the Jews following him for the Loaves to tell them of this Spiritual bread and flesh of his body which was more necessary for them to feed upon It will not therefore follow that their following him for the Loaves had any necessary relation thereunto So also Christ here being at supper with his Disciples takes occasion from the bread and wine which was before them to signifie unto them that as that bread which he brake unto them and that wine which he blessed and gave unto them did contribute to the preserving and nourishing of their bodies so was he also to give his body and shed his blood for the Salvation of their Souls and therefore the very end proposed in this ceremony to those that observe it is to be a memorial of his Death But if it be said that the Apostle 1 Cor. 10.16 calls the bread which he brake the communion of the body of Christ and the cup the communion of his blood I do most willingly subscribe unto it but do deny that this is understood of the outward bread neither can it be evinced but the contrary is manifest from the context for the Apostle in this chapter speaks not one word of that ceremony for having in the beginning of it shewn them how the Jews of old were made partakers of the Spiritual food and water which was Christ and how several of them thro' disobedience and idolatry fell from that good condition he exhorts them by the example of those Jews whom God destroyed of old to flee those evils shewing them that they to wit the Corinthians are likewise partakers of the body and blood of Christ of which communion they would rob themselves if they did evil because they could not drink of the cup of the Lord and the cup of devils and partake of the Lords table and of the Table of devils ver 21. which shews that he understands not here the using of outward bread and wine because those that do drink the cup of devils and eat of the table of devils yea the wickedest of men may partake of the outward bread and outward wine For there the Apostle calls the bread one ver 17. and he saith we being many are one bread and one body for we are all partakers of that one bread Now if the bread be one it cannot be the outward or the inward would be excluded whereas it cannot be denyed but that it 's the partaking of the inward bread and not the outward that makes the Saints truly one body and one bread And whereas they say that the one bread here comprehendeth both the outward and inward by vertue of the Sacramental union that indeed is to affirm but not to prove As for that figment of a Sacramental union I find not such a thing in all the Scripture especially in the New Testament nor is there any thing can give a rise for such a thing in this chapter where the Apostle as is above observed is not at all treating of that ceremony but only from the excellency of that priviledg which the Corinthians had as believing Christians to partake of the flesh and blood of Christ dehorts them from Idolatry and partaking of the Sacrifices offered to Idols so as thereby to offend or hurt their weak brethren But that which they most of all cry out in this matter Obj. and are alwaies noising as from 1 Cor. 11. where the Apostle is particularly treating of this matter and therefore from some words here they have the greatest appearance of Truth for their assertion as ver 27. where he calls the Cup the cup of the Lord and saith that they who eat of it and drink unworthily are guilty of the body and blood of the Lord and ver 26. eat and drink their own damnation intimating thence that this hath an immediate or necessary relation to the body flesh and blood of Christ. Though this at first view may catch the unwary Reader Answ. yet being well considered it doth no ways evince the matter in controversie As for the Corinthians being in the use of this ceremony why they were so and how that obliges not Christians now to the same shall be spoken of hereafter it suffices at this time to consider that they were in the use of it Secondly that in the use of it they were guilty of and committed divers abuses Thirdly that the Apostle here is giving them directions how they may do it aright in shewing them the right and proper use and end of it These things being premised let it be observed that the very express and particular use of it according to the Apostle is to shew forth the Lord's death c. But to shew forth the Lord's death and partake of the flesh and blood of Christ are different things He saith not as often as ye eat this bread and drink this cup ye partake of the body and blood of Christ but ye shew forth the Lord's death So I acknowledg that this ceremony by those that practise it hath an immediate relation to the outward body and death of Christ upon the Cross as being properly a memorial of it but it doth not thence follow that it hath any inward or immediate relation to believers communicating or partaking of the Spiritual body and blood of Christ or that Spiritual Supper spoken of Rev. 3.20 for though in a general way as every religious action in some respect hath a common relation to the Spiritual Communion of the Saints with God so we shall not deny but this hath a relation as others Now for his calling the cup the cup of the Lord and saying they are guilty of the body and blood of Christ and eat their own damnation in not discerning the Lord's body c. I answer that this infers no more necessary relation than any other religious act and amounts to no more than this that since the Corinthians were in the use of this ceremony and so performed it as a religious act they ought to do it worthily else they should bring condemnation upon themselves Now this will not more infer the thing so practised by them to be a necessary religious act obligatory upon others than when Rom. 14.6 the Apostle saith He that regardeth the day regardeth it unto the Lord it can be thence inferred that the days that some esteemed and observed did lay an obligation upon others to do the same but yet as as he that esteemed a day and placed Conscience in keeping it was to regard it to the Lord and so it was to him in so far as he dedicated it unto the Lord the Lord's day he was to do it worthily and if he did it unworthily he would be guilty of the Lord's day and so keep it to his own damnation so also such as observe this ceremony of bread and wine it is to them the bread of the Lord and the cup of the Lord because they use it as a religious act and forasmuch as their
the morrow and continued his speech until Mid-night Here is no mention made of any Sacramental eating but only that Paul took occasion from their being togetther to preach unto them And it seems it was a Supper they intended not a morning bit of bread and sup of wine else it 's not very probable that Paul would from the morning have preached until Mid-night But the 11 verse puts the matter out of dispute which is thus When he therefore was come up again and had broken bread and eaten and talked along while even till break of day so he departed This shews that the breaking of bread was differed till that time for those words and when he had broken bread and eaten do shew that it had a relation to the breaking of bread afore-mentioned and that that was the time he did it Secondly these words joyned together and when he had broken bread and eaten and talked shew it was no religious act of worship but only an eating for bodily refreshment for which the Christians used to meet together some time and doing it in God's fear and singleness of heart doth notwithstanding difference it from the eating or feasting of profane persons and this by some is called a Love-feast or a being together not meerly to feed their Bellies or for outward ends but to take thence occasion to eat and drink together in the dread ond presence of the Lord as his People which custom we shall not condemn but let it be observed that in all the Acts there is no other nor further mention of this matter But if that Ceremony had been some solemn Sacrifice as some will have it or such a special Sacrament as others plead it to be it is strange that that History that in many lesser things gives a particular account of the Christians behaviour should have been so silent in the matter Only we find that they used sometimes to meet together to break Bread and eat Now as the primitive Christians began by degrees to depart from that primitive purity and simplicity so also to accumulate superstitious traditions and vitiat the innocent practices of their predecessors by the intermixing either of Jewish or Heathenish Rites so also in the use of this very early abuses began to creep in among Christians so that it was needful for the Apostle Paul to reform them and reprove them therefore as he doth at large 1 Cor. 11. from ver 17. to the end which place we shall particularly examine because our adversaries lay the chief stress of their matter upon it and we shall see whether it will infer any more than we have above granted First because they were apt to use that practice in a superstitious mind beyond the true use of it as to make of it some mystical supper of the Lord he tells them ver 20. that their coming together into one place is not to eat the Lord's Supper he saith not this is not the right manner to eat because the Supper of the Lord is Spiritual and a mystery Secondly he blames them in that they come together for the worse and not for the better the reason he gives of this is ver 21. For in eating every one hath taken before his own supper and one is hungry and another is drunken Here it is plain that the Apostle condemns them for that because this custom of supping in general was used among Christians for to increase their love and as a memorial of Christ's supping with the Disciples that they should have so vitiated it to eat it a part and to come full who had abundance and hungry who had little at home Whereby the very use and end of this practice is lost and perverted and therefore he blames them that they do not either eat this in common at home or reserve their eating till they come all together to the publick assembly this appears plainly by the following verse 22. have ye not houses to eat and drink in or despise ye the Church of God and shame them that have not Where he blames them for their irregular practice herein in that they despised to eat orderly or reserve their eating to the publick assembly and so shaming such as not having houses nor fulness at home came to partake of the common Table who being hungry thereby were ashamed when they observed others come thitherfull and drunken Those that without prejudice will look to the place will see this must have been the case among the Corinthians for supposing the use of this to have been then as now used either by Papists Lutherans or Calvinists it is hard making sense of the Apostles's words or indeed to conceive what was the abuse the Corinthians committed in this thing Having thus observed what the Apostle said above because this custom of eating and drinking together some time had its rise from Christ's Act with the Apostles the night he was betrayed therefore the Apostle proceeded ver 23. to give them an account of that For I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered unto you that the Lord Jesus the same night in which he was betrayed took bread c. Those that understand the difference betwixt a narration of a thing and a command cannot but see if they will that there is no command in this place but only an account of matter of fact he saith not I received of the Lord that as he took Bread so I shall command it to you to do also there is nothing like this in this place yea on the contrary ver 25. where he repeats Christ's imperative words to his Apostles he placeth them so as they import to command this do ye as oft as ye drink it in remembrance of me And then he adds For as often as ye eat this Bread and drink this Cup ye do shew the Lord's death till he come But these words as often imports no more a command than to say as often as thou goest to Rome see the Capitol will infer a command to me to go thither But whereas they urge the last words Obj. ye shew forth the Lord's death till he come insinuating that this imports a necessary continuance of that ceremony until Christ come at the end of the world to judgment I answer they take two of the chief parts of the controversie here for granted without proof First that as often imports a command the contrary whereof is shewn neither will they ever be able to prove it Secondly that this coming is understood of Christ's last outward coming and not of his inward and spiritual that remains to be proved whereas the Apostle might well understand it of his inward coming and appearance which perhaps some of those carnal Corinthians that used to come drunken together had not yet known and others being weak among them and inclinable to dote upon outwards this might have been indulged to them for a season and even used by those who knew Christ's appearance
carnal ordinances no wonder if by their carnal apprehensions they run into heaps and confusion But because it hath been generally supposed that the communion of the body and blood of Christ had some special relation to the ceremony of breaking bread I first refute that opinion and then proceed to consider the nature and use of that ceremony and whether it be now necessary to continue answering the reasons and objections of such as plead its continuance as a necessary and standing ordinance of Jesus Christ. § V. First it must be understood that I speak of a necessary and peculiar relation otherwise than in a general respect for forasmuch as our communion with Christ is and ought to be our greatest and chiefest work we ought to do all other things with a respect to God and our fellowship with him but a special and necessary respect or relation is such as where the two things are so tied and united together either of their own nature or by the command of God that the one cannot be enjoyed or at lest is not except very extraordinarily without the other Thus Salvation hath a necessary respect to Holyness because without Holyness no man shall see God And the eating of the flesh and blood of Christ hath a necessary respect to our having life because if we eat not his flesh and drink not his blood we cannot have life our feeling of God's presence hath a necessary respect to our being found meeting in his name by Divine Precept because he has promised where two or three are met together in his Name he will be in the midst of them in like manner our receiving benefits and blessings from God has a necessary respect to our Praying because if we ask he hath promised we shall receive Now the communion or participation of the flesh and blood of Christ hath no such necessary relation to the breaking of bread and drinking of Wine For if it had any such necessary relation it would either be from the Nature of the thing or from some Divine Precept But we shall shew it is from neither Therefore c. First it is not from the nature of it because to partake of the flesh and blood of Christ is a Spiritual exercise and all confess that it is by the Soul and Spirit that we become real partakers of it as it is the Soul and not the Body that is nourished by it but to eat Bread and drink Wine is a natural act which in it self adds nothing to the Soul neither has any thing that is Spiritual in it because the most carnal man that is can as fully as perfectly and as wholly eat Bread and drink Wine as the most Spiritual Secondly their relation is not by nature else they would infer one another but all acknowledg that many eat of the bread and drink of the wine even that which they say is consecrate and transubstantiate into the very body of Christ who notwithstanding have not life eternal have not Christ dwelling them nor do live by him as all do who truly partake of the flesh and blood of Christ without the use of this ceremony as all the Patriarchs and Prophets did before this ordinance as they account it was instituted neither was there any thing under the Law that had any direct or necessary relation hereunto though to partake of the flesh and blood of Christ in all ages was indispensibly necessary to Salvation For as for the Paschal Lamb the whole end of it is signified particularly Exod. 13.8 9. to wit that the Jews might thereby be kept in remembrance of their deliverance out of Egypt Secondly it has no relation by Divine Precept for if it had it would be mentioned in that which our Adversaries account the institution of it or else in the practise of it by the Saints recorded in Scripture but so it is not For as to the institution or rather narration of Christ's practice in this matter we have it recorded by the Evangelist Matthew Mark and Luke In the first two there is only an account of the matter of fact to wit that Christ brake bread and gave it his Disciples to eat saying this is my Body and blessing the cup he gave it them to drink saying this is my blood but nothing of any desire to them to do it In the last after the bread but before the blessing or giving them the wine he bids them do it in remembrance of him what we are to think of this practice of Christ shall be spoken ofhereafter But what necessary relation hath all this to the believers partaking of the flesh and blood of Christ The end of this for which they were to do it if at all is to remember Christ which the Apostle yet more particularly expresses 1 Cor. 11.26 to shew forth the Lord's death But to remember the Lord or declare his death which are the special and particular ends annexed to the use of this ceremony is not at all to partake of the flesh and blood of Christ neither have they any more necessary relation to it than any other two different Spiritual duties For though they that partake of the flesh and blood of Christ cannot but remember him yet the Lord and his death may be remembred as none can deny where his flesh and blood is not truly partaken of So that since the very particular and express end of this ceremony may be witnessed to wit the remembrance of the Lord's Death and yet the flesh and blood of Christ not partaken of it cannot have had any necessary relation to it else the partaking thereof would have been the end of it and could not have been attained without this participation But on the contrary we may well infer hence that since the positive end of this ceremony is not the partaking of the flesh and blood of Christ and that whoever partakes of the flesh and blood of Christ cannot but remember him that therefore such need not this ceremony to put them in remembrance of him But if it be said that Jesus Christ calls the bread here his body and the wine his blood Obj. therefore he seems to have had a special relation to his Disciples partaking of his flesh and blood in the use of this thing I answer his calling the bread his body and the wine his blood Answ. would yet infer no such thing though it is not denyed but that Jesus Christ in all things he did yea and from the use of all natural things took occasion to raise the minds of his Disciples and hearers to Spirituals Hence from the Woman of Samaria her drawing water he took occasion to tell her of that living Water which whoso drinketh of shall never thirst which indeed is all one with his blood here spoken of Yet it will not follow that that Well or Water had any necessary relation to the Living Water or the Living Water to it c. So Christ takes occasion from
end therein is to shew forth the Lord's death and remember his body that was crucified for them and his blood that was shed for them If notwithstanding they believe it is their duty to do it and make it a matter of Conscience to forbear if they do it without that due preparation and examination which every religious act ought to be performed in then instead of truly remembring the Lord's death and his body and his blood they render themselves guilty of it as being in one Spirit with those that crucified him and shed his blood though pretending with thanksgiving and joy to remember it Thus the Scribes and Pharisees of old though in memory of the Prophets they garnished their Sepulchres yet are said by Christ to be guilty of their blood And that no more can be hence inferred appears from another saying of the same Apostle Rom. 14.23 He that doubteth is damned if he eat c. where he speaking of those that judged it unlawful to eat flesh c. saith if they eat doubting they eat their own damnation Now it is manifest for all this that either the doing or forbearing of this was to another that placed no Conscience in it of no moment So I say he that eateth that which in his Conscience he is perswaded is not lawful for him to eat doth eat his own damnation so he also that placeth Conscience in eating bread and wine as a religious act if he do it unprepared and without that due respect wherein such acts should be gone about he eateth and drinketh his own damnation not discerning the Lord's body i. e. not minding what he doth to wit with a special respect to the Lord and by way of special commemoration of the death of Christ. § VI. I having now sufficiently shewn what the true communion of the body and blood of Christ is how it is partaken of and how it has no necessary relation to that ceremony of bread and wine used by Christ with his Disciples it is fit now to consider the nature and constitution of that ceremony for as to the proper use of it we have had occasion to speak of before whether it be a standing ordinance in the Church of Christ obligatory upon all or indeed whether it be any necessary part of the Worship of the New Covenant-dispensation or hath any better or more binding foundation than several other ceremonies appointed and practised about the same time which the most of our opposers acknowledg to be ceased and now no ways binding upon Christians We find this ceremony only mentioned in Scripture in four places to wit Matthew Mark and Luke and by Paul to the Corinthians If any would infer any thing from the frequency of the mentioning of it that will add nothing for it being a matter of fact is therefore mentioned by the Evangelists and there are other things less memorable as often yea oftner mentioned Matthew and Mark give only an account of the matter of fact without any precept to do so afterwards simply declaring that Jesus at that time did desire them to eat of the bread and drink of the cup. To which Luke adds these words This do in remembrance of me If we consider this action of Christ with his Apostles there will appear nothing singular in it for a foundation to such a strange Superstructure as many in their airy imaginations have sought to build upon it for both Matthew and Mark press it as an act done by him as he was eating Matthew saith and as they were eating and Mark and as they did eat Jesus took bread c. Now this act was no singular thing neither any solemn institution of a Gospel ordinance because it was a constant custom among the Jews as Paulus Riccius observes at length in his Coelestial Agricultur that when they did eat the Passover the master of the family did take bread and bless it and breaking it gave of it to the rest and likewise taking wine did the same so that there can nothing further appear in this than that Jesus Christ who fulfilled all Righteousness and also observed the Jewish Feasts and Customs used this also among his Disciples only that as in most other things he laboured to draw their minds to a further thing so in the use of this he takes occasion to put them in mind of his death and sufferings which were shortly to be which he did the oftner inculcate unto them for that they were averse from believing it And as for that expression of Luke Do this in remembrance of me it will amount to no more than being the last time that Christ did eat with his Disciples he desired them that in their eating and drinking they might have regard to him and by the remembring of that opportunity be the more stirred up to follow him diligently through sufferings and death c. But what man of reason laying aside the prejudice of Education and the influence of Tradition will say that this account of the matter of fact given by Matthew and Mark or this expression of Luke to do that in remembrance of him will amount to these consequences which the generality of Christians have sought to draw from it as calling it Augustissimum Eucharistiae Sacramentum venerabile altaris Sacramentum The principal Seal of the Covenant of Grace by which all the benefits of Christ's death are sealed to Believers and such like things But to give a further evidence how these consequences have not any bottom from the practice of that ceremony nor from the words following Do this c. Let us consider another of the like nature as it is at length expressed by John c. 13. ver 3 4.8.13 14 15. Jesus riseth up from Supper and laid aside his Garment and took a Towel and girded himself After that he poureth Water into a Bason and began to wash the Disciples Feet and to wipe them with the Towel wherewith he was girded Peter saith unto him Thou shalt never wash my Feet Jesus answered him If I wash thee not thou hast no part with me So after he had washed their Feet He said Know ye what I have done to you If I then your Lord and Master have washed your Feet ye also ought to wash one anothers Feet For I have given you an Example that ye should do as I have done to you As to which let it be observed that John relates this passage to have been done at the same time with the other of breaking Bread Both being done the night of the passover after Supper If we regard the Narration of this and the circumstances attending it it was done with far more solemnity and prescribed far more punctually and particularly than the former It is said only as he was eating he took bread so that this would seem to be but an occasional business But here he rose up he laid by his Garments he girded himself he poured out the Water he washed
life eternal with it therefore I have affirmed and that truely that this knowledg is no otherways attained and that none have any true ground to believe they have attained it who have it not by this revelation of Gods Spirit The certainty of which truth is such that it hath been acknowledged by some of the most refined and famous of all sorts of Professors of Christianity in all ages who being truly upright-hearted and earnest seekers of the Lord however stated under the disadvantages and epidemical errors of their several sects or ages the true seed in them hath been answered by Gods love who hath had regard to the Good and hath had of his elect ones among all who finding a distast and disgust in all other outward means even in the very principles and precepts more particullary relative to their own forms and societies have at last concluded with one voice that there was no true knowledg of God but that which is revealed inwardly by his own Spirit whereof take these following testimonies of the Ancients 1. It is the inward Master saith Augustin that teacheth it is Christ that teacheth it is inspiration that teacheth where this inspiration and unction is wanting it is in vain that words from without are beaten in And therefore for he that created us and redeemed us and called us by faith and dwelleth in us by his Spirit unless he speaketh unto you inwardly it is needless for us to cry out 2. There is a difference faith Clemens Alexandrinus betwixt that which any one saith of the Truth and that which the Truth it self interpreting it self saith A conjecture of Truth differeth from the Truth it self a similitude of a thing differeth from the thing it self it is one thing that is acquired by exercise and discipline and another thing which by power and faith Lastly the same Clemens saith Truth is neither hard to be arrived at nor is it impossible to apprehend it for it is most nigh unto us even in our houses as the most wise Moses hath insinuated 3. How is it saith Tertullian that since the Devil always worketh and stirreth up the mind to iniquity that the work of God should either cease or desist to act Since for this end the Lord did send the Comforter that because human weakness could not at once bear all things knowledg might be by little and little directed formed and brought to perfection by the holy Spirit that Vicar of the Lord. I have many things yet saith he to speak unto you but ye can not as vet bear them but when that Spirit of Truth shall come he shall lead you into all Truth and shall teach you these things that are to come But of his works we have spoken above What is then the administration of the Comforter but that discipline be derived and the Scriptures revealed c. 4. The Law saith Hierom is spiritual and there is need of a revelation to understand it And in his epistle 150 to Hedibia question 11. he saith the whole epistle to the Romans needs an interpretation it being involved in so great obscuritys that for the understanding thereof we need the help of the Holy Spirit who through the Apostle dictated it 5. So great things saith Athanasius doth our Saviour daily he draws unto piety perswades unto vertue teaches immortality excites to the desire of heavenly things reveals knowledg from the Father inspires power against death and shews himself unto every one 6. Gregory the Great upon these words he shall teach you all things saith that unless the same Spirit sit upon the heart of the hearer in vain is the discourse of the doctor let no man then ascribe unto the man that teacheth what he understands from the mouth of him that speaketh for unless he that teacheth be within the tongue of the Doctor that 's without laboureth in vain 7. Cyrillas Alexandrinus plainly affirmeth that men know that Jesus is the Lord by the Holy Ghost no otherwise than they who tast honey know that it is sweet even by its proper quality 8. Therefore saith Bernard we daily exhort you Brethren by speech that ye walk the ways of the heart and that your Souls be always in your hands that he may hear what the Lord saith in you And again upon these words of the Apostle Let him that glorieth glory in the Lord with which threefold vice saith he all sorts of religious men are less or more dangerously affected because they do not so diligently attend with the ears of the heart to what the Spirit of Truth which flatters none inwardly speaks This was the very basis and main foundation upon which the primitive Reformers walked Luther in his book to the Nobility of Germany saith This is certain that no man can make himself a Doctor of the holy Scripture but the holy Spirit alone And upon the Magnificat he saith No man can rightly understand God or the Word of God unless he immediately receive it from the Holy Spirit neither can any one receive it from the Holy Spirit except he find it by experience in himself and in this experience the Holy Ghost teacheth as in his proper school out of which school nothing is taught but meer talk Philip Melanchton in his Annotations upon the 6. of John Who hear only an outward and bodily voice hear the creature but God is a Spirit and is neither discerned nor known nor heard but by the Spirit and therefore to hear the voice of God to see God is to know and hear the Spirit by the Spirit alone God is known and perceived Which also the more serious to this day do acknowledg even all such who satisfie themselves not with the superfice of Religion and use it not as a cover or art Yea all these who apply themselves effectually to Christianity and are not satisfied until they have found its effectual work upon their hearts redeeming them from Sin do feel that no knowledge effectually prevails to the producing of this but that which proceeds from the warm influence of God's Spirit upon the heart and from the comfortable shinings of his Light upon their understanding and therefore to this purpose a late modern Author saith well videlicer Doctor Smith of Cambridge in his select discourses To seek our Divinity meerly in Books and Writings is to seek the living among the dead we do but in vain many times seek God in these where his Truth is too often not so much enshrined as entombed Intra te quaere Deum seek God within thine own Soul he is best discerned 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as Plotinus phraseth it by an intellectual touch of him We must see with our eyes and hear with our ears and our hands must handle the Word of Life to express it in St. John 's words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. The Soul it self hath its sense as well as the Body And therefore David
saith is in his sinning and then as if he purposed expresly to shut out such an opinion he assures us the Son shall not bear the Fathers Iniquity From which I thus argue If the Son bear not the Iniquity of his Father or of his immediate Parents far less shall he bear the iniquity of Adam But the Son shall not bear the Iniquity of his Father Therefore c. § V. Having thus far shewn how absurd this Opinion is I shall briefly examine the reasons its Authors bring for it First They say Adam was a publick Person Obj. and therefore all men sinned in him as being in his loins And for this they alledg that of Rom. 5.12 Wherefore as by one man sin entered into the world and death by sin and so Death passed upon all men for that all have sinned c. These last words say they may be translated in whom all have sinned To this I answer That Adam is a publick person is not denyed and that through him there is a seed of sin propagated to all men Answ. which in its own nature is sinsiul and inclines men to iniquity yet will it not follow from thence that Infants who joyn not with this Seed are guilty As for these words in the Romans the reason of the guilt there alledged is for that all have sinned Now no man is said to sin unless he actually sin in his own person for the Greek words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 may very well relate to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is the nearest antecedent so that they hold forth how that Adam by his sin gave an entrance to sin in the world and so death entred by sin 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. upon which viz. occasion or in which viz. death all others have sinned that is actually in their own person to wit all that were capable of sinning of which number that infants could not be the Apostle clearly shews by the following verse Sin is not imputed where there is no Law and since as is above proved there is no Law to Infants they cannot be here included Their second Objection is from Psal. 51.5 Obj. Behold I was shapen in Iniquity and in sin did my mother conceive me Hence they say it appears that Infants from their Conception are guilty How they infer this consequence for my part I see not The iniquity and sin here Answ. appears to be far more ascribable to the Parents than to the Child It is said indeed In sin did my mother conceive me not my mother did conceive me a sinner Besides that so interpreted contradicts expresly the Scripture before mentioned in making Children guilty of the sins of their immediate Parents for of Adam there is not here any mention contrary to the plain words the Son shall not bear the Fathers iniquity Obj. Thirdly They object that the wages of sin is death and that seeing Children are subject to Diseases and Death therefore they must be guilty of sin Answ. I answer That these things are a consequence of the fall and of Adams sin is confessed but that infers necessarily a guilt in all others that are subject to them is denyed For though the whole outward Creation suffered a decay by Adam's fall which groans under vanity according to which it is said in Job that the Heavens are not clean in the sight of God yet will it not from thence follow that the Herbs Earth and Trees are sinners Next Death though a consequent of the fall incident to mans earthly Nature is not the wages of sin in the Saints but rather sleep by which they pass from death to life which is so far from being troublesome and painful to them as all real punishments for sin are that the Apostle counts it gain To me saith he to die is gain Psal. 1.21 Obj. Some are so foolish as to make an objection farther saying That if Adam 's sin be not imputed to those who actually have not sinned then it would follow that all Infants are saved But we are willing that this supposed absurdity should be the consequence of our Doctrine rather than that which it seems our adversaries reckon not absurd though the undoubted and unavoidable consequence of theirs viz. that Many Infants eternally perish not for any sin of their own but only for Adams iniquity where we are willing to let the controversie sist commending both to the illuminated understanding of the Christian Reader This error of our adversaries is both denied and refuted by Zwinglius that eminent Founder of the Protestant Churches of Zwitzerland in his Book De Baptismo for which he is anathematized by the Council of Trent in the fifth Session We shall only add this information that we confess then that a seed of sin is transmitted to all men from Adam although imputed to none until by sinning they actually joyn with it in which seed he gave occasion to all to sin and it is the orignal of all evil actions and thoughts in mens hearts 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to wit 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as it is in the 5. of the Romans i. e. in which death all have sinned For this seed of sin is frequently called Death in the Scripture and the body of death seeing indeed it is a death to the Life of Righteousness and Holiness Therefore its seed and its product is called the old man the old Adam in which all sin is for which cause we use this name to express this sin and not that of original sin of which phrase the Scripture makes no mention and under which invented and unscriptural Barbarism this notion of imputed sin to Infants took place among Christians The Fifth and Sixth Propositions Concerning the Vniversal Redemption by Christ and also the saving and Spiritual Light wherewith every man is inlightned The Fifth Proposition GOD out of his Infinite love who delighteth not in the Death of a Sinner but that all should live and be saved hath so loved the World that he hath given his only Son a LIGHT that whosoever believeth in him shall be saved John 3.16 Who inlighteneth every man that cometh into the World John 1.9 And maketh manifest all things that are reprovable Eph. 5.12 And teacheth all Temperance Righteousness and Godliness And this light lighteneth the hearts of all in a day in order to Salvation and this is it which reproves the Sin of all Individuals and would work out the Salvation of all if not resisted nor is it less Universal than the Seed of Sin being the purchase of his death who tasted death for every man For as in Adam all dye even so in Christ all shall be made alive 1 Cor. 15.22 The Sixth Proposition According to which Principle or hypothesis all the objections against the Universality of Christs Death are easily solved neither is it needful to recur to the Ministry of Angels and those other miraculous means which they say God useth to manifest the Doctrine and
deeds but only of his own pleasure and if he hath also decreed long before they were in being or in any capacity to do good or evil that they should walk in those wicked waies by which as by a secondary means they are led to that end who I pray is the first author and cause thereof but God who so willed and decreed This is as natural a consequence as any can be And therefore although many of the Preachers of this doctrine have sought out various strange strained and intricate distinctions to defend their opinion and evite this horrid consequence yet some and that of the most eminent of them have been so plain in the matter as they have put it beyond all doubt Of which I shall instance a few among many passages I say that by the ordination and will of God Adam fell God would have man to fall Man is blinded by the will and commandment of God We refer the causes of hardening us to God The highest or remote cause of hardening is the will of God It followeth that the hidden counsel of God is the cause of hardning These are Calvin's expressions God saith Beza hath predestinated not only unto damnation but also unto the causes of it whomsoever he saw meet The degree of God cannot be excluded from the causes of corruption It is certain saith Zanchius that God is the First cause of obduration Reprobates are held so fast under Gods Almighty decree that they cannot but sin and perish It is the opinion saith Paraeus of our Doctors that God did inevitably decree the temptation and fall of Man The creature sinneth indeed necessarily by the most just Judgment of God Our men do most rightly affirm that the fall of man was necessary and inevitable by accident because of Gods decree God saith Martyr doth incline and force the wills of wicked men into great sins God saith Zwinglius moveth the robber to kill He killeth God forcing him thereunto But thou wilt say he is forced to sin I permit truly that he is forced Reprobate Persons saith Piscator are absolutly ordained to this twofold end to undergo everlasting punishment and necessarily to sin and therefore to sin that they may be justly punished If these sayings do not plainly and evidently import that God is the Author of Sin we must not then seek these Mens opinions from their words but some way else it seems as if they had assumed to themselves that monstrous and twofold will they feign of God one by which they declare their minds openly and another more secret and hidden which is quite contrary to the other Nor doth it at all help them to say that man sins willingly since that willingness proclivity and propensity to evil is according to their judgment so necessarily imposed upon him that he cannot but be willing because God hath willed and decreed him so Which shift is just as if I should take a Child uncapable to resist me and throw it down from a great precipice the weight of the Childs body indeed makes it go readily down and the violence of the fall upon some rock or stone beats out its Brains and kills it Now then I pray though the body of the Child goes willingly down for I suppose it as to its mind is uncapable of any will and the weight of its body and not any immediate stroak of my hand who perhaps am at a great distance makes it die whether is the Child or I the proper cause of its death Let any man of reason judg if Gods's part be with them as great yea more immediate in the sins of men as by the testimonies above brought doth appear whether doth not this make him not only the Author of sins but more unjust than the unjustest of men § III. Secondly This Doctrine is injurious to God because it makes him delight in the death of sinners yea and to will many to die in their sins contrary to these Scriptures Ezek. 33.11 1 Tim. 2.3 2 Pet. 3.9 For if he hath created men only for this very end that he might show forth his Justice and Power in them as these men affirm and for effecting thereof hath not only with-held from them the means of doing good but also predestinated the evil that they might fall into it and that he inclines and forces them into great sins certainly he must necessarily delight in their death and will them to die seeing against his own will he neither doth nor can do any thing § IV. Thirdly It is highly injurious to Christ our Mediator and to the efficacy and excellency of his Gospel for it renders his mediation ineffectual as if he had not by his sufferings throughly broken down the middle wall nor yet removed the wrath of God or purchased the love of God towards all mankind if it was afore-decreed that it should be of no service to the far greater part of mankind It is to no purpose to alledg that the death of Christ was of efficacy enough to have saved all mankind if in effect its vertue be not so far exended as to put all mankind into a capacity of Salvation Fourthly It makes the preaching of the Gospel a meer mock and illusion if many of theseto whom it is preached be by an irrevocable decree excluded from being benefited by it it wholly makes useless the preaching of Faith and Repentance and the whole tenor of the Gospel promises and threatnings as being all relative to a former decree and means before appointed to such which because they cannot fail man needs do nothing but wait for that irresistible snatch which will come though it be but at the last hour of his Life if he be in the decree of Election And be his diligence and waiting what it can he shall never attain it if he belong to the decree of Reprobation Fifthly It makes the coming of Christ and his propitiatory Sacrifice which the Scripture affirms to have been the fruit of Gods love to the world and transacted for the sins and Salvation of all men to have been rather a testimony of Gods wrath to the world and one of the greatest judgments and severest acts of Gods indignation towards mankind it being only ordain'd to save a very few and for the hardening obduring and augmenting the condemnation of the far greater number of men because they believe not truly in it the cause of which unbelief again as the Divines so called above assert is the hidden counsel of God certainly the coming of Christ was never to them a testimony of Gods love but rather of his implacable wrath And if the World may be taken for the far greater number of such as live in it God never loved the world according to this Doctrine but rather hated it greatly in sending his Son to be crucified in it § V. Sixthly This Doctrine is highly injurious to mankind for it renders them in a far
have an Advocate with the Father Jesus Christ the Righteous And he is the Propitiation for our Sins and not for ours only but also for the sins of the whole World The way which our Adversaries take to evite this Testimony is most foolish and ridiculous The World here say they is the World of Believers For this Commentary we have nothing but their own assertion and so while it manifestly destroys the Text may be justly rejected For first let them shew me if they can in all the Scripture where the whole world is taken for Believers only I shall shew them where it is many times taken for the quite contrary as the world knows me not the world receives me not I am not of this world Besides all these Scriptures Psal. 17.14 Isa. 13.11 Matth. 18.1 John 7.7 8.26.12.19.14.17.15.18 19.17.14.18.20 1 Cor. 1.21.2 12.6.2 Gal. 6.14 Jam. 1.27 2 Pet. 2.20 1 Joh. 2.15.3.1 and 4.4 5. and many more Secondly the Apostle in this very place contradistinguisheth the World from the Saints thus And not for ours only but for the sins of the whole world What means the Apostle by ours here Is not that the sins of Believers Was not he one of those Believers And was not this an universal Epistle written to all the Saints that then were So that according to these mens comment there should be a very unnecessary and foolish redundancy in the Apostles words as if he had said he is a Propitiation not only for the sins of all Believers but for the sins of all Believers Is not this to make the Apostles words void of good sense Let them shew us where ever there is such a manner of speaking in all the Scripture where any of the Pen-men first name the Believers in concreto with themselves and then contradistinguish them from some other whole world of Believers That whole World if it be of Believers must not be the world we live in But we need no better interpreter for the Apostle than himself who uses the very same expression and phrase in the same Epistle c. 5.19 saying We know that we are of God and the whole world lieth in wickedness there cannot be found in all the Scripture two places which run more parallel seeing in both the same Apostle in the same Epistle to the same persons contradistinguisheth himself and the Saints to whom he writes from the whole world which according to these mens commentary ought to be understood of Believers as if John had said We know particular Believers are of God but the whole World of Believers lieth in wickedness What absurd wresting of Scripture were this And yet it may be as well pleaded for as the other for they differ not at all seeing then that the Apostle John tells us plainly that Christ not only died for him and for the Saints and Members of the Church of God to whom he wrote but for the whole world Let us then hold it for a certain and undoubted Truth notwithstanding the cavils of such as oppose This might also be proved from many more Scripture testimonies if it were at this season needful All the Fathers so called and Doctors of the Church for the first four centuries preached this Doctrin according to which they boldly held forth the Gospel of Christ and efficacy of Death inviting and intreating the Heathens to come and be partakers of the benefits of it shewing them how there was a door open for them all to be saved through Jesus Christ not telling them that God had predestinated any of them to Damnation or had made Salvation impossible to them by with-holding Power and Grace necessary to believe from them But of many of their sayings which might be alledged I shall only instance a few Austin on the 95 Psalm saith The Blood of Christ is of no less value than the whole World Prosper ad Gall. c. 9. The redeemer of the World gave his blood for the World and the World would not be redeemed because the darkness did not receive the Light He that saith the Saviour was not crucified for the redemption of the whole World looks not to the vertue of the Sacrament but to the part of Infidels since the blood of our Lord Jesus Christ is the price of the whole World from which redemption they are strangers who either delighting in their captivity would not be redeemed or after they were redeemed returned to the same servitude The same Prosper in his answer to Vencentius's first objection Seeing therefore because of one common nature and cause in Truth undertaken by our Lord all are rightly said to be redeemed and nevertheless all are not brought out of Captivity the property of Redemption without doubt belongeth to those from whom the Prince of this World is shut out and now are not vessels of the devil but Members of Christ whose Death was so bestowed upon mankind that it belonged to the Redemption of such who are not to be regenerated But so that which was done by the Example of one for all might by a singular mystery be celebrated in every one For the Cup of Immortality which is made up of our Infirmity and the Divine Power hath indeed that in it which may profit all but if it be not drunk it doth not heal The Author de vocat Gentium lib. 11. cap. 6. There is no cause to doubt but that our Lord Jesus Christ died for Sinners and wicked Men and if there can be any found who may be said not to be of this number Christ hath not died for all he made himself a Redeemer for the whole World Chrysistom on the 1. chap. of John If he inlightens every man coming into the World how comes it that so many men remain without Light For all do not so much as acknowledg Christ how then doth he inlighten every Man he illuminates indeed so far as in him is but if any of their own accord closing the eyes of their mind will not direct their eyes unto the beams of this Light the cause that they remain in darkness is not from the nature of the Light but through their own malignity who willingly have rendred themselves unworthy of so great a gift But why be lieved they not Because they would not Christ did his part The Arelatensian Synod held about the year 490 Pronounced him accursed who should say that Christ hath not dyed for all or that he would not have all men to be saved Ambr. on Psal. 118. Serm. 8. The mystical Sun of Righteousness is arisen to all he came to all he suffered for all and rose again for all And therefore he suffered that he might take away the Sin of the World But if any one believed not in Christ he bros himself of this general Benefit even as if one by closing the Windows should hold out the Sun-beams the Sun is not therefore not arisen to all because such a one hath so robbed himself of its heat But the
Sun keeps its Prerogative it is such a ones imprudence that he shuts himself out from the common benefit of the Light The same Man in his 11 Book of Cain and Abel cap. 13. saith Therefore he brought unto all the means of Health that whosoever should Perish may ascribe to himself the causes of his Death who would not be cured when he had the remedy by which he might have escaped § IX Seeing then that this Doctrin of the Universality of Christ's death is so certain and agreeable to the Scripture Testimony and to the sense of the purest Antiquity it may be wondered how so many some whereof have been esteemed not only learned but also pious have been capable to fall into so gross and strange an errour But the cause of this doth evidently appear in that the way and method by which the vertue and efficacy of this death is communicated to all men hath not been rightly understood or indeed hath been erroneously affirmed The Pelagians ascribing to all man's will and nature denyed man to have any seed of sin conveighed to him from Adam And the Semi-Pelagians making Grace as a Gift following upon Man's merit or right improving of his nature according to their known Principle Facienti quod in se est Deus non denegat gratiam This gave Augustine Prosper and some others occasion labouring in opposition to these Opinions to magnifie the Grace of God and paint out the corruption of Man's Nature as the Proverb is of those that seek to make straight a crooked stick to incline to the other extream So also the Reformers Luther and others finding among other errors the strange Expressions used by some of the Popish Scholasticks concerning Free-will and how much the tendency of their Principles is to exalt Man's Nature and lessen Gods Grace having all those sayings of Augustine and others for a pattern through the like mistake run upon the same extreme Tho afterwards the Lutherans seeing how far Calvin and his followers drove this matter who as a Man of subtile and profound judgment foreseeing where it would land resolved above-board to assert that God had decreed the means as well as the end and therefore had ordained men to sin and excites them thereto which he labours earnestly to defend and that there was no avoiding the making God the Author of sin thereby received occasion to discern the falsity of this Doctrin and disclaimed it as appears by the latter writings of Melancthon and the Monpelgartension Conference where Lucas Osiander one of the Collocutors terms it impious calls it a making God the Author of Sin and a horrid and horrible Blasphemy Yet because none of those who have asserted this Universal Redemption since the Reformation have given a clear distinct and satisfactory testimony how it is communicated to all and so have fall'n short of fully declaring the perfection of the Gospel Dispensation others have been thereby the more strengthened in their errors Which I shall illustrate by one singular example The Arminians and other assertors of universal Grace use this as a chief Argument That which every man is bound to believe is true But every man is bound to believe that Christ died for them Therefore c. Of this Argument the other party deny the Assumption saying that they who never heard of Christ are not obliged to believe in him and seeing the Remonstrants as they are commonly called do generally themselves acknowledge that without the outward knowledg of Christ there is no Salvation that gives the other yet party a stronger Argument for their precise decree of Reprobation For say they seeing we all see really and in effect that God hath with-held from many Generations and yet from many Nations that Knowledg which is absolutely needful to Salvation and so hath rendered it simply impossible unto them why may he not as well withhold the Grace necessary to make a saving application of that Knowledg where it is preached For these is no ground to say that this were injustice in God or impartiality more than his leaving those others in utter ignorance the one being but a with-holding Grace to apprehend the object of Faith the other a with drawing the object it self For answer to this they are forced to draw a conclusion from their former Hypothesis of Christ dying for all and God's mercy and justice saying that if these Heathens who live in these remote places where the outward knowledg of Christ is not did improve that common knowledg they have to whom the outward Creation is for an object of Faith by which they may gather that there is a God then the Lord would by some Providence either send an Angel to tell them of Christ or conveigh the Scripture to them or bring them some way to an opportunity to meet with such as might inform them Which as it gives alwayes too much to the power and strength of mans will and nature and savours a little of Socinianism and Pelagianism or at least of Semi-pelagianism so since it is only built upon probable conjectures neither hath it evidence enough to convince any strongly tainted with the other Doctrin nor yet doth it make the equity and wonderful Harmony of Gods Mercy and Justice towards all so manifest to the understanding So that I have often observed that these assertors of Universal Grace did far more pithily and strongly overturn the false Doctrine of their Adversaries then they did establish and confirm the truth and certainty of their own And though they have proof sufficient from the Holy Scriptures to confirm the Universality of Christ's Death and that none are precisely by any irrevocable decree excluded from Salvation yet I find when they are expressed in the respects above mentioned to shew how God hath so far equally extended the capacity to partake of the benefit of Christ's Death unto all as to communicate unto them a sufficient way of so doing they are somewhat in a strait and are put more to give us their conjectures from the certainty of the former presupposed Truth to wit that because Christ hath certainly dyed for all and God hath not rendred Salvation impossible to any therefore there must be some way or other by which they may be saved which must be by improving some common Grace or by gathering from the works of Creation and Providence then by really demonstrating by convincing and Spiritual Arguments what that way is § X. It falls out then that as Darkness and the great Apostasie came not upon the Christian World all at once but by several degrees one thing making way for another until that thick and gross vail came to be overspread wherewith the Nations were so blindly covered from the seventh and eighth until the sixteenth Centuries even as the Darkness of the Night comes not upon the outward Creation at once but by degrees according as the Sun declines in each Horizon so neither did that full and clear Light and Knowledg
him on whom God therefore truly accounteth Righteous and Just. This is so far from being the Doctrine of Papists that as the generality of them do not understand it so the learned among them oppose it and dispute against it and particularly Bellarmin Thus then as I may say the formal cause of Justification is not the works to speak properly they being but an effect of it but this inward Birth this Jesus brought forth in the heart who is the Well-beloved whom the Father cannot but accept and all those who thus are sprinkled with the Blood of Jesus and washed with it By this also comes that communication of the goods of Christ unto us by which we come to be made partakers of the Divine Nature as saith Peter ep 2. c. 1. v. 4. are made one with him as the Branches with the Vine and have a title and right to what he hath done and suffered for us So that his Obedience becomes ours his Righteousness ours his Death and Sufferings ours And by this nearness we come to have a sense of his Sufferings and to suffer with his Seed that yet lies pressed and crucified in the hearts of the ungodly and so travel with it and for its Redemption and for the repentance of those Souls that in it are crucifying as yet the Lord of Glory Even as the Apostle Paul who by his sufferings is said to fill up that which is behind of the afflictions of Christ for his Body which is the Church Though this be a Mystery sealed up from all the wise men that are yet ignorant of this Seed in themselves and oppose it nevertheless some Protestants speak of this Justification by Christ inwardly put-on as shall hereafter be recited in its place Lastly though we place remission of sins in the Righteousness and Obedience of Christ performed by him in the flesh as to what pertains to the remote procuring cause and that we hold our selves formally justified by Christ Jesus formed and brought forth in us yet can we not as some Protestants have unwarily done exclude works from Justification for though properly we be not justified for them yet are we justified in them and they are necessary even as causa sine qua non i. e. the cause without which none are Justified For the denying of this as it 's contrary to the Scriptures Testimony so it hath brought a great scandal to the Protestant Religion opened the mouths of Papists and made many too secure while they have believed to be Justified without good works Moreover though it be not so safe to say they are meritorious yet seeing they are rewarded many of those called the Fathers have not spared to use the word merit which some of us have perhaps also done in a qualified sense but no ways to inferr the Popish abuses above mentioned And lastly if we had that notion of good works which most Protestants have we could freely agree to make them not only not necessary but reject them as hurtful viz. that the best works even of the Saints are defiled and polluted For though we judg so of the best works performed by man endeavouring a conformity to the outward Law by his own strength and in his own will yet we believe that such works as naturally proceed from this Spiritual Birth and formation of Christ in us are pure and Holy even as the Root from which they come and therefore God accepts them Justifies us in them and rewards us for them of his own Free Grace The state of the controversie being thus stated these following Positions do hence from arise in the next place to be proved § IV. First that the obedience sufferings and death of Christ is that by which the Soul obtains remission of sins and is the procuring cause of that Grace by whose inward workings Christ comes to be formed inwardly and the Soul to be made conformable unto him and so just and justified And that therefore in respect of this capacity and offer of Grace God is said to be reconciled not as if he were actually reconciled or did actually justifie or account any just so long as they remain in their sins really impure and unjust Secondly that it is by this inward Birth of Christ in man that man is made just and therefore so accounted by God wherefore to be plain we are thereby and not till that be brought forth in us formally if we must use that word justified in the sight of God because Justification is both more properly and frequently in Scripture taken in its proper signification for making one just and not reputing one meerly such and is all one with Sanctification Thirdly that since good works as naturally follow from this birth as heat from fire therefore are they of absolute necessity to Justification as causa sine qua non i. e. though not as the cause for which yet as that in which we are and without which we cannot be Justified And though they be not meritorious and draw no debt upon God yet he cannot but accept and reward them for it is contrary to his Nature to deny his own Since they may be perfect in their kind as proceeding from a Pure Holy Birth and Root Wherefore their judgment is false and against the Truth that say that the holyest works of the Saints are defiled and sinful in the sight of God For these good works are not the works of the Law excluded by the Apostle from Justification § V. As to the first I prove it from Rom. 3.25 Whom God hath set forth to be a Propitiation through Faith in his Blood to declare his Righteousness for the remission of sins that are past through the forbearance of God Here the Apostle holds forth the extent and efficacy of Christs death shewing that thereby and by Faith therein remission of sins that are past is obtained as being that wherein the forbearance of God is exercised towards mankind So that though men for the sins they daily commit deserve Eternal Death and that the Wrath of God should lay hold upon them yet by virtue of that most satisfactory Sacrifice of Christ Jesus the Grace and Seed of God moves in love towards them during the day of their visitation yet not so as not to strike against the evil for that must be burned up and destroyed but to redeem man out of the evil Secondly if God were perfectly reconciled with men and did esteem them just while they are actually unjust and do continue in their sins Then should God have no Controversie with them How comes he then so often to complain to expostulate so much throughout the whole Scripture with such as our Adversaries confess to be Justified telling them that their sins separate betwixt him and them Isa. 59.2 For where there is a perfect and full reconciliation there there is no separation Yea from this Doctrine it necessarily follows either that such for whom Christ died and whom he hath
was no other than of unjust to be made just through the Grace of God for Christ. He mentioneth more but this may suffice to our purpose § VIII Having thus sufficiently proved that by justification is to be understood a really being made righteous I do boldly affirm and that not only from a notional knowledg but from a real inward experimental feeling of the thing that the immediate nearest or formal cause if we must in condescendence to some use this word of a man's justification in the sight of God is the revelation of Jesus Christ in the Soul changing altering and renewing the mind by whom even the Author of this inward work thus formed and revealed we are truly justified and accepted in the sight of God For it is as we are thus covered and cloathed with him in whom the Father is alwaies well pleased that we may draw near to God and stand with confidence before his throne being purged by the blood of Jesus inwardly poured into our Souls and cloathed with his Life and Righteousness therein revealed And this is that order and method of Salvation held forth by the Apostle in that Divine saying Rom. 5.10 For if when we were enemies we were reconciled to God by the death of his Son much more being reconciled we shall be saved by his Life For the Apostle first holding forth the reconciliation wrought by the death of Christ wherein God is near to receive and redeem man holds forth his Salvation and Justification to be by the Life of Jesus Now that this Life is an inward Spiritual thing revealed in the Soul whereby it is renewed and brought forth out of death where it naturally has been by the fall and so quickned and made alive unto God The same Apostle shews Eph. 2.5 Even when we were dead in sins and trespasses he hath quickened us together in Christ by whose Grace ye are saved and hath raised us up together Now this none will deny to be the inward work of renovation and therefore the Apostle gives that reason of their being saved by Grace which is the inward Vertue and Power of Christ in the Soul but of this place more hereafter Of the Revelation of this inward Life the Apostle also speaketh 2 Cor. 4.10 That the Life also of Jesus might be made manifest in our Bodies and ver 11. That the Life also of Jesus might be made manifest in our mortal Flesh. Now this inward Life of Jesus is that whereby as is before observed he saith We are saved Secondly That it is by this revelation of Jesus Christ and the new Creation in us that we are justified doth evidently appear from that excellent saying of the Apostle included in the Proposition it self Tit. 3.5 according to his mercy he hath saved us by the washing of Regeneration and renewing of the Holy Ghost c. Now that whereby we are saved that we are also no doubt justified by which words are in this respect synonimous Here the Apostle clearly ascribes the immediate cause of Justification to this inward work of Regeneration which is Jesus Christ revealed in the Soul as being that which formerly states us in a capacity of being reconciled with God the washing or regeneration being that inward Power and Vertue whereby the Soul is cleansed and cloathed with the Righteousness of Christ so as to be made fit to appear before God Thirdly This Doctrin is manifest from 2 Cor. 13.5 Examine your own selves whether ye be in the faith prove your own selves know ye not your own selves how that Jesus Christ is in you except ye be reprobates First it appears here how earnest the Apostle was that they should know Christ in them so that he presses this exhortation upon them and inculcates it three times Secondly he makes the cause of reprobation or not-justification the want of Christ thus revealed and known in the Soul whereby it necessarily follows by the rule of contraries where the parity is alike as in this case it is evident that where Christ is inwardly known there the persons subjected to him are approved and justified For there can be nothing more plain than this that if we must know Christ in us except we be reprobates ortunjustified persons that if we know him in us we are not reprobates and consequently justified ones Like unto this is that other saying of the same Apostle Gal. 4.19 My little Children of whom I travel in Birth again until Christ be formed in you and therefore the Apostle terms this Christ within the hope of Glory Col. 1.27.28 Now that which is the hope of Glory can be no other than that which we immediately and most nearly relie upon for our Justification and that whereby we are really and truly made Just. And as we do not hereby deny but the Original and Fundamental cause of our Justification is the Love of God manifested in the appearance of Jesus Christ in the flesh who by his Life Death Sufferings and Obedience made a way for our Reconciliation and became a Sacrifice for the remission of sins that are past and purchased unto us this Seed and Grace from which this birth arises and in which Jesus Christ is inwardly received formed and brought forth in us in his own pure and Holy Image of Righteousness by which our Souls live unto God ond are cloathed with him and have put him on even as the Scripture speaks Eph. 4.23 24. Gal. 3.27 We stand justified and saved in and by him and by his Spirit and Grace Rom. 3.24 1 Cor. 6.11 Tit. 3.7 So again reciprocally we are hereby made partakers of the fulness of his merits and his cleansing blood is near to wash away every sin and infirmity and to heal all our back-slidings as often as we turn towards him by unfeigned Repentance and become renewed by his Spirit Those then that find him thus raised and ruling in them have a true ground of hope to believe that they are Justified by his Blood But let not any deceive themselves so as to foster themselves in a vain hope and confidence that by the Death and Sufferings of Christ they are Justified so long as sin lies at their door Gen. 4. v. 7. Iniquity prevails and they remain yet unrenewed and unregenerate lest it be said unto them I know you not Let that saying of Christ be remembred not every one that saith Lord Lord shall enter but he that doth the will of my Father Matth. 7.21 To which let these excellent sayings of the beloved Disciple be added Little Children let no man deceive you he that doth Righteousness is Righteous even as he is Righteous He that committeth sin is of the Devil because if our heart condemn us God is greater than our heart and knoweth all things 1 Joh. 3.7 20. Many Famous Protestants bear witness to this inward Justification by Christ inwardly revealed and formed in man as 1. M. Borrhaeus In the Imputation saith he wherein Christ
better without it than with it neither had they been worthy of blame for losing that which in it self was evil But the Apostle expressly adds and of a good Conscience which shews it was real neither can it be supposed that men could truly attain a good Conscience without the operation of Gods Saving Grace far less that a good Conscience doth consist with a seeming false and hypocritical faith Again these places of the Apostle being spoken by way of regret clearly import that these attainments they had faln from were good and real not false and deceitful else he would not have regreted their falling from them And so he saith positively they tasted of the Heavenly Gift and were made partakers of the Holy Ghost c. not that they seem'd to be so which sheweth this objection is very frivolous Secondly they alledge Phil. 1.6 Being confident of this very thing Obj. that he which hath begun a good work in you will perform it until the day of Jesus Christ c. and 1. Pet. 1.5 who are kept by the Power of God through faith unto Salvation These Scriptures Answ. as they do not affirm any thing positively contrary to us so they cannot be understood otherwise than as the condition is performed upon our part seeing Salvation is no other ways proposed there but upon certain necessary conditions to be performed by us as hath been above proved and as our adversaries also acknowledg as Rom. 8. v 13. For if ye live after the flesh ye shall dye but if ye through the Spirit do mortifie the deeds of the body ye shall live And Heb. 3.14 We are made partakers of Christ if we hold the beginning of our confidence stedfast unto the end For if these places of the Scripture upon which they build their objection were to be admitted without these conditions it would manifestly overturn the whole tenor of their exhortations throughout all their writings Some other objections there are of the same nature which are solved by the same answers which also because largely treated of by others I omit to come to that testimony of the Truth which is more especially ours in this matter and is contained in the latter part of the Proposition in these words yet such an increase and stability in the Truth may in this life be attained from which there cannot be a total apostasie § IV. As in the explanation of the fifth and sixth Propositions I observed that some that had denyed the errors of others concerning reprobation and affirmed the universality of Christs death did notwithstanding fall short in sufficiently holding forth the truth and so gave the contrary party an occasion by their defects to be strengthened in their errors so may it be said in this case As upon the one hand they err that affirm that the least degree of true and saving grace cannot be faln from so do they err upon the other hand that deny any such stability to be attained from which there cannot be a total and final apostasie And betwixt these two extreams lieth the Truth apparent in the Scriptures which God hath revealed unto us by the testimony of his Spirit and which also we are made sensible of by our own sensible experience And even as in that former controversie was observed so also in this the defence of Truth will readily appear to such as seriously weigh the matter for the arguments upon both hands rightly applied will as to this hold good and the objections which are strong as they are respectively urged against the two opposite false opinions are here easily solved by the establishing of this Truth For all the arguments which these alledge that affirm there can be no falling away may well be received upon the one part as of these who have attained to this stability and establishment and their objections solved by this concession so upon the other hand the arguments alledged from Scripture testimonies by those that affirm the possibility of falling away may well be received of such as are not come to this establishment though having attained a measure of true grace Thus then the contrary batterings of our adversaries who miss the Truth do concur the more strongly to establish it while they are destroying each other But lest this may not seem to suffice to satisfie such as judge it always possible for the best of men before they dye to fall away I shall add for the proof of it some brief considerations from some few testimonies of the Scripture § V. And first I freely acknowledge that it is good for all to be humble and in this respect not over confident so as to lean to this to foster themselves in iniquity or lye down in security as if they had attained this condition seeing watchfulness and diligence is of indispensible necessity to all mortal men so long as they breath in this world for God will have this to be the constant practice of a Christian that thereby he may be the more fit to serve him and the better armed against all the daily temptations of the Enemy For since the wages of sin is death there is no man while he sinneth and is subject thereunto but may lawfully suppose himself capable of perishing Hence the Apostle Paul himself saith 1 Cor. 9.27 But I keep under my body and bring it into subjection lest that by any means when I have preached to others I my self should be a cast-away Here the Apostle supposeth it possible for him to be a cast-away and yet it may be judged he was far more advanced in the inward work of regeneration when he wrote that Epistle than many who now adays too presumptuously suppose they cannot fall away because they feel themselves to have attained some small degree of true Grace But the Apostle makes use of this supposition or possibility of his being a cast away as I before observed as an inducement to him to be watchful I keep under my body lest c. Nevertheless the same Apostle at another time in the sense and feeling of God's holy Power and in the dominion thereof finding himself a conqueror therethrough over sin and his Souls enemies maketh no difficulty to affirm Rom. 8.38 For I am perswaded that neither death nor life c. which clearly sheweth that he had attained a condition from which he knew he could not fall away But secondly it appears such a condition is attainable because we are exhorted to it and as hath been proved before the Scripture never proposeth to us things impossible Such an exhortation we have from the Apostle 2 Pet. 1.10 Wherefore the rather brethren give diligence to make your calling and election sure And though there be a condition here proposed yet since we have already proved that it is possible to fulfil this condition then also the promise annexed thereunto may be attained And since where assurance is wanting there is still a place left for doubtings and despairs if we
in Spirit as other things were of which we shall speak hereafter especially by the Apostle who became weak to the weak and all to all that he might save some Now those weak and carnal Corinthians might be permitted the use of this to shew forth or remember Christ's death till he come to arise in them for though such need those outward things to put them in mind of Christ's Death yet such as are dead with Christ and not only dead with Christ but buried and also arisen with him need not such signs to remember him and to such therefore the Apostle saith Col. 3.1 If ye then be risen with Christ seek those things which are above where Christ sitteth on the right hand of God but Bread and Wine are not these things that are above but are things of the Earth But that this whole matter was a meer act of indulgence and condescension of the Apostle Paul to the weak and carnal Corinthians appears yet more by the Syriak Copy which ver 17. in his entring upon this matter hath it thus In that concerning which I am about to command you or instruct you I commend you not because ye have not gone forward but are descended unto that which is less or of less consequence Clearly importing that the Apostle was grieved that such was their condition that he was forced to give them instructions concerning those outward things and doting upon which they shew they were not gone forward in the life of Christianity but rather sticking in beggerly Elements And therefore ver 20. the same version hath it thus when then ye meet together ye do not do it as it is just ye should do in the day of the Lord ye eat and drink Thereby shewing to them that to meet together to eat and drink outward bread and wine was not the labour and work of that day of the Lord but since our adversaries are so zealous for this ceremony because used by the Church of Corinth tho with how little ground is already shewn how come they to pass over far more positive commands of the Apostles as matters of moment As first Acts 15.26 where the Apostles peremptorily commands even the Gentiles as that which was the mind of the Holy Ghost to abstain from things strangled and from blood And Ja. 5.14 where it is expresly commanded that the sick be anointed with Oyl in the Name of the Lord. Obj. If they say these were only temporary things but not to continue Answ. What have they more to shew for this there being no express repeal of them If they say the repeal is implyed because the Apostle saith Obj. We ought not to be judged in meats and drinks I admit the answer Answ. but how can it be evited to militate the same way against the other practice Surely not at all nor can there be any thing urged for the one more than for the other but custom and tradition As for that of James they say there followed a Miracle upon it to wit the recovery of the Sick But this being ceased so should the ceremony Though this might many waies be answered to wit Answ. that Prayer then might as well be forborn to which also the saving of the Sick is there ascribed yet I shall accept of it because I judge indeed that Ceremony is ceased only methinks since our adversaries and that rightly think a ceremony ought to cease where the vertue fails they ought by the same rule to forbear the laying on of hands in imitation of the Apostles since the gift of the Holy Ghost doth not follow upon it § IX But since we find that several testimonies of Scripture do sufficiently shew that such external rites are no necessary part of the New Covenant dispensation therefore not needful now to continue however they were for a season practised of old I shall instance some few of them whereby from the nature of the thing as well as those testimonies it may appear that the ceremony of bread and wine is ceased as well as those other things confessed by our adversaries to be so The first is Rom. 14.17 For the Kingdom of God is not meat and drink but Righteousness and Peace and joy in the Holy Ghost Here the Apostle evidently shews that the Kingdom of God or Gospel of Christ stands not in meats and drinks and such like things but in righteousness as by the context doth appear where he is speaking of the guilt and hazard of judging one another about meats and drinks So then if the Kingdom of God stand not in them nor the Gospel nor work of Christ then the eating of outward bread and wine can be no necessary part of the Gospel worship nor any perpetual ordinance of it Another is yet more plain of the same Apostle Col. 2.16 the Apostle throughout this whole second chapter doth clearly plead for us and against the formality and superstition of our opposers for in the beginning he holds forth the great priviledges Christians have by Christ who are come indeed to the life of Christianity and therefore he desires them ver 6. as they have received Christ so to walk in him and to beware lest they be spoiled through Philosophy and vain deceit after the rudiments or elements of the world because that in Christ whom they have received is all fulness And that they are circumcised with the circumcision made without hands which he calls the circumcision of Christ and being buried with him by baptism are also arisen with him through the Faith of the operation of God Here also they did partake of the true baptism of Christ and being such as are arisen with him let us see whether he thinks it needful they should make use of such meat and drink as bread and wine to put them in remembrance of Christ's death or whether they ought to be judged that they did it not ver 16. Let no man therefore judg you in meat or drink Is not bread and wine meat and drink But why Which are a shadow of things to come but the body is of Christ. Then since our adversaries confess that their bread and wine is a sign or shadow therefore according to the Apostles Doctrine we ought not to be judged in the observation of it But is it not fit for those that are dead with Christ to be subject to such ordinances See what he saith ver 20. Wherefore if ye be dead with Christ from the rudiments of the world why as though living in the world are ye subject to ordinances Touch not taste not handle not Which all are to perish with the using after the commandments and doctrines of men What can be more plain if this serve not to take away the absolute necessity of the use of bread and wine what can it serve to take away Sure I am the reason here given is applicable to them which all do perish with the using since bread and wine perisheth
one another I know nothing our Adversaries have to plead for them in this matter save some few instances of the Old Testament and the Custom of the Country The first are such as Abraham's bowing himself to the Children of Heath and Lot to the two Angels c. But the practice of these Patriarchs related as matter of fact are not to be a rule to Christians now Neither are we to imitate them in every practice which has not a particular reproof added to it for we find not Abraham reproved for taking Hagar c. and indeed to say all things were lawful for us which they practised would produce inconveniencies obvious enough to all And as to the Customs of the Nations it 's a very ill argument for a Christian's practice We should have a better rule to walk by than the Custom of the Gentiles the Apostles desire us not to be conformed to this World c. We see how little they have to say for themselves in this matter Let it be observed then whether our reasons for laying aside these things be not considerable and weighty enough to uphold us in so doing First We say that God who is the Creator of Man and he to whom he oweth the dedication both of Soul and Body is over all to be worshipped and adored and that not only by the Spirit but also with the prostration of Body Now kneeling bowing and uncovering of the head is the alone outward signification of our adoration towards God and therefore it is not lawful to give it unto Man He that kneeleth or prostrates himself to man what doth he more to God He that boweth and uncovereth his head to the creature what hath he reserved to the Creator Now the Apostle shews us that the uncovering of the head is that which God requires of us in our worshipping of him 1 Cor. 11. But if we make our address to men in the same manner where lieth the difference Not in the outward signification but meerly in the intention which opens a door for the Popish veneration of Images which hereby is necessarily excluded Secondly Men being alike by creation tho their being stated under their several relations requires from them mutual services according to those respective relations owe not worship to one another but all equally are to return it to God because it is to him and his Name alone that every knee must bow and before whose Throne the four and twenty Elders prostrat themselves Therefore for men to take this one from another is to rob God of his Glory since all the dutys of relations may be performed one to another without these kind of bowings which therefore are no essential part of our duty to man but to God all men by an inward instinct in all Nations have been led to prostrate and bow themselves to God And it is plain that this Bowing to Men took place from a slavish fear possessing some which led them to set up others as Gods when also an ambitious proud spirit got up in those others to usurp the place of God over their Brethren Thirdly We see that Peter refused it from Cornelius saying he was a Man Are then the Popes more or more excellent than Peter who suffer men daily to fall down at their feet and kiss them This reproof of Peter to Cornelius doth abundantly shew that such manners were not to be admitted among Christians Yea we see that the Angel twice refused this kind of bowing from John Rev. 19.10.22.9 for this reason because I am thy fellow-servant and of thy Brethren abundantly intimating that it is not lawful for fellow-servants thus to prostrat themselves one to another and in this respect all men are fellow-servants If it be said John intended here a Religious Worship and not a Civil Obj. I answer that is to say not to prove neither can we suppose John at that time of the day so ill instructed Answ. as not to know it was unlawful to worship Angels only it should seem because of these great and Misterious things revealed to him by that Angel he was willing to signify some more then ordinary Testimony of respect for which he was reproved These things being thus considered it is remitted to the judgment of such as are desirous to be found Christians indeed whether we be found worthy of blame for waving it to Men. Let those then that will blame us consider whether they might not as well accuse Mordecai of uncivility who was no less singular than we in this matter And forasmuch as they accuse us herein of Rudeness and Pride tho the Testimony of our Consciences in the sight of God be a sufficient guard against such Calumnies yet there are of us known to be Men of such Education as forbear not these things for want of that they call good breeding and we should be very void of reason to purchase that Pride at so dear a Rate as many have done the exercise of their Conscience in this matter many of us having been sorely Beaten and Buffeted yea and several Months Imprisoned for no other reason but because we could not satisfy the Proud unreasonable humors of proud Men as to uncover our Heads and bow our Bodies Nor doth our innocent practice in standing still tho upright not puting off our Hats any more than our Shoes the one being the covering of our Heads as well as the other of our Feet shew so much rudeness as their beating or knocking us c. because we cannot Bow to them contrary to our Consciences Which certainly shews less Meekness and Humility upon their part than it doth of Rudeness or Pride upon ours Now suppose it were our Weakness and we really under a Mistake in this thing since it is not alledged to be the breach of any Christian precept are we not to be indulged as the Apostle Commanded should be done to such as scrupled to eat Flesh And doth not persecuting us and reviling us upon this account shew them to be more like unto proud Haman than the Disciples or followers of the Meek self-denying Jesus And this I can say boldly in the sight of God from my own experience and that of many thousands more that however small or foolish this may seem yet we behoved to chuse death rather than do it and that for Conscience sake and that in its being so contrary to our natural spirits there are many of us to whom the forsaking of these bowings and ceremonies was as death it self Which we could never have left if we could have enjoyed our peace with God in the use of them though it be far from us to judge all those to whom God hath not shewn the evil of them under the like hazard yet nevertheless we doubt not but to such as will prove faithful Witnesses to Christ's Divine Light in their Consciences God will also shew the evil of these things § VII The third thing to be treated of
use of these things which we would have wholly laid aside For that Men should be always in the same intentiveness of mind we do plead knowing how impossible it is so long as we are cloathed with this Tabernacle of Clay But this will not allow us at any time so to recede from the Memory of God and of our Souls chief concern as not still to retain a certain sense of his fear which cannot be so much as rationally supposed to be in the use of these thing which we condemn Now the necessary occasions which all are involved into in order to the care and sustentation of the outward man are a relaxation of the mind from the more serious duties and those are performed in the blessing as the mind is so leavened wlth the love of God and sense of his presence that even in doing these things the Soul carryeth with it that Divine influence and Spiritual habit whereby though these Acts as of Eating Drinking Sleeping Working be upon the matter one with what the wicked do yet they are done in another Spirit and in doing of them we please the Lord serve him and answer our end in the Creation and so feel and are sensible of his blessing Whereas the wicked and profane being not come to this place are in whatsoever they do cursed and their ploughing as well as praying is sin Now if any will plead that for Relaxation of mind there may be a liberty allowed beyound these things which are of absolute need to the sustenance of the outward man I shall not much contend against it provided these things be not such as are wholly superfluous or in their proper nature and tendency lead the mind into lust vanity and wantonness as being chiefly contrived and framed for that end or generally experienced to produce these effects or being the common engines of such as are so minded to feed one another therein and to propagate their wickedness to the impoisoning of others seeing there are other innocent divertisements which may sufficiently serve for relaxation to the mind such as for friends to visit one another to hear or read History to speak soberly of the present or past Transactions to follow after Gardnering to use Geometrical and Mathematical Experiments and such other things of this nature in all which things we are not to forget God in whom we both live and are moved Acts 10.26 as not to have alwaies some secret reserve to him and sense of his fear and presence which also frequently exerts it self in the midst of these things by some short aspiration and breathings and that this may neither seem strange nor troublesome I shalt clear it by one manifest instance answerable to the experience of all men it will not be denied but that men ought to be more in the love of God than of any other thing for we ought to love God above all things Now it is plain that men that are taken with love whether it be of a woman or any other thing if it hath taken a deep place in the heart and possess the mind it will be hard for the man so in love to drive out of his mind the person or thing so loved yea in his eating drinking and sleeping his mind will alwaies have a tendency that way and in business or recreations however intent he be in it there will but a very short time be permitted to pass but the mind will let some ejaculation forth towards its beloved And albeit such a one must be conversant in those things that the care of this body and such like things call for yet will he avoid as death it self to do those things that may offend the party so beloved or cross his design in obtaining the thing so earnestly desired though there may be some small use in them the great design which is chiefly in his eye will so ballance him that he will easily look over and dispence with such petty necessities rather than endanger the loss of the greater by them Now that men ought to be thus in love with God and the life to come none will deny and the thing is apparent from these Scriptures Matth. 6.20 But lay up for your selves treasures in heaven Col. 3.2 Set your affection on things above c. And that this hath been the experience and attainment of some the Scripture also declares Psal. 63.1.84 2 Cor. 5.14 And again that these games sports plays dancing comedies c. do naturally tend to draw men from God's fear to make them forget heaven death and judgment to foster lust vanity and wontonness and therefore are most loved as well as used by such kind of persons experience abundantly shews and the most serious and conscientious among all will scarcely deny which if it be so the application is easie § X. Fifthly the use of Swearing is to be considered which is so frequently practised almost among all Christians not only profane Oaths among the profane in their common discourses whereby the most HOLY NAME of GOD is in a horrible manner daily Blasphemed but also solemn Oaths with those that have some shew of piety whereof the most part do defend swearing before the Magistrate with so great zeal that not only they are ready themselves to do it upon every occasion but also stir up the Magistrates to persecute those who out of obedience to Christ their Lord and Master judge it unlawful to swear Upon which account not a few have suffered imprisonment and the spoiling of their goods But considering these clear words of our Saviour Matth. 5.33 34. Again ye have heard that it hath been said by them of old time Thou shalt not forswear thy self but shalt perform unto the Lord thine Oaths But I say unto you SWEAR NOT AT ALL neither by Heaven c. But let your Communication be Yea Yea Nay Nay for whatsoever is more than these cometh of evil As also the words of the Apostle James 5.12 But above all things my Brethren Swear not neither by Heaven neither by the Earth neither by any other Oath but let your Yea be Yea and your Nay Nay lest ye fall into condemnation I say considering these clear words it is admirable how any one that professeth the Name of Christ can pronounce any Oath with a quiet Conscience far less to persecute other Christians that dare not swear because of their Master Christ his Authority For did any one purpose seriously and in the most rigid manner to forbid any thing comprehended under any general can they use a more full and general prohibition and that without any exception I think not For Christ First proposeth it to us negatively Swear not at all neither by Heaven nor by the Earth nor by Jerusalem nor by thy Head c. And again Swear not by Heaven nor by Earth nor by any other Oath Secondly he presseth it affirmatively But let your Communication be Yea Yea and Nay Nay for whatsoever is