January August and December each of 'em two to April June September and November each of 'em one But because in these latter times there is still an Errour found in this Calculation and the Equinoxes insensibly go back from the point where Julius Caesar had fix'd them they have found out that the year had not just 365 days and six hours but wanted about 11 minutes which in 131 years make the Aequioxes go back about a day for an hour having 60 such minutes a day must have 1440 which being divided by 11 make 130 and 10 over so that the Aequinoxes were come back to the tenth of March. For which reason in the year 1582 Pope Gregory XIII to reform this Error caus'd 10 days to be taken from the Year to bring the Aequinoxes to the 21 of March and the 22 and 23 of September and to prevent the like for the future he order'd that since 131 thrice counted make 393 i. e. almost 400 years this matter should be regulated by Centuries to make the account more easie and compleat so that in 400 years the Bissextile of 3 years should come to 100 Bissextiles And this is that which is call'd The Gregorian Year The Jews count their years by weeks and call the seventh Sabbatical in which they were not allow'd to plow their Ground and were oblig'd to set all their Bond-Servants at liberty They had also their Year of Jubilee and Release which was every 50 years or according to others every 49 years so that every year of Jubilee was also Subbatical but yet more famous than others and then all Possessions and whatever else had been alienated return'd to its first Owner The Greeks counted their years by Olympiads of which every one contain'd the space of four whole and compleat years These Olympiads took their Names from the Olympick Games which were celebrated near the City of Pisa otherwise call'd Olympia in Peloponnesus from whence they were call'd Olympicks These years were also called Iphitus's because Iphitus first appointed them or ' at least reviv'd that Solemnity The Romans counted by Lustra of which every one is 4 compleat years or the beginning of the fifth This word comes from Luo which signifies to pay because at the beginning of every fifth year they paid the Tribute impos'd on them by the Censors They also counted their Year by a Nail which they fix'd in a Wall of the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus The Year is divided into four Parts or Seasons viz. Spring Summer Autumn and Winter The Aegyptians divided it but into three Parts Spring Summer and Autumn allotting to each Season four months They represented the Spring by a Rose the Summer by an Ear of Corn and the Autumn by Grapes and other Fruits Nonnius at the end of his Lib. 11. of his Dionysinca describes the four Seasons of the year thus The Seasons saith he appear to the Eye of the Colour of a Rose the Daughters of the inconstent Year come into the House of their Father The Winter casts a seeble Ray having her Face and Hair cover'd with Snow and her Breast with Hoar-Frost her Teeth chatter and all her Body is rough-coated with Cold. The Spring crowned with Roses sends forth a sweet Smell and makes Garlands of Flowers for Venus and Adonis The Summer holds in one hand a Sickle and in the other Ears of Corn. And lastly the Autumn appears crowned with Vine Branches loaden with Grapes and carrying in her hands a Basket of Fruits The Greeks begin to count the Years from the Creation of the World on the first of September At Rome there are two ways of reckoning the Year one begins at Christmass because of the Nativity of our Saviour and the Notaries of Rome use this Date setting to their Deeds à Nativitate and the other at March because of the Incarnation of Jesus Christ this is the Reason that the Popes Bulls are thus dated Anno Incarnationis The antient French Historians began the year at the Death of St. Martin who dy'd in the year of Christ 401 or 402. They began not in France to reckon the year from January till 1564 by virtue of an Ordinance of Charles IX King of France for before they began the day next after Easter about the twenty fifth of March. ANQUIRERE capite or pecuniâ in the Roman Law to require that a Person be condemn'd to Death or fined ANSER a Goose This Domestick Fowl was in great Esteem among the Romans for having sav'd the Capitol from the Invasion of the Gauls by her Cackling and clapping of her Wings They were kept in the Temple of Juno and the Censors at their entrance into their Office provided Meat for them There was also every year a Feast kept at Rome at which they carry'd a Silver Image of a Goose in state upon a Pageant adorn'd with rich Tapstry with a Dog which was hang'd to punish that Creature because he did not bark at the arrival of the Gauls ANTAEUS the Son of Neptune and Terra and one of the Giants which dwelt in the Desarts of Libya He forc'd all Travellers to wrestle with him and kill'd them He made a Vow to build Neptune a Temple of the Sculls of those he kill'd He attack'd Hercules who taking him by the middle of his Body choak'd him in the Air it being impossible to kill him otherwise for as often as he threw him upon the ground that Giant recover'd new Strength which the Earth his Mother supply'd him with ANTECESSORES this Word properly signifies those who excel in any Art or Science Justinian has honour'd those Doctors of Law who taught publickly with this Title there were four of them in every College and they made up the Council of State ANTECOENA the First Course the first Dish set upon the Table it was either Fruits or Sweet Wine or some part of the Entertainment ANTENOR a Trojan Prince who is said to have deliver'd the Palladium of Troy to the Greeks which was the cause that the City was taken After the City was taken and destroy'd he came into Sclavonia about the Streights of the Adriatick Sea where he built a City of his own Name which is since call'd Padua ANTEROS the Son of Mars and Venus and Brother of Cupid See Amor. ANTESTARI in the Law signifies to bear Witness against any one whence it is that Horace says in his Sat. 9. lib. 1. v. 76. Vis antestari Will you bear Witness And he that would did only offers the Tip of his Ear Ego verò oppono auriculam I offer my Ear immediately to shew that I consent ANTEVORTA and POSTVORTA Deities honour'd by the Romans who took care of what is past and what is future and whom they made the Companions of Providence ANTICYRA an Island lying between the Streights of Meliacum and Mount Oeta There grew says Pliny the best Hellebore which is an excellent Herb to purge the Brain from whence comes the Proverb Naviget Anticyram
Genebrard one very well vers'd in Rabbinical Learning thinks that the Aborigines were a People driven by Joshua out of the Land of Canaan who cross'd over the Mediterranean Sea and came and dwelt in Italy where they had for King Sabatius or Saturn who was set over them by Janus and reign'd there Thirteen Years They were banish'd beyond the Tyber on account of the corruption of their Manners But as to Janus he settled on this side of the River upon a Hill which he call'd Janiculum ABROGARE in the Roman Law to Abrogate make void annul to bring into disuse any Law or Custom This word has reference to these other words rogare c. when they are spoken of Laws whose Confirmation was demanded of the People First Rogabatur Lex a Law was propos'd to the People for their Approbation which they gave in these Terms Vti rogas I approve it Be it so as is requir'd 2ly Abrogabatur it was abrogated 3ly Derogabatur something was taken away from it Sometimes Subrogabatur some Clause was added to it And lastly Obrogabatur some Exception or Limitation was put to it Lex aut rogatur i. e. fertur aut abrogatur i. e prior lex tollitur aut derogatur i. e. pars prima tollitur aut subrogatur i. e. adjicitur aliquid primae legi aut obrogatur i. e. mutare aliquid ex prima lege Vlp. in Leg. 1. D. ad Leg. Aquil. And Cicero l. 3. of Ep. to Atticus Si quid in hac rogatione scriptum est quod per legem Claudiam promulgare abrogare derogare obrogare sine fraude sua non llceat And again in lib. 3. of the Republick Hinc legi nec obrogari fas est nec derogari ex hac aliquid licet neque tota abrogari potest It was not lawful to change this Law or take any thing from it neither could it be wholly abrogated ABSOLVERE in the Roman Law to absolve a Person accus'd to acquit him of a Crime or any Accusation laid against him to dismiss him with Absolution The ordinary method in these Cases was this After the Cause of the accus'd had been pleaded on both sides the Pretor us'd the word Dixerunt i. e. the Advocates have said and then three Balots were distributed to each Judg one mark'd with the Letter A to absolve the accus'd another with the Letter C to condemn him and a third with the Letters N and L to respite Judgment till further information There was often also a fourth which Suetonius calls Tabula remissionis which was a pardon for a Crime whereof the accus'd was found guilty In a Suit concerning a forg'd Will says the same Historian all the Witnesses who had sign'd it being declar'd guilty by the Lex Cornelia not only two Balots were given to the Judges for absolving or condemning the accus'd but a third also for pardoning the Crime in those who had been surpriz'd or drawn in to sign it by fraud or mistake Cum de testamento falsi ageretur omnesque signatores Lege Cornelia tenerentur non tantùm duas tabellas absolutoriam condemnatoriam simul cognoscentibus dedit sed tertiam quoque qua ignosceretur iis quosfraude ad signandum vel errore inductos constitisset The Judges having receiv'd these Balots took an Oath that they would judg according to their Conscience without Partiality to either side either for Love or Hatred After which Oath they threw one of the Balots into the Urn according as their Judgment was either for absolving or condemning the Party accus'd If the accus'd was condemn'd the Judg gave his sentence in these words Videtur facisse The Crime is proved he is attainted and convicted of it and concluded his Sentence in these Words I lictâ—â— liga ad paluâ—â— expedi virgas when the Criminal was not condemn'd to death But if the Crime was capital then he used these words I Lictor colliga manus capus â—bâ—â—bito inselici arbari suspendito lege age Go Lisâ—â—r seize the Criminal cover his Face and hang him up by vertue of the Sentence now pronounc'd against him But if the Person accus'd happen'd to be Absolv'd the Judg pronounc'd Sentence upon him thus Videtur 〈◊〉 facisse or Nihil in 〈◊〉 damnationis dignum invenio or Non invenio in eo causam which Expression was us'd by Pilate being a Roman in his Answer to the Jews who had a mind to force him to put Jesus to death whom he had declar'd to be innocent ABSYRTUS otherwise call'd Egialus according to Pacâ—â—â—â—s the Son of Etesâ—â—s King of Goâ—aâ—os 'T is said that his Sister Madâ—â— when she fled from her Father's House with Jason whom she lov'd tore the Body of her Brother Absyrtus in pieces and scatter'd them up and down in the way on purpose to hinder her Father from pursuing after her by meeting with those sad Remains of his Son which he was oblig'd to gather up as Cicero tells us in his Oration pro Lege Manilia Ut Medea illa ex pâ—â—to profâ—gisse dicitur quam praedicant in fuga fratris sui membra in iis locis quà se parâ—â—s persequeretur dissâ—â—â—isse ut eorum collectia dispersa marorque patrius celeritatâ—â— persequendi retardaret Valerius Flaccus Lib. VIII Aâ—gonaâ— says That it was not her Father Etesius who went after her but that he sent his Son Aâ—syrtus with a Naval Force to pursue her and that coming up with her at the mouth of the Danube when Jason and she were upon the point of Marriage he broke off the Match by threatning to burn them both together with their Ship Qui novus incaeptos impediit hymenaeos Turbavitque toros sacra calentia rupit Orpheus thinks that Etesius commanded Absyrtus to go after his Sister and fetch her back again but that he following after her by a mischance fell into the River Phasis and was drowned and that his Body was afterwards cast by the Waves upon the little Islands which are call'd from his Name Absyrtides But Pliny on the contrary tells us that he was kill'd on the Coasts of Dalmatia where these little Islands are situate which from his Name are call'd Absyrtides Absyrtides Graiis dicta à fratre Medeae ibi interfecto 〈◊〉 Absyrto lib. 3. cap. 2. Let us see how Myginus relates this Story Etesius says he being inform'd that his Daughter Medea and Jason had fled away from him he sent his Son Absyrtus in a Ship after them who pursu'd them as far as the Adriatic Sea along the Coasts of Seâ—â—vonia and found them out at the House of King Alcinous At their first meeting they were ready to go to blows but the King interpos'd his Authority and offer'd them his Mediation which they accepted of The King resolv'd to restore Medea to her Father provided that Jason had not yet enjoy'd her But Jason being inform'd of this by the Queen to whom the King had entrusted this Secret enjoy'd her that night and by
that he return'd to the Camp and reveng'd the death of his Friend upon Hector by killing him and dragging his dead Body about the Walls of Troy but he falling in love with Polixine the Daughter of Priam and having demanded her for his Wife was treacherously slain by Paris with an Arrow shot at his Heel which was the only place of his Body wherein he was mortal Divine Honours were decreed to him after his Death to be performed upon his Tomb and in obedience to the Oracle of Dodona the Thessalians offer'd there every year a Sacrifice of two Bulls one white and the other black which they brought from their own Country whither also they took care to bring Wood from Mount Pelion and Water from the River Specchius together with Garlands made of Flowers which were called immortal because they never faded Philostratus on the Picture of Achilles and Quintus Calaber in lib. 3 of his Paralipomena do not agree to all the Circumstances in the History of Achilles here related The common Opinion is That he was educated in the Island of Scyro with the Daughters of King Lycomedes which is the Sentiment of Hyginus But Philostratus thinks that he was sent by his Father against the Island of Scyro to revenge the Death of Theseus whom Lycomedes had cruelly put to death Pausanias in his Attica is of the same Opinion for he tells us That Scyro was taken by Achilles as well as the King Lycomedes Quintus Calaber maintains that Apollo kill'd Achilles with an Arrow Apollo says he being angry at the insolent Answer which Achilles gave him drew a Bow and shot him in the Heel with an Arrow of which Wound he died And Hyginus tells us that Apollo to give him this Wound assumed the shape of Paris ACHOR otherwise call'd Myagris or Myodes the God of Flies to whom the Greeks and Cyrenians sacrific'd to drive away the Flies which annoy'd them and infected their Country S. Gregory Nazianzen in his first Invective against Julian calls him Accaron because the Accaronites a People of Judea made an Idol of him whom they call'd Beelzebuth i. e. the God of Flies Pliny relates that Hercules had been very much annoy'd by these Insects at Olympia but after he had sacrific'd to Jupiter under the Name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or the Fly-chasing God they flew all away over the River Alphaeus and never annoy'd him more nor any of those who sacrific'd to him in the Temples built for him after he was plac'd among the number of the Gods For Solinus tells us that no Flies nor Dogs could ever enter into a Chappel built to Hercules at Rome by Octavius Herennius ACIDALIA an Epithet given to Venus the Goddess of Love because she was the cause of great Uneasiness and Vexation to those who were in Love Some think that she was also so call'd from a Fountain of that Name wherein the Three Graces which always attended her us'd to bath themselves ACILIA the Name of a very illustrious Roman Family from which was descended the generous Consul Acilius Glabrio to whom the People of Rome erected a Statue cover'd with Leaves of Gold for having defeated the Army of Antiochus in the narrow passage of Tempe and made a great slaughter of the Asiaticks This Consul erected a Statue on horseback of pure Gold which he plac'd in the Temple of Piety and consecrated to the Memory of his Father whose Effigies it was This was the first Statue of that precious Metal that was ever seen at Rome from the time of its first foundation ACINACES a kind of Cutlass or Scimetre us'd among the Persians ACNUA a sort of Measure for Land among the antient Measures call'd otherwise Actus quadratus which was a Square whereof each side was 26 foot long which contain'd as Authors tell us the moiety of a Jugerum or of the Acre of the Latines Vossius says that it is plainly read Acnua in the Manuscripts yet he would have it read Acna to give credit to his own Etymology which derives it from the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is a Measure of twelve feet as he himself tells us he adds afterwards that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifi'd also a Measure of 26 feet but this he does not prove ACONITUM Wolvesbane an Herb very venomous whereof there are many kinds 't is said that its Name comes from Acona a City of Bithynia round about which it grows in great abundance The Poets feign that this Herb sprung up from the Froth which the Dog Cerberus cast forth when Hercules drag'd him by force out of Hell for which reason great quantities of it are found near to Heraclea of Pontus where is the Cavern by which Hercules descended thither 'T is said that all its Venom is in its Root for there is no hurt in its Leaves or Fruit. The Symptoms of this Poyson are these It makes the Eyes water very much oppresses the Stomach causes frequent breaking of wind backwards Nevertheless the Antients us'd it as a Medicin against the biting of a Scorpion the burning heat whereof the bare touch of Wolvesbane did presently extinguish ACONTIUS a young Man of the Isle of Cea who coming one day to Delos to the Sacrifice of Diana fell in love with the fair Cydippe but fearing a Denyal if he should desire her in Marriage upon the account of the inequality of his Birth and Fortune he contriv'd this Stratagem to win her he wrote these two Versues upon an Apple Juro tibi sanè per mystica sacra Dianae Me tibi venturam comitem sponsamque futuram and then threw the Apple at the Feet of Cydippe who taking it up read these Verses and bound herself to the Oath which was upon it Whereupon every time she had a mind to marry she was presently taken dangerously sick which she interpreted to be a just Punishment for the Violation of her Faith and therefore to appease Diana she married Acontius ACRATES the Genius or Demon of the Bacchantes whose Mouth only was represented in Figures as Pausanias tell us ACRISIUS the last King of the Argives and the Brother of Praetus to whom he succeeded according to Eusebius He understanding by the Oracle that he was to be kill'd by a Son of his Daughter Danae shut her up in a Tower of Brass to preserve himself from this Mischief But Jupiter falling in love with this unfortunate Princess found a way to come at her for he changing himself into a shower of Gold unaccountably pass'd through the Tiles of the House and she was found with child of a Son who was call'd Perseus Acrisius being inform'd of this caus'd his Daughter with her Child to be shut up in a Chest and commanded them both to be cast into the Sea The Chest swimming for some time upon the Water was at last thrown up upon the Isle of Sâ—riphe where Polydectes reign'd who receiv'd them graciously and fell in love with
intremere 〈◊〉 Murmure Trinacriam AFFIXUM or AFFIXA that which is fixed or joyned to a Building The things which are added to an House and are over and above the Building AGAMEMNON the Son of Atreus and Europa and Brother of Menelaus was King of Myeenae one of the Kingdoms of Peloponnesus Going to the Siege of Troy to revenge the Rape of his Sister-in-law Helena he left with his Wife Clytemnestra a musical Poet who was faithful to him to divert her in his absence and so hinder her from acting any thing contrary to the Fidelity she ow'd him Aegistheus the Son of Thyestes who endeavour'd to debauch her seeing that this Poet broke all his Measures and obstructed his Designs carry'd him away into a desart Isle and left him there to die of Hunger and returning to Mycaenae debauch'd Clytemnestra and got possession of the Kingdom Agamemneo at his return from the Trejan War was slain by his own Wife at a Banquet which she had prepared for him having inclos'd him in a Garment without a Bosom when he came out of the Bath Orestes reveng'd the Death of his Father upon his Mother and Aegistheus who debauch'd her for he kill'd 'em both Agamemnon was chang'd into an Eagle after his Death AGANIPPIDES an Epithete which the Poets give the Muses from the Fountain Aganippe or Hippocrene which was consecrated to them AGAVE the Daughter of Cadmus and Hermione who in the shape of a Boar tore in pieces her Son Pantheus King of Thebes because he abolish'd the Orgia or Feasts of Bacchus in his Realm upon account of Debauches committed in them AGE Quodagis a Form of Speech us'd in the antient Sacrifices which was often repeated to the Person that offer'd to make him more careful and attentive as if it were said to him Mind what you are about Let not your Thoughts ramble AGENORA the Goddess Agenora who makes us active and to whom the Romans built a Temple upon Mount Aventine AGGERES Heaps of Earth which were rais'd upon the Tombs of the Antients Virgil makes mention of them in his Aeneids Lib. XI v. 850. Terrino ex aggere bustum as also in v. 6. of Lib. VII Aggere composito tumuli Sidonius writes to one of his Relations named Secundus that coming from Lyons to Clermont in Auvergne he observ'd that Time and Water had almost laid plain an Heap or Bank of Earth which cover'd the Tomb of Apollinaris his Kinsman who was Praefectus Praeterio A. C. 409. Catulus speaks also of these Tombs and calls them Coacervatum bustum excelso aggere Aggere Tarquinii the Ramparts of Earth which Tarquinius rais'd between the Mountains Viminalis Esquilinus from whence Suetonius says they cast down Criminals head-long Verberatum per vicos agerent quâ—â—d praecipitaretur ex aggere AGLAIS One of the Three Graces which the Greeks call'd Charites the Companions of Venus the Goddess of Beauty They were the Daughterr of Jupiter and Eurynome AGLAURA the Daughter of Cecrops and Sister of Hirsa with whom Mercury fell in love This Messenger of the Gods to gain the Favour of his Mistris engag'd her Sister Aglaura who promis'd to serve him by giving her a Sum of Money This provok'd Minerva so much who could not endure such fordid Avarice that she commanded Envy to make her jealous of her Sister Hirsa while she was contriving to cross Mercury's Designs he turn'd her into a Statue of Salt AGLIBOLUS some learned Men guess that this word comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to cast a light to shine Hesychius says that Aiglitis which signifies Shining is a Name of the Sun and so Aglibolus is the Sun Mr. Spon in his CURIOUS ENQUIRIES after Antiquities says that there was an antient Marble at Rome in the Vineyard of Cardinal Carpegna on which was the Portrait of two Syrian Deities with an Inscription in Greek thus englished To the Honour of Aglibolus and Malak-belus The Gods of the Country and he affirms that Aglibolus is the Sun and Malak-belus the Moon He says that the Habit of Aglibolus is not after the Roman Fashion but like the Syrians short with a sort of Cloak uppermost which ought not to seem strange since these Figures were drawn in Syria and every Nation is clothed after their own Fashion as Theodoret says The Habit of Malak-belus is something like that which the Romans wore in their Wars which they call'd Paludamentum with a Cloak over it But the Crown is not like the Roman no more than the Hair which the Romans usually shav'd and this gave occasion to Vespasian as Suetonius relates to tell the Romans when they were frighted at the sight of a Comet with a long Tail above their Horizon that that Comet did not belong to their Country but the Kingdom of Persia who wore long Hair and had most reason to fear the effects of it Salmasius is of another opinion in his Commentaries upon the Historia Augusta for he will have Malak-belus to be the Sun and Aglibolus the Moon but he gives no reason for the Conjecture and 't is likely he never saw the Marble which I have spoken of AGNATI are the Relations on the Fathers side and who are of the same Race In the Civil-Law 't is said Ad agnatos deducere aliquem To put any one under a Guardian To forbid him the Administration of his Goods by the advice of his Relations AGNO a Fountain of Arcadia so call'd from a Nymph so nam'd the Nurse of Jupiter When the Water of it was us'd in sacred matters it ascended in the form of a Cloud which after fell down in Rain AGNODICE a young Maid who being desirous to learn Physick conceal'd her Sex and went to be instructed by Herophyâ—us a Physician she particularly acquir'd the Skill of Midwisery The Physicians much envy'd her because she was preferr'd before 'em summon'd her before the Judges of the Arcopagus accusing her of debouching the Women she deliver'd But having discover'd her Sex she convicted them of a Calumny which occasion'd the Judges to make a Law allowing free-born Women to profess Midwisery AGNOMEN is a Name added to the Sur-name which was given from some particular Action as one of the Sciplo's was named Africanus and the other Asiaticus from the brave Achievments which the one did in Africa and the other in Asia Without all doubt some Persons had heretofore a particular Sur-name which was as it were a Fourth Name The Author to Herennius makes mention of this Agnemen when he says Nomen autem cum dicimus cognomen agnomen intelligatur oportet AGONALIA was an immoveable Feast appointed by King Numa which was celebrated every Year on January 9. in Honour of the God Janus as we learn from Ovid Lib. I. Fastorum v. 317. Quatuor adde dies ductis ex-ordine nonis Janus agonali Lucepiandus erit The Rex Sacrorum at this Feast sacrific'd a Wether to the God Janus Authors differ in
to the People that all the Commonwealth was but one great Body of which the Senate is the Head and Stomach which seems alone to devour all that the Labour and Industry of the other Parts can get but in Reality 't is only to distribute it to the rest of the Body to nourish and strengthen it and if the Members do not daily supply them with the usual Nourishment they themselves would soon be found to be without Vigour Heat or Life This excellent Comparison was so aptly apply'd and so zealously explained by Agrippa that the People were reconciled to the Senate who consented to the Election of a Tribune chosen out of the People to protect them against the Authority of the great Ones This Magistrate had a right to oppose the Consultations of the Senate by saying this Word Veto i. e. I oppose it and forbid you to proceed further AGRIPPA named Marcus a Man of a mean Original a Favourite of Augustus Admiral of the Empire a great Captain and a Companion of that Prince in his Victories He assisted him much in obtaining that Victory which he had in the Sea-fight against Sextus Pompeius of which Virgil speaks Augustus bestow'd the Consulship upon him twice together and as a Surplus of his Favour he made him his Son-in-Law by marrying his Daughter Julia to him who had been first married to Marcellus his Nephew who died without Children This Agrippa had two Daughters and three Sons viz. Calus Lucius and Agrippa who was a Posthumous Child i. e. born after his Father's Death Augustus adopted Caius and Lucius before they were seventeen years of Age he had them proclaimed Princes of the Youth and earnestly desired that they might be chosen Consuls The first married Livia the Sister of Germanicus These two Princes were soon taken from him by the Wickedness of another Livia their Mother-in-Law or by their own Misfortunes one in a Voyage to Spain whither he went to command the Armies and the other in his Return from Armenia from whence he came ill of a Wound As for Agrippa the posthumous Child Augustus complain'd of him and caused him to be banish'd by a Decree of the Senate into the Isle Planasia He was indeed a stupid and brutish Prince and withal a simple Man Tiberius who succeeded Augustus made his Access to the Empire remarkable by the Death of Agrippa who being surpriz'd was slain by a Centurion whom he sent on purpose without making any Defence Tacit. Annal lib. 1. AGRIPPA Herod the Son of Aristobulus whom Herod the Elder put to Death He was King of the Jews and had the Favour of the Emperour Caligula who at his coming to the Crown released him from Prison where Tiberius had shut him up for wishing Caligula had his place This Emperour besides his Liberty gave him a Chain of Gold of the same weight with that which he had worn out of Love to him while he was in Prison and gave him the Tetrarchy of his Uncle Philip who died without Children and allow'd him to take upon him the Title of The King of the Jews He made himself infamous at his Arrival at Jerusalem by the Death of St. James the Great and the Imprisonment of St. Peter But his Cruelty was not long unpunish'd for as he was in Caesarea Palaestine busied in the Celebration of the Publick Plays for the Health of the Emperour he was struck on a sudden as he was making a Speech to the People with a surprising terrible Pain of which soon after he died AGRIPPINA the Grand-daughter of Augustus and Daughter of Marcus Agrippa was the Wife of Germanicus the Son of Drusus the Brother of Tiberius Some believe that her Husband was poisoned by Cn. Piso tho this Crime was but weakly proved at the Condemnation of Piso She carried her Husband's Ashes to Rome and laid them in the Tomb of the Caesors Tacitus says she was a Woman of an haughty and untameable Spirit but she aton'd for her Passions by her Chastity and the Love she bare to her Husband AGRIPPINA named Julia who married at her second Marriage the Emperour Claudius who was her Uncle but she soon after poison'd him with what she put into Mushrooms which afterwards at Rome were called The Food of the Gods Britannicus who was Claudius's Son by his first Marriage ought to have succeeded him in the Empire but Agrippina advanc'd her Son Nero to it contrary to his Right that she herself might reign under the Name of her Son She had him by Domitius Aeneobarbus her first Husband and Claudius adopted him into his Family which opened a way for his Accession to the Sovereign Dignity But this ambitious Princess was well rewarded for it for Nero caused her to be slain by Anicetus and for compleating her Infamy order'd that the Day of her Nativity should be reckon'd among the unfortunate Days AJAX the Locrian the Son of Oileus so named from the City and Country of Locris near Mount Parnassus He signaliz'd himself at the Siege of Troy by many notable Exploits After the taking of the City he pluck'd Cassandra the Daughter of King Priam from the Altar of Minerva to which she was fled as an Asylum Some say he ravish'd her and that Minerva being provok'd reveng'd the Fact by slaying him with a Thunderbolt which sir'd his Ship and so drowned him in the Sea But Philostratus says the contrary that Ajax offer'd no Force to Cassandra but that Agamemnon took her away from him having seen her in his Tent and to avoid the Mischief he might design against him fled by Sea in the night and suffer'd Shipwrack by a Tempest that overtook him The Greeks much lamented him and made an extraordinary Funeral for him for they fill'd a Ship with Wood as if they would make a Funeral-Pile for him slew several black Beasts in honour of him and having also set up black Sails in the Ship they set it on fire about break of day and left it to run into the Main Sea all in a flame till it was consum'd to Ashes AJAX TELAMONIUS the Son of Telamon King of Salamis and the fair Eriboea according to Pindar He was one of the most valiant Greeks that was at the Siege of Troy After the Death of Achilles he pretended that his Armour belonged to him as the next of kin but Thetis exposing them to the Publick that every one that pretended a Right to them might claim them V lysses disputed it with him and gained them Ajax was thereupon so much enraged that he fell upon a Flock of Sheep with his Sword drawn and brandished and slew them supposing them to be Grecians and then he thrust himself through with his own Sword and died AIUS LOCUTIUS a Speaking Voice to which the Romans erected an Altar according to Cicero and Aulus Gellius or a small Temple according to P. Victor in the New-street The occasion of it as Cicero and Livy relate was thus One named M. Ceditius a Plebeian
went and acquainted the Tribunes that passing through the New-street in the night he heard a Voice more than human over the Temple of Vesta which gave the Romans notice that the Gauls were coming against Rome This Information was neglected upon account of the Person who gave it but the Event prov'd the Truth of it Hereupon Camillus thought that to appease the angry Gods he ought to acknowledge this Voice as a new Deity under the Title of The Speaking God and to build an Altar to offer Sacrifice to him ALA a Wing in the Roman Armies was made up of the Cavalry and Infantry of the Confederates and which cover'd the Body of the Roman Army as the Wings cover the Bodies of Birds There was a Right and a Left Wing both mix'd with the Cavalry and Infantry which they called Alares or Alares Copiae They were made up each of four hundred Horsemen divided into ten Squadrons and 4200 Foot Some say that Pan the Indian a Captain of Bacchus was the first Inventor of this way of drawing up an Army in Battle whence it comes to pass that the Antients have painted him with Horns on his Head because what we call Wings they called Horns ALADUS or ALADINUS SYLVIUS Eutropius calls him Romus Cassiodorus and Sextus Victor names him Aremulus Titus Livius Messala and Sabellicus call him Romulus But tho there are different Opinions about the Name of this Prince there is an universal Consent in the Abhorrence of his Tyranny and a general Agreement about his exttaordinary Death His Pride transported him so far as to equal himself with Jupiter the King of the Gods in his Age. He counterfeited the Noise of his Thunder by certain Engines but at last he perished by a Tempest and Thunder as real as his own were vain Fire from Heaven consum'd his Palace the Lake in the middle of which it was built flowed extraordinarily and contributed to the Destruction of his Family He reigned nineteen years ALAPA a Box on the Ear. Majoris Alapae mecum veneunt Phaed. I do not grant them Liberty so easily Boxes on the Ear were usually given to Slaves when they were set at Liberty ALAUDA a Lark The Poets say it was Scylla the Daughter of Nisus King of Megara whom she deliver'd into the hands of Minos King of Crete having cut off his fatal Hair which was of a purple Colour The Gods changed her into a Lark and her Father into a Hawk which continually pursues her says the Fable to punish her horrible Treason ALAUDA the Name of a Roman Legion of a French one according to Bochart the Soldiers of which carried a Lark's Tuft upon the top of their Helmets ALBA a Name given to three or four Cities of which the principal was Alba Longa so called by the Antients because it extended to a great Length in the Territory of Rome it was built by Ascanius the Son of Aeneas from whence the Inhabitants are called Albini Ascanius built it in a place where he had observ'd a white Sow thirty years after the Foundation of Lavinium which his Father had built This number of Years was signified to him by the thirty Pigs which that Sow then suckled He would have transported the Gods of Troy which Aeneas had brought with him into this new City but he found the next day they were carried to Lavinium whereupon Ascanius left them there and contented himself with settling a College of six hundred Trojans to serve them according to the Worship used in Phrygia Aegistheus was chosen to be the Chief of those Priests This City had several Kings and maintained fierce Wars against the Romans which did not cease till the famous Combat between the three Curatii on the Albins parts and the three Horatii on the Romans side The three Curatii were slain and and by their Death their Country became subject to the Romans as both Parties had agreed before the Combat Metius Suffetius was made the first Governour of it ALBINUS a Native of Adrumetum in Africk He was descended of a Noble Family which came from Rome having the Whiteness of the Europeans but a frizled Beard like those of that Country his Stature was tall and proportionably thick he was of a melancholy Temper and had a wide Mouth he was also a great Eater A certain Writer named Codrus has told incredible things of him saying That he eat at one Breakfast five hundred Figs one hundred Peaches ten Melons twenty pounds of Raisins one hundred Wood-peckers and four hundred Oysters which without doubt is rather an Hyperbole than a Truth After the Death of the Emperour Pertinax Albinus was chosen Emperour by the Troops which he commanded in Great-Britain and at the same time Severus who had just defeated Pescennius Niger was likewise chosen Emperour by the Eastern Troops Albinus fearing least he should be seiz'd in England went into France with fifty thousand Men and Severus had about as many Albinus being secure because the City of Lyons took his part gave Severus battel He had an Advantage at the first Onset and Severus himself being faln from his Horse had thoughts of giving over the Battel but at last Albinus was conquer'd and the Conquerour caus'd his Head to be cut off and sent to Rome and cast his Body into the River Rhosne ALBION or BRITANNIA England Caesar l. 5. c. 3. of the War with the Gauls gives this Description of it the interiour part of Britannia is inhabited by the Natives of the Country but on the Coasts by the Gauls which for the most part keep still their Names the Island is well peopled and their Houses much like the Gauls they have much Cattel they use Copper Money or Iron Rings by weight for want of Silver they have Mines of Tin in the middle of the Country and of Iron on the Coasts which yield no great Revenue but the Copper which they use is brought them from abroad all sorts of Wood grow there as in France except Beach and Firr the People scruple to eat Hares Geese and Hens altho they breed them up for Pleasure the Air is more temperate than in Gallia and the Cold less violent the Isle is triangular the side which is opposite to Gallia is above an hundred and twenty Leagues in length from the County of Kent which is the furthest end towards the East and where almost all the Ships from Gallia do land to the other which is Southward the Western Coast which lies overagainst Spain and Ireland contains near 180 Leagues in length Ireland is not half so big as England between them lies the Isle of Mon or Anglesea where some say there are thirty Days all Night in Winter but I found no such thing only I have observ'd by Water-Clocks that the Nights are shorter in those Parts than they are in Gallia The most civiliz'd People of England are those of the County of Kent which lies along the Coasts The inward parts of the Countrey
are not till'd in all places and most of the Inhabitants live upon Milk and the Flesh of their Flocks and wear their Skins for Clothing All the English paint their Bodies with Woad which makes them of a blewish Colour and renders them more formidable in Battel They shave off all their Hair except that of their Head and Whiskers Their Women are common to ten or twelve but their Children belong to those who married them Tacitus in the Life of Agricola gives us this Character of England It is the biggest Isle which is yet known it has Germany on the East Spain on the West Gallia on the South and the Main Ocean which has no Bounds on the North. Fabius and Titus Livius the two most eloquent of our Historians as well antient as modern have compared it to a long Buckler or the Head of an Ax because the hither side is of that figure It was not known till our time that 't was an Isle after a Tour was made about the Northern Coast of it where there are discover'd other Isles at a further distance called the Orcades and Island it self which a perpetual Winter keeps from our View The Original of the Inhabitants is not known whether they are Indigenae or Strangers The Scots have Hair and a Stature like the Germans Those who dwell on the side next Spain have frizled Hair and are of a Tawny Colour The rest are like the Gauls to whom they are Neighbours The Sky is always thick and cloudy but the Cold is never very fierce the Days are longer than in France but the Night is very clear especially about the extreme parts of the Isle where there is but little distance between the End of one day and the Beginning of the next some say that in a clear and serene Sky they do not wholly lose their Light but it seems to turn about above the Horizon so that properly speaking they never see the Sun either rise or set They have neither Vines nor Olive-teees nor other Fruit-trees which grow in hot Countries altho otherwise it is very Fruitful their Fruits come out early but are a long time in ripening for want of Heat and by reason of the abundance of their Moisture ALBO-GALERUS a sort of Cap made of white Wool which had a Tuft on the Top and upon which they wore Branches of Olives embroider'd The Flamen Dialis or Priest of Jupiter only had a Right to wear it ALBULA a River where Tiberius Sylvius was drown'd who was King of the Albini from whom it was immediately named Tiber. ALBUNA a Goddess worshipped in the Country of Tibur now Tivoli Some think she was Ino the Daughter of Athamas who fearing her Husband cast her self headlong into the Sea with her Son Melicerta Other Authors confound her with the tenth Sibyl call'd Tiburtina because she was born at Tibur ALBUTIUS the Father of the Sorcerer Canidius He was extraordinarily nice in his Victuals and in the Cookery of it insomuch that he beat his Servants before they offended Horace speaks thus of him lib. 2. Sat. 2. v. 66. Hic neque Servus Albutî senis exemplo dum munia didit Savus erit He will not follow the Example of Old Albutius when he commands his Slaves any thing ALCESTIS the Daughter of Pelias and Wife of Admetus King of Thessaly Apollo obtained of the Destinies that if Admetus could procure any Person to die in his stead he should live as many years as he had done already The Father and Mother of Admetus having refus'd him that Favour his Wife Alcestis offer'd to die for him Hercules came unexpectedly and having heard what had pass'd went to the Tomb of Alcestis and rescu'd her from the Jaws of Death and restored her to her Husband Others say he went down into Hell and took her from Proserpina Euripides in his Alcestis relates That Hercules was entertained by Admetus the day that Alcestis his Wife died and all his House was in Mourning Admetus lodg'd him in an Apartment by himself that he might not disturb his Guest by so doleful an Object Hercules requited his Host well for he undertook to encounter Death who had taken away the Soul of Alcestis he chas'd Death away brought back her Soul to her Body and restor'd his Wife alive to Admetus This seems to be the History of Elisha counterfeited who rais'd the Son of the Shunamite from the dead ALCIBIADES the Son of Clinias and Dinomache he was the most beautiful Man in the World and of the neatest shape that ever was seen The Grandees of his Family gave him as great preheminence above all the Athenians as Athens had above the rest of the Cities of Greece His Courage and Conduct were shewn in the Wars against the Lacedaemonians and Persians But this Great Man had so great a Mixture of Vices and Corruptions with these rare Endowments of Mind and Body that he was condemn'd to Death and his Goods to be confiscated because he blasphemed the Gods When he repented of his Extravagances after this Disgrace he banish'd those that had debauch'd him and put himself under the Instruction of Socrates who made him a good Man Afterwards flying to King Artaxerxes he was basely slain by the Lacedaemonians who bore him a mortal Hatred and had made themselves Masters of Athens and all Greece His Statue because he was one of the most Valiant Grecians was set up by a Decree of the Senate in a publick Place at Rome according to the Pythian Oracle ALCIDES an Epithet given to Hercules from the Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies Strength and Virtue or from Alcaeus his Grand-father by the Father's side ALCITHOE a Theban Woman who despising the Orgiae or Festivals of Bacchus and beginning a Journey whilst they were celebrating was changed into a Screech-Owl and her Sisters into Batts ALCMENA the Daughter of Electryo and Lysidicae whose Father was Pelops and Mother Hippodamia she married Amphitryo her Cosin-German upon condition that he should revenge the Death of her Brother which the Theleboans a People of Aetolia had kill'd While Amphitryo was employ'd against them Jupiter who was in Love with Alcmena took the shape of Amphitryo and lay with her a whole Night which he made as long as Three having commanded the Night and Sleep by the Mediation of Mercury not to leave Men for that time and by this Conjunction Alcmena became the Mother of Hercules Lucian has related this Fable in his Dialogue between Mercury and the Sun which we shall set down here entire Phoebus Jupiter says you must not drive to day to morrow nor the next day but keep within that during that time there may be one entire Night bid the Hours unharness their Horses and do you put out your Light and repose your self a while Sun You bring me very strange News Mercury I do not know that I have in the least drove beyond my just limits or disturb'd the Mountains why then is he so angry
being consulted order'd that a solemn Sacrifice should be offer'd to the Ghosts of Erigone and her Companions in which the Images of the Virgins hanged were represented and 't was in this Solemnity that some Virgins swung themselves about in the Air. ALEXANDER surnamed the GREAT was of a middling stature and rather small than great as his Medal represents him on the Reverse and as Historians speak of him which has given occasion for this Verse Magnus Alexander corpore parvus erat He had a very lofty Countenance and his Eyes placed very high in his Head well-shap'd and generally looking upward He was the Son of Philip King of Macedon and Olympias he succeeded his Father in his Kingdom which he found full of Tumults and wavering after his Death but he soon settled it by the Punishment of his Murtherers and made Greece tremble by the Destruction of Thebes He advanc'd his Arms farther than any King before him and passing the Hellespont defeated the Captains of Darius in a pitch'd Battel and conquer'd all the Provinces as far as Cilicia and vanquisht Darius King of Persia Lastly not to mention Tyre or Arbella he subdu'd Asia as far as the Indies and then the Indies themselves making the Ocean the Bounds of his Empire He dyed at Babylon of Poyson or a Feaver being 32 years of Age having reign'd Twelve Years He was liberal and magnificent and lov'd Glory and Learning He is accus'd of Cruelty to his Friends who had not Complaisance enough to flatter him and believe him the Son of Jupiter He kill'd Clitus because he would not approve that he should use the Customs of those he had conquer'd nor that he should be ador'd as a God Yet 't is said that Aristobulus one of his Captains reading to him as he was sailing upon Hydaspes a Relation he had written of his Battel with Porus in which he flatter'd him very much Alexander threw the Book into the Water and told him that he ought to do so because he was so base-spirited to attribute false Actions to Alexander as if he had done no real ones In like manner he reprimanded an Architect who would have cut Mount Athos after his likeness and make him to hold a City in one Hand and pour a River out with the other He would not meddle with Darius's Wife and took care of his Mother and Children ALEXANDER SEVERUS the Son of Varus and Mammaea He was made Emperor of Rome before he was 16 years of Age and was one of the wisest and most learned of the Emperors He would not suffer any Offices to be sold but gave them to Persons of Merit His Council was made up of the most virtuous and able Lawyers of the Empire viz. Ulpian Callistratus and Modestinus He was a great Lover of Arts and Sciences He was liberal without Profuseness valiant without Cruelty a severe Judg yet was every way just and equitable He discover'd a great Inclination to the Christian Religion for he set up in his Chappel the Image of Jesus Christ together with Abrahams And some likewise conjecture that he intended to build him a Temple at Rome His Severity tho' just yet was fatal to him and provoked the Soldiers of the German Legion to slay him near Mens after he had reign'd Thirteen years He retain'd so great a Modesty in his highest pitch of Honour that he never would suffer himself to be call'd Lord for he order'd that all Salutations to him should be utter'd in these words Ave Alexander and condemn'd by his Modesty his Predecessors and chiefly Heliogabalus who would be saluted thus Dominus ac Deus noster sic fieri jubet Our Lord and God will have it so As Suetonius saith ALIMENTA an Allowance of Meat given to a single person to live on for a Year or a Month. The Romans did often in their Wills give a certain Sum to serve for an Allowance of Meat to their Children In pueros puellasque singulas damnas esto dare cibarii nomine aureos decem They also extended this Liberality to their Free-Men as we learn from the Lawyer Scavola Quisquis mihi haeres erit omnibus libertis meis quos hoc testamento manu misi alimentorum nomine in menses singulos certam pecuniam dato i. e. I charge him that is mine Heir to give monthly a certain Sum for an Allowance of Meat to all my Free-Men to whom I have given Liberty by this my Will They practis'd also the same thing towards those whom they called Alumnos and Alumnas as these words in the Law do testifie Mevio infanti alumno meo quadringinta dari volo quae peto à te suscipias usuras ei quincunces in annum usque vicesimum aetatis praestes eumque suscipias ac tuearis ALIMENTARII pueri ALIMENTARIAE puellae is spoken of young Boys and Girls which were brought up in publick places as in our Hospital of Christ-Church For the Romans had certain publick places where they brought up and maintain'd poor Children and Orphans of both Sexes at the Expence of the Treasury or of such Banks of Money as the Emperors and private Persons had made and given by their Will for the Maintenance of these Hospitals These Children were call'd if Boys Alimentarii pueri if Girls Alimentariae puellae They were also often call'd by the Names of their Founders Julius Capitolinus in his Life of Antoninus surnamed Pius says That this Prince founded an Hospital for Girls which were call'd Faustinae Faustines from the Name of his Wife Puellas alimentarias in honorum Faustinae Faustinianas constituit The same Author speaking of the Emperor Alexander Severus tells us that he follow'd the Example of Antoninus in erecting an Hospital for Boys and Girls and gave them his own Name calling 'em Mammaeani and Mammaeans Puellas pueros quemadmodum Antoninus Faustinianas instituerat Mammaeanas Mammaeanos instituit ALLIENSIS PUGNA a Fight near the River Allier The Tribunes going against the Gauls with a more numerous Army than the Romans had ever sent out before on foot gave them battel having the River Allier on their backs The Fight was fierce and obstinate on both sides but at length the Gauls were Victors and slew many of the Romans because the River hindred their Flight This day being the first of August was mark'd in the Roman Kalendar as a fatal and unfortunate day in the year from the Building of Rome 365. This Loss was more felt and prejudicial to the Romans as Cicero says than the sacking of Rome by the same Gauls Majores nostri funestiorem diem esse voluerunt Alliensis pugna quà m urbis captae ALLOCUTIO an Oration or Speech of a General of an Army to his Soldiers either to animate them to fight or to appease Sedition and keep them to their Duty To this end they raised a little Hill of Earth as it were a kind of Tribunal of Turf upon which the General mounted and spoke to his Soldiers
Feast to her which they call'd Angeronalia because she cur'd their Flocks which were troubled with the Quinsie She is painted with her Mouth cover'd to shew us that Pains and Griefs should be born without impatient Complaints They sacrifi'd to her in the Temple of the Goddess Volnpia where her Statue was set up ANGIBATA a Greek Word that comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and signifies a Transparent Vessel in which little Images seem to move up and down in the Water which are inclos'd in it and seal'd up hermetically This wonderful Effect which makes a kind of Enamell'd Figures to swim in the Water is seen in an Angibata which has lately been found out in which a small Image rises and falls turns about and stands still as you please This is done by straitning and compressing the Water more or less with the Thumb which stops the end of a long Glass Pipe or Tube fill'd with Water The Contrivance is The little enamell'd Image which is hollow and has a Weight so proportion'd to its Largeness that it will swim upon the Water yet so that by the Addition of a small Weight it will rise and sink to the bottom ANGLIA England see Albion ANGUIS a Serpent which was an ill Omen in Marriages as we may see by those Verses of Terence in his Phormio He will say that lately there happen'd to him ill Omens a Serpent fell from the Tiles through a Gutter The God Aesculapius is ordinarily represented under the figure of a Serpent because he came from Epidaurus to Rome in that shape ANGUSTUS CLAVUS a small Button in the shape of the Head of a Nail which the Roman Knights did wear upon their Garments call'd from thence Tunica Angusti Clavi whereas the Senators wore them larger and their Coat was therefore call'd Tunica Lati Clavi From hence it comes that these Words are often in Latin Authors and chiefly in Suetonius taken for the Dignity of Knights and Senators ANIENSIS TRIBUS the Tribe of Anio or the Inhabitants near the River Anio In the Consulship of M. Fulvius and F. Manlius the Censors P. Sempronius Sopho and P. Sulpitius Severa made a Census i. e. took an Account of the number of the People to which they added a new Tribe call'd Aniensis ANIGER or ANIGRUS a River of Thessaly whose Waters were sweet and pleasant but afterwards turn'd bitter and stinking because the Centaurs wash'd their Wounds in it which they had receiv'd from Hercules as the Fable says ANIMA the Soul which animates all living Creatures in general This Word comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies Wind or Breath the Latins say Animam efflare to express the yielding up the last Breath or at the last Gasp The Antients were several ways mistaken about the Nature of the Soul Some as Lactantius says believ'd that the Soul was Air. Varro following this Opinion says The Soul is Air receiv'd in at the Mouth purified by the Lungs warmed by the Heart and from thence dispersed through the whole Body Some have form'd to themselves an Idaea of Souls as certain thin Substances like Shadows yet visible performing the same Functions and having the same Organs with the Bodies which they animate since they see speak understand and have need of Boats to carry them over the Rivers of Hell so that according to their Argument they are only more subtil Bodies This Error pass'd among the Primitive Christians notwithstanding the clear Light of the Gospel and so the Antients in their Emblems have represented the Soul by a Butterfly flying from the Body which may be observed from a Basso Relievo of Marble which represents a young Man lying upon a Bed with a Deaths-head at his Feet and a Butter-fly flying over him which signifies his Soul and by its flying away it shews us that the Soul had forsaken the Body to which it was united The Butter-fly seems to have come out of the Mouth of the deceas'd because the Antients thought as the Vulgar still do that the Soul took its flight from the Body at the Mouth which made Homer say in his Iliads lib. 9. That when the Soul has once pass'd the Fence of the Teeth it can never return again They have exprest the Soul by a Butter-fly which perpetuates its Being by changing its shape several times For after this manner the Pythagorcans believe that we change our Genus or Species by the Transmigration of our Souls Moralis tells us of an Epitaph by which it appears that a dead Man order'd his Heirs to make a Butter-fly over his Ashes Haeredibus meis mando etiam cineri ut meo Volitet ebrius Papilio There is yet extant a Representation of a Cupid endeavouring to fix an unsteady Soul by fastening it to a Tree for a punishment of its Inconstancy nailing it to a dry stump and by that means hindring it from entring into the Body it desir'd Nicetas Choniates says That some were of opinion that there are two Natures in the Soul one luminous and the other dark This last has its Original from below and comes through some subterraneous Caverns the other descends from the Height of Heaven all inflamed to adorn the Body but in its Descent it is especially caution'd to take care that while it endeavours to adorn its earthly Habitation by its Light it doth not obscure it self by the others Darkness The Soul is more particularly said to be that which gives Life to Animals and Vegetables The Vegetative Soul is in Plants and Trees the Animal in Beasts and the Rational and Spiritual in Man The Cartesians define the Soul of Man a thinking Substance and by this Quality alone they think they can prove its spiritual and immortal Nature As to the Soul of Beasts they say 't is an Automaton or a Machine that moves of it self and by natural Springs that their Soul is a thin an active Substance which participates of the Nature of Fire and is the Source of the Vegetative Spirits The Immortality of our Soul was not only the Opinion of the Poets but of all Mankind The first Idolatry was either the Worship of the Stars or of Kings which were Deities after their Deaths Now this presupposes that they believed that the Souls of Kings were much of the same Nature with the Intelligences which govern the Stars Thus the Apotheosis or Deification of the deceased was an evident proof of the common belief of the Immortality of Soul The earnest desire of Fame is a secret proof of the inward belief of the Souls Immortality for Men would never have taken so much pains to have eterniz'd their Name and Memory if the Soul had been mortal So Horace tells us That he should not dye entirely but that the greatest part of himself would survive after death Non omnis moriar multaque pars mei Vitabit Libitinam And Ovid says the same in these Verses Parte tamen meliore mei super alta perennis Astra
to Dag a Fish Lastly Juno or Astarte takes the figure of a Cow because Hastaroth signifies Herds of Oxen. 'T is not to be doubted but from the time of Moses the Egyptians worshipped their Gods under the figure of Animals since Moses himself answers That the Israelites could not offer a solemn Sacrifice in Egypt lest they should expose themselves to be stoned by the Egyptians whose Gods they must sacrifice to the true God ANNA PERENNA This fabulous Story is told of her This Anna according to some Authors was the Daughter of Belus and Sister of Dido who fled to Battus King of the Isle of Malta after the death of her Sister when Hierbas the King of the Getuli attempted to take Carthage When she perceiv'd herself not safe with Battus because of the Threats of Hierbas she fled into Italy to Laurentum where Aeneas was settled and as he walked one day along the Bank of the River Numicius he met Anna and presently knew her and conducting her to his Palace he treated her according to her Quality Lavinia was troubled at it and sought her Destruction as being her Rival but she being admonished of it in a Dream escaped to the River Numicius whereof she was made a Nymph as she told them that searched for her and ordered them to call her for the future Anna Perenna because she should be for ever under these Waters Placidi sum Nympha Numici Amne perenne latens Anna Perenna vocor Ovid. Fast Lib. III. v. 653. This News oblig'd the Albans to make great Rejoycings along the Banks of the River in Dances and Feasting and in imitation of them the Romans did the same on the Banks of Tiber. The Virgins took very undecent Liberties dancing and Iasciviously sporting without any Modesty Ovid has describ'd these Feasts which were made on the 15th of March They sacrific'd to her to obtain a long Life Annare Perennare Some have thought that she was an old Woman of Bovillae who brought Meat to the People of Rome of old and then fled into the holy Aventine-Mount and in Gratitude this Feast was appointed in Honour of her by the Romans Pace domi fact â signum posuêre perenne Quod sibi defectis illa ferebat opem Ovid. Fast Lib. III. v. 673. ANNALES Annals a chronological History which describes the remarkable Events of a State yearly as the Annals of Cornellus Tacitus Whereas History says Aulus Gellius descants upon those Events and upon the Causes which produc'd ' em It was allow'd at first to the Chief-Priests only to write the Annals of the People of Rome that is to say the considerable things that happen'd every year and from thence they were called Annaies Maximi non à magnitudine sed quòd eos Pontifex consecrasset says Festus ANNALIS LEX The Law which appointed the Age at which any Person was promoted to Offices of State Eighteen Years was required for one to be made a Roman Knight and Twenty five to obtain a Consulship and so for other Offices The Romans took this Law from the Athenians ANNALIS CLAVUS The Nail which the Praetor Consul or Dictator fix'd every Year in the Wall of Jupiter's Temple upon the Ides of September to shew the Number of Years But this Custom was after changed and the Years were reckon'd by the Consuls ANNIBAL an African the Son of Amilcar and General of the Carthaginians in the Wars against the Romans whom he beat and defeated in several Battels He pass'd from Spain to the foot of the Alps in his way to Italy and went up to the top of those Mountains in Nine days time notwihstanding the Snow with which they were covered and in spight of the Resistance of the Mountaineers which inhabit there whom he shut up in a Rock which they used for a Retreat and by an unheard of Invention he cut a way through that part of this Mountain which most obstructed his passage with Fire and Vinegar After this he over-run all Italy and brought Terrour and Dread with him into all Parts and chiefly after the Battel of Cannae which is a small Village of Apulia in which the Romans lost Forty Thousand Men together with the Consul Aemilius Annibal sent Three Bushels of Gold Rings to Carthage and made himself a Bridg of dead Bodies 'T was at this Battel that he shew'd that the greatest Men commit the greatest Faults for he forgot himself and lost by his own Carelesness a complete Victory for instead of attacking Rome he went and drown'd all his Glory and Hopes in the Pleasures of Capua He dyed at the Palace of Prusias King of Bithynia having poyson'd himself because he apprehended that this barbarous King would deliver him into the hands of the Romans Thus dyed this great General after he had made War Sixteen Years in Italy won several Battels brought several Nations to a Submission either by Force or Agreement besieg'd Rome and made himself Master of divers Cities Juvenal having briefly run over the great Exploits of Annibal concludes that all this Glory ended at last with being conquer'd banish'd and living as a Fugitive reduc'd to so mean a condition as to court a petty King of Asia and lastly with killing himself by a Ring which was a sort of Revenge on him for that incredible multitude of Rings which he had taken from the Roman Nobles slain in the Battel of Cannae Lucian makes him speak thus of himself in one of his Dialogues of the Dead Having pass'd out of Africk into Spain with an handful of Men I first made my self famous by my Valour and after the death of my Wives Brother having the command of the Armies I subdu'd the Spaniards and Western Gauls then marching over the Alps I conquer'd all Italy as far as Rome after I had gain'd Three great Battels and slain in one day so many Enemies that I measured the Gold Rings which the Knights were by the Bushel and marched upon a Bridg of dead Bodies Being recall'd into Africa to oppose Scipio I obey'd as if I had been one of the meanest of the Citizens and after being unjustly condemn'd I bore my Banishment patiently ANNONA the Victuals or the provision of Corn for a Year Annona Civilis the Corn with which the Granaries of Cities were fill'd every Year for the Subsistance of the Citizens Annona Militaris the Corn which was laid up in the Magazines for the Subsistance of an Army during the Campaign ANNULUS a Ring which the Antients wore on their Fingers There are Three sorts of 'em one sort was call'd Annuli Sponsalitii Pronubi or Geniales Rings of Espousals or Marriage-Rings which the Bride-groom gives his Bride at their Marriage others were call'd Annuli Honorarii Rings of Honour which were us'd as Marks of Honour and distinction between the different Orders of Men and with which those also were rewarded who had done some signal Service to the Common-wealth the Third sort were call'd Annuli Signatorii or
invicto comiti which signifies that they had vanquish'd and subdu'd many Provinces by the Assistance of Apollo or the Sun Lucian in his Dea Syria informs us that there si a Temple in that Country where the Statue of Apollo has a Beard and appears to be of perfect Age and not like a young Man as he is usually represented because say they this is an Imperfection His statue there has also this peculiar to it that it is clothed whereas all the other Statues of this God are not In this Temple Apollo delivers his Oracles himself whereas in other places it is done by his Priests When he has a mind to fore-tell any thing he shakes himself then the Priests take him up upon their Shoulders and if they do not he moves of himself and sweats When they hold him he leads them whither he will and guides them as a Coachman does his Horses turning here and there and going from one place to another As soon as the High-Priest asks him what he has a mind to know if the thing displeases him he goes backward if not he goes forward Thus they divine what his Will is and they do nothing either in publick or private until they have first consulted him and he foretells the Change of Times and Seasons and even Death it self Among Animals the Wolf the Raven the Crow the Cigale the Cicada of the Antients a flying Insect like a Grashopper the Cock and the Spar-Hawk as also the Laurel and Olive-Tree among Trees were consecrated to him by the Antients Apollo was esteem'd a God different from the Sun for the latter was suppos'd to be the Son of Hyperion one of the Titans from whence he was call'd Hyperione natus and Titania proles whereas Apollo was the Son of Jupiter and Latona nevertheless they are frequently confounded Vossius thinks that the Jubal mentioned in Holy Scripture was Apollo to whom the Pagans attributed the Invention and Honour of Vocal and Instrumental Musick Bochart has observed that the Isle of Delos where Apollo was born takes its name from Dahal i. e. Terror Deus that the name of Mount Cynthus where Latona was brought to bed is deriv'd from Chanat i. e. in lucem edere This Fable then of Apollo comes originally from the East and Apollo is an Egyptian God according to Pausanias who relates that a Senator call'd Antoninus built at Epidaurus a Temple to Apollo and Aesculapius Egyptian Gods for of the four Apollo's mentioned by Cicero the three latter were certainly of Greek original but the most antient was he of Egypt Lactantius proves that Apollo was no more than a mere Man and that he was like other Men not only in his Birth but in his Crimes which tho the Fable did not invent yet could not conceal Vossius further tells us That the Fable of the Raven sent by Apollo is plainly copied from the History of the Raven sent by Noah for as the Raven sent to discover whether the Waters of the Deluge were gone off from the Face of the Earth did not return again into the Ark so the Poets feign'd that Apollo having sent a Raven to fetch Water this lazy and unfaithful Bird rested on a Fig-tree and waited till the Figs were ripe to eat them as Ovid tells us Bochart remarks with great probability that the Fable of the Serpent Python kill'd by Apollo took its original from Phoenicia because the Name of Python or Pethon in the Hebrew Tongue signifies a Serpent and from thence Apollo was call'd Pythian APOLLONIUS TYANAEUS a Philosopher and Magician who was for some time one of the Friends of the Emperour Domitian but this Happiness lasted not long for being accused of having foretold his Accession to the Empire and sacrificing an Infant upon this occasion he was first ignominiously shav'd and then sentenc'd to die but when the Sentence was just ready to be put in execution he made himself invisible and vanish'd out of their sight who were present by the Help of a Demon who transported him to Pouzol The Church of Christ never had a greater Enemy than this Magician for by the seeming Innocence of his Life and his deceitful Tricks which were accounted true Miracles he gave occasion to Hierocles a Philosopher to compose a Book wherein he compares him with mischievous artifice to JESUS CHRIST After he had a long time deceiv'd the World by his Prodigies he died all alone having no body with him to bear witness of his Death not so much as Damis his dear Disciple and the Companion of all his Impostures No doubt he had a mind to make People believe that his Body which never appear'd any more upon Earth was carried up into Heaven and that in this also he resembled JESUS CHRIST whom he pretended to imitate in his Life-time Philostratus has given a large account of it but it is rather a well-contriv'd Fable than a true History As he was one day haranguing the People of Ephesus he stopt all on a sudden and going back two or three paces while he look'd down upon the ground with frightful Eyes he cry'd out Smite the Tyrant smite the Tyrant meaning Domitian his Auditors were mightily astonisht at this Discourse and all of them expected he should explain himself which he did immediately by telling them That in that very Hour Domitian was killed the News of his Death came quickly after and the Curious finding that his Words did so exactly agree with the Action which happen'd at so great a distance from him this wonderfully increas'd his Reputation to the Prejudice of the Christian Religion The Emperour Caracalla and the Ephesians erected a Statue to him under the Name of Hercules 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or He that drives away Evils and the Emperour Severus had his Image together with that of JESUS CHRIST in his Oratory APOPHRAS a Greek word us'd among the Athenians to signifie an Unhappy Day on which nothing was to be undertaken or for some great Defeat which happen'd on that day or for any other publick Calamity APOTHEOSIS the Consecration or Deification of Great Men after their Death The Greeks and Romans plac'd the Inventors of Liberal and Mechanical Arts amongst the Gods so they did Ceres Bacchus and Vulcan they deified also the Founders of Cities great Generals and in process of time their Kings and Emperours This we learn from Horace lib. 2. Ep. 1. where he writes thus to Caesar Augustus Cùm tot sustineas ac tanta negotia solus Res Italas armis tuteris moribus ornes ........... Praesenti tibi maturos largimur honores Jurandasque tuum per nomen ponimus aras The Description which Ovid gives of the Apotheosis of Hercules made by Jupiter himself cannot be read without Admiration and every one must apply it to the Brightness of a pure Soul when it goes out of the Filthiness of Body and Matter that then being purified from all the Stains of this Mortal Life it enters upon a
The Original of the Tuscan Order was in Tuscany one of the most considerable parts of Italy whose Name it still keeps Of all the Orders this is the most plain and least ornamental 'T was seldom us'd save only for some Country Building where there is no need of any Order but one or else for some great Edifice as an Amphitheatre and such like other Buildings The Tuscan Column is the only thing that recommends this Order The Doric Order was invented by the Dorians a People of Greece and has Columns which stand by themselves and are more ornamental than the former The Ionic Order has its Name from Ionia a Province of Asia whose Columns are commonly sluted with Twenty four Gutters But there are some which are not thus furrow'd and hollow'd but only to the third part from the bottom of the Column and that third part has its Gutters fill'd with little Rods or round Battoons according to the different height of the Column which in the upper part is channell'd and hollow'd into Groves and is altogether empty The Corinthian Order was invented at Corinth it observes the same measures with the Ionic and the greatest difference between them is in their Capitals The Composite was added to the other Orders by the Romans who plac'd it above the Corinthian to show as some Authors say that they were Lords over all other Nations and this was not invented till after Augustus had given Peace to the whole World 'T is made up of the Ionic and Corinthian but yet is more ornamental than the Corinthian Besides these Five Orders there are some Authors who add yet Two more viz. the Order of the Cargatides and the Persic Order The former is nothing but the Ionic Order from which it differs only in this that instead of Columns there are Figures of Women which support the Entablature Vitruvius attributes the Origine of this Order to the Ruine of the Inhabitants of Carya a City of Peloponnesus He says That these People having joyn'd with the Persians to make War upon their own Nation the Gracians routed the Persians and obtain'd an entire Victory over them after which they besieg'd the Inhabitants of Carya and having taken their City by force of Arms they reduc'd it to Ashes and put all the Men in it to the Sword As for the Women and Virgins they carried them away captive but to perpetuate the Marks of their Crime to Posterity they represented afterwards the Figure of these miserable Captives in the publick Edifices which they built where by making them serve instead of Columns they appear'd to be loaded with a heavy burden which was as it were the Punishment they had deserv'd for the Crime of their Husbands The Persic Order had its rise from an Accident like this For Pausanias having defeated the Persians the Lacedemonians as a Mark of their Victory erected Trophees of the Arms of their Enemies whom they represented afterwards under the Figure of Slaves supporting the Entablatures of their Houses From these Two Examples divers kinds of Figures were afterwards made use of in Architecture to boar up the Cornishes and support the Corbels and Brackâ—â—s There are still some ancient footsteps to be seen near Athens of those Figures of Women which carry Panniers on their Head and supply the room of the Cargatides There are also Figures of Men who are commonly call'd Atlantes according to Vitrutius tho' the Romans call'd them Telamones The Greeks had some reason to call them Atlantes from Atlas whom the Poets feign'd to bear up the Heavens but it does not appear why the Latins gave them the name of Telamones Boudus in his Dictionary upon Vitruvius says that 't is probable he who first us'd this Word to signifie these Statues which bear some burden wrote not Telamones but 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which Greek Word signifies those that are miserable and labour hard which exactly agrees to these sort of Figures which support Cornishes or Corbels and which we commonly see in the Pillars of our ancient Temples under the Images of some Saints or some great Persons ARCHITECTURE consists of Three Parts The first treats of the Building of publick and private Edifices the second is about the Art of Dialling which treats of the Course of the Stars and the way of making several sorts of Dials the third is about the Engines which are made use of for Architecture and for War ARCHITECTUS an Architect He ought says Vitruvius to be skill'd in Writing and Designing to be instructed in Geometry and to have some knowledge of Opticks He ought to have learn'd Arithmetick and to be well vers'd in History to have studied Philosophy very well and to have some insight in the Musick Laws Astronomy and Physick He should be well skill'd in Designing that he may the more easily perform all the Works he has projected according to the Draughts he hath made of them Geometry is also a great help to him especially to teach him how to make use of the Rule and Compass how to lay out things by the Line and do every thing by the Rule and Plummet Opticks serve to teach him how to admit the Light and to make Windows according to the Situation of the Heavens Arithmetick instructs him how to calculate the Charges which his Work amounts to History furnishes him with matter for the greatest part of the Ornaments in Architecture of which he should be able to give a rational account Philosophy is also necessary to make a perfect Architect I mean that part of Philosophy which treats of things Natural which in Greek is call'd Physiology As for Musick he should be a perfect Master of it that he may know how to Order the brasen Pipes which are lodg'd under the Stairs of Theatres so that the Voice of the Comedians may strike the Ears of the Auditors with more or less force clearness and sweetness An Architect ought also to be skill'd in the Laws and Customs of places that he may know how to make partition Walls Spouts Roofs and Common-shores how to order the Lights of Houses the Drains for Water and several other things of that nature Astronomy is also useful to him for making of Sun-dials by teaching him to know the East West South and North the Equinoxes and Solstices c. He ought to be knowing in Physick to understand the Climates and Temperament of the Air which is wholsome and which Infectious also the Nature of Waters For without considering these things he cannot build an healthful Habitation If so much knowledge is necessary to make a complete Architect 't is to be fear'd there are but few perfect Masters of that Art ARCHON the chief Magistrate of Athens The Nine Magistrates who took upon them the Government of that City after the Death of Codrus who was the last King of it were also call'd so At first they were chosen to be perpetual Governors but in process of time their Office was limited
us make our selves spoken of before we are separated one from another But the Lord came down to see the City and Tower which the Children of Men had built and said let us go down and confound their Language that they may not understand one another and from hence it was called Confusion This City thus named Confusion is Babylon and profane History much celebrates it by which it seems that the Giant Nimrod was the Founder of it This the Scripture had intimated before saying That Babylon was the Chief of his Kingdom although it was not come to that Point of Grandure which the Impiety and Pride of Men had determined to bring it Bodinus and Sabellicus confound it very unfitly with Susa and others with Bagdat or Bagdat or Bagadet in our times for the one was situate on the Banks of Euphrates and the other stands on the side of Tygris some Ruins of it are to be seen at this Day Forty Miles distant from this latter as the Authors who have seen it testify Josephus will have it that this Work was undertaken that they might have a Retreat from an other Flood if it should happen but that 's only the Imagination of this Author Some make Semiramis the Foundress of this City but she only increased and beautisied it having encompassed it with a Brick-wall cemented together with Slime after she had built several beautiful Aedifices with very pleasant Gardens in which she set on work more than 300000 Men for several Years BABYLONICI Babylonians a very voluptuous People who worshipped the Fire They washed their Bodies after their Death and wrapping them up in Cerecloth covered them over with Honey Ninus one of their Kings being slain in the Battel which he lost with Zoroastres King of the Bactrians was buried in a Tomb and Old Belus caused himself to be put after his Death into a glass Urn full of Oyl which he ordered to be inclosed in a Magnificent Monument BACCHANALIA Bacchanals celebrated in Honour of the God Bacchas and which were called Liberales or Orgiae or Dionysiaca The Orgiae Bacchanals Liberales and Dionysiaca are usually taken for the same but there was a difference between those Pagan Ceremonies for the Feasts of Liber or Libera were celebrated in Honour of Liber or Bacchus every Year on March the 17th when the Young Men between 16 and 17 Years Old put off their Garment bordered with Purple called Praetexta to take the Toga virilis from the Hands of the Praetor with a Surname which made them capable of going to the War and of the Offices of the Common-wealth But the Bacchanals were kept every Month and the Dionysiaca or Orgiae every Three Years which gave them the name of Trieterica Macrobius in the first Book of his Saturnalia Chapter 18. Having proved by good Reasons that Bacchus and Apollo are but one thing adds that the Bacchanals were celebrated every two Years upon Mount Parnassus dedicated to Apollo and the Muses where the Satyrs assisted Authors refer the Institution of the Feast of Bacchus to the Athenians which passed at first for very honest Plays and Metriments among the Pagans They carried a Barrel of Wine wound about with Vine-Branches loaded with Grapes They drew an Hee-Goat by the Horns to sacrifice him with a Basket full of Figs and Grapes having their Heads crowned with Vine Branches and the Bacchae which were the Priests of that God held in their Hands Staves twisted with Ivy dancing and wantonly playing in the Streets and crying Evobé that is to say an happy Life But these Feasts were in length of time changed into a licentious use of all Sorts of Debaucheries Varro tells us that in certain Places of Italy these Feasts of Liber or Bacchus were celebrated with such Liberty that they worshipped in Honour of him the Privy Members of a Man and that not in secret to preserve themselves from Disgrace but in publick to glory in their Wickedness for they placed them honourably upon a Chariot which they drove through the City after they had first carried it through the Country But at Lavinium there was a whole Month spent in the Feasts of Liber only during which time the greatest Filthinesses were acted till the Chariot had crossed the publick Place and was come to the House where it was appointed that the thing it carried should be put after which the most honest Matrons of the City was obliged to go and crown that infamous Depositum before the whole Multitude The Romans were not more moderate in these abominable Practices It was a certain Greek of a base Birth a Priest and Diviner skilful in the hidden Mysteries of these Sacrifices as Livy says who first settled this Feast in Tuscany and from thence it came to Rome A Company of married Women only met in the Night to celebrate those Mysteries of the God at first but a Woman named Paucula of Padua a Stage-Player by Profession admitted Girls and Boys of all Ages and conditions to them who in the darkness of the Night defiled themselves with all Sorts of Abominations and Lewdnesses but at last the Disorder and Looseness of these Feasts grew so high that the Consuls Spurius Posthumius Albinus and Quintus Martius Philippus made secret Enquiry into the Superstition of these Bacchanals which they performed in the Night with such abominable Lascivousness and utterly abolished them having found Seven Thousand Persons of that infamous Society Nevertheless part of those Superstitious Ceremonies were again established according to the Humour of those Times and an old Woman went about crowned with Ivy having a Company of other roaring Women to attend her who imitated her in her Gate and lascivious Postures who all cried out with a loud Voice Evohe She carried a Cake made with Honey of which she gave a Piece to every one she met The Athenians also celebrated a Feast to Bacchus during which the young Maids carried gilt Baskets full of Fruit and this Feast was called CANEPHORIA and the Maids CANEPHORAE from the two Greek Words which signify to carry a Basket The rerinthians put a Serpent into this Basket for the Celebration of their Mysterios dedicated to the Worship of Bacchus This is what Catullus would have us to understand by this Verse Pars obsâ—ura cavis celebrabant Orgia Cistis They had a Cover that they might preserve the Mysteries of Bacchus and hide them from the Eyes of those that were not initiated whom they treated as Profans BACCHAE Priestesses of Bacchus Menades Bassarides or Thyades the Ministers of the God Bacchus who celebrate his Orgiae or Mysteries The Bacchae which accompanyed the Troops of Bacchus took their Name from the Hebrew Word Baca which signifies to lament and howl for Lamentations Cryings and Howlings were very common in the Mysteries of Bacchus They were also called Thyades from the Hebrew word Thaha that is to say to cry and run up and down They are also named Mamallonides from the Hebrew
Kings Palace it was a publick Building at Rome magnificently raised in which they administred Justice It was covered and by that a Basilica was distinguished from the FORUM which was a publick Place open to the Air. In these Basilica's were large Halls with Roofs and Galleries raised upon rich Pillars On both sides of these Galleries were Shops where the finest Wares were sold In the middle was a large Place for the Conveniency of Men of Business and Merchants as is at a little distance from the Palace at Paris The Tribunes administred Justice there as well as the Centum-viri In them were also Chambers built where the Lawyers and Pleaders maintained by the Common-wealth resided to answer to all Points of Law when they were consuited This is doubtless what Cicero means Epist 14. lib. 2. ad Att. Basilicam habeo non villam frequentia formianorum because Men came from all parts to consult him in his Country-house as if he were in a Basilica The principal Basilica's at Rome were these Julia Porcia Pauli Sisimini Sempronii Caii Lucii Argentariorum the Bankers Others were also built for the Conveniency of Traders and Merchants near the great Roman Place The Scholars went thither to make their Declamations that they might appear and have the more Auditors to hear them according to the Testimony of Quintilian Lib. 12. Chap 5. Large and spacious Halls were first called Basilica's because they were made for the People to meet in when Kings administred Justice themselves afterward when they were left to the Judges Merchants built them for themselves and lastly they were taken for Churches by the Christians Then it happened that they built most of their Churches in the Fashions of Basilica's which differed from the Temples of the Ancients in this that their Pillars stood within whereas in Temples they stood without Basilica's were for Tradesmen and Pleaders as now the Halls of a Palace are where they administer Justice BASSAREUS and BASSARIDES Epithets given to Bacchus and the Bacchae from the long Robe Bassara which they are said to wear as Hesychius and Pollux teach us and as we learn from the Statues of Bacchus Phornutus and Acron the Scholiast of Horace think that this Word Bassara comes from a City of Lydia called BASSARA from whence the Fashion of it came The Grammarian Cornutus upon Persius will have them to be so called from Foxes skins which in the Thracian Language are called Bassares with which the Bacchae were cloathed BATTUS a certain ridiculous Poet who used the same Repetitions frequently in his Poetry which has given occasion to call a Discourse full of Repetitions Battology from his Name It was also the Name of a Shepherd of the City of Pylus who was changed by Mercury into a Touchstone because he had not kept his word with him about the Theft which he made of the Sheep of Admetus's Flock kept by Apollo to his Disgrace BATUALIA Fencers exercised with blunt Arms for we say rudibus batuere to fight with dull Weapons or in jest BATHILLUS a Buffoon and very good Dancer whom Maecenas loved to an excessive Degree He made him his Free-man and he lived in the time of Augustus and Nero. BEELPHEGOR of whom it is spoken in the Book of Numbers that a Part of the Israelites gave themselves to the impure and execrable Worship of that false God and that God took a dreadful Vengeance on them Initiatusque Israel Beelphegor occidat vnusquisque proximos suos qui initiati sunt Beelphegor T is probable that the God which was honoured upon Mount Phegor or Phogor was Saturn according to Theadoret St. Jerom believed that Beelphegor was the God Priapus Fornicati sunt cum Madianitis ingressi sunt ad Beelphegor idolum Madianatarum quem nos Priapum possumus appellare He says also the same thing writing against Jovinian Propriè quippe Phegor linguâ hebraeâ Priapus appellatur BELIDES Belides or Danaides were the Fifty Daughters of Danaus the Son of Belus surnamed the Old who slew their Husbands the Sons of the King of Aegypt the first Night of their Marriage except only One named Hypermnestra who did not slay her Husband Lynceus BELLEROPHON otherwise named HIPPONOMUS son of Glaucus King of Corinth he slew his Brother Beller and from thence was surnamed Bellerophon as much as to say the furtherer of Beller After he had committed this Murther he fled to the Court of King Praetus who received him favourably but his Wife falling in Love with him and not being able to induce him to satisfy her unchast Desires she accused him to her Husband for attempting her Chastity The King being angry at the Action but unwilling to break the Rules of Hospitality which he had allowed him contented himself instead of slaying him to send him to his Father in Law Jobates King of Lycia with Letters signifying his Condemnation Jobates willing to execute the King's orders sent him to fight against the Chimaera but he brought it to an happy end by the help of his Horse Pegasus the King admiring his extraordinary Valour gave him his Daughter in Marriage The Fable adds that being desirous to fly up into Heaven by the Help of his Horse Pegasus he was cast down Headlong by Jupiter to punish his proud Rashness and being made blind by his Fall he died a wandring Vagabond Homer gives us this Account of Bellerophon in the Sixth Book of his Iliads v. 160. c. BELLEROPHON the most beautiful and valiant of the Argives was passionately loved by Antia the Wife of Praetus who being not able to perswade him to yield to her unlawful Desires went to her Husband and told him You must either dye or put Bellerophon to Death who has attempted my Chastity although 't was she her self that had sollicited him to love her Praetus was very angry but would not put him to Death but sent him with private Letters to his Father-in-Law in Lycia which ordered him to put him to Death He went into Lycia under the Protection of the Gods where being arrived near the River Xanthus the King looked favourably upon him and gave him all the Honours imaginable He stayed Nine Days together with him sacrificing every Day an Ox. At the end of that time he asked him the Reason of his coming whereupon he immediately gave him the Letters of Praetus his Son-in-Law and having read them he sent him to fight the Chimaera an horrible Monster to behold for he had the Fore-part of a Lion who vomited Fire and Flames the middle of a Goat and the Tail of a Serpent He subdued this Monster by the Protection of the Gods and killed it After this Victory he went to War against the Solymi and then against the Amazons and because he returned Victorious King Jobates sent an Ambush to kill him but he defeated them all This induced the King to give him his Daughter in Marriage for the sake of his Courage and Vertue But to return to the
an Hecattomb of these Artificial Creatures to the Gods BRABEIA the Rewards which the Ancients gave to Actors Dancing-Women Jack-puddings Vaulters and Stage-players BRABEUTES was he who in the publick Shows and Plays ordered them provide the Expence and distributed the Rewards BRACCAE Breeches the Linnen which covers the secret Parts as our Linings This word is from the Celtae who gave the Name of Gallia Bracata to that part of France called afterward Gallia Narbonensis They were a sort of Breeches or as others think a short Gown Mr. Du Cange accounts them that part of the Cloaths that cover the Thighs as our Breeches do that the word comes from Brace or Braccae because they were short Salmasius will have it to be derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and others think it comes from the Hebrew Borec which signifies a Knee because that Garment reached no further than their Knees BRACHIALE a defensive Armour to secure the Arm. The Compleat Horsemen of Old wore them The Switz-Foot also do so now but they are only the Pike-men BRACHMANES Brachmans Philosophers and Poets among the Indians Strabo gives us an elegant Description of these Brachmans and represents them to us as a Nation devoted as much to Religion as the Jews were As soon as their Children are born their Doctors come and bless their Mothers and give them some virtuous Instructions While they are in their Infancy they appoint them Masters and accustom them to a thrifty way of Living They teach their Philosophy in Woods and allow none to marry till they are Thirty Seven Years of Age Their Life is very laborious and mortifying but after that they allow something more Liberty Their Doctrine was that this Life is only a preparation and passage to an eternal and happy Life to those who live well That the joy and grief good and evil of this World are but Dreams and Fantoms They were much of the same Opinions with the Greeks that the World had a beginning and should have an end That God made it governs it is present in it and fills it Strabo afterward relates a Discourse which Alexander the Great had with one of the most famous Brachmans named Calanus who laughed at the rich Garments of Alexander telling him that in the Golden Age Nature produced a great Plenty of those things but now Jupiter had changed the State of Affairs and obliged Men to procure themselves another sort of Plenty by Arts Labour and Thriftiness that Men began to abuse this second Favour which was a just Reason to think that the World was now quite changed St. Clement of Alexandria speaks of the Brachmans almost in the same manner as Strabo He assures us that they would not eat any living Creature nor drink Wine observed a continual Continency eat but once a Day and some of them only once in Two or Three Days and that they looked upon Death as a Passage into another Life BRANCHIDAE the Priests of Apollo Didymaeus who uttered his Oracles near the Promontory of Ionia This Name was from one Branchut a Thessalian who affirmed himself to be the Son of Apollo and to whom Sacrifices were offered as to a God BRIAREUS one of the Giants the Son of Coelum and Terra who had an Hundred Arms according to the Fable He was chosen by the Sun and Neotune to decide their difference about the Territory of Corinth which he adjudged to Neptune and gave the Sun the Promontory above the City BRITANNICUS the Son of the Emperor Claudius and Messalina His Mother-in-Law Agrippina raised Nero to the Empire to his Prejudice by means of Tiberius He was poisoned at the Age of Fourteen Years by Nero's Order The Account which Tacitus gives of him is this Among other Pastimes which the Youth used at the Feast of the Saturnalia there was a certain Play in which they made a King who commanded all the Company It fell to Nero's Lot to be chosen who gave trifling Commands sometimes to one and sometimes to another but when he came to Britannicus he ordered him to rise up and reherse some Verses thinking to make him laughed at but he not seeking to excuse himself began a Poem wherein he complained of the Wrong done him and described the Misfortune of a Prince who had been deprived of his Kingdom where by he moved the Compassion of all present Then Nero being nearly touched with this Affront resolved to kill him immediately by poisoning him and to that end gave a Commission to the Captain of the Praetorian Band named Pollio who had in his Custody that famous Woman for poisoning named Locusta whom he had before made use of to destroy the Father of Britannicus It was a Custom for the Emperors Children to dine with the other Princes who were of the same Age at a Table that was not served with so much State Wherefore to prevent that the Person who was to tast Britannicus's Meat and Drink should not be poisoned they gave him some Drink a little too hot which when he had tasted he gave to the young Prince who refusing to drink it they gave him some cooler Water which was poisoned and seized all his Members in such a manner that he lost his Speech and Life in an Instant He was carried into Mars's Field with very little Ceremony but in so great a Tempest that the People took it for a mark of the divine Anger who detested so black and infamous an Action BRONTES one of the Cyclops who wrought in Vulcan's Forge so called from the Greek Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies Thunder because of the Noise and Clatter which he makes upon his Anvil Hesiod makes him the Son of Coelum and Terra as well as the other Cyclops Styropes and Piracmon BROTHEUS the Son of Vulcan and Minerva who seeing himself derided for his Deformity cast himself into the Fire preferring Death before a contemptible Life BRUMALIA the Saturnalia which were kept at the Winter Solstice or upon the shortest Day of the Year See SATURNALIA BRUTUS the Name of several Romans Lucius Junius Brutus the Founder of the Liberty and Common-wealth of Rome which had been governed by Seven Kings Successively He had seemed till the Death of Lucretia to be of a very dull and slow Wit but the Death of that famous Woman changed him on a sudden for he delivered a funeral Oration in praise of her so well that the People looked upon this Proof of his excellent Wit and Eloquence for a Prodigy and Miracle from the Gods The People at the Conclusion of this Speech cried out LIBERTY and made Brutus Consul giving him an absolute Power He was slain in a single Fight with Aruns the Son of Tarquinius but slew his Enemy at the same time The Roman Matrons lamented him and wore Mourning for him a whole Year acknowledging him the Revenger of the violated Ghastity of their Sex in the Person of Lâ—â—retia M. and Decius Brutus were the Institutors
such a Grief to her that she died of Sorrow and was turned into a Flower called the Heliotrope which remembring the Love which she bore to him turns it self always on the Side he is of to see him CNEUS a Name given to such among the Romans as were born with some Blemish on their Bodies or some other natural Defect which the Latins call Naevus CNIDOS a Sea-Town on the utmost Borders of the Chersonesus which joins to Carias famous for the Temple where is the Venus of Praxiteles of white polished Marble whence it is that Horace calls her Venus Cnidiana COCLES the Surname of a Roman Citizen named Horatius who alone opposed the Invasion of the Tuscans when they were ready to enter into Rome over the Bridge Sublicius till it was broken down and then he cast himself immediately into the Tiber being much wounded in the Thigh and escaped to the other Side The Consul Publicola in Gratitude erected his Statue of Copper in Vulcan's Temple COCYTUS one of the Rivers of Hell according to the Poets which comes from these Greek Words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to weep lament and Groan Homer places this River in the Cimmerian Country and will have Hell to be this very Country of the Cimmerians one Day 's Journey from Circe which is a Mountain in the Country of the Latins CODRUS the last King of Athens who lived in the Days of Samuel He devoted himself to Death for his Country for going in Disguise into the Midst of his Enemies they slew him unknown and by his Death his Countrymen got the Victory over the Peloponesians to whom the Oracle had promised it if they did not slay their Enemies King The Athenians being Conquerors would not have another King that they might honour his Memory the more So ended the Kingdom of the Heraclidae who were descended of Hercules and their Common-wealth was governed by yearly Magistrates to the Time of Solon the Law-giver There was also a very bad Poet of that Name of whom Horace speaks Rumpantur ut ilia Codro COELIUS a Mountain which was first called Quercetulanus because of a Forest of Oaks which was upon it It was afterward called Coelius from Coelius Vibenna who brought an Aid of Tuscans to one of their Kings either to Tarquinius Priscus or some other for Historians do not agree about it and received this Mountain for his Habitation with the adjoining Fields as far as the Place where there is now a Market because his Soldiers were very numerous and the Street is still called by their Name The Tuscan-Street This Mountain was built and made one of the Divisions of Rome It was burnt in the Reign of Tiberius but he rebuilt it and ordered that instead of Mount Coelius it should be called Augustus's Mount because the Statue of Tiberius which was at a Senator's House named Junius was the only Preservative of it from so great a Conflagration COELUS or COELUM the Heaven which the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 either from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 video to see or from the Hebrew Word Or that is to say Lucere to shine or our which is urere to burn in Flame from whence the Latins have also derived Aurora This Heaven was the first Object of false Worship and Men took it for an Universal Nature which it contains whence it bears the Name of Jupiter as if Jupiter were the Soul and the Heaven the Body of the whole Universe This was the Opinion of Ennius when he said Aspice hoc sublime candens quem invocant omnes Jovem Phurnutus makes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to come from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to say a Guardian or Conservator because the Heavens and the Stars were the first false Gods who were honoured as the Conservators of the World COELUM the most ancient of the Gods had for one of his Children Time named Saturn who with a Cut of a Sickle deprived his Father of his Genitals which he cast into the Sea and by the Froth which came of the Stirring of the Waves Venus was born 'T is no hard thing to guess why Coelum is said to be the first of the Gods and the Father of Saturn or Chronos since 't is evident that the Motions of the Heavens make and measure the Duration of Time When Saturn is said to have deprived his Father Coelus of his Generative Faculty by castrating him it is because in Time the Fruitfulness of the Heavens ceased to produce new Beings learing the Propagation and Multiplication of Creatures once formed to Venus and so 't is feigned that Venus was born of the natural Parts of Coelus and the Froath of the Sea as Macrobius Aiunt Saturnum abcidisse patris pudenda quibus in mare projectis Venerem procreatam quae à spumâ unde coaluit 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 nomen accepit COENA Supper from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. communes because the Ancients usually supped together in Companies but dined alone Supper was the best Meal They broke their Fast in the Morning very lightly with a Piece of Bread dipped in pure Wine which Meal they called Jentaculum and in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies pure Wine The second Meal was the Prandium or Dinner from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Morning and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies plain and very moderate They had a Fourth Meal which they made sometimes which they called Commissatio or Commessatio a Collation or a Meal after Supper Suetonius makes mention of these Four Meals in his Life of Vitellius Epulos trifarià m semper interdum quadrifarià m dispertiebat in jentacula prandia coenas commessationesque c. These Suppers were made after different Manners There was one called Coena recta a Splendid Supper with which the Roman Nobles treated their Mistresses and Friends who had attended them in their Visits or in the Execution of their Offices They that would avoid the Expence and Trouble of these Suppers gave them Bread and Meat instead of them and this Distribution was called Sportula Domitian took away these Allowances and restored the Feast called Coena recta for Suetonius tells us sportulas publicas sustulit revocatâ coenarum rectarum consuetudine COENA DAPSILIS a plentiful Feast whether this Word comes from dapes which signifies Daintles or the Greek Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Abundance of all Things COENA ACROAMATICA from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies pleasant and merry Discourse It was a Supper at which many witty Jests were spoken for Diversion There was moreover COENA ADVENTITIA INTERVALLATA NOVEMDIALIS DUODENARIA called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because the Guests were Twelve in Number cloathed like Gods and Goddesses There was also another Supper called Pontificalis which the High-priest made
order to disband his Army Aemilius on the contrary added to the reasons alledg'd the foregoing year by Sulpitius that Caesar offered to disband his Army if Pompey who was his declared Enemy would also break his Forces The Tribune Curio seeing that the Senate favour'd Pompey made that proposal to the people who approv'd the same and Anthony Curio's Colleague openly read Caesar's Letters in the presence of the people notwithstanding the opposition of the Consul Marcellus who made all his endeavours to prevent it Marc. Antony who was on Casar's side was made their chief Pontiff and Galba was debarred of the Consulate because he had been Caesar's Lieutenant A. M. 4004. R. 703. L. CORNELIUS LENTULUS G. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS The two Consuls favour'd the party of Pompey and proposed to recal Caesar and disband his Army but Curio and other Friends to Caesar opposed boldly the Consuls who dismiss'd the Assembly upon pretence that they grew too hot Labienus one of the chiefest General Officers of Caesar forsook him and went over to Pompey The Consuls found out another way to bring their design about they exaggerated the shame or disgrace that the defeat of Crassus by the Parthians had brought upon Rome and that to revenge that affront it was necessary to send two Legions of Caesar's and two other of Pompey's with some other Forces to make war against them As soon as Caesar had notice of this order he sent two of his Legions with two more that Pompey had lent him Fabius came to Rome from Caesar and delivered his Letters to the Consuls who were hardly prevailed upon by the Tribunes that the same should be read to the Senate and would never consent that his offers should be taken into consideration but ordered to consider of the present state of the affairs of the Republick Lentulus one of the Consuls said that he would never forsake the Commonwealth if they would speak their mind boldly Scipio Pompey's Father-in-law spoke to the same purpose and said that Pompey would never forsake the Republick if the Senate would stand by it Whereupon it was ordered that Caesar should disband his Army by a certain time or otherwise he should be declared Criminal Marc-Anthony and Q. Massius Tribunes of the people opposed this resolution The Censor Piso and the Praetor Roscius offered themselves to go to Caesar to inform him how the affairs went but they were not allowed to go and all the proceedings were stopt They had recourse at last to the last remedies and to a Decree by which it was ordered That the Magistrates should take care of the safety of the Commonwealth The Tribunes went out of Rome and retired to Caesar at Ravenna where he was expecting an answer suitable to the equity of his Demands The following days the Senate met out of the City that Pompey might be present at the Assembly for being Proconsul by his Office he could not be at Rome Then they raised Forces throughout Italy and took Money out of the Exchequer to bear Pompey's charges Caesar having intelligence of all these proceedings assembled his Soldiers and represented to them in a pathetical way the injustice of his Enemies and exhorted them to stand by him against their violence The Soldiers cried out presently that they were ready to protect his Dignity and that of the Tribunes Caesar trusting himself to their fidelity brought them towards Rimini where he met the Tribunes of the people who came to him to implore his assistance All the Towns of Italy where Caesar appear'd open'd their Gates and sent away Pompey's Garrisons This great progress surpriz'd Pompey's Followers and obliged them to quit Rome and Caesar pursu'd them as far as Brundusium where Pompey cross'd over the Sea with the Consuls Caesar having no Ships to follow them return'd to Rome The Magistrates and the Senators that remain'd there made Lepidus Inter-Rex who created C. Julius Caesar Dictator who recall'd the banish'd Citizens and restor'd them to the possession of their Estates He laid down that great Office after having kept it eleven days only and then was made Consul A. M. 4005. R. 704. C. JULIUS CAESAR P. SERVILIUS VATINIUS ISAURICUS Caesar had then no other thoughts but to pursue Pompey but first of all he thought fit to make himself Master of Spain where Pompey had fortified himself a long while ago He had several skirmishes on the Segra near Laerida and so closely pursued Afranius one of Pompey's Generals that he was obliged to disband his Army composed of seven Roman Legions and of a great many Confederates Varro another General of Pompey's attempted to defend Calis and Cordua but all the Neighbouring Provinces declared themselves for Caesar so that he was forc'd to yield to his good Fortune and delivered up his Forces Ships and all his Ammunitions In the mean time Pompey got together a very strong Fleet compos'd of several Squadrons from Asia the Cyclades Islands Corsou Athens and Egypt making in all five hundred Ships besides the Tenders and other small Ships His Land Forces were not inferior to his Naval Strength but he had dispersed his Army into several places to keep the Provinces in his Interest and had then with him but forty five thousand Foot and seven thousand Horse Caesar was not so strong for his Army consisted only of a thousand Horse and twenty two thousand Foot These two Armies engaged in Thessalia near Pharsalia and Pompey's Army was defeated and himself forc'd to escape in disguise to Amphipolis where he attempted to rally his scatter'd Forces but Caesar pursued him so close that he had no time to do it and fled away into Egypt where King Ptolomy caused him to be murther'd before he landed Caesar was so concerned at the news of his death that the murtherers thought they could not avoid a punishment suitable to their Crime but by the death of Caesar himself Photinus the Eunuch and Archaelas attacked Caesar but Methridates King of Pergamus came to his relief and deliver'd him from these Murtherers A. M. 4006. R. 705. Q. FURIUS CALENUS P. VATINIUS Tho' Caesar was absent from Rome yet he was made Dictator the second time and his Dictatorship continued for a whole year He reduced the Kingdom of Pontus into a Roman Province and bestow'd the Government of it upon Celius Vincinianus It was concerning this Victory that Caesar obtained over Pharnaces King of Pontus that he wrote to his Friend Anicius veni vidi vici I am come I have seen I have overcome to shew with what swiftness he had subdued the Kingdom of Pontus Caesar return'd by way of Asia Minor and gave the Kingdom of Bosphorus to Mithridates King of Pergamus and from thence came to Rome where his presence was necessary After his arrival he disbanded a great part of his Forces giving one hundred Crowns to each Soldier with Lands enough to live there rich and contented A. M. 4007. R. 706. C. JULIUS CAESAR M. AEMILIUS LEPIDUS Caesar did not stay
Etymology from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. the Hair as if it were an appointed place for shaving Mercurialis without troubling himself with the Etymology affirms that it was a place where they laid up the Wrestlers Cloaths or such as went into the Baths and gives no other reason for the same but only that such a room was requisite in the Palaestra but Baldus tells us that this word Coriceum is derived from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies a Ball and his interpretation of this word seems the most reasonable wherefore we may say that Coryceum is a place where men play at long Tennis vulgarly called Welsh Tennis or at Baloon which was a necessary thing in a wrestling place CORINTHUS Corinth the chief City of Achaia placed in the middle of the Isthmus of Peloponnessus between the Ionian and the Aegean Seas It was built first by Sisiphus the Son of Aeolus and named Corcyra according to Strabo and after having been destroyed it was rebuilt by Corinthus Pelops his Son and called after his Name Corinthus The Corinthians abused the Roman Ambassadors whereupon Mummius was sent thither who put the Inhabitants to the sword and razed the Town to the ground CORINTHIUM Viz. AES Corinthian Brass Pliny mentions three sorts of Corinthian Brass viz. the white red and the mixt coloured this diversity arises from the proportion of the three sorts of Metals whereof 't is compounded which are Gold Silver and Copper which according to Pliny and Florus were mix'd together when the City of Corinth was burnt for many Statues and Vessels of these three Metals were melted down and so incorporated CORINTHIUS Viz. ORDO The Corinthian Order one of the three orders of Architecture consisting in its Pillars and Chapiter which is adorn'd with Carvers work of two ranks of fine leaves sixteen in number being cut therein and from whence come out so many small branches or stalks covered again with the same number of Cartridges This order was invented by Callimachus Stone-cutter who by chance found a Basket set upon a plant of Acanthus covered with a tile that had very much bent its leaves This new Figure pleased him and he imitated it in the Pillars he wrought afterwards at Corinth settling and regulating upon this Model all the proportions and measures of the Corinthian Order Villappendus says that this History of Callimachus is a Fable that the Greeks did not invent the Corinthian Chapiter but took the Model thereof from the Temple of Solomon where the top of the Pillars were adorn'd as he says with leaves of Palm-trees unto which the leaves of an Olive-tree are more like than those of an Acanthus which he tells us never were us'd by the Ancients in the Corinthian Chapiters However the contrary is observed in many tops of Pillars that are yet to be seen in Greece and even in the Pillars called Tutelles at Bourdeaux the tops whereof are of the Corinthian Order with the leaves of Acanthus CORIOLANUS After the taking of the Town of Corioli the Consul C. Martius took the Sirname of Coriolanus Dionysius Hallicarnasseus tells us that Coriolanus being upon the Guard the Enemies made a sally out of the Town and attacked him in his post but he beat them back so vigorously that he entered the Town along with them and set it on fire which brought such terror upon the Inhabitants and the Garrison that they quitted the place Plutarch relates this in a different manner and says that the Consul having engaged the Volsci some miles from Corioli he perform'd wonderful deeds of Valour and having routed them he went at the head of a body of Reserve and charged the Rear of the Enemies who flying into Corioli for shelter he got in promiscuously with them and made himself Master of the Town This great Captain proud of the Nobility of his Family and his Rank does treat the Roman people with too much Authority and exasperated them to that degree that they banish'd him out of Rome Coriolanus highly resenting this Affront retired among the Volsci and came at the head of them to incamp on the Cluvian Trenches two leaguesoff Rome after he had taken many Towns from the Romans The Romans afraid of their lives attempted to move him by Prayers The Pontiffs and the most considerable of the Senate were sent to him but could not prevail with him and he yeilded only to the solicitations of his Mother and his wife Volumnia He brought again the Volsci into their own Country but they put him to death for having been so favourable to his Country CORNELIA Viz. FAMILIA The Cornelian Family Many great men and worthy Ladies in the Roman Commonwealth came from that Illustrious Family CORNELIA Pompey's Wife for whom he had more tenderness and regard than for the whole Empire All his fear was upon her account and he took more care to save her from the publick danger than to prevent the ruine of the Universe Seponere tutum Conjugii decrevit onus Lesboque remotam Te procul a saevi strepitu Cornelia belli Lucanus After the loss of the battle of Pharsalia Pompey encouraged her to constancy telling her that if she had lov'd only the person of her Husband she had lost nothing and if she had loved his Fortune she might be glad to have now nothing else to love but his Person Tu nulla tulisti Bello damna meo Vivit post praelia magnus Sed forma perit quod defles illud amasti Luc. Cornelia imbark'd with Pompey and departed from the Island of Lesbos where she was left during the war The Inhabitants of the Island were generally sorry at her departure because she had lived all the while she was there during her Husbands profperity with the same modesty as she should have done in time of his adversity Stantis adhuc fati vixit quasi conjuge victo After the death of Pompey she took no other pleasure but in mourning and seemed to love her grief as much as she had loved Pompey Saevumque arctè complexa dolorem Parfruitus lacrymis amat pro conjuge luctum CORNELIUS COSSUS A military Tribune who kill'd Volumnius King of the Veientes in a pitch'd battle and consecrated his Spoils called Opimae to Jupiter sirnamed Pheretrius CORNELIUS MERULA He was Consul and Priest to Jupiter He sided with Sylla and got his Veins opened for fear of falling into the hands of Marius who had seized upon Rome with his party CORNELIUS GALLUS An intimate Friend to Augustas and Virgil whose Encomium you may read in the 4th Book of his Georgicks under the name of Aristeus He kill'd himself because he had been suspected of Treachery CORNELIUS SEVERUS An Heroick Poet and a Declaimer Quintilian and seneca speak commendably of him CORNELIUS TACITUS A Famous Historian and a wise Politician who wrote the History of the Roman Emperors in sixteen Books of Annals beginning from the death of Augustus The six seven
the Tiber and instituted a Feast to be kept every year He reigned four and fifty years over the Aborigenes CRASSUS called Marcus was a very eloquent and covetous Roman he sled away from Rome into Spain during the factions of Marius and Sylla He put an end to the War of the Slaves who had rebelled under the Conduct of Spartacus whereupon they granted him the lesser triumph which was performed on Foot and called Ovation Afterwards he was chosen Consul and Censor The Government of Syria and Egypt fell to him He proclaimed War against the Parthians and was so forward in it that he would not tarry till the Spring but embarked in a very bad Season and lost many of his Ships Then trusting to an Arabian whom he had taken for his Guide he ventured himself and his Army too far in a Desart Country where Surena the Parthian Commander intirely defeated the Roman Army Publius his Son was killed in the Fight and a while after he himself fell by treachery and had his Head and right Hand cut off and sent to King Orodes in Armenia who poured melted Gold into his Mouth that his dead body might be burned with the same Metal that had inflamed his mind with an insatiable desire of Riches Flor. l. 3. cap. 3. Plutarch adds that he had plundered the Temple of Jerusalem carrying away above 2000 Talents of Silver and all the Gold that was found there and Sidonius Apollinaris has observed that he laughed but once in the whole course of his life There was another called Pub. Licinius Crassus who was chosen Pontiff before he arrived at the usual age and afterwards elected Consul and was no less covetous than M. Crassus He made War in Asia against Aristonicus who called himself the Son of Attalus and under that pretence seized upon the Kingdom of Pergamus He had more regard to the Treasures of Attalus than the management of the War wherefore he was vanquished and taken alive in the Fight but as they were bringing him to Aristonicus he was killed by a Soldier whom he provoked to do it by striking out one of his Eyes with a Switch that he had in his hand CREPIDA A kind of a Shoe used in former times like Slippers without a heel made up of three Soles sewed together that made a small noise in walking upon which account they were named Crepidae a crepitu but there are some Authors who derive this word from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a kind of Shoe used among the Greeks which Persius calls in the first Satyr Crepidae Graiorum and Suetonius affirms c. 13. in the life of Tiberius that this kind of Shoe came from the Greeks They were more especially made for the use of Philosophers and men that lived in austerity and a retir'd life CREPITUS A Fart a Deity worshipped by the Aegyptians under an obscene Figure which might be seen in some curious collections of Antiquities CROESUS King of Lydia who possessed great Wealth and Treasure and sent some Wedges of Gold for an offering to Apollo as a reward for his false Oracles He was taken Prisoner by Cyrus and condemn'd to be burnt alive being brought to the place of Execution and lying upon the pile of Wood he cried out Solon Solon a Philosopher whose advice he had despised in the time of his prosperity Herodotus enlarges this History and relates in the first Book of Clio that Cyrus having defeated and taken Croesus Prisoner put him in Irons and got him ty'd fast to a pile of Wood there to be burnt alive with fourteen young Children of the chiefest Lords of Lydia In this condition Croesus pronounced three times the word Solon Cyrus asked him what God he was calling upon he answered that Solon was a Philosopher who foretold him this misfortune whereupon he commanded immediately the Fire should be put out but they could not do it Then Craesus called upon Apollo and a sudden Rain fell which did put out the Fire Lucian relates that Solon went to wait on Croesus at Sardis the Capital Town of his Empire and that Croesus spoke to him thus Now Solon I have shewn thee all my Treasures and Glory pray tell me who is the happiest man in the world Solon There are very few Croesus that deserve that name but of all that I have ever known Biton and Cleobis seem to me the most happy who died both at the same time after they had drawn the Priestess of Argos their Mother in a Chariot to the Temple and Tellus that illustrious Athenian who after he had lived a good life died for his Country for no man can be called happy before death and when he hath finished his course Dicique beatus Ante obitum nemo supremaque funera debet Horace took this thought from the Oediput of Sophocles Xenophon in the 7th Book of the Cyropedia relates the History of Croesus after another manner and says that being defeated by Cyrus he retired for shelter to Sardis where Cyrus having vigorously pursued him the Inhabitants of the Town to avoid the fury of the Conqueror delivered up Croesus and their Town into his hands then Croesus appearing before him called him his Lord and Master and told him the answer he had from the Oracle of Apollo how he might be happy which was to know himself 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but that his prosperity and great riches had blinded him CREUSA The first Wife of Aeneas and Daughter of King Priam and Hecuba who was lost in the taking of Troy and was delivered from the Grecian slavery by Cybele the mother of the Gods and entertain'd in her service as it is related by Virgil l. 2. Aeneid v. 785. Non ego Myrmidonum sedes Dolopúmve superbas Aspiciam aut Grais servitum matribus ibo ..... Sed me magna Deûm genitrix his detinet oris Some say that Aeneas put her to death by the order of the Greeks that none of Priam's race should remain alive and others more probably believe that she was killed or taken prisoner as she was following Aeneas that night Troy was taken having lost her way in the burning of the Town CREUSA The Daughter of Creon King of Corinth whom Jason married after his divorce from Medea who being inraged for Jason's forsaking her resolved to revenge that affront and to that purpose she seemed to be pleased with the new match and sent to the Bride a Casket full of Precious Stones so violently inchanted with fire in it that as soon as she open'd it it burnt her and her Father Creon with the Palace CRIOBOLIUM A Sacrifice of Rams from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is a Ram. This word is to be seen in an Inscription at Rome Diis Omnipotentibus Lucius Ragonius Venustus V. C. Augur Publicus P. R. Q. Pontifex Vestalis Major Percepto Taurobolio Criobolioque X. Kal. Jun. Dn. Valentiniano Aug. IIII. Et Neoterio Conf. Aram Consecravit CROCODILUS a Crocodile a
c. DACRYMAE is often written by Livy instead of LACRYMAE tears from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 lacrymae DACTYLI IDAEI Cybele having brought forth Jupiter and Juno at one Birth the story tells us that she only shew Juno to Saturn and gave Jupiter to the Curetes or Corybantes to be nursed up by stealth because his Father would have devoured him The Corybantes lest the crying of the little Jupiter should discover him invented a kind of a dance which they called Dactyli where they met one another striking upon little Brass Shields with measured intervals And this noise hindred Saturn from hearing the crys of his Son Lucian says that the Dactili Idaei having received the God Mars from the hands of Juno being yet a Child they taught him dancing before the exercise of Arms as if the dancing was a prelude of the War 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Daduchus a Greek word that signifies Lamp-bearer Hesichius explaining this word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which was the name formerly given to the Torch-bearer of the Goddess Ceres explains it by that of Lamp-bear and renders the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies a Torch by the word Lamp Yet some ancient Authors make a distinction betwixt Lamps and Torches Trebellius Pollio in the life of the Emperor Galitnus gives an account of a procession where the people carried Torches and Lamps cum cereis facibus lampadibus praecedentibus Capitolium petunt but it must be observed that the Torches of the Ancients were not made like our Flambeaus for they had no wick and a great many of them were Lamps set in the end of a Stick or some Pitch put to the end of a Bundle DAEDALUS An Athenian whom Mercury made famous in Mechanicks He fled from Athens into Crete where he went into the service of King Minos There he made the Labyrinth with so many ways turning and winding about that men who had got once into it could never get out Sometime after Minos being displeased at him put him into the same Labyrinth with his Son Icarus but he made himself and his Son Wings which he fastned with Wax and so flew away Icarus flew so high and so near the Sun contrary to his Fathers advice that the Sun melted the Wax of his Wings and he fell down into that Sea which was ever since called after his name the Icarian Sea Dadalus flew safely to Sardinia and from thence to Cumae where he built a Temple to Apollo Diodorus Siculus enlarges the History or Fable of Daedalus and says that Daedalus was the Son of Micio an Athenian and the most ingenious Artificer of his age for Mechanicks and invented the Plummer the Augur the Rule and many other Tools for the perfecting of that Art He was the first also who in Statues expressed all the parts of Humane Body in their natural Scituation which gave birth to a report that he gave motion to them Notwithstanding he had got a great name by his works yet he was forced to fly from Athens having been condemned to dye by the Areopagus for the death of Talus his Nephew whom he killed out of jealousy because he had found out the Potters and Turners Wheel with all Tools fit for the perfection of that Art He retired then to King Minos in Crete who had married Pasiphae one of the Daughters of the Suâ— This King Minos offering one day a Bull in sacrifice to Neptune kept a very fine one and sacrificed a lesser in his place whereupon the Gods grew angry and inspired his Wife with an immoderate love for that Bull and to enjoy him Daedalus made a wooden Cow wherein Pasiphae putting herself plaid the Beast with that Bull and begot Minataurs Lucian thus unfolds this Fable I fancy says he Daedalus and his Son were learned in Astrology and that the one having puzzled himself in that Science gave occasion to the Fable Perhaps also Pasiphae having heard the other Discourse of the Celestial Bull and of other Stars became enomour'd with his Doctrïne whereupon the Poets feigned that she was fallen in love with a Bull which she enjoy'd by his means Authors ascribe to Daedalus the invention of the Potters Wheel the Plummet and the Sails for Ships and this gave birth to the Fable of his having made Wings for himself to get out of Crete Diodorus Siculus continuing that History says that the Cretians refusing to obey Minos after the death of his Father Asterius he begg'd the assistance of a Prince called 〈◊〉 with whom his Wife Pasiphae was in Love and enjoy'd him by the help of Daedalus who favoured it but the King having discover'd the Intreague they flew all away with Taurus on board his Ships to avoid the Anger of the Prince Philochorus says that the 〈◊〉 was nothing else but a cruel and bloody Officer of King Minos called Taurus and this King having instituted Funeral Fights in remembrance of his Son Andregeas Taurus did overcome all such who presented themselves to fight and got the prize which was a Tribute of some Children that Minos exacted of the Athenians Thesmus overcame him and freed the Athenians from that unnatural Tribute DAEMON 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Genius an Angel â—ate This word in the Holy Scripture is always taken for the Devil or a bad Genius Aâ—â—leius gives us a short definition of the nature of Daemons and tells us that they have a rational Soul a Body of Air and that they are everlasting tho' they are obnoxious to the same passions with Men. And that the Predictions Augurs Divinations Answers of Oracles Dreams and Magick Performances belong to them He pretends that they carry Mens Prayers to the Gods and bring to Men the Favours they obtain'd from them He has written a whole Book of Socrates his God or Socrates his Devil according to St Austin He gives an account of the Opinions of the Platonick Philosophers who divided Intellectual Natures into three Orders viz. Gods Men and Daemons i. e. of Inhabitants of Heaven Earth and Air. They said that Daemons were Immortal like the Gods but were obnoxious to Passions like Men and loved the filthy Diversions of Theatres and the Fables of the Poets Cassianus has handled at large all Questions relating to Daemons in his Conferences where he shews that there are Daemons of several kinds some called Fauni who love to play and laugh with Men but do them no harm others delight in hurting Men and drawing them into all kind of Crimes He tells us that Daemons were formerly Angels whom God created before Corporeal Beings but revolting against the Soveraign Power they were precipitated into the Air which is full of them that God out of his goodness and mercy has not permitted that we should see them lest the terror example and contagion of their Crimes should draw us into perdition St. Justin says that God having created the Angels some of them forsook the Law
had not done it for Reward but only for the love of Virtue EMPOUSA An ancient Fantome and an excellent Dancer as Lucian says Eustathius tells us that it was a frighting Hobgoblin dedicated to Hetate and this Fantome turn'd herself into several shapes as Suidas and Aristophanes report And was called Empousa because she walked only upon one Foot Some Writers assure that it was Hecate herself or one of the Lamiae or She-Devils ENCHALABRIS A kind of a Table that the Priest set up whereupon the Victim that was killed was stretched out to view its Inwards ENCHALABRIA The Vessels wherein they put the Inwards of the Victims after they were viewed ENCELADUS The Stoutest of the Giants who according to the Fable made war against the Gods Jupiter struck him with his Thunderbolt and threw Mount Aetna upon him having his Body half burnt as Virgil tells us after Homer Fama est Enceladi semi-ustum fulmine corpus Vtgeri mole hac He was the Son of Tartarus or Abyssus and the Earth ENDYMIO A Shepherd who was stolen away by Night in a deep Sleep and made King of the Lunar-Globe according to the Fable as Lucian tells us But the truth is that Endymion gave himself much to the contemplation of the Moon to observe her changes and motions and improved so far in that study that it was reported that he had lain with her Some Writers tell us that Endymion was a very Just King of Elis who obtained of Jupiter to sleep for ever Some others say that Endymion loved much to Sleep whereupon arose that Proverb of a sleepy and slothful Fellow Endymionis somnum dormit He sleeps like Endymion ENEAS See Aeneas ENNIUS An Ancient Latin Poet born at Tarentum or in Calabria He had written several Books whereof some Fragments are yet Extant His stile was harsh and unpolished ENTAEUS A prodigious Giant the Son of the Earth who was threescore Cubits high He inhabited the Wilderness of Lybia and dwelt in a Cross-way where he committed many Robberies and obliged Men who passed that way to wrestle with him But at last he met with Hercules as he was coming from the Garden of Hesperides who took him up into the air and strangled him with his Arm having observed that his strength renewed every time he threw him on the Earth his Mother Entaeus is the Emblem of Voluptuousness and Hercules of Reason which overcomes Sensuality Superata tellus Sidera donat says Boetius and the greatest Victory that a Man can obtain is to overcome Voluptuousness And Scipio ordered the following words to be engraved upon his Tomb. Maxima cunctarum Victoria victa Voluptas ENYALIUS A God of the Sabins called by them and the Romans Quirinus 't is not well known whether it be Mars or some other Divinity bearing an equal sway with him They danced sacred Dances in his Temple EOLUS See Aeolus EPEUS The Son of Endymion who was an excellent Ingineer among the Greeks and among other war like Engines invented the Battering Ram or Raven to beat down the Walls of the Towns Virgil says that he made the Horse that was carried into Troy EPHEBEUM A place for young Boys in Greece For Hebe in Greek signifies Râ—pe-age which is at fourteen Years and this is the time that the Boys begun to wrestle and exercise themselves and all the Interpreters agree that the Ephebeum was a place for these Exercises and Vitruvius establishes this opinion when he says that it was a place where was many Seats EPHEMERIDES Registers or Day-Books calculated by Astronomers to mark the state of Heaven every day at mid-day i. e. the place where all the Planets meet at noon and these Journals are made use of draw Horoscopes or Celestial Schemes EPHESTIO A Favourite of Alexander the Great whom he ranked among the Gods after his Death and those who refused to acknowledge Ephestion for a God were guilty of a high crime against Alexander for he had not only been at the charges of many Millions for his Funeral Pomp but the Cities had built Temples and Altars in his honour and there was no greater Oath taken but by his name and to ridicule these things was a crime deserving death For the Courtiers to flatter the Passion of Alexander told him many tales and visions that Ephestion had appeared to them in a dream that he cured men who called upon him relating false Oracles and acknowledging him for their Protector wherefore Alexander having his ears continually battered with these discourses at last believed them and applauded himself that he could make a God which was a greater thing than to be a God himself And there were then many good men who fell into his displeasure because they would not comply with his passion or shew'd some distaste for this madness Captain Agathocles had been exposed to be devoured by Lyons because he had shed tears at Ephestion's Grave as if he had been Mortal had not Perdical took his Oath by the Gods and especially by Ephestion that this new God had appeared to him while he was a hunting and had bid him to report to Alexander that he should pardon Agathocles for having shed tears at the remembrance of his Friend and that he was to take pity of humane infirmity EPHESUS A City of Asia very famous for the Temple of Diana which was accounted one of the seven wonders of the world This City was built by the Amazons and then augmented by Androcus the Son of Codrus Asia was two hundred years about the building of the Temple of Diana and all her Provinces had contributed towards the charges of that great design This City was from all times much given to Magical Arts and there were spells publickly sold Eustathius observes that there were spells ingraven on the Feer the Girdle and the Crown of the Statue of Diana EPHORI Overseers of the Common-wealth or Lacedemonian Magistrates like the Tribunes among the Romans their office was to restrain and curb the authority of the Kings of Sparta They were chosen five in number thirty years after the death of Lycurgus during the the reign of Theopompus to be Ministers and assistants to the Kings in the administration of Justice But their Authority grew so great that they attempted to reform their Kings and punish them as they did in the person of Archidamus whom they fined because he married a woman of little size And they imprisoned Agis as Pausanius relates EPICHARMUS A Pythagorean Philosopher who first invented Comedies and has left us some rules concerning the same EPICTETUS A Stoick Philosopher born at Hierapolis in Phrygia Slave to Epaphroditus Nero's Favorite who comprehended all Philosophy in these two words bear and forbear and was so much esteemed that Lucian says that his Lamp though it was but Earthen-ware was sold for 3000 Attick Groats which is about 92 Pounds of English Money This Philosopher lived till the time of M. Antoninus and has left us a Manual which seems rather the work
of Arts and Sciences that her Inhabitants had learnt of the Assyrians and Chaldaeans She was conquered by Cyrus and afterwards by the other Kings of Parsia After the death of Perseus the last King of Greece the Romans subdued that Country GRAECI The Greeks the Inhabitants of Greece who are differently named by Writers Achaij Argivi Danai Dolopes Helleni Ionij Mermidones Pelasgi according to the Cities they inhabited and their several Factions Eusebius affirms that Hellen the Son of Deucalion repopulated this Country after the Deluge that happened in the time of Moses about the year 3680. à mundo condito They very much improved Arts and Sciences that they learned of Eumolpus and Orphaeus the Assyrians and Phaenicians The Greeks increased the number of Gods and shared the Empire and Administration of the World appointing several Gods for Corn and Vines to Plants and Flowers which gave occasion for all the chimerical divisions of Gods relating imaginary particulars of them and giving them names without any other ground but their own vanity and presumption The Phaenicians having disguised the true Histories of the Bible and composed their Fables of it the Greeks also appropriated the Phaenicians Fables to Greece Pliny affirms that Cadmus about the year 2520 à mundo condito brought from Phaenicia sixteen Letters into Greece viz. A B C D E F G H I L M N O P Q R S T V to which Palamedes added four during the Trojan War O Z φ X. GRAECOSTASIS A Palace at Rome adjoining to Mount Palatine where the foreign Prince's Ambassadors were lodged This Palace took its name from Greece because the Greeks were the most considerable of all the Strangers the House of the Ambassadours GRATIAE See above before Graecia GUTTUS A little Vessel used in Sacrifices to pour Wine by drops GYGES A Lydian who killed his Master by a Ring that made him invisible by turning the stone within towards himself for then he could see all and was seen of none Ovid mentions another Gyges a Giant who had a hundred hands Son to Heaven and Earth and Brother to Briareus Centimanumque Gygen semibovemque virum 4. Trist GYNAECONITIS An Apartment for the Women in Greece GYMNICI LUDI Exercises of the Greeks In these Games there was in the first place the Race which has been of old and the chief of all Exercises secondly leaping thirdly Discus or Quoits made of Stone Iron or Brass cut in a round figure and of a great weight the Gamesters who threw it highest or furthest carried the Prize the fourth kind of Game was wrestling wherein two Wrestlers having their Bodies stark naked and anointed all over with Oyl took hold one on another each of them making all his efforts to throw his Adversary on the ground the fifth sort of Game was boxing these Gamesters had their Fists covered with Leather Straps with pieces of Lead or Iron fastned to it called Cestus Lucian speaks of these Games in the Dialogue of the bodily Exercises where he introduces Anacharsis discoursing thus with Solen Anacharsis What mean these young fellows thus to collar and foyl themselves and wallow in the mire like Swine and strive to throttle and hinder one anothers breathing they oyled and shaved one another pretty peaceably at first but on a sudden stooping with their Heads they butted each other like Rams Then the one hoisting his Adversary aloft into the air hurls him again upon the ground with a violent squelsh and falling upon him he hindered him from rising pressing his neck with his elbow and punching him with his legs so as I was afraid he had stifled him though the other struck him on the shoulder to desire him to let him go as owning himself overcome Methinks they should be shie of fouling themselves thus in the dirt after they had been steek'd and they make me laugh to see them like so many Eels slip out of the hands of their Antagonists Look yonder 's some doing the same in the face of the Sun with this difference only that it 's in the Sun they rowl like Cocks before they come to the skirmish that their Adversary may have the better hold and his hands not slip upon the Oyl or the Sweat O see you others also fighting in the Dirt and kicking and fisting without endeavouring like the former to throw one another The one spits out of his Teeth with sand and blood from a blow he receiv'd in his Chaps and yet that Officer attir'd in purple who sets President as I suppose at these Exercises doth not trouble himself about parting them These others make the Dust fly by kicking up their Heels in the air like those who dispute for the prize of running Solon This here is the place of Exercises and the Temple of Apollo Lycius whose Statue you see upon that Column in the posture of a weary Man leaning upon his Elbow having his Head supported upon his right hand and holding his Bow in the left Those whom you see wallowing in the mire or crawling in the dirt are skirmishing at a match of Wrestling or at Fisticuffs in the Ring or Lists There are still other Exercises as Leaping Quoits and Fencing and in all such Games the conqueror is crowned These Games were play'd four times every year viz. at Olympia in the Province of Elis wherefore they were called Olympick Games in honour of Jupiter Olympius in the Isthmus of Corinth called Isthmian Games in honour of Neptune in the Nemean Forest called Nemean Games in honour of Hercules and the Pythean Games in honour of Apollo because he had kill'd the Serpent Pytho The Masters of these Games were call'd Gymnastae I shall speak severally of these Games according to their Alphabetick Order GYMNO SOPHISTAE Gymnosophists a Sect of Indian Philosophers who ador'd the Sun and were called by this name because they went naked H. H is the eighth Letter of the Alphabet Grammarians dispute whether the H should be in the number of Letters or not because say they 't is but an aspiration Tho' H be but an aspiration yet 't is a true Letter because all Characters invented by Men to distinguish our Pronunciation ought to be accounted a true Letter especially when 't is set down in the Alphabet among the other Letters as H is And there is no reason to fancy that H is not a true Letter because 't is but an aspiration since in the Oriential Languages there are three or four Letters which they call Guttural Letters which are of no other use but only to express the several aspirations H supplies in Latin all that which is denoted by the Greeks with sharp tones and aspirated Consonants And it serves for two general uses the first is before the Vowels beginning the Syllables as in the word honor and the second is after the Consonant as in the word Thronus Doubtless the H appear'd plainly in the Roman pronunciation as 't is perceiv'd in the French tongue in
and vigorous Health HIPPOCRATIA Holy-days kept in honour of Neptune Dionysius Halicarnasscus reports that the Romans erected a Temple to Neptune the Horseman and instituted him a Festival called by the Arcadians Hippocratia and by the Romans Consualia During that day Horses and Mules were kept from working and led along the Streets of Rom magnificently harnessed and adorn'd with Garlands of Flowers HIPPOCRENE Otherwise Aganippe a Fountain near Mount Helicon dedicated to the Muses which sprung out of a Rock struck with the hoof of Pegasus HIPPODAMIA She being marriageble her Father Oenomaus King of Elis who saw her so fair fell in love with her like the other Princes of Greece and that he might keep her for himself he made a very wicked proposal For his Chariot being the lightest and his Horses the swiftest of all the Country under pretence of seeking for a Husband worthy of his Daughter he propos'd her for a prize to him who should overcome him at the Race but upon condition that all those whom he should vanquish should suffer death And he would have his Daughter ride in the Chariot with her Lovers that her Beauty might surprize them and divert their thoughts from making haste And by this cunning device he overcame and killed thirteen of these Princes At last the Gods provoked with the vile action of this infatuated Father granted immortal Horses to Pelops who run the fourteenth Race was victorious and possessed the beautiful Lady Some others say that Oenomaus being acquainted that Pelops who courted his Daughter should be one time or another the cause of his death refused to marry her to him but upon condition that he should overcome him at a Race Pelops accepted the Challenge having first bribed the Coachman of Oenomaus that his Chariot might break in the middle of the Race Whereupon Oenomaus being overcome kill'd himself leaving his Daughter Hippodamia and his Kingdom to Pelops who gave his name to the whole Country of Peloponnessus There was also one Briseis the Daughter of Briseis who was called Hippodamia whom Agamemnon stole away from Achilles That name was also given to the Wife of Perithous whom the Centaurs attempted to steal away the day of her Wedding but Hercules secured her and killed them HIPPODROMUS An Hippodrome a place for Races or exercising Horses HIPPOLYTE Queen of the Amazons and Theseus's Wife of whom he begot Hippolytus thus called after his Mother's name Theseus afterwards married Phaedra Minos's Daughter who fell in love with Hippolytus her Son-in-law but having refused to consent to her amorous desires the accused him to Theseus of having attempted her Chastity Theseus gave credit to her scandalous report and banish'd Hippolytus out of his presence and desired Neptune to revenge his Crime Whereupon Hippolytus to avoid his Fathers wrath fled away riding in a Chariot but meeting a Sea-Monster on the shore his Horses were so frighted by it that they threw him down to the ground and drew him among the Rocks where he miserably perished Phaedra sensibly mov'd with his loss and pressed by the remoise of her Conscience discover'd the whole truth to her Husband and kill'd herself out of despair but afterwards Aesculaptus touch'd with compassion restor'd Hippolytus to life and called him Virbins as being a Man a second time Diodorus Siculus reports what is commonly said of Hippolytus as one part of the true History of Theseus Pausanias adds the tradition of some Inhabitants of Italy and especially of Aricia who say that Hippolytus was restored to life again or recovered his health by the care of Aesculaplus and not enduring to think of a reconciliation with his Father came into Italy where he founded a little Government at Aricia and there dedicated a Temple to Diana Pausanias tells us also that the custom in his time was that the Priest appointed for the service of that Temple was always a Man who in a Duel or single Combat had kill'd the Priest to whom he succeeded but that none but fugitive Slaves undertook the Combat The same Author assures a little after that Diomedes was the first Man who dedicated a Grove a Temple and a Statue to Hippolytus and sacrificed to him and that the Inhabitants of Troezen affirmed that Hippolytus was not drawn with Horses but the Gods had honour'd him with a place among the Stars and turned him into a Constellation called by the name of a Carter Ovid calls him Viâ—bius after his Apotheosis Euripides has written a Tragedy of Hippolytus wherein he relates his History Theseus an Athenian Prince who begot Hippolytus of one the Amazons and after her death married Phaedra Daughter to Minos King of Crete absented himself from Athens Venus resolv'd the ruine of Hippolytus because he was very chast and incited Phaedra to love him Whereupon Phaedra discover'd her love to her Nurse who was also her Confidant The Nurse made many attempts upon Hippolytus to perswade him to yield to Phaedra's love yet he continued inflexible Wherefore out of shame and despair Phaedra hang'd herself having first tied some Letters to her Cloaths wherein she charg'd Hippolytus with the Crime she was herself only guilty of Theseus too credulous banish'd Hippolytus and besought Neptune to destroy him in performance of one of the three promises this God had pass'd his word to grant him Neptune heard his request and was the ruin of Hippolytus But Diana appear'd to Theseus and discover'd to him the innocence of Hippolytus ordaining withal that he should be honoured like a God HIPPOMANES A famous poyson of the Ancients which is one of the Compositions in amorous Philters Authors don't agree about what it is Pliny says that 't is a black Flesh-Kernel in the Forehead of a Colt newly foaled which the Mare eats up as soon as she has foal'd Servius and Columella report that 't is the venembus issue of a Mare when she is fit to be covered HIPPONA A Divinity honour'd by Grooms in Stables where her figure is kept This Goddess was call'd upon on account of Horses HIPPOTAMUS A River-Horse living principally in the Rivers Nile Indus and other great Rivers mentioned by Pliny This Creature has a Cloven-foot like an Ox the Back the Mane and the Tail of a Horse and neighs like him His Teeth are like the Teeth of a Wild-Boar but not quite so sharp the skin of his back when 't is dry resists all kind of Arms. Scaurus in the time of his Office of Edile brought the first alive to Rome HISTRIO A Stage-player or Buffoon This word is only us'd to signifie the merry Actors in the old Comedies of Plautus and Terence and they are so called says Festus from Istria because the first Farcers came from that Country Plutarch tells us that the Romans having sent for many Dancers out of Tuscany there was one amongst them who excell'd above others call'd Hister who left his name to all those of his profession And we may also add that those whom the Romans call'd
Semele were the Daughters of Cadmus and Hermione wherefore they were all Natives of Phaenicia Cadmus himself being a Phaenician The name of Melicertes is also a Phaenician name and signifies also the King of the Town And thus of the three names of the Mother and the Son one was Phaenician Ino and Melicertes the other Greek Leucothea and Palemon and the last was Latin Matuta and Portumnus These three names shew that the same History was brought from Phaenicia into Greece and from Greece into Italy Pausanias describes the fury of Athamas against Ino his Wife whom he took to be the cause of the death of Phryxus and the flight of Ino who run away with her Son and cast herself headlong with him into the Sea and tells us that the Dolphins received Melicertes and carried him to the Isthmus of Corinth where he was named Palaemon and there the Isthmian Games were dedicated to him As for Phryxus Ino his Step-mother had really conspired his ruin and to compass her wicked designs she employed the Priests of Delphi to perswade the people that the State of Thebes should enjoy no tranquility till Phryxus was sacrificed to Jupiter whereupon Phryxus fled away with his Sister Helle who fell into the Sea called by her name and retired himself to King Aeta at Colches This is related by Apollodorus INSCRIPTIO An Inscription The Ancients ingrav'd on Pillars the principles of Sciences or the History of the World Porphyrius mentions Inscriptions kept by the Inhabitants of Crete wherein the Ceremony of the Sacrifices of the Corybantes were described Euhemerus as Lactantius reports had written an History of Jupiter and the other Gods collected out of the Titles and Inscriptions which were in the Temples and principally in the Temple of Jupiter Triphilianus where by the Inscription of a golden Column it was declared that that Pillar was erected by the God himself Pliny assures us that the Babylonian Astrologers made use of Bricks to keep their observations and hard and solid Matters to preserve Arts and Sciences This was for a long time practised for Arimnestus Pythagoras's Son as Porphyrius relates dedicated to Juno's Temple a brass Plate whereon was engrav'd the Sciences that were improved by him Arimnestus says Malchus being returned home fix'd in the Temple of Juno a brass Table as an Offering consecrated by him to posterity this Monument was two Cubits diameter and there were seven Sciences writ upon it Pythagoras and Plato according to the opinion of the Learned learnt Philosophy by the Inscriptions of Egypt ingraven on Mercury's Pillars Livy tells us that Hannibal dedicated an Altar with a long Discourse ingraven in the Greek and Punick Language wherein he describ'd his fortunate Atchievements The Inscriptions reported by Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus shews sufficiently that the first way of instructing People and transmitting Histories and Sciences to posterity was by Inscriptions And this particularly appears by Plato's Dialogue intitled Hyparchus wherein he says that the Son of Pisistratus called by the same name did engrave on Stone Pillars Preceps useful for Husbandmen Pliny assures us that the first publick Monuments were made with Plates of Lead and the Treaties of Confederacy made between the Romans and the Jews was written upon Plates of Brass that says he the Jews might have something to put them in mind of the Peace and Confederacy concluded with the Romans Tacitus reports that the Messenians in their dispute with the Lacedaemonians concerning the Temple of Diana Limenetida produc'd the old division of Peloponnessus made amongst the posterity of Hercules and proved that the Field where the Temple was built fell to their Kings share and that the Testimonies thereof were yet seen engraven upon Stones and Brass An. l. 4. c. 43. INTERPRES An Inteepreter There was an Interpreter appointed whose Office was to explain to the Senate the Speeches of Ambassadors who could not speak Latin The Magistrates who commanded in the Provinces had also an Interpreter to explain their Orders to those to whom they were directed because it was not allowed to these Magistrates says Valerius Maximus in all the functions of their Office to speak in any other Language but Latin wherefore the Praetor of Sicily reproached Tully that he had spoken Greek in the Senate of Syracuse IO The Daughter of Inachus debauch'd by Jupiter and then turn'd into a Cow whom Juno committed to the care of Argus and though Argus had a hundred Eyes yet Mercury having lulled him to sleep with his Caducaeum and his Flute stole her away whereupon Juno being much vexed made Io mad and oblig'd her to run through many Countries and to cross over the Bosphorus of Thracia thus called after her name From thence she came again into Egypt where Jupiter mov'd with compassion for her misfortune restor'd her to her first shape and then she married King Osiris From that time she was called Isis and honoured by the Egyptians and after her death rank'd in the number of the Goddesses and honoured by the name of Isis Herodotus writes that the Egyptians consecrated to her Cows and the Females of all Cattle Diodorus and Philostratus say that she was represented with Ox's Horns The Nation called Eubaei had an Ox's head for a symbol in remembrance that Io was brought to bed of Epaphus in a Den called for that reason 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Ox's Den. Plutarch writes that Horus out of passion having taken the Royal Ornament from the head of his Mother Isis Mercury gave her another made of an Ox's Head in form of an Head-piece Lucian in his Dialogue of the Gods brings in Jupiter talking thus with Mercury Jupiter Dost thou know Io Mercury Who the Daughter of Inachu◠Jupit. Yes her Juno out of jealousy has turn'd her into a Heifer lest I should love her and has committed her to the guard of a Monster that never sleeps for as he has an hundred Eyes there is always some watching But thou art cunning enough to get me rid of him go and kill him in the Nemean Forest where he watches this fair one and after his death thou shalt carry Io by Sea into Egypt where she shall be ador'd by the name of Isis I will have her preside over the Winds and the Waves and be the Patroness of Sea-men JOCASTA The Daughter of Creon King of Thebes who being warn'd by the Oracle that he should perish by the hand of one of his Children bad Jocasta who married Laius to murther all her Sons OEdipus being born was deliver'd to a Soldier to murther him according to the King's order But the Soldier struck with horror for the murther of an innocent Child contented himself to run a twig of Ozier through both his Feet and tye him to a Tree his Head downwards A Shepherd of Polybus King of Corinth having found him untied him and presented him to the Queen who carefully brought him up Being grown a Man he went into Phocis according to the Oracle
with young or because that the Romans being at War with Pyrrhus they called upon Juno to be relieved with Money Wherefore having driven Pyrrhus out of Italy they built her a Temple with this Title JUNONI MONETE and in that Temple the Money was kept JUNO REGINA or Queen Juno Under this Title Camillus after the taking of the City of Veiae where she had a very rich Temple asked if she was willing to come to Rome there to be adored and her Statue having made a sign that she consented to it he built her a Temple upon Mount Aventine JUNO CALENDARIS Because the first days of every Month called the Calends were consecrated to her and a White Cow or a She Goat was commonly Sacrificed in her Honour wherefore she was sirnamed Aegophagos or She-Goats Eater She was represented with Birds that were under her protection viz. the Goose the Peacock and the Vulture The Assyrians and Affricans and after them the Greeks and Romans have given the name of Juno to the Air and for that reason some Writers assure us that the name of Juno in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is but a transposition of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tully speaking of the nature of the Air explains the Fable of Juno Aer ut stoici disputant interjectus tuter mare caelum Junonis nomine consecratur The Air between Heaven and the Sea is called by the name of Juno quae est sorer cusjux Jovis quod ei similitudo est atheris cum eo summa conjunctio And hereupon is grounded the Kindred and Marriage between Jupiter and Juno i. e. Heaven and Air. And this is plainly discovered in a Fable of Homer wherein he tells us that Jupiter tied Juno to a Chain with two Anvils hanging at her Feet to shew that the Air is independant on Heaven and the Earth and the Sea are dependant on the Air. In fine Poets have ascribed to Juno the quality of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 albis ulnis because of the transparency of the Air. JUNONALIA A Holy-day kept in Honour of Juno not mentioned in the Fasts of Ovid but fully described by Livy 1. 7. Decad. 3. This Feast was instituted on occasion of certain Prodigies that happened in Italy Wherefore the Pontiffs ordered that seven and twenty young Girls divided into three bands should walk singing a Song composed by Livius the Poet. But while they were learning the Song by heart in the Temple of Jupiter Stator the Thunder fell upon the Temple of Queen Juno on Mount Aventine Whereupon the Southsayers having been consulted answered that the Roman Matrons were concerned in this Prodigy and that they should pacifie the Goddess by some Sacrifices and Offerings Wherefore they collected Money and bought a Golden Bason and presented the Goddess with it on Mount Aventine Then the Decemviri appointed a day for a solemn Sacrifice which was thus ordered Two white Cows were led from the Temple of Apollo into the City through the Gate called Carmentalis and two Images of Queen Juno made of Cyprus Wood were carried Then marched seven and twenty Girls cloathed with long Gowns singing an Hymn in Honour of the Goddess Then followed the Decemvirs crowned with Laurel and clad with Robes edged with Purple This pomp passed by the Vieus Jugarius and stopp'd in the great Field of Rome where the Girls fell a Dancing keeping time with the Hymn From thence they marching by the Tuscanstreet and Velabrum through the Market for Oxen they arrived at the Temple of Queen Juno where the Victims were Sacrificed by the Decemviri and the Images of Cyprus Wood set up therein JUPITER Varro reckons three hundred Jupiters of several sorts and Countries The great Multitude of these Jupiters is doubtless grounded upon the first who went by that name who had been kind to Men and had assisted them in their wants wherefore after his Death each Nation gave the sirname of Jupiter to their King either out of flattery or because he was really a good Prince and imitated the Vertues of the true Jupiter by the name whereof Poets meant the true God In the like manner that the name of Hercules was abscribed to all great Men because the first of that name was very valiant and generous as the Roman did who gave the name of Caesar to all their Emperours tho' they were not of Julius Caesar's Family Tully lib. 3. de natura Deorum records but three Jupiters two whereof were born in Arcadia one the Son of Aether and the other of Caelus who begat Minerva The last was a Native of Crete or Candia the Son of Saturn and Rhea or Ops to whom all the actions of the two other are ascribed and was called Jupiter quasi juvans Pater as Macrobius and Aulus Gellius report and not from the word Jehova i. e. God for the Romans had then no acquaintance at all with the Hebrews After his Mother Rhea was delivered she did not put him to Death as she had promised Saturn but sent him to the Curetes Inhabitants of Mount Ida where he was secretly Nursed up and she put in his room a Stone wrapp'd up in swaddling Cloaths which as 't is said Saturn swallowed down thinking it was his Son This Child was then delivered up to the Nymps to take care of him and Amalthea suckled him with the Milk of a She Goat which Jupiter being grown up ranked amongst the Number of the Celestial Signs in acknowledgment of her kindness by the name of Olenia Capella from the Town of Olenus in Baeotia Oleniae surget sidus pluviale Capellae Quae fuet in cunis Officiosa Jovis Some relate that Rhea being afraid that her Son should not be safe upon Mount Ida in Phrygia sent him to a Mount of the same name in Candia Jupiter being grown up delivered his Father Saturn and his Mother Rhea from the hands of the Titans for having got together a Troop of Creteans he marched against the Titans routed them and restored his Father to the Throne Before he went to this Expedition as he was offering Sacrifice in the Isle of Naxos an Eagle came flying before him which he took for a good omen and after he had obtained the Victory he ordered that the Eagle should be consecrated to him Poets say that he turned himself into an Eagle to steal away Ganymedes upon 〈◊〉 Ida. However Saturn resoved the ruine of Jupiter but Prometheus having acquainted him with his design he tied him up with Woollen Bands as the Fable says gelded him and threw him headlong into Hell from whence being got out he came to Janus in Italy of whom he was kindly received Primus ab aetherio venit Saturnus Olympo Arma Jovis fugtens Regnis exul ademptis In the mean while Jupiter took possession of the Kingdom of Crete Then maintained a War against the Giants under the command of Aegon who had an Hundred Arms and as many Hands and blew Flames out of as many
distinguish them from a third kind of Marriage called Matrimonium ex usu Injustae nuptiae Concubinage The Society of Sacrifices and Wealth wherein the Wife had her share must be understood of private Sacrifices offered in some Families practiced amongst the Romans as upon Birth-days and day of Expiations and Funerals which the Posterity and Heirs were bound to observe Wherefore Plautus says That a great Estate was fallen to one without being obliged to offer any Families Sacrifice se haereditatem adeptum esse sine sacris effertissâ—â—an The Wife was to be the Mistress of the Family as the Husband Master It was a custom used amongst the Romans that when the Wife set her Foot upon the threshold of the door of the House of her Husband they asked her who she was and she answered Caia sum I am Caia because Caia Caecilia Wife to Tarquinius Priscus was much given to Huswifery and Spinning and from thence is come the custom that Brides coming into the House of their Husband answered that they were called Caia Caeterum Caia usu super omnes est celaebrata fertur enim Caiam Caeciliam Tarquinii Prisci uxorem optimam lanificam fuisse ides institutum esse ut novae nuptae ante januam mariti interrogatae quaenam vocarentur Catam se esse dicerent And Plutarch in the thirtieth Roman Question tells us That the Husband said to his Wife at her first coming to his house Ego Caius and she answered Ego Caia XII UT MATRONIS DE VIA DECEDERETUR NIHIL OBSCOENI PRESENTIBUS IIS VEL DICERETUR VEL FIERET NEVE QUIS NUDUM SE AB IIS CONSPICI PATERETUR ALIOQUIN CRIMINIS CAPITALIS REUS HABERETUR That they should give way to Ladies of Quality that no obscenity should be either spoken nor done in their presence and that no Man should be seen naked in their presence if otherwise he should he guilty of a capital Crime XIII UT MONSTROSOS PARTUS NECARE PARENTIBUS LICERET That it should be lawful to Parents to put their Children to Death if they were born Monstrous But they were obliged to call for Witnesses to justifie that they were Monsters says Dionysius Halicarnassaus XIV UT PARENTIBUS LIBEROS RELIGANDI VENDENDI OCCIDENDI JUS ALIISQUE MODIS DE EIS STATUENDI PLENA POTESTAS ESSET That Fathers should have a Soveraign Authority over their Children confine them sell them and put them to death and dispose of them which way they should think fit XV. UT SI QUA IN RE PECCASSET MULIER POENAM LUERET EX MARITI ARBITRIO SI VENEFICIJ CIRCA PROLEM VEL ADULTERII ESSET ACCUSATA COGNITIONEM EJUS REI VIR ET COGNATI MULIERIS HABERENT SIN CONVICTA ESSET EX ILLORUM SENTENTIA MULTARETUR SI VINUM BIBISSET DOMI UT ADULTERA PUNIRETUR SI VIR EXTRA VENEPICIUM NATORUM VEL ADULTERIUM MULIEREM REPUDIASSET RERUM EJUS PARS UXORI DARETUR PARS AUTEM CERERI CEDERET If a Wife was found faulty her Husband punished her according to his pleasure If she had Poysoned her Children or committed Adultery the Husband and her Kindred inquired into the fact and if she was found guilty they inflicted what Punishments they pleased upon her If she drunk Wine she was punished like an Adulteress If the Husband put away his Wife for any other cause besides Poysoning or Adultery part of his Wealth was given to the Wife and part to Ceres The Roman Matrons were forbidden to drink Wine and their Husbands had power to kill them when they had drunk any as Pliny assures l. 14. c. 13. Non licebat vinum Romanis feminis bibere Invenemus inter exempla Egnatii Mecennii uxorem quod vinum bibisset edolio interfectam fuisse a marito eumque caedis a Romulo absolutum Cato ideo propinquos feminis osculum dare instituit ut scirent antemetum olerent hoc tum nomen vina erat Wherefore Cato ordered that married Women should kiss their Relations to know if they smelt of Wine XVI UT OMNES PARRICIDAE CAPITE PLECTERENTUR That all Parricides should be punished with Death The following Laws were made by Numa the second King of the Romans PISCES quei squamosei non sunt nei polluceto squamosos omnes praeter Scarum polluceto Do not offer in sacrifice to the Gods Fishes without scales but only those which are scaly except the Scarum SARPTA vinea nei siet ex ea vinum Diis libarier nefas estod 'T is not lawful to offer to the Gods Wine of the growth of a Vine that was never pruned Festus explaining the word Sarpta says Sarpta vinea putata i. e. pura facta Sarpere enim Antiqui pro purgare ponebant For the Gods accepted of no Sacrifices but those that were pure The Ancients offered pure Wine to the Gods uttering these words Mactus hoc vino inferio esto We will speak of it under the words Sacrificium and Libatio QUOJUS auspicio clase procincta operma spolia capiuntur Joves Feretrio bovem caedito quei cepit aeris trecentum darier oporteto secunda spolia endo Martis asam endo campo suove tauriliad utra volet caedito quei cepit aeris ducentum darier oporteto quotos auspicio capta Diis piacolom dato Plutarch assures us that he had read in the Annals of the Pontiffs that Numa had spoken of the spoils called Opima that one General had taken from another and ordered that the first should be consecrated to Jupiter Feretrius the second to Mars and the third to Quirlnus Quojus instead of Cujus an ancient word Clase procincta this word signifies an Army drawn into a line of battel according to Festus wherefore the Ancients called an Army Classis clupcata opeima spolia instead of opima spolia Spoils that the General of an Army took from another as Festus says and they are called opima as he tells us because such Spoils are but seldom got and this happen'd but three times to the Roman Empire once Romulus took spoils from Acron a second time Gornelius Cossus took them from Tolumnius and a third time Marcus Marcellus got them from Viridomar and consecrated them to Jupiter Feretrius as 't is observed by Livy Quei instead of qui cepit aeris instead of aeris ccc darier instead of dari oporteto instead of oportet Endo Martis asam instead of in Martis aram endo campo instead of in campo suove tauralia instead of sue ove tauro a Sacrifice where a Hog a Sheep and a Bull were offer'd SEI QUIS hemonem leiberom sciens dolo malo mortei duit parricidad estod Sei im imprudens se dolo malod occisit pro kapito occisei nateiis ejus endo conscione arietem subjicito If any body kill willingly and out of malice a Freeman let him be declared a Parricide if he doth it unwillingly let him sacrifice in a full assembly a Ram for the life he had taken away Sei instead of si leiberom
Company of Soldiers among the Romans there was a small Maniple which was a Band or File of Ten Soldiers and the great Maniple which Elian makes to be 256 Men and Vegetius 100 only for the Word Manipulus properly signified an Handful of Herbs or Hay which they tied to the End of a Pole for a Cognizance or Flag before they assumed the Eagles for their Arms hence comes that Saying still continuing amongst us An Handful of Men. MANIPULARES the Soldiers in the Company MANLIUS surnamed Marcus and by Pliny Titus was a great and generous Captain who performed many famous Exploits and amongst other things saved the Capitol when it was besieged by the Gauls whereby he obtained the Surname of Capitolinus he was accused of Aspiring after a Tyrannick Power was convicted and condemned to be thrown down Head-long over the same Rock which he had prevented the Gauls from surprizing His House was pulled down and all of his Name were for the future enjoined not to use the Praenomen of Marcus MANLIUS surnamed Torquatus because he had killed a Gaul of prodigious Stature and took from him a Chain in Latin called Torques from whence he afterwards took the Surname of Torquatus which made a Distinction between his Descendants and the other Manlii He gave an Example of inflexible Severity in the Person of his own Son whom he put to Death because he had fought against his Orders and killed a Gaulish Captain that insulted the Romans from whence hath proceeded this Proverb to denote a severe Command Manliana Imperia MANLIUS named Lucius was a famous Painter who made answer to Semilius that wondered to see so good a Painter have such hard-favoured Children In luce pingo in tenebris singo MANUBIAE the Spoils of the Enemy or the Money made of the Booty taken from the Enemy MARATHON a City in the Territory of Athens and distant from it about Ten Miles It s a Place very famous not only for the Death of King Icarus and the Overthrow of the Marathonian Bull by Theseus but more particularly upon account of the famous Victory won by Miltiades the Athenian General over 600000 Persians commanded by Darius MARCELLUS M. CLAUDIUS after several gallant Actions performed by him in the Wars against Hannibal was killed valiantly fighting the Romans called him their Sword MARCUS ANTONIUS Mark Anthony had a long and full Face and a double Chin which was a Sign of his being a Lover of Pleasure and good Cheer He had an Eagle's Nose which denoted Courage but the Love he bore unto the fair Cleopatra Queen of Egypt sullied his Glory and was the Cause of his Ruine MARCUS AURELIUS See Aurelius MARIUS CAIUS He brought the War against Jugurtha to an happy Period and triumph'd He brought into the publick Treasury 3007 Pound Weight in Gold and 5775 of Silver in Ingots without reckoning the vast Quantity of Gold and Silver Coyn he also got them He afterwards defeated the Teutones who in one Battle lost 100000 Men slain and taken Prisoners Marius who could not be satiated with Wars nor Triumphs sollicited for a Commission to make War upon Mithridates and obtained it but Sylla who was Consul and concerned at this Commission could not bear the Affront He came to Rome with an Army and obliged the Senate to declare Marius and his Adherents Enemies to the People of Rome He withdrew into Africa and after having escaped a Thousand Dangers shut himself up in Preneste which he defended as well as he could But seeing no hopes of Relief and no way of Escape he killed himself for fear he should fall into Sylla's Hands MARS the God Mars which the Poets feign to have been born of Juno without Copulation with any Man but by the Smell of a single Flower which the Goddess Flora had shewed her as Ovid informs us They make him to be the God of War and of Armies and represented him armed with Rage and Fury and with flaming Eyes as well on Horse-back as in a Chariot drawn by Two Horses named Terror and Fear and drove by his Sister Bellona Terrorque Pavorque Martis Equi Val. Max. L. 3. de Ar◠There are some who make him to be accompanied with Terror Fear and Fame He was very familiar with Venus Vuscan's Wife who surprized them in the Act as Lucian says in his Dialogue of Apollo and Mercury Apoll. Mercury What do you laugh at Mer. Why should not I laugh Apollo at so pleasant an Adventure Apoll. Tell me that I may laugh in my turn Mer. Mars has been caught lying with Venus Apoll. How was that Give me a Relation of the Adventure Mer. Vulcan has been long jealous of their Familiarity and watched his opportunity to surprize them for which End he placed Nets round his Bed but so as not to be seen then went to his Forge The Gallant laying hold of the Opportunity of the Husband's absence went to lie with his Mistress but the Light discovered them and informed Vulcan how it went insomuch that he took them both in the Fact and folded them in his Nets What gave occasion to this Fable of Mars and Venus committing Adultery together and the Manner how they were discovered was taken from the Art of Astrology where these two Planets are made to be frequently in Conjunction The Ancients represented the Picture of Mars upon their Medals compleatly armed holding a Javelin in his Hand called Quiris by the Sabines from whence he has obtained the Name of Quirinus pater Augustus Caesar built him a Temple at Rome of a round Form which he consecrated under the Name of Mars the Avenger because he had been Assistant to revenge the Death of Julius Caesar Templa feres me victore vocaberis Vltor Voverat fuso letus ab hoste redit Ovid. It s probable the Mars of the Assyrians was the most ancient of any for Diodorum Siculus testifies they gave unto him the Name of Mars who invented the Use of Arms and first began a War Qui fabulas ad historiam referunt bi Martem aiunt primum fuisse qui universam fabricarit armaturam ac milites armis instruxerit c. But he who gave a Beginning to Arms and War according to the Scriptures was Nimrod the same as Belus of the Heathens or his Son Ninus of whose being so Justine bears a Testimony As the Empire of the Assyrians was the first of all the rest and that Empire has been no otherwise set up than by Force of Arms it s not to be doubted but the first Kings of Babylon or Assyria were deified by the Name of Mars in those ancient Times wherein Kings were so honoured after their Deaths Cedrenus also informs us that Mars and Belus were the same God of the Assyrians and so the Greek Name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is not only derived from the Hebrew Word Arits which signifies fortis terribilis but the same is also common in the Persian Tongue This is a Summary
of them that they never took an occasion to name them and to make any Diversion with them upon the Stage It would have been a Wonder that Pliny should make no manner of mention of them in his Chapter concerning the Inventors of Things Indeed there are some modern Authors who cite certain Fragments out of Plautus such as Faber ocularius and Oculariarius of Tomb-stones and the Figure graven upon a Marble at Sulmo But Dati in a â—issertation of his has shewed us the Weakness of all these Arguments M. Spon in the 16 Dissertation Of his Searches after Antiquity says That Spectacles were invented in the Time of Alexander Spina a Dominican of the Convent of Pisa in the Year 1313. ODEUM M. Perrault upon Vitruvtus says I have been forced to retain the Greek Word for it could not have been rendred into French no more can it into English but by a Periphrasis which also would have been very difficult forasmuch as neither Interpreters nor Grammarians do agree about the Use of this Edifice Suidas who holds that this Place was appointed to rehearse the Musick that was to be performed on the great Theater grounds his Opinion upon the Etymology of the Word which is taken from Ode that in Greek signifies Song The Scholiast on Aristophanes is of another Opinion and thinks that the Odeum was a Place erected wherein to repeat Plutarch in the Life of Pericles says It was built for those Persons who heard the Musicians when they disputed for the Prize but the Description he gives thereof le ts us understand that the Odeum was built Theater-wise for he says it had Seats and Pillars all round it and was made with a sharp Top with Masts and Sail-yards taken from the Persians Cratinus the Comick Poet upon this Occasion says by way of Raillery that Pericles had ordered the Form of the Odeum of Athens according to the Shape of his own Head which was sharp insomuch that the Poets of his Time when they were minded to ridicule him in their Plays intended him under the Name of Jupiter Scinos Cephalos that is one who hath a sharp Head like a Tooth-picker which the Ancients made of a Shrub called Scinos which is the Mastick OEDIPUS the Son of Laius and Jocasta Laius King of Thehes having married Jocasta the Daughter of Creon understood by the Oracle that they should have a Son born of that Marriage who should kill him which made him command Jocasta to strangle all the Children she should bear Oedipus being born his Mother gave him to a Soldier to kill him in pursuance to the King's Command but he contented himself to make Holes in his Feet and to run an Ozier Twig thro' them wherewith he hung him to a Tree upon Mount Cithaeron Phorbas one of Polybius his Shepherds who was King of Corinth finding the Infant hanging in that manner and taking pitty of him he made a Present of him to the Queen who brought him up as her own Child they gave him the Name of Oedipus because of the Swelling that remained in his Feet which had been pierced through When he grew up he went to consult the Oracle in order to know who was his Father answer was made That he should find him in Phocis upon which he went thither and meeting with him in a popular Tumult he killed his Father Laius and did not know him as he endeavoured to appease them Juno being an Enemy to the Thebans sent the Monster Sphinx near unto Thebes that had the Face and Speech of a Virgin the Body of a Dog the Tail of a Dragon and the Claws of a Lion with the Wings of a Pird she proposed some Enigmatical Questions or Riddies to all Passengers and if they could not resolve the same she presently devoured them insomuch that no Body durst come near the City Hereupon they had Recourse to the Oracle who answered they could not be freed from this Monster unless this Riddle were explained viz. What Animal it was that in the Morning went upon Four Feet at Noon upon Two and at Night upon Three Creon who had possest himself of the Kingdom after the Death of Laius caused it to be published throughout all Greece that he would quit his Kingdom and give Joeasta Laius his Widow for a Wife to any one that should explain the Riddle Oedipus did it and explained it thus saying That it was a Man who in his Infancy crawled upon all Fours like a Beast leaning upon his Hands and Feet that at Years of Maturity he went only upon his Two Feet and at last being broken with Age leaned upon a Stick as he walked The Monster seeing her self overcome and transported with Rage went and knock'd her own Brains out against a Rock Oedipus as his Reward had the Kingdom given him and ignorantly married his own Mother Jocasta In the mean time the Gods sent a terrible Plague upon Athens to revenge the Death of Laius which according to the Oracle whom they consulted for that Purpose was not to cease but with the banishment of him who had killed him Upon this they had Recourse to the Art of Negro-mancy for the Discovering of him and it was found to be Oedipus who then coming to know his Crimes put out both his Eyes and condemned himself to perpetual Banishment He withdrew when he was very old to Athens to die there according to the Order of the Oracle near the Temple of the terrible Goddesses in a Place named Equestris Colonus where Neptune surnamed Equestris was worshipped OENOMAUS King of Elis who had a very beautiful Daughter called Hippodamia when he understood by the Oracle that his Son-in-Law should be the Cause of his Death he would not give his Daughter in Marriage to any one but he who should outdo him in a Race or else lose his Life Pelops who was in Love with Hippodamia accepted of the Offer and having bribed Myrtilus Oenomaus his Charioteer he caused the Chariot to break in the middle of the Race and threw down Oenomaus who was killed with his Fall so that by this means he got the Kingdom and married Hippodamia OENONE a Nymph of Mount Ida who fell in Love with handsome Paris and foretold him the Misfortunes he should one Day bring upon his Country by stealing away Helen Dictys Cretensis says when she saw the Body of Paris which was brought to her to be buried she died of Grief OENOTRIA that Part of Italy which lies towards Sicily and called so from the Plenty of Wines it produceth Some Authors say it took its Name from Oenotrius the Arcadian as Pausanias but Varro will have it from Oenotrius King of the Sabines This Name was afterwards given to all Italy OETA a Mountain which divides Thessaly from Macedonia and is famous for the Death of Hercules who from it was called Oetaeus this Mountain abounded in Hellebore OGYGES King of the Thebans and the Founder of the City of Ihebes about 1500 Years before the
he would for his Reward and he should have it upon which he prayed them that he might be able to have a Child without being married the said Gods presently causing the Ox his Hide which he had killed to be brought to them they pissed upon it and bid him bury it in the Ground and not trouble himself about it till Ten Months end when the Time was expired he found a Child there which he called Orion Hesiod makes Neptune to be his Father and Euryale the Daughter of Minos his Mother He tells us he had obtained a Power of Neptune to walk as lightly upon the Water as Iphicâ—â—s did over the Heads of Ears of Corn Being gone one Day from Thebes to Chio he ravished Merâ—â—s Enopian's Daughter who struck him blind and drove him from the Island from whence he went to Lemnos to Vulcan who brought him to the Sun that cured him of this Blindness As he went afterwards to ravish Diana she caused him to be stung by a Scorpion whereof as Palephatus says he died Homer in his Odysses L. 5. relates that 't was Diana her self that shot him to Death with her Arrows out of a Jealousie she had that Aurora was in Love with him And this is confirmed by Plutarch in his Fortune of the Romans where he says that Orion was beloved of a Goddess Diana in Compassion made him a Constellation placing him before the Feet of Taurus which consists of 17 Stars in Form like unto a Man armed with a Cutelas It rises on the 9th of March bringing Storms and great Rains with it whence Virgil gave it the Epithet of Orion aquosus it sets June 21. Lucian in Praise of an House speaking of the Sculptures which adorn'd the Appartments says thus of Orion This next is an old Story of Blind Orion which imports that some Body shewed him the Way he ought to follow in order to recover his Eye-sight and the Sun that appear'd cured him of his Blindness and this Vulcan contrived in the Isle of Lesbos ORPHEUS the Son of Oeagrus or according to others of Apollo and the Muse Calliope he was born in Thrace and was both a Poet Philosopher and an excellent Musician Mercury having made him a Present of his Harp on which he play'd so exquisitely that he stoped the Course of Rivers laid Storms drew the the most savage Animals after him and made Trees and Rocks to move Having lost his Wise Eurydice who shunning the Embraces of Aristeus King of Arcadia trod upon a Serpent who stung her to Death he went down to Hell after her where by the Melody of his Musick he obtained Leave of Pluto and Proscrpina for her to return upon Condition he should not look behind him till he got upon Earth but being overcome by an amorous impatience he turned about and lost his Eurydice for ever upon which he conceived so great an Hatred to Women that he endeavoured to inspire others with the same and this provoked the Women of Thrace to that Degree that being one Day with Transports of Fury celebrating their Orgia they fell upon Orpheus tore him to Pieces and threw his Head unto the River Lucian writes concerning it in this manner When the Thracian Women killed Orpheus 't is said his Head which they threw into the River swum a long time upon his Harp uttering mournful Tones in Honour of the said Heroe and that the Harp being touched by the Winds answered the mournful Song and in this Condition they arrived at the Isle of Lesbos where the People erected a Funeral Monument for him in the Place where Bacchus his Temple now stands but they hung up his Harp in Apollo's Temple where the same was kept a long time till the Son of Pittacus having heard say that it play'd of it self and charmed Woods and Rocks had a mind to have it for himself and so bought it for a good Sum of Money of the Sacristan but not thinking he could play safely in the City he went by Night to the Suburbs where as he went about to touch it the same made such a dreadful Noise instead of the Harmony he expected that the Dogs run thither and tore him in Pieces and so was attended with the same Fate herein as Orpheus himself There are some Authors who say that the Menades tore Orpheus in Pieces because he having sung the Genealogy of all the Gods had said nothing of Bacchus and the said God to be revenged on him caused his Priestesses to kill him Others say this Misfortune befel him by the Resentment of Venus to whom Calliope Orpheus his Mother had refused to give Adonis any longer than for 6 Months in the Year and that to revenge the same she made all the Women in Love with Orpheus and that every one of them being minded to enjoy him they had in that manner tore him in Pieces Cicero says that Aristotle thought there never was such an one as Orpheus and that the Poems which were attributed to him were the Works of a Pythagorean Philosopher In the mean time 't is hard to doubt there was such an one after so many Testimonies of the Ancients to the Contrary since Pausanias makes mention of Orpheus his Tomb and of the Hymns he had composed which he says came but little short or the Elegancy and Beauty of those of Homer but that his Wit was attended with more Religion and Piety than the others St. Justin reports that Orpheus Homer Solon Pythagoras and Plato had travelled into Egypt that they got there some Knowledge of the Scriptures and that afterwards they retracted what they had before written concerning the superstitious Worship of their false Deities in Favour of the Religion of the true God Orpheus according to this Father in his Verses spoke very clearly concerning the Unity of God as of him who had been as it were the Father of that extravagant Multiplicity of the Heathen Gods The Fable made him after his Death to be changed into a Swan Lucian informs us also in his Judicial Astrology that he gave the Greeks the first Insight into Astrology tho' but obscurely and under the Vâ—il of divers Mysteries and Ceremonies For the Harp on which he celebrated the Orgia and sung his Hymns and Songs had Seven Strings which represented the Seven Planets for which reason the Greeks after his Death placed the same in the Firmament and called a Constellation by its Name ORUS or HORUS King of Egypt the Son of Osiris the Greeks call him Apollo because perhaps he divided the Year into Four Seasons and the Day into Hours See Horus OSIRIS was a God and King among the Egyptians to whom they gave also divers other Names Diodorus Siculus says that some took him for Serapis others for Bacchus Pluto Ammon Jupiter and Pan. After that Osiris King of Egypt who was the fifth of the Gods that reigned in that Country after I say Osiris was killed by his Brother Typhon it was believed his Soul went
of small Wares His Father brought him up in good Literature which afterwards he taught at Rome but as his Inclinations carried him more unto Arms than unto Letters he quitted his Profession and followed the Military Art wherein he signalized himself in divers Wars which made the Emperor Marcus Aurelius give him the Government of Asia and Syria after whose Death his Successor Commodus banished him from Rome but he recalled him some time after and made him Governour of the City Upon the Death of Commodus Aelius Laetus Captain of the Guard went to Pertinax his Lodging and made him a Tender of the Empire and obliged him to go to the Camp where he was proclaimed Imperator Augustus and the same was joyfully confirmed by the Senate and People At his Accession to the Imperial Throne he went about to reform the Extorsions and Violences practised by the Praetorian Bands over the poor Citizens but this drew their Hatred so far upon him that they adventured to kill him in the Middle of his Palace after he had reigned Three Months By the Medals which we have of his it may be observed that he had a fortunate Countenance a handsom Head large Forehead curled Hair a long and venerable Beard that he was tale burly and pretty big-belly'd as may be known by his Medals and the Paintings of Capitolinus All this seemed to promise him a healthful Constitution a large Capacity with the Respect of the People which his venerable Air must gain him But his Empire was so short that he had not an Opportunity to make his Inclinations known However he shewed much of an intrepid Spirit in the Sedition wherein he lost his Life for when he saw the Mutineers enter into his Palace he went to meet them and unconcernedly spoke to them with much Courage and Gravity insomuch that they were all appeased save one who stirred up the Soldiers anew and brought his Companions to cut off so good a Prince PETRONIUS lived in Nero's Time tho' that Emperor loved this Poet very well yet he was put to Death by his Command as Cornelius Tacitus says PHAEDRA the Daughter of Minos King of Creet who fell in Love with Hippolytus her Son in Law she discovered her Passion to her Nurse that was her Confident who attempted to engage Hippolytus his Consent several times but to no purpose Phaedra out of Shame and Despair hanged her self having first tied to her Cloaths some Letters wherein she charged Hippolytus with a Crime of which she her self only was guilty PHAEDRUS a Latin Poet and the Freed-man of Augustus who turned the Fables of Esop and several other Things into Jambick Verse PHAETON the Son of Sol and the Nymph Clymene or of Cephalus and Aurora Lucian in a Dialogue between Jupiter and Sol explains the Fable to us Jupit. Wretch what have you done to leave your Chariot to be guided by a young Fool who has burnt one Half of the World and froze up the other insomuch that had not I struck him down to the Ground with a Thunder-bolt there had been an End of Mankind Sun I confess Jupiter I was mistaken that I could not manage my Son nor endure the Tears of a Mistress but I did not think so much Mischief would have come of it Jupit. Did not you know the Fury of your Horses and that if they turned never so little out of the Way an universal Ruine followed Sun I know it very well and therefore I put Phaeton into the Chariot my self and gave him all necessary Instructions but the Horses not finding their Conductor with them took head and he became dazzled with the Splendor of the Light and frightned with the Abyss he saw beneath him But he has been sufficiently punished and I also in his Punishment Jupit. In the mean time give Phaeton's Sisters Order to bury him on the Banks of the Eridanus where he fell and as a Recompense I will change them into Poplar-trees from which Amber shall distil as a Symbol of their Tears The same Lucian in his Judicial Astrology seems to refute this Fable saying that Phaeton busied himself in observing the Sun's Course and the various Influences thereof and that he left this Art imperfect by his Death adding that whatever is said of him is not likely at all PHAETUSA Phaeton's Sister and one of the Heliades who according to the Fable was changed into a Poplar PHALANX a great square Battalion formed by the Ancients which was so compact that the Soldiers had their Feet set close to one another with their Shields joined and Pikes turned cross-ways insomuch that it was almost impossible to break them It consisted of 5000 Men. Livy says that this sort of Battalion was invented by the Macedonians from whence came the common Epithet given it of Macedonian Phalanx PHALARIS says Lucian was born of a noble Family in the City of Agrigentum in Sicily after he had been brought up in all the genteel Exercises of his Time and such as were suitable to his Condition he was admitted into the Government as others were where he behaved himself so well that there was never any Complaints made of his Administration But as he understood that his Enemies and such as envyed his Prosperity had laid secret Ambushes for him and sought all manner of Ways how they might make away with him he was constrained for his own Safety to make himself Master of the State and to exercise Justice very rigorously upon those who would have destroyed him One Perillus devised with himself he could not do him more acceptable Service than to invent some new sort of Punishment and as he was an excellent Statuary he made a brazen Bull so very artificially that Phalaris cried out as soon as he saw it that it was a Present fit for Apollo But Perillus taking him up said If you did but know what I made it for you would not talk at that rate Shut up a Criminal within it and put Fire underneath you shall hear the Bull bellow which is the only Thing it wants to imitate Nature to Perfection Upon which Words Phalaris who detested so abominable an Invention caused him himself to be shut up in his Bull to make a Trial thereof and having again taken him out alive that by his Death he might not pollute a Present which he had a mind to consecrate to the Gods he gave it to Apollo and caused this Story to be graven upon it Suidas represents Phalaris to us as a very cruel Prince and will have it that his Subjects shut him up and tormented him to Death in the same Bull wherein he had inclosed and put so many others to Death PHALERUS an ancient Gate of the City of Athens where Altars were erected to the unknown Gods of whom St. Paul speaks Going along said that Apostle and contemplating your Devotions I found an Altar on which was this Inscription To the unknown God I therefore declare him unto you whom you worship
Brother born at the same Time with Latona He is the God of Parnassus and the Muses being thus called by the Greeks from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is the Light of Life He was also the God of Divination some remains whereof are still retained in that upon Twelfth-Night when they are about to chuse King and Queen they cry in some Countries Phoebe Domine Who shall be King PHOENIX a Bird taken by the Moderns to be fabulous and concerning which the Ancients have spoken much they would have it that there is but one of the Kind and that it lives several Ages They say 't is as big as an Eagle with a golden Neck the Wings of a Fire Colour intermix'd with Azure a white Tail interspersed with Carnation Feathers and having a twinkling Star upon its Head She erects her own Funeral-Pile of Wood and Aromatick Gums claps it with her Wings in order to set it on fire and so burns her self From its Ashes arises a Worm and from this Worm another Phoenix In the Consulship of Paulus Fabius and Lucius Vitellius the Phoenix after a long Series of Years appear'd in Egypt and gave ample Occasion to the fine Wits of Greece and Asia to Discourse upon this Wonder I 'll here recount what is receiv'd for Truth but I shall also add such Things as are proper to be known tho' they are not so well attested Those who have described this Bird set her out different from others both in Form and Colour and say she was consecrated to the Sun As for the Length of her Life the most common Opinion is That she lives 500 Years but some have stretched it out even to 14 Ages They add There is never but one of them at a time in the World and that the first appear'd in the Reign of Sesostris the second in that of Amasis and third under Ptolomy one of Alexander's Successors and the third of the Macedonian Race who reigned in Egypt They say also that she came to Heliopolis or the City of the Sun accompanied by a vast Multitude of other Birds who admired the Strangeness of her Feathers There was not 250 Years from Ptolomy to Tiberius and therefore some believe that this same was not the Phoenix of Arabia nor the true one since it had not the Marks attributed to the others for 't is said that the Phoenix when she is grown very old and sees her End draw near builds a Nest in her own Country to which she communicates some secret Principle of Life insomuch that another Phoenix arises therefrom whose first Care is to give unto its Parent the Honours of Burial For which End she makes choice of a great Quantity of Perfumes which she carries by little and little because of their great distance from the Place and then bears away the Deceased's Body and goes to burn it upon the Altar of the Sun This is uncertain and intermixed with Fables but for the rest 't is not doubted but this Bird has been sometime seen in Egypt PHORBAS the Chief of the Phlegyae a cruel Man and a Robber who having seized on an Avenue by which they went over Land to the Temple of Apollo at Delphos forced all Passengers to fight him in order to exercise them said he that they might act their Part the better at the Pythian Games And when he had overcome he put them to a cruel Death by tying them by their Heads to Trees but Apollo to punish this wicked Fellow encountring him knocked him down with his Fist PHORCUS and PHORCYS a Son of Neptune and the Earth according to Hesiod King of Sardinia who having been overcome in a Fight by Sea the Poets said he was a Sea-God and the Father of the Gorgones PHOSPHORUS the Planet of Venus it s a Greek Word which the Latins turned into that of Lucifer the Shepherds Star PHRIXUS the Son of Athamas who to avoid the Anger of Ino his cruel Mother-in-Law that would have killed him fled away with his Sister Helle upon a Ram who had a Golden Fleece and arrived at Colchos where he offered the Ram in Sacrifice to Jupiter or as some will have it to Mars who placed him among the Twelve Signs of the Zodiac As for the Golden Fleece he left it to the King of the Country who hung it up in a Temple consecrated to Mars under the Keeping of a Dragon PICTURA Painting It s not to be doubted but Painting is as ancient as Sculpture but 't is very hard to know the real Time and Place where it first appear'd the Egyptians and the Greeks who make themselves to be the Inventors of the best Arts have not failed to assume the Glory of their being the first Painters also In the mean time as 't is very difficult to see clearly into a Matter that is obscured with the Revolution of so many Years which conceal its Original we ought to be content to know in respect to Painting that after it had had like unto other Things its faint Beginnings it was brought to Perfection among the Greeks and the principal Schools for this illustrious Art were at Sicyone Rhodes and Athens From Greece it was brought into Italy where it was in great Request in the Time of the Republick and under the first Emperors till at last Luxury and Wars having ruined the Roman Empire it lay quite buried as well as other Arts and Sciences and began not to revive in Italy till Cimabue fell to work and retrieved out of the Hands of some Greeks the deplorable Remains of it Some Florentines having seconded him were those who first appear'd and brought it into Reputation however it was a long time before any one came to excel in it Chirlandaio Michael Angelo's Master acquired the greatest Reputation tho' his Manner was very dry and Gothick but Michael Angelo his Scholar coming up in the Reign of Julius the 2d obscured all that went before set up a School at Florence and educated several Pietro Perugino had also Raphaele d'Vrbino for his Scholar who excelled his Master very much and even Michael Angelo himself He erected a School at Rome composed of the most excellent Painters At the same time that in Lombardy was set up and grew famous under Giorgione and Titian whose first Master was Giov Belini There were also other particular Schools in Italy under different Masters as that of Leonardo da Vinci at Milan But the first Three are reckoned the most Famous from whence the rest sprung Besides these there were Painters on this side the Alps who had no Correspondence with those in Italy such as Albert Durer in Germany Holbens in Switzerland Lucas Van Leiden in Holland and many others who painted in France and Flanders after different Manners But Italy and Rome were the principal Places where this Art flourish'd in its greatest Perfection and where excellent Artists were brought up from time to time Raphael's School was succeeded by that of the Carachii which
some let me go through Negligence and others spare me through Stupidity for want of knowing that if they used me not I should be of no Benefit to them and that they will be forced to leave me before they are advantaged by me Jupit. They are sufficiently punished for their Fault without your troubling of me to punish them seeing the one like Tantalus die of Thirst in the midst of the Waters and the other like Phineus see Harpies carrying away their Victuals before they have tasted of it Mercury Let us go why do you halt Are you lame as well as blind Plutus I go always in this manner when I am sent to any Body and there I come very late and many times when there is nothing for me to do but when the Business of my Return is in Agitation I go as fast as the Wind and they are much astonished that they cannot see me more Mercury That is not always true for there are some People who grow rich while they sleep Plutus I do not go then upon my Feet but I am carried and 't is not Jupiter that sends me but Pluto who is also the God of Riches as his Name imports for he on a sudden makes great Riches to pass from one Person to another c ..... Mercury That happens frequently but when you go alone how can you find the Way seeing you are blind Plutus I mistake also sometimes and often take one for another Mercury I believe it but what do you do then Plutus I turn up and down to the Right and Left till I find some Body that seizes me by the Collar and who goes to render you Thanks for his good Fortune or some other God that shall never think of it Mercury Was not Jupiter therefore mistaken when he thought you did enrich Men of Merit Plutus How could he think that one blind as I am could find out a meritorious Person which is so rare a Thing But as the Wicked are very numerous I meet with them sooner than others Mercury Why is it that you run so fast in your Return since you do not know the Way Plutus They said I never saw well but then and that Fate gave me Legs for no other End than to flee away Mercury Tell me farther why it is since you are blind pale meager and lame that you have so many Admirers who die for Love of you and who place their Happiness in the Enjoyment of you Plutus 'T is because Love hinders them to see my Deformity and that they are blinded with the Lustre which does surround me PLUTO Sanchoniathon makes him to be Saturn and Rhea's Son He adds that he was at first called Mouth which in the Phoenician and Hebrew Tongue signified Death that they made a Deity of him after his Death and that the Phoenicians named him sometimes Death and sometimes Pluto as Eusebius says Nec multò post Saturnus alterum ex Rhea filium nomine Mouth vitâ functum consecrat quem Phoenices modò Mortem modò Plutonem nominant Diodorus Siculus seems to give a Reason why they gave the Name of Death to Pluto and that was because he was the first that had instituted Funeral Solemnities for the Dead Plutonem verò funerum sepulturae ac parentationis ritus ostendisse ferunt The Greeks made a Pluto of a King of the Molossi whose Name was Aidoneus or Orcus who was the Person that stole Proserpina and whose Dog named Cerberus devoured Pirithous and had done the same by Theseus if Hercules had not come to his Relief The Greeks called this God Pluto because all manner of Riches are at length swallowed up by the Earth from whence they came Lactantius says that Pluto was not only called Orcus but also Diespiter being as much as to say Dis pater And that they surnamed him Agesilaus because all Laughter is banished out of Hell PODIUM Balisters which were set round about the Temples of the Ancients POESIS Poetry Cicero confesses that Poetry is an heavenly Gift and the Influence of a Divine Spirit that Mankind is satisfied of this Truth and that 't is agreed that the same is no other than a Divine Rapture which transports Man's Spirit and raises him above himself but yet so as that we are not indeed obliged to give the Name of Poetry to such Pieces as are writ in Verse but yet in reality are nothing but Prose for want of this Divine Spirit 'T is the Opinion of Horace in his Satyrs ...... Neque enim concludere versum Dixerim esse satis ...... Ingenium eui sit cui mens divinior atque os Magna sonaturum des nominis hujus honorem Plato will have Poetry to be a Divine Gift and Inspiration and that the Poets were not only Historians and Philosophers but Divines in Ancient Times St. Hierom informs us that several of the Books of Scripture had been writ in Verse and tho' it were no other in it self than Prose the Air the Turn the Fire and Majesty of Poetry that is to be met with there may well allow us to say that it was Poetry 'T is not only the Measures of Feet that make Poetry but lively Expressions bold and surprizing Figures and rich Descriptions Such sort of Poems there were among the Greeks and Romans which are no other than short Prose but had such a great and majestick Air of Poetry as was now mentioned POETAE Poets they were formerly courted by and lived with great Princes as their Divines Philosophers Historians and Privy Counsellers Elian upon the Reputation of Plato declares that Hipparchus Prince of the Athenians sent a Gally to fetch Anacreon to him Hiero of Syracuse got Pindar and Simonides to live with him Elian assures us that Ptolomy Philopator King of Egypt having built a Temple to Homer he set him therein upon a Throne and pictured all the Cities round about him that contended for his Nativity Lastly He says that Galato represented Homer with a Stream running out of his Mouth whither the rest of the Poets came to fetch Water Plutarch informs us that Alexander had always Homer's Iliads at his Bed's Head with his Dagger saying it was instructive to him in the Military Art The Romans had a particular Esteem for the Poets Scipio Africanus had Ennius always with him Cicero speaks of many great Roman Commanders who made use of Poets either to write their History or with their Verses to adorn the Temples and other sacred Monuments which they dedicated to the Glory of the Gods When the Government of the Republick fell into the Hands of the Emperors the famous Latin Poets were much more familiar with them than the Greek Poets had ever been with their Kings And in what Favour Virgil and Horace were with Augustus is well known There were Poets in the Land of Canaan before Moses for Bochart has very well observed that Moses in the Book of Numbers hath inserted a victorious Song of a
Canaanitish Poet after he had gained the Victory over the Moabites and Ammonites There is no doubt but that there were Poets in the East and that there the Spring-head was from whence came all the Greek Poetry The less civilized Nations of the West had also Poets who very often had the Management of their Philosophical and Theological Schools Homer lived above 300 Years before Rome was built and there were no Poets at Rome till 400 Years after the building thereof so that Poetry began not to be cultivated in that City till 700 Years after Homer Plutarch assures us that in the most Ancient Times Men never exprest great and divine Things any otherwise than in Poetry making use even of Verse for their History and Philosophy it self for the Poets for 6 or 700 Years before the Philosophers were the Preservers of all the Religion and Morality of the Heathens St. Augustine himself does not deny to the ancient Greek Poets the Title of Divines and Lactantius is of Opinion that whereas the Poets as being more ancient than the ancientest Historians Orators or Philosophers writ so much Theological Truth it has proceeded from their collecting together the Stories that went abroad in the World which arose from an Intercourse with the Children of Israel and their Prophets POLLUX the Son of Jupiter and Leda and the Brother of Castor and Helen Lucian explains the Story of Castor and Pollux in a Dialogue between Apollo and Mercury Apollo Will not you teach me to know Castor from Pollux for I am continually mistaken because of their Likeness to one another Mercury He who was Yesterday with us was Castor and this is Pollux Apol. How can one distinguish them seeing they are so like Merc. Pollux has his Face disfigured with the Blows he received in Wrestling and especially from Bebrix in the Expedition of the Argonauts the other is a handsome Fac'd Fellow without ever a Scar. Apol. You have obliged me to let me know the Particulars of it for seeing each of them has his half Shell his white Horse Dart and Star I always mistake them but tell me why are not they both at the same time with us Merc. It is because it was decreed concerning Leda's Two Sons that one should be mortal and the other immortal they divided the Good and the Evil between them like good Brothers and so lived and died by turns and their Business is to assist Mariners in a Storm Men swore by Pollux in this manner Aede-Pol that is per aedem Pollucis and the Women by Castor Ecaestor or Mecastor The Romans more particularly profest to give them Honour because of the Assistance they believed to have received from them in the Battle they fought near the Lake of Regillus against the Latins and therefore they erected a very fine Temple for them They performed a great many famous Actions as their delivering their Sister Helen out of the Hands of Theseus who had stole her and clearing the Seas of Pyrates they sacrificed pure white Lambs to them they were translated to Heaven and made one of the Signs of the Zodiac which is represented by Two Boys It s the Third from Aries and in May the Sun enters into it Pollux and Helen were the Children of Jupiter and Leda Caestor was the Son of Leda and her Husband Tindarus it was pretended they proceeded from an Egg because they were nursed in the uppermost Room in the House which they called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Diodorus Siculus relates that the Argonauts being overtaken with a great Storm Orpheus made a Vow to the Samothracian Gods thereupon the Storm ceased and Two Coelestial Fires appear'd upon the Heads of Castor and Pollux who were of the Number of the Argonauts from whence came the Custom of invoking the Samothracian Gods in a Storm and giving those Two Coelestial Fires the Name of Castor and Pollux Lucian in a Dialogue between Apollo and Mercury observes that these Two Brothers were also invoked in Storms because they themselves had used the Seas as being in the Company of the Argonauts Cicero relates a wonderful Piece of Revenge taken upon one Scopas for speaking irreverently of those Two Brothers called Dioscorides also he having been crushed to pieces by the Fall of his Chamber while Simonides who had made their Elogy was called out by Two unknown Persons The Greek and Roman Histories are full of the wonderful Apparitions of these Two Brothers either to gain a Victory or to give News thereof after the obtaining of it But Cicero himself in another place tells us how we are to entertain these Relations He says that Homer himself who lived a little after these Two Brothers affirmed that they were buried at Lacedaemon and consequently that they could not come and acquaint Vatienus of the Gaining of the Victory that they should rather have communicated the News to Cato than to such an insignificant Fellow lastly That we should believe the Souls of such great Men to be Divine and Eternal Spirits but that after their Bodies had been burnt and reduced to Ashes they could neither ride on Horses nor engage in Battle POLYHYMNIA or POLYMNIA One of the Nine Muses who presided over the Hymns and Songs that were play'd upon the Lute and Harp Hesiod attributes the Art of Geometry to her and Plutarch History POLYNICES the Son of Oedipus King of Thebes and Brother of Eteocles Eteocles after the Death of Oedipus deprived his Brother Polynices of the Kingdom of Thebes tho' they had agreed to reign by turns Polynices retired to Argos married there the Daughter of King Aâ—rastus and afterwards marched with a formidable Army against Eteocles to call him to an Account for what he did Jocasta their Mother endeavoured in vain to reconcile them so both sides made themselves ready to give Battle The Prophet Tiresias declared the Thebans would get the Victory if they sacrificed Menoeceus the Son of Creon to Mars Creon denied his Son but Menoeceus offered himself then the Battle began wherein Eteocles and Polynices killed one another and Jocasta finding them to be dead also slew her self POLYPHEMUS one of the Cyclops the Son of Neptune and the Nymph Thoosa according to Homer Lucian gives a Description of him in his Dialogues of Sea-Gods where he introduces Doris and Galatea speaking thus Doris They say Galatea that Polyphemus is in Love with you you have a fine Lover of him Galatea Doris do not jear as mean as you think him to be he is Neptune's Son Dor. What tho' he were Jupiter's Son he is as hairy as a Bear and has but one Eye Galat. Hair is a sign of Strength and his Eye looks very graceful in the middle of his Forehead so that he looks as well as if he had had two Dor. It seems to me as if you were enamoured on him and not he on you Galat. Not in the least but I cannot endure your nor your Companions Jealousie for while he was feeding his Flocks
Place where Prometkeus had been chained and where an Eagle tore his Heart till Hercules having shot the Eagle with his Arrows came and delivered him This was a Story invented by Alexander's Flatterers to transport Caucasus from Pontus to the Eastern Countries that so they might say Alexander had past over Caucasus It may be said that the Fable of Prometheus was transferred from Egypt into Pontus to Mount Caucasus where they also feigned that a River called the Eagle over-flowing the Country Prometheus was put in Chains by his Subjects and at length set at Liberty by Hercules As they will have Prometheus to have been the Person who brought the Worship of the 12 Gods into Greece it 's more probable he was an Egyptian by Descent and that the History or Fable appertaining to him was successively carried into Scythia Pontus and Greece Fulgentius Placiades who wrote Three Books of Mythology at the Time that the Vandals conquered and ravaged Africa says that Prometheus that is Providence formed the Body of a Man of Earth that going up to Heaven with Minerva which is Wisdom he from thence brought Fire to the Earth i. e. the Souls of Men. Prometheus makes a Man and a Vulture rend his Heart because his Mind and Heart were continually engaged in the Contemplation and Love of Wisdom Lastly Prometheus formed Pandora which is the Soul and bears the said Name because of her being enriched with all the Gifts of Heaven Thus it is that Bishop explains the Fable of Prometheus but it is too remote from the History In the Protagoras of Plato we have it related that Prometheus having imploy'd all the Properties of Nature in the Formation of Animals and having nothing more to make but Man he took Knowledge from Minerva Fire from Vulcan and Mercury supplied him with Modesty and Justice Simonides says After God had made Animals and created Man and had nothing more to bestow upon Women he borrowed the Qualities of each Animal for them On some he conferred the Nature of a Swine on others that of the Fox To one he gave the Stupidity of an Ass to another the Inclination of a Martern or a Mare Others he made like unto Monkeys and on those whom he was minded to favour he bestowed the Nature of Bees PRO-PRAETOR a Roman Magistrate who had all the Power of a Praetor conferred upon him and all the Ensigns of Honour belonging to the said Office See Praetor PROSCENIUM was a raised Place on which the Actors play'd like that which we call the Theater or Stage This Proscenium consisted of Two Parts in the Theaters of the Greeks one was the Proscenium particularly so called where the Actors play'd The other was the Logeion where the Singers came to rehearse and the Mimicks acted their Parts The Proscenium and Pulpitum were the same thing in the Theater of the Romans PROSERPINA was sometimes confounded with Diana Diodorus Siculus relates the Story of her being stole away by Pluto as a Thing attested not only by the Poets but also by Historians He alledges it was in Sicily and near the City of Enna that Proserpina was carried away and that Ceres going to search for her lighted her Torches by the Fire of Mount Etna Sachuniathon in the Theology of the Phoenicians informs us that Proserpina was much earlier known in Phoenicia than in Greece or Sicily he makes her to be Saturn's Daughter and says she died a Virgin and very young From hence it 's probable did arise the Fiction of the Greeks that she was stole by Pluto Saturnus liberos procreavit Proserpinam Minervam ac prior quidem virgo diem obiit The History of Proserpina passed from Phoenicia into Greece near 200 Years after Moses his Death if we believe St. Cyril Arch-bishop of Alexandria who says that Aedoneus or Orcus King of the Molossians stole her Centesimo nonagesimo quinto anno post Mosen ferunt fuisse Proserpinam virginem raptam ab Aedoneo id est Orco Rege Molossorum Eusebius also says as much in his Chronicle And so the Fable or History of Proserpina like all the rest of the Fables came from the East to the West from Phoenicia to Greece and from Greece into Sicily Appian of Alexandria speaking of the River Strymon and of those fine Countries in Macedon and Thrace that were watered by it says it was from thence Proserpina was stole as she was gathering Flowers Vbi raptam dicunt Proserpinam dum flores legeret Macrobius says the Ancients called the upper Hemisphear of the Earth by the Name of Venus and the lower Hemisphere by that of Proserpina As they are no more than different Appellations 't is not necessary we should take the Trouble to find out the exact Rules of Genealogy herein Rhea was the Mother of Ceres and Ceres the Mother of Proserpina and yet all the Three are no other than the Earth So the Grandmother Mother and Daughter are nothing but the same Earth The Truths are real and natural the Genealogies are Poetical and Figurative Some consider the Earth in a different manner and will have Rhea to be the whole Globe of the Earth that Ceres is no more than the Surface which is sown and mown and Proserpina no other than the Hemisphere of our Antipodes 'T is the Opinion of Vossius But that Proserpina is the same as the Earth we learn from the very Name thereof for it comes from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and of Persephone they made Proserpina Hesychius says that Persephone comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ferre utilitatem fructum Vossius very ingeniously deduces this Word from the Hebrew Peri that signifies Fructus and saphan tegere because the Earth covers the Seeds sown in it But as Proserpina is taken for the lower Part of the Earth which is buried in Darkness hence it is that they take her also for Hell and the Queen of Hell as Horace does Quam penè furvae Regna Proserpinae Et judicantem vidimus Aeacum L. 2. Od. 13. 'T is upon the same Account that Plutarch also takes her for the Earth and Cicero says that the Name of Pluto i. e. Riches was given her by the Greeks because the Earth is the Treasury of all the Riches of Nature all comes from and returns into it The Romans imitated the Grecians by giving the Name of Dis which signifies Rich to Pluto They offered Dogs and black and barren Victimes in Sacrifice to Proserpina PROTEUS a Sea-God the Son of Oceanus and Tethys who looked after Neptune's Flocks He was an excellent Prophet and those who had a mind to consult him about Future Events must surprize and bind him for he had the Artifice to assume divers Shapes in order to avoid giving an Answer to such as came to consult him Lucian pretends that Proteus was no other than an excellent Dancer who made 1000 different Postures and whose active Body and quick Intellects knew how to counterfeit and
Brother of Attalus under the Conduct of the Consul Licinius Crassus of whom Orosus speaks and in this War Pylaemenes who then reigned assisting the Romans against Aristonicus was dispossest of his Kingdom by Mithridates and Nicomedes Authors do not well agree concerning the Re-establishing of Pylaemenes upon his Throne and the End of the Kingdom of Paphlagonia Paulus and Rufus say the Kingdom was given him after Mithridates had been conquered and expelled and that after his Death it was reduced into a Province Strabo an Author worthy of Credit and that lived near that time relates that Dejotarus a Son of one Castor Philadelphus was the last King of Paphlagonia and it appears by one of Cicero's Orations that this Castor was a Grandson of one Dejotarus whose Cause he pleaded against the unjust Usurpations of Castor who had dispossest his Grandfather Dejotarus of the Tretrarchy of Gatatia Justin seems to differ from all these Authors for he says that Nicomedes and Mithridates setting forth their Pretensions to Capadocia before the Senate and the Senate discerning the Artifice of those Kings who under false Pretences had seized upon Kingdoms that of Right did not belong to them took away Capadocia from Mithridates and Paphlagonia from Nicomedes from whence forwards Paphlagonia had no Kings And this Strabo says also PYRACMON one of Vulcan's Smiths who is always at the Anvil to forge the Iron and this his Name does imply for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek signifies Fire and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 an Anvil PYRAMIS is an heap of Square Stones always rising up in a taper manner like a Flame whence comes the Name for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek signifies Fire There are some Pyramids of a vast height and Pliny speaks of one for the Building of which 32000 Men were imploy'd for Twenty Years He says it took up Eight Acres of Ground This Author informs us that the Kings of Egypt who put themselves to such great Expence did it for no other End than to keep the People from Idleness and thereby to prevent the Insurrections that otherwise might have happened See Obeliscus PYRAMUS a Babylonian who was passionately in Love with Thysbe these Two Lovers having appointed a Meeting under a Mulberry-Tree Thysbe came thither first and was set upon by a Lion from whom she made her Escape but happening to let her Vail drop the Beast tore and bloodied it Pyramus coming and finding the Vail of his Mistress bloody thought she had been devoured and so in despair killed himself Thysbe returning and finding her Lover dead fell also upon the same Sword Ovid. L. 4. Metam describes their Love and says that their Death made the Mulberries change Colour and turn Red from White which Colour they bore before PYRRHICHA a kind of Dance invented by Pyrrhus which was performed with Arms wherewith they struck certain Shields by the Cadency and Sound of Musical Instruments PYTHAGORAS a Philosopher who intermixed some Tables Allegories or Enigmatical Expressions with his Works wherein he imitated Numa Pompilius the Second King of Rome He was indeed both a King and Philosopher and was so very much addicted to the Doctrine which Pythagoras published to the World that many who were gâ—osly ignorant of the Series of Time took him for one of Pythagoras his Disciples but Dionysius of Hallicarnassus has refuted this Error and shewed that Numa lived Four Generations before Pythagoras having reigned in the 16th Olympiad whereas Pythagoras did not teach in Italy till after the â—iftieth In order to let you know the Doctrine and Life of Pythagoras I 'll give you what Lucian says upon this Occasion in his Dialogue of the Sects or Sale Philosophers Jupiter Let these Seats be put in order and clean every â—lace as long as there is an Obligation to make Things ready for the Sects that so they may come and shew themselves Mercury See here are Buyers enough we must not let them cool With whom shall we begin Jupit. With the Italian Sect Let that venerable Old Man with long Hairscome down Merc. Hoâ— Pythagoras come down and walk round about the Place that you may shew your self to the People Jupit. Make Proclamation Merc. Here is a Coelestial and Divine Life who will buy it Who has a mind to be more than a Man Who is he that would know the Harmony of the Universe and rise again after his Death Merchant Here are great Promises indeed and the Person looks with a good Aspect but what does he chiefly know Merc. Arithmetick Astronomy Geometry Musick Magick and the Knowledge of Prodigies you have an accomplish'd Prophet here Merchant May one ask him a Question Merc. Why not Merchant Where were you born Pythagoras At Samos Merchant Where did you study Pythag. In Egypt amongst the Wise Men of that Country Merchant If I become a Chapman what will you teach me Pythag. I 'll teach you nothing but I 'll cause you to call to mind again what you did formerly know Merchant How is that Pythag. By purifying your Soul and cleansing it from all its Dregs Merchant Suppose it be already purified how will you instruct me Pythag. By Silence You shall continue Five Years without speaking Merchant Go and teach Craesus his Son I 'll continue to be a Man and not become a Statue But yet what will you perform after so long Silence Pythag. I 'll teach you Geometry and Musick Merchant It s very pleasant indeed a Man must be a Fidler before he is a Philosopher And what will you teach me after that Pythag. Arithmetick Merchant I understand that already Pythag. How do you reckon Merchant One Two Three Four Pythag. You are mistaken for what you take to be 4 is 10 that is 1 2 3 4 make 10. A perfect Triangle and the Number we swear by Merchant By the Great God Four I never heard any Thing so strange and so divine as this Pythag. After this you shall know that there are Four Elements Earth Water Air and Fire and know also their Form Qualities and Motion Merchant How Have the Air and Fire any Form Pythag. Yes and visible enough for if they had no Form they could not move Then you shall know that God is Number and Harmony Merchant You tell us strange Things Pythag. Again you are another Thing than you appear to be and there are several Men in you Merchant What say you that I am not the same Person that speaks to you Pythag. You are the same now but you have been another formerly and will pass again into other Persons by a perpetual Revolution Merchant I shall then at this rate be immortal But enough of these Things What do you live upon Pythag. I eat nothing that has Life in it but every thing else except Beans Merchant Why will not you eat Beans Pythag. Because they have something that is divine in them 1st They resemble the Privy Parts which you may easily observe if you will take a
to make an Alliance with him and to supply him and his People with Wives Whereas it is supposed he had Recourse to the Sabines or some other People who having refused him he resolved upon the entire Extirpation of them Other Authors will have Romulus to be a Greek by Birth for this his Name implies as Salmasius says who thought the Word Romulus to be a Diminitive of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that in the Eolick Dialect signifies Strength Grorovius is of Opinion that Romulus was neither a Gaul nor Affrican but a Syrian since Josephus and Nicephorus translate the Name by 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Son of Romelia of whom mention is made in Scripture ROSTRA Stages or raised and spacious Theaters which were adorned with the Prows of the Ships that were taken from the Antiatae in the first Sea-fight obtained by the Romans It was the Place from whence Orations were made to the People RUDIS a knotty rough Stick which the Praetor gave the Gladiators as a Mark of their Freedom whence the Latin Phrase Rude donare to make a Gladiator free to discharge him from fighting any more they were also called Rudiarii RUDUSCULANA PORTA an Ancient Gate of Rome built after a rustick clumsie manner or called so because it was adorned with Brass according to Valerius Maximus RUMA or RUMINA this Goddess presided over the Nursing of Children at the Breast there was a little Temple built her at Rome wherein they offered Milk unto her RUTUMENIA an Ancient Gate of Rome so called from a Charioteer of that Name who proving victorious in a Horse-race from Veii to Rome entred through this Gate into the City S. SIs a Consonant and the 18th Letter in the Alphabet it was a Numeral amongst the Ancients which signified Seven It 's called a hissing Letter by reason of its Sound and has met with a different Reception from the Ancients some having been much for rejecting it while others affected the Use of it Pindar calls it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 adulterinam and has avoided the Use of it almost in all his Verses Quintilian says 't is rough and makes an ill Sound in the Conjunction of Words which made it be often totally rejected as dignu ' omnibu ' and the like are to be met with in Plautus and Terence Some of the Latins also chang'd it into a T in Imitation of the Atheneans saying Mertare for mersare pultare for pulsare c. But others on the Contrary affected the Use of it every where as Casinoenae for Camoenae dusmosae for dumosae And Quintilian says that from Cicero's Time and so onward they often doubled it in the Middle of Words as in Caussa Divissiones c. SABAZIA the Feasts of Bacchus see Bacchanalia SABAZIUS Bacchus or according to some the Son of Bacchus See Bacchus SABATHUM the Sabbath the Jeros reckoned their Years by Weeks the Seventh whereof was the Sabbathick Year wherein it was not lawful to till the Ground and their Slaves then were made free They had also their Year of Jubilee or Remission which was every 50th Year or as some will have 49th insomuch that every Jubilee was also a Sabbathick Year but more famous than the other and the Years comprehending these Two Terms i. e. the proceeding and following Jubilee were always comprized within the Number of Fifty and then all Estates and whatever had been alienated returned to the Possession of the first Owner SACERDOS a Heathen-Priest whereof there were different Orders consecrated to the Service of several Deities There was a Society of Priests named Luperci who were engag'd in the Worship of Pan Lycaeus and on his Festival-Day ran stark naked through the City with Thongs in their Hands which were made of the Skin of a Goat that they had sacrificed to their God and with which they lash'd the Women who willingly received the Blows out of a supersticious Belief they had that the same contributed to make them fruitful Hercules his Priests called Potitii and Pinarii were instituted by Hercules they being taken out of those Two Noble Families in Evander's Time because they had assisted Hercules at a Sacrifice which he offered to Jupiter of the best Cow he had in his Herd Fratres Arvales to the Number of 12 were appointed by Romulus to sacrifice to Ceres and Bacchus and to pray to them to make the Earth fruitful Romulus was their Institutor Curiones they were Priests establish'd with Supream Power as to Spiritual Matters in the Curiae to the Number of 30 into which the Three Tribes of the People of Rome were at first divided Numa added Two Priests more in every Parish to assist the Curiones and these he called Sacerdotes publici The Curiones had the Tenths and Parish-Offerings allowed them for their Maintenance and this was called aes Curionum quod dabatur Curioni ob sacerdotium curionatûs says Festus Titii Sodales the Titian Priests to the Number of 25 whom Titus Tatius introduced formerly to Rome in order to retain somewhat of the Sabines Religion as Tacitus says L. 1. Annal. C. 7. However this Author seems to contradict himself when he attributes the Instituting of this Priesthood to Romulus Titii Sodales faces Augustales subdidere quod sacerdotium ut Romulus Tatio Regi ita Caesar Tiberius Juliae genti sacravit It may be said if Tatius instituted this Priesthood Romulus after his Death having made the Sabines and Romans coalesce into one Body ordered these Priests to offer an Yearly Sacrifice in Honour of Tatius King of the Sabines Varro will have these Priests to have been called Titii from some Birds of that Name from which they took Auguries Titiae aves quas in auguriis certis Sodales Titii observare solebant They dwelt without the City of Rome from whence they observed the Augury of the said Birds Flamines Priests consecrated to the Worship of each particular Deity every one of which bore the Name of his God as Flamen Dialis Martialis and Quirinalis the Priests of Jupiter Mars and Romulus See Flamen Salii an Order of Priests instituted by Numa who danced a Sacred Dance in Honour of Mars carrying the Sacred Shields named Ancilia and striking upon them musically This was a very honourable Priesthood at Rome and held by the chiefest Men in the Empire Augustales 25 Priests instituted by the Emperor Tiberius in Honour of Augustus for whom they erected Temples and Altars and instituted Sacrifices The same was also done for other Emperors who came afterwards to be deified thro' Flattery for we find there were such as they called Sodales Flavii Adrianales Aeliani Antonini c. SACRIFICIA Sacrifices they did not anciently sacrifice Animals if we believe Porphyry but the Fruits of the Earth or Perfumes which were altogether bloodless Sacrifices Porphyry in his Books concerning Abstinence treats of this Matter at large he says upon the Relation of Theophrastus that the Egyptians were the first who made an Offering of the
Word from Sara and Apis as Julius Maternus It s not likely it should come from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Apis i. e. Loculus Apis as if it were the Tomb wherein the Ox Opis was embalmed after his Death Wherefore 't is very probable the Word must be derived from Osirapis by cutting off the first Letter For the Learned are almost agreed that Osiris and Apis were but one and the same Deity or else Serapis comes from Sor Apis for Sor signifies an Ox as if they should say Joseph the Father of Egypt which is symbolically signified by an Ox Sor or Sar does also signifie a Prince Sara is the same as Dominari Nothing agrees better with Joseph's Character than to be the Father Nourisher and Ruler of Egypt Tacitus L. 4. Hist says truly enough that Ptolomy the Son of Lagus was he who sent to seek for the Statue of Serapis to Synope a City in Pontus in order to set it up in Alexandria from which Scaliger concludes that Serapis was a Foreign Deity Clemens Alexandrinus repeats what Tacitus says with some Variation of Circumstances but he adds that the Statue which was sent by the People of Synope was placed by Ptolomy upon the Promontory of Racotis where a Temple of Serapis stood before from whence 't is concluded against Vossius that if there was a Temple of Serapis before in the said Place it was not then the first Time that they began to worship him in Egypt Tacitus himself agrees thereunto by giving the same Testimony as Clemens Alexandrinus does that there stood a Temple of Serapis and Isis in the same Place where they built one for the new-brought Statue Adrian in his Return from Alexandria brought to Rome the Worship of Serapis and Isis who were celebrated Deities among the Egyptians to whom doubtless he promised to erect Altars when he arrived at Rome In a Medal we have of his Serapis holds out his Hand to him and promises him his Protection and Isis swears by the Brazen Timbrel that she would accomplish his Desires Macrobius says the Egyptians ever excluded Saturn and Serapis from their Temples because they offered no other to them than bloody Sacrifices to which they had a strange Aversion in all their Religious Worship but that after Alexander's Death their King Ptolomy forced them to receive those Two Deities in Imitation of the People of Alexandria the Egyptians yielded to Necessity but they still retained Marks of their old Aversion since they would not allow of these new Temples and new Worship within the Walls of their City Pausanias says it was King Ptolomy that perswaded the Athenians to erect a Temple to Serapis who had a very magnificent one at Alexandria but the most ancient stood at Memphis into which the Priests themselves never entred unless it were when they buried the Ox Apis. The God Serapis was usually represented by a kind of a Basket upon the Head which Macrobius says signified the Highth of the Sun Suidas and Rufinus call it a Bathel or Corn-measure because it was believed Serapis taught Men the Use of Measures or because he afforded Men Abundance of Fruit by the Help of the Nile whose Overflowings made Egypt fruitful Some are of Opinion that the Bushel was attributed to this God in Commemoration of Joseph who saved Egypt from Famine by the Stores of Corn he took care to lay up during the Seven Years Plenty as the holy Scriptures inform us SERPENS a Serpent an Animal worshipped by the Heathens they kept Serpents in Baskets made of Bullrushes or Ozier Twigs which they consecrated to Bacchus Ceres and Proserpina Epiphanius in his first Book contra Haereses speaks of a sort of Hereticks called Ophitae who in their Temples kept a Serpent in a Chest worshipped and kissed it and fed it with Bread The Egyptians kept one of them in their Temples and especially in those of Serapis and Isis Aesculapius the God of Physick was worshipped under the Form of a great Serpent and Justin Martyr who had been a Pagan upbraiding them with their Superstitions says You represent next unto those whom you account Gods a Serpent as a Thing that is very mysterious Clemens Alexandrinus in the Celebration of the Bacchanalia says that those who assisted thereat placed Serpents round their Bodies and besmeared their Faces with the Blood of the He-goats which were sacrificed to that unclean Deity SERVUS a Slave one that is brought under his Master's Power whether by Birth or War The Riches of the Romans conusted in Slaves There were Three Ways of having Slaves either when they bought them with the Booty taken from the Enemy distinct from the Share reserved for the Publick or of those who took them Prisoners in War whom they properly called Mancipia quasi manu capta taken with ones own Hand or of Merchants who dealt in them and sold them in Fairs and Markets They used Three sorts of Ceremonies in the Sale of them for they sold them either sub hastâ sub coronâ or sub Plleo Sub hastâ to the highest and last Bidder by sticking a Spear in the Earth sub coronâ when they put a Garland or Crown of Howers upon their Heads like a Nosegay upon the Ear sub Pileo when they put a Cap on their Heads that Notice might be taken of them and the Sellers not be obliged to warrant them They wore a Writing about their Necks wherein their good and bad Qualities were contain'd also their State of Health or Infirmities their Usefulness and Faults according to Aulus Gellius Titulus servorum singulorum ut scriptus siet curato ita ut intelligi recté possit quid morbi vitiique cuique siet Those who were taken in War and sold wore Crowns upon their Heads and thence comes the Phrase sub coronis venere Those Slaves which were brought from beyond Sea to be sold had their Feet rubbed with Chalk and so they called them Cretati The Slaves were so entirely subjected to their Masters that they had Power of Life and Death over them might kill them and make them suffer all imaginable Torments In the mean time Suetonius gives us an Account of the Edicts of some Emperors which lessened this Power in Masters over their Slaves as that of Claudius who ordered that in case Slaves falling sick came to be forsaken by their Masters in the Isle of Esculapius they were declared free if they recovered and that of the Emperor Adrian which prohibited Masters to kill their Slaves any more Slaves were made free and obtained their Liberty divers ways Their Masters many times granted them Freedom and many affranchised them when they had affectionately and faithfully served them as Simon does in Terence Feci è servo ut esses libertus mihi Propterea quòd serviebas liberaliter They sometimes purchased their Liberty with the Money they saved or got by their Labour for they had a Peculium apart and this is also justified by