fleshy that the Aorta near the Heart that Ligaments and Cartilages turn to solid Bone we observe likewise that Bones in the Rickets and by Monsieur Papin's way of boiling them become as pliable as the Flesh of Muscles Before I shew the Parts of the Body I shall first examine the Humours and chiefly the Principles Texture Fluidity Circulation and Fermentation of the Blood the Seat of the different Constitutions and Distempers of Mankind Afterwards I shall consider how the Blood is repaired by Digestion and Chyle how it is rarefied by the Air in the Lungs how it furnisheth Animal Spirits in the Brain for motion in the Muscles and Sensation in the five Organs What Alteration it receives in the Liver in all Lymphatick Glands in the Spleen Kidnies and in the Parts of Generation how it nourisheth so many different Parts of the Body at the same time as the same Water seeds several thousands of different Plants in the same Garden and how after some Periods of Years the Springs of the solid Parts must be worn out the Vigor of the Body decay old Age must come on and be necessarily followed by Death where I must examine the Laws of the Union Correspondence and Separation of the Soul and Body You have here Sir a short Extract of my Animal Oeconomy by which you may perceive that my Design in it is by dissecting many Animals as they shall best serve my purpose and by several Experiments of Chymistry to discover and explain the Fabrick Springs Humours and Functions of Organical Bodies but chiefly of the Human which I hope will considerably facilitate the Practice of Physick and satisfy the Enquiries of the Curious But those Gentlemen do me an Injury who give it out that this is a bare Course of Anatomy Truly that were a mean and useless Business for as I have often hinted I am of opinion that Anatomy can never be well understood without not only Chymistry but a tolerable Insight into the other parts of Natural Philosophy for which reason I comprehend them all together to shew their mutual dependance and how they contribute to the knowledg of one another which is perhaps a Method not commonly followed Tho several may be more capable of it yet none can be more willing to communicate it to the Publick than I am As for what other Persons have taught or asserted in I hysick I am not to consider their Authority or the number of their Followers but how well they have performed what they pretended to Without this liberty there would be no hopes of Improvement or any further progress in Physick nor no other Labour be necessary to attain it but much Reading and a happy Memory It would be needless for us to be at the Pains and Expences of travelling into foreign and remote Countries to converse with learned and experienc'd Persons to learn their different Methods and Maxims of curing Diseases to observe a great variety of Distempers and Symptoms in infectious Hospitals to open so many dead Carcases and to try a great number of Experiments if the Dictates of Hippocrates or Galen or any other Author were infallible Rules for us to follow in the Practice of Physick Since therefore Experience and Reason are our only Guides no Body is to take it amiss if I censure such as wrote before me with as much Justice as they did their Predecessors for I 'm sworn to no Master You know Sir that the Place and Time are most convenient and I hope you may give us often the honour of your Company and according to your wonted Candor both do me Justice to your curious Friends and where I speak amiss convince me of it in which you will oblige Lond. Feb. 12. 1695. Worthy Sir Your very Humble Servant Bernard Connor A LETTER to his Reverend Friend Dean J. R. concerning Evangelium Medici seu Medicina mystica de suspensis Naturae Legibus OR A Latin Treatise lately published at London in which supernatural Effects are philosophically compar'd with natural ones and explain'd by the Principles of Physick the not consider'd within the reach of Natural Causes SIR I Should be proud to meet with some occasion to give you a Testimony of my Respect and Gratitude and to shew you how sensible I am of the Happiness of having been educated in my Youth by so learned a Master I am sorry the distance between us and the difficulty of Carriage gives me no opportunity of sending you the Treatise you heard of concerning the Suspensions of the Laws of Nature I can only at present promise to give you a general Idea of my Design in that Book and of the occasion that put me upon examining these Matters I have been present often at some Disputes about supernatural Effects in which some maintain'd that there could have never been any perform'd and last Year I happen'd to be accidentally ingag'd against the Objections of some Persons who pretended they could not conceive either the possibility or the manner of them These Objections I looked upon as weak in themselves and seeming to imply That either a Supream Being cou'd do nothing but what their Faculties were capable to comprehend or that there was a necessity that to convince Unbelievers to confirm some important Truth or to bring about some other great or weighty End it were requisite that the Deity should not only work an extraordinary and surprizing Effect but also shew them the way and manner how it was perform'd We freely own'd That such Operations as are look'd upon supernatural cannot be perform'd by the stated Laws of Nature but immediately by a Supream Power for some great Design This Answer as being undeniably true they could not but admit and tho where the Relaters were of an undoubted Credit and Veracity they could not but believe those Performances were supernatural yet for their clearer Satisfaction they desir'd my further Thoughts concerning the manner of such Supernatural Effects This being above my Sphere which reaches no further than Physick or Nature in its ordinary Operations wherein however I find Matter more than sufficient to imploy my Time and Thoughts and wherein I plainly see the Existence and can never sufficiently admire the constant Providence of a Deity yet being willing to comply with their Desires I promised I would give them what Satisfaction I could therein This indeed was not the first time the very same Difficulties had been proposed in my hearing for I had formerly discoursed with others both in this and other Countries upon the same Subject and had some Years ago drawn up a rude Scheme of an Essay towards the clearing of this Point But if this or the like occasion had not put me upon reviewing this Paper I might never have given my self or any body else the trouble of reading it But having thus unwarily engag'd my self I resolved to revise this Design and to give those Persons a sight of it This I did accordingly and afterwards
Parts of the Body desir'd to know what was properly Death The School Divinity maintains that Death was a Separation of the rational Soul from the Body I own'd indeed that in Death the Soul was actually separated from the Body but I could not allow that that Separation was the cause of Death but that the Death of the Body was the Cessation of the Motion of the Heart of the Blood and of the Spirits which Cessation could not proceed from the Separation of the Soul since these don't at all depend upon it as I proved before but it was occasion'd by some Defects in the Organs and Fluids of the Body which losing their due Disposition and their mutual Correspondence with one another all their Actions cease which Cessation is properly called Death so that the Soul finding them incapable of receiving its Influence and of obeying its Commands quits the Body after it is dead by which it appears that the Separation of the Soul is not properly the Cause of Death but that the Death of the Body is the cause of the Separation The King himself illustrated this Opinion with a familiar Example of an Organ and an Organist While the Organs were in their due order and symetry the Organist play'd upon them but when by length of time they were either broke used too much or any other way quite put out of Tune he leaves off playing on them This Discourse my Lord held from three of the Clock till seven and the Divines were extreamly warm in it and some of them had the boldness to tell the King that his Majesty should not suffer such Heretical Opinions as they called them to be introduc'd before such a great Assembly contrary to the receiv'd Doctrine of the Church This Discourse caused a great many other Matters to be talk'd on of which it would be too long to inform your Lordship By this you may plainly see how fond the Divines are of their old Opinions relying upon the Doctrine of Aristotle whom we can't suppose to be so throughly acquainted with the Structure Springs and Motions of the Humane Body nor indeed with all other Natural Causes as the Modern Physicians are yet it is the Policy of the Divines not only in Poland but in Spain Italy and in most other Countries where their Power is very great not to let any Opinions creep in among them that would seem to contradict those of Aristotle for having built their Systems of Divinity upon the Principles of this Pagan Philosopher they are justly afraid that if Experience and Reason should shake the Foundation the Superstructure would fall to the Ground as doubtless it would for the most part This King built several fine Houses both in Russia and other parts of the Kingdom particularly three Miles from Warsaw a neat Country House call'd Villa Nova very richly furnished He has had several Natural Children but took no care of any of them for it is not customary in Poland to have that Consideration for them as there is in other Countries but he left vast Riches to his Lawful Children and made a Motion in the Diet five or six Years before he died to settle the Succession on one of them He told the Assembly of the Disorders that usually happened in Elections after the King's Death that the Turks and the Tartars took then Opportunities to make Inroads into the Country and ravage all before them that the Nobility of the Kingdom were generally divided headed by Factions and biass'd by Self-interest against the publick Good of their Country and that he himself would be glad to prevent all those dangerous Broils before he died out of the Love he bore to his Country and Subjects But the Diet finding that his private Design was to get one of his Sons elected answered That they hoped that his Majesty would live yet a long while that it was necessary to take a long time to consider of a Matter of that great moment which the King seeing it was a civil way of refusing to enter upon that Subject never after intimated any thing to them like it but took all possible care to enrich his Children in case none of them should be elected after his Death It was exactly computed to me that he laid up every Year for above twenty Years 100000 l. Sterl which he left partly in Bankers Hands at Dantzick Hamburgh and Amsterdam and put the rest into the hands of the Jews who are very numerous in that Kingdom to trade with it besides he bought great Territories in the Kingdom tho it is against the Constitution so that his three Sons James Alexander and Constantino if they manage their Affairs right may be worth each above 50000 l. Sterling per Annum for it is the Law in Poland to divide equally the Estate among the Children The Queen was but ten or twelve Years of Age when she together with the present Duke of Gordon's Aunt afterwards married to Count Morstin great Treasurer of Poland came from France into this Kingdom with Ladislaus King of Poland's Queen who made them both her Maids of Honour and took great care of Madamoiselle d' Arquien being very ingenious and beautiful She got her married first to Prince Zamoiski who soon left her a Widow with a Jointure of about 2000 l. a Year she was afterwards married in Casimir's Reign to John Sobieski then Captain of the Guards who was not very willing to marry her until the King promis'd that he would give him considerable Places which he accordingly did by the Instigation of the Queen for he made him Great Marshal and Great General of Poland which gave him Authority and Interest enough to make himself afterwards King and her Queen so that this Marriage was the occasion of his Rise in the World which he was so sensible of that he refus'd to be divorced from her as the Diet would have perswaded him to do after his Election The Queen is now about fifty four Years of Age tho she appears not to be forty she goes in the French Dress as all the Polish Ladies do she speaks almost naturally the Polish Tongue which with lier sweet Temper refin'd Sense and majestick Air gain'd her such Affection with the Poles such Influence over the King and such Interest always in the Diet that she manag'd all with a great deal of Prudence and that to the advantage of her native Country France whose Interest she generally espous'd upon most occasions during the King's Life which was believ'd to be the Cause that he did not carry on the War with vigour these late years against the Turks and Tartars She maintain'd at her Court her Father Cardinal D' Arquien and her Brother Count Maligny who had but a very small Estate of their own She has two Sisters one is the Widow of the late Count Bethune who was Ambassador from France in Poland and afterwards dy'd in his Embassy in
it a glutinous oily Substance called Seed In short after knowing Man in himself I examine the natural Ways which he uses to propagate his Kind in begetting another by way of Generation Man as I said before is made of two Substances Soul and Body The Soul preserves the Body by Reason and governs it by voluntary Motion The Body furnishes the Soul with Ideas of Corporeal Beings The Life of Man is the Correspondence between Soul and Body but the Life of the Body is the natural Motion of the Blood and Splrits the Cessation of which Motion is Death The solid Parts of the Body have no Motion or Life of their own but such as they borrow from the Blood and Spirits The Blood and Spirits have none neither but such as they are allowed by the general Laws of Nature establish'd by a Supreme Being To maintain this mutual Correspondence and Dependance between Soul and Body all the Organs Springs and Humours of the body must be in their due Disposition for the Death of the Body is properly the loss of this Disposition and not the Separation of the Soul as is commonly believ'd for the Body is dead before the Soul is gone out of it and the going out of the Soul is but the Cessation of its Correspondence with the Body for want of Motion in the latter This Disposition is disordered or ruined by Diseases all which Diseases have their first Seat in the Blood from whence they are communicated to the solid Parts and the solid Parts being affected they reciprocally insect the Blood But tho the Blood was never infected and Man never sick yet he should die of course by the Relaxation and Attrition of his solid Parts from the long and continual Circulation of the humours through them which we call Old Age. As to what relates to the Materia Medica or the Account I have given of the Virtue and due Application of inward Medicines in the Practice of Physick I should likewise give you a Series of the different Subjects I treated of as I have in my Plan of the Animal Oeconomy but finding it too tedious and needless I will only mention in general that all inward Diseases have their first Seat in the Mass of Blood that they are caused by a Ferment or Matter hid in it which deriv'd its Origin from some outward Causes That there are no Specific Medicines for any part of the Body as for the Head Heart Liver Stomach Spleen but that they must all operate upon the whole Mass of Blood that consequently outward Applications cannot avail much for inward Distempers that the Medicines must be carried in a convenient Vehicle through the Blood to the place where the Distemper lies and that then they either carry its Cause out of the Body by Evacuation or change the Nature of it within by altering the Mass of Blood I may therefore reasonably divide all the Materia Medica described by so many voluminous Authors only into two Classes of Medicines Evacuating and Alterating I did not so much talk of those Remedies that evacuate only from some parts of the Body as Bleeding Clysters Leeches Issues Blisters Setons Gargles Snush and the like for they can hardly ever cure any inward Disease but of such as evacuate the Morbific Matter from the whole Mass of Blood by the five general ways Stool Vomit Vrine Sweat and Salivation where without recurring to occult or precarious Qualities I reduced to the Principles of Chymistry and Reason the Nature and Operations of Purgatives Emetics Diuretics Diaphoretics of Antimony and Mercury of Venereal and other Diseases as likewise the Nature and Usefulness of Baths and other Mineral Waters I have likewise examin'd and endeavour'd to explain the Nature and different Effects of Alterating Medicaments which operate in the Mass of Blood without any Evacuation such as sweeten the Blood when sowr that thin it when gross and thick that hasten it s too slow Circulation that stop it s too rapid Motion as in Fevers that cool the Blood that heat it and raise the Spirits as Cordials that calm the Spirits as Narcotics that strengthen the Tone of the Parts as Styptics and Astringents that open Obstructions as Aperitives Here therefore I had occasion to consider the Vertues and Operations of Steel Opium Jesuits Powder of Alcalious and Acid Medicines and of the whole Tribe of other alterating Remedies It would Sir be too prolix and needless to mention to you all that can be said in this nice and weighty Subject which includes in a manner the whole Machine of the Universe which requires several Years fervent Application for any one to attain a tolerable Knowledge of and which cost me some Months Labour to demonstrate at Oxford what small Insight I was thought to have in it Yet still I am not unwilling to comply with your Desires and to spare some time from my other Business here to communicate what I know of these Matters to any Persons of both Universities or to such other ingenious Gentlemen as have a Curiosity for things of this Nature And I shall take care that all be perform'd in such a decent and creditable manner as may be for the Benefit and Satisfaction of others as well as my own particular Reputation For not only my Duty but likewise the Usefulness and Agreeableness of my Profession tho in it self very abstruse and difficult inclines me naturally to improve it as much as I can and I hope I shall be able in few Years to publish a Latin Treatise of the Principles of Physick and of the Oeconomia Animals which perhaps then will give You and the Publick more Satisfaction than they or your self can at present expect from From Bow-street in Covent-Garden London Nov. 2. 1695. SIR Your very Obedient Servant B. Connor A LETTER to James Tyrrel Esq from Dr. Connor Fellow of the Royal Society Containing a further Explanation and Vindication of the Plan of the Animal Oeconomy or of the Chymical and Anatomical Method for understanding the Fabrick Springs Tempers and Diseases of the Human Body SIR IT is upon all hands acknowledg'd that the Acquaintance of Men of Learning and Worth is of great benefit towards acquiring not only the Knowledg of Men and Manners but of Nature too But of all the Advantages to be reap'd from their Conversation that of correcting our Prejudices or Mistakes and of setting us in the right way is the most valuable I should be too disingenuous Sir if I should not concur with the Publick in justly allowing you to be as discerning a Judg as you are a true Friend The World is convinc'd of the first by your shewing your self so great a Master as well of the Laws of Nature and Nations as of those of your own Country and none that have the Honour to know you can be ignorant of your Sincerity aâ—â—d Zeal in correcting the Errors and Oversights of your Friends To whom then should I more allowably communicate
been the Metrâ—â—polis of Poland in which all the Kings by the Constitution are to be crown'd tho they are to live at Warsaw There goes a frivolous Story of a monstrous Dragon that rag'd in those days near this City who with his poisonous Breath kill'd all that came near him and likewise sometimes sally'd abroad to the Destruction of thousands to prevent which they were wont to throw him every day three Oxen which at length almost causing a Famine Duke Cracus made use of a Stratagem to destroy him which was this He order'd an Ox's Hide to be stuff'd full of Sulphur Nitre Pitch and the like and to be cast to the Monster who taking it for no other than his daily Offering greedily devour'd it but quickly found himself enflam'd with so great a Drought that he soon after burst with drinking in the River Vistula After this Duke's Death he was â—â—uried by his own Orders on a little Hill in sight of the Town and this to put the Citizens in mind of their Founder He left three Children Cracus Lechus and Venda whereof LECHUS II. to obtain the Principality murder'd his elder Brother Cracus in a Wood which being soon detected he was banish'd the Country and died in Exile VENDA a Virgin which shews the Affection the Poles have always had for the Royal Family succeeded him She was a very beautiful Princess and amongst several others was courted by one Ritiger a German Prince who not proving much in her Favour came with an Army to force her to marry him but was bravely oppos'd and vanquish'd by her as the Polish Historians will have it tho the German affirm the contrary and say she drown'd her self upon his pursuing her close which the others pretend was occasion'd by her hearing Ritiger was a handsome Man and had kill'd himself in a rage With this Princess Cracus his Family being extinct the Poles chose a second time twelve Woievods who falling out as before among themselves and the Hungarians and Moravians invading their Country they thought fit to elect one Premislus a Goldsmith for their Duke afterwards call'd LESCUS I. The reason of whose being chosen was a Stratagem he had contriv'd that sav'd the Poles when they were in Distress The manner of which was as follows They being in the Field against the Hungarians and Moravians and finding themselves much inferior in number to their Enemies this Goldsmith contriv'd a way to make 'em seem more numerous and at the same time to gain 'em a compleat Victory to effect which he got a certain number of Helmets made of the Bark of Trees which he dawb'd over with Quicksilver and Gall and by Night hung 'em in order of an Army on small Boughs at the side of a Wood which the Enemy next Morning perceiving by Reflection of the Sun upon 'em believing it to be the Polish Army march'd directly towards 'em when the Poles who were behind the Trees removing the Helmets the Enemy thought they had retreated for fear whereupon hotly pursuing 'em into the very heart of the Wood the Poles who lay in Ambush surrounded and cut 'em all to pieces He govern'd the Poles in Peace and Quietness for a good while none during his Reign daring to molest that Country How long he reign'd and where and of what Distemper he died is uncertain This Duke leaving no Issue a Horse-race was instituted wherein the Victor was to succeed in the Government Hereupon a Stone Pillar was rais'd before Cracow on which were â—â—aid the Crown Scepter Globe and other Regalia and at the same time a Herald proclaim'd the Throne to him that got first from the River Pardnic to the Goal Upon which several Candidates appearing one Lescus thinking himself wiser than the rest laid Iron Spikes in the Road where the Race was to be run by which the others Horses being â—â—am'd he came first to the Pillar but this Fraud being soon detected instead of being chosen he was torn to pieces on the spot and LESCUS II. a poor Country Fellow whom the Poles look'd upon to be destin'd for their Prince was elected in the Year 776 who while the others Horses were hamper'd by the way running the Race on foot for want of a Horse tho rather to shew his Swiftness than out of any thoughts of the Crown got next the Impostor to the Goal This Duke in Commemoration of his former Condition would once a Year solemnly â—â—ay by his Robes and put on his Country Clothes which he preserv'd whilst he liv'd for that purpose and which induc'd all the Courtiers to be as meanly clothed at the same time They write that he was kill'd in the Wars against Charles the Great LESCUS III. his Son succeeded him being chosen in the Year 804. He soon forc'd the aforesaid Emperor to a Peace but when he died I find no mention made He is said to have had above twenty natural Sons POPIEL his Son succeeded him in the Year 810. This Prince had none of the good Qualities either of his Father or Grandfather his greatest care being to make much of himself without any regard to the Publick He thought Cracow too much expos'd to the Incursions of the Hungarians and Russians and therefore for security of his Person withdrew into the Heart of the Country first to Gnesna and afterwards to Cruswitz where he soon after died suddenly His common Execration was wont to be that he might be devour'd by Rats which tho it happened not to him yet his Son Popiel perish'd by that Fate POPIEL II. Son to the former was elected next in the Year 815 and reign'd to 830 who being a loose and profligate Prince was more universally hated than his Father which his Wife perceiving as likewise that his Father's Brothers were more belov'd contriv'd a way to poison them thereby the better to secure the Succession to her Children Hereupon by her Stratagem Popiel feigns a dangerous Sickness and invites his Uncles to visit him which they speedily obeying he caus'd 'em to come to his Bed-side where taking 'em by the Hands as if just going to leave e World he recommends to 'em a Cup to ink which they little suspecting any Poison urteously accepted and drank off when king leave of their Nephew a little while ter they fell into excessive Pains and soon ed. Upon which this barbarous Duke by e instigation of his Wife gave out that it as a Judgment from the Gods upon 'em for â—â—e treacherous Designs they had form'd aâ—â—inst him and his Children and therefore â—â—dered their Bodies to lie unburied for a conâ—â—erable time the better to take away all spicion of his Crime Hereupon no body â—â—er so much as suspected either Popiel or â—â—s Wife of their Deaths till at length Dine Justice discover'd and punish'd the Offeners after an extraordinary manner For
Woievod of Cracovia to whom the King after the Fight sent a Hare-Skin and Spinning-wheel for Recompence Nevertheless this one Defeat stuck so close to him that he soon after died leaving four Sons among whom he divided his Kingdom This King perform'd a great many more memorable Actions which my Lord because they might be too tedious to insert here I have omitted He was of an undaunted Spirit a great despiser of Danger and no less an observer of Truth and Right very liberal and generous upon the smallest Occasions and moreover endued with singular Clemency and Modesty He was further very ambitious of Glory but at the same time no Enemy to Peace tho he is said to have been train'd up to War from his very Cradle To ULADISLAUS surnam'd the Driveler his eldest Son he left the Supreme Power which was confirm'd and he elected in the Year 1140 but reign'd only six Years and to the other three he gave only some separate Provinces which afterwards was the occasion of great Disorders in Poland for the elder Brother Vladislaus pretending to dispossess the other three turn'd his Brother Boleslaus out of the Palatinates of Ploskow and Masovia and his Brother Henry out of the Province of Sendomir who both retir'd to their third Brother that govern'd Posnania Vladislaus had always with him a Nobleman call d Peter Dunin whom taking out one day to hunt they happen'd to be so late abroad that they were oblig'd to lie all Night in a Wood where for Diversion the King began to joke with his Companion after this manner Dunin quoth he I. believe your Wife lies more at ease to Night with the Abbot Scrinnen than we do To which Dunin forgetting himself tartly reply'd And it may be your Majesty's does the same with Dobessus Who it seems was a handsom Fellow about Court that his Queen Christina lov'd This Answer so nettled the King that he afterwards employ'd the same Dobessus to be reveng'd on Dunin which he effected by pulling out his Tongue and Eyes Hereupon the People perceiving how cruelly Vladislaus persecuted his own Brothers and at the same time how ill he treated his Subjects began to be daily more and more disaffected to him whereby his Brothers Party greatly encreasing he was beaten by them as he was going to besiege Posnan Wherefore discovering new Factions hourly appearing against him and fearing some ill Fate from a universal Hatred he timely withdrew into Germany to the Emperor Conrade III. Cousin German to his Queen Christina who several times endeavour'd to restore him but all in vain for his Brother Boleslaus Crispus having got possession of the Crown Vladislaus was forc'd to compound for Silesia only which afterwards fell to the Principality of Bohemia and has ever since been out of the possession of the Poles This Prince lies buried at Attenburg a City of Germany in Alsace Vladislaus with his Son having abdicated the Crown of Poland his second Brother BOLESLAUS CRISPUS or the Frizled was elected in the Year 1146 and reign'd to the Year 1175 yet the Emperor Conrade did what he could to restore Vladislaus To effect which he first sent Embassadors into Poland but to no purpose Then he resolv'd to make War with the Poles but defer'd it till his Expedition against Asia was over to facilitate which he had obtain'd leave to pass through Boleslaus his Dominions to the Euxine Sea But at his return being constantly solicited by Vladislaus and his Queen he march'd with a powerful Army against Poland yet what with Delays Stratagems and Ambuscades he was so fatigu'd by the Poles that he could do nothing till at last he was call'd home to appease some Intestine Broils in his own Dominions which having effected he soon after died His Successor Frederic Barberossa also espous'd Vladislaus his Cause but not being able to do any thing in his Favour by Embassadors he march'd with a numerous Army against the Poles which they likewise harass'd and wearied out till they had oblig'd that Emperor to strike up a Peace with 'em he being in War at the same time against Milan by which it was agreed that Boleslaus should remit Silesia to Vladislaus whose Posterity afterwards divided it into several Dutchies till at last it came to the Empire This great Province my Lord as I observ'd in my Journy through it is one of the most fertile and plentiful Countries in all Germany Boleslaus began another War against the Prussians for refusing to pay him Tribute and forc'd them to this Compliance that they should submit in case he left 'em to their Religion but otherwise they boldly declar'd that they would rather die than become Christians again Whereupon Boleslaus was forc'd to grant them Liberty of Conscience yet they soon revolted and by a Stratagem entirely routed the Polish Army and kill'd his Brother Henry This King died not long after and was buried at Cracow MIECISLAUS surnam'd the Old Brother to Boleslaus succeeded him being elected in the Year 1174 and reign'd only to 1178. He was call'd the Old from his great Sagacity and Prudence in his Youth His Covetousness induc'd him to hoard up great Sums of Money by oppressing the Gentry and People with unreasonable Taxes and selling all Employments tho against the Constitutions of the Kingdom This extreme Avarice brought him to be generally hated by the Clergy Nobility and People whereupon Gedeon Bishop of Cracow endeavour'd several times to encline him to pity his Subjects and despise Money since he had no need of it but he would by no means hearken to his Advice wherefore this Bishop concerted together with the Gentry to dethrone him and remit the Crown to Casimir his Brother who more deserv'd it which they effectually did after some little Bloodshed Here we may observe that Covertousness is the greatest Vice that any Prince can be guilty of especially a King of Poland whose Subjects as your Lordship doubtless has observ'd are generally liberal even to Extravagance At first Casimir refus'd the Crown offer'd him alledging it was his Brother's Right and that such an Alteration might occasion Civil Wars which he by no means had any mind to be the Author of But when they unanimously declar'd they would have no other King and could never more obey Miecislaus CASIMIR II. consenting to accept of the Government was elected in the Year 1178 and reign'd to 1195. He was surnam'd the Just being altogether unlike his Brother as appears by the following Particular Being at play with a Gentleman of his nam'd Conarius whilst he was Prince of Sendomir and having won all his Adversary's Money the Gentleman in a Passion struck him over the Face and fled but next day being brought before him was adjudged by every body to have deserv'd Death for his Insolence Not at all replied the good Prince for being affected with his Loss and not
and King of Sweden contended for Prior Admittance when the latter being prevented by the Gout or at least so feigning it was forc'd to yield The Emperour's Minister therefore was introduc'd who in the Name of his Master recommended likewise Prince Vladislaus Afterwards the Swedish Embassador's Indisposition gave him leave to be admitted he propos'd a strict Alliance between Sweden and Poland in case the Diet would elect none of Sigismund's Issue but on condition that he should first renounce all Right to the Kingdom of Sweden This Proposal was not at all approv'd of and there was something else said also by this Minister which mightily displeas'd the Diet yet at that time they thought it better to dissemble their Dislike than provoke so powerful a Prince as Gustavus by a Resentment At this Diet the City of Dantzic had a great Favour granted them which was for the future to have a Vote at the Election of the Kings of Poland which Privilege had never been granted before but to the Cities of Cracow and Vilna one being Capital of Poland and the other of Lithuania Prince ULADISLAUS was chosen the 13th of November 1632. when he took the usual Oaths was proclaim'd by the Primate and afterwards crown'd on the 18th of February 1633. He was first marry'd to Coecilia Renata Daughter to the Emperour Ferdinand II. and afterwards to the Princess Mary Ludovica di Gonzaga Daughter to the Duke of Nevers of the House of Mantua The Kings of France always match'd the Princesses of Nevers and Nemours as Princesses of the Blood to Crown'd Heads The Year after his Election Vladislaus not only forc'd the Muscovites to raise the Siege of Smolensko and obtain'd a signal Victory over them but likewise brought their Army to such Extremities that they surrender'd themselves and the Turks who had made a Diversion were also at the same time bravely repuls'd Not long after Vladislaus made an advantageous Peace with the Muscovites by virtue of which they renounc'd their Protensions to the two large Dukedoms of Smolensko and Zernikow which begat such a Terror in the Turks that they also freely made Restitution for the Damages sustain'd in their last Incursion and strangled their Bassa who commanded those Forces He forc'd likewise the Swedes to restore him those Places they possess'd in Prussia and to prolong the Truce for 26 Years which they the easier consented to by reason that their Affairs in Germany were but in an ill Condition after the Battle of Norlinguen In the Year 1637 the Foundation of the War with the Cosacks was laid which brought unspeakable Damages upon the Poles and which was occasion'd thus The Privileges the Cosacks had obtain'd from King Stephen made them to encrease in Number and grow much stronger than they were before for the Peasants of all the neighbouring Countries having been exceedingly oppress'd by their Lords to deliver themselves from Slavery ran in great Numbers into the Vkraine whereby the Cosacks soon grew very formidable both to the Poles and Turks which embolden'd them to make frequent Incursions into Turky and which was afterwards the occasion of many bloody Wars between these two Nations The Great Men of Poland having purchas'd divers Estates in Vkraina thought their Revenues might be considerably augmented if the Privileges of the Cosacks were but reduc'd to a narrower Compass and if instead of plundering their Neighbours the Turks they were restrain'd to manure the Ground and live upon the Products of their own Labour Whereupon the Poles prevail'd upon their King Vladislaus to send General Konicepoliski to reduce them Hereupon at first the Cosacks made a vigorous Resistance and oppos'd the Building of the Fortress Hudack just at a Point where the River Zwamer falls into the Boristhenes But being at last entirely defeated by the Poles they were oblig'd to surrender their General Paulack with some others of the chiefest among them who notwithstanding a Pardon promis'd them before-hand were all beheaded Besides this it was decreed in the Diet that all their former Privileges together with the Fortress of Tectimoravia granted them by King Stephen should be taken from them and a new Body of Militia setled there in their stead To put this Decree in execution the Polish Army march'd forthwith into the Vkraine but were oppos'd by the Cosacks with great Bravery who yet nevertheless promis'd to be faithful to the Crown of Poland Provided their antient Privileges might be continu'd to them which the Poles readily agreed to but however never perform'd Nay treated several of them very ill for among other oppressive Methods they took from them some of their Greek Churches Afterwards the Cosacks recover'd in some measure under their General Bogdan Chmielinski who having been justly enrag'd by Jarinski's ravishing his Wife and afterwards murdering both her and her Son resolv'd on some Expedient to revenge this Affront and rid his Country of the Tyranny of the Polish Government In this King's Reign Posts were first us'd in Poland setled after the German manner in the Year 1647. King Vladislaus after an indifferently happy Reign dy'd of a malignant Fever at Merick in Lithuania the 20th of May in the Year 1648. The Muscovites vanquish'd under his Reign The Turks forc'd to sue for Peace The Inclination he ever had to oblige every body and the concern he was always under when it was out of his Power to give sufficient Proofs of his Liberality were powerful Motives to induce the Poles to regret his Loss whose Consternation was the more augmented after his Death by their Defeat and the taking of divers Places by the Cosacks for want of him Vladislaus leaving no Issue his Brother JOHN CASIMIR who had led a religious Life for some time and was afterwards created Cardinal by Innocent the Xth. succeeded him being elected King in the same Year that his Brother dy'd with the following Circumstances The Primate Mathias Lubienski having signifi'd the Death of the late King by Circular Letters and conven'd a Diet to meet on the 25th of June the Diet of Election having been fix'd for the 6th of October all the Senators and Deputies met at the time appointed but there were no such Heats and Intrigues among them as formerly by reason that the Cosacks and Tartars had rais'd too great Disorders in Poland for them to think of any thing at that time but Union for the News of such prodigious Preparations made against them were enough to stagger any Resolution but that of the Polanders whose Valour has generally procur'd them the greatest Success Hereupon Orders were immediately issu'd out to raise Troops to oppose these cruel Invaders and afterwards the Gentry proceeded to the Election of a Successor to the Throne at which time no body thought that Prince Casimir who was then complimented with the Title of King of Sueden would have had any Competitor for the Great Duke of Muscovy and the Prince of Transylvania
Poland tho always Elective yet has been successively in the same Family from Father to Son or at least from Father to Daughter or other Relation from the Year 830 to the Year 1674 which is from Piastus his Reign to the Election of the late King John Sobieski except only the five Months that Henry of Valois reign'd I mean Henry III. of France who was kill'd by a Monk To evince this your Grace may be pleas'd to understand that the last of the Family of Piastus in a direct Line was the Princess Hedwigis who marry'd Jagello Great Duke of Lithuania His Male Race by her reign'd to Sigismund the Second's time of whose two Daughters one was marry'd to King Stephen Batori his Successor and the other was Mother to Sigismund III. who with his Sons were successively elected to the Throne to the time of King Michael Wiesnowiski who tho he was not lineally descended from Jagello yet came laterally from the Race of Koributh Jagello's Brother So that it is evident that the Poles have reconcil'd a free Election of their Kings with an uninterrupted Succession of the same for 844 Years as likewise that they have never excluded the deceased King's Son nor ever elected any German Prince to the Throne before this last Election of the Elector of Saxony Frederick Augustus now King of Poland But as it is lawful for all Governments to alter their Constitutions at often as they find it convenient for the good of the Publick so the Poles observing that their Native Kings have not of late sufficiently promoted the Interest of their Country were wise enough to choose a Foreign Prince whose Wealth and Courage would enlarge their Dominions as their present King Frederick Augustus is very likely to do being in League with the Emperor Muscovites and Venetians I hope your Grace will be pleas'd to pardon my Indiscretion in presuming to write of Matters which are altogether out of my Element since it was only to shew with what Deference and Respect I am My LORD Your Grace's most Obedient and most Humble Servant B. C. LETTER IV. To the Right Honourable WILLIAM Earl of Yarmouth Concerning the Family and Remarkable Actions of John III. King of Poland As also his Daughter's Marriage to the present Elector of Bavaria My LORD THE Obligations I owe to your Brother Mr. Alberti and his Lady join'd with the Value I have always profess'd for your Lordship's Friendship makes me glad to find this occasion of giving both you and them a publick Testimony of my Respect and Gratitude and since you have often shew'd your self willing to know something of the Affairs of Poland I thought nothing could be more agreeable to your Temper than that I should inform you chiefly of the Heroick Actions of that great Prince with whom your Brother for so many Years so prudently manag'd the Interest of the wisest Republick in the World in a long lingring War against the Ottoman Empire It is to his Kindness that I must own my self indebted for the Honour I have had of being in the Esteem of so Warlike a King and of being moreover entrusted with the Care of what was most dear to him John Sobieski my Lord is not so much to be esteem'd for his memorable Exploits after his Election as for his Merits and the wise Conduct by which he advanc'd himself from a private Gentleman of an indifferent Fortune and nothing at all related to any of the former Kings through all the Posts of the Army to the Crown of Poland notwithstanding the several powerful Factions which appear'd against him Immediately after the Death of the late King Michael Wiesnowiski John Sobieski then Crown-General gave a signal Overthrow to the Turks near Caminiec which caus'd a great Alteration in the Republick of Poland for thereupon the Turkish Aga and Treasurer were not so peremptory in their demanding Annual Tribute shamefully stipulated for by Michael as they had been before but were contented to be put off to the Diet of Election The Senate being assembled order'd publick Rejoicings and began their Session by leaving off their Mourning for the late King The Diet which preceded that of the Election was appointed to meet the 15 th of January 1674 which was design'd to be terminated in 15 days but the ordinary Disturbances that arose in these sort of Assemblies together with the Inclination which every body had to advance General Sobieski occasion'd it to be prorogu'd till the 22 d or 23 d of February without doing any thing but assigning a Jointure to the Queen Dowager The 20 th of April began the Diet of Election the Candidates were in great number and every ones Pretensions were heard The Czar of Muscovy who had been so often baffled at preceding Elections yet made fresh Interest at this His Envoy demanded the Crown for his Master's youngest Son who was then about thirteen or fourteen Years of Age but however he neither made so great Profers as formerly nor us'd any Threats for he would then have been laugh'd at Poland being at that juncture in a much better condition than before Next the Prince of Transilvania offer'd fifteen Millions of Money as likewise that he would unite his Principality to Poland and maintain fifteen thousand Men in the Service of that State against the Turk but these Propositions were look'd upon too considerable to be either real or possible for the Poles believ'd that they had possess'd themselves of the greatest Treasure of Transilvania when they chose Stephen Batori for their King The Elector of Brandenburg likewise had some hopes in favour of the Prince his Son when he profer'd that he should change his Religion as soon as ever he was elected but he soon quitted his Pretensions when he consider'd what had pass'd in regard to the Germans and Protestants in former Elections If this Prince had been a Roman Catholick his Family might have had just Pretences to Poland by the Interest of uniting Ducal Prussia to that Kingdom The Dukes of Modena and Parma had also their Envoys at this Election but whereas every body thought their business was to ask the Crown they only came to condole the Death of the late King and congratulate the Poles on their Victory at Chochim so that they did not add to the number of the Competitors Don Pedro di Ronquillos came from Spain without taking upon him the Quality of Embassador His Instructions were to recommend Duke Charles of Lorain after he had done his best in favour of Don John of Austria but this Policy did not take and the Council of Spain afterwards found another Expedient to rid themselves of this Prince A French Prince whose Name was not mention'd tho I suppose it was the Prince of Conde occasion'd the most Jealousy of all the rest The other Pretenders to the Crown were not a little pleas'd that this Prince was not nam'd The Duke of Neuburg renew'd his former Pretensions
any that I have seen in Europe for their Furs are very fine and dear their very Fur Caps cost sometimes 20 or 30 Guineas they change the Fashion of making their Clothes as often as our Western Countries do The King was a well spoken Prince of very easy Access and extream civil and had most of the good Qualities requisite in a Gentleman he was not only well vers'd in all Military Affairs but likewise in all Polite and Scholastick Learning besides his own Tongue the Sclavonian he understood the Latin French Italian German and Turkish Languages he delighted much in Natural History and in all the parts of Physick he us'd to reprimand the Clergy for not admitting into the University and Schools the Modern Philosophy he lov'd to hear Persons discourse of those Matters and had a particular Talent to set People about him very artfully by the Ears that by their Disputes he might be diverted as hapned often in my time especially once when I was undesignedly concerned my self the King being at Dinner and having the Bishops of Posnania Plosko Vilna and other Divines about him particularly Father Vota an ingenious Jesuit the King ask'd me in Latin What part of the Body I thought the Soul was in I was willing to decline talking of that Subject and told the King That being a Physician my chief Enquiry was about the Body and that the Divines there present were able to satisfy his Majesty The King reply'd That since the Soul has an Influence upon the Body and since the Passions of the Mind as Anger and Fear breed Fevers and other Distempers it was necessary that the Physicians should examine the Soul in that respect as well as the Body I answer'd That Physicians did enquire into the Nature of Passions and observ'd that there was such an Influence of the Soul upon the Body and of the Body upon the Soul that alter'd the thoughts of the one as well as the Operations of the other but that the Soul being a Substance invisible and without Extension it was impossible for Physicians to conceive the Nature of it themselves or explain it to others as they do that of the Body which they take into pieces by Anatomy and resolve into its minutest Elements by Chymistry that the Physicians only agree in the main that the supreme Author of things has establish'd such Laws between the Soul and the Body which make a mutual Correspondence between them that as for the Seat of the Soul I might perhaps differ from the Divines then present and consequently oppose the common Doctrine of the Schools for they hold with Aristotle that the Soul is entire in all the Body and wholly in every part of the Body which was impossible to conceive for if the Soul was entire in every part of the Body there would be as many Souls in the Body as there are Parts since it is impossible that the self-same Substance tho an indivisible Spirit can ever be in two places at the same time besides the Soul can't be but where it does think and every one finds by Experience that his Thought is not in his Hands nor Feet but is conscious to himself that his Thought is in his Head and that consequently the Soul must be only in the Brain which is the Seat of Sensation and the Origin of all the Nerves which are the Organs of Perception and Motion Father Vota being alarm'd at this Doctrine which seem'd altogether new in that part of Europe said That if the Soul was only in the Head the rest of the Body would be dead since the receiv'd Opinion was that the Soul was the Life of the whole Body and that to enliven the whole Body the Soul must be wholly present in every part of it This drew on a longer Dispute than I expected for I answer'd That the Rational Soul was not the Life of the Body but the Blood only and the Animal Spirits and that this Blood and Spirits circulated equally all over the Body and gave it its natural Heat and Motion which is properly its Life and that this Circulation of the Blood and Spirits could not possibly depend on the Rational Soul because it was an involuntary Motion formed by the Mechanic Structure of the Body and by the natural Impulse of the Heart which is the Primum Mobile of the whole Machine and that tho they all held not only in Poland but in other Countries that the Rational Soul perform'd every minute Action in the Body yet this Opinion was irreconcilable with the free Will of the Mind which they all admitted for since they allow that whatever the Soul does not only it is conscious of it but likewise does it freely without being necessitated thereto when as it is evidently obvious to every one that the vital Motions in our Bodies I mean the Motion of the Heart and that of Respiration with the Peristaltic Motion of the Stomach and Guts are perform'd naturally with such Mechanism that the Soul can't stop them no nor as much as hasten or retard them and that the Soul is not at all conscious of them for if we think of any Object or not think at all as when we are asleep or in an Apoplex those vital Motions go on equally the same The Bishop of Posnania who was bred up in his Youth a Physician seem'd to speak in favour of this Opinion as did likewise some others of the Company which made the Jesuit very angry insomuch that he acquainted them in a kind of Passion That neither the King nor they ought to hearken to any Discourse contrary to the receiv'd Opinion of the Church that it might have been a pernicious Discourse had it been publick for says he if the Soul be not in all the Body and if it does not animate the Body and perform all its vital Functions it would be of no use and consequently we should live like other Animals I answer'd him That doubtless the Operations of Life were perform'd by the same Mechanism in us as they were in Brutes since we have the same Organs with them as likewise the same Fluids to enliven us That the Prerogatives of the Soul are not less for its not being present to every Action of the Body for the Soul tho it is not the cause of spontaneous or vital Motion in us yet it performs all voluntary Actions as speaking walking and all other free Motions of the Body it receiv'd all Impressions from the five Senses it forms to it self all Ideas of ambient Objects it reasons upon them to know what 's most useful and hurtful to it self and to the Body The Soul in short is like the Pilot tho it does not set the Body in motion as the Wind does a Ship yet it is capable of governing its Actions and directing voluntarily its Course The King being thus satisfied that the rational Soul did not actuate as they call it or enliven all the
1290 46 XXXIII Henry I. 1290 6 1296 48 XXXIV Premislus 1296 7 Mon. 1296 ib. XXXV Vladislaus Locticus 1296 4 1300 49 XXXVI Winceslaus K. of Bomia 1300 5 1305 ib. XXXVII Locticus restor'd 1305 28 1333 50 XXXVIII Casimir III. the Great 1333 37 1370 54 XXXIX Lewis K. of Hungary 1370 12 1382 56 XL. Queen Hedwigis 1382 4 1386 58 XLI Jagello or Vladislaus V. 1386 49 1435 59 XLII Vladislaus VI. 1435 21 1446 60 XLIII Casimir IV. 1446 43 1493 63 XLIV John Albert 1493 8 1501 66 XLV Alexander 1501 6 1507 67 XLVI Sigismund I. 1507 41 1548 69 XLVII Sigismund II. 1548 26 1574 75 XLVIII Henry of Valois 1574 5 Mon. 1577 85 XLIX Stephen Batori 1577 10 1587 88 L. Sigismund III. 1587 45 1632 106 LI. Vladislaus VII 1632 16 1648 121 LII John Casimir 1648 22 1670 124 LIII Michael Wiesnowiski 1670 4 1674 145 LIV. John Sobieski 1674 23 1697 163 LV. Frederic Augustus now reigning 1697 5 Mon. 207 FINIS Partis Prima A Compendious Plan OF THE Body of Physick A Letter from a Gentleman in Cambridg to Dr. Connor concerning the Method he us'd in his Physical and Anatomical Lectures and in explaining the Materia Medica at Oxford in the Year 1695. SIR WE have here some Account of the accurate Course of the Chymical and Anatomical Lectures which you perform'd last Spring at Oxford and of your new method of explaining the Virtues of Medicines there with the Approbation and Improvement of all that had the Happiness to assist at them I have spoke with some curious Genntlemen that some Years ago saw your Dissections at Paris with the like good Success And I doubt not but your Skill and Insight in all the Parts of Physick is considerably augmented since by your Travels into Italy Germany Poland and the Low Countries having had thereby the Opportunity of conversing with Malpighi Bellini Redi and the most celebrated Physicians of those Places I have also with a great deal of Pleasure perused your ingenious Dissertationes Medico-Physicae or Latin Treatises lately printed at Oxford concerning malignant Damps pestilential Steams infectious Air and Subterraneous Poisons with certain other stupendous and rare Phaenomena From all this I conclude that you not only understand Chymistry Anatomy and the Materia Medica very well your self but that also you are capable to lead others into the Knowledg of them by a most easy and compendious Method in which Opinion I am confirmed by my Correspondent in Oxford Many besides my self in this University do earnestly wish that your other Occupations would permit you to pass some Months here with us as indeed we expected you should when you left Oxford last Summer But since it so falls out that your Practice keeps you at London we intreat the Favour of you to let us understand whether we may obtain a Scheme of your Method in those Physical Exercises or whether at London you can spare any time to such as are desirous to wait upon you to this purpose Sir by so doing you are like to oblige several but more particularly Cambridg Octob. 15. 1695. Your most humble and obedient Servant C. P. Dr. Connor's Answer containing a Plan of his Corpus Rationale Medicum or of his new and compendious Method Chymical and Anatomical for understanding the Oeconomia Animalis the nature of Diseases and the Materia Medica SIR WHatever you are pleased to say in Commendation of me or my Book I must wholly attribute to your Civility and will return no other Compliment to you for it but that I shall endeavour to deserve your good Opinion I am extreamly oblig'd to your Correspondent in Oxon for the advantagious Character he gives of me and I assure you that I have not met with better Discipline nor with Persons more universally learned in any University of Europe As for the Method or Scheme I observed at Oxford to lead the Proficients in Physick and other ingenious Gentlemen there into the Knowledg of the Fabrick natural Functions and Distempers of the Human Body as likewise into the Knowledg of the Materia Medica to cure the same Diseases it is as follows I consider'd Man in the first place as a Being compounded of Spirit and Matter But seeing it is only the last of these Parts wherein our Faculty is concern'd I took a stricter veiw of the Human Body and find the Structure of it like that of most other Animals But to have any accurate Knowledg of Man we must not only have a distinct Account of his constituent Parts but likewise of all the external Bodies which any way affect him or contribute to his Preservation Since therefore he cannot live without Earth to tread upon Air to breath Animals and Vegitables to feed upon Sun and Stars to afford him Warmth and Light c. we must by consequence examine the System and Elements of the World and particularly as they concur to the Preservation or Destruction of Man We must be very well acquainted with the nature of the three mixt Bodies of our Globe viz. Animals Vegetables and Minerals before we can give any tolerable Account of the Generation Nourishment Health Diseases or Death of Man before we can discover the admirable Fabrick and Contexture the Mechanick and Hydraulical Actions Chymical Preparations the various Operations of Medicines and an infinite number of other surprizing Phoenomena in the Human Body The best Method therefore I presume is to proceed Analytically from the previous Examination of all the known Parts of the great World to particular Enquiries into the Microcosm Now the first step to this Method is a good Insight by Chymical Experiments into the Nature more especially the Figuration and Qualities of the Principles of mixt Bodies and chiefly of the Blood For the want of such a Discovery which is not impossible has hitherto been a great Obstruction to the Improvement of Natural Philosophy and the Practice of Physick It is plain to me that a Man void of all Prejudice and who considers that all the Operations of Bodies are perform'd by natural Causes without Miracles may be easily convinc'd that the Causes of Diseases and the true use of Applications to cure them can be render'd very intelligible so that vulgar Axiom That there 's no certainty in Physick will be found most erroneous I don 't Sir pretend to have discover'd this just Method which I hold necessary to lead us into the abstruse Secrets of Nature but I would fain hope that the following Scheme which is that I observ'd at Oxford may approach it in some degree which Method tho it may be call'd altogether new may perhaps be a just Model for others to imitate hereafter in the true Theory and Practice of Physick which rightly consider'd are one and the same thing A NEW PLAN OF AN Animal Oeconomy Demonstrated at Oxford in the Spring Anno 1695 at London the Winter following and at Cambridg in the Year 1696. 1. OF the Elements
Fabrick and System of the World with the mutual Cohesion Influence and Dependance of its Parts 2. Of the Elements of Terrestrial Bodies where after various Chymical Experiments are consider'd the Nature Properties Figures and Effects of the four Chymical Principles Earth Water Salt and Sulphur and their main mutual Action Fermentation as also the Productions of Animals Vegetables and Minerals 3. Of the Structure of the Human Body and its division into fluid and solid Parts where a particular and new Account is given of the Nature and Contexture of the solid Parts being all made of Vascular Fibres and demonstrated to the Eye by Dissection 4. Of the fluid Parts of the Human Body of the Nature Principles Fermentation and Circulation of the Blood of Nutrition of the Temperaments of the Humours contain'd in the Blood of the seat and nature of Fevers where likewise of Youth old Age and Death 5. Of the Reparation of the Blood of the Chyle Lacteous Vessels Chyliferous Duct of Appetite Mastication Digestion and the Ferment of the Stomach of the Precipitation or Separation of the Excrements from the Chyle where of the Structure of the Oesophagu Or Gullet of that of the Stomach and all the Intestines of the Peristaltic and Antiperistaltic Motions of the Guts of the Glands of the Mesentery of the Lympha and the Lymphatic Vessels 6. Of the Structure Motion and Vse of the Heart where of the various kinds of Pulses of the Polypus in the Heart Palpitation and Swooning likewise a new Hypothesis of the Motion of the Heart and of Sanguification 7. Of the Contexture of the Windpipe or Trachea Arteria and the Lungs where of the Cause and Vse of Respiration a new Account of the Nature of the Air Nitre and of the Vnvoluntariness of Respiration of the Hiccock 8. Of the Praecordi Or sanguiferous Vessels appended to the Heart where the Structure Motion and Difference of the Veins and Arterics are demonstrated 9. Of the numerous Ramifications of the Vena Porta and both the Vena Cava 's of Varix 's Hemorrhoides Bleeding c. 10. Of the Ramifications of both the Aorta 's throughout the whole Body of an Anevrism 11. Of the Brain and Cerebellum a new Account of the Animal Spirits their Generation Motion and Vse of Perception Sleeping Waking and the Influence of the Soul upon the Body where of Sensation and the five Senses 12. Of the Eye Tears Nasal and Aqueous Ducts Of Sight Blindness Light Colours and the sharp Sight of some Animals 13. Of the Fabrick of the Nose the Membrana Pituitaria Snot Smelling and Sneezing Of the mutual Influence of the Nose and Tongue 14. Of the Tongue Palat and Gums of the Muscles and Motions of the Tongue of Taste Voice Stuttering and Dumbness 15. Of the Larynx Pharynx the Os Hyoides Of the Glands Salivation and Spittle of the Almonds and Uvula c. 16. Of Feeling the Cuticula Skin Hairs milliary Glands the mucous and reticular Bodies of Fat Transpiration Sweat the Itch cutaneous Diseases Palsy and Plica Polonica 17. Of the Ear Aquaeduct Hearing Deafness Tinnitus c. 18. Of the Structure Vse and Number of the Nerves of Motion and Sense of the Par vagum and the Intercostal Nerves spread over all the Viscer Of the Breast and Abdomen 19. Of the Structure and various Figures of the Muscles the vascular Fibres where Muscular Natural and free Motion are explain'd as likewise stretching and gaping leaping swimming and flying with Convulsive Tonic Systaltic Epilectic and Hysteric Motions of Vapours and Rheumatisin 20. Of the Liver Gall and Pancreas where the Secretion Motion and Mixture of the Bile and Pancreatic Juice with the Chyle are shewn of the Green Sickness Yellow Jau idice and Pica 21. Of the Nature and Differences of all the Glands or Strainers of the Body a new account of the various Filtrations of the excrementitious and recrementitious Humours as Lympha Spittle Gall Vrine Seed c. Of Obstructions and Dropsies 22. Of the Structure and Vse of the Spleen and what Melancholy is what Symptoms happen when the Spleen is taken out of the Body 23. Of the Reins or Kidneys the Atrabilary Glands the Vreters and Bladder where of the Scrum of the Blood Vrine and what is contained therein of the Stone and Gravel 24. Of the Structure and Vse of the Bones Marrow Ligaments Periosteum and Apophyses of the different Articulations or Joints of the Nature and Seat of the Gout Spina Ventosa Caries Exfoliation and Rachitis 25. Of the Parts of Generation in Man of the Nature and Formation of the Seed with its Effects in the Body of the Woman the Cause and Seat of Venereal Diseases 26. Of the Parts of Generation in the Woman of the Eggs and Ovarium of Generation Conception going with Child Flowers Birth Monsters Floodings false Conceptions Whites c. 27. Of the Posture and Nourishment of the Embryo in the Womb of the Vmbilical Vessels the After-birth the Force of the Mother's Imagination and the peculiar way of the Circulation of the Blood in the Foetus of Longings 28. S ome Considerations of the Vnion of the Soul and Body where the Laws and Effects of that Vnion are inquired into You see Sir that after having examin'd the different Parts of the World and the Elements of Bodies by Chymistry I have divided the Human Body into solid and fluid Parts Before I consider'd the solid Parts in particular I thought it necessary by way of Chymistry to be acquainted with all the Humours and specially with the Principles and Motions of the Blood which is the Primum Mobile of the whole Machine for which purpose it is fit to know how by Digestion the Meat becomes Chyle the Chyle becomes Blood how the Blood becomes Flesh and Bone and consequently how it must be continually repaired by Aliment how the Heart is put in motion to communicate the same to the Blood how the Blood expelled by the Heart after having been rarefied by the Air in the Lungs is convey'd by Arterial Tubes to all the Parts of the Body and from these Parts is brought back again by the Veins to the Heart To know why this Blood is carried to all the Parts and what Alteration it receives in them we must by ocular Inspection see the different Structure of all the Parts of the Body and first follow the Blood to the Brain to generate Animal Spirits which Spirits furnish the Soul with Ideas in the Brain and convey'd through the Nerves to all the Parts of the Body they are the Causes of Motion in the Muscles and of Sense in the five Organs which convey the Impression of exteriour Bodies to the Soul I follow the same Blood into the Liver where it discharges its Bilious Juice and into all other Glands where it leaves some superfluous Humonr into the Spleen where its Motion is moderated into the Reins where it leaves its serous Particles into the Testicles where is strained from