albeit Aristotle hathe seperatelye written of them in hys Topickes and in his Rethorickes hathe not touched theÌ„ and they profite much both to iudgement and to endightynge but the varietie of authors hath made the handlynge of them sumwhat darke because amonge them selues they can not wel agre neyther of the names neyther of the number neyther of the order An example is a rehearsall of a thynge that is done and an applyynge of it vnto our cause eyther for similitude or dissimilitude profitable to perswade garnyshe and delyght Examples some be taken out of hystories some of tales some of fayned argumeÌ„tes in comedies and bothe sortes be dilated by parable and comparacion Comparacion sheweth it equall lesse or bygger Parable is a feete similitude whych sheweth y e example that is brought ether like vnlyke or coÌ„trarye Lyke as Camillus restored the common wealth of the Romaines that was oppressed by the Frenchmen and when it was brought into extreme losse by theyr valiauntnesse expelled the Barbariens So Ualla whan thorowe the ignoraÌ„ce of y e Barbarians learnyng was destroyed restored it agayn as it wer from death into hys former brightnes Unlike As not lyke thanke is done to Laurence and Camillus because that the one moued by vertue wyth the ieopardie of hys lyfe deliuered his contrey from the vngracious that other styrred vp by desyre of fame or rather wyth an euyll luste to checke manye noâ— restored agayn the latteÌ„tâ—ng oppressed but brought it as it were into certen rules CoÌ„trary Brutus kylled hys chyldren goyng about treason Manlius punished by death the valiauntnes of hys sonne Comparacion sheweth y e thing y t is brought eyther equall lesse or bigger Lesse as our elders haue warred oftentymes because theyr marchauÌ„tes and mariners wer euyl entreated What mynd ought you to be in so many thousande citizens of Rome slaine at one message and one time Equall as in the same Cicero For it happed vnto me to stand for an offyce wyth two gentlemenne that one very naughte that other very gentle yet ouercame I Catiline by dignitie and Galba by fauoure Bygger As for Milo they saye he shulde not lyue that confesseth he hathe kylled a man when M. Horacius was quitte whyche kylled hys owne syster Parable which some call similitude some coÌ„paracion is a comparyng of a thyng y t hath no life or no bodye to our cause and purpose for some thyng that is lyke or vnlyke And as example is taken of y e dede of a man and the person of an hystorye or that is fabulous and fayned so is comparison taken of thinges that be done or that be ioyned to them by nature or by chaunce As Attilius retournyng agayne to hys enemies is an example of kepynge faythe and promise But a shyp in the whych the sayles be â—oysed vp or takeÌ„ down after the blowyng of the winde is a parable whiche reacheth a wyse man to geue place to tyme and applye hymselfe to the world that is presente And lyke fashion is of dilaâ—yng a parable as we haue shewed in example For sometime it is noted in a word as Doest thou not vnderstand that the sayles muste be turned Sometyme it is more largelye declared as in the oracion for Muâ—ena And if vnto menne that sayle out of the hauen c. Analogia Icon called of the latines Imago an Image in Englyshe is
beganne to laye to hys charge I wotte not what waÌ„tonnesse When the chylde shewed hym selfe to haue nothyng lesse and beckened to hym to whome he committed the chyefe rule of hys colledge surnamed of the thynge a tormentoure to beate hym ne by and by caste doune the chylde and beate hym as thoughe he had done sacrilege The diuine sayde once or twyse it is inoughe it is inoughe â–ª But that tormentour deaffe with feruentnes made no ende of his bochery tyl the chylde was almost in a sounde Anon the diuine tâ—rninge to vs he hathe deserued nothynge quod he but that he muste be made lowe Who euer after that maner hath taught hys slaue or hys Asse A geÌ„â—le horse is better tamed with puping of the mouth or softe handlyng then wyth whyp or spurres And if you handle hym hard he wil whynche he wyll kycke he wyll byte and go bacwardes An oxe if you pricke hym to harde wyth godes wyl caste of his yocke and run vpon hym that pricked hym So muste a gentle nature be handled as is the whelpe of a Lion Onlye arte tameth Elephantes not violence neyther is there any beaste so wylde but that it wyl be tamed by gentlenes neyther any so tame but immoderate cruelnes wil anger it It is a seruyle thynge to be chastened by feare and common custume calleth chyldren free men because liberall and gentle bringyng vp becommeth them much vnlike to seruile Yet they that be wyse do thys rather that seruauntes by gentelnes and benefites leaue of their slauyshe condicions remeÌ„bryng that they also be men and not beastes There be rehearsed meruelous examples of seruaunts toward their masters whome verely they shulde not haue founde such if they hadde kept them vnder only by strypes A seruaunt if he be corrigible is better amended by monicions by honestie good turnes then by stripes if he be paste amendemente he is hardened to extreme mischief and eyther wyll runne awaye and rob hys master or by some craft go aboute his masters deathe Sometime he is reuenged on his masters crueltie thoughe it coste hym his lyfe And there is no creature more fereful theÌ„ man whoÌ„ cruell iniurie hathe taught to dispyse his owne lyfe Therfore the commoÌ„ prouerb that sayth a man hath as manye enemies as he hath seruauntes If it be true I thynke it may be chiefly imputed to the vnreasonablenes of the master for it is a poynte of arte and not of chaunce to rule wel seruauntes And if the wyser masters go aboute thys thynge so to vse their seruauntes that thei shuld serue them well and gently and in stede of seruantes had rather haue them fre men how shameful is it bi bryngyng vp to make seruantes of those that be gentle and free by nature Not wythout cause dothe the olde manne in the comedie thynke that there is greate difference betwixte a master and a father The master only compelleth the father by honestie and gentelnes accustumeth hâ—s sonne to do well of hys owne mynde rather then by feare of an other and that he shulde bee all one in hys presence and behind hys backe He that can not do this sayth he lette hym confesse that he can not rule chyldren But there oughte to be a litle more difference betwyxte a father and the master then betwixt a kinge and a tirant Wee putte awaye a tiraunte from the common wealthe and we chose tirauntes yea for oure sonnes eyther we oure selfes exercyse tirannye vpon them Howebeit thys vyle name of seruitude oughte vtterlye to bee taken awaye oute of the lyfe of chrysten menne Sainte Paule desyreth Philo to bee good to Onesimus not nowe as a seruaunte but as a deere brother in steede of a seruaunte And wrytyng to the Ephesians he monysheth the masters to remitte theyr bytternesse agaynst theyr seruauntes and their threatnynges remembrynge that they are rather felow seruauntes then masters because they both haue a common master in heauen whyche as well wyll punyshe the masters if they do amysse as the seruauntes The Apostle wolde not haue the masters ful of threatning muche lesse full of beatynge for he saythe not pardonynge your strypes but pardonynge your threatenynges and yet wee woulde haue oure chyldren nothynge but beaten whyche scarse the Baleye masters or Sea robbers do agaynste theyr slaues and rowers But of chyldren what dothe the same Apostle commaunde vs In somuch he wyll not haue them beaten slauyshely he coÌ„maundeth all crueltye and bytternes to be awaye from our monicions and chydyng You fathers saythe he prouoke not your chyldren to anger but bring them vp in discipline and chastisyng of the Lorde And what the discipline of the lorde is he shal soone se that wyll consider wyth what gentlenes what meekenes what charitie the Lord Iesus hath taught suffered and noryshed and brought vp by litle and lytle his disciples The lawes of man do temper the fathers power the same also permit vnto the seruauntes an accion of euyll handlyng and from whence then commeth thys crueltye amonge christen men In time paste one Auxon a knight of Rome whylest he wente about to amende hys sonne by beatynge hym vnmesurably he kylled him That crueltye so moued the people that the fathers and chyldren haled hym in to the market place al to be priâ—ked hym thrust him in wyth theyr wrytyng pinnes nothynge regarding the dignitie of his knighthod and Octauus Augustus had much a do to saue hym but now a daies howe many Auxons do we see whiche thorowe cruell beatynge hurâ—e the chyldrens healthe make them one eyed weaken them and sometyme kyll them Roddes serue not to some mens cruâ—ltie they turne them and beate theÌ„ wyth the great ende they geue them buffettes and stryke the yonge ons wyth their fistes or whatsoeuer is next at hand they snatche it and dashe it vpon them It is told in the lawe that a certen sowter when he layd one of his sowâ—ers vpon the hynder parte of the heade wyth a laste he stroke oute one of hys eyes and that for that deede he was punyshed by the lawe What shall we saye of them whyche beside their beatinges do theÌ„ shamefull despite also I woâ—de neuer haue beleued it excepte both I had knowen the chylde and the doer of this crueltie perfâ—â—elye A chylde yet scantâ— â—ii yere olde whose honeste parenâ—es had done good to his master they handled so cruellye that scarse anye suche tiraunt as was Mezencius or Phalaris coulde do more cruelly They caste so much mans donge in to the childes mouth y e scarsely he coulde spit but was coÌ„pelled to swallowe doune a great parte of it What tiraunt dyd euer suche kynde of despyght After suche daynties they exercysed suche lordelynes The chylde naked was hanged vp wyth cordes by y e armeholes as though he hadde bene a stronge thyefe and there is amonge the Germanes no kynde of punishement more abhorred then thys Anone as he honge they all to beat hym wyth roddes almoste euen
Intellectio Intelleccion wheÌ„ one thyng is vnderstand by another y t is of the same maner and kynd and this is done many wayes When bi the whole is vnderstaÌ„d a parte as Abraham set a calfe before them for calues fleshe By a parte the whole as He receyued the strauÌ„gers vnder the succour of hys house rofe for into hys house By one many as The FrenchemaÌ„ in y â— batail had the ouerthrow By a kynd y e general as If thou se thyne enemies Asse fal vnder his burden for cattell By the general the kynd Eue the mother of al liuing things for of al meÌ„ Preach to al creaturs to al meÌ„ By that goeth before the thynge that foloweth as He set hys spurres to hys horse for he rode a pace or fled faste awaye By that y t foloweth the thinge wente before as I got it wyth the swete of my face for w t my labour By the matter y e thynge that is made of it as Fleshe and bloude shewed the not it By the signe y e thyng y t is signified as Lo now the toppe of the chymneyes in the villages smoke a farre of wherby Uyrgyl signifieth night to be at hande Antonomasia is whych for y e proper name putteth some other word As the Archebyshop confuted the errour for Cranmer The Philosopher lyed that the worlde was eternall for Aristotle The Apostle sayeth wee be iustified by faythe for Paule Circuicio is a larger descripcion eyther to garnyshe it or if it bee foule to hyde it or if it be bryefe to make it more playn by etimology by sygnes by definicion Example of the fyrste The prouideÌ„ce of Scipio ouerthrew y e might of Carthago Here saue onlye for garnyshyng sake he myghte haue sayde playnlye Scipio ouerthrew Carthage Of the nexte When Saule was doyng his busines Dauid might haue killed hym Doyng hys busines ye wot what it meaneth Of y e thyrd you haue the larger exposicions vpon the Gospels called by the name of thys figure By Etymologie or shewyng the reasoÌ„ of the name Well maye he be called a parasite for a parasite is y e loueth other because of his meat By sygnes as when by certeine notes we describe anye thynge as if a man vnderstaÌ„dyng anger wyll saye that it is the boylynge of the mynde or color whych bryngeth in palenes into the couÌ„tenauÌ„ce fiersenes in the eies and treÌ„blyng in the members By definicion The arte of well indyghting for Rethorique The second parte of Trope Allegoria the seconde parte of Trope is an inuersion of wordes where it is one in wordes and another in sentence or meanynge Sermo obscurus a riddle or darke allegorie as The halfe is more theÌ„ the hole Adagium a sayinge muche vsed and notable for some noueltye as The wolfe is in our tale Dissimulatio is a mockyng whiche is not perceiued by the wordes but eyther by the pronuÌ„ciacion or by the behaueour of the person or by the nature of the thyng as You are an honest man in deede Amara irrisio is a bitter sporting a mocke of our enemye or a maner of iestyng or scoâ—â—inge bytynglye a nyppyng tawâ—te as The Iewes sayde to Christ he saued other but he could not saue hymselfe Fesâ—iua urbanitas is a certen mery conceyted speakyng as on a tyme a mery felow metynge w t one that had a very whyte head axed him if he had lyen in the snowe al nyght Subsannatio a skornyng by some testure of the face as by wrythinge the nose putting out the tonge pettyng or suche lyke Dictio coÌ„trariuÌ„ significans when the mock is in a worde by a contrarye sence as when we call a fustilugges a minion Graciosa nugatio when wordes roughly spokeÌ„ be molified by pleasaunt wordes as when we saye to hym that threatneth vs I praye you be good master to me The fyrst order of the figures Rethoricall Repeticio repeticion when in lyke and diuerse thynges we take our begynnyng coÌ„tinually at one the selfe same word thus To you this thyng is to be ascribed 〈◊〉 you thanke is to be geuen to you thys thynge shal be honour In this exornacion is much plesautnes grauitie and sharpnes it is much vsed of al oratours notably setteth oute and garnysheth the oracion Conuersio conuersion is whych taketâ— nor hys begynnynges at al one and the same worde but w t all one worde styll closâ—th vp the sentence it is contrary to that other before as Sence the time y t coÌ„cord was takeÌ„ awaye from the citie lyberty was takeÌ„ awai fidelity was takeÌ„ away freÌ„ship was takeÌ„ away CoÌ„plexio complexion coÌ„priseth both two exornacions both this that whych we declared before y t both all one fyrste worde shulde be ofteÌ„ repeted we shuld turne often to all one laste word as Who tâ—ke Sedechias prisoner put out both hys eyes Nabuchodonozer Who put Daniell and hys felowes into the burnyng furnace Nabuchodonozer Who was transformed froÌ„ a man into a beast eate haye wyth oxen Nabuchodonozer Reduplicatio is a continent rehearsyng agayne of all one worde or wordes for the more vehemence and some effect of the mynde Cicero agaynst Catiline Yet he liueth liueth yea commeth also into the counsel house It is thou it is thou that troublest all the houshold Also dareste thou nowe come into our syght y u traitour of thy coÌ„trey Thou traitour I say of thy contrei darest thou come into oure syghte Traduccio Traduccion is whyche maketh that wheÌ„ all one word is oftentymes vsed that yet it doth not onlye not displease the mynde but also make y e oracion more trim in this wyse Suffer ryches to belonge to riche men but prefer thou vertue before ryches For if y u wylt compare ryches wyth vertue thou shalte scarse thynke them meete to be called ryches whych ar but haÌ„d maydens to vertue Also we are vnto God the swete sauour of Christ. To the one part are we the sauour of death vnto deathe and vnto the other part are we the sauour of lyfe vnto lyfe .ii. Cor. ii Nominis coÌ„munio coÌ„munion of the word when we renewe not the selfe same worde by rehearsyng agayn but chaunge that that is put wyth an other word of the same â—alewe thus Thou hast ouerthrowen the comon wealth euen from the foundacion and cast downe the â—itye euen from the roote The iuste man shall floryshe as the palme tre and shall be multiplyed as the Ceder tre Cicero for Q. Ligarius Whose syde wolde that poynte of thy swerd haue pricked what meaned thy weapons what was thy mynde what meante thyne eyes handes that burning of thy mynd what desiredst y u what wyshedste thou Lytle differeth thys figure from the other before only because the wordes be chauÌ„ged the senteÌ„ce remayning Frequentacio frequentacion is when
hym selfe an excellente and euerlastyng name and that hath shewed moste eloquently by putting out so manye noble workes that deathe ought to be despised inespeciallye seynge that now he hath not much tyme to lyâ—e beynge an olde man Agayn another principall proposicion shall be taken of the circuÌ„stauÌ„ces That nothynge is worse then that Cicero beyng a very good maÌ„ shulde owe his lyfe to Antonye the worst man of the world The third proposicion shal be coÌ„iectural how that Antony craftely goeth about that the bookes beynge burned in the whych he perceiueth bothe hys owne immortal infamye to be and the immortal glory of Cicero wheÌ„ he hath afterwardes taken awaye hys lyfe he maye vtterlye extinguyshe Cicero ¶ A copious heaping of probacions So when proposicions be found remaineth argumeÌ„tacioÌ„ or proues called in Greke Pistis because they make suretye of a doutefull thyng Of proues some be artificiall some vnartificial Unartificial be foreiudgemeÌ„tes rumoures tormentes tabelles othe wytnesses diuinacion oracles To these be referred whych the Greekes cal Symeia or sygnes For they also commonlye are not fer by the wytte of hym that disputeth but are ministred otherwyse They be called signes properlye whyche rysynge of the thynge it selfe that is in question come vnder the sences of menne as threatninges whych be of the time that is paste cryinge herde oute of a place whyche is of the tyme presente paâ—enesse of hym whyche is ared of the murther whyche is of the tyme folowynge or that bloud leapte oute of the bodye latelye sâ—ayne when he came that dyd the murther Also of signes some bee necessary as that he liueth whiche dothe breathe and some probable as bloude in the garmente whych myghte also come oute of the nose or otherwyse Also proues and argumentes are taken oute of circuÌ„staunces partly of the person partlye of the cause or thyng it self and be called also of the Rethoricians places neyther cleane contrarie to those that Aristotle hath taughte neyther the very same for some agree wyth them some be all one and some diuerse Onlye differeth the manour of teachynge because the Rethoricianes do teache a patrone the philosopher generally helpeth iudgement Circumstaunces of the person ben these Kinred nacion coutrey kynde age bryngynge vp or discipline hauâ—oure of the body fortune condicion nature of the mynde studies affectacion wordes forespoken deedes done before commocion counsell name Kynred monisheth vs to coÌ„sider of what progeny a man dothe come For it is semely and happeneth coÌ„monlye that the sonnes belyke the forefathers and thereof procedeth causes to lyue well or euyll NacioÌ„ sheweth what disposicion and maners euery nacion hath peculiarly of theyr owne The difference of kynde is knowen to euerye man To diuerse ages diuerse thyngs be conueniente It skylleth more by whom and by what wayes men be brought vp then of whom they be begotten The hautoure of the bodye comprehendeth fayrnes or foulnes strength or weaknes â—or more credible is the accusacion of lecherye in a fayre body then in a foule and violence more probable in the strong then in the weake Fortune perteineth to ryches kynred friendes seruitures dignities honours Condicion comprehendeth manye thynges as whether he be noble or not noble an officer or a priuate person a father or a sonne a citizen or a straunger a fre man or a seruaunt a maried manne or a single man a father or none hauinge had but one wyfe or two The nature of the mynde hath manifold varieties in men Some be fearful some strong some gentle some vehemeÌ„t chaste lecherous glorious modesâ—e c. Studies for other be the maners of the rustical then of the lawyer of the marchaunte then of the Soldier of the shipman then of the phisicion To these they adde affectacion For it skylleth muche what maner man euerye one wolde seme to be whether he be y e same or not as ryche or eloquent iuste or mightie mery or sad a fauorer of the people or of the great men Both wordes that be spoken before time and dedes that be done be also considered For of thynges that be paste the present be estemed also thinges that be to come CoÌ„mocion in thys differeâ—h from the nature of the mynde because that one is perpetuall that oâ—her for a whyle as anger is commocion rancour the nature of the mynde and feare a coÌ„mocion fearefulnesse nature To these they adde the name of the person of whence many tymes an argument is takeÌ„ as Cicero resteth muche vpon Uerres or sweepers name because beyng a strong thief he swepte altogether Thus haue we shewed that much matter may be taken of thynges belongyng to a personne so maye be also of those that belonge to a thynge or cause whiche places bee so handeled of Quintilâ—ane that he myngleth theÌ„ wyth the places whyche Aristotle hathe comprehended in hys â—yghte bookes of Topyckes Circumstances of the thynges be these Cause place tyme chauâ—ce facultie instrumente manour And fyrste of euerye thinge there be foure causes efficient materiall formall and finall Matter is the receptacle of al formes The forme causeth it to be thys and not another thynge as the reasonable soule geueth to the body that it is a man and the soule because it is a substaunce hathe her vnnamed forme whereby she is a soule and not an aungel And what soeuer is made is made to a certen ende and one thynge maye haue diuerse endes as nature hathe geuen brestes vnto women to geue milke and also for comlynesse of theyr bodies neyther doth any man that is of a sounde mynde take vpon hym anye businesse but for that he desyreth to haue sâ—me thynge nor there is nothynge desyred but vnder the consideracion of good or profite So the ende whyche is laste in effecte and fyrste in intencion loketh vpon the gettinge of profites increase and coÌ„firmacion of them and also vpon them eschuynge of disprofites diminyshynge or puttyng them awaye But in chosyng them false perswacion deceyueth manye whylest by errour they beleue that to be good y t is naughte This place therfore serueth for many thynges to make more or lesse Greatly happy shulde men be if euerye man wolde looke vpon the marke not the whych desyre hathe sette before hym but whyche God and honest reason hath prefixed And of suche strengthe is the ende that hereof is taken the felicitie of euery thyng To fast that the body maye obeye the mynde to do good workes is an holy deede To fast to be counted holye is hypocrisie To faste to encrease thy good is couetousenesse To faste to be whole in thy bodie is phisycke and so of praiynge almose and other laudable workes After lyke maner must be wayed the secondarie endes An other circumstaunce of a thynge is the place whose qualitie oftentimes maketh the faute either greter or lesser as to steale an
thou not thynke that ther were no punyshemente to sore for her myscheuouse deede But that whych thou abhorrest in her thou of purpose doest it thy selfe How huge a beaste is lechery how rauenous and insaciable is â—yot howe wylde a beast is dronken shyp how hurtfull a thing is anger how horrible is ambicion To these beastes dothe he set ouer hys sonne whosoeuer from his tender youthe doth not accustume hym to loue that that is honeste to abhorre synne yea rather not onlye he casteth hym to wyld beastes whych the most cruel casters away are wonte to do but also whych is more greuouse he norisheth this greate and perilous beaste euen to hys owne destruccion It is a kind of men most to be abhorred which hurteth the body of infantes wyth bewitchyng and what shal we say of those parentes whiche thorowe their negligence and euyll educacion be witch the mynd They are called murtherers that kyll their children beynge newe borne and yet kyll but the body â—owe great wyckednes is it to kyll the mynde For what other thynge is the deathe of the soule then foly and wickednes And he doth also no lesse wrong to his contrey to whom asmuch as lyeth in hym he geueth a pestilente citizeÌ„ He is naught to godwards of whom he hath receyued a chylde for thys purpose to brynge hym vp to vertue Hereby you may se how greate and manifolde mischiefes they committe whych regarde not the bryngynge vp of tender age But as I touched a lytle before they synne more greuouslie then do these whych not onely do not fashion them to honestye but also season the tender and soft vessel of the infante to myschiefe and wyckednesse and teacheth hym vyce before he knowe what vice is How shuld he be a modeste man and dyspyser of pride that creepeth in purple He can not yet sound his fyrste letters and yet he nowe knoweth what crimosine and purple sylke meaneth he knoweth what a mullet is and oâ— her dayntie fyshes and disdainfullye wyth a proude looke casteth away coÌ„mon dyshes How can he be shamefast wheÌ„ he is growen vp which being a litel infaÌ„t was begon to be fashioned to lecherye How shall he waxe liberal wheÌ„ he is old which being so litel hath lerned to meruell at money gold If ther be ani kynd of garment lately fouÌ„d out as daili y e taâ—lers craft as in time paste dyd Africa bringeth forth some new moÌ„ster y t we put vpon our infaÌ„t He is taught to stand in his own coÌ„ceite if it be takeÌ„ a way he angerly axeth for it again Howe shall he beyng olde hate druÌ„kennes whych when he is an infaÌ„t is taught to loue wine They teach them by lytle and lytle suche filthy wordes whych are scant to be suffered as sayth Quintilian of the delicious Alexandrians And if the child speake any suche after them they kysse hym for hys laboure I warant you they knew their yong growynge nothynge out of kynde when theyr owne lyfe is nothynge else then an example of naughtynes Beynge an infant he learneth the vnchaste flatterynge wordes of nurses and as we saye he is fashioned wyth the hand to wanton touchynge He seeth hys father well whetteled wyth drynke and heareth hym bablynge oute that that shulde be kepte in He sytteth at greate and not very honest feastes he heareth the house ful of iesters harpes mynstrels and daunsers To these maners the chyld is so accustumed that custume goeth into nature Theâ— be naâ—ions that fashion their chyldren to fiersenesse of warre whyle they be yet redde froÌ„ the mother They lerne to loke fierslie the learne to loue the swearde and to geue a strype From such beginninges thei are deliuered to the master and do we merueyle if wee fynde them vnapte to lerne vertue whych haue dronke in vyces euen wyth the mylke But I hear some men defendynge theyr folye thus and sate that by thys pleasure whiche is taken of the wantoÌ„nes of infantes the tediousnes of nouâ—syng is recoÌ„peÌ„sed What is this Shuld it be to the verye father more pleasaunt if the chylde folowe an euyll deede or expresse a leude worde theÌ„ if wyth his lytle stutryng tonge he spake a good sentence or folowe any deede that is wel done Nature specially hathe geuen to the fyrste age an easines to folowe and do after but yet thys folowyng is some what more proue to naughtynesse then to goodnes Is vyce more plesaunte to a good man then vertue specially in hys chyldren If anye fylthe fall vpon the yonge chyldes skyn thou puttest it away and dost thou infect the mynd wyth so foule spottes Nothynge stycketh faster then that that is learned in yonge myndes I pray you what motherlye hertes haue those women whiche dandle in their lap their chyldren tyl they be almost seuen yeres old and in maner make theÌ„ fooles If they be so much disposed to play why do they not rather get apes and litle puppets to play wythall O saye they they be but chyldren They be in deede but it caÌ„ scant be told how muche those fyrste beginninges of our yong age do helpe vs to guide all our lyfe after howe hard vntractable a wanton and dissolute bryngyng vp maketh the chylde to the teacher callynge the same gentlenes when in deede it is a marring Might not an accion of euyl handlyng children meruelous iustli be laid against such mothers for it is plainely a kynde of witchcraft of murther They be punyshed by the lawe y â— bewitche their childreÌ„ or hurt their weake bodies with poisons what do thei deserue which corrupt y e chiefe parte of the infaÌ„t w t most vngracious venome It is a lighter matter to kyl the body then the mind If a child shulde be brought vp amoÌ„g the gogle eied stutters or haltyng the body wold be hurt w t infeccioÌ„ but in dede fautes of the mind crâ—pe vpon vs more priuely also more quickely settel deper The â—postle Paul worthily gaue this honor vnto the verse of MenaÌ„der y â— he wold recite it in his epistels Euyl comunicacioÌ„ corrupteth good maners but this is neuer truer theÌ„ in infantes Aristotle wheÌ„ he was axed of a certen maÌ„ by what meanes he myghte bringe to pas to haue a goodly horse If he be brought vp quod he â–ª among horses of good kynde And y t if neyther loue nor reason can teach vs howe greate care we ought to take for y e first yeres of our children at y e least waies let vs take example of brute beastes For it oughte not to greue vs to learne of theÌ„ a thynge y t shall be so profitable of whome maÌ„kinde now long ago hath lerned so many fruitful things seuce a beast called Hippopotamus hath shewed y e cutting of veines a bird of egipt called Ibis hath shewed y e vse of a clister which y e phisicioÌ„s gretly alow The hearbe called dictamum whiche is good to drawe out arrowes we haue knowne
tyll deathe For the more the chylde denyed the thynge that he dyd not so muche the more dyd they beate hym Put also to thys the tormentour hym selfe almoste more to be feared then the veriâ— punyshemente hys eyes lyke a serâ—ente hys narowe and wrythen mouth hys sharpe voyce lyke a spirite hys face wanne and pale hys head roulâ—ng about threatninges and rebukes sâ—che as they lusted in theyr anger a manne wolde haue thought it a furie out of hel What folowed anone after this punishement the chyld fel sicke with great ieopardye both of mynde and lyfe Then this tormentour began fyrst to complayne he wrote to hys father to take awaye hys sonne as sone as could be and that he had bestowed as much phisicke vpon him as he coulde but in vayne vpon the chylde that was paste remedye When the sickens of the body was somewhat put away by medicines yet was the minde so astonied that we feared leste he wold neuer come agayne to the olde strength of hys mynd Neither was thys y e cruelty of one daye as longe as the childe dwelte wyth hym there passed no daye but he was cruelly beateÌ„ once or twise I know y u suspectest o reader that it was an haynouse faute wherunto so cruell remedie was vsed I wyl shew you in few words Ther was fouÌ„d both of hys y t was beaten and of two others theire bookes blotted wyth ynke their garmentes cutte and their hose arayed wyth mannes donge He that played thys playe was a chylde borne to all myschiefe whiche by other vngracious deedes afterwardes made men beleue the ether to be true that were done before And he was nephewe by the systers syde to this mad docter eueÌ„ then playing a part before to â—hese thyngs whych souldiers are wont to do in bataile or robbynge At an hostes house of his he pulled oute the faucet and let the wyne runne vpoÌ„ the ground and as one to shew a pleasure he sayde that he felt the sauour of the wyne wyth an other of hys felowes he daylye played at the sworde not in sporte but in earnest that euen then you myght wel perceyue he wolde be a thyefe or a murtherer or whych is very lyke to them that he wolde be an hyred souldier Although the teacher fauored hym yet fearynge leste they shulde one kyll an other he sente awaye his cosen For he had for that other a good rewarde and he was of this sorte of gospellers to whom nothing is more swete then monei His godfather was made surely to beleue that the child was w t a good and diligent master when in deede he dwelte wyth a boucher was continually in company and made drudge with a man that was halfe mad and continually sicke Thus fauoringe more his kynseman then hym by whom he had so much profite the suspicion was layde vpon the harmeles to whom they ascribed so muche malice that he wolde teare and defile his owne garmentes to auoide suspicion if any suche thyng had bene done But the child commyng both of good father and mother dyd neuer shewe any toâ—eÌ„ of such a naughtie disposicion and at thys daye there is nothyng farther from all malice then are hys maners whyche nowe free frome all feare telleth all the matter in order as it was donne To suche tutors do honest citizens committe their chyldren whome they moste loue and suche do complayne that they be not wel rewarded for their paynes And this tormentour wolde not once knoweledge he had done amisse but had rather playe the starke mad man then confesse his faute and yet agaynst such is not taken an action of euyll handlyng neither hath the rigoure of the lawe anye power agaynste suche huge crueltie There is no anger worse to be pleased theÌ„ theirs that be lyke to haue the fallynge sycknes Howe many things be crepte in into the lyfe of christen men not meete neither for the Phrigians nor y e Scithians of y e which I wyl shew one much like this matter The yong gentlemaÌ„ is send in to y e vniuersitie to lerne the liberall sciences But w t how vngentle despightes is he begun in them Fyrst they rub his chyn as though they wolde shaue his bearde hereunto thei vse pisse or if ther be any fouler thyng This liquour is dashed into his mouth he may not spit it out Wyth paynfull bobbes they make as though thei drewe hornes from him soÌ„time be is coÌ„pelled to drinke a great deale of vinegre or salte or whatsoeuer it listeth y e wyld coÌ„pany of yong meÌ„ to geue him for wheÌ„ they begin the play thei make him swere y t he shal obey al that they coÌ„maund him At last they hoyse him vp dashe his backe against a post as ofteÌ„ as they list After these so rustical despightes suÌ„time â—oloweth an ague or a paine of y e backe y t neuer caÌ„ be remedied Certes this foolishe play endeth in a droÌ„ken baÌ„ket w t such beginninges enter they into y e studies of liberal sciences But it were mete that after this sorte thei shuld begin a boucher a tormeÌ„tour a baud or a boÌ„de slaue or a botemaÌ„ not a child appointed to y e holy studies of lerning It is a meruel that yongmeÌ„ geuen to liberal studies be mad after this fashioÌ„ but it is more meruel y t these things be alowed of suche is haue the rule of youth To so foule cruâ—l folyshenes is preteÌ„sed the name of custume as though the custume of an euil thing wer any thing else theÌ„ an old errour whiche ought so much the more diligeÌ„tly to be pulled vp bicause it is crept among many So coÌ„tinueth amoÌ„g the diuines y â— maner of a vesper for they note an euyl thynge w t a like name more mete for scoffers theÌ„ diuâ—nes But thei y t professe liberal sciâ—ces shuld haue also liberal sports But I come againe to chyldren to whome nothyng is more vnprofitable then to be vsed to stripes whiche enormiâ—tie cauâ—eâ—â— that the geÌ„tle nature is intractable and the â—â—ler driuen to desperacion and coÌ„tinuaunce of theÌ„ maketh that both the bodye is hardened to stripes the mynd to wordes Nay we may not oftentymes chyde theÌ„ to sharplye A medicine naughâ—elye vsed maâ—eth the sickenes worse helpeth it not and if 〈◊〉 be layde to continuallye by litle and litle it ceaseth to be a medicine and dothe nothinge else then dothe stinkynge and vnwholesome meate But here some man wyll saye vnto vs the godlye sayinges of the Hebrues He that spareth the rod hateth hys chylde and he that loueth hys sonne beareth hym muche Agayne Bowe downe the necke of thy chylde in youth and 〈◊〉 hys sydes whyle he is an infante very yonge Suche chastisemente peraduenture was mete in tyme paste for the Iewes Nowe must the sayinge be expounded more ciuilâ—ly And if a man wil be hard to vs wyth letters and sillables what is more cruell then to bend the necke of a