mean_n and_o motive_n use_v for_o to_o rectify_v the_o heart_n cap._n xii_o of_o the_o second_o part._n the_o 28._o of_o the_o book_n concern_v punishment_n and_o reward_n upon_o obedience_n or_o disobedience_n follow_v punishment_n or_o reward_n determine_v by_o judgement_n which_o be_v a_o act_n of_o jurisdiction_n and_o consider_v the_o law_n as_o violate_a or_o observe_v and_o here_o come_v in_o according_a to_o order_n that_o head_n of_o jurisdiction_n in_o general_n which_o proper_o be_v handle_v in_o that_o part_n of_o politic_n we_o call_v administration_n and_o he_o that_o undertake_v to_o deliver_v a_o model_n of_o politic_n and_o yet_o say_v nothing_o of_o jurisdiction_n but_o proceed_v from_o crime_n to_o punishment_n per_fw-la saltum_fw-la as_o mr._n hobbs_n do_v be_v but_o a_o superficial_a author_n but_o let_v we_o hear_v his_o definition_n of_o punishment_n t._n h._n a_o punishment_n be_v a_o evil_n inflict_v by_o public_a authority_n on_o he_o that_o have_v do_v or_o omit_v that_o which_o be_v judge_v by_o the_o same_o authority_n to_o be_v a_o transgression_n of_o the_o law_n to_o the_o end_n that_o the_o will_n of_o man_n may_v be_v thereby_o better_o dispose_v to_o obedience_n this_o be_v a_o very_a imperfect_a definition_n and_o one_o reason_n be_v the_o author_n presume_v much_o of_o his_o own_o judgement_n and_o desire_n to_o be_v singular_a otherwise_o he_o have_v a_o better_a definition_n make_v to_o his_o hand_n for_o poena_fw-la est_fw-la vindicte_fw-la noxae_fw-la this_o punishment_n be_v define_v in_o general_a as_o it_o include_v the_o penalty_n inflict_v by_o parent_n master_n or_o any_o one_o who_o have_v power_n to_o command_v another_o &_o it_o reach_v the_o punishment_n execute_v by_o god_n this_o definition_n may_v easy_o be_v make_v so_o as_o full_o to_o express_v the_o nature_n of_o civil_a punishment_n intend_v by_o this_o author_n but_o for_o the_o better_a understanding_n of_o the_o nature_n of_o punishment_n we_o must_v observe_v that_o it_o may_v be_v consider_v several_a way_n 1._o as_o determine_v by_o the_o law_n which_o bind_v the_o party_n subject_a either_o to_o obedience_n or_o punishment_n 2._o as_o deserve_v by_o the_o party_n offend_v who_o be_v bind_v to_o suffer_v it_o 3._o as_o define_v by_o the_o judge_n upon_o judicial_a evidence_n 4._o as_o inflict_v by_o the_o minister_n of_o execution_n 5._o as_o suffer_v by_o the_o party_n condemn_v 6._o as_o prevent_v by_o pardon_n out_o of_o mere_a mercy_n or_o upon_o satisfaction_n make_v and_o accept_v the_o efficient_a cause_n of_o punish_v in_o a_o commonwealth_n be_v the_o sovereign_n or_o high_a power_n bear_v the_o sword_n and_o as_o exercise_v jurisdiction_n either_o by_o himself_o or_o his_o minister_n for_o a_o sovereign_n do_v punish_v as_o a_o judge_n the_o immediate_a and_o formal_a object_n of_o this_o act_n be_v noxa_fw-la civilis_fw-la some_o offence_n or_o crime_n judge_v upon_o evidence_n to_o be_v a_o violation_n of_o the_o law_n the_o general_a nature_n of_o it_o be_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d retribution_n the_o thing_n retribute_v or_o render_v be_v something_o that_o bring_v hurt_v or_o damage_n to_o the_o delinquent_n or_o party_n offend_v who_o as_o judge_v guilty_a be_v the_o proper_a subject_n of_o it_o it_o be_v call_v by_o some_o malum_fw-la triste_fw-fr proper_a malum_fw-la turpe_fw-la the_o proper_a act_n complete_a and_o consummate_v be_v the_o inflict_v of_o this_o evil_n determine_v by_o just_a judgement_n so_o as_o that_o the_o party_n condemn_v do_v actual_o suffer_v it_o all_o this_o for_o the_o general_a notion_n of_o it_o may_v be_v observe_v out_o of_o the_o word_n of_o the_o apostle_n who_o say_v that_o god_n will_v render_v to_o they_o who_o be_v contentious_a and_o do_v not_o obey_v the_o truth_n but_o obey_v unrighteousness_n indignation_n and_o wrath_n tribulation_n and_o angnish_v upon_o every_o soul_n of_o man_n that_o do_v evil_a rom._n 2.8_o 9_o for_o here_o we_o have_v the_o judge_n the_o crime_n judged_n to_o be_v so_o the_o retribution_n or_o render_v the_o thing_n or_o evil_n render_v so_o as_o to_o be_v suffer_v the_o cause_n why_o it_o be_v render_v in_o this_o respect_n the_o high_a power_n be_v say_v to_o bear_v the_o sword_n to_o take_v vengeance_n upon_o evil_a doer_n rom._n 13.4_o the_o end_n of_o punishment_n be_v many_o 1._o some_o of_o they_o be_v to_o correct_v and_o reform_v the_o party_n punish_v 2._o some_o for_o example_n that_o other_o may_v hear_v and_o fear_n 3._o the_o end_n of_o all_o punishment_n in_o general_a be_v to_o vindicate_v the_o power_n of_o the_o lawgiver_n and_o the_o honour_n and_o force_v of_o the_o law_n to_o manifest_a justice_n and_o the_o hatred_n of_o evil_n and_o to_o procure_v the_o peace_n and_o tranquillity_n of_o the_o community_n before_o the_o author_n proceed_v to_o draw_v conclusion_n from_o his_o definition_n he_o inquire_v how_o the_o sovereign_n acquire_v the_o power_n of_o punish_v and_o resolve_v t._n h._n that_o the-subject_n in_o the_o first_o constitution_n lay_v aside_o his_o power_n of_o self-preservation_n by_o hurt_v subdue_a kill_v other_o in_o his_o own_o defence_n and_o so_o do_v not_o give_v it_o but_o leave_v it_o to_o the_o sovereign_n g._n l._n this_o be_v ridiculous_a absurd_a and_o ground_v upon_o his_o false_a principle_n for_o 1._o the_o sovereign_n be_v the_o minister_n of_o god_n and_o be_v bind_v to_o do_v so_o that_o he_o keep_v within_o the_o compass_n of_o his_o commission_n that_o which_o god_n will_v do_v and_o that_o be_v to_o punish_v evil_a and_o as_o all_o his_o power_n of_o make_v law_n judgement_n peace_n war_n etc._n etc._n be_v from_o god_n so_o be_v this_o among_o the_o rest_n by_o who_o he_o be_v make_v a_o sovereign_n from_o he_o he_o have_v the_o sword_n to_o punish_v man_n may_v give_v their_o consent_n that_o such_o a_o man_n or_o such_o a_o company_n of_o man_n shall_v reign_v but_o the_o power_n be_v from_o god_n not_o they_o 2._o in_o the_o constitution_n of_o a_o supreme_a governor_n no_o man_n can_v covenant_n to_o be_v protect_v or_o defend_v in_o do_v evil_a neither_o can_v any_o or_o all_o high_a power_n in_o the_o world_n just_o promise_v to_o protect_v any_o in_o evil_n neither_o have_v any_o man_n any_o power_n unjust_o to_o preserve_v himself_o for_o that_o of_o the_o author_n that_o in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n every_o man_n have_v right_a to_o every_o thing_n be_v absolute_o false_a and_o abominable_a when_o a_o man_n subject_n himself_o unto_o a_o sovereign_n ordain_v of_o god_n not_o only_o to_o protect_v the_o good_a but_o punish_v the_o evil_a he_o can_v except_v himself_o from_o his_o punitive_a power_n if_o he_o do_v ill_a because_o he_o subject_n according_a to_o the_o just_a law_n of_o god_n and_o can_v lawful_o do_v any_o other_o way_n so_o that_o power_n to_o punish_v be_v give_v by_o god_n not_o leave_v by_o man_n unto_o high_a power_n civil_a after_o his_o definition_n of_o punishment_n civil_a and_o determination_n of_o the_o mean_n how_o power_n punitive_a be_v acquire_v he_o 1._o draw_v conclusion_n from_o his_o definition_n 2._o declare_v the_o several_a kind_n of_o punishment_n 3._o distinguish_v of_o reward_n 1._o the_o conclusion_n be_v either_o good_a and_o pertinent_a or_o false_a or_o not_o deducible_a from_o the_o definition_n and_o i_o will_v not_o trouble_v the_o reader_n with_o the_o examination_n of_o they_o 2._o his_o distribution_n of_o punishment_n be_v tolerable_a and_o here_o we_o must_v observe_v 1._o that_o punishment_n civil_a can_v only_o reach_v the_o body_n and_o this_o temporal_a life_n of_o man_n for_o the_o sword_n can_v reach_v the_o soul_n 2._o that_o these_o punishment_n as_o well_o as_o spiritual_a be_v either_o of_o loss_n or_o pain_n poena_fw-la damni_fw-la aut_fw-la sensus_fw-la privative_a or_o positive_a the_o one_o take_v away_o some_o good_a the_o other_o inflict_v some_o positive_a evil_n 3._o that_o some_o of_o they_o take_v away_o life_n either_o civil_a as_o banishment_n or_o natural_a as_o death_n and_o some_o take_v away_o such_o thing_n as_o make_v life_n comfortable_a as_o good_n such_o be_v sin_n and_o confiscation_n or_o liberty_n as_o imprisonment_n bondage_n or_o our_o honour_n as_o all_o ignominious_a penalty_n those_o which_o infer_v some_o positive_a evil_a contrary_n to_o nature_n be_v all_o kind_n of_o torture_n whatsoever_o which_o cause_n pain_n in_o the_o body_n of_o man_n and_o all_o these_o positive_a punishment_n tend_v to_o the_o destruction_n of_o life_n either_o in_o part_n or_o in_o whole_a 4._o these_o penalty_n be_v so_o to_o be_v inflict_v and_o in_o such_o a_o measure_n and_o proportion_n as_o that_o no_o man_n may_v gain_v by_o do_v evil_a 5._o that_o though_o a_o innocent_a person_n as_o such_o can_v be_v just_o punish_v yet_o as_o he_o be_v make_v one_o person_n with_o
have_v a_o share_n in_o the_o sovereign_a power_n yet_o this_o he_o have_v not_o as_o a_o single_a person_n but_o as_o one_o person_n joint_o with_o the_o whole_a body_n or_o major_a part_n at_o least_o of_o the_o people_n so_o in_o our_o parliament_n every_o man_n there_o be_v as_o a_o single_a person_n and_o all_o of_o they_o any_o way_n consider_v but_o as_o the_o joint_a representative_a of_o the_o people_n in_o a_o certain_a place_n at_o a_o certain_a time_n act_v according_a to_o a_o certain_a order_n be_v but_o subject_n yet_o in_o the_o capacity_n and_o habitude_n of_o a_o parliament_n they_o be_v no_o subject_n but_o in_o the_o name_n of_o the_o people_n have_v a_o legislative_a power_n and_o exercise_v the_o high_a act_n of_o government_n except_v those_o of_o the_o constitution_n and_o this_o may_v be_v one_o reason_n why_o our_o english_a ancestor_n have_v be_v so_o careful_a to_o maintain_v and_o preserve_v this_o great_a court_n and_o assembly_n of_o parliament_n because_o they_o know_v upon_o that_o depend_v their_o liberty_n in_o the_o vacancy_n and_o interval_n of_o parliament_n for_o take_v away_o this_o and_o our_o liberty_n be_v go_v and_o wise_a man_n know_v that_o the_o liberty_n of_o the_o english_a subject_n depend_v upon_o these_o great_a assembly_n some_o therefore_o have_v attempt_v either_o the_o total_a extirpation_n of_o they_o according_a to_o the_o example_n of_o france_n and_o spain_n or_o a_o diminution_n of_o their_o power_n and_o privilege_n so_o as_o to_o make_v they_o mere_a shadow_n if_o any_o say_v and_o infer_v from_o all_o this_o that_o therefore_o the_o form_n of_o our_o government_n even_o under_o king_n be_v popular_a and_o have_v the_o nature_n of_o a_o free-state_n i_o say_v it_o have_v much_o of_o a_o free-state_n in_o the_o constitution_n but_o not_o in_o the_o administration_n yet_o it_o be_v far_o different_a from_o those_o four_o kind_n of_o popular_a government_n mention_v by_o aristotle_n pol._n lib._n 6._o c._n 4._o the_o constitution_n whereof_o be_v little_o better_a than_o level_v the_o principal_a thing_n aim_v at_o in_o such_o form_n as_o the_o author_n allege_v out_o of_o the_o philosopher_n cap._n 2._o ejusdem_fw-la libri_fw-la be_v liberty_n suppose_v it_o can_v be_v have_v no_o where_o but_o in_o such_o government_n and_o this_o liberty_n be_v to_o do_v either_o what_o they_o please_v or_o to_o govern_v by_o course_n fear_v lest_o any_o person_n or_o person_n continue_v long_o in_o any_o eminent_a place_n of_o command_n will_v in_o time_n engross_v the_o power_n yet_o this_o supposition_n be_v false_a for_o liberty_n may_v be_v have_v without_o level_v and_o free-state_n may_v be_v and_o have_v be_v better_o constitute_v and_o regulate_v for_o no_o constitution_n be_v good_a where_o provision_n be_v not_o make_v that_o wisdom_n and_o justice_n rather_o than_o person_n may_v govern_v and_o the_o multitude_n so_o keep_v under_o as_o that_o they_o may_v be_v subject_n not_o rebel_n and_o cast_v off_o all_o power_n to_o return_v unto_o the_o matter_n propose_v and_o conclude_v this_o point_n 1._o the_o english_a liberty_n be_v their_o birthright_n 2._o it_o be_v not_o the_o power_n of_o sovereign_n 3._o it_o be_v not_o unlimited_a but_o bound_v within_o reasonable_a bound_n 4._o we_o do_v not_o learn_v it_o out_o of_o the_o greek_a and_o roman_a history_n nor_o from_o the_o athenian_n or_o roman_n but_o from_o our_o own_o law_n which_o be_v far_o different_a from_o they_o and_o far_o more_o agreeable_a to_o the_o write_a law_n of_o god_n which_o leave_v the_o people_n of_o israel_n under_o their_o judge_n the_o free_a people_n of_o the_o world_n and_o yet_o no_o leveller_n 5._o our_o learning_n out_o of_o greek_a and_o latin_a author_n have_v not_o be_v buy_v so_o dear_a or_o cost_v so_o much_o blood_n except_o out_o of_o the_o breech_n of_o school-hoye_n and_o most_o of_o those_o who_o have_v control_v the_o just_a act_n of_o their_o sovereign_n never_o read_v much_o less_o understand_v those_o author_n t._n h._n page_n 111_o 112_o 113._o the_o liberty_n of_o the_o subject_n be_v in_o such_o thing_n as_o be_v neither_o determine_v by_o his_o first_o submission_n to_o the_o sovereign_a power_n nor_o by_o the_o law_n g._n l._n this_o be_v the_o substance_n of_o three_o page_n and_o amount_n to_o so_o much_o as_o may_v easy_o be_v comprise_v in_o a_o few_o word_n for_o when_o a_o subject_n be_v not_o bind_v either_o by_o the_o law_n of_o the_o constitution_n or_o administration_n he_o be_v free_a according_a to_o mr._n hobbs_n his_o judgement_n yet_o in_o proper_a sense_n in_o both_o these_o case_n he_o be_v no_o subject_n but_o dominus_fw-la and_o far_o more_o than_o libre_fw-la the_o civilian_n do_v better_a determine_v the_o liberty_n of_o the_o subject_n to_o be_v potestatem_fw-la agendi_fw-la sub_fw-la publicae_fw-la defensionis_fw-la praesidio_fw-la though_o this_o be_v no_o perfect_a definition_n as_o before_o so_o now_o i_o say_v that_o liberty_n here_o be_v not_o oppose_v to_o obligation_n but_o servitude_n for_o â—o_o be_v subject_a to_o a_o wise_a sovereign_n according_a to_o just_a law_n be_v so_o much_o liberty_n as_o any_o reasonable_a man_n can_v desire_v for_o in_o this_o respect_n he_o be_v rather_o subject_a to_o god_n then_o man_n and_o to_o serve_v he_o be_v doubtless_o perfect_a freedom_n as_o no_o sovereign_n shall_v be_v deny_v so_o much_o power_n as_o to_o protect_v the_o least_o if_o innocent_a and_o to_o punish_v the_o great_a if_o guilty_a so_o no_o subject_n shall_v be_v bind_v to_o do_v evil_a which_o be_v servitude_n and_o bondage_n indeed_o or_o restrain_v from_o do_v that_o good_a which_o god_n command_v he_o civil_a government_n be_v never_o ordain_v by_o god_n to_o be_v destructive_a either_o of_o moral_a or_o divine_a virtue_n or_o of_o the_o noble_a condition_n of_o man_n as_o a_o rational_a creature_n therefore_o regular_a submission_n unto_o supreme_a power_n will_v never_o stand_v with_o any_o obligation_n unto_o evil_n or_o contract_n for_o protection_n except_v in_o innocency_n paul_n plead_v before_o festus_n say_v if_o i_o be_v a_o offender_n or_o have_v commit_v any_o thing_n worthy_a of_o death_n i_o refuse_v not_o to_o die_v act_v 25.11_o how_o this_o can_v stand_v with_o what_o this_o author_n say_v when_o he_o affirm_v that_o its_o lawful_a for_o a_o man_n guilty_a and_o condemn_v to_o save_v himself_o if_o he_o can_v i_o leave_v to_o other_o for_o to_o examine_v from_o the_o apostle_n word_n its_o evident_a he_o desire_v no_o protection_n even_o of_o himself_o as_o worthy_a of_o death_n neither_o have_v god_n give_v any_o power_n to_o man_n to_o save_v in_o such_o a_o case_n and_o though_o any_o person_n by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n may_v defend_v himself_o yet_o this_o must_v be_v do_v cum_fw-la moderamine_fw-la tutelae_fw-la inculpatae_fw-la in_o case_n a_o subject_n have_v make_v himself_o capital_o guilty_a he_o have_v forfeit_v his_o life_n to_o his_o sovereign_n as_o god_n vicegerent_n who_o he_o must_v not_o resist_v in_o the_o execution_n of_o justice_n though_o he_o be_v not_o bind_v to_o kill_v himself_o neither_o do_v the_o multitude_n or_o strength_n of_o any_o such_o capital_a offender_n any_o way_n give_v they_o right_a to_o resist_v their_o sovereign_n in_o their_o own_o defence_n as_o the_o author_n will_v have_v it_o for_o they_o can_v defend_v themselves_o as_o man_n but_o they_o must_v defend_v themselves_o in_o this_o case_n as_o guilty_a man_n which_o be_v not_o lawful_a how_o the_o offer_n of_o pardon_n shall_v take_v away_o the_o plea_n of_o self-defence_n i_o understand_v not_o seeing_z they_o have_v no_o right_n before_o it_o be_v offer_v the_o offer_n of_o pardon_n indeed_o if_o the_o party_n offer_v may_v be_v safe_o trust_v may_v take_v away_o all_o fear_n and_o so_o all_o colour_n of_o any_o plea_n by_o force_n to_o defend_v themselves_o from_o that_o death_n which_o pardon_n will_v take_v away_o or_o remove_v in_o the_o close_a of_o this_o discourse_n concern_v liberty_n of_o the_o subject_n he_o grant_v it_o a_o part_n of_o this_o liberty_n that_o the_o subject_n may_v sue_v his_o sovereign_n and_o before_o a_o judge_n appoint_v by_o the_o say_v sovereign_a if_o this_o be_v so_o then_o 1._o the_o subject_n have_v propriety_n of_o good_n 2._o that_o he_o and_o his_o sovereign_n be_v two_o distinct_a party_n and_o in_o this_o case_n the_o sovereign_n represent_v he_o not_o as_o one_o person_n 3._o that_o the_o law_n in_o this_o respect_n be_v above_o the_o supreme_a governor_n 4._o therefore_o the_o sovereign_n be_v not_o absolute_a 5._o that_o the_o subject_n may_v complain_v of_o some_o action_n and_o injustice_n of_o the_o sovereign_n contrary_a to_o the_o author_n four_o right_a of_o sovereign_n 6._o that_o to_o he_o belong_v not_o all_o judicature_n in_o all_o cause_n as_o in_o
this_o kind_n of_o learning_n far_o excel_v he_o yet_o he_o think_v it_o clear_a and_o the_o best_a and_o most_o rational_a though_o it_o neither_o agree_v with_o reason_n or_o religion_n and_o though_o his_o hope_n be_v not_o much_o yet_o some_o hope_n he_o have_v some_o sovereign_n may_v put_v it_o in_o practice_n if_o they_o have_v no_o better_a direction_n they_o may_v make_v use_n of_o his_o principle_n as_o some_o have_v do_v to_o their_o ruin_n prince_n and_o minister_n of_o state_n have_v no_o need_n to_o be_v teach_v they_o for_o they_o know_v they_o too_o well_o and_o follow_v they_o too_o much_o of_o a_o christian_a commonwealth_n cap._n i._o of_o the_o three_o part_n the_o 32._o of_o the_o book_n of_o the_o principle_n of_o christian_a politic_n mr._n hobbs_n in_o the_o former_a part_n seem_v to_o have_v some_o use_n of_o his_o reason_n but_o in_o this_o he_o be_v like_a unto_o such_o as_o be_v lunatic_a though_o now_o and_o then_o he_o have_v his_o lucida_n 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